Yves Ouvrard <yves.ouvrard@collatinus.org>
| Version History | |
|---|---|
| April 2012 | YO |
Version 10
+ +Collatinus lemmatizes Latin texts: if you give a declined or +conjugated form, Collatinus can find the word you should look up in a +dictionary to learn its various meanings, how it’s translated into +another language, and other information dictionaries provide.
+ +Version 9 added the ability to look for meanings words acquire in +combination. A good example is the expression nauis longa, or +its inflected forms nauem longam, longae nauis, +etc. Collatinus 8 gave this:
+ +But nauis longa means, not “long ship,” but “battleship,” +and now Collatinus produces this analysis:
+ +Collatinus also performs morphological analysis; for example, if +you ask it to analyze the form legem, it answers:
+ ++legem + lego, as, are: bequeath, will; entrust, + send as an envoy, choose as a deputy + lex, legis, f.: motion, bill, law, statute; + principle; condition + accusative feminine singular ++ +
Collatinus is useful especially for Latin teachers, enabling them +quickly to prepare supplementary and unusual readings for their +students, complete with lexical aids. Students often use Collatinus +to read Latin more easily when their vocabulary and familiarity with +inflection are still weak.
+ +Obviously, Collatinus is of no use to good Latinists seeking only +their own reading pleasure.
+ +Find the directory in which Collatinus was installed, usually
+ ++C:\Program Files\collatinus\ ++ +
and run the program uninst.exe.
Collatinus is free software, and anyone who agrees to place the
+resulting program under the same free license can modify and compile
+it. For more information, see the last section of this manual and the
+file COPYING included with this program.
If you want to try Collatinus without having to read the whole +manual, here are the steps for basic usage:
+ +$ collatinus
Collatinus makes it easy to prepare little known Latin texts and to +make them accessible by giving non-specialists the vocabulary they +lack. But how to acquire the texts?
+ +Copying by hand takes a long time. One can make a digital image and +use a program for optical character recognition, but that also takes +considerable time and it’s not very reliable: it’s almost impossible +for the proofreader to achieve perfect accuracy, and programs have +trouble recognizing the type used in older books.
+ +This is a costly but very interesting solution. I know of at least +two publishers who offer the whole ancient corpus: PHI (Packard +Humanities Institute) and Teubner. You can find their address through +a search engine.
+ +This approach is more and more fruitful. Enter the incipit of the +work or the passage you want, surrounded by quotation marks, in a +search engine. For example:
+ +"is fuit in uultu uisae sine ueste Dianae"+ +
After a few false starts, that should lead to the whole text of +Ovid’s Metamorphoses. Note that I’ve used uultu rather +than vultu. Each gives results, but you should think of both +possibilities. Some sites, which you’ll soon come to know, specialize +in publishing Latin. They are noted on Weblettres, among other places: +www.weblettres.net/sommaire.php?entree=16&rubrique=54
+ +Then put the Latin text in Collatinus’ window. Of course, you’ll +need to start Collatinus with the command
+ ++$ collatinus ++ +
You can copy and paste: in your browser, select the text and copy
+it (Ctrl+C); in Collatinus, click in the upper part and
+then paste (Ctrl+V). You can also save the text found on
+the internet or on a CD to your hard disk, and then load it
+with Capsa/Onerare.
Once you have the text, you should re-read it often, modifying or +correcting it.
+ +This can be done in two ways:
+ +To copy the lemmatization of a word into your work, just click on +it.
+ +Since Collatinus is not infallible, you are strongly advised to +re-read and correct what it produces. Collatinus lists without +hesitation interpretations any human reader would eliminate without +even thinking: for example, forms of the lemma sus, suis, f.: +pig, which are rare but homonymous with the ubiquitous +possessive suus, sua, suum.
+ +At any time, you can erase the whole lower window with a button on +the toolbar or an option under the Editio menu. You can also +erase everything with the first button on the left.
+ +The Flexio tab shows the inflection of a word you click +on. This function is provided without guarantee; you should warn +students that the resulting tables may be incorrect. In particular, +it displays the passive of verbs which have no passive and declines +certain irregular words as if they were regular.
+ +Collatinus is often used for other purposes than preparing a text +for printing and distribution to students. For that reason, we have +made it possible for teachers to restrict functions which may tempt +students to neglect study of declensions and conjugations or to give +up on memorizing vocabulary.
+ +A fresh installation of Collatinus comes with all its functions +enabled. You can restrict them from the +menu Lemmata/Magister. For use on a network, it suffices +to make the indices of Collatinus read-only for users whose possible +misuse of the software you wish to prevent.
+ +The dialog which pops up lets you
+ +Some pedagogical uses for Collatinus:
+ +Félix Gaffiot died in 1937. Seventy years later, in 2007, the first +edition of his Dictionnaire fell into the public domain. Thanks +to Gérard Jeanneau’s digitization, for which we are grateful, the +whole of Gaffiot’s dictionary can be consulted from within Collatinus, +either manually or automatically. For access to the Gaffiot, just +click on the second tab, at the bottom of the application. Clicking on +a word in the Latin text leads automatically to the corresponding +entry in Gaffiot. You may also look a word up manually in the search +bar.
+ +Collatinus’ data is in the files named lemmata.??. Version
+10 comes with six such files, each corresponding to a European
+language:
lemmata.de for German;lemmata.uk for English;lemmata.ca for Catalan;lemmata.es for Spanish;lemmata.fr for French;lemmata.gl for Galician.The Lemmata menu lets you choose a target language; in the +same menu, Calepino gives you all six simultaneously.
+ +is the dictionary proper; its format is very simple:
+ +canonical form|pattern number|perfect stems (separated by commas)|supine stems (comma)|text of the entry+ +
example:
+ +anteeo|23|anteii,anteiu|anteit|antĕĕo, is, ire, ii, itum : go/walk before/ahead…+ +
For the pattern number, cf. word endings.
+ +The text of the entry gives the morphological data (genitive, +gender, principal parts, translation). A p in the heading +indicates that the word is always declined in the plural. For nouns +of the first and second declensions and verbs following the pattern +of amo, the roots are automatically calculated, not listed. +But irregularities may be noted:
+ ++do|17|ded|dat|das, dare, dedi, datum : give +tenebrae|0|tenebr||arum, f. p. : darkness ++ +
must be preceded by the line
+ +---desinentiae---+ +
Here is the format for a word ending:
+ +ending|case|gender|number|degree|person|tense|mood|voice|pattern|part number+ +
Example:
+ +ebimini|0|0|2|0|2|2|1|1|25|1+ +
Here is what those numbers mean in the database:
+ +| no. | pattern | moods | case | tense | person | degree | voice |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | uita | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 1 | amicus | indicative | nominative | present | first | positive | active |
| 2 | puer | subjunctive | vocative | future | second | comparative | passive |
| 3 | ager | imperative | accusative | imperfect | third | superlative | |
| 4 | templum | infinitive | genitive | perfect | |||
| 5 | miles | participle | dative | future perfect | |||
| 6 | ciuis | gerund | ablative | pluperfect | |||
| 7 | corpus | verbal adj. | |||||
| 8 | mare | ||||||
| 9 | manus | ||||||
| 10 | res | ||||||
| 11 | bonus | ||||||
| 12 | miser | ||||||
| 13 | pulcher | ||||||
| 14 | fortis | ||||||
| 15 | uetus | ||||||
| 16 | acer | ||||||
| 17 | amo | ||||||
| 18 | moneo | ||||||
| 19 | lego | ||||||
| 20 | capio | ||||||
| 21 | audio | ||||||
| 22 | sum | ||||||
| 23 | eo | ||||||
| 24 | imitor | ||||||
| 25 | uereor | ||||||
| 26 | sequor | ||||||
| 27 | patior | ||||||
| 28 | potior | ||||||
| 29 | pronouns | ||||||
| 30 | invariable | s |
is only for irregular forms. It must be preceded by the line
+ +---irregulares---+ +
Here is the format for an irregular form:
+ +form|lemma|case|gender|number|degree|person|tense|mood|voice+ +
Example:
+ +deabus|dea|5|0|2|0|0|0|0|0+ +
The numbers mean the same as for word endings.
+ +Idioms are recorded in the file expressions.fr, whose format is like +this, with the elements numbered from zero:
+ +Latin idiom|translation|no. of the element triggering display|lemma.morph.agrees in.agrees with|another lemma.morph. etc.+ +
Examples:
+ ++aduersi dentes|les dents de devant|0|dens...|aduersus.m.cn.0 +abrumpere uitam a ciuitate|rompre avec sa patrie|3|abrumpo.act..|uita.ac s..|a...|ciuitas.ab s.. ++ +
In the first example, the idiom will be displayed +when dentes is lemmatized. Dens can be in any case, and +the adjective aduersus will agree in case and number (cn) with +no. 0, that is, dens.
+ +In the second example, four forms are defined. The fields for +morphology and agreement are left empty for the preposition +a. The idiom will appear under ciuitas.
+ +| datum | codes |
|---|---|
| case | n v ac g d ab |
| number | n p |
| gender | m f nt |
| degree | comp sup |
| person | 1 2 3 |
| tense | pr fut impf pf fa pqp |
| mood | ind subj imper inf part ger adjv |
| voice | act pass |
Collatinus is published under the GNU General Public License. The +text of that license is included with and must always accompany the +program. You should read it attentively and note that more and more +programs and documents are released under its terms. In sum, the +source code of Collatinus must be easily accessible, with no +surcharge. In its original distribution, the source is given in the +same archive as the binary. Any further work which uses all or part of +Collatinus must be placed under the same license.
+ +I wanted Collatinus to be free so as to help the Latin language +remain what it has been since antiquity: the symbol of a European and +even world-wide culture, indispensable despite what is often said of +it.
+ +