This manual is for ddrutility (version 2.8, 23 December 2016).

Copyright © 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016 Scott Dwyer.

     This manual is free documentation: you have unlimited permission to copy, distribute and modify it.

ddrutility
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This manual is for ddrutility (version 2.8, 23 December 2016).

This documentation was created and is maintained as a texinfo file, and translated to markdown for use on the ddrutiltiy Sourceforge Wiki page. The navigation does not work on the Wiki page. You can download help.html from the files section and open it with a web browser and the navigation will work.

Introduction
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Ddrutility is a linux based set of utilities designed to assist with data recovery, specifically as a supplement to GNU ddrescue. Each utility has its own version number followed by the date last updated. Note that most if not all of these utilities need to be ran as root. It contains the following programs:

ddru_findbad

ddru_ntfsbitmap

ddru_ntfsfindbad

ddru_diskutility

ddru_findbad is actually the original ddrutility version 1.6. None of its functionality has changed; only the name and documentation have been changed, and some bug fixes and improvements have been done. It is a bash script that will try to find which files are related to bad sectors in a ddrescue log file. It relies on 3rd party utilities for its functions. It may not work on all systems. It can be slow, and can be very slow if not unusable if there are a lot of bad sectors in the list (it does not work well with a large error size). While I will fix any bugs found in it, I do not plan on performing any major updates or improvements of its functionality. It is possible (hopeful) that I may create new utilities to replace it (or parts of it) in the future. These utilities would not rely on 3rd party functions, and would be faster.

ddru_ntfsbitmap is a utility to extract the bitmap file from a NTFS partition, and then process it and create a domain file to be used with ddrescue. This would allow for only recovering the used portion of the partition, and not spending time reading unused and unneeded data.

ddru_ntfsfindbad is a utility for NTFS partitions to find which files are related to bad sectors in a ddrescue log file. You should use this for NTFS partitions in place of the original ddru_findbad, as it is MUCH faster than the original ddru_findbad, gives more useful output, and does NOT require any 3rd party utilities. It will also do the best it can to work with a damaged file system (and even give you an idea of how damaged).

ddru_diskutility is an advanced LINUX ONLY utility that can perform several different functions on a disk, using some direct pass-through disk commands. Current functions include device inquiry, sector reads, and read long commands. It is meant for advanced users.

ddru_findbad
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ddru_findbad is meant to be a compliment to gnuddrescue. It finds which files are related to the bad sectors. It will also work with a home made file of a bad sector list (see LOGFILE below). Note that ddru_findbad may not work on a mounted drive or image.

If you performed a rescue that had some leftover bad sectors, but the file system seems ok and you are wondering what might still be damaged by the unrecovered sectors, then this program is for you. The filesystem of the target must be intact enough for ddru_findbad to work. If you are unable to mount the target and view its directory, then ddrutility probably won't work and will just give errors. In this case you may have to run some sort of repair tools on the target first and hope that the filesystem can be repaired to a working state. Note that any repair tool ran on the target could possibly cause ddru_findbad to have inaccurate results. It is recommended that you always make an extra copy of the recovered copy and work with that copy.

ddru_findbad is not meant to be run on the drive that actually has the bad sectors. It is meant to be ran against a recovered copy of the drive. FAT and HFS+ will fail if ran against the actual drive, as ifind seems to feel the need to actually read the sectors in question. NTFS and EXT seem to be processed without trying to read the sectors in question, however understand that they still will be trying to read the file table (which could have bad sectors) to get results.

ddru_findbad must be run as root (sudo).

ddru_findbad works on NTFS, EXT2/3/4, FAT16/32, and HFS+ file systems (note that EXT4 will report as EXT3).

ddru_findbad requires sleuthkit to be installed for normal operation. Sleuthkit is not included as standard in current Ubuntu versions. (sudo apt-get install sleuthkit)

ddru_findbad requires ntfs-3g to be installed for NTFS support. If it is not available then NTFS partitions will not be able to be processed, and errors may be produced if trying to do so. Ntfs-3g seems to be included in current Ubuntu versions. (sudo apt-get install ntfs-3g)

ddru_findbad requires GNU fdisk to be installed to be able to process GPT partitioned disks. If GNU fdisk is not available, then it will use fdisk, but it will not be able to process GPT partitions and may produce errors if trying to do so. GNU fdisk is not included as standard in current Ubuntu versions. (sudo apt-get install gnu-fdisk)

Ubuntu Rescue Remix contains the above requirements, so it should run on the live cd.

ddru_findbad will work on a whole drive recovery, or a single partition recovery. It will work with a target device or image file.

Results are left in 4 main output files. Results_summary is a condensed sorted summary file, and is probably the most useful output. Results_list is the main output file. It contains information about every sector processed with one line per sector. It is designed to be easily processed to obtain desired final results (such as the summary file). Results_info contains information about the partition table and file system(s) and can be expanded with the moreinfo option. Results_debug is mostly for troubleshooting purposes and most error messages are sent to it. If you request help for any problems with ddru_findbad I may ask for these 4 files.

ddru_findbad makes several temporary files in the directory that it is run from. It deletes them when finished. Do not mount the target and run ddru_findbad from within the target, as that would cause writing to the target and you probably don't want that!

ddru_findbad does not knowingly write or alter any data on the target drive and does not require the file system of the target to be mounted. However, it makes calls to different 3rd party tools which SHOULDN'T do any writing for what they are, but this has not been verified.

Some errors or warnings may appear on screen when running. Don't panic, some errors can be normal, as long as there is a good output. I have tried to eliminate all the errors that I have found, but I cannot test all possibilities. Most error messages are sent to results_debug. If you question the error, please feel to email or post on the homepage so that I can determine if it is something I should work on.

The format for running ddru_findbad is:

     ddru_findbad TARGET LOGFILE [OPTIONS]

Where:

TARGET
     The drive or partition if using a device (/dev/hda), or the name (and full path if not in the current directory) of the image file (/media/mydrive/image.dd). The target should be a copy or image of the original drive with bad sectors. It should not be the actual drive with bad sectors! If you should so choose to run it on the actual drive for some reason, note that FAT and HFS+ will not process with actual bad sectors.

LOGFILE
     The logfile from ddrescue. It can alternatively be a file containing a list of the bad sectors, one sector number per line with no other text in the file. The sector file can also contain bad sector ranges, with two sector numbers per line separated by a space, being the first and last sector of the range. Note that the sectors are in relation to either the whole disk or a single partition, which depends on what the target is.

ddru_findbad supports the following options:

-h
--help
     Print an informative help message describing the options and exit.

-v
--version
     Print the version number and exit.

-o FILE
--output FILE
     The base name that will be at the beginning of the multiple results files. The default is "results". The different output files will have extensions added to them, for example results_summary, results_list, etc...

-w SECONDS
--loopwait SECONDS
     The number of seconds to wait before doing loop commands. You shouldn't have to change this. It is only used with image files. The default is 2. Increase this if you get loop errors such as device busy.

-s BYTES
--sectorsize BYTES
     The sector size in bytes of the target drive or image. The default is 512. Note that only a sector size of 512 has been tested, as I don't have any drives of a different sector size to test.

-a
--autooff
     Turns off automatic finding of partition types, and allows the user to manually select what type the partition is for every partition. It also gives the option to skip partitions. This could be useful if for some reason the program is unable to properly find the partition type, or you have multiple partitions and only want to process one of them. The user will be prompted for every partition on what to do. This choice will follow the processing of the logfile, and if you choose to process a partition and there are more after it, you will be prompted again after the current partition is done processing.

-m
--moreinfo
     Will add what could be considered an insane amount of (mostly) useless data from fsstat and fls to the results_info file. Note that at this time fls does not work right on EXT4 (sleuthkit currently only supports ext2/3). If the file system is large, moreinfo could cause the results_info file to get very big, and could add a considerable (or insane) amount of processing time. Only for advanced users, use this if you understand what output fsstat and fls give.

-e
--extraoutput
     Will produce more types of output files. The processing for this is not very efficient at this time (it is actually horrible). If there are a lot of bad sectors, this could take a considerable (or insane) amount of processing time. If the quick or quickntfs option is enabled then extraout will process much faster. Currently available with the EXTRAOUT option: Results_bysector lists the bad sector groups with the files in each group.

-q
--quick
     Only processes the first and last sector of each group. This allows for a much faster first run so you can get an idea of what files are involved. May provide more useful output with the EXTRAOUT option to get the results_bysector output. If the first and last sector of a group show the same file then it could be assumed that all the sectors in between are the same (assume at your own risk). This is most efficient if there are large sized groups of bad sectors. If most of the bad sectors are in very small groups or individual sectors then this is not efficient and will take nearly as long as a normal run.

-Q
--quickntfs
     The same as quick, except it processes NTFS partitions extra special. It uses the ability of ntfscluster to rapidly check groups of sectors at once. This can very quickly produce a FULL list of files related to bad sectors for NTFS partitions, instead of of just checking the first and last sector of a group. As with quick, it is still most efficient with large sector groups. Results for NTFS partitions will not end up in the results_list file, only in results_summary (and in results_bysector if the extra option is used).

EXAMPLES:

If your ddrescue command was:

     ddrescue /dev/sda1 rescued_image rescued_logfile

Then the ddru_findbad command would be:

     ddru_findbad rescued_image rescued_logfile

If your ddrescue command was:

     ddrescue /dev/sda /dev/sdb rescued_logfile

Then the ddru_findbad command would be:

     ddru_findbad /dev/sdb rescued_logfile

NOTE: It is important that the source for ddru_findbad is the same as the ddrescue outfile. Do not use /dev/sdb in the ddrescue command and then /dev/sdb1 in the ddru_findbad command. This would cause very inaccurate results.

It does not matter if the source for ddru_findbad is a disk or image, a partition or a whole disk, as ddru_findbad will automatically process it as long as it matches the format used to describe the ddrescue outfile.

ddru_ntfsbitmap
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Ddru_ntfsbitmap is a utility that will extract the bitmap file from an NTFS partition, and then create a rescue domain file to use with ddrescue. This will allow recovering only the used portion of an NTFS partition. Other normal cloning utilities (such as clonezilla, or at least I think clonezilla uses something similar) use a similar method to speed up the cloning process.

Ddru_ntfsbitmap requires that a version of ddrescue that includes ddrescuelog is installed (ddrescue version 1.15 and up). It does not make any other calls to 3rd party utilities.

The bitmap file is just a map of what clusters are used and free on the partition. Consider the map as 0's and 1's, the 0's mean unused clusters and the 1's mean used clusters. If any sectors of the bitmap file are not readable by ddrescue (or were not tried), then they will be filled with ones (FF) in the recovered bitmap output file. A section that is all ones (FF) is considered as used clusters, and therefore the corresponding data will be copied. Ddru_ntfsbitmap fills all bad (or untried) bitmap sector(s) in the output file with ones to insure that no needed data is missed during the recovery process, although it could cause extra data to be copied (better safe than sorry).

Since the domain logfile that is created relies on the bitmap file from the NFTS partition, it would be affected by any sort of corruption that could have happened to the bitmap file caused when the filesystem was running. So I can offer no guarantee that the results will be accurate. All I can say is that the idea works, and the results SHOULD be good. The safest way to make sure of the best possible data recovery would be to continue on without the domain file after you got as far as you could with it.

However, in addition to saving time, there COULD be another benefit to not continuing on without the domain file in certain cases. If you zero fill all the bad and untried areas of the target, then that could possibly get rid of "garbage" data in the free space. This could possibly make file recovery easier for programs that scan the whole disk looking for files (such as photorec).

Ddru_ntfsbitmap will show the percentage of used vs free space of the partition after processing the bitmap file, so you can get an idea of how much time and effort you may be saving. You can also get this number again later on by running ddrecuelog against the domain_logfile.

     ddrescuelog -t domain_logfile

In the results, "rescued" will = used space that you are trying to recover, and "non-tried" will = free space that you are ignoring. When your rescue percentage reaches the percentage of used space, then you should have recovered the needed data, except for any errors of course. But you must have used the domain_logfile in all of the ddrescue commands up to this point for this percentage match to be accurate. After you reach this point and ddrescue exits, and you have done all the rescuing of the used portion that you can or wish to (retries, no-split, ect...), you could leave out the domain_logfile from the command and continue to recover all of the remaining partition/drive if desired.

Ddru_ntfsbitmap uses ddrescue for all the reads and also creates logfiles, so that you can run it as many times as you wish/need with different ddrescue options on the same recovery attempt without unneeded disk reads. However, you may need to use the --restart option to delete all of the important files at the beginning of a new run so that there are no issues caused by leftover files. If you used an incorrect option, or there are leftover files from a previous rescue that you do not realize, either case can cause weird results or errors, and this option should clear that up and give you a fresh start without having to manually delete the files. If you are getting an error or result that doesn't make sense, try the --restart option.

While ddru_ntfsbitmap will only try to read any area once while reading the bitmap file, the downside is that when you start the actual rescue attempt, those areas will be read again. But this should be a fairly small portion of the disk. For instance, at a standard 4k cluster size, a 500GB drive bitmap file would be approximately 16MB (0.003%).

Ddru_ntfsbitmap will create several output files in the directory where it is ran. They are required if you need to run ddru_ntfsbitmap again on the same drive with different ddrescue options to get the best bitmap file recovery. They can be deleted if you aquired a successful domain_logfile (but don't delete the domain_logfile until you have your successful data recovery). They NEED TO BE DELETED OR SWITCHED TO A DIFFERENT DIRECTORY if you are attempting a new rescue of a different partition or a different disk. Also, if you do a command with the wrong options that causes some error, you may want to also delete these files and start over. The output files are as follows:

__BOOTSEC
     This is the recovered partition boot sector (512 bytes). It is needed to find the location of the MFT, along with the sector and cluster size.

__BOOTSEC.LOG
     This is the ddrescue logfile for the __bootsec file.

__MFTSHORT
     This is the first 16 entries of the MFT (16KB). It is needed to find where the bitmap file is located on the disk.

__MFTSHORT.LOG
     This is the ddrescue logfile for the __mftshort file.

__BITMAPFILE
     This is the recovered NTFS bitmap file.

_PARTX__BITMAPFILE.LOG
     This is the ddrescue logfile for the NTFS bitmap file. There could be multiple logfiles, each with its own part# (part0, part1...). Normally there should only be one logfile, but if for some reason the NTFS bitmap file is fragmented on the disk, there will be a separate logfile for every fragment.

NTFSBITMAP_RESCUE_REPORT.LOG
     This file contains all the results from ddrescuelog --show-status for all the ddrescue reads used by ddru_ntfsbitmap, and also for the domain logfile(s).

The format for running ddru_ntfsbitmap is:

     ddru_ntfsbitmap SOURCE_DISK LOGFILE [OPTIONS]

Where:

SOURCE_DISK
     The drive or partition that you are trying to recover. This needs to be the EXACT same source as the ddrescue input file that you will be using for the recovery.

LOGFILE
     The name of the domain logfile that you wish to create to use with ddrescue.

ddru_ntfsbitmap supports the following options:

-h
--help
     Print an informative help message describing the options and exit.

-v
--version
     Print the version number and exit.

-D
--debug
     Turn on debugging and create a debug file. The name of this file is ntfsbitmap_debug.log. It is mostly for my use in troubleshooting bugs. I may ask for this file if someone reports a problem that I am unable to identify from their description.

-V
--verbose
     Show additional information. Right now all this shows is the commands sent to ddrescue. This could help if you are trying to pass options to ddrescue and it is not working correctly.

-g CLUSTERS
--mingap CLUSTERS
     The minimum number of unused NTFS clusters between the used clusters. The default is 0 (allow all gaps), and the maximum allowed value is 4096. Any number higher than the maximum will be lowered to the maximum. The purpose of this option is to bridge small gaps of unused space, which will make the output domain logfile smaller, and possibly speed up reads a little bit, although the speed increase may not be significant (if at all). This will, however, add some extra reported used space, and cause more data to be read than needed. How much data will depend on how many gaps there are of the size chosen. The benefit of using this option would vary for every situation, and is not yet proven. A typical NTFS cluster is 8 sectors (but can vary), so with a sector size of 512, a value of 16 would be 64KiB. A value of 256 would be 1MiB. A value of 4096 would be 16MiB. The idea is to use the lowest number that may give some benefit.

     If you are considering using this option, I would recommend running it with different output domain logfile names to see how it is going to affect it. Once ddru_ntfsbitmap has completed the first time, and you have not deleted any of the output files, you can run it multiple times afterwards and it will not perform any additional reads (unless you specify retries in the ddrescue options). For instance:

          ddru_ntfsbitmap /dev/sda1 domain_logfile
          ddru_ntfsbitmap /dev/sda1 -g 16 domain_logfile16
          ddru_ntfsbitmap /dev/sda1 -g 256 domain_logfile256
          ddru_ntfsbitmap /dev/sda1 -g 4096 domain_logfile4096

     You can then examine the output files to see the differences, and most notably see the size difference of the files. You can also use the 3rd party tool ddrescueview to view the output domain logfiles to help see a visual difference. Also, PAY ATTENTION to the used percentage reported at the end of each run. If the used percentage jumps up too much, then any benefit is completely lost and you should use a lower value. I would like to restate that any benefit of using this option is not yet proven, and using a number too high will have the opposite effect.

-i BYTES
--inputoffset BYTES
     Set input offset (partition offset). This is needed if doing a whole drive recovery, to specify the offset of the NTFS partition. You need to specify this offset if you will be using an input such as "/dev/sda". You can get this offset by doing a little math on an "fdisk -lu" command (the "u" gives the results in sectors, which is needed for this to work). Let's look at the following results from "fdisk -lu /dev/sda", where /dev/sda is the source disk you wish to recover.

          Disk /dev/sda: 5 GB, 5362882560 bytes
          255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 652 cylinders, total 10474380 sectors
          Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes

             Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
          /dev/sda1            2048    10485759     5245191    7  HPFS/NTFS
          Warning: Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary.

     This tells us that the NTFS partition /dev/sda1 starts at sector 2048. The units tells the sector size, which is 512 bytes. So multiply the unit size (512) by the start (2048), which gives us 1048576. This number is the offset in bytes, which is what you supply to this option. So your ddru_ntfsbitmap command would look something like this:

          ddru_ntfsbitmap /dev/sda -i 1048576 domain_logfile

     If you do not supply the correct offset, you will get an error stating the boot sector ID is not NTFS, and the program will exit. The boot sector file and the corresponding logfile will also be deleted (files will not be deleted if using the --debug option).

-o "OPTIONS"
--options "OPTIONS"
     Ddrescue options to pass directly to ddrescue. Use quotes around the whole string of options. For example:

          ddru_ntfsbitmap /dev/sda1 domainfile --options "--direct --no-split"

     These options will be passed to all calls to ddrescue. Note that you cannot use the options --input-position, --output-position, or --size, as these are used by ddru_ntfsbitmap for control. If you try to pass one of these options, you will likely get an error message from ddrescue.

-m FILE
--mftdomain FILE
     Creates a separate additional domain file for the MFT (master file table). This mft_domain_file can be used the same way as the examples below, just insert mft_domain_file in place of the regular domain_logfile. The purpose of the mft_domain_file is to allow recovering of the most important part of the filesystem. You can use this before using the regular domain_logfile to attempt to recover the MFT first, and then use the regular domain_logfile to then recover the rest of the data. You could also use it later on to just focus on the MFT. It could also be useful to see if the filesystem has errors, and how many, which could help with your decision on how to proceed.

     To create both a regular domain and also a MFT domain file:

          ddru_ntfsbitmap /dev/sda1 domain_logfile -m mft_logfile

     Then to focus on the MFT your ddrescue command would be:

          ddrescue -m mft_logfile /dev/sda1 recovered_ntfs_image rescue_logfile

-r
--restart
     Delete all output files and start over. The default is for ddru_ntfsbitmap to resume an attempt where one or more of the ddrescue reads had errors and you wish to continue trying to get the most data (possibly using different ddrescue options). However if you did a wrong option once, or had something left over from a previous rescue you could get weird results or errors. This allows you to start over without having to manually delete the previous files.

EXAMPLES:

PARTITION TO IMAGE-

The simplest example is if recovering only the partition to an image file.

Let's start with the following fdisk -lu result:

     Disk /dev/sda: 5 GB, 5362882560 bytes
     255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 652 cylinders, total 10474380 sectors
     Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes

        Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
     /dev/sda1            2048    10485759     5245191    7  HPFS/NTFS
     Warning: Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary.

The ddru_ntfsbitmap command would be something like:

     ddru_ntfsbitmap /dev/sda1 domain_logfile

Your ddrescue command would be something like:

     ddrescue -m domain_logfile /dev/sda1 recovered_ntfs_image rescue_logfile

WHOLE DISK TO DISK OR IMAGE SIMPLE-

Let's start with the following fdisk -lu result:

     Disk /dev/sda: 5 GB, 5362882560 bytes
     255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 652 cylinders, total 10474380 sectors
     Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes

        Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
     /dev/sda1            2048    10485759     5245191    7  HPFS/NTFS
     Warning: Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary.

You will need to use the -i (--inputoffset) option, and you will need to do some math (see the inputoffset option description for more detail). Multiply the sector size (512) by the partition Start (2048) to get 1048576, which is the input offset for the NTFS partition.

Your ddru_ntfsbitmap command would be something like:

     ddru_ntfsbitmap /dev/sda -i 1048576 domain_logfile

Your ddrescue command would be something like this respectively:

     ddrescue -f -m domain_logfile /dev/sda /dev/sdb rescue_logfile

Or:

     ddrescue -m domain_logfile /dev/sda recovered_disk_image rescue_logfile

If there is more than one NTFS partition on the drive, you would just repeat the above process for each of them, with the proper input offset for each. You would use the same rescue_logfile in the ddrescue command, but you would use a separate domain_logfile for each separate NTFS partition accordingly.

Important Note: When using the -i (--inputoffset) option, the first "track" (32256 bytes or 63 * 512 byte sectors) of the disk is automatically included in the created domain file. This first "track" contains the MBR, partition table, and possibly more needed boot code. The reason this is included automatically is so you shouldn't have to worry about making a rescue copy that won't boot due to missing important stuff.

WHOLE DISK TO DISK OR IMAGE WITH EXTRA PARTITIONS-

If you are planning on recovering the entire disk structure including other partitions, it starts to get a bit more tricky. But you may need to do this with some Windows installations, as there may also be a smaller active boot partition that contains the boot information for Windows, and this partition would need to be copied for the OS to boot.

Let's start with the following fdisk -lu result:

     Disk /dev/sda: 120 GB, 120031511040 bytes
     255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 14593 cylinders, total 234436545 sectors
     Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes

        Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
     /dev/sda1              63    20466809    10233373    b  FAT32
     /dev/sda2   *    20466810   143331929    61424527    7  HPFS/NTFS
     /dev/sda3       143331930   225247364    40949685   83  Linux
     /dev/sda4       225247365   234436544     4586557    f  Extended LBA
     /dev/sda5       225247428   234436544     4586557   82  Linux swap
     Warning: Partition 5 does not end on cylinder boundary.

The first step is to get the NTFS partition (sda2) offset, multiplying the Start by the sector size (20466810 * 512 = 10479006720). So then your ddru_ntfsbitmap command would be something like:

     ddru_ntfsbitmap /dev/sda -i 10479006720 domain_logfile

Your ddrescue command would be something like this:

     ddrescue -f -m domain_logfile /dev/sda /dev/sdb rescue_logfile

Now you want to also recover the FAT32 and Linux partitions. You need to do some math again. For the FAT32 partition (sda1) multiply the start by the sector size (63 * 512 = 32256). This is the input position you provide ddrescue. Next subtract the start from the end, and then multiply that by the sector size (20466809 - 63 = 20466746, * 512 = 10478973952). This is the size you provide ddrescue.

So now your next ddrescue command would be something like this:

     ddrescue -f -i 32256 -s 10478973952 /dev/sda /dev/sdb rescue_logfile

And we do the same for the Linux partition. Input position = (143331930 * 512) = 73385948160, and size = ( (225247364 - 143331930) * 512) = 41940702208.

Ddrescue command:

     ddrescue -f -i 73385948160 -s 41940702208 /dev/sda /dev/sdb rescue_logfile

I am not going to get into the Extended partition, except to say that I am pretty sure that you must copy the first part of it (starting at sda4 in this case). I have probably covered what the average person will ever do with this already.

ddru_ntfsfindbad
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Ddru_ntfsfindbad is a utility for NTFS partitions to find which files are related to bad sectors in a ddrescue log file. While it only works for NTFS partitions, it is MUCH faster then the original ddru_findbad. It also gives more useful output. And it does NOT require any 3rd party utilities. It will also do the best it can to work with a damaged file system (and even give you an idea of how damaged). While it may keep going if physical read errors are encountered, it is designed to work using the recovered disk or image file, NOT the original failing drive.

While ddru_ntfsfindbad will process a damaged filesystem, it does require a few things. It needs to know where the ntfs partition starts (not needed for partition only image, as the location will be 0). It needs to be able to read the partition boot sector (512 bytes). It needs to be able to read the first entry of the MFT, or the first entry of the MFTMIRROR (1024 bytes). If it has that information, then it will proceed as best it can. If there are no errors in the MFT, the output results should be accurate. If there are errors in the MFT, you may be in for a rough recovery as the MFT is very important to recovering files.

Ddru_ntfsfindbad does not process deleted MFT entries, as its purpose is not to find deleted files. It will however process entries in the recycle bin, as they are not truly deleted, although you will clearly see in the name that they are in the recycle bin.

The output file will tell you if the error was in a file or folder. If it was a file, then most likely that means actual file damage. If the error was in a folder, that is a bit different. That means that the folder is damaged and likely has lost some of the files/folders that were in it, and by that I mean it lost the link to them, not the files themselves. That means that when exploring the filesystem they will not show up. As an example of what this could mean, I have found that the recovery tool testdisk appears to need the folders to be intact to find and recover files, while more advanced (and likely not free) tools such as R-Studio will find them. Ddru_ntfsfindbad acts more like R-Studio, as it doesn't even look at the data contained in the folders. It builds the folder paths from the inodes themselves (every inode has the number of it's parent inode, so a map can be built without needing any extra data from the folder except the parent inode number listed in the actual MFT entry). Please note that I am not endorsing or condemning any particular software here, only making reference to examples that I have personally observed.

As the output file shows what files have errors, any errors to the file $MFT means that your filesystem is damaged (this will be at the very top of the list if it has errors). As the MFT is critical in recovering the files, there is no guarantee for recovery if it is damaged. Errors mean missing inode entries, and if the entry was in use then you are missing something important. If the entry was a file, then how to find the file on the disk is lost. The only way to recover from a missing file entry is to scan the whole disk with a recovery utility such as photorec, and these utilities can be hindered by file fragmentation and by the fact that there could be error sections in the files themselves (good luck). If the entry was a small file (about 800 bytes or less), then the file was likely contained within the inode record itself, and will be lost. If the missing entry was a folder, then the files and sub folders may still exist, but they will be orphaned, and will not show up when normally exploring the filesystem, although they may still be able to be recovered (and the windows checkdisk utility might be able to fix the links). Errors in the MFT can mean an uncertain recovery, and you will have to work for it to get all you can.

The normal output file is:

NTFSFINDBAD.LOG
     This is a list of the files/folders that are found to have errors. Inode= the NTFS inode number of the file/folder. Errors= how many separate contiguous error sections there are. Errorsize= the total size of all the combined errors in bytes. Note that while this number would normally be a multiple of the sector size, if an error was in the last sector and the file did not fill the whole sector, only the used portion would be included in the errorsize. FILE or FOLDER tells if it is a file or a directory. Name= the full path file/folder name. It should normally start with "./" which indicates the path makes it to the top level. If it does not start with "./", then it is considered to be orphaned, meaning that the path does not make it to the top level directory. Errors in the MFT can cause this.

The format for running ddru_ntfsfindbad is:

     ddru_ntfsbitmap SOURCE LOGFILE [OPTIONS]

Where:

SOURCE
     The drive, partition, or image file that you have recovered. This needs to be the EXACT SAME DESTINATION as the ddrescue output file that you used for the recovery. If you copied /dev/sda to /dev/sdb, then use /dev/sdb as the source, DO NOT USE a partition (/dev/sdb1)! If you do not use the exact same destination, then it will not match the logfile and your results will be totally inaccurate.  If you only recovered the partition (/dev/sda1) to an image, then you can simply supply that image file with no partition offset. If you are supplying a drive or an image created from a whole drive, then you must supply the correct partition offset (see --inputoffset for more info).

LOGFILE
     The name of the logfile from ddrescue.

ddru_ntfsfindbad supports the following options:

-h
--help
     Print an informative help message describing the options and exit.

-v
--version
     Print the version number and exit.

-D
--debug
     Turn on debugging and create a debug file. The name of this file is ntfsfindbad_debug.log. It is multi-level, meaning -D is level 1, -DD is level 2 and so on. Please note that anything higher than level 2 can produce a stupidly large debug file that you probably won't know what to do with. This file would normally be for my use in troubleshooting bugs. However, I have made level 1 to provide some useful output to an advanced end user. Inode= the NTFS inode number of the file/folder. Part= is the number of the file fragment, starting with 0. If the file is not fragmented then there will only be a part0. Offset= is the fragment start offset in bytes in relation to the start of the partition. Fulloffset= is the fragment start offset in bytes as seen from the beginning of the disk (will be the same as offset if only a partition recovery). Size= is the length of the fragment in bytes. Type= is the data type for the fragment (we are most interested in type=0x80, as this means actual file data. If you want to know about the other types, I suggest you do a search for "ntfs mft entry attribute types"). Errors= how many separate contiguous error sections there are in the fragment. Errorsize= the total size of all the combined errors in bytes for the fragment. There is no file name in this output, as that would be listed in the main output file, you can reference that inode number. Any inodes that were not able to be processed (hard errors) will also be listed here with a warning message. Fulloffset= and size= are what you would use to compare the fragment location to the rescue logfile, so that you could customize a ddrescue command to make further attempts at recovering specific data.

-V
--verbose
     Show additional information. It is multi-level, meaning -V is level 1, -VV is level 2 and so on. At this time I am only going to provide some info for level 1, as higher levels are more for my personal use, and anything above level 2 will probably not be useful to you. Most of the level 1 verbose info is self explanatory, except for "MFT hard errors". This is the number of MFT entries that are corrupt in some way, and were not able to be processed (likely due to bad sectors, but could be for other reasons beyond my control or knowledge). This could give an idea of how damaged the filesystem is. If you use level 2, then you will see a soft error count (they will also show as warnings in level 2 of debug). All I can say about soft errors is that it means the inode entry passed the normal sanity checks for corruption, but then something stupid happened while processing. This could be something wrong with the entry, or my lack of knowledge on how to process it (ask Bill Gates).

-e TYPE
--encoding TYPE
     Set the character encoding type for the file name output. The default is UTF-8 which should be good for most if not all circumstances. This allows the user to change the character encoding for the file names, as they are in the format of UTF-16 in NTFS and need to be converted to something more text friendly. It uses iconv. To find what types are supported, please visit "http://www.gnu.org/software/libiconv/", or do a search for "iconv encoding types". If the conversion has characters that are unable to convert to the type selected, then a message will be shown on the screen for every inode stating how many characters were skipped. There are a couple options that can be added to the encoding type, "//IGNORE" and "//TRANSLIT". IGNORE means it will ignore all unconvertible characters by skipping them in the output. This basically is the same as the default except it will not produce any messages when unconvertible characters are encountered. TRANSLIT means iconv will try to convert the unconvertible characters into the closest thing it knows how, or a default character (likely the "?" character). It will show on the screen how many characters were converted for every inode. For example, to convert to ASCII with attempted translation, you would use the option:

          --encoding ASCII//TRANSLIT

-n
--noconvert
     Turns off the iconv file name conversion and uses the old method of using every other character. This option has been added in case of odd program crashes due to iconv being buggy with a memory leak. This old method will only work proper with normal printable ASCII characters.

-i BYTES
--inputoffset BYTES
     Set input offset (partition offset). This is needed if you did a whole drive recovery, to specify the offset of the NTFS partition. You need to specify this offset if you used an input such as "/dev/sda". You can get this offset by doing a little math on an "fdisk -lu" command (the "u" gives the results in sectors, which is needed for this to work). Note that you can use this fdisk command on an image file, all you have to do is replace the "/dev/sdb" in this example with the name of the image file. Let's look at the following results from "fdisk -lu /dev/sdb", where /dev/sdb is the destination disk or image you recovered.

          root# fdisk -lu /dev/sdb

          Disk /dev/sdb: 5 GB, 5362882560 bytes
          255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 652 cylinders, total 10474380 sectors
          Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes

             Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
          /dev/sdb1            2048    10485759     5245191    7  HPFS/NTFS
          Warning: Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary.

     This tells us that the NTFS partition /dev/sdb1 starts at sector 2048. The units tells the sector size, which is 512 bytes. So multiply the unit size (512) by the start (2048), which gives us 1048576. This number is the offset in bytes, which is what you supply to this option. So your ddru_ntfsfindbad command would look something like this:

          ddru_ntfsfindbad /dev/sdb logfile -i 1048576

     Let's look at an example from an image file:

          root# fdisk -lu alice.dd

          Disk /media/data/alice.dd: 160 GB, 160039272960 bytes
          255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 19457 cylinders, total 312576705 sectors
          Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes

                         Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
          /media/data/alice.dd1            2048    20482047    10241406   27  (null)
          Warning: Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary.
          /media/data/alice.dd2   *    20482048   312578047   146054947    7  HPFS/NTFS
          Warning: Partition 2 does not end on cylinder boundary.

     This tells us that the NTFS partition alice.dd2 starts at sector 20482048. The units tells the sector size, which is 512 bytes. So multiply the unit size (512) by the start (20482048), which gives us 10486808576. This number is the offset in bytes, which is what you supply to this option. So your ddru_ntfsfindbad command would look something like this:

          ddru_ntfsfindbad alice.dd logfile -i 10486808576

     If you do not supply the correct offset, you will get an error stating the boot sector ID is not NTFS, and the program will exit.

EXAMPLES:

PARTITION ONLY TO IMAGE RESCUE - If your ddrescue command was:

     ddrescue /dev/sda1 rescued_image rescued_logfile

Then the ddru_ntfsfindbad command would be:

     ddru_ntfsfindbad rescued_image rescued_logfile

WHOLE DISK TO DISK RESCUE - If your ddrescue command was:

     ddrescue /dev/sda /dev/sdb rescued_logfile

Then you would have to use the --inputoffset option (see the option details above for how to get the offset), so the ddru_ntfsfindbad command would be something like:

     ddru_ntfsfindbad /dev/sdb rescued_logfile --inputoffset 1048576

WHOLE DISK TO IMAGE RESCUE - If your ddrescue command was:

     ddrescue /dev/sda rescued_image rescued_logfile

Then you would have to use the --inputoffset option (see the option details above for how to get the offset), so the ddru_ntfsfindbad command would be something like:

     ddru_ntfsfindbad rescued_image rescued_logfile --inputoffset 1048576

ddru_diskutility
****************

Ddru_diskutility is an advanced LINUX ONLY utility that can perform several different functions on a disk, using some direct pass-through disk commands. It can read sectors to the screen (reading to a file is not supported yet). It can read using 4 different methods: normal, direct, scsi-passthrough, and ata-passthrough. It can perform a device inquiry to get things such as model and serial number. If supported, it can perform readlong commands, both 28 bit and extended, with the option to get the best average of a set of reads.

Ddru_diskutility is for advanced users, so I am not going into great detail in this documentation. If you don't understand what it does, then don't use it!

The format for running ddru_diskutility is:

     ddru_diskutility SOURCE_DISK  [OPTIONS]

Where:

SOURCE_DISK
     The drive that you wish to work with. This NEEDS to be a reference to the WHOLE DISK, and NOT a partition. All of the direct passthrough commands will react as if the whole disk was selected, so it is very important to use reference the whole disk so you get accurate results!

ddru_diskutility supports the following options:

-h
--help
     Print an informative help message describing the options and exit.

-v
--version
     Print the version number and exit.

-V
--verbose
     Show additional information. There are currently 3 levels of verbose. The levels of verbose can be achieved by multiple instances of the option ("-VVV" for level 3).

-b BYTES
--sectorsize BYTES
     Sector size in bytes (default = 512).

-B
--binary
     Show some results output in binary. This was mostly created for alternative viewing for the readlong commands, but can also be useful for viewing the advanced (using verbose level 3) ata inquiry results.

-c
--clustersize
     This is the number of sectors to be processed, also known as a "block" (default = 1, maximum = 256). Cannot be used with --readsize.

-d
--direct
     Use direct I/O (O_DIRECT). Only applies to the readsector command. It does not have any noticable effect if used with passthrough commands.

-p
--sgpt
     Use SCSI passthrough commands. Only applies to the readsector command.

-P
--sgptata
     Use ATA passthrough commands. Only applies to the readsector command. This command will override the --sgpt option.

-i BYTES
--inputoffset BYTES
     Set the input offset in bytes for the command. This is in addition to any sector number provided in a command. Meaning that "-- inputoffset 1024 --readsector 5" and and "--inputoffset 2560 --readsector 2" will both actually read sector 7. This option has been included to make working with partitions a bit easier to manage (use inputoffset for the partition offset, and then the sector number will be referenced to that partition).

-I
--inquiry
     Show the device information. This will show the basic SCSI inquiry results, and if the drive is reported to be ATA then it will also show the ATA inquiry results. To get the entire results, run with a verbose level of 3. Please note that the table(s) provided with verbose have decimal references on the left that are based on words, instead of hex based on bytes. This is to help with matching up with the table provided in any standard ATA documentation.

-s BYTES
--readsize BYTES
     Alternative method of selecting the number of sectors to be processed. You cannot use this option and the --clustersize option at the same time.

-r SECTOR
--readsector SECTOR
     Reads a block of sectors starting at SECTOR. Also influenced by --inputoffset.

-l SECTOR
-readlong28 SECTOR
     Performs an ATA 28 bit readlong command on the specified sector. Also influenced by --inputoffset. Note that this command has been made obsolete many years ago, but some drives still supported it. There are two parts of the output: 512 bytes of data and then 52 bytes of ecc. The first 8 bytes (4 words) usually contains the 4 actual ecc bytes. Your results may vary.

-L SECTOR
-readlong48 SECTOR
     Performs an ATA SCT Read Long command on the specified sector. Also influenced by --inputoffset. Note that this command was made obsolete years ago, but some drives still support it. Also note that in the ATA specification it states that the data returned may be encoded. To test it, read a known good sector with a regular or passthrough read, and then again with readlong. If the results are different, then the data is encoded and the readlong command on that drive is totally useless to you. There are two parts of the output: 512 bytes of data and then likely 52 bytes of ecc. Your results may vary.

-g COUNT

--readlongbest COUNT
     Used with either the --readlong28 or --readlong48 command. Performs the readlong command COUNT number of times and displays the best average of the data. The average is based on individual bits. The maximum count is 256. The theory of this is supposed to be that if the sector is read several times, the average data could be closer to the desired recovered data then any single read. This is unproven, and in what limited testing I could do, it is still very much unproven if not totally unlikely. The purpose of this option is to let others test to see if it is possible or not. Use with the --binary option to watch the bits change per read.

Important Notes
***************

Here are a few things to consider about data rescue and using this software.

I would like to point something out that relates to both an "unfinished" image, and using a utililty as ddru_ntfsbitmap. In any event, anything less than a 100% recovery will leave portions on the target image/drive that have not been written to by ddrescue. If copying to a brand new hard drive, those areas are (hopefully) likely to be zeros. But in any other case, those areas will contain whatever data was there previously. For someone that uses their system for data recovery on a regular basis, and is using image files or reusing hard drives, those areas could contain data from a previous recovery! This could be a privacy issue in some cases, but also could cause an issue with running any other sort of repair/file recovery tools on the recovered image/drive. The unrecovered parts could contain "garbage" data that could affect accurate file recovery. In these cases I would recommend using the fill mode of ddrescue to fill any unfinished/untried areas with zeros.  Example command:

     ddrescue --fill-mode=?/*- /dev/zero recovered_image logfile

This would write zeros to any portion of the recovery that was not successfully read from the source.

Reporting Bugs
**************

There are likely bugs in the programs of ddrutility. There are almost definitely errors and omissions in this documentation, and perhaps also in the individual programs' help and manual files. If you report them, they will get fixed. If you don't report them, they will just stay the way they are and will not get fixed.

Report bugs to (maximus57@hotmail.com) Or better yet, report bugs at the Ddrutility homepage: http://sourceforge.net/projects/ddrutility/

Please include the version number of ddrutility, and the version of the individual program. You can find the version by running ddrutility or the program with the --version option.