# SOME DESCRIPTIVE TITLE
# Copyright (C) YEAR Copyright
# This file is distributed under the same license as the Debian package.
# FIRST AUTHOR <EMAIL@ADDRESS>, YEAR.
#
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: Debian 2.130\n"
"POT-Creation-Date: 2026-01-06 01:37+0000\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n"
"Last-Translator: FULL NAME <EMAIL@ADDRESS>\n"
"Language-Team: LANGUAGE <LL@li.org>\n"
"Language: \n"
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"

#. type: Content of the timesnewroman entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_New_Roman"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the abi entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_binary_interface"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the accesscookie entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_Window_authorization#Cookie-based_access"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the acpi entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Configuration_and_Power_Interface"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the adobe entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PostScript_fonts"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the advancedlinuxsouarchitecturealsa entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Linux_Sound_Architecture"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the advancedpackagingtoolapt entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APT_(software)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the afireresistantsafe entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safe"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the agp entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerated_Graphics_Port"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the almquistshell entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almquist_shell"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the altgrkey entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AltGr_key"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the amanda entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Maryland_Automatic_Network_Disk_Archiver"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the ascii entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the amigaos entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AmigaOS"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the ansiescapecode entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANSI_escape_code"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the antispamtechniques entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-spam_techniques"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the theapachesoftwarefoundation entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_Software_Foundation"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the apm entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Power_Management"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the apparmor entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AppArmor"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the appimage entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AppImage"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the applebonjourapplerendezvous entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonjour_(software)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the arial entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arial"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the arp entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Address_Resolution_Protocol"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the atp entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AppleTalk"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the planj entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_9_from_Bell_Labs"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the audioandvideopromultimediaserver entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PipeWire"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the autoconf entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoconf"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the automake entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automake"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the autotools entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Autotools"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the avahi entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avahi_(software)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the awk entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AWK"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the backuppc entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backuppc"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the bacula entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacula"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the basege entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base64"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the bash entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bash_(Unix_shell)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the basicaccessauthentication entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_access_authentication"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the berkeleycsh entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_shell"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the berkeleydb entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_DB"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the bigf entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big5"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the bind entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BIND"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the binhex entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BinHex"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the bios entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BIOS"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the bitstreamvera entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitstream_Vera"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the bittorrent entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BitTorrent_(protocol)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the bochs entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bochs"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the bootloader entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boot_loader"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the bootstrapprocesses entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booting"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the borg entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borg_(backup_software)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the bounceaddress entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bounce_address"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the browserextension entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Browser_extension"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the bsdlike entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_Software_Distribution"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the lineprinterdaemonlpd entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_Printer_Daemon_protocol"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the btrfs entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Btrfs"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the burrowswheelerblrtingcompression entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burrows-Wheeler_transform"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the bziercurves entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bézier_curve"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the cprogramminglanguage entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the cachingdata entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cache"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the calibri entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calibri"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the cambria entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambria_(typeface)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the cantarell entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantarell_(typeface)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the cardbus entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Card#CardBus"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the cdrkit entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cdrkit"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the commongatewayinterface entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Gateway_Interface"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the cgroups entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cgroups"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the characterencoding entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Character_encoding"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the charissil entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charis_SIL"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the chromeoscarlito entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croscore_fonts"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the chromium entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromium_(web_browser)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the chroot entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chroot"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the cinnamon entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinnamon_(desktop_environment)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the cjk entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CJK_characters"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the cloop entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloop"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the cmake entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cmake"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the codepage entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_page"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the codesetalwayssettoutfi entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codeset"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the commandlineinterfacecli entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command-line_interface"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the commonunixprintingsystemcups entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Unix_Printing_System"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the comparisonofplatmvirtualmachines entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_platform_virtual_machines"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the composekey entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compose_key"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the computerdatastoragemedia entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_data_storage"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the dumpcore entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_dump"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the corefontsfortheweb entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_fonts_for_the_Web"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the couriernew entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courier_(typeface)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the cpbcfb entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows-1251"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the cpbcfc entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows-1252"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the cpedh entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_page_437"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the cpifa entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_page_850"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the cpjdc entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_page_932"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the cpjdg entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_page_936"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the cpjej entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_page_949"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the cpjfa entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_page_950"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the cpld entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_programmable_logic_device"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the cpm entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP/M"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the crmbbe entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRM114_(program)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the cstandardlibrary entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_standard_library"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the ctags entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ctags"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the cvs entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrent_Versions_System"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the daemon entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daemon_(computer_software)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the darcs entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darcs"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the dbus entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-Bus"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the deadkey entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_key"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the debugger entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debugger"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the dejavu entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DejaVu_fonts"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the designruleforcamerafilesystem entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design_rule_for_Camera_File_system"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the desktoppublishing entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desktop_publishing"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the devicefiles entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Device_file"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the devicemapper entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Device_mapper"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the dhcp entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_Host_Configuration_Protocol"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the dillo entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dillo"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the directories entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directory_(file_systems)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the diskpartitioning entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk_partitioning"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the dmcrypt entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dm-crypt"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the dmg entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Disk_Image"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the internetdomainnamesystemdns entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_System"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the docbook entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DocBook"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the docker entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docker_(software)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the documentstylesemionlanguagedsssl entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Document_Style_Semantics_and_Specification_Language"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the domainbasedmessaconformancedmarc entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DMARC"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the domainkeysidentifiedmaildkim entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DomainKeys_Identified_Mail"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the dosbox entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOSBox"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the drm entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_Rendering_Manager"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the duplicity entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duplicity_(software)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the dynamicdns entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_DNS"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the dynamickernelmodulesupportdkms entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_Kernel_Module_Support"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the efisystempartitionesp entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFI_system_partition"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the elinks entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ELinks"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the emacs entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emacs"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the email entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the emailclients entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email_client"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the emailfiltering entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email_filtering"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the enlightenment entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhi"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the environmentvariables entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_variable"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the epiphany entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiphany_(browser)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the eucjp entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_Unix_Code"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the euckr entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_Unix_Code#EUC-KR"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the evince entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evince"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the exchangeableimagefileformat entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exchangeable_image_file_format"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the exfat entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ExFAT"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the exim entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exim"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the expresscard entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ExpressCard"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the extc entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ext2"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the extd entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ext3"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the exte entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ext4"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the extendedattributes entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_file_attributes"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the extendedbinarycolinterchangecode entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_Binary_Coded_Decimal_Interchange_Code"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the extensiblestylesnsformationsxslt entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XSL_Transformations"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the extensiblestylestingobjectsxslfo entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XSL_Formatting_Objects"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the fairuse entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_use"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the fakeroot entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the flex entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flex_(lexical_analyser_generator)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the vfatfilesystem entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_Allocation_Table"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the faviconico entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Favicon"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the filelocking entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_locking"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the files entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_file"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the filesystem entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_system"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the filesystemhierarchystandard entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filesystem_Hierarchy_Standard"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the filesystempermissions entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_system_permissions"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the firefox entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firefox"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the firefoxesr entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firefox#Extended_Support_Release"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the firewalld entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firewalld"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the flatpak entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatpak"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the fltk entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLTK"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the fontconfig entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fontconfig"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the foss entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_and_open_source_software"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the fpga entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FPGA"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the freebsd entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FreeBSD"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the ftp entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_Transfer_Protocol"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the fullyqualifieddomainnamefqdn entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FQDN"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the fuse entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filesystem_in_Userspace"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the fwupd entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fwupd"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the gbbiada entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GB18030"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the gbcdbc entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GB2312"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the gbk entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GBK"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the generateencrypteasswordswithsalt entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_(cryptography)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the gentium entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentium"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the thegplghostscripptpdfinterpreter entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghostscript"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the gimp entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GIMP"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the git entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Git_(software)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the glyphs entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glyph"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the gnome entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNOME"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the gnomeflashback entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNOME#GNOME_Flashback"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the gnu entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the gnuarch entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_arch"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the gnubazaar entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Bazaar"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the gnufreedocumentationlicense entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Free_Documentation_License"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the gnufreefont entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_FreeFont"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the gnugettextbcommandtoolchain entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gettext"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the gnulalrparsergenerator entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_bison"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the gnuprivacyguardgnupg entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Privacy_Guard"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the gnutexmacs entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_TeXmacs"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the goodpassword entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Password_strength"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the guidpartitiontablegpt entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GUID_Partition_Table"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the gpu entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the gui entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_user_interface"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the graphicsinterchangeformatgif entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_Interchange_Format"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the gridfittingandhinting entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinting"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the grubuefi entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_GRUB"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the gstreamer entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GStreamer"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the hanunification entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_unification"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the harddiskdrive entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_disk_drive"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the hardlink entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_link"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the hardwareassistedvirtualization entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardware-assisted_virtualization"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the hardwareemulation entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardware_emulation"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the hell entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naraka"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the hexadecimal entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexadecimal"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the hfs entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchical_File_System"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the hfsplus entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HFS_Plus"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the hig entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_interface_guidelines"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the highefficiencyimgefileformatheif entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Efficiency_Image_File_Format"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the hostname entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hostname"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the html entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the hypertexttransferprotocol entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the httpcookies entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP_cookie"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the https entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Https"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the hzip entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7-Zip"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the ibmmainframe entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_mainframe"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the ibus entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligent_Input_Bus"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the ieeebdjefirewire entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_1394"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the internetmessageaccessprotocol entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Message_Access_Protocol"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the indent entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indent_(Unix)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the infozip entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Info-ZIP"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the init entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Init"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the initrd entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initrd"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the inkscape entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inkscape"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the inode entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inode"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the inputmethods entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Input_method"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the multilingualizatelanguagesupport entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationalization_and_localization"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the internetprintingprotocol entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Printing_Protocol"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the ip entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the ipaddress entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_address"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the ipvgaddress entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv6_address"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the isc entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Systems_Consortium"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the isoieccaccalsoknownasjisxacac entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_2022"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the isodbggcountrycodes entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166-1"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the isodbggcountrycoppercasesuchasus entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166-3"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the isogdjlanguagecodes entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639-1"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the isogdjlanguagecoowercasesuchasen entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the isoigab entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_8601"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the isoiifj entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the isoiifjb entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-1"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the isoiifjbf entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-15"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the isoiifjc entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-2"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the isojgga entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_9660"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the syslinux entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SYSLINUX"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the jackaudioconnectionkitjack entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JACK_Audio_Connection_Kit"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the javaprograminglanguage entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(programming_language)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the javascript entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the jfs entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JFS_(file_system)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the jisxacbd entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JIS_X_0213"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the jpeg entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEG"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the karmic entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karma"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the kde entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KDE"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the kdeplasma entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KDE_Plasma_5"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the kvm entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel-based_Virtual_Machine"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the kibibyte entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kibibyte"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the kisskeepitsimplestupid entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KISS_principle"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the koiir entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KOI8-R"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the konqueror entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konqueror"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the kornshell entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korn_shell"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the lalrparser entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LALR_parser"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the localareanetworkslans entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_area_network"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the languageserverprotocol entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_Server_Protocol"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the latex entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaTeX"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the lba entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_block_addressing"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the lightweightdireccessprotocolldap entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightweight_Directory_Access_Protocol"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the lex entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lex_(software)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the lexicalanalyzer entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexical_analysis"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the liberationfonts entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberation_fonts"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the library entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_(computing)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the libreofficelo entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LibreOffice"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the libtool entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Libtool"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the libvirt entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libvirt"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the links entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Links_(web_browser)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the lint entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lint_programming_tool"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the linux entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the linuxcontainers entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Linux_containers"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the lxclinuxcontainers entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LXC"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the linuxkernel entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_kernel"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the linuxsecuritymodulelsmframework entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_Security_Modules"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the linuxstandardbase entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_Standard_Base"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the livecds entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_CD"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the loadlin entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loadlin"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the local entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.local"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the locale entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locale"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the logicalvolumemanagerlvm entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_Volume_Manager_(Linux)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the logind entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemd#logind"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the loopdevice entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loop_device"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the lrparser entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LR_parser"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the luks entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_Unified_Key_Setup"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the lxde entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LXDE"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the lxqt entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LXQt"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the lynx entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynx_(web_browser)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the lyx entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyx"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the lzhh entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LZ77_and_LZ78"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the lzma entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lempel-Ziv-Markov_chain_algorithm"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the lzo entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lempel-Ziv-Oberhumer"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the macro entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macro_(computer_science)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the mailtransferagentmta entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Message_transfer_agent"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the make entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Make_(software)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the mariadb entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MariaDB"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the mbr entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_boot_record"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the mate entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MATE_(software)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the maximumsegmentsize entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_segment_size"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the maximumtransmissionunitmtu entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_transmission_unit"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the mdf entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MD5"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the mechanismforvariussecuritychecks entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandatory_access_control"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the mercurial entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercurial_(software)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the meson entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meson_(software)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the metalink entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalink"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the microcode entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcode"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the microsoftwindows entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the midnightcommandermc entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midnight_Commander"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the multipurposeinteilextensionsmime entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIME"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the minix entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minix_file_system"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the mondorescue entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mondo_Rescue"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the mono entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monospaced_font"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the monol entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimbus_Mono_L"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the mozilla entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozilla"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the mozillathunderbird entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozilla_Thunderbird"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the msdos entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the mswindowsiconsanndfrompngformats entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICO_(icon_image_file_format)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the mswindowsnt entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_NT"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the multicastdns entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multicast_DNS"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the multitasking entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_multitasking"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the multiuser entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-user"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the mutt entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutt_(e-mail_client)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the mutter entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutter_(software)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the namedpipe entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Named_pipe"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the namespaces entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_namespaces"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the netfilter entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netfilter"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the networkaddresstranslationnat entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_address_translation"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the networkblockdevice entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_block_device"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the networkd entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemd#networkd"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the networkfirewall entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firewall"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the networkmanagernm entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetworkManager"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the newbie entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newbie"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the nfs entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_File_System_(protocol)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the nimbussans entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimbus_Sans"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the ninja entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninja_(build_system)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the nirvana entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirvana"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the nis entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NIS+"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the nisoriginallycalledyp entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_Information_Service"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the nmap entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nmap"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the notofonts entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noto_fonts"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the nouveau entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nouveau_(software)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the nssnameserviceswitch entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Name_Service_Switch"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the ntfs entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTFS"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the ntfsdg entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTFS-3G"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the ntp entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_Time_Protocol"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the nullterminated entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Null_character"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the oauthca entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OAuth"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the ocaml entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objective_Caml"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the ocr entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_character_recognition"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the octal entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octal"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the okular entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okular"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the openbsd entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenBSD"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the opensoundsystemoss entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Sound_System"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the opentypefonts entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenType"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the openvms entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenVMS"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the openzfs entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenZFS"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the opticaldiscdrive entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the overlayfs entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OverlayFS"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the pagecache entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Page_cache"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the pampluggableauthnticationmodules entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluggable_Authentication_Modules"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the parallels entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallels_Workstation"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the parsergenerator entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Bison"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the pathmtupmtudiscovery entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Path_MTU_discovery"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the pccard entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_card"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the pci entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_Component_Interconnect"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the pciexpress entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCI_Express"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the portabledocumentformatpdf entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the perl entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perl"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the perlcompatiblererexpressionspcre entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perl_Compatible_Regular_Expressions"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the phonon entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonon_(KDE)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the php entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHP"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the png entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PNG"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the pointtopointtunnlingprotocolpptp entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point-to-point_tunneling_protocol"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the policykit entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PolicyKit"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the popd entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_Office_Protocol"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the posix entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POSIX"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the postfix entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postfix_(software)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the postgresql entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PostgreSQL"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the ps entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PostScript"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the procfs entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procfs"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the proxyserver entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxy_server"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the pseudotopleveldomain entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudo-top-level_domain"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the pulseaudio entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PulseAudio"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the python entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programming_language)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the qcowcqcow entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qcow"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the qemu entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QEMU"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the quotedprintable entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quoted-printable"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the racecondition entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_condition"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the radix entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radix"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the raid entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAID"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the rcs entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revision_Control_System"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the rcshell entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rc"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the rdp entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_Desktop_Protocol"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the regularexpressions entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_expression"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the reisere entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reiser4"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the reiserfs entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reiserfs"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the remminagtkremotedesktopclient entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remmina"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the replreadevalprintloop entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Read–eval–print_loop"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the rfbvnc entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RFB_protocol"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the roff entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roff"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the romannojl entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimbus_Roman_No._9_L"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the rootkit entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rootkit"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the rtbb entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RT-11"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the rtfmreadthefinemanual entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RTFM"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the ruby entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the secureattentionkeysak entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_attention_key"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the samba entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samba_(software)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the sandboxenvironment entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandbox_(computer_security)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the sans entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sans-serif"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the svgscalablevectorgraphics entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalable_Vector_Graphics"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the scribus entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scribus"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the scsi entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCSI"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the ssh entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_Shell"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the securityenhancedlinuxselinux entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security-Enhanced_Linux"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the sender_policy_frameworkspf entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sender_Policy_Framework"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the serif entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serif"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the smbcifs entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_Message_Block"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the sgml entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Generalized_Markup_Language"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the sh entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix_shell"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the shell entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_(computing)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the shellscript entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_script"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the shiftjis entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shift_JIS"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the shorewall entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shorewall"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the sighup entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIGHUP"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the sigint entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signals_intelligence"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the sigkill entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_(IPC)#SIGKILL"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the sigquit entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_(IPC)#SIGQUIT"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the sigterm entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_(IPC)#SIGTERM"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the smacksimplifiedmesscontrolkernel entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smack_(software)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the smart entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.M.A.R.T."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the smtp entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Mail_Transfer_Protocol"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the smtps entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMTPS"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the snap entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snap_(software)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the solidstatedrivessd entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid-state_drive"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the sparsefile entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparse_file"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the spicethesimpleprtingenvironments entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Protocol_for_Independent_Computing_Environments"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the sqlite entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sqlite"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the transportlayersecurity entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_Layer_Security"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the standaloneshell entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stand-alone_shell"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the standardgeneralirkuplanguagesgml entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SGML"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the starttls entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STARTTLS"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the statefulfirewall entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stateful_firewall"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the staticcodeanalysis entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tools_for_static_code_analysis"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the steganographic entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steganography"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the subversion entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subversion_(software)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the sunrpc entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Network_Computing_Remote_Procedure_Call"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the superserver entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super-server"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the superuser entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superuser"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the swapspace entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paging"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the symboliclinkorsymlink entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolic_link"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the sysfs entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sysfs"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the systemd entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemd"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the systemvprintercommands entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_V_printing_system"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the tcl entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tcl"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the tcp entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the tcpdump entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tcpdump"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the tcpip entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP/IP"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the tcptuning entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP_tuning"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the tcpwrapper entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP_Wrapper"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the telnet entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TELNET"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the tenexcshell entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tcsh"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the tex entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TeX"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the texlive entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TeX_Live"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the theextensiblemarkuplanguagexml entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the theextensiblestysheetlanguagexsl entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensible_Stylesheet_Language"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the theinternetsocket entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_socket"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the theinterprocesscommunicationipc entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter-process_communication"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the thelempelzivwelcsdatacompression entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lempel-Ziv-Welch"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the themitsharedmemoryextension entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT-SHM"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the theunixdomainsocket entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix_domain_socket"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the tigervnc entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TigerVNC"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the tk entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tk_(software)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the tmpfs entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tmpfs#Linux"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the tomoyolinux entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomoyo_Linux"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the troff entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troff"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the truetypefonts entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TrueType"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the tuntap entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TUN/TAP"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the typebpostscriptfonts entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PostScript_fonts#Type_1"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the ubuntufonts entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuntu_(typeface)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the udevsystem entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udev"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the udf entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Disk_Format"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the uncomplicatedfirewallufw entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncomplicated_Firewall"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the unicode entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the unifiedextensiblareinterfaceuefi entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Extensible_Firmware_Interface"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the universalcharactunicodeisobagegb entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Character_Set"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the unix entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the unixlike entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix-like"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the unixphilosophy entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix_philosophy"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the unixsccs entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_Code_Control_System"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the uri entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Identifier"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the url entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Locator"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the urwnimbus entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/URW_Type_Foundry"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the usb entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Serial_Bus"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the usbstorage entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB_flash_drive"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the useragent entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_agent"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the userbasedaccess entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_Window_authorization#User-based_access"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the utcgmt entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the utfbgucsc entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTF-16/UCS-2"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the utfdcucse entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTF-32/UCS-4"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the utfi entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTF-8"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the uuencode entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uuencoding"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the uuid entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universally_Unique_Identifier"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the vdi entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VirtualBox#Virtual_Desktop_Image"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the verdana entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verdana"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the versioncontrolsystemvcs entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revision_control"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the vim entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vim_(text_editor)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the vinagregnomeremotedesktopclient entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinagre"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the virtualbox entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VirtualBox"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the virtualization entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtualization"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the virtualmachinemanager entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virt-manager"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the virtualmemory entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_memory"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the vmdk entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VMDK"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the vnc entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_Network_Computing"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the vpc entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHD_(file_format)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the vpn entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_private_network"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the vtbaalike entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VT100"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the watchdogtimer entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watchdog_timer"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the waylanddisplayserverprotocol entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayland_(display_server_protocol)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the wdm entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W3m"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the webbrowser entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_Browsers"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the windowsdomain entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_domain"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the wine entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine_(software)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the wireshark entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireshark"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the wysiwyg entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WYSIWYG"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the x entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_Window_System"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the xbbvnc entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X11vnc"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the xdmcpconnection entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_display_manager"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the xemacs entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XEmacs"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the xen entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xen"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the xfce entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xfce"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the xfs entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XFS"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the xlib entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xlib"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the xrdp entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xrdp"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the xwindowsystemcoreprotocol entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_Window_System_core_protocol"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the xxencode entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xxencode"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the xz entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xz"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the yacc entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacc"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the yaml entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YAML"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the zfs entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZFS"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the zshell entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z_shell"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of the zstandard entity
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zstandard"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
#, no-wrap
msgid "en"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Debian Reference"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<author> <personname> <othername>Osamu Aoki</othername> </personname> "
"</author>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><abstract><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"This book is free; you may redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms "
"of the GNU General Public License of any version compliant to the Debian "
"Free Software Guidelines (DFSG)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<copyright> <year>2013-2024</year> <holder>Osamu Aoki</holder> </copyright>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><legalnotice><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"This Debian Reference (version &dr-version;) (&build-date;) is intended to "
"provide a broad overview of the Debian system as a post-installation user's "
"guide. It covers many aspects of system administration through shell-command "
"examples for non-developers."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><cover><mediaobject>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=\"xslt/debian-openlogo.png\"/> "
"</imageobject>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Preface"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"This <ulink url=\"&debianreferenceversiondrversion;\">Debian Reference "
"(version &dr-version;)</ulink> (&build-date;) is intended to provide a broad "
"overview of the Debian system administration as a post-installation user "
"guide."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The target reader is someone who is willing to learn shell scripts but who "
"is not ready to read all the C sources to figure out how the <ulink "
"url=\"&gnu;\">GNU</ulink>/<ulink url=\"&linux;\">Linux</ulink> system works."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "For installation instructions, see:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&debiangnulinuxinrentstablesystem;\">Debian GNU/Linux "
"Installation Guide for current stable system</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&debiangnulinuxinenttestingsystem;\">Debian GNU/Linux "
"Installation Guide for current testing system</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Disclaimer"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"All warranties are disclaimed.  All trademarks are property of their "
"respective trademark owners."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The Debian system itself is a moving target.  This makes its documentation "
"difficult to be current and correct.  Although the current "
"<literal>testing</literal> version of the Debian system was used as the "
"basis for writing this, some contents may be already outdated by the time "
"you read this."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Please treat this document as the secondary reference. This document does "
"not replace any authoritative guides. The author and contributors do not "
"take responsibility for consequences of errors, omissions or ambiguity in "
"this document."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "What is Debian"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The <ulink url=\"&debianproject;\">Debian Project</ulink> is an association "
"of individuals who have made common cause to create a free operating "
"system.  It's distribution is characterized by the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Commitment to the software freedom: <ulink "
"url=\"&debiansocialcontreguidelinesdfsg;\">Debian Social Contract and Debian "
"Free Software Guidelines (DFSG)</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Internet based distributed unpaid volunteer effort: <ulink "
"url=\"&httpswwwdebianorg;\">https://www.debian.org</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Large number of pre-compiled high quality software packages"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Focus on stability and security with easy access to the security updates"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Focus on smooth upgrade to the latest software packages in the "
"<literal>testing</literal> archives"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Large number of supported hardware architectures"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Free Software pieces in Debian come from <ulink url=\"&gnu;\">GNU</ulink>, "
"<ulink url=\"&linux;\">Linux</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&bsd;\">BSD</ulink>, "
"<ulink url=\"&x;\">X</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&isc;\">ISC</ulink>, <ulink "
"url=\"&apache;\">Apache</ulink>, <ulink "
"url=\"&ghostscript;\">Ghostscript</ulink>, <ulink "
"url=\"&commonunixprintingsystem;\">Common Unix Printing System </ulink>, "
"<ulink url=\"&samba;\">Samba</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&gnome;\">GNOME</ulink>, "
"<ulink url=\"&kde;\">KDE</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&mozilla;\">Mozilla</ulink>, "
"<ulink url=\"&libreoffice;\">LibreOffice</ulink>, <ulink "
"url=\"&vim;\">Vim</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&tex;\">TeX</ulink>, <ulink "
"url=\"&latex;\">LaTeX</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&docbook;\">DocBook</ulink>, "
"<ulink url=\"&perl;\">Perl</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&python;\">Python</ulink>, "
"<ulink url=\"&tcl;\">Tcl</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&java;\">Java</ulink>, <ulink "
"url=\"&ruby;\">Ruby</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&php;\">PHP</ulink>, <ulink "
"url=\"&berkeleydb;\">Berkeley DB</ulink>, <ulink "
"url=\"&mariadb;\">MariaDB</ulink>, <ulink "
"url=\"&postgresql;\">PostgreSQL</ulink>, <ulink "
"url=\"&sqlite;\">SQLite</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&exim;\">Exim</ulink>, <ulink "
"url=\"&postfix;\">Postfix</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&mutt;\">Mutt</ulink>, "
"<ulink url=\"&freebsd;\">FreeBSD</ulink>, <ulink "
"url=\"&openbsd;\">OpenBSD</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&planj;\">Plan 9</ulink> and "
"many more independent free software projects.  Debian integrates this "
"diversity of Free Software into one system."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "About this document"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Guiding rules"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Following guiding rules are followed while compiling this document."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Provide overview and skip corner cases. (<emphasis role=\"strong\">Big "
"Picture</emphasis>)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Keep It Short and Simple. (<emphasis role=\"strong\">KISS</emphasis>)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Do not reinvent the wheel. (Use pointers to <emphasis role=\"strong\">the "
"existing references</emphasis>)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Focus on non-GUI tools and consoles. (Use <emphasis role=\"strong\">shell "
"examples</emphasis>)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Be objective. (Use <ulink url=\"&popcon;\">popcon</ulink> etc.)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "I tried to elucidate hierarchical aspects and lower levels of the system."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Prerequisites"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><warning><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"You are expected to make good efforts to seek answers by yourself beyond "
"this documentation.  This document only gives efficient starting points."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "You must seek solution by yourself from primary sources."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The Debian site at <ulink "
"url=\"&httpswwwdebianorg;\">https://www.debian.org</ulink> for the general "
"information"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The documentation under the "
"\"<literal>/usr/share/doc/<emphasis>package_name</emphasis></literal>\" "
"directory"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The Unix style <emphasis role=\"strong\">manpage</emphasis>: \"<literal>dpkg "
"-L <emphasis>package_name</emphasis> |grep '/man/man.*/'</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The GNU style <emphasis role=\"strong\">info page</emphasis>: "
"\"<literal>dpkg -L <emphasis>package_name</emphasis> |grep "
"'/info/'</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The bug report: <ulink "
"url=\"&httpsbugsdebianorgpackage_name;\">https://bugs.debian.org/<emphasis>package_name</emphasis></ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The Debian Wiki at <ulink "
"url=\"&httpswikidebianorg;\">https://wiki.debian.org/</ulink> for the moving "
"and specific topics"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The Single UNIX Specification from the Open Group's <ulink "
"url=\"&theunixsystemhomepage;\">The UNIX System Home Page</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The free encyclopedia from Wikipedia at <ulink "
"url=\"&httpswwwwikipediaorg;\">https://www.wikipedia.org/</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&thedebianadministratorshandbook;\">The Debian Administrator's "
"Handbook</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The HOWTOs from <ulink url=\"&thelinuxdocumentationprojecttldp;\">The Linux "
"Documentation Project (TLDP)</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><note><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"For detailed documentation, you may need to install the corresponding "
"documentation package named with \"<literal>-doc</literal>\" as its suffix."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Conventions"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"This document provides information through the following simplified "
"presentation style with <literal>bash</literal>(1) shell command examples."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"These shell prompts distinguish account used and correspond to set "
"environment variables as: \"<literal>PS1='\\$'</literal>\" and "
"\"<literal>PS2=' '</literal>\".  These values are chosen for the sake of "
"readability of this document and are not typical on actual installed system."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"All command examples are run under the English locale "
"\"<literal>LANG=en_US.UTF8</literal>\". Please don't expect the placeholder "
"strings such as "
"<literal><emphasis>command-in-root-account</emphasis></literal> and "
"<literal><emphasis>command-in-user-account</emphasis></literal> to be "
"translated in command examples.  This is an intentional choice to keep all "
"translated examples to be up-to-date."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><note><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"See the meaning of the \"<literal>$PS1</literal>\" and "
"\"<literal>$PS2</literal>\" environment variables in "
"<literal>bash</literal>(1)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Action</emphasis> required by the system "
"administrator is written in the imperative sentence, e.g. \"Type Enter-key "
"after typing each command string to the shell.\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The <emphasis role=\"strong\">description</emphasis> column and similar ones "
"in the table may contain a <emphasis role=\"strong\">noun phrase</emphasis> "
"following <ulink url=\"&thepackageshortdiptionconvention;\">the package "
"short description convention</ulink> which drops leading articles such as "
"\"a\" and \"the\".  They may alternatively contain an infinitive phrase as a "
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">noun phrase</emphasis> without leading \"to\" "
"following the short command description convention in manpages.  These may "
"look funny to some people but are my intentional choices of style to keep "
"this documentation as simple as possible.  These <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">Noun phrases</emphasis> do not capitalize their starting nor "
"end with periods following these short description convention."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><note><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Proper nouns including command names keeps their case irrespective of their "
"location."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"A <emphasis role=\"strong\">command snippet</emphasis> quoted in a text "
"paragraph is referred by the typewriter font between double quotation marks, "
"such as \"<literal>aptitude safe-upgrade</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"A <emphasis role=\"strong\">text data</emphasis> from a configuration file "
"quoted in a text paragraph is referred by the typewriter font between double "
"quotation marks, such as \"<literal>deb-src</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"A <emphasis role=\"strong\">command</emphasis> is referred by its name in "
"the typewriter font optionally followed by its manpage section number in "
"parenthesis, such as <literal>bash</literal>(1).  You are encouraged to "
"obtain information by typing the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"A <emphasis role=\"strong\">manpage</emphasis> is referred by its name in "
"the typewriter font followed by its manpage section number in parenthesis, "
"such as <literal>sources.list</literal>(5).  You are encouraged to obtain "
"information by typing the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"An <emphasis role=\"strong\">info page</emphasis> is referred by its command "
"snippet in the typewriter font between double quotation marks, such as "
"\"<literal>info make</literal>\".  You are encouraged to obtain information "
"by typing the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"A <emphasis role=\"strong\">filename</emphasis> is referred by the "
"typewriter font between double quotation marks, such as "
"\"<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>\".  For configuration files, you are "
"encouraged to obtain information by typing the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"A <emphasis role=\"strong\">directory name</emphasis> is referred by the "
"typewriter font between double quotation marks, such as "
"\"<literal>/etc/apt/</literal>\".  You are encouraged to explore its "
"contents by typing the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"A <emphasis role=\"strong\">package name</emphasis> is referred by its name "
"in the typewriter font, such as <literal>vim</literal>.  You are encouraged "
"to obtain information by typing the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"A <emphasis role=\"strong\">documentation</emphasis> may indicate its "
"location by the filename in the typewriter font between double quotation "
"marks, such as "
"\"<literal>/usr/share/doc/base-passwd/users-and-groups.txt.gz</literal>\" "
"and \"<literal>/usr/share/doc/base-passwd/users-and-groups.html</literal>\"; "
"or by its <ulink url=\"&url;\">URL</ulink>, such as <ulink "
"url=\"&httpswwwdebianorg;\">https://www.debian.org</ulink>.  You are "
"encouraged to read the documentation by typing the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"An <emphasis role=\"strong\">environment variable</emphasis> is referred by "
"its name with leading \"<literal>$</literal>\" in the typewriter font "
"between double quotation marks, such as \"<literal>$TERM</literal>\".  You "
"are encouraged to obtain its current value by typing the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The popcon"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The <ulink url=\"&popcon;\">popcon</ulink> data is presented as the "
"objective measure for the popularity of each package.  It was downloaded on "
"&pop-date; and contains the total submission of &pop-submissions; reports "
"over &pop-packages; binary packages and &pop-architectures; architectures."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><note><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Please note that the <literal>&arch;</literal> <literal>unstable</literal> "
"archive contains only &all-packages; packages currently.  The popcon data "
"contains reports from many old system installations."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The popcon number preceded with \"V:\" for \"votes\" is calculated by \"1000 "
"* (the popcon submissions for the package executed recently on the PC)/(the "
"total popcon submissions)\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The popcon number preceded with \"I:\" for \"installs\" is calculated by "
"\"1000 * (the popcon submissions for the package installed on the PC)/(the "
"total popcon submissions)\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><note><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The popcon figures should not be considered as absolute measures of the "
"importance of packages.  There are many factors which can skew statistics.  "
"For example, some system participating popcon may have mounted directories "
"such as \"<literal>/usr/bin</literal>\" with \"<literal>noatime</literal>\" "
"option for system performance improvement and effectively disabled \"vote\" "
"from such system."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The package size"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The package size data is also presented as the objective measure for each "
"package.  It is based on the \"<literal>Installed-Size:</literal>\" reported "
"by \"<literal>apt-cache show</literal>\" or \"<literal>aptitude "
"show</literal>\" command (currently on <literal>&arch;</literal> "
"architecture for the <literal>unstable</literal> release).  The reported "
"size is in KiB (<ulink url=\"&kibibyte;\">Kibibyte</ulink> = unit for 1024 "
"bytes)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><note><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"A package with a small numerical package size may indicate that the package "
"in the <literal>unstable</literal> release is a dummy package which installs "
"other packages with significant contents by the dependency.  The dummy "
"package enables a smooth transition or split of the package."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><note><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"A package size followed by \"(*)\" indicates that the package in the "
"<literal>unstable</literal> release is missing and the package size for the "
"<literal>experimental</literal> release is used instead."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Bug reports on this document"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Please file bug reports on the <literal>debian-reference</literal> package "
"using <literal>reportbug</literal>(1) if you find any issues on this "
"document. Please include correction suggestion by \"<literal>diff "
"-u</literal>\" to the plain text version or to the source."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Reminders for new users"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Here are some reminders for new users:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Backup your data"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "See <xref linkend=\"_backup_and_recovery\"/>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Secure your password and security keys"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&kisskeepitsimplestupid;\">KISS (keep it simple stupid)</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Don't over-engineer your system"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Read your log files"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The <emphasis role=\"strong\">FIRST</emphasis> error is the one that counts"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&rtfmreadthefinemanual;\">RTFM (read the fine manual)</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Search the Internet before asking questions"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Don't be root when you don't have to be"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Don't mess with the package management system"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Don't type anything you don't understand"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Don't change the file permissions (before the full security review)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Don't leave your root shell until you <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">TEST</emphasis> your changes"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Always have an alternative boot media (USB memory stick, CD, …)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Some quotes for new users"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Here are some interesting quotes from the Debian mailing list which may help "
"enlighten new users."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"\"This is Unix.  It gives you enough rope to hang yourself.\" --- Miquel van "
"Smoorenburg <literal>&lt;miquels at cistron.nl&gt;</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"\"Unix IS user friendly… It's just selective about who its friends are.\" "
"--- Tollef Fog Heen <literal>&lt;tollef at add.no&gt;</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Wikipedia has article \"<ulink url=\"&unixphilosophy;\">Unix "
"philosophy</ulink>\" which lists interesting quotes."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "GNU/Linux tutorials"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"I think learning a computer system is like learning a new foreign language.  "
"Although tutorial books and documentation are helpful, you have to practice "
"it yourself.  In order to help you get started smoothly, I elaborate a few "
"basic points."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The powerful design of <ulink url=\"&debian;\">Debian</ulink> <ulink "
"url=\"&gnu;\">GNU</ulink>/<ulink url=\"&linux;\">Linux</ulink> comes from "
"the <ulink url=\"&unix;\">Unix</ulink> operating system, i.e., a <ulink "
"url=\"&multiuser;\">multiuser</ulink>, <ulink "
"url=\"&multitasking;\">multitasking</ulink> operating system.  You must "
"learn to take advantage of the power of these features and similarities "
"between Unix and GNU/Linux."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Don't shy away from Unix oriented texts and don't rely solely on GNU/Linux "
"texts, as this robs you of much useful information."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><note><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"If you have been using any <ulink url=\"&unixlike;\">Unix-like</ulink> "
"system for a while with command line tools, you probably know everything I "
"explain here.  Please use this as a reality check and refresher."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Console basics"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The shell prompt"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Upon starting the system, you are presented with the character based login "
"screen if you did not install any <ulink url=\"&gui;\">GUI</ulink> "
"environment such as <ulink url=\"&gnome;\">GNOME</ulink> or <ulink "
"url=\"&kde;\">KDE</ulink> desktop system. Suppose your hostname is "
"<literal>foo</literal>, the login prompt looks as follows."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"If you installed a <ulink url=\"&gui;\">GUI</ulink> environment, then you "
"can still get to the character based login prompt by Ctrl-Alt-F3, and you "
"can return to the GUI environment via Ctrl-Alt-F2 (see <xref "
"linkend=\"_virtual_consoles\"/> below for more)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"At the login prompt, you type your username, "
"e.g. <literal>penguin</literal>, and press the Enter-key, then type your "
"password and press the Enter-key again."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Following the Unix tradition, the username and password of the Debian system "
"are case sensitive.  The username is usually chosen only from the "
"lowercase.  The first user account is usually created during the "
"installation.  Additional user accounts can be created with "
"<literal>adduser</literal>(8) by root."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The system starts with the greeting message stored in "
"\"<literal>/etc/motd</literal>\" (Message Of The Day) and presents a command "
"prompt."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Now you are in the <ulink url=\"&shell;\">shell</ulink>. The shell "
"interprets your commands."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The shell prompt under GUI"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"If you installed a <ulink url=\"&gui;\">GUI</ulink> environment during the "
"installation, you are presented with the graphical login screen upon "
"starting your system.  You type your username and your password to login to "
"the non-privileged user account.  Use tab to navigate between username and "
"password, or use the primary click of the mouse."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"You can gain the shell prompt under GUI environment by starting a "
"<literal>x-terminal-emulator</literal> program such as "
"<literal>gnome-terminal</literal>(1), <literal>rxvt</literal>(1) or "
"<literal>xterm</literal>(1).  Under the GNOME desktop environment, press "
"SUPER-key (Windows-key) and typing in \"terminal\" to the search prompt does "
"the trick."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Under some other Desktop systems (like <literal>fluxbox</literal>), there "
"may be no obvious starting point for the menu.  If this happens, just try "
"(right) clicking the background of the desktop screen and hope for a menu to "
"pop-up."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The root account"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The root account is also called <ulink url=\"&superuser;\">superuser</ulink> "
"or privileged user.  From this account, you can perform the following system "
"administration tasks."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Read, write, and remove any files on the system irrespective of their file "
"permissions"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Set file ownership and permissions of any files on the system"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Set the password of any non-privileged users on the system"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Login to any accounts without their passwords"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"This unlimited power of root account requires you to be considerate and "
"responsible when using it."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Never share the root password with others."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"File permissions of a file (including hardware devices such as CD-ROM "
"etc. which are just another file for the Debian system) may render it "
"unusable or inaccessible by non-root users.  Although the use of root "
"account is a quick way to test this kind of situation, its resolution should "
"be done through proper setting of file permissions and user's group "
"membership (see <xref linkend=\"_filesystem_permissions\"/>)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The root shell prompt"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Here are a few basic methods to gain the root shell prompt by using the root "
"password."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Type <literal>root</literal> at the character based login prompt."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Type \"<literal>su -l</literal>\" from any user shell prompt."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "This does not preserve the environment of the current user."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Type \"<literal>su</literal>\" from any user shell prompt."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "This preserves some of the environment of the current user."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "GUI system administration tools"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"When your desktop menu does not start GUI system administration tools "
"automatically with the appropriate privilege, you can start them from the "
"root shell prompt of the terminal emulator, such as "
"<literal>gnome-terminal</literal>(1), <literal>rxvt</literal>(1), or "
"<literal>xterm</literal>(1). See <xref linkend=\"_the_root_shell_prompt\"/> "
"and <xref linkend=\"_x_server_connection\"/>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Never start the GUI display/session manager under the root account by typing "
"in <literal>root</literal> to the prompt of the display manager such as "
"<literal>gdm3</literal>(1)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Never run untrusted remote GUI program under X Window when critical "
"information is displayed since it may eavesdrop your X screen."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Virtual consoles"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"In the default Debian system, there are six switchable <ulink "
"url=\"&vtbaalike;\">VT100-like</ulink> character consoles available to start "
"the command shell directly on the Linux host.  Unless you are in a GUI "
"environment, you can switch between the virtual consoles by pressing the "
"<literal>Left-Alt-key</literal> and one of the <literal>F1</literal> — "
"<literal>F6</literal> keys simultaneously.  Each character console allows "
"independent login to the account and offers the multiuser environment.  This "
"multiuser environment is a great Unix feature, and very addictive."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"If you are in the GUI environment, you gain access to the character console "
"3 by pressing <literal>Ctrl-Alt-F3</literal> key, i.e., the "
"<literal>left-Ctrl-key</literal>, the <literal>left-Alt-key</literal>, and "
"the <literal>F3-key</literal> are pressed together.  You can get back to the "
"GUI environment, normally running on the virtual console 2, by pressing "
"<literal>Alt-F2</literal>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"You can alternatively change to another virtual console, e.g. to the console "
"3, from the commandline."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "How to leave the command prompt"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"You type <literal>Ctrl-D</literal>, i.e., the "
"<literal>left-Ctrl-key</literal> and the <literal>d-key</literal> pressed "
"together, at the command prompt to close the shell activity.  If you are at "
"the character console, you return to the login prompt with this.  Even "
"though these control characters are referred as \"control D\" with the upper "
"case, you do not need to press the Shift-key. The short hand expression, "
"<literal>^D</literal>, is also used for <literal>Ctrl-D</literal>.  "
"Alternately, you can type \"exit\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"If you are at <literal>x-terminal-emulator</literal>(1), you can close "
"<literal>x-terminal-emulator</literal> window with this."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "How to shutdown the system"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Just like any other modern OS where the file operation involves <ulink "
"url=\"&cachingdata;\">caching data</ulink> in memory for improved "
"performance, the Debian system needs the proper shutdown procedure before "
"power can safely be turned off. This is to maintain the integrity of files, "
"by forcing all changes in memory to be written to disk. If the software "
"power control is available, the shutdown procedure automatically turns off "
"power of the system. (Otherwise, you may have to press power button for few "
"seconds after the shutdown procedure.)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"You can shutdown the system under the normal multiuser mode from the "
"commandline."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "You can shutdown the system under the single-user mode from the commandline."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "See <xref linkend=\"_how_to_shutdown_the_remote_system_on_ssh\"/>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Recovering a sane console"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"When the screen goes berserk after doing some funny things such as "
"\"<literal>cat <emphasis>some-binary-file</emphasis></literal>\", type "
"\"<literal>reset</literal>\" at the command prompt. You may not be able to "
"see the command echoed as you type.  You may also issue "
"\"<literal>clear</literal>\" to clean up the screen."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Additional package suggestions for the newbie"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Although even the minimal installation of the Debian system without any "
"desktop environment tasks provides the basic Unix functionality, it is a "
"good idea to install few additional commandline and curses based character "
"terminal packages such as <literal>mc</literal> and <literal>vim</literal> "
"with <literal>apt-get</literal>(8) for beginners to get started by the "
"following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "If you already had these packages installed, no new packages are installed."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of interesting text-mode program packages"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "package"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "popcon"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "size"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "description"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "A text-mode full-screen file manager"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "A program to allow limited root privileges to users"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Unix text editor Vi IMproved, a programmers text editor (standard version)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Unix text editor Vi IMproved, a programmers text editor (compact version)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "GNU project Emacs, the Lisp based extensible text editor"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Text-mode WWW browsers"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The Unix style cut-and-paste on the text console (daemon)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "It may be a good idea to read some informative documentations."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of informative documentation packages"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Debian Project documentation, (Debian FAQ) and other documents"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Debian Policy Manual and related documents"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Guidelines and information for Debian developers"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Guide for Debian Maintainers"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "History of the Debian Project"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Debian FAQ"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "You can install some of these packages by the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "An extra user account"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"If you do not want to use your main user account for the following training "
"activities, you can create a training user account, "
"e.g. <literal>fish</literal> by the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Answer all questions."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"This creates a new account named as <literal>fish</literal>.  After your "
"practice, you can remove this user account and its home directory by the "
"following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"On non-Debian and specialized Debian systems, above activities need to use "
"lower level <literal>useradd</literal>(8) and <literal>userdel</literal>(8) "
"utilities, instead."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "sudo configuration"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"For the typical single user workstation such as the desktop Debian system on "
"the laptop PC, it is common to deploy simple configuration of "
"<literal>sudo</literal>(8) as follows to let the non-privileged user, "
"e.g. <literal>penguin</literal>, to gain administrative privilege just with "
"his user password but without the root password."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Alternatively, it is also common to do as follows to let the non-privileged "
"user, e.g. <literal>penguin</literal>, to gain administrative privilege "
"without any password."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"This trick should only be used for the single user workstation which you "
"administer and where you are the only user."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Do not set up accounts of regular users on multiuser workstation like this "
"because it would be very bad for system security."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The password and the account of the <literal>penguin</literal> in the above "
"example requires as much protection as the root password and the root "
"account."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Administrative privilege in this context belongs to someone authorized to "
"perform the system administration task on the workstation.  Never give some "
"manager in the Admin department of your company or your boss such privilege "
"unless they are authorized and capable."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"For providing access privilege to limited devices and limited files, you "
"should consider to use <emphasis role=\"strong\">group</emphasis> to provide "
"limited access instead of using the <literal>root</literal> privilege via "
"<literal>sudo</literal>(8)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"With more thoughtful and careful configuration, <literal>sudo</literal>(8) "
"can grant limited administrative privileges to other users on a shared "
"system without sharing the root password.  This can help with accountability "
"with hosts with multiple administrators so you can tell who did what.  On "
"the other hand, you might not want anyone else to have such privileges."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Play time"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Now you are ready to play with the Debian system without risks as long as "
"you use the non-privileged user account."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"This is because the Debian system is, even after the default installation, "
"configured with proper file permissions which prevent non-privileged users "
"from damaging the system.  Of course, there may still be some holes which "
"can be exploited but those who worry about these issues should not be "
"reading this section but should be reading <ulink "
"url=\"&securingdebianmanual;\">Securing Debian Manual</ulink>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"We learn the Debian system as a <ulink url=\"&unixlike;\">Unix-like</ulink> "
"system with the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<xref linkend=\"_unix_like_filesystem\"/> (basic concept)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<xref linkend=\"_midnight_commander_mc\"/> (survival method)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<xref linkend=\"_the_basic_unix_like_work_environment\"/> (basic method)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<xref linkend=\"_the_simple_shell_command\"/> (shell mechanism)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<xref linkend=\"_unix_like_text_processing\"/> (text processing method)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Unix-like filesystem"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"In GNU/Linux and other <ulink url=\"&unixlike;\">Unix-like</ulink> operating "
"systems, <ulink url=\"&files;\">files</ulink> are organized into <ulink "
"url=\"&directories;\">directories</ulink>.  All files and directories are "
"arranged in one big tree rooted at \"<literal>/</literal>\". It's called a "
"tree because if you draw the filesystem, it looks like a tree but it is "
"upside down."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"These files and directories can be spread out over several "
"devices. <literal>mount</literal>(8) serves to attach the filesystem found "
"on some device to the big file tree.  Conversely, "
"<literal>umount</literal>(8) detaches it again.  On recent Linux kernels, "
"<literal>mount</literal>(8) with some options can bind part of a file tree "
"somewhere else or can mount filesystem as shared, private, slave, or "
"unbindable.  Supported mount options for each filesystem are available in "
"\"<literal>/usr/share/doc/linux-doc-*/Documentation/filesystems/</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Directories</emphasis> on Unix systems are called "
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">folders</emphasis> on some other systems.  Please "
"also note that there is no concept for <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">drive</emphasis> such as \"<literal>A:</literal>\" on any "
"Unix system.  There is one filesystem, and everything is included. This is a "
"huge advantage compared to Windows."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Unix file basics"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Here are some Unix file basics."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Filenames are <emphasis role=\"strong\">case sensitive</emphasis>.  That is, "
"\"<literal>MYFILE</literal>\" and \"<literal>MyFile</literal>\" are "
"different files."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The <emphasis role=\"strong\">root directory</emphasis> means root of the "
"filesystem referred as simply \"<literal>/</literal>\".  Don't confuse this "
"with the home directory for the root user: \"<literal>/root</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Every directory has a name which can contain any letters or symbols "
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">except \"<literal>/</literal>\"</emphasis>.  The "
"root directory is an exception; its name is \"<literal>/</literal>\" "
"(pronounced \"slash\" or \"the root directory\") and it cannot be renamed."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Each file or directory is designated by a <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">fully-qualified filename</emphasis>, <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">absolute filename</emphasis>, or <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">path</emphasis>, giving the sequence of directories which "
"must be passed through to reach it.  The three terms are synonymous."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"All <emphasis role=\"strong\">fully-qualified filenames</emphasis> begin "
"with the \"<literal>/</literal>\" directory, and there's a "
"\"<literal>/</literal>\" between each directory or file in the filename.  "
"The first \"<literal>/</literal>\" is the top level directory, and the other "
"\"<literal>/</literal>\"'s separate successive subdirectories, until we "
"reach the last entry which is the name of the actual file.  The words used "
"here can be confusing.  Take the following <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">fully-qualified filename</emphasis> as an example: "
"\"<literal>/usr/share/keytables/us.map.gz</literal>\".  However, people also "
"refers to its basename \"<literal>us.map.gz</literal>\" alone as a filename."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The root directory has a number of branches, such as "
"\"<literal>/etc/</literal>\" and \"<literal>/usr/</literal>\".  These "
"subdirectories in turn branch into still more subdirectories, such as "
"\"<literal>/etc/systemd/</literal>\" and "
"\"<literal>/usr/local/</literal>\".  The whole thing viewed collectively is "
"called the <emphasis role=\"strong\">directory tree</emphasis>.  You can "
"think of an absolute filename as a route from the base of the tree "
"(\"<literal>/</literal>\") to the end of some branch (a file).  You also "
"hear people talk about the directory tree as if it were a <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">family</emphasis> tree encompassing all direct descendants "
"of a single figure called the root directory (\"<literal>/</literal>\"): "
"thus subdirectories have <emphasis role=\"strong\">parents</emphasis>, and a "
"path shows the complete ancestry of a file.  There are also relative paths "
"that begin somewhere other than the root directory.  You should remember "
"that the directory \"<literal>../</literal>\" refers to the parent "
"directory.  This terminology also applies to other directory like "
"structures, such as hierarchical data structures."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"There's no special directory path name component that corresponds to a "
"physical device, such as your hard disk.  This differs from <ulink "
"url=\"&rtbb;\">RT-11</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&cpm;\">CP/M</ulink>, <ulink "
"url=\"&openvms;\">OpenVMS</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&msdos;\">MS-DOS</ulink>, "
"<ulink url=\"&amigaos;\">AmigaOS</ulink>, and <ulink "
"url=\"&microsoftwindows;\">Microsoft Windows</ulink>, where the path "
"contains a device name such as \"<literal>C:\\</literal>\".  (However, "
"directory entries do exist that refer to physical devices as a part of the "
"normal filesystem.  See <xref linkend=\"_filesystem_internals\"/>.)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"While you <emphasis role=\"strong\">can</emphasis> use almost any letters or "
"symbols in a file name, in practice it is a bad idea to do so.  It is better "
"to avoid any characters that often have special meanings on the command "
"line, including spaces, tabs, newlines, and other special characters: "
"<literal>{ } ( ) [ ] ' ` \" \\ / &gt; &lt; | ; ! # &amp; ^ * % @ $</literal> "
".  If you want to separate words in a name, good choices are the period, "
"hyphen, and underscore.  You could also capitalize each word, "
"\"<literal>LikeThis</literal>\". Experienced Linux users tend to avoid "
"spaces in filenames."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The word \"root\" can mean either \"root user\" or \"root directory\".  The "
"context of their usage should make it clear."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The word <emphasis role=\"strong\">path</emphasis> is used not only for "
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">fully-qualified filename</emphasis> as above but "
"also for the <emphasis role=\"strong\">command search path</emphasis>.  The "
"intended meaning is usually clear from the context."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The detailed best practices for the file hierarchy are described in the "
"Filesystem Hierarchy Standard "
"(\"<literal>/usr/share/doc/debian-policy/fhs/fhs-2.3.txt.gz</literal>\" and "
"<literal>hier</literal>(7)).  You should remember the following facts as the "
"starter."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of usage of key directories"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "directory"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "usage of the directory"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>/</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "the root directory"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>/etc/</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "system wide configuration files"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>/var/log/</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "system log files"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>/home/</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "all the home directories for all non-privileged users"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Filesystem internals"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Following the <emphasis role=\"strong\">Unix tradition</emphasis>, the "
"Debian GNU/Linux system provides the <ulink "
"url=\"&filesystem;\">filesystem</ulink> under which physical data on hard "
"disks and other storage devices reside, and the interaction with the "
"hardware devices such as console screens and remote serial consoles are "
"represented in an unified manner under \"<literal>/dev/</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Each file, directory, named pipe (a way two programs can share data), or "
"physical device on a Debian GNU/Linux system has a data structure called an "
"<ulink url=\"&inode;\">inode</ulink> which describes its associated "
"attributes such as the user who owns it (owner), the group that it belongs "
"to, the time last accessed, etc.  The idea of representing just about "
"everything in the filesystem was a Unix innovation, and modern Linux kernels "
"have developed this idea ever further. Now, even information about processes "
"running in the computer can be found in the filesystem."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"This abstract and unified representation of physical entities and internal "
"processes is very powerful since this allows us to use the same command for "
"the same kind of operation on many totally different devices. It is even "
"possible to change the way the kernel works by writing data to special files "
"that are linked to running processes."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"If you need to identify the correspondence between the file tree and the "
"physical entity, execute <literal>mount</literal>(8) with no arguments."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Filesystem permissions"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&filesystempermissions;\">Filesystem permissions</ulink> of "
"<ulink url=\"&unixlike;\">Unix-like</ulink> system are defined for three "
"categories of affected users."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The <emphasis role=\"strong\">user</emphasis> who owns the file (<emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">u</emphasis>)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Other users in the <emphasis role=\"strong\">group</emphasis> which the file "
"belongs to (<emphasis role=\"strong\">g</emphasis>)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"All <emphasis role=\"strong\">other</emphasis> users (<emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">o</emphasis>) also referred to as \"world\" and \"everyone\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "For the file, each corresponding permission allows following actions."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The <emphasis role=\"strong\">read</emphasis> (<emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">r</emphasis>) permission allows owner to examine contents of "
"the file."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The <emphasis role=\"strong\">write</emphasis> (<emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">w</emphasis>) permission allows owner to modify the file."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The <emphasis role=\"strong\">execute</emphasis> (<emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">x</emphasis>) permission allows owner to run the file as a "
"command."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "For the directory, each corresponding permission allows following actions."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The <emphasis role=\"strong\">read</emphasis> (<emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">r</emphasis>) permission allows owner to list contents of "
"the directory."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The <emphasis role=\"strong\">write</emphasis> (<emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">w</emphasis>) permission allows owner to add or remove files "
"in the directory."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The <emphasis role=\"strong\">execute</emphasis> (<emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">x</emphasis>) permission allows owner to access files in the "
"directory."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Here, the <emphasis role=\"strong\">execute</emphasis> permission on a "
"directory means not only to allow reading of files in that directory but "
"also to allow viewing their attributes, such as the size and the "
"modification time."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>ls</literal>(1) is used to display permission information (and "
"more) for files and directories.  When it is invoked with the "
"\"<literal>-l</literal>\" option, it displays the following information in "
"the order given."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Type of file</emphasis> (first character)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Access <emphasis role=\"strong\">permission</emphasis> of the file (nine "
"characters, consisting of three characters each for user, group, and other "
"in this order)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Number of hard links</emphasis> to the file"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Name of the <emphasis role=\"strong\">user</emphasis> who owns the file"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Name of the <emphasis role=\"strong\">group</emphasis> which the file "
"belongs to"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Size</emphasis> of the file in characters (bytes)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Date and time</emphasis> of the file (mtime)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Name</emphasis> of the file"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of the first character of \"<literal>ls -l</literal>\" output"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "character"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "meaning"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>-</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "normal file"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>d</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>l</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "symlink"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>c</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "character device node"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>b</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "block device node"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>p</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "named pipe"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>s</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "socket"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>chown</literal>(1) is used from the root account to change the "
"owner of the file.  <literal>chgrp</literal>(1) is used from the file's "
"owner or root account to change the group of the file.  "
"<literal>chmod</literal>(1) is used from the file's owner or root account to "
"change file and directory access permissions.  Basic syntax to manipulate a "
"<literal>foo</literal> file is the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"For example, you can make a directory tree to be owned by a user "
"<literal>foo</literal> and shared by a group <literal>bar</literal> by the "
"following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "There are three more special permission bits."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The <emphasis role=\"strong\">set user ID</emphasis> bit (<emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">s</emphasis> or <emphasis role=\"strong\">S</emphasis> "
"instead of user's <emphasis role=\"strong\">x</emphasis>)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The <emphasis role=\"strong\">set group ID</emphasis> bit (<emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">s</emphasis> or <emphasis role=\"strong\">S</emphasis> "
"instead of group's <emphasis role=\"strong\">x</emphasis>)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The <emphasis role=\"strong\">sticky</emphasis> bit (<emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">t</emphasis> or <emphasis role=\"strong\">T</emphasis> "
"instead of other's <emphasis role=\"strong\">x</emphasis>)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Here the output of \"<literal>ls -l</literal>\" for these bits is <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">capitalized</emphasis> if execution bits hidden by these "
"outputs are <emphasis role=\"strong\">unset</emphasis>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Setting <emphasis role=\"strong\">set user ID</emphasis> on an executable "
"file allows a user to execute the executable file with the owner ID of the "
"file (for example <emphasis role=\"strong\">root</emphasis>).  Similarly, "
"setting <emphasis role=\"strong\">set group ID</emphasis> on an executable "
"file allows a user to execute the executable file with the group ID of the "
"file (for example <emphasis role=\"strong\">root</emphasis>).  Because these "
"settings can cause security risks, enabling them requires extra caution."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Setting <emphasis role=\"strong\">set group ID</emphasis> on a directory "
"enables the <ulink url=\"&bsdlike;\">BSD-like</ulink> file creation scheme "
"where all files created in the directory belong to the <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">group</emphasis> of the directory."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Setting the <emphasis role=\"strong\">sticky bit</emphasis> on a directory "
"prevents a file in the directory from being removed by a user who is not the "
"owner of the file.  In order to secure contents of a file in world-writable "
"directories such as \"<literal>/tmp</literal>\" or in group-writable "
"directories, one must not only reset the <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">write</emphasis> permission for the file but also set the "
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">sticky bit</emphasis> on the directory.  "
"Otherwise, the file can be removed and a new file can be created with the "
"same name by any user who has write access to the directory."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Here are a few interesting examples of file permissions."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"There is an alternative numeric mode to describe file permissions with "
"<literal>chmod</literal>(1).  This numeric mode uses 3 to 4 digit wide octal "
"(radix=8) numbers."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The numeric mode for file permissions in <literal>chmod</literal>(1) "
"commands"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "digit"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "1st optional digit"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"sum of <emphasis role=\"strong\">set user ID</emphasis> (=4), <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">set group ID</emphasis> (=2), and <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">sticky bit</emphasis> (=1)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "2nd digit"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"sum of <emphasis role=\"strong\">read</emphasis> (=4), <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">write</emphasis> (=2), and <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">execute</emphasis> (=1) permissions for <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">user</emphasis>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "3rd digit"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "ditto for <emphasis role=\"strong\">group</emphasis>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "4th digit"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "ditto for <emphasis role=\"strong\">other</emphasis>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"This sounds complicated but it is actually quite simple.  If you look at the "
"first few (2-10) columns from \"<literal>ls -l</literal>\" command output "
"and read it as a binary (radix=2) representation of file permissions (\"-\" "
"being \"0\" and \"rwx\" being \"1\"), the last 3 digit of the numeric mode "
"value should make sense as an octal (radix=8) representation of file "
"permissions to you."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "For example, try the following"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"If you need to access information displayed by \"<literal>ls -l</literal>\" "
"in shell script, you should use pertinent commands such as "
"<literal>test</literal>(1), <literal>stat</literal>(1) and "
"<literal>readlink</literal>(1).  The shell builtin such as "
"\"<literal>[</literal>\" or \"<literal>test</literal>\" may be used too."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Control of permissions for newly created files: umask"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"What permissions are applied to a newly created file or directory is "
"restricted by the <literal>umask</literal> shell builtin command.  See "
"<literal>dash</literal>(1), <literal>bash</literal>(1), and "
"<literal>builtins</literal>(7)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The <emphasis role=\"strong\">umask</emphasis> value examples"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "umask"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "file permissions created"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "directory permissions created"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "usage"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>0022</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>-rw-r--r--</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>-rwxr-xr-x</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "writable only by the user"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>0002</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>-rw-rw-r--</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>-rwxrwxr-x</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "writable by the group"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The Debian system uses a user private group (UPG) scheme as its default. A "
"UPG is created whenever a new user is added to the system. A UPG has the "
"same name as the user for which it was created and that user is the only "
"member of the UPG. UPG scheme makes it safe to set umask to "
"<literal>0002</literal> since every user has their own private group.  (In "
"some Unix variants, it is quite common to setup all normal users belonging "
"to a single <emphasis role=\"strong\"><literal>users</literal></emphasis> "
"group and is a good idea to set umask to <literal>0022</literal> for "
"security in such cases.)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Enable UPG by putting \"<literal>umask 002</literal>\" in the "
"<literal>~/.bashrc</literal> file."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Permissions for groups of users (group)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Please make sure to save unsaved changes before doing reboot or similar "
"actions."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"You can add a user <literal>penguin</literal> to a group "
"<literal>bird</literal> in two steps:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Change group configuration using one of following:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Execute \"<literal>sudo usermod -aG bird penguin</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Execute \"<literal>sudo adduser penguin bird</literal>\". (only on typical "
"Debian systems)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Execute \"<literal>sudo vigr</literal>\" for <literal>/etc/group</literal> "
"and \"<literal>sudo vigr -s</literal>\" for <literal>/etc/gshadow</literal> "
"to append <literal>penguin</literal> in the line for "
"<literal>bird</literal>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Apply configuration using one of following:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Cold reboot and login. (Best option)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Execute \"<literal>kill -TERM -1</literal>\" and do some fix-up actions such "
"as \"<literal>systemctl restart NetworkManager.service</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Logout via GUI menu and login."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"You can remove a user <literal>penguin</literal> from a group "
"<literal>bird</literal> in two steps:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Execute \"<literal>sudo usermod -rG bird penguin</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Execute \"<literal>sudo deluser penguin bird</literal>\". (only on typical "
"Debian systems)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Execute \"<literal>sudo vigr</literal>\" for <literal>/etc/group</literal> "
"and \"<literal>sudo vigr -s</literal>\" for <literal>/etc/gshadow</literal> "
"to remove <literal>penguin</literal> in the line for "
"<literal>bird</literal>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Logout via GUI menu is not an option for Gnome Desktop."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Any warm reboot attempts are fragile replacements of the real cold reboot "
"under the modern desktop system."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Alternatively, you may dynamically add users to groups during the "
"authentication process by adding \"<literal>auth optional "
"pam_group.so</literal>\" line to "
"\"<literal>/etc/pam.d/common-auth</literal>\" and setting "
"\"<literal>/etc/security/group.conf</literal>\".  (See <xref "
"linkend=\"_authentication\"/>.)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The hardware devices are just another kind of file on the Debian system.  If "
"you have problems accessing devices such as CD-ROM and USB memory stick from "
"a user account, you should make that user a member of the relevant group."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Some notable system-provided groups allow their members to access particular "
"files and devices without <literal>root</literal> privilege."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of notable system-provided groups for file access"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "group"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "description for accessible files and devices"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>dialout</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"full and direct access to serial ports "
"(\"<literal>/dev/ttyS[0-3]</literal>\")"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>dip</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"limited access to serial ports for <emphasis role=\"strong\">Dialup "
"IP</emphasis> connection to trusted peers"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>cdrom</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "CD-ROM, DVD+/-RW drives"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>audio</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "audio device"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>video</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "video device"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>scanner</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "scanner(s)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>adm</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "system monitoring logs"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>staff</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"some directories for junior administrative work: "
"\"<literal>/usr/local</literal>\", \"<literal>/home</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"You need to belong to the <literal>dialout</literal> group to reconfigure "
"modem, dial anywhere, etc.  But if <literal>root</literal> creates "
"pre-defined configuration files for trusted peers in "
"\"<literal>/etc/ppp/peers/</literal>\", you only need to belong to the "
"<literal>dip</literal> group to create <emphasis role=\"strong\">Dialup "
"IP</emphasis> connection to those trusted peers using "
"<literal>pppd</literal>(8), <literal>pon</literal>(1), and "
"<literal>poff</literal>(1) commands."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Some notable system-provided groups allow their members to execute "
"particular commands without <literal>root</literal> privilege."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of notable system provided groups for particular command executions"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "accessible commands"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>sudo</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "execute any command with superuser privileges"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>lpadmin</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "execute commands to add, modify, and remove printers from printer databases"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"For the full listing of the system provided users and groups, see the recent "
"version of the \"Users and Groups\" document in "
"\"<literal>/usr/share/doc/base-passwd/users-and-groups.html</literal>\" "
"provided by the <literal>base-passwd</literal> package."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"See <literal>passwd</literal>(5), <literal>group</literal>(5), "
"<literal>shadow</literal>(5), <literal>newgrp</literal>(1), "
"<literal>vipw</literal>(8), <literal>vigr</literal>(8), and "
"<literal>pam_group</literal>(8) for management commands of the user and "
"group system."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Timestamps"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "There are three types of timestamps for a GNU/Linux file."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of types of timestamps"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "type"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "meaning (historic Unix definition)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">mtime</emphasis>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "the file modification time (<literal>ls -l</literal>)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">ctime</emphasis>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "the file status change time (<literal>ls -lc</literal>)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">atime</emphasis>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "the last file access time (<literal>ls -lu</literal>)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">ctime</emphasis> is not file creation time."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The actual value of <emphasis role=\"strong\">atime</emphasis> on GNU/Linux "
"system may be different from that of the historic Unix definition."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Overwriting a file changes all of the <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">mtime</emphasis>, <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">ctime</emphasis>, and <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">atime</emphasis> attributes of the file."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Changing ownership or permission of a file changes the <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">ctime</emphasis> and <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">atime</emphasis> attributes of the file."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Reading a file changes the <emphasis role=\"strong\">atime</emphasis> "
"attribute of the file on the historic Unix system."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Reading a file changes the <emphasis role=\"strong\">atime</emphasis> "
"attribute of the file on the GNU/Linux system if its filesystem is mounted "
"with \"<literal>strictatime</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Reading a file for the first time or after one day changes the <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">atime</emphasis> attribute of the file on the GNU/Linux "
"system if its filesystem is mounted with "
"\"<literal>relatime</literal>\". (default behavior since Linux 2.6.30)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Reading a file doesn't change the <emphasis role=\"strong\">atime</emphasis> "
"attribute of the file on the GNU/Linux system if its filesystem is mounted "
"with \"<literal>noatime</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The \"<literal>noatime</literal>\" and \"<literal>relatime</literal>\" mount "
"options are introduced to improve the filesystem read performance under the "
"normal use cases.  Simple file read operation under the "
"\"<literal>strictatime</literal>\" option accompanies the time-consuming "
"write operation to update the <emphasis role=\"strong\">atime</emphasis> "
"attribute.  But the <emphasis role=\"strong\">atime</emphasis> attribute is "
"rarely used except for the <literal>mbox</literal>(5) file.  See "
"<literal>mount</literal>(8)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Use <literal>touch</literal>(1) command to change timestamps of existing "
"files."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"For timestamps, the <literal>ls</literal> command outputs localized strings "
"under non-English locale (\"<literal>fr_FR.UTF-8</literal>\")."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"See <xref linkend=\"_customized_display_of_time_and_date\"/> to customize "
"\"<literal>ls -l</literal>\" output."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Links"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"There are two methods of associating a file \"<literal>foo</literal>\" with "
"a different filename \"<literal>bar</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&hardlink;\">Hard link</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Duplicate name for an existing file"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"<literal>ln foo bar</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&symboliclinkorsymlink;\">Symbolic link or symlink</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Special file that points to another file by name"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"<literal>ln -s foo bar</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"See the following example for changes in link counts and the subtle "
"differences in the result of the <literal>rm</literal> command."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The hardlink can be made within the same filesystem and shares the same "
"inode number which the \"<literal>-i</literal>\" option with "
"<literal>ls</literal>(1)  reveals."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The symlink always has nominal file access permissions of "
"\"<literal>rwxrwxrwx</literal>\", as shown in the above example, with the "
"effective access permissions dictated by permissions of the file that it "
"points to."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"It is generally a good idea not to create complicated symbolic links or "
"hardlinks at all unless you have a very good reason.  It may cause "
"nightmares where the logical combination of the symbolic links results in "
"loops in the filesystem."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"It is generally preferable to use symbolic links rather than hardlinks "
"unless you have a good reason for using a hardlink."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The \"<literal>.</literal>\" directory links to the directory that it "
"appears in, thus the link count of any new directory starts at 2.  The "
"\"<literal>..</literal>\" directory links to the parent directory, thus the "
"link count of the directory increases with the addition of new "
"subdirectories."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"If you are just moving to Linux from Windows, it soon becomes clear how "
"well-designed the filename linking of Unix is, compared with the nearest "
"Windows equivalent of \"shortcuts\".  Because it is implemented in the "
"filesystem, applications can't see any difference between a linked file and "
"the original. In the case of hardlinks, there really is no difference."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Named pipes (FIFOs)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"A <ulink url=\"&namedpipe;\">named pipe</ulink> is a file that acts like a "
"pipe.  You put something into the file, and it comes out the other end.  "
"Thus it's called a FIFO, or First-In-First-Out: the first thing you put in "
"the pipe is the first thing to come out the other end."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"If you write to a named pipe, the process which is writing to the pipe "
"doesn't terminate until the information being written is read from the "
"pipe.  If you read from a named pipe, the reading process waits until there "
"is nothing to read before terminating.  The size of the pipe is always zero "
"--- it does not store data, it just links two processes like the "
"functionality offered by the shell \"<literal>|</literal>\" syntax.  "
"However, since this pipe has a name, the two processes don't have to be on "
"the same command line or even be run by the same user. Pipes were a very "
"influential innovation of Unix."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Sockets"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Sockets are used extensively by all the Internet communication, databases, "
"and the operating system itself. It is similar to the named pipe (FIFO) and "
"allows processes to exchange information even between different computers.  "
"For the socket, those processes do not need to be running at the same time "
"nor to be running as the children of the same ancestor process.  This is the "
"endpoint for <ulink url=\"&theinterprocesscommunicationipc;\">the inter "
"process communication (IPC)</ulink>.  The exchange of information may occur "
"over the network between different hosts.  The two most common ones are "
"<ulink url=\"&theinternetsocket;\">the Internet socket</ulink> and <ulink "
"url=\"&theunixdomainsocket;\">the Unix domain socket</ulink>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"\"<literal>netstat -an</literal>\" provides a very useful overview of "
"sockets that are open on a given system."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Device files"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&devicefiles;\">Device files</ulink> refer to physical or "
"virtual devices on your system, such as your hard disk, video card, screen, "
"or keyboard.  An example of a virtual device is the console, represented by "
"\"<literal>/dev/console</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "There are 2 types of device files."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Character device</emphasis>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Accessed one character at a time"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "1 character = 1 byte"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "E.g. keyboard device, serial port, …"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Block device</emphasis>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "accessed in larger units called blocks"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "1 block &gt; 1 byte"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "E.g. hard disk, …"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"You can read and write device files, though the file may well contain binary "
"data which may be an incomprehensible-to-humans gibberish.  Writing data "
"directly to these files is sometimes useful for the troubleshooting of "
"hardware connections.  For example, you can dump a text file to the printer "
"device \"<literal>/dev/lp0</literal>\" or send modem commands to the "
"appropriate serial port \"<literal>/dev/ttyS0</literal>\".  But, unless this "
"is done carefully, it may cause a major disaster.  So be cautious."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "For the normal access to a printer, use <literal>lp</literal>(1)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The device node number are displayed by executing <literal>ls</literal>(1) "
"as the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"\"<literal>/dev/sda</literal>\" has the major device number 8 and the minor "
"device number 0.  This is read/write accessible by users belonging to the "
"<literal>disk</literal> group."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"\"<literal>/dev/sr0</literal>\" has the major device number 11 and the minor "
"device number 0.  This is read/write accessible by users belonging to the "
"<literal>cdrom</literal> group."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"\"<literal>/dev/ttyS0</literal>\" has the major device number 4 and the "
"minor device number 64.  This is read/write accessible by users belonging to "
"the <literal>dialout</literal> group."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"\"<literal>/dev/zero</literal>\" has the major device number 1 and the minor "
"device number 5.  This is read/write accessible by anyone."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"On the modern Linux system, the filesystem under "
"\"<literal>/dev/</literal>\" is automatically populated by the "
"<literal>udev</literal>(7) mechanism."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Special device files"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "There are some special device files."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of special device files"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "device file"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "action"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "description of response"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>/dev/null</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "read"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "return \"end-of-file (EOF) character\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "write"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "return nothing (a bottomless data dump pit)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>/dev/zero</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"return \"the <literal>\\0</literal> (NUL) character\" (not the same as the "
"number zero ASCII)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>/dev/random</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"return random characters from a true random number generator, delivering "
"real entropy (slow)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>/dev/urandom</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"return random characters from a cryptographically secure pseudorandom number "
"generator"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>/dev/full</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "return the disk-full (ENOSPC) error"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"These are frequently used in conjunction with the shell redirection (see "
"<xref linkend=\"_typical_command_sequences_and_shell_redirection\"/>)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "procfs and sysfs"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The <ulink url=\"&procfs;\">procfs</ulink> and <ulink "
"url=\"&sysfs;\">sysfs</ulink> mounted on \"<literal>/proc</literal>\" and "
"\"<literal>/sys</literal>\" are the pseudo-filesystem and expose internal "
"data structures of the kernel to the userspace.  In other word, these "
"entries are virtual, meaning that they act as a convenient window into the "
"operation of the operating system."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The directory \"<literal>/proc</literal>\" contains (among other things) one "
"subdirectory for each process running on the system, which is named after "
"the process ID (PID). System utilities that access process information, such "
"as <literal>ps</literal>(1), get their information from this directory "
"structure."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The directories under \"<literal>/proc/sys/</literal>\" contain interfaces "
"to change certain kernel parameters at run time.  (You may do the same "
"through the specialized <literal>sysctl</literal>(8) command or its "
"preload/configuration file \"<literal>/etc/sysctl.conf</literal>\".)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"People frequently panic when they notice one file in particular - "
"\"<literal>/proc/kcore</literal>\" - which is generally huge.  This is (more "
"or less) a copy of the content of your computer's memory.  It's used to "
"debug the kernel.  It is a virtual file that points to computer memory, so "
"don't worry about its size."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The directory under \"<literal>/sys</literal>\" contains exported kernel "
"data structures, their attributes, and their linkages between them. It also "
"contains interfaces to change certain kernel parameters at run time."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"See \"<literal>proc.txt(.gz)</literal>\", "
"\"<literal>sysfs.txt(.gz)</literal>\" and other related documents in the "
"Linux kernel documentation "
"(\"<literal>/usr/share/doc/linux-doc-*/Documentation/filesystems/*</literal>\") "
"provided by the <literal>linux-doc-*</literal> package."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "tmpfs"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The <ulink url=\"&tmpfs;\">tmpfs</ulink> is a temporary filesystem which "
"keeps all files in the <ulink url=\"&virtualmemory;\">virtual "
"memory</ulink>.  The data of the tmpfs in the <ulink "
"url=\"&pagecache;\">page cache</ulink> on memory may be swapped out to the "
"<ulink url=\"&swapspace;\">swap space</ulink> on disk as needed."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The directory \"<literal>/run</literal>\" is mounted as the tmpfs in the "
"early boot process.  This enables writing to it even when the directory "
"\"<literal>/</literal>\" is mounted as read-only.  This is the new location "
"for the storage of transient state files and replaces several locations "
"described in the <ulink url=\"&filesystemhierarchystandard;\">Filesystem "
"Hierarchy Standard</ulink> version 2.3:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"<literal>/var/run</literal>\" → \"<literal>/run</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"<literal>/var/lock</literal>\" → \"<literal>/run/lock</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"<literal>/dev/shm</literal>\" → \"<literal>/run/shm</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"See \"<literal>tmpfs.txt(.gz)</literal>\" in the Linux kernel documentation "
"(\"<literal>/usr/share/doc/linux-doc-*/Documentation/filesystems/*</literal>\") "
"provided by the <literal>linux-doc-*</literal> package."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Midnight Commander (MC)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&midnightcommandermc;\">Midnight Commander (MC)</ulink> is a "
"GNU \"Swiss army knife\" for the Linux console and other terminal "
"environments.  This gives newbie a menu driven console experience which is "
"much easier to learn than standard Unix commands."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"You may need to install the Midnight Commander package which is titled "
"\"<literal>mc</literal>\" by the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Use the <literal>mc</literal>(1) command to explore the Debian system.  This "
"is the best way to learn.  Please explore few interesting locations just "
"using the cursor keys and Enter key."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"<literal>/etc</literal>\" and its subdirectories"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"<literal>/var/log</literal>\" and its subdirectories"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"<literal>/usr/share/doc</literal>\" and its subdirectories"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"<literal>/usr/sbin</literal>\" and \"<literal>/usr/bin</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Customization of MC"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"In order to make MC to change working directory upon exit and "
"<literal>cd</literal> to the directory, I suggest to modify "
"\"<literal>~/.bashrc</literal>\" to include a script provided by the "
"<literal>mc</literal> package."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"See <literal>mc</literal>(1) (under the \"<literal>-P</literal>\" option) "
"for the reason. (If you do not understand what exactly I am talking here, "
"you can do this later.)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Starting MC"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "MC can be started by the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"MC takes care of all file operations through its menu, requiring minimal "
"user effort.  Just press F1 to get the help screen.  You can play with MC "
"just by pressing cursor-keys and function-keys."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"In some consoles such as <literal>gnome-terminal</literal>(1), key strokes "
"of function-keys may be stolen by the console program.  You can disable "
"these features in \"Preferences\" → \"General\" and \"Shortcuts\" menu for "
"<literal>gnome-terminal</literal>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"If you encounter character encoding problem which displays garbage "
"characters, adding \"<literal>-a</literal>\" to MC's command line may help "
"prevent problems."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"If this doesn't clear up your display problems with MC, see <xref "
"linkend=\"_the_terminal_configuration\"/>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "File manager in MC"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The default is two directory panels containing file lists.  Another useful "
"mode is to set the right window to \"information\" to see file access "
"privilege information, etc.  Following are some essential keystrokes.  With "
"the <literal>gpm</literal>(8) daemon running, one can use a mouse on Linux "
"character consoles, too.  (Make sure to press the shift-key to obtain the "
"normal behavior of cut and paste in MC.)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The key bindings of MC"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "key"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "key binding"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>F1</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "help menu"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>F3</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "internal file viewer"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>F4</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "internal editor"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>F9</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "activate pull down menu"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>F10</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "exit Midnight Commander"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>Tab</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "move between two windows"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>Insert</literal> or <literal>Ctrl-T</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "mark file for a multiple-file operation such as copy"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>Del</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "delete file (be careful---set MC to safe delete mode)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Cursor keys"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "self-explanatory"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Command-line tricks in MC"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>cd</literal> command changes the directory shown on the selected "
"screen."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>Ctrl-Enter</literal> or <literal>Alt-Enter</literal> copies a "
"filename to the command line. Use this with <literal>cp</literal>(1) and "
"<literal>mv</literal>(1) commands together with command-line editing."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>Alt-Tab</literal> shows shell filename expansion choices."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"One can specify the starting directory for both windows as arguments to MC; "
"for example, \"<literal>mc /etc /root</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>Esc</literal> + <literal>n-key</literal> → <literal>Fn</literal> "
"(i.e., <literal>Esc</literal> + <literal>1</literal> → "
"<literal>F1</literal>, etc.; <literal>Esc</literal> + <literal>0</literal> → "
"<literal>F10</literal>)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Pressing <literal>Esc</literal> before the key has the same effect as "
"pressing the <literal>Alt</literal> and the key together.; i.e., type "
"<literal>Esc</literal> + <literal>c</literal> for <literal>Alt-C</literal>.  "
"<literal>Esc</literal> is called meta-key and sometimes noted as "
"\"<literal>M-</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The internal editor in MC"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The internal editor has an interesting cut-and-paste scheme.  Pressing "
"<literal>F3</literal> marks the start of a selection, a second "
"<literal>F3</literal> marks the end of selection and highlights the "
"selection.  Then you can move your cursor.  If you press F6, the selected "
"area is moved to the cursor location.  If you press F5, the selected area is "
"copied and inserted at the cursor location.  <literal>F2</literal> saves the "
"file.  <literal>F10</literal> gets you out.  Most cursor keys work "
"intuitively."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"This editor can be directly started on a file using one of the following "
"commands."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"This is not a multi-window editor, but one can use multiple Linux consoles "
"to achieve the same effect.  To copy between windows, use "
"Alt-F<emphasis>n</emphasis> keys to switch virtual consoles and use "
"\"File→Insert file\" or \"File→Copy to file\" to move a portion of a file to "
"another file."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "This internal editor can be replaced with any external editor of choice."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Also, many programs use the environment variables "
"\"<literal>$EDITOR</literal>\" or \"<literal>$VISUAL</literal>\" to decide "
"which editor to use.  If you are uncomfortable with "
"<literal>vim</literal>(1) or <literal>nano</literal>(1) initially, you may "
"set these to \"<literal>mcedit</literal>\" by adding the following lines to "
"\"<literal>~/.bashrc</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "I do recommend setting these to \"<literal>vim</literal>\" if possible."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"If you are uncomfortable with <literal>vim</literal>(1), you can keep using "
"<literal>mcedit</literal>(1) for most system maintenance tasks."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The internal viewer in MC"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"MC is a very smart viewer.  This is a great tool for searching words in "
"documents.  I always use this for files in the "
"\"<literal>/usr/share/doc</literal>\" directory.  This is the fastest way to "
"browse through masses of Linux information.  This viewer can be directly "
"started using one of the following commands."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Auto-start features of MC"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Press Enter on a file, and the appropriate program handles the content of "
"the file (see <xref linkend=\"_customizing_program_to_be_started\"/>).  This "
"is a very convenient MC feature."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The reaction to the enter key in MC"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "file type"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "reaction to enter key"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "executable file"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "execute command"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "man file"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "pipe content to viewer software"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "html file"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "pipe content to web browser"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"<literal>*.tar.gz</literal>\" and \"<literal>*.deb</literal>\" file"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "browse its contents as if subdirectory"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"In order to allow these viewer and virtual file features to function, "
"viewable files should not be set as executable.  Change their status using "
"<literal>chmod</literal>(1) or via the MC file menu."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Virtual filesystem of MC"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"MC can be used to access files over the Internet.  Go to the menu by "
"pressing <literal>F9</literal>, \"<literal>Enter</literal>\" and "
"\"<literal>h</literal>\" to activate the Shell filesystem.  Enter a URL in "
"the form \"<literal>sh://[user@]machine[:options]/[remote-dir]</literal>\", "
"which retrieves a remote directory that appears like a local one using "
"<literal>ssh</literal>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The basic Unix-like work environment"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Although MC enables you to do almost everything, it is very important for "
"you to learn how to use the command line tools invoked from the shell prompt "
"and become familiar with the Unix-like work environment."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The login shell"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Since the login shell may be used by some system initialization programs, it "
"is prudent to keep it as <literal>bash</literal>(1) and avoid switching the "
"login shell with <literal>chsh</literal>(1)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"If you want to use a different interactive shell prompt, set it from GUI "
"terminal emulator configuration or start it from "
"<literal>~/.bashrc</literal>, e.g., by placing \"<literal>exec /usr/bin/zsh "
"-i -l</literal>\" or \"<literal>exec /usr/bin/fish -i -l</literal>\" in it."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of shell programs"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "POSIX shell"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Yes"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&bash;\">Bash</ulink>: the GNU Bourne Again SHell (de facto "
"standard)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "N/A"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "programmable completion for the <ulink url=\"&bash;\">bash</ulink> shell"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Debian <ulink url=\"&almquistshell;\">Almquist Shell</ulink>, good for shell "
"script"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&zshell;\">Z shell</ulink>: the standard shell with many "
"enhancements"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "No"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&tenexcshell;\">TENEX C Shell</ulink>: an enhanced version of "
"<ulink url=\"&berkeleycsh;\">Berkeley csh</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "A version of the <ulink url=\"&kornshell;\">Korn shell</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&openbsd;\">OpenBSD</ulink> C Shell, a version of <ulink "
"url=\"&berkeleycsh;\">Berkeley csh</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&standaloneshell;\">Stand-alone shell</ulink> with builtin "
"commands (Not meant for standard \"<literal>/usr/bin/sh</literal>\")"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"the real, AT&amp;T version of the <ulink url=\"&kornshell;\">Korn "
"shell</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"implementation of the <ulink url=\"&attplanj;\">AT&amp;T Plan 9</ulink> "
"<ulink url=\"&rcshell;\">rc shell</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Policy-compliant Ordinary SHell (<literal>pdksh</literal> derivative)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Although POSIX-like shells share the basic syntax, they can differ in "
"behavior for things as basic as shell variables and glob expansions.  Please "
"check their documentation for details."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"In this tutorial chapter, the interactive shell always means "
"<literal>bash</literal>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Customizing bash"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"You can customize <literal>bash</literal>(1) behavior by "
"\"<literal>~/.bashrc</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "For example, try the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"You can find more <literal>bash</literal> customization tips, such as <xref "
"linkend=\"_colorized_commands\"/>, in <xref linkend=\"_system_tips\"/>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The <literal>bash-completion</literal> package enables programmable "
"completion for <literal>bash</literal>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Special key strokes"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"In the <ulink url=\"&unixlike;\">Unix-like</ulink> environment, there are "
"few key strokes which have special meanings.  Please note that on a normal "
"Linux character console, only the left-hand <literal>Ctrl</literal> and "
"<literal>Alt</literal> keys work as expected.  Here are few notable key "
"strokes to remember."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of key bindings for bash"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "description of key binding"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>Ctrl-U</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "erase line before cursor"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>Ctrl-H</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "erase a character before cursor"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>Ctrl-D</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "terminate input (exit shell if you are using shell)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>Ctrl-C</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "terminate a running program"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>Ctrl-Z</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "temporarily stop program by moving it to the background job"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>Ctrl-S</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "halt output to screen"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>Ctrl-Q</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "reactivate output to screen"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>Ctrl-Alt-Del</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "reboot/halt the system, see <literal>inittab</literal>(5)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>Left-Alt-key</literal> (optionally, <literal>Windows-key</literal>)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "meta-key for Emacs and the similar UI"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>Up-arrow</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "start command history search under <literal>bash</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>Ctrl-R</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "start incremental command history search under <literal>bash</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"complete input of the filename to the command line under "
"<literal>bash</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>Ctrl-V</literal> <literal>Tab</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"input <literal>Tab</literal> without expansion to the command line under "
"<literal>bash</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The terminal feature of <literal>Ctrl-S</literal> can be disabled using "
"<literal>stty</literal>(1)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Mouse operations"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&mouseoperationsfsystemmixcstyles;\">Mouse operations for text "
"on Debian system mix 2 styles</ulink> with some twists:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Traditional Unix style mouse operations:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "use 3 buttons (click)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "use PRIMARY"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"used by X applications such as <literal>xterm</literal> and text "
"applications in Linux console"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Modern GUI style mouse operations:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "use 2 buttons (drag + click)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "use PRIMARY and CLIPBOARD"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "used in Modern GUI applications such as <literal>gnome-terminal</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of mouse operations and related key actions on Debian"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "response"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Left-click-and-drag mouse"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "select range as PRIMARY selection"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Left-click"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "select the start of range for PRIMARY selection"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Right-click (traditional)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "select the end of range for PRIMARY selection"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Right-click (modern)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "context dependent menu (cut/copy/paste)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Middle-click or Shift-<literal>Ins</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "insert PRIMARY selection at the cursor"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>Ctrl-X</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "cut PRIMARY selection to CLIPBOARD"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>Ctrl-C</literal> (<literal>Shift-Ctrl-C</literal> in terminal)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "copy PRIMARY selection to CLIPBOARD"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>Ctrl-V</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "paste CLIPBOARD at the cursor"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Here, the PRIMARY selection is the highlighted text range.  Within the "
"terminal program, <literal>Shift-Ctrl-C</literal> is used instead to avoid "
"terminating a running program."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The center wheel on the modern wheel mouse is considered middle mouse button "
"and can be used for middle-click.  Clicking left and right mouse buttons "
"together serves as the middle-click under the 2 button mouse system "
"situation."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"In order to use a mouse in Linux character consoles, you need to have "
"<literal>gpm</literal>(8) running as daemon."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The pager"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The <literal>less</literal>(1) command is the enhanced pager (file content "
"browser). It reads the file specified by its command argument or its "
"standard input.  Hit \"<literal>h</literal>\" if you need help while "
"browsing with the <literal>less</literal> command.  It can do much more than "
"<literal>more</literal>(1) and can be supercharged by executing "
"\"<literal>eval $(lesspipe)</literal>\" or \"<literal>eval "
"$(lessfile)</literal>\" in the shell startup script. See more in "
"\"<literal>/usr/share/doc/less/LESSOPEN</literal>\".  The "
"\"<literal>-R</literal>\" option allows raw character output and enables "
"ANSI color escape sequences.  See <literal>less</literal>(1)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"In the <literal>less</literal> command, type \"<literal>h</literal>\" to see "
"the help screen, type \"<literal>/</literal>\" or \"<literal>?</literal>\" "
"to search a string, and type \"<literal>-i</literal>\" to the change case "
"sensitivity."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The text editor"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"You should become proficient in one of variants of <ulink "
"url=\"&vim;\">Vim</ulink> or <ulink url=\"&emacs;\">Emacs</ulink> programs "
"which are popular in the Unix-like system."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"I think getting used to Vim commands is the right thing to do, since "
"Vi-editor is always there in the Linux/Unix world.  (Actually, original "
"<literal>vi</literal> or new <literal>nvi</literal> are programs you find "
"everywhere.  I chose Vim instead for newbie since it offers you help through "
"<literal>F1</literal> key while it is similar enough and more powerful.)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"If you chose either <ulink url=\"&emacs;\">Emacs</ulink> or <ulink "
"url=\"&xemacs;\">XEmacs</ulink> instead as your choice of the editor, that "
"is another good choice indeed, particularly for programming.  Emacs has a "
"plethora of other features as well, including functioning as a newsreader, "
"directory editor, mail program, etc.  When used for programming or editing "
"shell scripts, it intelligently recognizes the format of what you are "
"working on, and tries to provide assistance.  Some people maintain that the "
"only program they need on Linux is Emacs.  Ten minutes learning Emacs now "
"can save hours later.  Having the GNU Emacs manual for reference when "
"learning Emacs is highly recommended."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"All these programs usually come with tutoring program for you to learn them "
"by practice.  Start Vim by typing \"<literal>vim</literal>\" and press "
"F1-key.  You should at least read the first 35 lines.  Then do the online "
"training course by moving cursor to \"<literal>|tutor|</literal>\" and "
"pressing <literal>Ctrl-]</literal>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Good editors, such as Vim and Emacs, can handle UTF-8 and other exotic "
"encoding texts correctly.  It is a good idea to use the GUI environment in "
"the UTF-8 locale and to install required programs and fonts to it.  Editors "
"have options to set the file encoding independent of the GUI environment.  "
"Please refer to their documentation on multibyte text."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Setting a default text editor"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Debian comes with a number of different editors. We recommend to install the "
"<literal>vim</literal> package, as mentioned above."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Debian provides unified access to the system default editor via command "
"\"<literal>/usr/bin/editor</literal>\" so other programs (e.g., "
"<literal>reportbug</literal>(1)) can invoke it.  You can change it by the "
"following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The choice \"<literal>/usr/bin/vim.basic</literal>\" over "
"\"<literal>/usr/bin/vim.tiny</literal>\" is my recommendation for newbies "
"since it supports syntax highlighting."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Many programs use the environment variables \"<literal>$EDITOR</literal>\" "
"or \"<literal>$VISUAL</literal>\" to decide which editor to use (see <xref "
"linkend=\"_the_internal_editor_in_mc\"/> and <xref "
"linkend=\"_customizing_program_to_be_started\"/>).  For the consistency on "
"the Debian system, set these to "
"\"<literal>/usr/bin/editor</literal>\". (Historically, "
"\"<literal>$EDITOR</literal>\" was \"<literal>ed</literal>\" and "
"\"<literal>$VISUAL</literal>\" was \"<literal>vi</literal>\".)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Using vim"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Even the older <literal>vim</literal> can starts in the sane "
"\"<literal>nocompatible</literal>\" mode by starting it with the "
"\"<literal>-N</literal>\" option."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The recent <literal>vim</literal>(1) starts itself in the sane "
"\"<literal>nocompatible</literal>\" option and enters into the "
"<literal>NORMAL</literal> mode.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of basic Vim key strokes"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "mode"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "key strokes"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>NORMAL</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>:help|only</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "display the help file"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>:e filename.ext</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "open new buffer to edit <literal>filename.ext</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>:w</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "overwrite current buffer to the original file"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>:w filename.ext</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "write current buffer to <literal>filename.ext</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>:q</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "quit <literal>vim</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>:q!</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "force to quit <literal>vim</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>:only</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "close all other split open windows"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>:set nocompatible?</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"check if <literal>vim</literal> is in the sane "
"<literal>nocompatible</literal> mode"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>:set nocompatible</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "set <literal>vim</literal> to the sane <literal>nocompatible</literal> mode"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>i</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "enter the <literal>INSERT</literal> mode"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>R</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "enter the <literal>REPLACE</literal> mode"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>v</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "enter the <literal>VISUAL</literal> mode"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>V</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "enter the linewise <literal>VISUAL</literal> mode"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Ctrl-<literal>V</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "enter the blockwise <literal>VISUAL</literal> mode"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "except <literal>TERMINAL-JOB</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>ESC</literal>-key"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "enter the <literal>NORMAL</literal> mode"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>:term</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "enter the <literal>TERMINAL-JOB</literal> mode"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>TERMINAL-NORMAL</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>TERMINAL-JOB</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Ctrl-<literal>W</literal> <literal>N</literal> (or "
"Ctrl-<literal>\\</literal> Ctrl-<literal>N</literal>)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "enter the <literal>TERMINAL-NORMAL</literal> mode"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Ctrl-<literal>W</literal> <literal>:</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"enter the <literal>Ex</literal>-mode in <literal>TERMINAL-NORMAL</literal> "
"mode"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Please use the \"<literal>vimtutor</literal>\" program to learn "
"<literal>vim</literal> through an interactive tutorial course."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The <literal>vim</literal> program changes its behavior to typed key strokes "
"based on <emphasis role=\"strong\">mode</emphasis>.  Typing in key strokes "
"to the buffer is mostly done in <literal>INSERT</literal>-mode and "
"<literal>REPLACE</literal>-mode.  Moving cursor is mostly done in "
"<literal>NORMAL</literal>-mode.  Interactive selection is done in "
"<literal>VISUAL</literal>-mode.  Typing \"<literal>:</literal>\" in "
"<literal>NORMAL</literal>-mode changes its <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">mode</emphasis> to "
"<literal>Ex</literal>-mode. <literal>Ex</literal>-mode accepts commands."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The Vim comes with the <emphasis role=\"strong\">Netrw</emphasis> package.  "
"Netrw supports reading files, writing files, browsing directories over a "
"network, and local browsing! Try Netrw with \"<literal>vim .</literal>\" (a "
"period as the argument) and read its manual at \"<literal>:help "
"netrw</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"For the advanced configuration of <literal>vim</literal>, see <xref "
"linkend=\"_customizing_vim\"/>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Recording the shell activities"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The output of the shell command may roll off your screen and may be lost "
"forever.  It is a good practice to log shell activities into the file for "
"you to review them later.  This kind of record is essential when you perform "
"any system administration tasks."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The new Vim (version&gt;=8.2) can be used to record the shell activities "
"cleanly using <literal>TERMINAL-JOB</literal>-mode.  See <xref "
"linkend=\"_using_vim\"/>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The basic method of recording the shell activity is to run it under "
"<literal>script</literal>(1)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Do whatever shell commands under <literal>script</literal>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Press <literal>Ctrl-D</literal> to exit <literal>script</literal>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "See <xref linkend=\"_recording_the_shell_activities_cleanly\"/> ."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Basic Unix commands"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Let's learn basic Unix commands.  Here I use \"Unix\" in its generic sense.  "
"Any Unix clone OSs usually offer equivalent commands.  The Debian system is "
"no exception.  Do not worry if some commands do not work as you wish now. If "
"<literal>alias</literal> is used in the shell, its corresponding command "
"outputs are different.  These examples are not meant to be executed in this "
"order."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Try all following commands from the non-privileged user account."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of basic Unix commands"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "command"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>pwd</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "display name of current/working directory"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>whoami</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "display current user name"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>id</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "display current user identity (name, uid, gid, and associated groups)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>file <emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"display a type of file for the file "
"\"<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>type -p <emphasis>commandname</emphasis></literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"display a file location of command "
"\"<literal><emphasis>commandname</emphasis></literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>which <emphasis>commandname</emphasis></literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ", ,"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>type <emphasis>commandname</emphasis></literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"display information on command "
"\"<literal><emphasis>commandname</emphasis></literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>apropos <emphasis>key-word</emphasis></literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"find commands related to "
"\"<literal><emphasis>key-word</emphasis></literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>man -k <emphasis>key-word</emphasis></literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>whatis <emphasis>commandname</emphasis></literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"display one line explanation on command "
"\"<literal><emphasis>commandname</emphasis></literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>man -a <emphasis>commandname</emphasis></literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"display explanation on command "
"\"<literal><emphasis>commandname</emphasis></literal>\" (Unix style)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>info <emphasis>commandname</emphasis></literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"display rather long explanation on command "
"\"<literal><emphasis>commandname</emphasis></literal>\" (GNU style)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>ls</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "list contents of directory (non-dot files and directories)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>ls -a</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "list contents of directory (all files and directories)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>ls -A</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"list contents of directory (almost all files and directories, i.e., skip "
"\"<literal>..</literal>\" and \"<literal>.</literal>\")"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>ls -la</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "list all contents of directory with detail information"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>ls -lai</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "list all contents of directory with inode number and detail information"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>ls -d</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "list all directories under the current directory"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>tree</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "display file tree contents"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>lsof <emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "list open status of file \"<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>lsof -p <emphasis>pid</emphasis></literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"list files opened by the process ID: "
"\"<literal><emphasis>pid</emphasis></literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>mkdir <emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"make a new directory \"<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>\" in the "
"current directory"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>rmdir <emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"remove a directory \"<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>\" in the "
"current directory"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>cd <emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"change directory to the directory "
"\"<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>\" in the current directory or "
"in the directory listed in the variable \"<literal>$CDPATH</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>cd /</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "change directory to the root directory"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>cd</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "change directory to the current user's home directory"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>cd /<emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"change directory to the absolute path directory "
"\"<literal>/<emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>cd ..</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "change directory to the parent directory"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>cd ~<emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"change directory to the home directory of the user "
"\"<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>cd -</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "change directory to the previous directory"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>&lt;/etc/motd pager</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "display contents of \"<literal>/etc/motd</literal>\" using the default pager"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>touch <emphasis>junkfile</emphasis></literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "create a empty file \"<literal><emphasis>junkfile</emphasis></literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>cp <emphasis>foo</emphasis> <emphasis>bar</emphasis></literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"copy a existing file \"<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>\" to a "
"new file \"<literal><emphasis>bar</emphasis></literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>rm <emphasis>junkfile</emphasis></literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "remove a file \"<literal><emphasis>junkfile</emphasis></literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>mv <emphasis>foo</emphasis> <emphasis>bar</emphasis></literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"rename an existing file \"<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>\" to a "
"new name \"<literal><emphasis>bar</emphasis></literal>\" "
"(\"<literal><emphasis>bar</emphasis></literal>\" must not exist)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"move an existing file \"<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>\" to a "
"new location "
"\"<literal><emphasis>bar</emphasis>/<emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>\" "
"(the directory \"<literal><emphasis>bar</emphasis></literal>\" must exist)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>mv <emphasis>foo</emphasis> "
"<emphasis>bar</emphasis>/<emphasis>baz</emphasis></literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"move an existing file \"<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>\" to a "
"new location with a new name "
"\"<literal><emphasis>bar</emphasis>/<emphasis>baz</emphasis></literal>\" "
"(the directory \"<literal><emphasis>bar</emphasis></literal>\" must exist "
"but the directory "
"\"<literal><emphasis>bar</emphasis>/<emphasis>baz</emphasis></literal>\" "
"must not exist)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>chmod 600 <emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"make an existing file \"<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>\" to be "
"non-readable and non-writable by the other people (non-executable for all)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>chmod 644 <emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"make an existing file \"<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>\" to be "
"readable but non-writable by the other people (non-executable for all)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>chmod 755 <emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"make an existing file \"<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>\" to be "
"readable but non-writable by the other people (executable for all)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>find .  -name <emphasis>pattern</emphasis></literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"find matching filenames using shell "
"\"<literal><emphasis>pattern</emphasis></literal>\" (slower)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>locate -d .  <emphasis>pattern</emphasis></literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"find matching filenames using shell "
"\"<literal><emphasis>pattern</emphasis></literal>\" (quicker using regularly "
"generated database)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>grep -e \"<emphasis>pattern</emphasis>\" *.html</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"find a \"<literal><emphasis>pattern</emphasis></literal>\" in all files "
"ending with \"<literal>.html</literal>\" in current directory and display "
"them all"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>top</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"display process information using full screen, type \"<literal>q</literal>\" "
"to quit"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>ps aux | pager</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "display information on all the running processes using BSD style output"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>ps -ef | pager</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"display information on all the running processes using Unix system-V style "
"output"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>ps aux | grep -e \"[e]xim4*\"</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"display all processes running \"<literal>exim</literal>\" and "
"\"<literal>exim4</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>ps axf | pager</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "display information on all the running processes with ASCII art output"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>kill <emphasis>1234</emphasis></literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "kill a process identified by the process ID: \"<emphasis>1234</emphasis>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>gzip <emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"compress \"<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>\" to create "
"\"<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis>.gz</literal>\" using the Lempel-Ziv "
"coding (LZ77)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>gunzip <emphasis>foo</emphasis>.gz</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"decompress \"<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis>.gz</literal>\" to create "
"\"<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>bzip2 <emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"compress \"<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>\" to create "
"\"<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis>.bz2</literal>\" using the "
"Burrows-Wheeler block sorting text compression algorithm, and Huffman coding "
"(better compression than <literal>gzip</literal>)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>bunzip2 <emphasis>foo</emphasis>.bz2</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"decompress \"<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis>.bz2</literal>\" to create "
"\"<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>xz <emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"compress \"<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>\" to create "
"\"<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis>.xz</literal>\" using the "
"Lempel–Ziv–Markov chain algorithm (better compression than "
"<literal>bzip2</literal>)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>unxz <emphasis>foo</emphasis>.xz</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"decompress \"<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis>.xz</literal>\" to create "
"\"<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>tar -xvf <emphasis>foo</emphasis>.tar</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"extract files from \"<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis>.tar</literal>\" "
"archive"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>tar -xvzf <emphasis>foo</emphasis>.tar.gz</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"extract files from gzipped "
"\"<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis>.tar.gz</literal>\" archive"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>tar -xvjf <emphasis>foo</emphasis>.tar.bz2</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"extract files from \"<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis>.tar.bz2</literal>\" "
"archive"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>tar -xvJf <emphasis>foo</emphasis>.tar.xz</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"extract files from \"<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis>.tar.xz</literal>\" "
"archive"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>tar -cvf <emphasis>foo</emphasis>.tar "
"<emphasis>bar</emphasis>/</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"archive contents of folder \"<literal><emphasis>bar</emphasis>/</literal>\" "
"in \"<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis>.tar</literal>\" archive"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>tar -cvzf <emphasis>foo</emphasis>.tar.gz "
"<emphasis>bar</emphasis>/</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"archive contents of folder \"<literal><emphasis>bar</emphasis>/</literal>\" "
"in compressed \"<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis>.tar.gz</literal>\" archive"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>tar -cvjf <emphasis>foo</emphasis>.tar.bz2 "
"<emphasis>bar</emphasis>/</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"archive contents of folder \"<literal><emphasis>bar</emphasis>/</literal>\" "
"in \"<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis>.tar.bz2</literal>\" archive"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>tar -cvJf <emphasis>foo</emphasis>.tar.xz "
"<emphasis>bar</emphasis>/</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"archive contents of folder \"<literal><emphasis>bar</emphasis>/</literal>\" "
"in \"<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis>.tar.xz</literal>\" archive"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>zcat README.gz | pager</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"display contents of compressed \"<literal>README.gz</literal>\" using the "
"default pager"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>zcat README.gz &gt; foo</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"create a file \"<literal>foo</literal>\" with the decompressed content of "
"\"<literal>README.gz</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>zcat README.gz &gt;&gt; foo</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"append the decompressed content of \"<literal>README.gz</literal>\" to the "
"end of the file \"<literal>foo</literal>\" (if it does not exist, create it "
"first)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Unix has a tradition to hide filenames which start with "
"\"<literal>.</literal>\".  They are traditionally files that contain "
"configuration information and user preferences."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "For <literal>cd</literal> command, see <literal>builtins</literal>(7)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The default pager of the bare bone Debian system is "
"<literal>more</literal>(1) which cannot scroll back.  By installing the "
"<literal>less</literal> package using command line \"<literal>apt-get "
"install less</literal>\", <literal>less</literal>(1) becomes default pager "
"and you can scroll back with cursor keys."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The \"<literal>[</literal>\" and \"<literal>]</literal>\" in the regular "
"expression of the \"<literal>ps aux | grep -e \"[e]xim4*\"</literal>\" "
"command above enable <literal>grep</literal> to avoid matching itself.  The "
"\"<literal>4*</literal>\" in the regular expression means 0 or more repeats "
"of character \"<literal>4</literal>\" thus enables <literal>grep</literal> "
"to match both \"<literal>exim</literal>\" and \"<literal>exim4</literal>\".  "
"Although \"<literal>*</literal>\" is used in the shell filename glob and the "
"regular expression, their meanings are different.  Learn the regular "
"expression from <literal>grep</literal>(1)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Please traverse directories and peek into the system using the above "
"commands as training.  If you have questions on any of console commands, "
"please make sure to read the manual page."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The style of man pages may be a little hard to get used to, because they are "
"rather terse, particularly the older, very traditional ones. But once you "
"get used to it, you come to appreciate their succinctness."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Please note that many Unix-like commands including ones from GNU and BSD "
"display brief help information if you invoke them in one of the following "
"ways (or without any arguments in some cases)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The simple shell command"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Now you have some feel on how to use the Debian system.  Let's look deep "
"into the mechanism of the command execution in the Debian system. Here, I "
"have simplified reality for the newbie.  See <literal>bash</literal>(1) for "
"the exact explanation."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "A simple command is a sequence of components."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Variable assignments (optional)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Command name"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Arguments (optional)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Redirections (optional: <literal>&gt;</literal> , "
"<literal>&gt;&gt;</literal> , <literal>&lt;</literal> , "
"<literal>&lt;&lt;</literal> , etc.)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Control operator (optional: <literal>&amp;&amp;</literal> , "
"<literal>||</literal> , <emphasis>newline</emphasis> , <literal>;</literal> "
", <literal>&amp;</literal> , <literal>(</literal> , <literal>)</literal> )"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Command execution and environment variable"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The values of some <ulink url=\"&environmentvariables;\">environment "
"variables</ulink> change the behavior of some Unix commands."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Default values of environment variables are initially set by the PAM system "
"and then some of them may be reset by some application programs."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The PAM system such as <literal>pam_env</literal> may set environment "
"variables by <literal>/etc/pam.conf</literal>\", "
"\"<literal>/etc/environment</literal>\" and "
"\"<literal>/etc/default/locale</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The display manager such as <literal>gdm3</literal> may reset environment "
"variables for GUI session by \"<literal>~/.profile</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The user specific program initialization may reset environment variables by "
"\"<literal>~/.profile</literal>\", \"<literal>~/.bash_profile</literal>\" "
"and \"<literal>~/.bashrc</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The \"<literal>$LANG</literal>\" variable"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The default locale is defined in the \"<literal>$LANG</literal>\" "
"environment variable and is configured as "
"\"<literal>LANG=xx_YY.UTF-8</literal>\" by the installer or by the "
"subsequent GUI configuration, e.g., \"Settings\" → \"Region &amp; Language\" "
"→ \"Language\" / \"Formats\" for GNOME."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"I recommend you to configure the system environment just by the "
"\"<literal>$LANG</literal>\" variable for now and to stay away from "
"\"<literal>$LC_*</literal>\" variables unless it is absolutely needed."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The full locale value given to \"<literal>$LANG</literal>\" variable "
"consists of 3 parts: \"<literal>xx_YY.ZZZZ</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The 3 parts of locale value"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "locale value"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>xx</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&isogdjlanguagecoowercasesuchasen;\">ISO 639 language codes "
"(lower case) such as \"en\"</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>YY</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&isodbggcountrycoppercasesuchasus;\">ISO 3166 country codes "
"(upper case) such as \"US\"</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>ZZZZ</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&codesetalwayssettoutfi;\">codeset, always set to "
"\"UTF-8\"</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of locale recommendations"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "locale recommendation"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Language (area)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>en_US.UTF-8</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "English (USA)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>en_GB.UTF-8</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "English (Great Britain)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>fr_FR.UTF-8</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "French (France)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>de_DE.UTF-8</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "German (Germany)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>it_IT.UTF-8</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Italian (Italy)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>es_ES.UTF-8</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Spanish (Spain)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>ca_ES.UTF-8</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Catalan (Spain)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>sv_SE.UTF-8</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Swedish (Sweden)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>pt_BR.UTF-8</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Portuguese (Brazil)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>ru_RU.UTF-8</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Russian (Russia)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>zh_CN.UTF-8</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Chinese (P.R. of China)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>zh_TW.UTF-8</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Chinese (Taiwan R.O.C.)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>ja_JP.UTF-8</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Japanese (Japan)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>ko_KR.UTF-8</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Korean (Republic of Korea)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>vi_VN.UTF-8</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Vietnamese (Vietnam)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Typical command execution uses a shell line sequence as the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Here, the program <literal>date</literal>(1) is executed with different "
"locale values."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"For the first command, \"<literal>$LANG</literal>\" is set to the system "
"default <ulink url=\"&locale;\">locale</ulink> value "
"\"<literal>en_US.UTF-8</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"For the second command, \"<literal>$LANG</literal>\" is set to the French "
"UTF-8 <ulink url=\"&locale;\">locale</ulink> value "
"\"<literal>fr_FR.UTF-8</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Most command executions usually do not have preceding environment variable "
"definition.  For the above example, you can alternatively execute as the "
"following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"When filing a bug report, running and checking the command under "
"\"<literal>en_US.UTF-8</literal>\" locale is a good idea if you use "
"non-English environment."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"For fine details of the locale configuration, see <xref "
"linkend=\"_the_locale\"/>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The \"<literal>$PATH</literal>\" variable"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"When you type a command into the shell, the shell searches the command in "
"the list of directories contained in the \"<literal>$PATH</literal>\" "
"environment variable.  The value of the \"<literal>$PATH</literal>\" "
"environment variable is also called the shell's search path."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"In the default Debian installation, the \"<literal>$PATH</literal>\" "
"environment variable of user accounts may not include "
"\"<literal>/usr/sbin</literal>\" and \"<literal>/usr/sbin</literal>\".  For "
"example, the <literal>ifconfig</literal> command needs to be issued with "
"full path as \"<literal>/usr/sbin/ifconfig</literal>\". (Similar "
"<literal>ip</literal> command is located in "
"\"<literal>/usr/bin</literal>\".)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"You can change the \"<literal>$PATH</literal>\" environment variable of Bash "
"shell by \"<literal>~/.bash_profile</literal>\" or "
"\"<literal>~/.bashrc</literal>\" files."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The \"<literal>$HOME</literal>\" variable"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Many commands stores user specific configuration in the home directory and "
"changes their behavior by their contents.  The home directory is identified "
"by the environment variable \"<literal>$HOME</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of \"<literal>$HOME</literal>\" values"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "value of \"<literal>$HOME</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "program execution situation"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "program run by the init process (daemon)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>/root</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "program run from the normal root shell"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>/home/<emphasis>normal_user</emphasis></literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "program run from the normal user shell"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "program run from the normal user GUI desktop menu"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "program run as root with \"<literal>sudo program</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "program run as root with \"<literal>sudo -H program</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Shell expands \"<literal>~/</literal>\" to current user's home directory, "
"i.e., \"<literal>$HOME/</literal>\". Shell expands "
"\"<literal>~foo/</literal>\" to <literal>foo</literal>'s home directory, "
"i.e., \"<literal>/home/foo/</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"See <xref linkend=\"_shell_environment_variables\"/> if "
"<literal>$HOME</literal> isn't available for your program."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Command line options"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Some commands take arguments.  Arguments starting with "
"\"<literal>-</literal>\" or \"<literal>--</literal>\" are called options and "
"control the behavior of the command."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Here the command-line argument \"<literal>-R</literal>\" changes "
"<literal>date</literal>(1) behavior to output <ulink "
"url=\"&rfccicc;\">RFC2822</ulink> compliant date string."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Shell glob"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Often you want a command to work with a group of files without typing all of "
"them.  The filename expansion pattern using the shell <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">glob</emphasis>, (sometimes referred as <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">wildcards</emphasis>), facilitate this need."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Shell glob patterns"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "shell glob pattern"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "description of match rule"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>*</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "filename (segment) not started with \"<literal>.</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>.*</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "filename (segment) started with \"<literal>.</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>?</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "exactly one character"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>[…]</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "exactly one character with any character enclosed in brackets"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>[a-z]</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"exactly one character with any character between \"<literal>a</literal>\" "
"and \"<literal>z</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>[^…]</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"exactly one character other than any character enclosed in brackets "
"(excluding \"<literal>^</literal>\")"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "See <literal>glob</literal>(7)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Unlike normal filename expansion by the shell, the shell pattern "
"\"<literal>*</literal>\" tested in <literal>find</literal>(1) with "
"\"<literal>-name</literal>\" test etc., matches the initial "
"\"<literal>.</literal>\" of the filename. (New <ulink "
"url=\"&posix;\">POSIX</ulink> feature)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"BASH can be tweaked to change its glob behavior with its shopt builtin "
"options such as \"<literal>dotglob</literal>\", "
"\"<literal>noglob</literal>\", \"<literal>nocaseglob</literal>\", "
"\"<literal>nullglob</literal>\", \"<literal>extglob</literal>\", etc.  See "
"<literal>bash</literal>(1)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Return value of the command"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Each command returns its exit status (variable: \"<literal>$?</literal>\") "
"as the return value."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Command exit codes"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "command exit status"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "numeric return value"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "logical return value"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "success"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "zero, 0"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">TRUE</emphasis>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "error"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "non-zero, -1"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">FALSE</emphasis>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Please note that, in the logical context for the shell, <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">success</emphasis> is treated as the logical <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">TRUE</emphasis> which has 0 (zero) as its value.  This is "
"somewhat non-intuitive and needs to be reminded here."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Typical command sequences and shell redirection"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Let's try to remember following shell command idioms typed in one line as a "
"part of shell command."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Shell command idioms"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "command idiom"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>command &amp;</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">background</emphasis> execution of "
"<literal>command</literal> in the subshell"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>command1 | command2</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">pipe</emphasis> the standard output of "
"<literal>command1</literal> to the standard input of "
"<literal>command2</literal> (<emphasis role=\"strong\">concurrent</emphasis> "
"execution)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>command1 2&gt;&amp;1 | command2</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">pipe</emphasis> both standard output and standard "
"error of <literal>command1</literal> to the standard input of "
"<literal>command2</literal> (<emphasis role=\"strong\">concurrent</emphasis> "
"execution)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>command1 ; command2</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"execute <literal>command1</literal> and <literal>command2</literal> "
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">sequentially</emphasis>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>command1 &amp;&amp; command2</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"execute <literal>command1</literal>; if successful, execute "
"<literal>command2</literal> <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">sequentially</emphasis> (return success if both "
"<literal>command1</literal> <emphasis role=\"strong\">and</emphasis> "
"<literal>command2</literal> are successful)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>command1 || command2</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"execute <literal>command1</literal>; if not successful, execute "
"<literal>command2</literal> <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">sequentially</emphasis> (return success if "
"<literal>command1</literal> <emphasis role=\"strong\">or</emphasis> "
"<literal>command2</literal> are successful)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>command &gt; foo</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"redirect standard output of <literal>command</literal> to a file "
"<literal>foo</literal> (overwrite)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>command 2&gt; foo</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"redirect standard error of <literal>command</literal> to a file "
"<literal>foo</literal> (overwrite)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>command &gt;&gt; foo</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"redirect standard output of <literal>command</literal> to a file "
"<literal>foo</literal> (append)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>command 2&gt;&gt; foo</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"redirect standard error of <literal>command</literal> to a file "
"<literal>foo</literal> (append)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>command &gt; foo 2&gt;&amp;1</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"redirect both standard output and standard error of "
"<literal>command</literal> to a file <literal>foo</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>command &lt; foo</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"redirect standard input of <literal>command</literal> to a file "
"<literal>foo</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>command &lt;&lt; delimiter</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"redirect standard input of <literal>command</literal> to the following lines "
"until \"<literal>delimiter</literal>\" is met (here document)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>command &lt;&lt;- delimiter</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"redirect standard input of <literal>command</literal> to the following lines "
"until \"<literal>delimiter</literal>\" is met (here document, the leading "
"tab characters are stripped from input lines)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The Debian system is a multi-tasking system. Background jobs allow users to "
"run multiple programs in a single shell.  The management of the background "
"process involves the shell builtins: <literal>jobs</literal>, "
"<literal>fg</literal>, <literal>bg</literal>, and <literal>kill</literal>.  "
"Please read sections of bash(1) under \"SIGNALS\", and \"JOB CONTROL\", and "
"<literal>builtins</literal>(1)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Although all 4 examples of shell redirections display the same thing, the "
"last example runs an extra <literal>cat</literal> command and wastes "
"resources with no reason."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The shell allows you to open files using the <literal>exec</literal> builtin "
"with an arbitrary file descriptor."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The file descriptor 0-2 are predefined."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Predefined file descriptors"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "device"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "file descriptor"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>stdin</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "standard input"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "0"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>stdout</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "standard output"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "1"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>stderr</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "standard error"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "2"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Command alias"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "You can set an alias for the frequently used command."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Now, \"<literal>la</literal>\" works as a short hand for \"<literal>ls "
"-la</literal>\" which lists all files in the long listing format."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"You can list any existing aliases by <literal>alias</literal> (see "
"<literal>bash</literal>(1) under \"SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS\")."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"You can identity exact path or identity of the command by "
"<literal>type</literal> (see <literal>bash</literal>(1) under \"SHELL "
"BUILTIN COMMANDS\")."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Here <literal>ls</literal> was recently searched while "
"\"<literal>file</literal>\" was not, thus \"<literal>ls</literal>\" is "
"\"hashed\", i.e., the shell has an internal record for the quick access to "
"the location of the \"<literal>ls</literal>\" command."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "See <xref linkend=\"_colorized_commands\"/>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Unix-like text processing"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"In Unix-like work environment, text processing is done by piping text "
"through chains of standard text processing tools. This was another crucial "
"Unix innovation."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Unix text tools"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"There are few standard text processing tools which are used very often on "
"the Unix-like system."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "No regular expression is used:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>cat</literal>(1) concatenates files and outputs the whole content."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>tac</literal>(1) concatenates files and outputs in reverse."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>cut</literal>(1) selects parts of lines and outputs."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>head</literal>(1) outputs the first part of files."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>tail</literal>(1) outputs the last part of files."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>sort</literal>(1) sorts lines of text files."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>uniq</literal>(1) removes duplicate lines from a sorted file."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>tr</literal>(1) translates or deletes characters."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>diff</literal>(1) compares files line by line."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Basic regular expression (<emphasis role=\"strong\">BRE</emphasis>) is used "
"as default:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>ed</literal>(1) is a primitive line editor."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>sed</literal>(1) is a stream editor."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>grep</literal>(1) matches text with patterns."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>vim</literal>(1) is a screen editor."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>emacs</literal>(1) is a screen editor. (somewhat extended <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">BRE</emphasis>)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Extended regular expression (<emphasis role=\"strong\">ERE</emphasis>) is "
"used:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>awk</literal>(1) does simple text processing."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>egrep</literal>(1) matches text with patterns."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>tcl</literal>(3tcl) can do every conceivable text processing: See "
"<literal>re_syntax</literal>(3). Often used with <literal>tk</literal>(3tk)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>perl</literal>(1) can do every conceivable text processing. See "
"<literal>perlre</literal>(1)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>pcregrep</literal>(1) from the <literal>pcregrep</literal> package "
"matches text with <ulink url=\"&perlcompatiblererexpressionspcre;\">Perl "
"Compatible Regular Expressions (PCRE)</ulink> pattern."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>python</literal>(1) with the <literal>re</literal> module can do "
"every conceivable text processing. See "
"\"<literal>/usr/share/doc/python/html/index.html</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"If you are not sure what exactly these commands do, please use "
"\"<literal>man command</literal>\" to figure it out by yourself."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Sort order and range expression are locale dependent.  If you wish to obtain "
"traditional behavior for a command, use <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">C</emphasis> locale or <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">C.UTF-8</emphasis> locale instead of normal <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">UTF-8</emphasis> ones (see <xref linkend=\"_the_locale\"/>)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&perl;\">Perl</ulink> regular expressions "
"(<literal>perlre</literal>(1)), <ulink "
"url=\"&perlcompatiblererexpressionspcre;\">Perl Compatible Regular "
"Expressions (PCRE)</ulink>, and <ulink url=\"&python;\">Python</ulink> "
"regular expressions offered by the <literal>re</literal> module have many "
"common extensions to the normal <emphasis role=\"strong\">ERE</emphasis>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Regular expressions"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&regularexpressions;\">Regular expressions</ulink> are used in "
"many text processing tools.  They are analogous to the shell globs, but they "
"are more complicated and powerful."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The regular expression describes the matching pattern and is made up of text "
"characters and <emphasis role=\"strong\">metacharacters</emphasis>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"A <emphasis role=\"strong\">metacharacter</emphasis> is just a character "
"with a special meaning.  There are 2 major styles, <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">BRE</emphasis> and <emphasis role=\"strong\">ERE</emphasis>, "
"depending on the text tools as described above."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Metacharacters for BRE and ERE"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "BRE"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "ERE"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "description of the regular expression"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>\\ .  [ ] ^ $ *</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "common <emphasis role=\"strong\">metacharacters</emphasis>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>\\+ \\? \\( \\) \\{ \\} \\|</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"BRE only \"<literal>\\</literal>\" escaped <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">metacharacters</emphasis>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>+ ? ( ) { } |</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"ERE only non-\"<literal>\\</literal>\" escaped <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">metacharacters</emphasis>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"match <emphasis role=\"strong\">non-metacharacter</emphasis> "
"\"<literal>c</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>\\c</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"match a literal character \"<literal>c</literal>\" even if "
"\"<literal>c</literal>\" is <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">metacharacter</emphasis> by itself"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>.</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "match any character including newline"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>^</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "position at the beginning of a string"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>$</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "position at the end of a string"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>\\&lt;</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "position at the beginning of a word"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>\\&gt;</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "position at the end of a word"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>[abc…]</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "match any characters in \"<literal>abc…</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>[^abc…]</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "match any characters except in \"<literal>abc…</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>r*</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"match zero or more regular expressions identified by "
"\"<literal>r</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>r\\+</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>r+</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "match one or more regular expressions identified by \"<literal>r</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>r\\?</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>r?</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "match zero or one regular expressions identified by \"<literal>r</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>r1\\|r2</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>r1|r2</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"match one of the regular expressions identified by \"<literal>r1</literal>\" "
"or \"<literal>r2</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>\\(r1\\|r2\\)</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>(r1|r2)</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"match one of the regular expressions identified by \"<literal>r1</literal>\" "
"or \"<literal>r2</literal>\" and treat it as a <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">bracketed</emphasis> regular expression"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The regular expression of <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\"><literal>emacs</literal></emphasis> is basically <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">BRE</emphasis> but has been extended to treat "
"\"<literal>+</literal>\"and \"<literal>?</literal>\" as the <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">metacharacters</emphasis> as in <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">ERE</emphasis>.  Thus, there are no needs to escape them "
"with \"<literal>\\</literal>\" in the regular expression of "
"<literal>emacs</literal>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>grep</literal>(1) can be used to perform the text search using the "
"regular expression."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Replacement expressions"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "For the replacement expression, some characters have special meanings."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The replacement expression"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "replacement expression"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "description of the text to replace the replacement expression"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>&amp;</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"what the regular expression matched (use <literal>\\&amp;</literal> in "
"<literal>emacs</literal>)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>\\n</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"what the n-th <emphasis role=\"strong\">bracketed</emphasis> regular "
"expression matched (\"n\" being number)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"For Perl replacement string, \"$&amp;\" is used instead of \"&amp;\" and "
"\"$n\" is used instead of \"\\n\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Here please pay extra attention to the style of the <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">bracketed</emphasis> regular expression and how the matched "
"strings are used in the text replacement process on different tools."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"These regular expressions can be used for cursor movements and text "
"replacement actions in some editors too."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The back slash \"<literal>\\</literal>\" at the end of line in the shell "
"commandline escapes newline as a white space character and continues shell "
"command line input to the next line."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Please read all the related manual pages to learn these commands."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Global substitution with regular expressions"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The <literal>ed</literal>(1) command can replace all instances of "
"\"<literal>FROM_REGEX</literal>\" with \"<literal>TO_TEXT</literal>\" in "
"\"<literal>file</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The <literal>sed</literal>(1) command can replace all instances of "
"\"<literal>FROM_REGEX</literal>\" with \"<literal>TO_TEXT</literal>\" in "
"\"<literal>file</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The <literal>vim</literal>(1) command can replace all instances of "
"\"<literal>FROM_REGEX</literal>\" with \"<literal>TO_TEXT</literal>\" in "
"\"<literal>file</literal>\" by using <literal>ex</literal>(1) commands."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The \"<literal>c</literal>\" flag in the above ensures interactive "
"confirmation for each substitution."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Multiple files (\"<literal>file1</literal>\", \"<literal>file2</literal>\", "
"and \"<literal>file3</literal>\") can be processed with regular expressions "
"similarly with <literal>vim</literal>(1) or <literal>perl</literal>(1)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The \"<literal>e</literal>\" flag in the above prevents the \"No match\" "
"error from breaking a mapping."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"In the perl(1) example, \"<literal>-i</literal>\" is for the in-place "
"editing of each target file, and \"<literal>-p</literal>\" is for the "
"implicit loop over all given files."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Use of argument \"<literal>-i.bak</literal>\" instead of "
"\"<literal>-i</literal>\" keeps each original file by adding "
"\"<literal>.bak</literal>\" to its filename.  This makes recovery from "
"errors easier for complex substitutions."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>ed</literal>(1) and <literal>vim</literal>(1) are <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">BRE</emphasis>; <literal>perl</literal>(1) is <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">ERE</emphasis>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Extracting data from text file table"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Let's consider a text file called \"<literal>DPL</literal>\" in which some "
"pre-2004 Debian project leader's names and their initiation date are listed "
"in a space-separated format."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"See <ulink url=\"&abriefhistoryofdebian;\">\"A Brief History of "
"Debian\"</ulink> for the latest <ulink "
"url=\"&debianleadershiphistory;\">Debian leadership history</ulink>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Awk is frequently used to extract data from these types of files."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Shells such as Bash can be also used to parse this kind of file."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Here, the <literal>read</literal> builtin command uses characters in "
"\"<literal>$IFS</literal>\" (internal field separators) to split lines into "
"words."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"If you change \"<literal>$IFS</literal>\" to \"<literal>:</literal>\", you "
"can parse \"<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>\" with shell nicely."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"(If Awk is used to do the equivalent, use \"<literal>FS=':'</literal>\" to "
"set the field separator.)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"IFS is also used by the shell to split results of parameter expansion, "
"command substitution, and arithmetic expansion.  These do not occur within "
"double or single quoted words.  The default value of IFS is "
"<emphasis>space</emphasis>, <emphasis>tab</emphasis>, and "
"<emphasis>newline</emphasis> combined."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Be careful about using this shell IFS tricks.  Strange things may happen, "
"when shell interprets some parts of the script as its <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">input</emphasis>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Script snippets for piping commands"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The following scripts do nice things as a part of a pipe."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of script snippets for piping commands"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "script snippet (type in one line)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "effect of command"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>find /usr -print</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "find all files under \"<literal>/usr</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>seq 1 100</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "print 1 to 100"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>| xargs -n 1 <emphasis>command</emphasis></literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "run command repeatedly with each item from pipe as its argument"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>| xargs -n 1 echo</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "split white-space-separated items from pipe into lines"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>| xargs echo</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "merge all lines from pipe into a line"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>| grep -e <emphasis>regex_pattern</emphasis></literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "extract lines from pipe containing <emphasis>regex_pattern</emphasis>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>| grep -v -e <emphasis>regex_pattern</emphasis></literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "extract lines from pipe not containing <emphasis>regex_pattern</emphasis>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>| cut -d: -f3 -</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"extract third field from pipe separated by \"<literal>:</literal>\" (passwd "
"file etc.)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>| awk '{ print $3 }'</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "extract third field from pipe separated by whitespaces"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>| awk -F'\\t' '{ print $3 }'</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "extract third field from pipe separated by tab"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>| col -bx</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "remove backspace and expand tabs to spaces"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>| expand -</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "expand tabs"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>| sort| uniq</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "sort and remove duplicates"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>| tr 'A-Z' 'a-z'</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "convert uppercase to lowercase"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>| tr -d '\\n'</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "concatenate lines into one line"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>| tr -d '\\r'</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "remove CR"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>| sed 's/^/# /'</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "add \"<literal>#</literal>\" to the start of each line"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>| sed 's/\\.ext//g'</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "remove \"<literal>.ext</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>| sed -n -e 2p</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "print the second line"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>| head -n 2 -</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "print the first 2 lines"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>| tail -n 2 -</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "print the last 2 lines"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"A one-line shell script can loop over many files using "
"<literal>find</literal>(1) and <literal>xargs</literal>(1) to perform quite "
"complicated tasks.  See <xref "
"linkend=\"_idioms_for_the_selection_of_files\"/> and <xref "
"linkend=\"_repeating_a_command_looping_over_files\"/>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"When using the shell interactive mode becomes too complicated, please "
"consider to write a shell script (see <xref "
"linkend=\"_the_shell_script\"/>)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Debian package management"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><note><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"This chapter is written assuming the latest stable release is codename: "
"<literal>&codename-stable;</literal>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><note><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The data source of the APT system is collectively refered as <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">the source list</emphasis> in this document .  This can be "
"defined anywhere in the \"<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>\" file, "
"\"<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list.d/*.list</literal>\" files, or "
"\"<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list.d/*.sources</literal>\" files."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Debian package management prerequisites"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Debian package management system"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&debian;\">Debian</ulink> is a volunteer organization which "
"builds <emphasis role=\"strong\">consistent</emphasis> distributions of "
"pre-compiled binary packages of free software and distributes them from its "
"archive."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&thedebianarchive;\">The Debian archive</ulink> is offered by "
"<ulink url=\"&manyremotemirrorsites;\">many remote mirror sites</ulink> for "
"access through HTTP and FTP methods. It is also available as <ulink "
"url=\"&cdromdvd;\">CD-ROM/DVD</ulink>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The current Debian package management system which can utilize all these "
"resources is <ulink url=\"&advancedpackagingtoolapt;\">Advanced Packaging "
"Tool (APT)</ulink>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The Debian package management system, <emphasis role=\"strong\">when used "
"properly</emphasis>, offers the user to install <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">consistent sets of binary packages</emphasis> to the system "
"from the archive.  Currently, there are &all-packages; packages available "
"for the &arch; architecture."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The Debian package management system has a rich history and many choices for "
"the front end user program and back end archive access method to be used.  "
"Currently, we recommend the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>apt</literal>(8) for all interactive command line operations, "
"including package installation, removal and dist-upgrades."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>apt-get</literal>(8) for calling Debian package management system "
"from scripts. It is also a fallback option when <literal>apt</literal> is "
"not available (often with older Debian systems)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>aptitude</literal>(8) for an interactive text interface to manage "
"the installed packages and to search the available packages."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of Debian package management tools"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "low level package management system for Debian (file based)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"APT front-end to manage packages with CLI: "
"<literal>apt</literal>/<literal>apt-get</literal>/<literal>apt-cache</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"APT front-end to interactively manage packages with full screen console: "
"<literal>aptitude</literal>(8)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "APT front-end to install selected tasks: <literal>tasksel</literal>(8)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"enhancement package for APT to enable automatic installation of security "
"upgrades"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Software Center for GNOME (GUI APT front-end)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "graphical package manager (GTK APT front-end)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"APT utility programs: <literal>apt-extracttemplates</literal>(1), "
"<literal>apt-ftparchive</literal>(1), and <literal>apt-sortpkgs</literal>(1)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "package change history notification tool"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "lists critical bugs before each APT installation"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "APT package searching utility — command-line interface"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "recursively lists package dependencies"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Package configuration"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Here are some key points for package configuration on the Debian system."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The manual configuration by the system administrator is respected. In other "
"words, the package configuration system makes no intrusive configuration for "
"the sake of convenience."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Each package comes with its own configuration script with standardized user "
"interface called <literal>debconf</literal>(7) to help initial installation "
"process of the package."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Debian Developers try their best to make your upgrade experience flawless "
"with package configuration scripts."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Full functionalities of packaged software are available to the system "
"administrator.  But ones with security risks are disabled in the default "
"installation."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"If you manually activate a service with some security risks, you are "
"responsible for the risk containment."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Esoteric configuration may be manually enabled by the system administrator.  "
"This may create interference with popular generic helper programs for the "
"system configuration."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Basic precautions"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Do not install packages from random mixture of suites.  It probably breaks "
"the package consistency which requires deep system management knowledge, "
"such as compiler <ulink url=\"&abi;\">ABI</ulink>, <ulink "
"url=\"&library;\">library</ulink> version, interpreter features, etc."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The <ulink url=\"&newbie;\">newbie</ulink> Debian system administrator "
"should stay with the <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\"><literal>stable</literal></emphasis> release of Debian while "
"applying only security updates.  Until you understand the Debian system very "
"well, you should follow the following precautions."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Do not include <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\"><literal>testing</literal></emphasis> or <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\"><literal>unstable</literal></emphasis> in <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">the source list</emphasis>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Do not mix standard Debian with other non-Debian archives such as Ubuntu in "
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">the source list</emphasis> ."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Do not create \"<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Do not change default behavior of package management tools through "
"configuration files without knowing their full impacts."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Do not install random packages by \"<literal>dpkg -i "
"<emphasis>random_package</emphasis></literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Do not ever install random packages by \"<literal>dpkg --force-all -i "
"<emphasis>random_package</emphasis></literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Do not erase or alter files in \"<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Do not overwrite system files by installing software programs directly "
"compiled from source."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Install them into \"<literal>/usr/local</literal>\" or "
"\"<literal>/opt</literal>\", if needed."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The non-compatible effects caused by violating above precautions to the "
"Debian package management system may leave your system unusable."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The serious Debian system administrator who runs mission critical servers, "
"should use extra precautions."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Do not install any packages including security updates from Debian without "
"thoroughly testing them with your particular configuration under safe "
"conditions."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "You as the system administrator are responsible for your system in the end."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The long stability history of the Debian system is no guarantee by itself."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Life with eternal upgrades"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"For your <emphasis role=\"strong\">production server</emphasis>, the "
"<literal>stable</literal> suite with the security updates is recommended.  "
"The same can be said for desktop PCs on which you can spend limited "
"administration efforts."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Despite my warnings above, I know many readers of this document may wish to "
"run the newer <literal>testing</literal> or <literal>unstable</literal> "
"suites."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&enlightenment;\">Enlightenment</ulink> with the following "
"saves a person from the eternal <ulink url=\"&karmic;\">karmic</ulink> "
"struggle of upgrade <ulink url=\"&hell;\">hell</ulink> and let him reach "
"Debian <ulink url=\"&nirvana;\">nirvana</ulink>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"This list is targeted for the <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">self-administered</emphasis> Desktop environment."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Use the <literal>testing</literal> suite since it is practically the rolling "
"release automatically managed by the Debian archive QA infrastructure such "
"as the <ulink url=\"&debiancontinuousintegration;\">Debian continuous "
"integration</ulink>, the <ulink url=\"&sourceonlyuploadpractices;\">source "
"only upload practices</ulink>, and the <ulink "
"url=\"&librarytransitiontracking;\">library transition tracking</ulink>.  "
"The packages in the <literal>testing</literal> suite are updated frequently "
"enough to offer all the latest features."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Set the codename corresponding to the <literal>testing</literal> suite "
"(\"<literal>&codename-testing;</literal>\" during the "
"<literal>&codename-stable;</literal>-as-<literal>stable</literal> release "
"cycle) in <emphasis role=\"strong\">the source list</emphasis>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Manually update this codename in <emphasis role=\"strong\">the source "
"list</emphasis> to the new one only after assessing situation by yourself "
"for about a month after the major suite release.  The Debian user and "
"developer mailing list are good sources of information for this, too."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The use of the <literal>unstable</literal> suite isn't recommended.  The "
"<literal>unstable</literal> suite is <emphasis role=\"strong\">good for "
"debugging packages</emphasis> as a developer but tends to expose you to "
"unnecessary risks for the normal Desktop usage.  Even though the "
"<literal>unstable</literal> suite of the Debian system looks very stable for "
"most of the times, there have been some package problems and a few of them "
"were not so trivial to resolve."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Here are some basic precautionary measure ideas to ensure quick and easy "
"recovery from bugs in Debian packages."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Make the system <emphasis role=\"strong\">dual bootable</emphasis> by "
"installing the <literal>stable</literal> suite of the Debian system to "
"another partition"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Make the installation CD handy for the <emphasis role=\"strong\">rescue "
"boot</emphasis>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Consider installing <literal>apt-listbugs</literal> to check the <ulink "
"url=\"&debianbugtrackingsystembts;\">Debian Bug Tracking System "
"(BTS)</ulink> information before the upgrade"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Learn the package system infrastructure enough to work around the problem"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"If you can not do any one of these precautionary actions, you are probably "
"not ready for the <literal>testing</literal> and <literal>unstable</literal> "
"suites."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Debian archive basics"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Official policy of the Debian archive is defined at <ulink "
"url=\"&debianpolicymanuthedebianarchive;\">Debian Policy Manual, Chapter 2 - "
"The Debian Archive</ulink>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Let's look into <ulink url=\"&thedebianarchive;\">the Debian archive</ulink> "
"from a system user's perspective."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"For a system user, <ulink url=\"&thedebianarchive;\">the Debian "
"archive</ulink> is accessed using the APT system."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The APT system specifies its data source as <emphasis role=\"strong\">the "
"source list</emphasis> and it is described in "
"<literal>sources.list</literal>(5)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"For the <literal>&codename-stable;</literal> system with the typical HTTP "
"access, <emphasis role=\"strong\">the source list</emphasis> in "
"one-line-style as the following:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Alternatively, the equivalent source list in deb822-style is the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Key points of <emphasis role=\"strong\">the source list</emphasis> are "
"followings."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "One-line-style format"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"It's definition files are in the "
"\"<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>\" file and "
"\"<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list.d/*.list</literal>\" files."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Each line defines the data source for the APT system."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The \"<literal>deb</literal>\" line defines for the binary packages."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The \"<literal>deb-src</literal>\" line defines for the source packages."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The 1st argument is the root URL of the Debian archive."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The 2nd argument is the distribution name using either the suite name or the "
"codename."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The 3rd and following arguments are the list of valid archive area names of "
"the Debian archive."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Deb822-style format"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"It's definition files are in "
"\"<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list.d/*.sources</literal>\" files."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Each block of lines separated by a blank line defines the data source for "
"the APT system."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The \"<literal>Types:</literal>\" stanza defines the list of types such as "
"\"<literal>deb</literal>\" and \"<literal>deb-src</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The \"<literal>URIs:</literal>\" stanza defines the list of root URIs of the "
"Debian archive."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The \"<literal>Suites:</literal>\" stanza defines the list of distribution "
"names using either the suite name or the codename."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The \"<literal>Components:</literal>\" stanza defines the list of valid "
"archive area names of the Debian archive."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The definition for \"<literal>deb-src</literal>\" can safely be omitted if "
"it is just for <literal>aptitude</literal> which does not access source "
"related meta data. It speeds up the updates of the archive meta data."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The URL can be \"<literal>https://</literal>\", "
"\"<literal>http://</literal>\", \"<literal>ftp://</literal>\", "
"\"<literal>file://</literal>\", …."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Lines starting with \"<literal>#</literal>\" are comments and ignored."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Here, I tend to use codename \"<literal>&codename-stable;</literal>\" or "
"\"<literal>&codename-testing;</literal>\" instead of suite name "
"\"<literal>stable</literal>\" or \"<literal>testing</literal>\" to avoid "
"surprises when the next <literal>stable</literal> is released."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"If \"<literal>sid</literal>\" is used in the above example instead of "
"\"<literal>&codename-stable;</literal>\", the \"<literal>deb: "
"http://security.debian.org/ …</literal>\" line or its deb822 equivalent "
"content for security updates in <emphasis role=\"strong\">the source "
"list</emphasis> is not required.  This is because there is no security "
"update archive for \"<literal>sid</literal>\" (<literal>unstable</literal>)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Here is the list of URL of the Debian archive sites and suite name or "
"codename used in the configuration file after the "
"<literal>&codename-stable;</literal> release."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of Debian archive sites"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "archive URL"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "suite name"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "codename"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "purpose of repository"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink "
"url=\"&httpdebdebianorgdebian;\">http://deb.debian.org/debian/</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>stable</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>&codename-stable;</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Quasi-static <literal>stable</literal> release after extensive checks"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>testing</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>&codename-testing;</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Dynamic <literal>testing</literal> release after decent checks and short "
"waits"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>unstable</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>&codename-unstable;</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Dynamic <literal>unstable</literal> release after minimal checks and no "
"waits"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>experimental</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Pre-release experiments by developers (optional, only for developer)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>stable-proposed-updates</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>&codename-stable;-proposed-updates</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Updates for the next <literal>stable</literal> point release (optional)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>stable-updates</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>&codename-stable;-updates</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Subset of <literal>stable-proposed-updates</literal> suite needing urgent "
"updates such as timezone data (optional)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>stable-backports</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>&codename-stable;-backports</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Random collection of recompiled packages mostly from the "
"<literal>testing</literal> release (optional)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink "
"url=\"&httpsecuritydebirgdebiansecurity;\">http://security.debian.org/debian-security/</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>stable-security</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>&codename-stable;-security</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Security updates for the <literal>stable</literal> release (important)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>testing-security</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>&codename-testing;-security</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "This isn't actively supported nor used by the security team"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Only pure <emphasis role=\"strong\"><literal>stable</literal></emphasis> "
"release with security updates provides the best stability. Running mostly "
"<emphasis role=\"strong\"><literal>stable</literal></emphasis> release mixed "
"with some packages from <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\"><literal>testing</literal></emphasis> or <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\"><literal>unstable</literal></emphasis> release is riskier "
"than running pure <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\"><literal>unstable</literal></emphasis> release for library "
"version mismatch etc.  If you really need the latest version of some "
"programs under <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\"><literal>stable</literal></emphasis> release, please use "
"packages from <ulink url=\"&stableupdates;\">stable-updates</ulink> and "
"<ulink url=\"&backports;\">backports</ulink> (see <xref "
"linkend=\"_updates_and_backports\"/>) services.  These services must be used "
"with extra care."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"You should basically list only one of <literal>stable</literal>, "
"<literal>testing</literal>, or <literal>unstable</literal> suites in the "
"\"<literal>deb</literal>\" line.  If you list any combination of "
"<literal>stable</literal>, <literal>testing</literal>, and "
"<literal>unstable</literal> suites in the \"<literal>deb</literal>\" line, "
"APT programs slow down while only the latest archive is effective.  Multiple "
"listing makes sense for these when the "
"\"<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>\" file is used with clear "
"objectives (see <xref linkend=\"_tweaking_candidate_version\"/>)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"For the Debian system with the <literal>stable</literal> suite, it is a good "
"idea to include the content with "
"\"<literal>http://security.debian.org/</literal>\" in <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">the source list</emphasis> to enable security updates as in "
"the example above."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The security bugs for the <literal>stable</literal> archive are fixed by the "
"Debian security team.  This activity has been quite rigorous and reliable.  "
"Those for the <literal>testing</literal> archive may be fixed by the Debian "
"testing security team.  For <ulink url=\"&several;\">several</ulink> <ulink "
"url=\"&reasons;\">reasons</ulink>, this activity is not as rigorous as that "
"for <literal>stable</literal> and you may need to wait for the migration of "
"fixed <literal>unstable</literal> packages to the <literal>testing</literal> "
"archive.  Those for the <literal>unstable</literal> archive are fixed by the "
"individual maintainer.  Actively maintained <literal>unstable</literal> "
"packages are usually in a fairly good shape by leveraging latest upstream "
"security fixes.  See <ulink url=\"&debiansecurityfaq;\">Debian security "
"FAQ</ulink> for how Debian handles security bugs."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of Debian archive area"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "area"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "number of packages"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "criteria of package component"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>main</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "&main-packages;"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "DFSG compliant and no dependency to <literal>non-free</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>non-free-firmware</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "&non-free-firmware-packages;"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&notdfsgcompliantlationexperience;\">not DFSG compliant, "
"firmware required for reasonable system installation experience</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>contrib</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "&contrib-packages;"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "DFSG compliant but having dependency to <literal>non-free</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>non-free</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "&non-free-packages;"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "not DFSG compliant and not in <literal>non-free-firmware</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Here the number of packages in the above is for the &arch; architecture.  "
"The <literal>main</literal> area provides the Debian system (see <xref "
"linkend=\"_debian_is_100_free_software\"/>)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The Debian archive organization can be studied best by pointing your browser "
"to the each archive URL appended with <literal>dists</literal> or "
"<literal>pool</literal>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The distribution is referred by two ways, the suite or <ulink "
"url=\"&codename;\">codename</ulink>. The word distribution is alternatively "
"used as the synonym to the suite in many documentations. The relationship "
"between the suite and the codename can be summarized as the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The relationship between suite and codename"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Timing"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "suite = <literal>stable</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "suite = <literal>testing</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "suite = <literal>unstable</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "after the <literal>&codename-stable;</literal> release"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "codename = <literal>&codename-stable;</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "codename = <literal>&codename-testing;</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "codename = <literal>sid</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "after the <literal>&codename-testing;</literal> release"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "codename = <literal>&codename-nexttesting;</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The history of codenames are described in <ulink "
"url=\"&debianfaqgcbwhiceenusedinthepast;\">Debian FAQ: 6.2.1 Which other "
"codenames have been used in the past?</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"In the stricter Debian archive terminology, the word \"section\" is "
"specifically used for the categorization of packages by the application "
"area.  (Although, the word \"main section\" may sometimes be used to "
"describe the Debian archive area named as \"main\".)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Every time a new upload is done by a Debian developer (DD) to the "
"<literal>unstable</literal> archive (via <ulink "
"url=\"&incoming;\">incoming</ulink> processing), the DD is required to "
"ensure uploaded packages to be compatible with the latest set of packages in "
"the latest <literal>unstable</literal> archive."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"If DD breaks this compatibility intentionally for important library upgrade "
"etc, there is usually announcement to <ulink "
"url=\"&thedebiandevelmailinglist;\">the debian-devel mailing list</ulink> "
"etc."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Before a set of packages are moved by the Debian archive maintenance script "
"from the <literal>unstable</literal> archive to the "
"<literal>testing</literal> archive, the archive maintenance script not only "
"checks the maturity (about 2-10 days old) and the status of the RC bug "
"reports for the packages but also tries to ensure them to be compatible with "
"the latest set of packages in the <literal>testing</literal> archive. This "
"process makes the <literal>testing</literal> archive very current and "
"usable."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Through the gradual archive freeze process led by the release team, the "
"<literal>testing</literal> archive is matured to make it completely "
"consistent and bug free with some manual interventions.  Then the new "
"<literal>stable</literal> release is created by assigning the codename for "
"the old <literal>testing</literal> archive to the new "
"<literal>stable</literal> archive and creating the new codename for the new "
"<literal>testing</literal> archive.  The initial contents of the new "
"<literal>testing</literal> archive is exactly the same as that of the newly "
"released <literal>stable</literal> archive."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Both the <literal>unstable</literal> and the <literal>testing</literal> "
"archives may suffer temporary glitches due to several factors."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Broken package upload to the archive (mostly for "
"<literal>unstable</literal>)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Delay of accepting the new packages to the archive (mostly for "
"<literal>unstable</literal>)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Archive synchronization timing issue (both for <literal>testing</literal> "
"and <literal>unstable</literal>)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Manual intervention to the archive such as package removal (more for "
"<literal>testing</literal>) etc."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"So if you ever decide to use these archives, you should be able to fix or "
"work around these kinds of glitches."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"For about few months after a new <literal>stable</literal> release, most "
"desktop users should use the <literal>stable</literal> archive with its "
"security updates even if they usually use <literal>unstable</literal> or "
"<literal>testing</literal> archives.  For this transition period, both "
"<literal>unstable</literal> and <literal>testing</literal> archives are not "
"good for most people. Your system is difficult to keep in good working "
"condition with the <literal>unstable</literal> archive since it suffers "
"surges of major upgrades for core packages.  The <literal>testing</literal> "
"archive is not useful either since it contains mostly the same content as "
"the <literal>stable</literal> archive without its security support (<ulink "
"url=\"&debiantestingsectyannouncecaaibc;\">Debian testing-security-announce "
"2008-12</ulink>). After a month or so, <literal>unstable</literal> or "
"<literal>testing</literal> archives may become useful if you are careful."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"When tracking the <literal>testing</literal> archive, a problem caused by a "
"removed package is usually worked around by installing corresponding package "
"from the <literal>unstable</literal> archive which is uploaded for bug fix."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"See <ulink url=\"&debianpolicymanual;\">Debian Policy Manual</ulink> for "
"archive definitions."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"<ulink url=\"&sections;\">Sections</ulink>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"<ulink url=\"&priorities;\">Priorities</ulink>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"<ulink url=\"&basesystem;\">Base system</ulink>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"<ulink url=\"&essentialpackages;\">Essential packages</ulink>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Debian is 100% free software"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Debian is 100% free software because of the followings:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Debian installs only free software by default to respect user's freedoms."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Debian provides only free software in <literal>main</literal>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Debian recommends running only free software from <literal>main</literal>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"No packages in <literal>main</literal> depend nor recommend packages in "
"<literal>non-free</literal> nor <literal>non-free-firmware</literal> nor "
"<literal>contrib</literal>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Some people wonder if the following 2 facts contradict or not."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"\"Debian will remain 100% free\". (First term of <ulink "
"url=\"&debiansocialcontract;\">Debian Social Contract</ulink>)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Debian servers host some <literal>non-free-firmware</literal>, "
"<literal>non-free</literal> and <literal>contrib</literal> packages."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "These do not contradict, because of the followings."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The Debian system is 100% free and its packages are hosted by Debian servers "
"in the <literal>main</literal> area."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Packages outside of the Debian system are hosted by Debian servers in the "
"<literal>non-free</literal>, <literal>non-free-firmware</literal> and "
"<literal>contrib</literal> areas."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"These are precisely explained in the 4th and 5th terms of <ulink "
"url=\"&debiansocialcontract;\">Debian Social Contract</ulink>:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Our priorities are our users and free software"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"We will be guided by the needs of our users and the free software "
"community. We will place their interests first in our priorities. We will "
"support the needs of our users for operation in many different kinds of "
"computing environments. We will not object to non-free works that are "
"intended to be used on Debian systems, or attempt to charge a fee to people "
"who create or use such works. We will allow others to create distributions "
"containing both the Debian system and other works, without any fee from "
"us. In furtherance of these goals, we will provide an integrated system of "
"high-quality materials with no legal restrictions that would prevent such "
"uses of the system."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Works that do not meet our free software standards"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"We acknowledge that some of our users require the use of works that do not "
"conform to the Debian Free Software Guidelines. We have created "
"\"<literal>non-free</literal>\", \"<literal>non-free-firmware</literal>\" "
"and \"<literal>contrib</literal>\" areas in our archive for these works. The "
"packages in these areas are not part of the Debian system, although they "
"have been configured for use with Debian. We encourage CD manufacturers to "
"read the licenses of the packages in these areas and determine if they can "
"distribute the packages on their CDs. Thus, although non-free works are not "
"a part of Debian, we support their use and provide infrastructure for "
"non-free packages (such as our bug tracking system and mailing lists).  The "
"Debian official media may include firmware that is otherwise not part of the "
"Debian system to enable use of Debian with hardware that requires such "
"firmware."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The actual text of the 5th term in the current <ulink "
"url=\"&debiansocialcontract;\">Debian Social Contract</ulink> 1.2 is "
"slightly different from the above text.  This editorial deviation is "
"intentional one to make this user document consistent without changing the "
"real content of the Social Contract."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Users should be aware of the risks of using packages in the "
"<literal>non-free</literal>, <literal>non-free-firmware</literal> and "
"<literal>contrib</literal> areas:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "lack of freedom for such software packages"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"lack of support from Debian on such software packages (Debian can't support "
"software properly without having access to its source code.)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "contamination of your 100% free Debian system"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The <ulink url=\"&debianfreesoftwareguidelines;\">Debian Free Software "
"Guidelines</ulink> are the free software standards for <ulink "
"url=\"&debian;\">Debian</ulink>.  Debian interprets \"software\" in the "
"widest scope including document, firmware, logo, and artwork data in the "
"package.  This makes Debian's free software standards very strict ones."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Typical <literal>non-free</literal>, <literal>non-free-firmware</literal> "
"and <literal>contrib</literal> packages include freely distributable "
"packages of following types:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Document packages under <ulink url=\"&gnufreedocumentationlicense;\">GNU "
"Free Documentation License</ulink> with invariant sections such as ones for "
"GCC and Make.  (mostly found in the <literal>non-free/doc</literal> "
"section.)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Firmware packages containing sourceless binary data such as ones listed in "
"<xref linkend=\"_hardware_drivers_and_firmware\"/> as "
"<literal>non-free-firmware</literal>. (mostly found in the "
"<literal>non-free-firmware/kernel</literal> section.)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Game and font packages with restriction on commercial use and/or content "
"modification."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Please note that the number of <literal>non-free</literal>, "
"<literal>non-free-firmware</literal> and <literal>contrib</literal> packages "
"is less than 2% of that of <literal>main</literal> packages.  Enabling "
"access to the <literal>non-free</literal>, "
"<literal>non-free-firmware</literal> and <literal>contrib</literal> areas "
"does not obscure the source of packages.  Interactive full screen use of "
"<literal>aptitude</literal>(8) provides you with full visibility and control "
"over what packages are installed from which area to keep your system as free "
"as you wish."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Package dependencies"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The Debian system offers a consistent set of binary packages through its "
"versioned binary dependency declaration mechanism in the control file "
"fields.  Here is a bit over simplified definition for them."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"Depends\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"This declares an absolute dependency and all of the packages listed in this "
"field must be installed at the same time or in advance."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"Pre-Depends\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"This is like Depends, except that it requires completed installation of the "
"listed packages in advance."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"Recommends\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"This declares a strong, but not absolute, dependency.  Most users would not "
"want the package unless all of the packages listed in this field are "
"installed."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"Suggests\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"This declares a weak dependency.  Many users of this package may benefit "
"from installing packages listed in this field but can have reasonable "
"functions without them."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"Enhances\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"This declares a weak dependency like Suggests but works in the opposite "
"direction."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"Breaks\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"This declares a package incompatibility usually with some version "
"specification.  Generally the resolution is to upgrade all of the packages "
"listed in this field."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"Conflicts\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"This declares an absolute incompatibility.  All of the packages listed in "
"this field must be removed to install this package."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"Replaces\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"This is declared when files installed by this package replace files in the "
"listed packages."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"Provides\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"This is declared when this package provide all of the files and "
"functionality in the listed packages."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Please note that defining \"Provides\", \"Conflicts\" and \"Replaces\" "
"simultaneously to an virtual package is the sane configuration.  This "
"ensures that only one real package providing this virtual package can be "
"installed at any one time."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The official definition including source dependency can be found in <ulink "
"url=\"&thepolicymanualcsbetweenpackages;\">the Policy Manual: Chapter 7 - "
"Declaring relationships between packages</ulink>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The event flow of the package management"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Here is a summary of the simplified event flow of the package management by "
"APT."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Update</emphasis> (\"<literal>apt "
"update</literal>\", \"<literal>aptitude update</literal>\" or "
"\"<literal>apt-get update</literal>\"):"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><orderedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Fetch archive metadata from remote archive"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><orderedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Reconstruct and update local metadata for use by APT"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Upgrade</emphasis> (\"<literal>apt "
"upgrade</literal>\" and \"<literal>apt full-upgrade</literal>\", or "
"\"<literal>aptitude safe-upgrade</literal>\" and \"<literal>aptitude "
"full-upgrade</literal>\", or \"<literal>apt-get upgrade</literal>\" and "
"\"<literal>apt-get dist-upgrade</literal>\"):"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><orderedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Choose candidate version which is usually the latest available version for "
"all installed packages (see <xref linkend=\"_tweaking_candidate_version\"/> "
"for exception)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><orderedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Make package dependency resolution"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><orderedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Fetch selected binary packages from remote archive if candidate version is "
"different from installed version"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><orderedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Unpack fetched binary packages"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><orderedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Run <emphasis role=\"strong\">preinst</emphasis> script"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><orderedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Install binary files"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><orderedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Run <emphasis role=\"strong\">postinst</emphasis> script"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Install</emphasis> (\"<literal>apt install "
"…</literal>\", <literal>aptitude install …</literal>\" or \"<literal>apt-get "
"install …</literal>\"):"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><orderedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Choose packages listed on the command line"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><orderedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Fetch selected binary packages from remote archive"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Remove</emphasis> (\"<literal>apt remove "
"…</literal>\", \"<literal>aptitude remove …</literal>\" or "
"\"<literal>apt-get remove …</literal>\"):"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><orderedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Run <emphasis role=\"strong\">prerm</emphasis> script"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><orderedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Remove installed files <emphasis role=\"strong\">except</emphasis> "
"configuration files"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><orderedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Run <emphasis role=\"strong\">postrm</emphasis> script"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Purge</emphasis> (\"<literal>apt "
"purge</literal>\", \"<literal>aptitude purge …</literal>\" or "
"\"<literal>apt-get purge …</literal>\"):"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><orderedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Remove installed files <emphasis role=\"strong\">including</emphasis> "
"configuration files"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Here, I intentionally skipped technical details for the sake of big picture."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "First response to package management troubles"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"You should read the fine official documentation.  The first document to read "
"is the Debian specific "
"\"<literal>/usr/share/doc/<emphasis>package_name</emphasis>/README.Debian</literal>\".  "
"Other documentation in "
"\"<literal>/usr/share/doc/<emphasis>package_name</emphasis>/</literal>\" "
"should be consulted too.  If you set shell as <xref "
"linkend=\"_customizing_bash\"/>, type the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"You may need to install the corresponding documentation package named with "
"\"<literal>-doc</literal>\" suffix for detailed information."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"If you are experiencing problems with a specific package, make sure to check "
"out <ulink url=\"&thedebianbugtrackingsystembts;\">the Debian bug tracking "
"system (BTS)</ulink> sites, first."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of key web site to resolving problems with a specific package"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "web site"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Home page of <ulink url=\"&thedebianbugtrackingsystembts;\">the Debian bug "
"tracking system (BTS)</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>sensible-browser \"https://bugs.debian.org/\"</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The bug report of a known package name"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>sensible-browser "
"\"https://bugs.debian.org/<emphasis>package_name</emphasis>\"</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The bug report of known bug number"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>sensible-browser "
"\"https://bugs.debian.org/<emphasis>bug_number</emphasis>\"</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Search <ulink url=\"&google;\">Google</ulink> with search words including "
"\"<literal>site:debian.org</literal>\", "
"\"<literal>site:wiki.debian.org</literal>\", "
"\"<literal>site:lists.debian.org</literal>\", etc."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"When you file a bug report, please use <literal>reportbug</literal>(1) "
"command."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "How to pick Debian packages"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"When you encounter more than 2 similar packages and wonder which one to "
"install without \"trial and error\" efforts, you should use some <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">common sense</emphasis>.  I consider following points are "
"good indications of preferred packages."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Essential: yes &gt; no"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Area: main &gt; contrib &gt; non-free"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Priority: required &gt; important &gt; standard &gt; optional &gt; extra"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Tasks: packages listed in tasks such as \"Desktop environment\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Packages selected by the dependency package (e.g., <literal>gcc-10</literal> "
"by <literal>gcc</literal>)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Popcon: higher in the vote and install number"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Changelog: regular updates by the maintainer"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "BTS: No RC bugs (no critical, no grave, and no serious bugs)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "BTS: responsive maintainer to bug reports"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "BTS: higher number of the recently fixed bugs"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "BTS: lower number of remaining non-wishlist bugs"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Debian being a volunteer project with distributed development model, its "
"archive contains many packages with different focus and quality.  You must "
"make your own decision what to do with them."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "How to cope with conflicting requirements"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Whatever suite of Debian system you may decide to use, you may still wish to "
"run versions of programs which aren't available in that suite.  Even if you "
"find binary packages of such programs in other Debian suites or in other "
"non-Debian resources, their requirements may conflict with your current "
"Debian system."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Although you can tweak package management system with <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">apt-pinning</emphasis> technique etc. as described in <xref "
"linkend=\"_tweaking_candidate_version\"/> to instal such out-of-sync binary "
"packages, such tweaking approaches have only limited use cases since they "
"may break those programs and your system."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Before brutally installing such out-of-sync packages, you should seek all "
"available alternative safer technical solutions which are compatible with "
"your current Debian syetem."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Install such programs using corresponding sandboxed upstream binary packages "
"(see <xref linkend=\"_sandbox\"/>)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Many mostly GUI programs such as LibreOffice and GNOME applications are "
"available as <ulink url=\"&flatpak;\">Flatpak</ulink>, <ulink "
"url=\"&snap;\">Snap</ulink>, or <ulink url=\"&appimage;\">AppImage</ulink> "
"packages."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Create a chroot or similar environment and run such programs in it (see "
"<xref linkend=\"_virtualized_system\"/>)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"CLI commands can be executed easily under its compatible chroot (see <xref "
"linkend=\"_chroot_system\"/>)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Multiple full desktop environments can be tried easily without reboot (see "
"<xref linkend=\"_multiple_desktop_systems\"/>)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Build desired versions of binary packages which are compatible with your "
"current Debian syetem by yourself."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"This is a <ulink url=\"&nontrivialtask;\">non-trivial task</ulink> (see "
"<xref linkend=\"_porting_a_package_to_the_stable_system\"/>)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Basic package management operations"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Repository based package management operations on the Debian system can be "
"performed by many APT-based package management tools available on the Debian "
"system.  Here, we explain 3 basic package management tools: "
"<literal>apt</literal>, <literal>apt-get</literal> / "
"<literal>apt-cache</literal> and <literal>aptitude</literal>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"For the package management operation which involves package installation or "
"updates package metadata, you need to have root privilege."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>apt</literal> vs. <literal>apt-get</literal> / "
"<literal>apt-cache</literal> vs. <literal>aptitude</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Although <literal>aptitude</literal> is a very nice interactive tool which "
"the author mainly uses, you should know some cautionary facts:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The <literal>aptitude</literal> command is not recommended for the "
"release-to-release system upgrade on the <literal>stable</literal> Debian "
"system after the new release."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The use of \"<literal>apt full-upgrade</literal>\" or \"<literal>apt-get "
"dist-upgrade</literal>\" is recommended for it.  See <ulink "
"url=\"&bugebbcia;\">Bug #411280</ulink>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The <literal>aptitude</literal> command sometimes suggests mass package "
"removals for the system upgrade on the <literal>testing</literal> or "
"<literal>unstable</literal> Debian system."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "This situation has frightened many system administrators.  Don't panic."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"This seems to be caused mostly by the version skew among packages depended "
"or recommended by a meta-package such as <literal>gnome-core</literal>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"This can be resolved by selecting \"Cancel pending actions\" in the "
"<literal>aptitude</literal> command menu, exiting "
"<literal>aptitude</literal>, and using \"<literal>apt "
"full-upgrade</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The <literal>apt-get</literal> and <literal>apt-cache</literal> commands are "
"the most <emphasis role=\"strong\">basic</emphasis> APT-based package "
"management tools."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>apt-get</literal> and <literal>apt-cache</literal> offer only the "
"commandline user interface."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>apt-get</literal> is most suitable for the <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">major system upgrade</emphasis> between releases, etc."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>apt-get</literal> offers a <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">robust</emphasis> package dependency resolver."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>apt-get</literal> is less demanding on hardware resources.  It "
"consumes less memory and runs faster."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>apt-cache</literal> offers a <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">standard</emphasis> regex based search on the package name "
"and description."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>apt-get</literal> and <literal>apt-cache</literal> can manage "
"multiple versions of packages using <literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal> "
"but it is quite cumbersome."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The <literal>apt</literal> command is a high-level commandline interface for "
"package management. It is basically a wrapper of <literal>apt-get</literal>, "
"<literal>apt-cache</literal> and similar commands, originally intended as an "
"end-user interface and enables some options better suited for interactive "
"usage by default."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>apt</literal> provides a friendly progress bar when installing "
"packages using <literal>apt install</literal>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>apt</literal> will <emphasis role=\"strong\">remove</emphasis> "
"cached <literal>.deb</literal> packages by default after sucessful "
"installation of downloaded packages."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Users are recommended to use the new <literal>apt</literal>(8) command for "
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">interactive</emphasis> usage and use the "
"<literal>apt-get</literal>(8) and <literal>apt-cache</literal>(8) commands "
"in the shell script."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The <literal>aptitude</literal> command is the most <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">versatile</emphasis> APT-based package management tool."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>aptitude</literal> offers the fullscreen interactive text user "
"interface."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>aptitude</literal> offers the commandline user interface, too."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>aptitude</literal> is most suitable for the <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">daily interactive package management</emphasis> such as "
"inspecting installed packages and searching available packages."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>aptitude</literal> is more demanding on hardware resources.  It "
"consumes more memory and runs slower."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>aptitude</literal> offers an <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">enhanced</emphasis> regex based search on all of the package "
"metadata."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>aptitude</literal> can manage multiple versions of packages without "
"using <literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal> and it is quite intuitive."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Basic package management operations with the commandline"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Here are basic package management operations with the commandline using "
"<literal>apt</literal>(8), <literal>aptitude</literal>(8) and "
"<literal>apt-get</literal>(8) /<literal>apt-cache</literal>(8)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Basic package management operations with the commandline using "
"<literal>apt</literal>(8), <literal>aptitude</literal>(8) and "
"<literal>apt-get</literal>(8) /<literal>apt-cache</literal>(8)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>apt</literal> syntax"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>aptitude</literal> syntax"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>apt-get</literal>/<literal>apt-cache</literal> syntax"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>apt update</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>aptitude update</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>apt-get update</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "update package archive metadata"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>apt install foo</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>aptitude install foo</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>apt-get install foo</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"install candidate version of \"<literal>foo</literal>\" package with its "
"dependencies"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>apt upgrade</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>aptitude safe-upgrade</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>apt-get upgrade</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"install candidate version of installed packages without removing any other "
"packages"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>apt full-upgrade</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>aptitude full-upgrade</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>apt-get dist-upgrade</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"install candidate version of installed packages while removing other "
"packages if needed"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>apt remove foo</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>aptitude remove foo</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>apt-get remove foo</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"remove \"<literal>foo</literal>\" package while leaving its configuration "
"files"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>apt autoremove</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>apt-get autoremove</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "remove auto-installed packages which are no longer required"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>apt purge foo</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>aptitude purge foo</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>apt-get purge foo</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "purge \"<literal>foo</literal>\" package with its configuration files"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>apt clean</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>aptitude clean</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>apt-get clean</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "clear out the local repository of retrieved package files completely"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>apt autoclean</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>aptitude autoclean</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>apt-get autoclean</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"clear out the local repository of retrieved package files for outdated "
"packages"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>apt show foo</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>aptitude show foo</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>apt-cache show foo</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "display detailed information about \"<literal>foo</literal>\" package"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>apt search <emphasis>regex</emphasis></literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>aptitude search <emphasis>regex</emphasis></literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>apt-cache search <emphasis>regex</emphasis></literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "search packages which match <emphasis>regex</emphasis>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>aptitude why <emphasis>regex</emphasis></literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"explain the reason why <emphasis>regex</emphasis> matching packages should "
"be installed"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>aptitude why-not <emphasis>regex</emphasis></literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"explain the reason why <emphasis>regex</emphasis> matching packages can not "
"be installed"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>apt list --manual-installed</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>aptitude search '~i!~M'</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>apt-mark showmanual</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "list manually installed packages"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>apt</literal> / <literal>apt-get</literal> and "
"<literal>aptitude</literal> can be mixed without major troubles."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The \"<literal>aptitude why <emphasis>regex</emphasis></literal>\" can list "
"more information by \"<literal>aptitude -v why "
"<emphasis>regex</emphasis></literal>\".  Similar information can be obtained "
"by \"<literal>apt rdepends <emphasis>package</emphasis></literal>\" or "
"\"<literal>apt-cache rdepends <emphasis>package</emphasis></literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"When <literal>aptitude</literal> command is started in the commandline mode "
"and faces some issues such as package conflicts, you can switch to the full "
"screen interactive mode by pressing \"<literal>e</literal>\"-key later at "
"the prompt."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Although the <literal>aptitude</literal> command comes with rich features "
"such as its enhanced package resolver, this complexity has caused (or may "
"still causes) some regressions such as <ulink url=\"&bugebbbcd;\">Bug "
"#411123</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&bugfbejda;\">Bug #514930</ulink>, and <ulink "
"url=\"&bugfhadhh;\">Bug #570377</ulink>.  In case of doubt, please use the "
"<literal>apt</literal>, <literal>apt-get</literal> and "
"<literal>apt-cache</literal> commands over the <literal>aptitude</literal> "
"command."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "You may provide command options right after \"<literal>aptitude</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Notable command options for <literal>aptitude</literal>(8)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "command option"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>-s</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "simulate the result of the command"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>-d</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "download only but no install/upgrade"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>-D</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "show brief explanations before the automatic installations and removals"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"See <literal>aptitude</literal>(8) and \"aptitude user's manual\" at "
"\"<literal>/usr/share/doc/aptitude/README</literal>\" for more."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Interactive use of aptitude"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"For the interactive package management, you start "
"<literal>aptitude</literal> in interactive mode from the console shell "
"prompt as follows."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"This updates the local copy of the archive information and display the "
"package list in the full screen with menu.  Aptitude places its "
"configuration at \"<literal>~/.aptitude/config</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"If you want to use root's configuration instead of user's one, use "
"\"<literal>sudo -H aptitude …</literal>\" instead of \"<literal>sudo "
"aptitude …</literal>\" in the above expression."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>Aptitude</literal> automatically sets <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">pending actions</emphasis> as it is started "
"interactively. If you do not like it, you can reset it from menu: \"Action\" "
"→ \"Cancel pending actions\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Key bindings of aptitude"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Notable key strokes to browse status of packages and to set \"planned "
"action\" on them in this full screen mode are the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of key bindings for aptitude"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>F10</literal> or <literal>Ctrl-t</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "menu"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"display <emphasis role=\"strong\">help</emphasis> for keystroke (more "
"complete listing)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>F10</literal> → Help → User's Manual"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "display User's Manual"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>u</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "update package archive information"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>+</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"mark the package for the <emphasis role=\"strong\">upgrade</emphasis> or the "
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">install</emphasis>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"mark the package for the <emphasis role=\"strong\">remove</emphasis> (keep "
"configuration files)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>_</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"mark the package for the <emphasis role=\"strong\">purge</emphasis> (remove "
"configuration files)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>=</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "place the package on <emphasis role=\"strong\">hold</emphasis>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>U</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"mark all upgradable packages (function as <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">full-upgrade</emphasis>)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>g</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"start <emphasis role=\"strong\">downloading</emphasis> and <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">installing</emphasis> selected packages"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>q</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "quit current screen and save changes"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>x</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "quit current screen and discard changes"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>Enter</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "view information about a package"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>C</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "view a package's changelog"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "change the limit for the displayed packages"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "search for the first match"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>\\</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "repeat the last search"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The file name specification of the command line and the menu prompt after "
"pressing \"<literal>l</literal>\" and \"<literal>//</literal>\" take the "
"aptitude regex as described below.  Aptitude regex can explicitly match a "
"package name using a string started by \"<literal>~n</literal>\" and "
"followed by the package name."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"You need to press \"<literal>U</literal>\" to get all the installed packages "
"upgraded to the <emphasis role=\"strong\">candidate version</emphasis> in "
"the visual interface.  Otherwise only the selected packages and certain "
"packages with versioned dependency to them are upgraded to the <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">candidate version</emphasis>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Package views under aptitude"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"In the interactive full screen mode of <literal>aptitude</literal>(8), "
"packages in the package list are displayed as the next example."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Here, this line means from the left as the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The \"current state\" flag (the first letter)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The \"planned action\" flag (the second letter)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The \"automatic\" flag (the third letter)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The Package name"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The change in disk space usage attributed to \"planned action\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The current version of the package"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The candidate version of the package"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The full list of flags are given at the bottom of <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">Help</emphasis> screen shown by pressing "
"\"<literal>?</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The <emphasis role=\"strong\">candidate version</emphasis> is chosen "
"according to the current local preferences (see "
"<literal>apt_preferences</literal>(5) and <xref "
"linkend=\"_tweaking_candidate_version\"/>)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Several types of package views are available under the menu "
"\"<literal>Views</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of views for aptitude"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "view"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "description of view"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>Package View</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "see <xref linkend=\"standard-package-views\"/> (default)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>Audit Recommendations</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"list packages which are recommended by some installed packages but not yet "
"installed"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>Flat Package List</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "list packages without categorization (for use with regex)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>Debtags Browser</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"list packages categorized according to their <ulink "
"url=\"&debtags;\">debtags</ulink> entries"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>Source Package View</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "list packages grouped by source packages"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Please help us <ulink url=\"&improvingtaggingkageswithdebtags;\">improving "
"tagging packages with debtags!</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The standard \"<literal>Package View</literal>\" categorizes packages "
"somewhat like <literal>dselect</literal> with few extra features."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The categorization of standard package views"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "category"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>Upgradable Packages</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"list packages organized as <literal>section</literal> → "
"<literal>area</literal> → <literal>package</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>New Packages</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>Installed Packages</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>Not Installed Packages</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>Obsolete and Locally Created Packages</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>Virtual Packages</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "list packages with the same function"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>Tasks</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "list packages with different functions generally needed for a task"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>Tasks</literal> view can be used to cherry pick packages for your "
"task."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Search method options with aptitude"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Aptitude offers several options for you to search packages using its regex "
"formula."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Shell commandline:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"\"<literal>aptitude search '<emphasis>aptitude_regex</emphasis>'</literal>\" "
"to list installation status, package name and short description of matching "
"packages"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"\"<literal>aptitude show '<emphasis>package_name</emphasis>'</literal>\" to "
"list detailed description of the package"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Interactive full screen mode:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"<literal>l</literal>\" to limit package view to matching packages"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"<literal>/</literal>\" for search to a matching package"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"<literal>\\</literal>\" for backward search to a matching package"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"<literal>n</literal>\" for find-next"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"<literal>N</literal>\" for find-next (backward)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The string for <emphasis>package_name</emphasis> is treated as the exact "
"string match to the package name unless it is started explicitly with "
"\"<literal>~</literal>\" to be the regex formula."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The aptitude regex formula"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The aptitude regex formula is mutt-like extended <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">ERE</emphasis> (see <xref "
"linkend=\"_regular_expressions\"/>) and the meanings of the "
"<literal>aptitude</literal> specific special match rule extensions are as "
"follows."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of the aptitude regex formula"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "description of the extended match rule"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "regex formula"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "match on package name"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>~n<emphasis>regex_name</emphasis></literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "match on description"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>~d<emphasis>regex_description</emphasis></literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "match on task name"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>~t<emphasis>regex_task</emphasis></literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "match on debtag"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>~G<emphasis>regex_debtag</emphasis></literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "match on maintainer"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>~m<emphasis>regex_maintainer</emphasis></literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "match on package section"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>~s<emphasis>regex_section</emphasis></literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "match on package version"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>~V<emphasis>regex_version</emphasis></literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "match archive"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>~A{&codename-stable;,&codename-testing;,sid</literal>}"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "match origin"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>~O{debian,…</literal>}"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "match priority"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>~p{extra,important,optional,required,standard</literal>}"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "match essential packages"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>~E</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "match virtual packages"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>~v</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "match new packages"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>~N</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "match with pending action"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>~a{install,upgrade,downgrade,remove,purge,hold,keep</literal>}"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "match installed packages"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>~i</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"match installed packages with <emphasis role=\"strong\">A</emphasis>-mark "
"(auto installed packages)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>~M</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"match installed packages without <emphasis role=\"strong\">A</emphasis>-mark "
"(administrator selected packages)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>~i!~M</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "match installed and upgradable packages"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>~U</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "match removed but not purged packages"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>~c</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "match removed, purged or can-be-removed packages"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>~g</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "match packages declaring a broken dependency"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>~b</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "match packages declaring broken dependency of <emphasis>type</emphasis>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>~B<emphasis>type</emphasis></literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"match <emphasis>pattern</emphasis> packages declaring dependency of "
"<emphasis>type</emphasis>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>~D[<emphasis>type</emphasis>:]<emphasis>pattern</emphasis></literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"match <emphasis>pattern</emphasis> packages declaring broken dependency of "
"<emphasis>type</emphasis>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>~DB[<emphasis>type</emphasis>:]<emphasis>pattern</emphasis></literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"match packages to which the <emphasis>pattern</emphasis> matching package "
"declares dependency <emphasis>type</emphasis>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>~R[<emphasis>type</emphasis>:]<emphasis>pattern</emphasis></literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"match packages to which the <emphasis>pattern</emphasis> matching package "
"declares broken dependency <emphasis>type</emphasis>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>~RB[<emphasis>type</emphasis>:]<emphasis>pattern</emphasis></literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "match packages to which some other installed packages depend on"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>~R~i</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "match packages to which no other installed packages depend on"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>!~R~i</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "match packages to which some other installed packages depend or recommend on"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>~R~i|~Rrecommends:~i</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "match <emphasis>pattern</emphasis> package with filtered version"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>~S filter <emphasis>pattern</emphasis></literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "match all packages (true)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>~T</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "match no packages (false)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>~F</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The regex part is the same <emphasis role=\"strong\">ERE</emphasis> as the "
"one used in typical Unix-like text tools using \"<literal>^</literal>\", "
"\"<literal>.*</literal>\", \"<literal>$</literal>\" etc. as in "
"<literal>egrep</literal>(1), <literal>awk</literal>(1) and "
"<literal>perl</literal>(1)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The dependency <emphasis>type</emphasis> is one of (depends, predepends, "
"recommends, suggests, conflicts, replaces, provides) specifying the package "
"interrelationship."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The default dependency <emphasis>type</emphasis> is \"depends\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"When <emphasis>regex_pattern</emphasis> is a null string, place "
"\"<literal>~T</literal>\" immediately after the command."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Here are some short cuts."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"\"<literal>~P<emphasis>term</emphasis></literal>\" == "
"\"<literal>~Dprovides:<emphasis>term</emphasis></literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"\"<literal>~C<emphasis>term</emphasis></literal>\" == "
"\"<literal>~Dconflicts:<emphasis>term</emphasis></literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"<literal>…~W term</literal>\" == \"<literal>(…|term)</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Users familiar with <literal>mutt</literal> pick up quickly, as mutt was the "
"inspiration for the expression syntax. See \"SEARCHING, LIMITING, AND "
"EXPRESSIONS\" in the \"User's Manual\" "
"\"<literal>/usr/share/doc/aptitude/README</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"With the <literal>lenny</literal> version of <literal>aptitude</literal>(8), "
"the new <emphasis role=\"strong\">long form</emphasis> syntax such as "
"\"<literal>?broken</literal>\" may be used for regex matching in place for "
"its old <emphasis role=\"strong\">short form</emphasis> equivalent "
"\"<literal>~b</literal>\". Now space character \"<literal> </literal>\" is "
"considered as one of the regex terminating character in addition to tilde "
"character \"<literal>~</literal>\".  See \"User's Manual\" for the new "
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">long form</emphasis> syntax."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Dependency resolution of aptitude"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The selection of a package in <literal>aptitude</literal> not only pulls in "
"packages which are defined in its \"<literal>Depends:</literal>\" list but "
"also defined in the \"<literal>Recommends:</literal>\" list if the menu "
"\"<literal>F10</literal> → Options → Preferences → Dependency handling\" is "
"set accordingly.  These auto installed packages are removed automatically if "
"they are no longer needed under <literal>aptitude</literal>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The flag controlling the \"auto install\" behavior of the "
"<literal>aptitude</literal> command can also be manipulated using the "
"<literal>apt-mark</literal>(8) command from the <literal>apt</literal> "
"package."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Package activity logs"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "You can check package activity history in the log files."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The log files for package activities"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "file"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "content"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>/var/log/dpkg.log</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Log of <literal>dpkg</literal> level activity for all package activities"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>/var/log/apt/term.log</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Log of generic APT activity"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>/var/log/aptitude</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Log of <literal>aptitude</literal> command activity"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"In reality, it is not so easy to get meaningful understanding quickly out "
"from these logs.  See <xref "
"linkend=\"_recording_changes_in_configuration_files\"/> for easier way."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Examples of aptitude operations"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Here are few examples of <literal>aptitude</literal>(8) operations."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Seeking interesting packages"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"You can seek packages which satisfy your needs with "
"<literal>aptitude</literal> from the package description or from the list "
"under \"Tasks\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Listing packages with regex matching on package names"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The following command lists packages with regex matching on package names."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "This is quite handy for you to find the exact name of a package."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Browsing with the regex matching"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The regex \"<literal>~dipv6</literal>\" in the \"New Flat Package List\" "
"view with \"<literal>l</literal>\" prompt, limits view to packages with the "
"matching description and let you browse their information interactively."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Purging removed packages for good"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "You can purge all remaining configuration files of removed packages."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Check results of the following command."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"If you think listed packages are OK to be purged, execute the following "
"command."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"You may want to do the similar in the interactive mode for fine grained "
"control."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"You provide the regex \"<literal>~c</literal>\" in the \"New Package View\" "
"view with \"<literal>l</literal>\" prompt.  This limits the package view "
"only to regex matched packages, i.e., \"removed but not purged\".  All these "
"regex matched packages can be shown by pressing \"<literal>[</literal>\" at "
"top level headings."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Then you press \"<literal>_</literal>\" at top level headings such as \"Not "
"Installed Packages\".  Only regex matched packages under the heading are "
"marked to be purged by this.  You can exclude some packages to be purged by "
"pressing \"<literal>=</literal>\" interactively for each of them."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "This technique is quite handy and works for many other command keys."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Tidying auto/manual install status"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Here is how I tidy auto/manual install status for packages (after using "
"non-aptitude package installer etc.)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Start <literal>aptitude</literal> in interactive mode as root."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Type \"<literal>u</literal>\", \"<literal>U</literal>\", "
"\"<literal>f</literal>\" and \"<literal>g</literal>\" to update and upgrade "
"package list and packages."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Type \"<literal>l</literal>\" to enter the package display limit as "
"\"<literal>~i(~R~i|~Rrecommends:~i)</literal>\" and type "
"\"<literal>M</literal>\" over \"<literal>Installed Packages</literal>\" as "
"auto installed."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Type \"<literal>l</literal>\" to enter the package display limit as "
"\"<literal>~prequired|~pimportant|~pstandard|~E</literal>\" and type "
"\"<literal>m</literal>\" over \"<literal>Installed Packages</literal>\" as "
"manual installed."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Type \"<literal>l</literal>\" to enter the package display limit as "
"\"<literal>~i!~M</literal>\" and remove unused package by typing "
"\"<literal>-</literal>\" over each of them after exposing them by typing "
"\"<literal>[</literal>\" over \"<literal>Installed Packages</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Type \"<literal>l</literal>\", to enter the package display limit as "
"\"<literal>~i</literal>\"; then type \"<literal>m</literal>\" over "
"\"<literal>Tasks</literal>\", to mark that packages as manual installed."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Exit <literal>aptitude</literal>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Start \"<literal>apt-get -s autoremove|less</literal>\" as root to check "
"what are not used."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Restart <literal>aptitude</literal> in interactive mode and mark needed "
"packages as \"<literal>m</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Restart \"<literal>apt-get -s autoremove|less</literal>\" as root to recheck "
"REMOVED contain only expected packages."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Start \"<literal>apt-get autoremove|less</literal>\" as root to autoremove "
"unused packages."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The \"<literal>m</literal>\" action over \"<literal>Tasks</literal>\" is an "
"optional one to prevent mass package removal situation in future."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "System wide upgrade"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"When moving to a new release etc, you should consider to perform a clean "
"installation of new system even though Debian is upgradable as described "
"below.  This provides you a chance to remove garbages collected and exposes "
"you to the best combination of latest packages.  Of course, you should make "
"a full backup of system to a safe place (see <xref "
"linkend=\"_backup_and_recovery\"/>) before doing this. I recommend to make a "
"dual boot configuration using different partition to have the smoothest "
"transition."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"You can perform system wide upgrade to a newer release by changing contents "
"of <emphasis role=\"strong\">the source list</emphasis> pointing to a new "
"release and running the \"<literal>apt update; apt dist-upgrade</literal>\" "
"command."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"To upgrade from <literal>stable</literal> to <literal>testing</literal> or "
"<literal>unstable</literal> during the "
"<literal>&codename-stable;</literal>-as-<literal>stable</literal> release "
"cycle, you replace \"<literal>&codename-stable;</literal>\" in <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">the source list</emphasis> example of <xref "
"linkend=\"_debian_archive_basics\"/> with "
"\"<literal>&codename-testing;</literal>\" or \"<literal>sid</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"In reality, you may face some complications due to some package transition "
"issues, mostly due to package dependencies.  The larger the difference of "
"the upgrade, the more likely you face larger troubles.  For the transition "
"from the old <literal>stable</literal> to the new <literal>stable</literal> "
"after its release, you can read its new <ulink "
"url=\"&releasenotes;\">Release Notes</ulink> and follow the exact procedure "
"described in it to minimize troubles."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"When you decide to move from <literal>stable</literal> to "
"<literal>testing</literal> before its formal release, there are no <ulink "
"url=\"&releasenotes;\">Release Notes</ulink> to help you. The difference "
"between <literal>stable</literal> and <literal>testing</literal> could have "
"grown quite large after the previous <literal>stable</literal> release and "
"makes upgrade situation complicated."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"You should make precautionary moves for the full upgrade while gathering "
"latest information from mailing list and using common senses."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Read previous \"Release Notes\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Backup entire system (especially data and configuration information)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Have bootable media handy for broken bootloader."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Inform users on the system well in advance."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Record upgrade activity with <literal>script</literal>(1)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Apply \"unmarkauto\" to required packages, e.g., \"<literal>aptitude "
"unmarkauto vim</literal>\", to prevent removal."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Minimize installed packages to reduce chance of package conflicts, e.g., "
"remove desktop task packages."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Remove the \"<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>\" file (disable "
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-pinning</emphasis>)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Try to upgrade step wise: <literal>oldstable</literal> → "
"<literal>stable</literal> → <literal>testing</literal> → "
"<literal>unstable</literal>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Update <emphasis role=\"strong\">the source list</emphasis> to point to new "
"archive only and run \"<literal>aptitude update</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Install, optionally, new <emphasis role=\"strong\">core packages</emphasis> "
"first, e.g., \"<literal>aptitude install perl</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Run the \"<literal>apt-get -s dist-upgrade</literal>\" command to assess "
"impact."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Run the \"<literal>apt-get dist-upgrade</literal>\" command at last."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"It is not wise to skip major Debian release when upgrading between "
"<literal>stable</literal> releases."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"In previous \"Release Notes\", GCC, Linux Kernel, initrd-tools, Glibc, Perl, "
"APT tool chain, etc. have required some special attention for system wide "
"upgrade."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"For daily upgrade in <literal>unstable</literal>, see <xref "
"linkend=\"_safeguarding_for_package_problems\"/>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Advanced package management operations"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Advanced package management operations with commandline"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Here are list of other package management operations for which "
"<literal>aptitude</literal> is too high-level or lacks required "
"functionalities."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of advanced package management operations"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>COLUMNS=120 dpkg -l "
"<emphasis>package_name_pattern</emphasis></literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "list status of an installed package for the bug report"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>dpkg -L <emphasis>package_name</emphasis></literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "list contents of an installed package"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>dpkg -L <emphasis>package_name</emphasis> | egrep "
"'/usr/share/man/man.*/.+'</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "list manpages for an installed package"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>dpkg -S <emphasis>file_name_pattern</emphasis></literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "list installed packages which have matching file name"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>apt-file search <emphasis>file_name_pattern</emphasis></literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "list packages in archive which have matching file name"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>apt-file list <emphasis>package_name_pattern</emphasis></literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "list contents of matching packages in archive"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>dpkg-reconfigure <emphasis>package_name</emphasis></literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "reconfigure the exact package"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>dpkg-reconfigure -plow <emphasis>package_name</emphasis></literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "reconfigure the exact package with the most detailed question"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>configure-debian</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "reconfigure packages from the full screen menu"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>dpkg --audit</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "audit system for partially installed packages"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>dpkg --configure -a</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "configure all partially installed packages"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>apt-cache policy <emphasis>binary_package_name</emphasis></literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"show available version, priority, and archive information of a binary "
"package"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>apt-cache madison <emphasis>package_name</emphasis></literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "show available version, archive information of a package"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>apt-cache showsrc "
"<emphasis>binary_package_name</emphasis></literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "show source package information of a binary package"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>apt-get build-dep <emphasis>package_name</emphasis></literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "install required packages to build package"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>aptitude build-dep <emphasis>package_name</emphasis></literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>apt-get source <emphasis>package_name</emphasis></literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "download a source (from standard archive)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>dget <emphasis>URL for dsc file</emphasis></literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "download a source packages (from other archive)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>dpkg-source -x "
"<emphasis>package_name</emphasis>_<emphasis>version</emphasis>-<emphasis>debian.revision</emphasis>.dsc</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"build a source tree from a set of source packages "
"(\"<literal>*.orig.tar.gz</literal>\" and "
"\"<literal>*.debian.tar.gz</literal>\"/\"<literal>*.diff.gz</literal>\")"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>debuild binary</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "build package(s) from a local source tree"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>make-kpkg kernel_image</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "build a kernel package from a kernel source tree"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>make-kpkg --initrd kernel_image</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "build a kernel package from a kernel source tree with initramfs enabled"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>dpkg -i "
"<emphasis>package_name</emphasis>_<emphasis>version</emphasis>-<emphasis>debian.revision</emphasis>_<emphasis>arch</emphasis>.deb</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "install a local package to the system"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>apt install "
"/path/to/<emphasis>package_filename</emphasis>.deb</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"install a local package to the system, meanwhile try to resolve dependency "
"automatically"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>debi "
"<emphasis>package_name</emphasis>_<emphasis>version</emphasis>-<emphasis>debian.revision</emphasis>_<emphasis>arch</emphasis>.dsc</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "install local package(s) to the system"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>dpkg --get-selections '*' &gt;selection.txt</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "save <literal>dpkg</literal> level package selection state information"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>dpkg --set-selections &lt;selection.txt</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "set <literal>dpkg</literal> level package selection state information"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>echo <emphasis>package_name</emphasis> hold | dpkg "
"--set-selections</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"set <literal>dpkg</literal> level package selection state for a package to "
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">hold</emphasis> (equivalent to \"<literal>aptitude "
"hold <emphasis>package_name</emphasis></literal>\")"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"For a package with the <ulink url=\"&multiarch;\">multi-arch</ulink> "
"feature, you may need to specify the architecture name for some commands.  "
"For example, use \"<literal>dpkg -L libglib2.0-0:amd64</literal>\" to list "
"contents of the <literal>libglib2.0-0</literal> package for the "
"<literal>amd64</literal> architecture."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Lower level package tools such as \"<literal>dpkg -i …</literal>\" and "
"\"<literal>debi …</literal>\" should be carefully used by the system "
"administrator.  It does not automatically take care required package "
"dependencies. Dpkg's commandline options \"<literal>--force-all</literal>\" "
"and similar (see <literal>dpkg</literal>(1)) are intended to be used by "
"experts only.  Using them without fully understanding their effects may "
"break your whole system."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Please note the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"All system configuration and installation commands require to be run from "
"root."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Unlike <literal>aptitude</literal> which uses regex (see <xref "
"linkend=\"_regular_expressions\"/>), other package management commands use "
"pattern like shell glob (see <xref linkend=\"_shell_glob\"/>)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>apt-file</literal>(1) provided by the <literal>apt-file</literal> "
"package must run \"<literal>apt-file update</literal>\" in advance."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>configure-debian</literal>(8) provided by the "
"<literal>configure-debian</literal> package runs "
"<literal>dpkg-reconfigure</literal>(8) as its backend."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>dpkg-reconfigure</literal>(8) runs package scripts using "
"<literal>debconf</literal>(1) as its backend."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"\"<literal>apt-get build-dep</literal>\", \"<literal>apt-get "
"source</literal>\" and \"<literal>apt-cache showsrc</literal>\" commands "
"require \"<literal>deb-src</literal>\" entry in <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">the source list</emphasis>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>dget</literal>(1), <literal>debuild</literal>(1), and "
"<literal>debi</literal>(1) require <literal>devscripts</literal> package."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"See (re)packaging procedure using \"<literal>apt-get source</literal>\" in "
"<xref linkend=\"_porting_a_package_to_the_stable_system\"/>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>make-kpkg</literal> command requires the "
"<literal>kernel-package</literal> package (see <xref "
"linkend=\"_the_kernel\"/>)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "See <xref linkend=\"_making_debian_package\"/> for general packaging."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Verification of installed package files"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The installation of <literal>debsums</literal> enables verification of "
"installed package files against MD5sum values in the "
"\"<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/*.md5sums</literal>\" file with "
"<literal>debsums</literal>(1).  See <xref linkend=\"_the_md5_sum\"/> for how "
"MD5sum works."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Because MD5sum database may be tampered by the intruder, "
"<literal>debsums</literal>(1) is of limited use as a security tool. It is "
"only good for checking local modifications by the administrator or damage "
"due to media errors."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Safeguarding for package problems"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Many users prefer to follow the <emphasis role=\"strong\">testing</emphasis> "
"(or <emphasis role=\"strong\">unstable</emphasis>) releases of the Debian "
"system for its new features and packages.  This makes the system more prone "
"to be hit by the critical package bugs."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The installation of the <literal>apt-listbugs</literal> package safeguards "
"your system against critical bugs by checking Debian BTS automatically for "
"critical bugs when upgrading with APT system."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The installation of the <literal>apt-listchanges</literal> package provides "
"important news in \"<literal>NEWS.Debian</literal>\" when upgrading with APT "
"system."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Searching on the package meta data"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Although visiting Debian site <ulink "
"url=\"&httpspackagesdebianorg;\">https://packages.debian.org/</ulink> "
"facilitates easy ways to search on the package meta data these days, let's "
"look into more traditional ways."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The <literal>grep-dctrl</literal>(1), <literal>grep-status</literal>(1), and "
"<literal>grep-available</literal>(1) commands can be used to search any file "
"which has the general format of a Debian package control file."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The \"<literal>dpkg -S <emphasis>file_name_pattern</emphasis></literal>\" "
"can be used to search package names which contain files with the matching "
"name installed by <literal>dpkg</literal>.  But this overlooks files created "
"by the maintainer scripts."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"If you need to make more elaborate search on the dpkg meta data, you need to "
"run \"<literal>grep -e regex_pattern *</literal>\" command in the "
"\"<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/</literal>\" directory.  This makes you search "
"words mentioned in package scripts and installation query texts."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"If you wish to look up package dependency recursively, you should use "
"<literal>apt-rdepends</literal>(8)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Debian package management internals"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Let's learn how the Debian package management system works internally.  This "
"should help you to create your own solution to some package problems."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Archive meta data"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Meta data files for each distribution are stored under "
"\"<literal>dist/<emphasis>codename</emphasis></literal>\" on each Debian "
"mirror sites, e.g., \"<literal>http://deb.debian.org/debian/</literal>\".  "
"Its archive structure can be browsed by the web browser. There are 6 types "
"of key meta data."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The content of the Debian archive meta data"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "location"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>Release</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "top of distribution"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "archive description and integrity information"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>Release.gpg</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"signature file for the \"<literal>Release</literal>\" file signed with the "
"archive key"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>Contents-<emphasis>architecture</emphasis></literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "list of all files for all the packages in the pertinent archive"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "top of each distribution/area/architecture combination"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"archive description used for the rule of "
"<literal>apt_preferences</literal>(5)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>Packages</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "top of each distribution/area/binary-architecture combination"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "concatenated <literal>debian/control</literal> for binary packages"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>Sources</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "top of each distribution/area/source combination"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "concatenated <literal>debian/control</literal> for source packages"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"In the recent archive, these meta data are stored as the compressed and "
"differential files to reduce network traffic."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Top level \"Release\" file and authenticity"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The top level \"<literal>Release</literal>\" file is used for signing the "
"archive under the <emphasis role=\"strong\">secure APT</emphasis> system."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Each suite of the Debian archive has a top level "
"\"<literal>Release</literal>\" file, e.g., "
"\"<literal>http://deb.debian.org/debian/dists/unstable/Release</literal>\", "
"as follows."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Here, you can find my rationale to use the \"suite\", and \"codename\" in "
"<xref linkend=\"_debian_archive_basics\"/>.  The \"distribution\" is used "
"when referring to both \"suite\" and \"codename\".  All archive \"area\" "
"names offered by the archive are listed under \"Components\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The integrity of the top level \"<literal>Release</literal>\" file is "
"verified by cryptographic infrastructure called the <ulink "
"url=\"&secureapt;\">secure apt</ulink> as described in "
"<literal>apt-secure</literal>(8)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The cryptographic signature file \"<literal>Release.gpg</literal>\" is "
"created from the authentic top level \"<literal>Release</literal>\" file and "
"the secret Debian archive key."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The public Debian archive keys are locally installed by the latest "
"<literal>debian-archive-keyring</literal> package."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The <emphasis role=\"strong\">secure APT</emphasis> system automatically "
"verifies the integrity of the downloaded top level "
"\"<literal>Release</literal>\" file cryptographically by this "
"\"<literal>Release.gpg</literal>\" file and the locally installed public "
"Debian archive keys."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The integrity of all the \"<literal>Packages</literal>\" and "
"\"<literal>Sources</literal>\" files are verified by using MD5sum values in "
"its top level \"<literal>Release</literal>\" file.  The integrity of all "
"package files are verified by using MD5sum values in the "
"\"<literal>Packages</literal>\" and \"<literal>Sources</literal>\" files.  "
"See <literal>debsums</literal>(1) and <xref "
"linkend=\"_verification_of_installed_package_files\"/>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Since the cryptographic signature verification is a much more CPU intensive "
"process than the MD5sum value calculation, use of MD5sum value for each "
"package while using cryptographic signature for the top level "
"\"<literal>Release</literal>\" file provides <ulink "
"url=\"&thegoodsecuritywththeperformance;\">the good security with the "
"performance</ulink> (see <xref linkend=\"_data_security_infrastructure\"/>)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"If <emphasis role=\"strong\">the source list</emphasis> entry specifies the "
"\"<literal>signed-by</literal>\" option, the integrity of its downloaded top "
"level \"<literal>Release</literal>\" file is verified using specified public "
"key. This is useful when <emphasis role=\"strong\">the source "
"list</emphasis> contains non-Debian archives."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The use of <literal>apt-key</literal>(8) command for APT key management is "
"deprecated."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Also, you can manually verify the integrity of the "
"\"<literal>Release</literal>\" file with the "
"\"<literal>Release.gpg</literal>\" file and the public Debian archive key "
"posted on <ulink url=\"&ftpmasterdebianorg;\">ftp-master.debian.org</ulink> "
"using <literal>gpg</literal>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Archive level \"Release\" files"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The archive level \"<literal>Release</literal>\" files are used for the rule "
"of <literal>apt_preferences</literal>(5)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"There are archive level \"<literal>Release</literal>\" files for all archive "
"locations specified by <emphasis role=\"strong\">the source list</emphasis>, "
"such as "
"\"<literal>http://deb.debian.org/debian/dists/unstable/main/binary-amd64/Release</literal>\" "
"or "
"\"<literal>http://deb.debian.org/debian/dists/sid/main/binary-amd64/Release</literal>\" "
"as follows."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"For \"<literal>Archive:</literal>\" stanza, suite names "
"(\"<literal>stable</literal>\", \"<literal>testing</literal>\", "
"\"<literal>unstable</literal>\", …) are used in <ulink "
"url=\"&thedebianarchive;\">the Debian archive</ulink> while codenames "
"(\"<literal>trusty</literal>\", \"<literal>xenial</literal>\", "
"\"<literal>artful</literal>\", …) are used in <ulink "
"url=\"&theubuntuarchive;\">the Ubuntu archive</ulink>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"For some archives, such as <literal>experimental</literal>, and "
"<literal>&codename-stable;-backports</literal>, which contain packages which "
"should not be installed automatically, there is an extra line, e.g., "
"\"<literal>http://deb.debian.org/debian/dists/experimental/main/binary-amd64/Release</literal>\" "
"as follows."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Please note that for normal archives without \"<literal>NotAutomatic: "
"yes</literal>\", the default Pin-Priority value is 500, while for special "
"archives with \"<literal>NotAutomatic: yes</literal>\", the default "
"Pin-Priority value is 1 (see <literal>apt_preferences</literal>(5) and <xref "
"linkend=\"_tweaking_candidate_version\"/>)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Fetching of the meta data for the package"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"When APT tools, such as <literal>aptitude</literal>, "
"<literal>apt-get</literal>, <literal>synaptic</literal>, "
"<literal>apt-file</literal>, <literal>auto-apt</literal>, … are used, we "
"need to update the local copies of the meta data containing the Debian "
"archive information. These local copies have following file names "
"corresponding to the specified <literal>distribution</literal>, "
"<literal>area</literal>, and <literal>architecture</literal> names in "
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">the source list</emphasis> (see <xref "
"linkend=\"_debian_archive_basics\"/>)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"<literal>/var/lib/apt/lists/deb.debian.org_debian_dists_<emphasis>distribution</emphasis>_Release</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"<literal>/var/lib/apt/lists/deb.debian.org_debian_dists_<emphasis>distribution</emphasis>_Release.gpg</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"<literal>/var/lib/apt/lists/deb.debian.org_debian_dists_<emphasis>distribution</emphasis>_<emphasis>area</emphasis>_binary-<emphasis>architecture</emphasis>_Packages</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"<literal>/var/lib/apt/lists/deb.debian.org_debian_dists_<emphasis>distribution</emphasis>_<emphasis>area</emphasis>_source_Sources</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"\"<literal>/var/cache/apt/apt-file/deb.debian.org_debian_dists_<emphasis>distribution</emphasis>_Contents-<emphasis>architecture</emphasis>.gz</literal>\" "
"(for <literal>apt-file</literal>)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"First 4 types of files are shared by all the pertinent APT commands and "
"updated from command line by \"<literal>apt-get update</literal>\" or "
"\"<literal>aptitude update</literal>\".  The \"<literal>Packages</literal>\" "
"meta data are updated if the \"<literal>deb</literal>\" is specified in "
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">the source list</emphasis>. The "
"\"<literal>Sources</literal>\" meta data are updated if the "
"\"<literal>deb-src</literal>\" is specified in <emphasis role=\"strong\">the "
"source list</emphasis>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The \"<literal>Packages</literal>\" and \"<literal>Sources</literal>\" meta "
"data contain \"<literal>Filename:</literal>\" stanza pointing to the file "
"location of the binary and source packages.  Currently, these packages are "
"located under the \"<literal>pool/</literal>\" directory tree for the "
"improved transition over the releases."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Local copies of \"<literal>Packages</literal>\" meta data can be "
"interactively searched with the help of <literal>aptitude</literal>.  The "
"specialized search command <literal>grep-dctrl</literal>(1) can search local "
"copies of \"<literal>Packages</literal>\" and \"<literal>Sources</literal>\" "
"meta data."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Local copy of "
"\"<literal>Contents-<emphasis>architecture</emphasis></literal>\" meta data "
"can be updated by \"<literal>apt-file update</literal>\" and its location is "
"different from other 4 ones. See <literal>apt-file</literal>(1). (The "
"<literal>auto-apt</literal> uses different location for local copy of "
"\"<literal>Contents-<emphasis>architecture</emphasis>.gz</literal>\" as "
"default.)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The package state for APT"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"In addition to the remotely fetched meta data, the APT tool after "
"<literal>lenny</literal> stores its locally generated installation state "
"information in the \"<literal>/var/lib/apt/extended_states</literal>\" which "
"is used by all APT tools to track all auto installed packages."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The package state for aptitude"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"In addition to the remotely fetched meta data, the "
"<literal>aptitude</literal> command stores its locally generated "
"installation state information in the "
"\"<literal>/var/lib/aptitude/pkgstates</literal>\" which is used only by it."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Local copies of the fetched packages"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"All the remotely fetched packages via APT mechanism are stored in the "
"\"<literal>/var/cache/apt/archives</literal>\" until they are cleaned."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"This cache file cleaning policy for <literal>aptitude</literal> can be set "
"under \"<literal>Options</literal>\" → \"<literal>Preferences</literal>\" "
"and it may be forced by its menu \"<literal>Clean package cache</literal>\" "
"or \"<literal>Clean obsolete files</literal>\" under "
"\"<literal>Actions</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Debian package file names"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Debian package files have particular name structures."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The name structure of Debian packages"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "package type"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "name structure"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The binary package (a.k.a <literal>deb</literal>)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal><emphasis>package-name</emphasis>_<emphasis>upstream-version</emphasis>-<emphasis>debian.revision</emphasis>_<emphasis>architecture</emphasis>.deb</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The binary package for debian-installer (a.k.a <literal>udeb</literal>)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal><emphasis>package-name</emphasis>_<emphasis>upstream-version</emphasis>-<emphasis>debian.revision</emphasis>_<emphasis>architecture</emphasis>.udeb</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The source package (upstream source)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal><emphasis>package-name</emphasis>_<emphasis>upstream-version</emphasis>-<emphasis>debian.revision</emphasis>.orig.tar.gz</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The <literal>1.0</literal> source package (Debian changes)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal><emphasis>package-name</emphasis>_<emphasis>upstream-version</emphasis>-<emphasis>debian.revision</emphasis>.diff.gz</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The <literal>3.0 (quilt)</literal> source package (Debian changes)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal><emphasis>package-name</emphasis>_<emphasis>upstream-version</emphasis>-<emphasis>debian.revision</emphasis>.debian.tar.gz</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The source package (description)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal><emphasis>package-name</emphasis>_<emphasis>upstream-version</emphasis>-<emphasis>debian.revision</emphasis>.dsc</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Here only the basic source package formats are described.  See more on "
"<literal>dpkg-source</literal>(1)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The usable characters for each component in the Debian package names"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "name component"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "usable characters (ERE regex)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "existence"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal><emphasis>package-name</emphasis></literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>[a-z0-9][-a-z0-9.+]+</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "required"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal><emphasis>epoch</emphasis>:</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>[0-9]+:</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "optional"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal><emphasis>upstream-version</emphasis></literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>[-a-zA-Z0-9.+:]+</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal><emphasis>debian.revision</emphasis></literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>[a-zA-Z0-9.+~]+</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"You can check package version order by <literal>dpkg</literal>(1), e.g., "
"\"<literal>dpkg --compare-versions 7.0 gt 7.~pre1 ; echo $?</literal>\" ."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&thedebianinstallerdi;\">The debian-installer (d-i)</ulink> "
"uses <literal>udeb</literal> as the file extension for its binary package "
"instead of normal <literal>deb</literal>.  An <literal>udeb</literal> "
"package is a stripped down <literal>deb</literal> package which removes few "
"non-essential contents such as documentation to save space while relaxing "
"the package policy requirements.  Both <literal>deb</literal> and "
"<literal>udeb</literal> packages share the same package structure.  The "
"\"<literal>u</literal>\" stands for micro."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The dpkg command"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>dpkg</literal>(1) is the lowest level tool for the Debian package "
"management.  This is very powerful and needs to be used with care."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"While installing package called "
"\"<literal><emphasis>package_name</emphasis></literal>\", "
"<literal>dpkg</literal> process it in the following order."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Unpack the deb file (\"<literal>ar -x</literal>\" equivalent)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Execute \"<literal><emphasis>package_name</emphasis>.preinst</literal>\" "
"using <literal>debconf</literal>(1)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Install the package content to the system (\"<literal>tar -x</literal>\" "
"equivalent)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Execute \"<literal><emphasis>package_name</emphasis>.postinst</literal>\" "
"using <literal>debconf</literal>(1)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The <literal>debconf</literal> system provides standardized user interaction "
"with I18N and L10N (<xref linkend=\"_i18n_and_l10n\"/>) supports."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The notable files created by <literal>dpkg</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "description of contents"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/<emphasis>package_name</emphasis>.conffiles</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "list of configuration files. (user modifiable)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/<emphasis>package_name</emphasis>.list</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "list of files and directories installed by the package"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/<emphasis>package_name</emphasis>.md5sums</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "list of MD5 hash values for files installed by the package"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/<emphasis>package_name</emphasis>.preinst</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "package script to be run before the package installation"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/<emphasis>package_name</emphasis>.postinst</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "package script to be run after the package installation"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/<emphasis>package_name</emphasis>.prerm</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "package script to be run before the package removal"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/<emphasis>package_name</emphasis>.postrm</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "package script to be run after the package removal"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/<emphasis>package_name</emphasis>.config</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "package script for <literal>debconf</literal> system"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/alternatives/<emphasis>package_name</emphasis></literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"the alternative information used by the "
"<literal>update-alternatives</literal> command"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/available</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "the availability information for all the package"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/diversions</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"the diversions information used by <literal>dpkg</literal>(1) and set by "
"<literal>dpkg-divert</literal>(8)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/statoverride</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"the stat override information used by <literal>dpkg</literal>(1) and set by "
"<literal>dpkg-statoverride</literal>(8)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/status</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "the status information for all the packages"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/status-old</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"the first-generation backup of the "
"\"<literal>var/lib/dpkg/status</literal>\" file"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>/var/backups/dpkg.status*</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"the second-generation backup and older ones of the "
"\"<literal>var/lib/dpkg/status</literal>\" file"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The \"<literal>status</literal>\" file is also used by the tools such as "
"<literal>dpkg</literal>(1), \"<literal>dselect update</literal>\" and "
"\"<literal>apt-get -u dselect-upgrade</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The specialized search command <literal>grep-dctrl</literal>(1) can search "
"the local copies of \"<literal>status</literal>\" and "
"\"<literal>available</literal>\" meta data."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"In <ulink url=\"&thedebianinstaller;\">the debian-installer</ulink> "
"environment, the <literal>udpkg</literal> command is used to open "
"<literal>udeb</literal> packages.  The <literal>udpkg</literal> command is a "
"stripped down version of the <literal>dpkg</literal> command."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The update-alternatives command"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The Debian system has mechanism to install somewhat overlapping programs "
"peacefully using <literal>update-alternatives</literal>(1).  For example, "
"you can make the <literal>vi</literal> command select to run "
"<literal>vim</literal> while installing both <literal>vim</literal> and "
"<literal>nvi</literal> packages."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The Debian alternatives system keeps its selection as symlinks in "
"\"<literal>/etc/alternatives/</literal>\".  The selection process uses "
"corresponding file in \"<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/alternatives/</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The dpkg-statoverride command"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Stat overrides</emphasis> provided by the "
"<literal>dpkg-statoverride</literal>(8) command are a way to tell "
"<literal>dpkg</literal>(1) to use a different owner or mode for a <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">file</emphasis> when a package is installed. If "
"\"<literal>--update</literal>\" is specified and file exists, it is "
"immediately set to the new owner and mode."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The direct alteration of owner or mode for a <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">file</emphasis> owned by the package using "
"<literal>chmod</literal> or <literal>chown</literal> commands by the system "
"administrator is reset by the next upgrade of the package."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"I use the word <emphasis role=\"strong\">file</emphasis> here, but in "
"reality this can be any filesystem object that <literal>dpkg</literal> "
"handles, including directories, devices, etc."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The dpkg-divert command"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"File <emphasis role=\"strong\">diversions</emphasis> provided by the "
"<literal>dpkg-divert</literal>(8) command are a way of forcing "
"<literal>dpkg</literal>(1) not to install a file into its default location, "
"but to a <emphasis role=\"strong\">diverted</emphasis> location.  The use of "
"<literal>dpkg-divert</literal> is meant for the package maintenance "
"scripts.  Its casual use by the system administrator is deprecated."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Recovery from a broken system"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"When running <literal>testing</literal> or <literal>unstable</literal> "
"system, the administrator is expected to recover from broken package "
"management situation."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><caution><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Some methods described here are high risk actions.  You have been warned!"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Failed installation due to missing dependencies"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"If you force to install a package by \"<literal>sudo dpkg -i ...</literal>\" "
"to a system without all dependency packages installed, the package "
"installation will fail as partially installed."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"You should install all dependency packages using APT-system or "
"\"<literal>sudo dpkg -i ...</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Then, configure all partially installed packages with the following command."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Caching errors of the package data"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Caching errors of the package data cause intriguing errors, such as <ulink "
"url=\"&gpgerrorinvalidbadsig;\">\"GPG error: ... invalid: BADSIG "
"...\"</ulink> with APT."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"You should remove all cached data by \"<literal>sudo rm -rf /var/lib/apt/* "
"</literal>\" and try again. (If <literal>apt-cacher-ng</literal> is used, "
"you should also run \"<literal>sudo rm -rf /var/cache/apt-cacher-ng/* "
"</literal>\".)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Incompatibility with old user configuration"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"If a desktop GUI program experienced instability after significant upstream "
"version upgrade, you should suspect interference with old local "
"configuration files created by it. If it is stable under a newly created "
"user account, this hypothesis is confirmed.  (This is a bug of packaging and "
"usually avoided by the packager.)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"To recover stability, you should move corresponding local configuration "
"files and restart the GUI program.  You may need to read old configuration "
"file contents to recover configuration information later.  (Do not erase "
"them too quickly.)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Different packages with overlapped files"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Archive level package management systems, such as "
"<literal>aptitude</literal>(8) or <literal>apt-get</literal>(1), do not even "
"try to install packages with overlapped files using package dependencies "
"(see <xref linkend=\"_package_dependencies\"/>)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Errors by the package maintainer or deployment of inconsistently mixed "
"source of archives (see <xref "
"linkend=\"_packages_from_mixed_source_of_archives\"/>) by the system "
"administrator may create a situation with incorrectly defined package "
"dependencies. When you install a package with overlapped files using "
"<literal>aptitude</literal>(8) or <literal>apt-get</literal>(1) under such a "
"situation, <literal>dpkg</literal>(1) which unpacks package ensures to "
"return error to the calling program without overwriting existing files."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The use of third party packages introduces significant system risks via "
"maintainer scripts which are run with root privilege and can do anything to "
"your system.  The <literal>dpkg</literal>(1) command only protects against "
"overwriting by the unpacking."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"You can work around such broken installation by removing the old offending "
"package, <literal><emphasis>old-package</emphasis></literal>, first."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Fixing broken package script"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"When a command in the package script returns error for some reason and the "
"script exits with error, the package management system aborts their action "
"and ends up with partially installed packages.  When a package contains bugs "
"in its removal scripts, the package may become impossible to remove and "
"quite nasty."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"For the package script problem of "
"\"<literal><emphasis>package_name</emphasis></literal>\", you should look "
"into following package scripts."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/<emphasis>package_name</emphasis>.preinst</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/<emphasis>package_name</emphasis>.postinst</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/<emphasis>package_name</emphasis>.prerm</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/<emphasis>package_name</emphasis>.postrm</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Edit the offending package script from the root using following techniques."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "disable the offending line by preceding \"<literal>#</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"force to return success by appending the offending line with \"<literal>|| "
"true</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Then, follow <xref linkend=\"_recovery_from_a_broken_system\"/>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Rescue with the dpkg command"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Since <literal>dpkg</literal> is very low level package tool, it can "
"function under the very bad situation such as unbootable system without "
"network connection.  Let's assume <literal>foo</literal> package was broken "
"and needs to be replaced."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"You may still find cached copies of older bug free version of "
"<literal>foo</literal> package in the package cache directory: "
"\"<literal>/var/cache/apt/archives/</literal>\".  (If not, you can download "
"it from archive of <ulink "
"url=\"&httpssnapshotdebianorg;\">https://snapshot.debian.org/</ulink> or "
"copy it from package cache of a functioning machine.)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "If you can boot the system, you may install it by the following command."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"If system breakage is minor, you may alternatively downgrade the whole "
"system as in <xref linkend=\"_emergency_downgrading\"/> using the higher "
"level APT system."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"If your system is unbootable from hard disk, you should seek other ways to "
"boot it."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Boot the system using the debian-installer CD in rescue mode."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Mount the unbootable system on the hard disk to "
"\"<literal>/target</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Install older version of <literal>foo</literal> package by the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"This example works even if the <literal>dpkg</literal> command on the hard "
"disk is broken."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Any GNU/Linux system started by another system on hard disk, live GNU/Linux "
"CD, bootable USB-key drive, or netboot can be used similarly to rescue "
"broken system."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"If attempting to install a package this way fails due to some dependency "
"violations and you really need to do this as the last resort, you can "
"override dependency using <literal>dpkg</literal>'s "
"\"<literal>--ignore-depends</literal>\", "
"\"<literal>--force-depends</literal>\" and other options.  If you do this, "
"you need to make serious effort to restore proper dependency later. See "
"<literal>dpkg</literal>(8) for details."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"If your system is seriously broken, you should make a full backup of system "
"to a safe place (see <xref linkend=\"_backup_and_recovery\"/>) and should "
"perform a clean installation.  This is less time consuming and produces "
"better results in the end."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Recovering package selection data"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"If \"<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/status</literal>\" becomes corrupt for any "
"reason, the Debian system loses package selection data and suffers "
"severely.  Look for the old \"<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/status</literal>\" file "
"at \"<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/status-old</literal>\" or "
"\"<literal>/var/backups/dpkg.status.*</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Keeping \"<literal>/var/backups/</literal>\" in a separate partition may be "
"a good idea since this directory contains lots of important system data."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"For serious breakage, I recommend to make fresh re-install after making "
"backup of the system. Even if everything in \"<literal>/var/</literal>\" is "
"gone, you can still recover some information from directories in "
"\"<literal>/usr/share/doc/</literal>\" to guide your new installation."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Reinstall minimal (desktop) system."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Mount old system at \"<literal>/path/to/old/system/</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Then you are presented with package names to install.  (There may be some "
"non-package names such as \"<literal>texmf</literal>\".)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Tips for the package management"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"For simplicity, <emphasis role=\"strong\">the source list</emphasis> "
"examples in this section are presented as "
"\"<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>\" in one-line-style after the "
"<literal>&codename-stable;</literal> release."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Who uploaded the package?"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Although the maintainer name listed in "
"\"<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/available</literal>\" and "
"\"<literal>/usr/share/doc/package_name/changelog</literal>\" provide some "
"information on \"who is behind the packaging activity\", the actual uploader "
"of the package is somewhat obscure.  <literal>who-uploads</literal>(1) in "
"the <literal>devscripts</literal> package identifies the actual uploader of "
"Debian source packages."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Limiting download bandwidth for APT"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"If you want to limit the download bandwidth for APT to e.g. 800Kib/sec "
"(=100kiB/sec), you should configure APT with its configuration parameter as "
"the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Automatic download and upgrade of packages"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The <literal>apt</literal> package comes with its own cron script "
"\"<literal>/etc/cron.daily/apt</literal>\" to support the automatic download "
"of packages.  This script can be enhanced to perform the automatic upgrade "
"of packages by installing the <literal>unattended-upgrades</literal> "
"package. These can be customized by parameters in "
"\"<literal>/etc/apt/apt.conf.d/02backup</literal>\" and "
"\"<literal>/etc/apt/apt.conf.d/50unattended-upgrades</literal>\" as "
"described in "
"\"<literal>/usr/share/doc/unattended-upgrades/README</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The <literal>unattended-upgrades</literal> package is mainly intended for "
"the security upgrade for the <literal>stable</literal> system.  If the risk "
"of breaking an existing <literal>stable</literal> system by the automatic "
"upgrade is smaller than that of the system broken by the intruder using its "
"security hole which has been closed by the security update, you should "
"consider using this automatic upgrade with configuration parameters as the "
"following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"If you are running an <literal>testing</literal> or "
"<literal>unstable</literal> system, you do not want to use the automatic "
"upgrade since it certainly breaks system some day.  Even for such "
"<literal>testing</literal> or <literal>unstable</literal> case, you may "
"still want to download packages in advance to save time for the interactive "
"upgrade with configuration parameters as the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Updates and Backports"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"There are <ulink url=\"&stableupdates;\">stable-updates</ulink> "
"(\"<literal>&codename-stable;</literal>-updates\" during the "
"<literal>&codename-stable;</literal>-as-<literal>stable</literal> release "
"cycle) and <ulink url=\"&backportsdebianorg;\">backports.debian.org</ulink> "
"archives which provide upgrade packages for <literal>stable</literal>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"In order to use these archives, you list all required archives in the "
"\"<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>\" file as the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"There is no need to set Pin-Priority value explicitly in the "
"\"<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>\" file.  When newer packages "
"become available, the default configuration provides most reasonable "
"upgrades (see <xref linkend=\"_archive_level_release_files\"/>)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"All installed older packages are upgraded to newer ones from "
"<literal>&codename-stable;-updates</literal>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Only manually installed older packages from "
"<literal>&codename-stable;-backports</literal> are upgraded to newer ones "
"from <literal>&codename-stable;-backports</literal>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Whenever you wish to install a package named "
"\"<literal><emphasis>package-name</emphasis></literal>\" with its dependency "
"from <literal>&codename-stable;-backports</literal> archive manually, you "
"use following command while switching target release with "
"\"<literal>-t</literal>\" option."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Do not install too many packages from <ulink "
"url=\"&backportsdebianorg;\">backports.debian.org</ulink> archives.  It may "
"cause package dependency complications. See <xref "
"linkend=\"_how_to_cope_with_conflicting_requirements\"/> for alternative "
"solutions."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "External package archives"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"You should be aware that the external package gains the root priviledge to "
"your system. You should only use the trusted external package archive. See "
"<xref linkend=\"_how_to_cope_with_conflicting_requirements\"/> for "
"alternative solutions."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"You can use secure APT with Debian-compatible external package archive by "
"adding it to <emphasis role=\"strong\">the source list</emphasis> and its "
"archive key file into the \"<literal>/etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/</literal>\" "
"directory.  See <literal>sources.list</literal>(5), "
"<literal>apt-secure</literal>(8) and <literal>apt-key</literal>(8)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Packages from mixed source of archives without <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">apt-pinning</emphasis>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Installing packages from mixed source of archives is not supported by the "
"official Debian distribution except for officially supported particular "
"combinations of archives such as <literal>stable</literal> with <ulink "
"url=\"&securityupdates;\">security updates</ulink> and <ulink "
"url=\"&stableupdates;\">stable-updates</ulink>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Here is an example of operations to include specific newer upstream version "
"packages found in <literal>unstable</literal> while tracking "
"<literal>testing</literal> for single occasion."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Change the \"<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>\" file temporarily to "
"single \"<literal>unstable</literal>\" entry."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Run \"<literal>aptitude update</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Run \"<literal>aptitude install "
"<emphasis>package-name</emphasis></literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Recover the original \"<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>\" file for "
"<literal>testing</literal>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"You do not create the \"<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>\" file nor "
"need to worry about <emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-pinning</emphasis> with "
"this manual approach.  But this is very cumbersome."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"When using mixed source of archives, you must ensure compatibility of "
"packages by yourself since the Debian does not guarantee it. If package "
"incompatibility exists, you may break system. You must be able to judge "
"these technical requirements. The use of mixed source of random archives is "
"completely optional operation and its use is not something I encourage you "
"to use."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"General rules for installing packages from different archives are the "
"following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Non-binary packages (\"<literal>Architecture: all</literal>\") are <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">safer</emphasis> to install."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "documentation packages: no special requirements"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "interpreter program packages: compatible interpreter must be available"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Binary packages (non \"<literal>Architecture: all</literal>\") usually face "
"many road blocks and are <emphasis role=\"strong\">unsafe</emphasis> to "
"install."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "library version compatibility (including \"<literal>libc</literal>\")"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "related utility program version compatibility"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Kernel <ulink url=\"&abi;\">ABI</ulink> compatibility"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "C++ <ulink url=\"&abi;\">ABI</ulink> compatibility"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "…"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"In order to make a package to be <emphasis role=\"strong\">safer</emphasis> "
"to install, some commercial non-free binary program packages may be provided "
"with completely statically linked libraries.  You should still check <ulink "
"url=\"&abi;\">ABI</ulink> compatibility issues etc. for them."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Except to avoid broken package for a short term, installing binary packages "
"from non-Debian archives is generally bad idea.  You should seek all "
"available alternative safer technical solutions which are compatible with "
"your current Debian syetem (see <xref "
"linkend=\"_how_to_cope_with_conflicting_requirements\"/>)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Tweaking candidate version with <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">apt-pinning</emphasis>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Use of <emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-pinning</emphasis> technique by a "
"novice user is sure call for major troubles.  You must avoid using this "
"technique except when you absolutely need it."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Without the \"<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>\" file, APT system "
"choses the latest available version as the <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">candidate version</emphasis> using the version string.  This "
"is the normal state and most recommended usage of APT system.  All "
"officially supported combinations of archives do not require the "
"\"<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>\" file since some archives which "
"should not be used as the automatic source of upgrades are marked as "
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">NotAutomatic</emphasis> and dealt properly."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The version string comparison rule can be verified with, e.g., "
"\"<literal>dpkg --compare-versions ver1.1 gt ver1.1~1; echo $?</literal>\" "
"(see <literal>dpkg</literal>(1))."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"When you install packages from mixed source of archives (see <xref "
"linkend=\"_packages_from_mixed_source_of_archives\"/>) regularly, you can "
"automate these complicated operations by creating the "
"\"<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>\" file with proper entries and "
"tweaking the package selection rule for <emphasis role=\"strong\">candidate "
"version</emphasis> as described in <literal>apt_preferences</literal>(5).  "
"This is called <emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-pinning</emphasis>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"When using <emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-pinning</emphasis>, you must ensure "
"compatibility of packages by yourself since the Debian does not guarantee "
"it.  The <emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-pinning</emphasis> is completely "
"optional operation and its use is not something I encourage you to use."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Archive level Release files (see <xref "
"linkend=\"_archive_level_release_files\"/>) are used for the rule of "
"<literal>apt_preferences</literal>(5).  Thus <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">apt-pinning</emphasis> works only with \"suite\" name for "
"<ulink url=\"&normaldebianarchives;\">normal Debian archives</ulink> and "
"<ulink url=\"&securitydebianarchives;\">security Debian "
"archives</ulink>. (This is different from <ulink "
"url=\"&ubuntu;\">Ubuntu</ulink> archives.)  For example, you can do "
"\"<literal>Pin: release a=unstable</literal>\" but can not do "
"\"<literal>Pin: release a=sid</literal>\" in the "
"\"<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>\" file."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"When you use non-Debian archive as a part of <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">apt-pinning</emphasis>, you should check what they are "
"intended for and also check their credibility.  For example, Ubuntu and "
"Debian are not meant to be mixed."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Even if you do not create the \"<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>\" "
"file, you can do fairly complex system operations (see <xref "
"linkend=\"_rescue_with_the_dpkg_command\"/> and <xref "
"linkend=\"_packages_from_mixed_source_of_archives\"/>) without <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">apt-pinning</emphasis>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Here is a simplified explanation of <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">apt-pinning</emphasis> technique."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The APT system choses the highest Pin-Priority <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">upgrading</emphasis> package from available package sources "
"defined in the \"<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>\" file as the "
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">candidate version</emphasis> package.  If the "
"Pin-Priority of the package is larger than 1000, this version restriction "
"for <emphasis role=\"strong\">upgrading</emphasis> is dropped to enable "
"downgrading (see <xref linkend=\"_emergency_downgrading\"/>)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Pin-Priority value of each package is defined by \"Pin-Priority\" entries in "
"the \"<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>\" file or uses its default "
"value."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"List of notable Pin-Priority values for <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">apt-pinning</emphasis> technique."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Pin-Priority"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-pinning</emphasis> effects to the package"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "1001"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "install the package even if this constitutes a downgrade of the package"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "990"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"used as the default for the <emphasis role=\"strong\">target "
"release</emphasis> archive"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "500"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"used as the default for the <emphasis role=\"strong\">normal</emphasis> "
"archive"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "100"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"used as the default for the <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">NotAutomatic</emphasis> and <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">ButAutomaticUpgrades</emphasis> archive"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "used for the <emphasis role=\"strong\">installed</emphasis> package"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"used as the default for the <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">NotAutomatic</emphasis> archive"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "-1"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">never install</emphasis> the package even if "
"recommended"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The <emphasis role=\"strong\">target release</emphasis> archive can be set "
"by the command line option, e.g., \"<literal>apt-get install -t testing "
"some-package</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The <emphasis role=\"strong\">NotAutomatic</emphasis> and <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">ButAutomaticUpgrades</emphasis> archive is set by archive "
"server having its archive level Release file (see <xref "
"linkend=\"_archive_level_release_files\"/>) containing both "
"\"<literal>NotAutomatic: yes</literal>\" and "
"\"<literal>ButAutomaticUpgrades: yes</literal>\". The <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">NotAutomatic</emphasis> archive is set by archive server "
"having its archive level Release file containing only "
"\"<literal>NotAutomatic: yes</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The <emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-pinning situation</emphasis> of "
"<emphasis>package</emphasis> from multiple archive sources is displayed by "
"\"<literal>apt-cache policy <emphasis>package</emphasis></literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"A line started with \"<literal>Package pin:</literal>\" lists the package "
"version of <emphasis role=\"strong\">pin</emphasis> if association just with "
"<emphasis>package</emphasis> is defined, e.g., \"<literal>Package pin: "
"0.190</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"No line with \"<literal>Package pin:</literal>\" exists if no association "
"just with <emphasis>package</emphasis> is defined."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The Pin-Priority value associated just with <emphasis>package</emphasis> is "
"listed right side of all version strings, e.g., \"<literal>0.181 "
"700</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"\"<literal>0</literal>\" is listed right side of all version strings if no "
"association just with <emphasis>package</emphasis> is defined, e.g., "
"\"<literal>0.181 0</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The Pin-Priority values of archives (defined as \"<literal>Package: "
"*</literal>\" in the \"<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>\" file) are "
"listed left side of all archive paths, e.g., \"<literal>100 "
"http://deb.debian.org/debian/ &codename-stable;-backports/main "
"Packages</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Blocking packages installed by \"Recommends\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"If you wish not to pull in particular packages automatically by "
"\"Recommends\", you must create the "
"\"<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>\" file and explicitly list all "
"those packages at the top of it as the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Tracking <literal>testing</literal> with some packages from "
"<literal>unstable</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Here is an example of <emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-pinning</emphasis> "
"technique to include specific newer upstream version packages found in "
"<literal>unstable</literal> regularly upgraded while tracking "
"<literal>testing</literal>.  You list all required archives in the "
"\"<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>\" file as the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Set the \"<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>\" file as the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"When you wish to install a package named "
"\"<literal><emphasis>package-name</emphasis></literal>\" with its "
"dependencies from <literal>unstable</literal> archive under this "
"configuration, you issue the following command which switches target release "
"with \"<literal>-t</literal>\" option (Pin-Priority of "
"<literal>unstable</literal> becomes 990)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"With this configuration, usual execution of \"<literal>apt-get "
"upgrade</literal>\" and \"<literal>apt-get dist-upgrade</literal>\" (or "
"\"<literal>aptitude safe-upgrade</literal>\" and \"<literal>aptitude "
"full-upgrade</literal>\") upgrades packages which were installed from "
"<literal>testing</literal> archive using current <literal>testing</literal> "
"archive and packages which were installed from <literal>unstable</literal> "
"archive using current <literal>unstable</literal> archive."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Be careful not to remove \"<literal>testing</literal>\" entry from the "
"\"<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>\" file.  Without "
"\"<literal>testing</literal>\" entry in it, APT system upgrades packages "
"using newer <literal>unstable</literal> archive."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"I usually edit the \"<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>\" file to "
"comment out \"<literal>unstable</literal>\" archive entry right after above "
"operation.  This avoids slow update process of having too many entries in "
"the \"<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>\" file although this prevents "
"upgrading packages which were installed from <literal>unstable</literal> "
"archive using current <literal>unstable</literal> archive."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"If \"<literal>Pin-Priority: 1</literal>\" is used instead of "
"\"<literal>Pin-Priority: 100</literal>\" in the "
"\"<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>\" file, already installed packages "
"having Pin-Priority value of 100 are not upgraded by "
"<literal>unstable</literal> archive even if \"<literal>testing</literal>\" "
"entry in the \"<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>\" file is removed."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"If you wish to track particular packages in <literal>unstable</literal> "
"automatically without initial \"<literal>-t unstable</literal>\" "
"installation, you must create the "
"\"<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>\" file and explicitly list all "
"those packages at the top of it as the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"These set Pin-Priority value for each specific package.  For example, in "
"order to track the latest <literal>unstable</literal> version of this "
"\"Debian Reference\" in English, you should have following entries in the "
"\"<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>\" file."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"This <emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-pinning</emphasis> technique is valid "
"even when you are tracking <literal>stable</literal> archive.  Documentation "
"packages have been always safe to install from <literal>unstable</literal> "
"archive in my experience, so far."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Tracking <literal>unstable</literal> with some packages from "
"<literal>experimental</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Here is another example of <emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-pinning</emphasis> "
"technique to include specific newer upstream version packages found in "
"<literal>experimental</literal> while tracking <literal>unstable</literal>.  "
"You list all required archives in the "
"\"<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>\" file as the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The default Pin-Priority value for <literal>experimental</literal> archive "
"is always 1 (&lt;&lt;100) since it is <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">NotAutomatic</emphasis> archive (see <xref "
"linkend=\"_archive_level_release_files\"/>).  There is no need to set "
"Pin-Priority value explicitly in the "
"\"<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>\" file just to use "
"<literal>experimental</literal> archive unless you wish to track particular "
"packages in it automatically for next upgrading."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Emergency downgrading"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Downgrading is not officially supported by the Debian by design.  It should "
"be done only as a part of emergency recovery process.  Despite of this "
"situation, it is known to work well in many incidents.  For critical "
"systems, you should backup all important data on the system after the "
"recovery operation and re-install the new system from the scratch."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"You may be lucky to downgrade from newer archive to older archive to recover "
"from broken system upgrade by manipulating <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">candidate version</emphasis> (see <xref "
"linkend=\"_tweaking_candidate_version\"/>).  This is lazy alternative to "
"tedious actions of many \"<literal>dpkg -i "
"<emphasis>broken-package</emphasis>_<emphasis>old-version</emphasis>.deb</literal>\" "
"commands (see <xref linkend=\"_rescue_with_the_dpkg_command\"/>)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Search lines in the \"<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>\" file "
"tracking <literal>unstable</literal> as the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Replace it with the following to track <literal>testing</literal>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Run \"<literal>apt-get update; apt-get dist-upgrade</literal>\" to force "
"downgrading of packages across the system."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Remove this special \"<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>\" file after "
"this emergency downgrading."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"It is a good idea to remove (not purge!) as much packages to minimize "
"dependency problems.  You may need to manually remove and install some "
"packages to get system downgraded.  Linux kernel, bootloader, udev, PAM, "
"APT, and networking related packages and their configuration files require "
"special attention."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The equivs package"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"If you are to compile a program from source to replace the Debian package, "
"it is best to make it into a real local debianized package "
"(<literal>*.deb</literal>) and use private archive."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"If you chose to compile a program from source and to install them under "
"\"<literal>/usr/local</literal>\" instead, you may need to use "
"<literal>equivs</literal> as a last resort to satisfy the missing package "
"dependency."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Porting a package to the stable system"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"There is no gurantee for the procedure descried here to work without extra "
"manual efforts for system differences."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"For partial upgrades of the <literal>stable</literal> system, rebuilding a "
"package within its environment using the source package is desirable.  This "
"avoids massive package upgrades due to their dependencies."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Add the following entries to the "
"\"<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>\" of a <literal>stable</literal> "
"system."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Install required packages for the compilation and download the source "
"package as the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Update some tool chain packages such as <literal>dpkg</literal>, and "
"<literal>debhelper</literal> from the backport packages if they are required "
"for the backporting."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Execute the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Bump package version, e.g. one appended with \"<literal>+bp1</literal>\" in "
"\"<literal>debian/changelog</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Build packages and install them to the system as the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Proxy server for APT"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Since mirroring whole subsection of Debian archive wastes disk space and "
"network bandwidth, deployment of a local proxy server for APT is desirable "
"consideration when you administer many systems on <ulink "
"url=\"&lan;\">LAN</ulink>.  APT can be configure to use generic web (http) "
"proxy servers such as <literal>squid</literal> (see <xref "
"linkend=\"_other_network_application_servers\"/>) as described in "
"<literal>apt.conf</literal>(5) and in "
"\"<literal>/usr/share/doc/apt/examples/configure-index.gz</literal>\".  The "
"\"<literal>$http_proxy</literal>\" environment variable can be used to "
"override proxy server setting in the "
"\"<literal>/etc/apt/apt.conf</literal>\" file."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"There are proxy tools specially for Debian archive.  You should check BTS "
"before using them."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of the proxy tools specially for Debian archive"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"caching proxy server for Debian archive files (compiled <ulink "
"url=\"&ocaml;\">OCaml</ulink> program)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Caching proxy for Debian package and source files (Perl program)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Caching proxy for distribution of software packages (compiled C++ program)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"When Debian reorganizes its archive structure, these specialized proxy tools "
"tend to require code rewrites by the package maintainer and may not be "
"functional for a while.  On the other hand, generic web (http) proxy servers "
"are more robust and easier to cope with such changes."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "More readings for the package management"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "You can learn more on the package management from following documentations."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Primary documentations on the package management:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>aptitude</literal>(8), <literal>dpkg</literal>(1), "
"<literal>tasksel</literal>(8), <literal>apt</literal>(8), "
"<literal>apt-get</literal>(8), <literal>apt-config</literal>(8), "
"<literal>apt-secure</literal>(8), <literal>sources.list</literal>(5), "
"<literal>apt.conf</literal>(5), and <literal>apt_preferences</literal>(5);"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"\"<literal>/usr/share/doc/apt-doc/guide.html/index.html</literal>\" and "
"\"<literal>/usr/share/doc/apt-doc/offline.html/index.html</literal>\" from "
"the <literal>apt-doc</literal> package; and"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"\"<literal>/usr/share/doc/aptitude/html/en/index.html</literal>\" from the "
"<literal>aptitude-doc-en</literal> package."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Official and detailed documentations on the Debian archive:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&debianpolicymanuthedebianarchive;\">\"Debian Policy Manual "
"Chapter 2 - The Debian Archive\"</ulink>,"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&debiandevelopersthedebianarchive;\">\"Debian Developer's "
"Reference, Chapter 4 - Resources for Debian Developers 4.6 The Debian "
"archive\"</ulink>, and"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&thedebiangnulinuebianftparchives;\">\"The Debian GNU/Linux "
"FAQ, Chapter 6 - The Debian FTP archives\"</ulink>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Tutorial for building of a Debian package for Debian users:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&guidefordebianmaintainers;\">\"Guide for Debian "
"Maintainers\"</ulink>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The system initialization"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"It is wise for you as the system administrator to know roughly how the "
"Debian system is started and configured.  Although the exact details are in "
"the source files of the packages installed and their documentations, it is a "
"bit overwhelming for most of us."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Here is a rough overview of the key points of the Debian system "
"initialization. Since the Debian system is a moving target, you should refer "
"to the latest documentation."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&debianlinuxkernelhandbook;\">Debian Linux Kernel "
"Handbook</ulink> is the primary source of information on the Debian kernel."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>bootup</literal>(7) describes the system bootup process based on "
"<literal>systemd</literal> . (Recent Debian)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>boot</literal>(7) describes the system bootup process based on UNIX "
"System V Release 4. (Older Debian)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "An overview of the boot strap process"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The computer system undergoes several phases of <ulink "
"url=\"&bootstrapprocesses;\">boot strap processes</ulink> from the power-on "
"event until it offers the fully functional operating system (OS) to the "
"user."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"For simplicity, I limit discussion to the typical PC platform with the "
"default installation."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The typical boot strap process is like a four-stage rocket.  Each stage "
"rocket hands over the system control to the next stage one."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<xref linkend=\"_stage_1_the_uefi\"/>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<xref linkend=\"_stage_2_the_boot_loader\"/>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<xref linkend=\"_stage_3_the_mini_debian_system\"/>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<xref linkend=\"_stage_4_the_normal_debian_system\"/>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Of course, these can be configured differently.  For example, if you "
"compiled your own kernel, you may be skipping the step with the mini-Debian "
"system.  So please do not assume this is the case for your system until you "
"check it yourself."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Stage 1: the UEFI"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The <ulink url=\"&unifiedextensiblareinterfaceuefi;\">Unified Extensible "
"Firmware Interface (UEFI)</ulink> defines a boot manager as part of the UEFI "
"specification. When a computer is powered on, the boot manager is the 1st "
"stage of the boot process which checks the boot configuration and based on "
"its settings, then executes the specified OS boot loader or operating system "
"kernel (usually boot loader). The boot configuration is defined by variables "
"stored in NVRAM, including variables that indicate the file system paths to "
"OS loaders or OS kernels."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"An <ulink url=\"&efisystempartitionesp;\">EFI system partition (ESP)</ulink> "
"is a data storage device partition that is used in computers adhering to the "
"UEFI specification. Accessed by the UEFI firmware when a computer is powered "
"up, it stores UEFI applications and the files these applications need to "
"run, including operating system boot loaders. (On the legacy PC system, "
"<ulink url=\"&bios;\">BIOS</ulink> stored in the <ulink "
"url=\"&mbr;\">MBR</ulink> may be used instead.)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Stage 2: the boot loader"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The <ulink url=\"&bootloader;\">boot loader</ulink> is the 2nd stage of the "
"boot process which is started by the UEFI.  It loads the system kernel image "
"and the <ulink url=\"&initrd;\">initrd</ulink> image to the memory and hands "
"control over to them.  This initrd image is the root filesystem image and "
"its support depends on the bootloader used."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The Debian system normally uses the Linux kernel as the default system "
"kernel. The initrd image for the current 5.x Linux kernel is technically the "
"<ulink url=\"&initramfs;\">initramfs</ulink> (initial RAM filesystem) image."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "There are many boot loaders and configuration options available."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of boot loaders"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "initrd"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "bootloader"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Supported"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&grubuefi;\">GRUB UEFI</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"This is smart enough to understand disk partitions and filesystems such as "
"vfat, ext4, …. (UEFI)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&grubc;\">GRUB 2</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"This is smart enough to understand disk partitions and filesystems such as "
"vfat, ext4, …. (BIOS)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "This is GRUB 2 bootable rescue images (CD and floppy) (PC/BIOS version)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&isolinux;\">Isolinux</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "This understands the ISO9660 filesystem.  This is used by the boot CD."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&syslinux;\">Syslinux</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"This understands the <ulink url=\"&msdosfilesystemfat;\">MSDOS filesystem "
"(FAT)</ulink>.  This is used by the boot floppy."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&loadlin;\">Loadlin</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "New system is started from the FreeDOS/MSDOS system."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Not supported"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&mbrbyneilturton;\">MBR by Neil Turton</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"This is free software which substitutes MSDOS <ulink "
"url=\"&mbr;\">MBR</ulink>.  This only understands disk partitions."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Do not play with boot loaders without having bootable rescue media (USB "
"memory stick, CD or floppy) created from images in the "
"<literal>grub-rescue-pc</literal> package.  It makes you boot your system "
"even without functioning bootloader on the hard disk."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"For UEFI system, GRUB2 first reads the ESP partition and uses UUID specified "
"for <literal>search.fs_uuid</literal> in "
"\"<literal>/boot/efi/EFI/debian/grub.cfg</literal>\" to determine the "
"partition of the GRUB2 menu configuration file "
"\"<literal>/boot/grub/grub.cfg</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The key part of the GRUB2 menu configuration file looks like:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"For this part of <literal>/boot/grub/grub.cfg</literal>, this menu entry "
"means the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The meaning of the menu entry of the above part of "
"<literal>/boot/grub/grub.cfg</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "setting"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "value"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "GRUB2 modules loaded"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>gzio</literal>, <literal>part_gpt</literal>, "
"<literal>ext2</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "root file system partition used"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"partition identified by "
"<literal>UUID=fe3e1db5-6454-46d6-a14c-071208ebe4b1</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "kernel image path in the root file system"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>/boot/vmlinuz-5.10.0-6-amd64</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "kernel boot parameter used"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"\"<literal>root=UUID=fe3e1db5-6454-46d6-a14c-071208ebe4b1 ro "
"quiet</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "initrd image path in the root file system"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>/boot/initrd.img-5.10.0-6-amd64</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"You can enable to see kernel boot log messages by removing "
"<literal>quiet</literal> in \"<literal>/boot/grub/grub.cfg</literal>\".  For "
"the persistent change, please edit "
"\"<literal>GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT=\"quiet\"</literal>\" line in "
"\"<literal>/etc/default/grub</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"You can customize GRUB splash image by setting "
"<literal>GRUB_BACKGROUND</literal> variable in "
"\"<literal>/etc/default/grub</literal>\" pointing to the image file or "
"placing the image file itself in \"<literal>/boot/grub/</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "See \"<literal>info grub</literal>\" and <literal>grub-install</literal>(8)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Stage 3: the mini-Debian system"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The mini-Debian system is the 3rd stage of the boot process which is started "
"by the boot loader.  It runs the system kernel with its root filesystem on "
"the memory. This is an optional preparatory stage of the boot process."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The term \"the mini-Debian system\" is coined by the author to describe this "
"3rd stage boot process for this document.  This system is commonly referred "
"as the <ulink url=\"&initrd;\">initrd</ulink> or initramfs system. Similar "
"system on the memory is used by <ulink url=\"&thedebianinstaller;\">the "
"Debian Installer</ulink>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The \"<literal>/init</literal>\" program is executed as the first program in "
"this root filesystem on the memory. It is a program which initializes the "
"kernel in user space and hands control over to the next stage. This "
"mini-Debian system offers flexibility to the boot process such as adding "
"kernel modules before the main boot process or mounting the root filesystem "
"as an encrypted one."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The \"<literal>/init</literal>\" program is a shell script program if "
"initramfs was created by <literal>initramfs-tools</literal>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"You can interrupt this part of the boot process to gain root shell by "
"providing \"<literal>break=init</literal>\" etc. to the kernel boot "
"parameter. See the \"<literal>/init</literal>\" script for more break "
"conditions.  This shell environment is sophisticated enough to make a good "
"inspection of your machine's hardware."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Commands available in this mini-Debian system are stripped down ones and "
"mainly provided by a GNU tool called <literal>busybox</literal>(1)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The \"<literal>/init</literal>\" program is a binary "
"<literal>systemd</literal> program if initramfs was created by "
"<literal>dracut</literal>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Commands available in this mini-Debian system are stripped down "
"<literal>systemd</literal>(1) environment."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"You need to use \"<literal>-n</literal>\" option for "
"<literal>mount</literal> command when you are on the readonly root "
"filesystem."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Stage 4: the normal Debian system"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The normal Debian system is the 4th stage of the boot process which is "
"started by the mini-Debian system.  The system kernel for the mini-Debian "
"system continues to run in this environment. The root filesystem is switched "
"from the one on the memory to the one on the real hard disk filesystem."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The <ulink url=\"&init;\">init</ulink> program is executed as the first "
"program with PID=1 to perform the main boot process of starting many "
"programs.  The default file path for the init program is "
"\"<literal>/usr/sbin/init</literal>\" but it can be changed by the kernel "
"boot parameter as \"<literal>init=/path/to/init_program</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"\"<literal>/usr/sbin/init</literal>\" is symlinked to "
"\"<literal>/lib/systemd/systemd</literal>\" after Debian 8 Jessie (released "
"in 2015)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The actual init command on your system can be verified by the \"<literal>ps "
"--pid 1 -f</literal>\" command."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of boot utilities for the Debian system"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"event-based <literal>init</literal>(8) daemon for concurrency (alternative "
"to <literal>sysvinit</literal>)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&initializationsyrecloudinstances;\">initialization system for "
"infrastructure cloud instances</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"the manual pages and links needed for <literal>systemd</literal> to replace "
"<literal>sysvinit</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"helper tools for switching between <literal>sysvinit</literal> and "
"<literal>systemd</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "scripts for initializing and shutting down the system"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "System-V-like <literal>init</literal>(8) utilities"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "System-V-like runlevel change mechanism"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"System-V-like utilities (<literal>startpar</literal>(8), "
"<literal>bootlogd</literal>(8), …)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&linuxstandardbase;\">Linux Standard Base</ulink> 3.2 init "
"script functionality"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "tool to organize boot sequence using LSB init.d script dependencies"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "kexec tool for <literal>kexec</literal>(8) reboots (warm reboot)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "boot process performance analyser"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "console-only <literal>getty</literal>(8)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "smart modem <literal>getty</literal>(8) replacement"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"See <ulink url=\"&debianwikibootprocessspeedup;\">Debian wiki: "
"BootProcessSpeedup</ulink> for the latest tips to speed up the boot process."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Systemd"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Systemd init"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"When the Debian system starts, <literal>/usr/sbin/init</literal> symlinked "
"to <literal>/usr/lib/systemd</literal> is started as the init system process "
"(<literal>PID=1</literal>) owned by root (<literal>UID=0</literal>).  See "
"<literal>systemd</literal>(1)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The <literal>systemd</literal> init process spawns processes in parallel "
"based on the unit configuration files (see "
"<literal>systemd.unit</literal>(5)) which are written in declarative style "
"instead of SysV-like procedural style."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The spawned processes are placed in individual <ulink "
"url=\"&linuxcontrolgroups;\">Linux control groups</ulink> named after the "
"unit which they belong to in the private systemd hierarchy (see <ulink "
"url=\"&cgroups;\">cgroups</ulink> and <xref "
"linkend=\"_linux_security_features\"/>)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Units for the system mode are loaded from the \"System Unit Search Path\" "
"described in <literal>systemd.unit</literal>(5).  The main ones are as "
"follows in the order of priority:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"\"<literal>/etc/systemd/system/*</literal>\": System units created by the "
"administrator"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"<literal>/run/systemd/system/*</literal>\": Runtime units"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"\"<literal>/lib/systemd/system/*</literal>\": System units installed by the "
"distribution package manager"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Their inter-dependencies are specified by the directives "
"\"<literal>Wants=</literal>\", \"<literal>Requires=</literal>\", "
"\"<literal>Before=</literal>\", \"<literal>After=</literal>\", … (see "
"\"MAPPING OF UNIT PROPERTIES TO THEIR INVERSES\" in "
"<literal>systemd.unit</literal>(5)).  The resource controls are also defined "
"(see <literal>systemd.resource-control</literal>(5))."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The suffix of the unit configuration file encodes their types as:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">*.service</emphasis> describes the process "
"controlled and supervised by <literal>systemd</literal>. See "
"<literal>systemd.service</literal>(5)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">*.device</emphasis> describes the device exposed "
"in the <literal>sysfs</literal>(5) as <literal>udev</literal>(7) device "
"tree. See <literal>systemd.device</literal>(5)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">*.mount</emphasis> describes the file system mount "
"point controlled and supervised by <literal>systemd</literal>. See "
"<literal>systemd.mount</literal>(5)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">*.automount</emphasis> describes the file system "
"auto mount point controlled and supervised by "
"<literal>systemd</literal>. See <literal>systemd.automount</literal>(5)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">*.swap</emphasis> describes the swap device or "
"file controlled and supervised by <literal>systemd</literal>. See "
"<literal>systemd.swap</literal>(5)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">*.path</emphasis> describes the path monitored by "
"<literal>systemd</literal> for path-based activation. See "
"<literal>systemd.path</literal>(5)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">*.socket</emphasis> describes the socket "
"controlled and supervised by <literal>systemd</literal> for socket-based "
"activation. See <literal>systemd.socket</literal>(5)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">*.timer</emphasis> describes the timer controlled "
"and supervised by <literal>systemd</literal> for timer-based activation. See "
"<literal>systemd.timer</literal>(5)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">*.slice</emphasis> manages resources with the "
"<literal>cgroups</literal>(7). See <literal>systemd.slice</literal>(5)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">*.scope</emphasis> is created programmatically "
"using the bus interfaces of <literal>systemd</literal> to manages a set of "
"system processes. See <literal>systemd.scope</literal>(5)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">*.target</emphasis> groups other unit "
"configuration files to create the synchronization point during start-up. See "
"<literal>systemd.target</literal>(5)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Upon system start up (i.e., init), the <literal>systemd</literal> process "
"tries to start the \"<literal>/lib/systemd/system/default.target</literal> "
"(normally symlinked to \"<literal>graphical.target</literal>\").  First, "
"some special target units (see <literal>systemd.special</literal>(7)) such "
"as \"<literal>local-fs.target</literal>\", "
"\"<literal>swap.target</literal>\" and "
"\"<literal>cryptsetup.target</literal>\" are pulled in to mount the "
"filesystems.  Then, other target units are also pulled in by the target unit "
"dependencies. For details, read <literal>bootup</literal>(7)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>systemd</literal> offers backward compatibility features.  "
"SysV-style boot scripts in "
"\"<literal>/etc/init.d/rc[0123456S].d/[KS]<emphasis>name</emphasis></literal>\" "
"are still parsed and <literal>telinit</literal>(8) is translated into "
"systemd unit activation requests."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Emulated runlevel 2 to 4 are all symlinked to the same "
"\"<literal>multi-user.target</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Systemd login"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"When a user logins to the Debian system via <literal>gdm3</literal>(8), "
"<literal>sshd</literal>(8), etc., <literal>/lib/systemd/system "
"--user</literal> is started as the user service manager process owned by the "
"corresponding user.  See <literal>systemd</literal>(1)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The <literal>systemd</literal> user service manager process spawns processes "
"in parallel based on the declarative unit configuration files (see "
"<literal>systemd.unit</literal>(5) and <literal>user@.service</literal>(5))."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Units for the user mode are loaded from the \"User Unit Search Path\" "
"described in <literal>systemd.unit</literal>(5).  The main ones are as "
"follows in the order of priority:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"<literal>~/.config/systemd/user/*</literal>\": User configuration units"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"\"<literal>/etc/systemd/user/*</literal>\": User units created by the "
"administrator"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"<literal>/run/systemd/user/*</literal>\": Runtime units"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"\"<literal>/lib/systemd/user/*</literal>\": User units installed by the "
"distribution package manager"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "These are managed in the same way as <xref linkend=\"_systemd_init\"/>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The kernel message"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The kernel error message displayed to the console can be configured by "
"setting its threshold level."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of kernel error levels"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "error level value"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "error level name"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "KERN_EMERG"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "system is unusable"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "KERN_ALERT"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "action must be taken immediately"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "KERN_CRIT"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "critical conditions"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "3"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "KERN_ERR"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "error conditions"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "4"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "KERN_WARNING"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "warning conditions"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "5"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "KERN_NOTICE"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "normal but significant condition"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "6"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "KERN_INFO"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "informational"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "7"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "KERN_DEBUG"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "debug-level messages"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The system message"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Under <literal>systemd</literal>, both kernel and system messages are logged "
"by the journal service <literal>systemd-journald.service</literal> (a.k.a "
"<literal>journald</literal>) either into a persistent binary data below "
"\"<literal>/var/log/journal</literal>\" or into a volatile binary data below "
"\"<literal>/run/log/journal/</literal>\". These binary log data are accessed "
"by the <literal>journalctl</literal>(1) command.  For example, you can "
"display log from the last boot as:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of typical <literal>journalctl</literal> command snippets"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Operation"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Command snippets"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "View log for system services and kernel from the last boot"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"<literal>journalctl -b --system</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "View log for services of the current user from the last boot"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"<literal>journalctl -b --user</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "View job log of \"<literal>$unit</literal>\" from the last boot"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"<literal>journalctl -b -u $unit</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"View job log of \"<literal>$unit</literal>\" (\"<literal>tail -f</literal>\" "
"style) from the last boot"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"<literal>journalctl -b -u $unit -f</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Under <literal>systemd</literal>, the system logging utility "
"<literal>rsyslogd</literal>(8) may be uninstalled.  If it is installed, it "
"changes its behavior to read the volatile binary log data (instead of "
"pre-systemd default \"<literal>/dev/log</literal>\") and to create "
"traditional permanent ASCII system log data.  This can be customized by "
"\"<literal>/etc/default/rsyslog</literal>\" and "
"\"<literal>/etc/rsyslog.conf</literal>\" for both the log file and on-screen "
"display. See <literal>rsyslogd</literal>(8) and "
"<literal>rsyslog.conf</literal>(5).  See also <xref "
"linkend=\"_log_analyzer\"/>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "System management"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The <literal>systemd</literal> offers not only init system but also generic "
"system management operations with the <literal>systemctl</literal>(1) "
"command."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of typical <literal>systemctl</literal> command snippets"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List all available unit types"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"<literal>systemctl list-units --type=help</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List all target units in memory"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"<literal>systemctl list-units --type=target</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List all service units in memory"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"<literal>systemctl list-units --type=service</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List all device units in memory"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"<literal>systemctl list-units --type=device</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List all mount units in memory"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"<literal>systemctl list-units --type=mount</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List all socket units in memory"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"<literal>systemctl list-sockets</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List all timer units in memory"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"<literal>systemctl list-timers</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Start \"<literal>$unit</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"<literal>systemctl start $unit</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Stop \"<literal>$unit</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"<literal>systemctl stop $unit</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Reload service-specific configuration"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"<literal>systemctl reload $unit</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Stop and start all \"<literal>$unit</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"<literal>systemctl restart $unit</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Start \"<literal>$unit</literal>\" and stop all others"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"<literal>systemctl isolate $unit</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Switch to \"<literal>graphical</literal>\" (GUI system)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"<literal>systemctl isolate graphical</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Switch to \"<literal>multi-user</literal>\" (CLI system)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"<literal>systemctl isolate multi-user</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Switch to \"<literal>rescue</literal>\" (single user CLI system)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"<literal>systemctl isolate rescue</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Send kill signal to \"<literal>$unit</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"<literal>systemctl kill $unit</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Check if \"<literal>$unit</literal>\" service is active"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"<literal>systemctl is-active $unit</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Check if \"<literal>$unit</literal>\" service is failed"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"<literal>systemctl is-failed $unit</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Check status of \"<literal>$unit|$PID|device</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"<literal>systemctl status $unit|$PID|$device</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Show properties of \"<literal>$unit|$job</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"<literal>systemctl show $unit|$job</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Reset failed \"<literal>$unit</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"<literal>systemctl reset-failed $unit\"</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List dependency of all unit services"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"<literal>systemctl list-dependencies --all</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List unit files installed on the system"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"<literal>systemctl list-unit-files</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Enable \"<literal>$unit</literal>\" (add symlink)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"<literal>systemctl enable $unit</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Disable \"<literal>$unit</literal>\" (remove symlink)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"<literal>systemctl disable $unit</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Unmask \"<literal>$unit</literal>\" (remove symlink to "
"\"<literal>/dev/null</literal>\")"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"<literal>systemctl unmask $unit</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Mask \"<literal>$unit</literal>\" (add symlink to "
"\"<literal>/dev/null</literal>\")"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"<literal>systemctl mask $unit</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Get default-target setting"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"<literal>systemctl get-default</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Set default-target to \"<literal>graphical</literal>\" (GUI system)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"<literal>systemctl set-default graphical</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Set default-target to \"<literal>multi-user</literal>\" (CLI system)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"<literal>systemctl set-default multi-user</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Show job environment"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"<literal>systemctl show-environment</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Set job environment \"<literal>variable</literal>\" to "
"\"<literal>value</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"<literal>systemctl set-environment variable=value</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Unset job environment \"<literal>variable</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"<literal>systemctl unset-environment variable</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Reload all unit files and daemons"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"<literal>systemctl daemon-reload</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Shut down the system"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"<literal>systemctl poweroff</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Shut down and reboot the system"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"<literal>systemctl reboot</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Suspend the system"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"<literal>systemctl suspend</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Hibernate the system"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"<literal>systemctl hibernate</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Here, \"<literal>$unit</literal>\" in the above examples may be a single "
"unit name (suffix such as <literal>.service</literal> and "
"<literal>.target</literal> are optional) or, in many cases, multiple unit "
"specifications (shell-style globs \"<literal>*</literal>\", "
"\"<literal>?</literal>\", \"<literal>[]</literal>\" using "
"<literal>fnmatch</literal>(3) which will be matched against the primary "
"names of all units currently in memory)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"System state changing commands in the above examples are typically preceded "
"by the \"<literal>sudo</literal>\" to attain the required administrative "
"privilege."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The output of the \"<literal>systemctl status $unit|$PID|$device</literal>\" "
"uses color of the dot (\"●\") to summarize the unit state at a glance."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "White \"●\" indicates an \"inactive\" or \"deactivating\" state."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Red \"●\" indicates a \"failed\" or \"error\" state."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Green \"●\" indicates an \"active\", \"reloading\" or \"activating\" state."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Other system monitors"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Here are a list of other monitoring command snippets under "
"<literal>systemd</literal>.  Please read the pertinent manpages including "
"<literal>cgroups</literal>(7)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of other monitoring command snippets under <literal>systemd</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Show time spent for each initialization steps"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"<literal>systemd-analyze time</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of all units by the time to initialize"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"<literal>systemd-analyze blame</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Load and detect errors in \"<literal>$unit</literal>\" file"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"<literal>systemd-analyze verify $unit</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Show terse runtime status information of the user of the caller's session"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"<literal>loginctl user-status</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Show terse runtime status information of the caller's session"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"<literal>loginctl session-status</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Track boot process by the <ulink url=\"&cgroups;\">cgroups</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"<literal>systemd-cgls</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"<literal>ps xawf -eo pid,user,cgroup,args</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Read <ulink url=\"&sysfs;\">sysfs</ulink> under "
"\"<literal>/sys/fs/cgroup/</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "System configuration"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The hostname"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The kernel maintains the system <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">hostname</emphasis>.  The system unit started by "
"<literal>systemd-hostnamed.service</literal> sets the system hostname at "
"boot time to the name stored in \"<literal>/etc/hostname</literal>\".  This "
"file should contain <emphasis role=\"strong\">only</emphasis> the system "
"hostname, not a fully qualified domain name."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"To print out the current hostname run <literal>hostname</literal>(1) without "
"an argument."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The filesystem"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The mount options of normal disk and network filesystems are set in "
"\"<literal>/etc/fstab</literal>\".  See <literal>fstab</literal>(5) and "
"<xref linkend=\"_optimization_of_filesystem_by_mount_options\"/>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The configuration of the encrypted filesystem is set in "
"\"<literal>/etc/crypttab</literal>\".  See <literal>crypttab</literal>(5)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The configuration of software RAID with <literal>mdadm</literal>(8) is set "
"in \"<literal>/etc/mdadm/mdadm.conf</literal>\".  See "
"<literal>mdadm.conf</literal>(5)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"After mounting all the filesystems, temporary files in "
"\"<literal>/tmp</literal>\", \"<literal>/var/lock</literal>\", and "
"\"<literal>/var/run</literal>\" are cleaned for each boot up."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Network interface initialization"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Network interfaces are typically initialized in "
"\"<literal>networking.service</literal>\" for the <literal>lo</literal> "
"interface and \"<literal>NetworkManager.service</literal>\" for other "
"interfaces on modern Debian desktop system under <literal>systemd</literal>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "See <xref linkend=\"_network_setup\"/> for how to configure them."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Cloud system initialization"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The cloud system instance may be launched as a clone of <ulink "
"url=\"&debianofficialcloudimages;\">\"Debian Official Cloud Images\"</ulink> "
"or similar images.  For such system instance, personalities such as "
"hostname, filesystem, networking, locale, SSH keys, users and groups may be "
"configured using functionalities provided by <literal>cloud-init</literal> "
"and <literal>netplan.io</literal> packages with multiple data sources such "
"as files placed in the original system image and external data provided "
"during its launch.  These packages enable the declarative system "
"configuration using <ulink url=\"&yaml;\">YAML</ulink> data."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"See more at <ulink url=\"&cloudcomputingwinditsdescendants;\">\"Cloud "
"Computing with Debian and its descendants\"</ulink>, <ulink "
"url=\"&cloudinitdocumentation;\">\"Cloud-init documentation\"</ulink> and "
"<xref linkend=\"_the_modern_network_configuration_for_cloud\"/>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Customization example to tweak sshd service"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"With default installation, many network services (see <xref "
"linkend=\"_network_applications\"/>) are started as daemon processes after "
"<literal>network.target</literal> at boot time by "
"<literal>systemd</literal>.  The \"<literal>sshd</literal>\" is no "
"exception.  Let's change this to on-demand start of "
"\"<literal>sshd</literal>\" as a customization example."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "First, disable system installed service unit."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The on-demand socket activation system of the classic Unix services was "
"through the <literal>inetd</literal> (or <literal>xinetd</literal>) "
"superserver.  Under <literal>systemd</literal>, the equivalent can be "
"enabled by adding <emphasis role=\"strong\">*.socket</emphasis> and "
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">*.service</emphasis> unit configuration files."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>sshd.socket</literal> for specifying a socket to listen on"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>sshd@.service</literal> as the matching service file of "
"<literal>sshd.socket</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Then reload."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The udev system"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The <ulink url=\"&udevsystem;\">udev system</ulink> provides mechanism for "
"the automatic hardware discovery and initialization (see "
"<literal>udev</literal>(7)) since Linux kernel 2.6. Upon discovery of each "
"device by the kernel, the udev system starts a user process which uses "
"information from the <ulink url=\"&sysfs;\">sysfs</ulink> filesystem (see "
"<xref linkend=\"_procfs_and_sysfs\"/>), loads required kernel modules "
"supporting it using the <literal>modprobe</literal>(8) program (see <xref "
"linkend=\"_the_kernel_module_initialization\"/>), and creates corresponding "
"device nodes."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"If "
"\"<literal>/lib/modules/<emphasis>kernel-version</emphasis>/modules.dep</literal>\" "
"was not generated properly by <literal>depmod</literal>(8) for some reason, "
"modules may not be loaded as expected by the udev system. Execute "
"\"<literal>depmod -a</literal>\" to fix it."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"For mounting rules in \"<literal>/etc/fstab</literal>\", device nodes do not "
"need to be static ones. You can use <ulink url=\"&uuid;\">UUID</ulink> to "
"mount devices instead of device names such as "
"\"<literal>/dev/sda</literal>\".  See <xref "
"linkend=\"_accessing_partition_using_uuid\"/>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Since the udev system is somewhat a moving target, I leave details to other "
"documentations and describe the minimum information here."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><warning><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Don't try to run long running programs such as backup script with "
"<literal>RUN</literal> in udev rules as mentioned in "
"<literal>udev</literal>(7).  Please create a proper "
"<literal>systemd.service</literal>(5) file and activate it, instead.  See "
"<xref linkend=\"_mount_event_triggered_backup\"/>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The kernel module initialization"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The <literal>modprobe</literal>(8) program enables us to configure running "
"Linux kernel from user process by adding and removing kernel modules.  The "
"udev system (see <xref linkend=\"_the_udev_system\"/>) automates its "
"invocation to help the kernel module initialization."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"There are non-hardware modules and special hardware driver modules as the "
"following which need to be pre-loaded by listing them in the "
"\"<literal>/etc/modules</literal>\" file (see "
"<literal>modules</literal>(5))."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&tuntap;\">TUN/TAP</ulink> modules providing virtual "
"Point-to-Point network device (TUN) and virtual Ethernet network device "
"(TAP),"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&netfilter;\">netfilter</ulink> modules providing netfilter "
"firewall capabilities (<literal>iptables</literal>(8), <xref "
"linkend=\"_netfilter_infrastructure\"/>), and"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&watchdogtimer;\">watchdog timer</ulink> driver modules."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The configuration files for the <literal>modprobe</literal>(8) program are "
"located under the \"<literal>/etc/modprobes.d/</literal>\" directory as "
"explained in <literal>modprobe.conf</literal>(5).  (If you want to avoid "
"some kernel modules to be auto-loaded, consider to blacklist them in the "
"\"<literal>/etc/modprobes.d/blacklist</literal>\" file.)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The "
"\"<literal>/lib/modules/<emphasis>version</emphasis>/modules.dep</literal>\" "
"file generated by the <literal>depmod</literal>(8) program describes module "
"dependencies used by the <literal>modprobe</literal>(8) program."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><note><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"If you experience module loading issues with boot time module loading or "
"with <literal>modprobe</literal>(8), \"<literal>depmod -a</literal>\" may "
"resolve these issues by reconstructing \"<literal>modules.dep</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The <literal>modinfo</literal>(8) program shows information about a Linux "
"kernel module."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The <literal>lsmod</literal>(8) program nicely formats the contents of the "
"\"<literal>/proc/modules</literal>\", showing what kernel modules are "
"currently loaded."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"You can identify exact hardware on your system.  See <xref "
"linkend=\"_hardware_identification\"/>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"You may configure hardware at boot time to activate expected hardware "
"features. See <xref linkend=\"_hardware_configuration\"/>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"You can probably add support for your special device by recompiling the "
"kernel.  See <xref linkend=\"_the_kernel\"/>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Authentication and access controls"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"When a person (or a program) requests access to the system, authentication "
"confirms the identity to be a trusted one."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><warning><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Configuration errors of PAM may lock you out of your own system.  You must "
"have a rescue CD handy or setup an alternative boot partition.  To recover, "
"boot the system with them and correct things from there."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Normal Unix authentication"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Normal Unix authentication is provided by the <literal>pam_unix</literal>(8) "
"module under the <ulink url=\"&pampluggableauthnticationmodules;\">PAM "
"(Pluggable Authentication Modules)</ulink>.  Its 3 important configuration "
"files, with \"<literal>:</literal>\" separated entries, are the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "3 important configuration files for <literal>pam_unix</literal>(8)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "permission"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "user"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>root</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "(sanitized) user account information"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>/etc/shadow</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>-rw-r-----</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>shadow</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "secure user account information"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>/etc/group</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "group information"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>\" contains the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"As explained in <literal>passwd</literal>(5), each \"<literal>:</literal>\" "
"separated entry of this file means the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Login name"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Password specification entry"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Numerical user ID"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Numerical group ID"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "User name or comment field"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "User home directory"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Optional user command interpreter"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The second entry of \"<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>\" was used for the "
"encrypted password entry.  After the introduction of "
"\"<literal>/etc/shadow</literal>\", this entry is used for the password "
"specification entry."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The second entry content of \"<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "(empty)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "passwordless account"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "x"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "the encrypted password is in \"<literal>/etc/shadow</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"<literal>/etc/shadow</literal>\" contains the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"As explained in <literal>shadow</literal>(5), each \"<literal>:</literal>\" "
"separated entry of this file means the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Encrypted password (The initial \"<literal>$1$</literal>\" indicates use of "
"the MD5 encryption. The \"*\" indicates no login.)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Date of the last password change, expressed as the number of days since Jan "
"1, 1970"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Number of days the user will have to wait before she will be allowed to "
"change her password again"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Number of days after which the user will have to change her password"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Number of days before a password is going to expire during which the user "
"should be warned"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Number of days after a password has expired during which the password should "
"still be accepted"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Date of expiration of the account, expressed as the number of days since Jan "
"1, 1970"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"<literal>/etc/group</literal>\" contains the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"As explained in <literal>group</literal>(5), each \"<literal>:</literal>\" "
"separated entry of this file means the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Group name"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Encrypted password (not really used)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\",\" separated list of user names"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><note><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"\"<literal>/etc/gshadow</literal>\" provides the similar function as "
"\"<literal>/etc/shadow</literal>\" for \"<literal>/etc/group</literal>\" but "
"is not really used."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><note><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The actual group membership of a user may be dynamically added if "
"\"<literal>auth optional pam_group.so</literal>\" line is added to "
"\"<literal>/etc/pam.d/common-auth</literal>\" and set it in "
"\"<literal>/etc/security/group.conf</literal>\".  See "
"<literal>pam_group</literal>(8)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><note><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The <literal>base-passwd</literal> package contains an authoritative list of "
"the user and the group: "
"\"<literal>/usr/share/doc/base-passwd/users-and-groups.html</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Managing account and password information"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Here are few notable commands to manage account information."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of commands to manage account information"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "function"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>getent passwd <emphasis>user_name</emphasis></literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"browse account information of "
"\"<literal><emphasis>user_name</emphasis></literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>getent shadow <emphasis>user_name</emphasis></literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"browse shadowed account information of "
"\"<literal><emphasis>user_name</emphasis></literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>getent group <emphasis>group_name</emphasis></literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"browse group information of "
"\"<literal><emphasis>group_name</emphasis></literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>passwd</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "manage password for the account"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>passwd -e</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "set one-time password for the account activation"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>chage</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "manage password aging information"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"You may need to have the root privilege for some functions to work. See "
"<literal>crypt</literal>(3) for the password and data encryption."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><note><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"On the system set up with PAM and NSS as the Debian <ulink "
"url=\"&salsa;\">salsa</ulink> machine, the content of local "
"\"<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>\", \"<literal>/etc/group</literal>\" and "
"\"<literal>/etc/shadow</literal>\" may not be actively used by the system.  "
"Above commands are valid even under such environment."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Good password"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"When creating an account during your system installation or with the "
"<literal>passwd</literal>(1) command, you should choose a <ulink "
"url=\"&goodpassword;\">good password</ulink> which consists of at least 6 to "
"8 characters including one or more characters from each of the following "
"sets according to <literal>passwd</literal>(1)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Lower case alphabetics"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Digits 0 through 9"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Punctuation marks"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><warning><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Do not choose guessable words for the password. Account name, social "
"security number, phone number, address, birthday, name of your family "
"members or pets, dictionary words, simple sequence of characters such as "
"\"12345\" or \"qwerty\", … are all bad choice for the password."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Creating encrypted password"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"There are independent tools to <ulink "
"url=\"&generateencrypteasswordswithsalt;\">generate encrypted passwords with "
"salt</ulink>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of tools to generate password"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>mkpasswd</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "over-featured front end to the <literal>crypt</literal>(3) library"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>openssl passwd</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "compute password hashes (OpenSSL). <literal>passwd</literal>(1ssl)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "PAM and NSS"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Modern <ulink url=\"&unixlike;\">Unix-like</ulink> systems such as the "
"Debian system provide <ulink url=\"&pampluggableauthnticationmodules;\">PAM "
"(Pluggable Authentication Modules)</ulink> and <ulink "
"url=\"&nssnameserviceswitch;\">NSS (Name Service Switch)</ulink> mechanism "
"to the local system administrator to configure his system.  The role of "
"these can be summarizes as the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"PAM offers a flexible authentication mechanism used by the application "
"software thus involves password data exchange."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"NSS offers a flexible name service mechanism which is frequently used by the "
"<ulink url=\"&cstandardlibrary;\">C standard library</ulink> to obtain the "
"user and group name for programs such as <literal>ls</literal>(1) and "
"<literal>id</literal>(1)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "These PAM and NSS systems need to be configured consistently."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The notable packages of PAM and NSS systems are the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of notable PAM and NSS systems"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Pluggable Authentication Modules (basic service)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Pluggable Authentication Module allowing LDAP interfaces"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Pluggable Authentication Module to register user sessions for "
"<literal>logind</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Pluggable Authentication Modules (documentation in html and text)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"GNU C Library: Shared libraries which also provides \"Name Service Switch\" "
"service"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "GNU C Library: Manpages"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "GNU C Library: Reference manual in info, pdf and html format (non-free)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "NSS module for Multicast DNS name resolution"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "NSS module for using LDAP as a naming service"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"\"The Linux-PAM System Administrators' Guide\" in "
"<literal>libpam-doc</literal> is essential for learning PAM configuration."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"\"System Databases and Name Service Switch\" section in "
"<literal>glibc-doc-reference</literal> is essential for learning NSS "
"configuration."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><note><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"You can see more extensive and current list by \"<literal>aptitude search "
"'libpam-|libnss-'</literal>\" command.  The acronym NSS may also mean "
"\"Network Security Service\" which is different from \"Name Service "
"Switch\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><note><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"PAM is the most basic way to initialize environment variables for each "
"program with the system wide default value."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Under <ulink url=\"&systemd;\">systemd</ulink>, "
"<literal>libpam-systemd</literal> package is installed to manage user logins "
"by registering user sessions in the <literal>systemd</literal> control group "
"hierarchy for <ulink url=\"&logind;\">logind</ulink>.  See "
"<literal>systemd-logind</literal>(8), <literal>logind.conf</literal>(5), and "
"<literal>pam_systemd</literal>(8)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Configuration files accessed by PAM and NSS"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Here are a few notable configuration files accessed by PAM and NSS."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of configuration files accessed by PAM and NSS"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "configuration file"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>/etc/pam.d/<emphasis>program_name</emphasis></literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"set up PAM configuration for the "
"\"<literal><emphasis>program_name</emphasis></literal>\" program; see "
"<literal>pam</literal>(7) and <literal>pam.d</literal>(5)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>/etc/nsswitch.conf</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"set up NSS configuration with the entry for each service. See "
"<literal>nsswitch.conf</literal>(5)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>/etc/nologin</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "limit the user login by the <literal>pam_nologin</literal>(8) module"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>/etc/securetty</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"limit the tty for the root access by the <literal>pam_securetty</literal>(8) "
"module"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>/etc/security/access.conf</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "set access limit by the <literal>pam_access</literal>(8) module"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>/etc/security/group.conf</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "set group based restraint by the <literal>pam_group</literal>(8) module"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>/etc/security/pam_env.conf</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "set environment variables by the <literal>pam_env</literal>(8) module"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>/etc/environment</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"set additional environment variables by the <literal>pam_env</literal>(8) "
"module with the \"<literal>readenv=1</literal>\" argument"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>/etc/default/locale</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"set locale by <literal>pam_env</literal>(8) module with the "
"\"<literal>readenv=1 envfile=/etc/default/locale</literal>\" argument "
"(Debian)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>/etc/security/limits.conf</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"set resource restraint (ulimit, core, …) by the "
"<literal>pam_linits</literal>(8) module"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>/etc/security/time.conf</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "set time restraint by the <literal>pam_time</literal>(8) module"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>/etc/systemd/logind.conf</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"set <literal>systemd</literal> login manager configuration (see "
"<literal>logind.conf</literal>(5) and "
"<literal>systemd-logind.service</literal>(8))"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The limitation of the password selection is implemented by the PAM modules, "
"<literal>pam_unix</literal>(8) and <literal>pam_cracklib</literal>(8). They "
"can be configured by their arguments."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "PAM modules use suffix \"<literal>.so</literal>\" for their filenames."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The modern centralized system management"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The modern centralized system management can be deployed using the "
"centralized <ulink url=\"&lightweightdireccessprotocolldap;\">Lightweight "
"Directory Access Protocol (LDAP)</ulink> server to administer many Unix-like "
"and non-Unix-like systems on the network.  The open source implementation of "
"the Lightweight Directory Access Protocol is <ulink "
"url=\"&openldapsoftware;\">OpenLDAP Software</ulink>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The LDAP server provides the account information through the use of PAM and "
"NSS with <literal>libpam-ldapd</literal> and <literal>libnss-ldapd</literal> "
"packages for the Debian system. Several actions are required to enable this "
"(I have not used this setup and the following is purely secondary "
"information.  Please read this in this context.)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"You set up a centralized LDAP server by running a program such as the "
"stand-alone LDAP daemon, <literal>slapd</literal>(8)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"You change the PAM configuration files in the "
"\"<literal>/etc/pam.d/</literal>\" directory to use "
"\"<literal>pam_ldap.so</literal>\" instead of the default "
"\"<literal>pam_unix.so</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"You change the NSS configuration in the "
"\"<literal>/etc/nsswitch.conf</literal>\" file to use "
"\"<literal>ldap</literal>\" instead of the default "
"(\"<literal>compat</literal>\" or \"<literal>file</literal>\")."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"You must make <literal>libpam-ldapd</literal> to use <ulink "
"url=\"&sslortls;\">SSL (or TLS)</ulink> connection for the security of "
"password."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"You may make <literal>libnss-ldapd</literal> to use <ulink "
"url=\"&sslortls;\">SSL (or TLS)</ulink> connection to ensure integrity of "
"data at the cost of the LDAP network overhead."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"You should run <literal>nscd</literal>(8) locally to cache any LDAP search "
"results in order to reduce the LDAP network traffic."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"See documentations in <literal>nsswitch.conf</literal>(5), "
"<literal>pam.conf</literal>(5), <literal>ldap.conf</literal>(5), and "
"\"<literal>/usr/share/doc/libpam-doc/html/</literal>\" offered by the "
"<literal>libpam-doc</literal> package and \"<literal>info libc 'Name Service "
"Switch'</literal>\" offered by the <literal>glibc-doc</literal> package."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Similarly, you can set up alternative centralized systems with other "
"methods."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Integration of user and group with the Windows system."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Access <ulink url=\"&windowsdomain;\">Windows domain</ulink> services by the "
"<literal>winbind</literal> and <literal>libpam_winbind</literal> packages."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"See <literal>winbindd</literal>(8) and <ulink "
"url=\"&integratingmswinetworkswithsamba;\">Integrating MS Windows Networks "
"with Samba</ulink>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Integration of user and group with the legacy Unix-like system."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Access <ulink url=\"&nisoriginallycalledyp;\">NIS (originally called "
"YP)</ulink> or <ulink url=\"&nis;\">NIS+</ulink> by the "
"<literal>nis</literal> package."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"See <ulink url=\"&thelinuxnisypnysnishowto;\">The Linux NIS(YP)/NYS/NIS+ "
"HOWTO</ulink>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"Why GNU su does not support the wheel group\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"This is the famous phrase at the bottom of the old \"<literal>info "
"su</literal>\" page by Richard M. Stallman.  Not to worry: the current "
"<literal>su</literal> command in Debian uses PAM, so that one can restrict "
"the ability to use <literal>su</literal> to the <literal>root</literal> "
"group by enabling the line with \"<literal>pam_wheel.so</literal>\" in "
"\"<literal>/etc/pam.d/su</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Stricter password rule"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Installing the <literal>libpam-cracklib</literal> package enables you to "
"force stricter password rule."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"On a typical GNOME system which automatically installs "
"<literal>libpam-gnome-keyring</literal>, "
"\"<literal>/etc/pam.d/common-password</literal>\" looks like:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Security of authentication"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><note><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The information here <emphasis role=\"strong\">may not be "
"sufficient</emphasis> for your security needs but it should be a <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">good start</emphasis>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Secure password on the Internet"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Many popular transportation layer services communicate messages including "
"password authentication in the plain text. It is very bad idea to transmit "
"password in the plain text over the wild Internet where it can be "
"intercepted.  You can run these services over \"<ulink "
"url=\"&transportlayersecurity;\">Transport Layer Security</ulink>\" (TLS) or "
"its predecessor, \"Secure Sockets Layer\" (SSL) to secure entire "
"communication including password by the encryption."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of insecure and secure services and ports"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "insecure service name"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "port"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "secure service name"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "www (http)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "80"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "https"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "443"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "smtp (mail)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "25"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "ssmtp (smtps)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "465"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "ftp-data"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "20"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "ftps-data"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "989"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "ftp"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "21"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "ftps"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "telnet"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "23"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "telnets"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "992"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "imap2"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "143"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "imaps"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "993"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "pop3"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "110"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "pop3s"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "995"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "ldap"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "389"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "ldaps"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "636"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The encryption costs CPU time.  As a CPU friendly alternative, you can keep "
"communication in plain text while securing just the password with the secure "
"authentication protocol such as \"Authenticated Post Office Protocol\" "
"(APOP) for POP and \"Challenge-Response Authentication Mechanism MD5\" "
"(CRAM-MD5) for SMTP and IMAP.  (For sending mail messages over the Internet "
"to your mail server from your mail client, it is recently popular to use new "
"message submission port 587 instead of traditional SMTP port 25 to avoid "
"port 25 blocking by the network provider while authenticating yourself with "
"CRAM-MD5.)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Secure Shell"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The <ulink url=\"&secureshellssh;\">Secure Shell (SSH)</ulink> program "
"provides secure encrypted communications between two untrusted hosts over an "
"insecure network with the secure authentication. It consists of the <ulink "
"url=\"&openssh;\">OpenSSH</ulink> client, <literal>ssh</literal>(1), and the "
"<ulink url=\"&openssh;\">OpenSSH</ulink> daemon, "
"<literal>sshd</literal>(8).  This SSH can be used to tunnel an insecure "
"protocol communication such as POP and X securely over the Internet with the "
"port forwarding feature."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The client tries to authenticate itself using host-based authentication, "
"public key authentication, challenge-response authentication, or password "
"authentication.  The use of public key authentication enables the remote "
"password-less login. See <xref "
"linkend=\"_the_remote_access_server_and_utilities_ssh\"/>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Extra security measures for the Internet"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Even when you run secure services such as <ulink "
"url=\"&secureshellssh;\">Secure Shell (SSH)</ulink> and <ulink "
"url=\"&pointtopointtunnlingprotocolpptp;\">Point-to-point tunneling protocol "
"(PPTP)</ulink> servers, there are still chances for the break-ins using "
"brute force password guessing attack etc. from the Internet.  Use of the "
"firewall policy (see <xref linkend=\"_netfilter_infrastructure\"/>) together "
"with the following security tools may improve the security situation."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of tools to provide extra security measures"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"small port-knock daemon <literal>knockd</literal>(1) and client "
"<literal>knock</literal>(1)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "ban IPs that cause multiple authentication errors"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "lock out remote attackers trying password guessing"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Securing the root password"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"To prevent people to access your machine with root privilege, you need to "
"make following actions."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Prevent physical access to the hard disk"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Lock UEFI/BIOS and prevent booting from the removable media"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Set password for GRUB interactive session"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Lock GRUB menu from editing"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"With physical access to hard disk, resetting the password is relatively easy "
"with following steps."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Move the hard disk to a PC with CD bootable UEFI/BIOS."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Boot system with a rescue media (Debian boot disk, Knoppix CD, GRUB CD, …)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Mount root partition with read/write access."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Edit \"<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>\" in the root partition and make the "
"second entry for the <literal>root</literal> account empty."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"If you have edit access to the GRUB menu entry (see <xref "
"linkend=\"_stage_2_the_boot_loader\"/>) for "
"<literal>grub-rescue-pc</literal> at boot time, it is even easier with "
"following steps."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Boot system with the kernel parameter changed to something like "
"\"<literal>root=/dev/hda6 rw init=/bin/sh</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Edit \"<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>\" and make the second entry for the "
"<literal>root</literal> account empty."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Reboot system."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The root shell of the system is now accessible without password."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Once one has root shell access, he can access everything on the system and "
"reset any passwords on the system.  Further more, he may compromise password "
"for all user accounts using brute force password cracking tools such as "
"<literal>john</literal> and <literal>crack</literal> packages (see <xref "
"linkend=\"_system_security_and_integrity_check\"/>).  This cracked password "
"may lead to compromise other systems."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The only reasonable software solution to avoid all these concerns is to use "
"software encrypted root partition (or \"<literal>/etc</literal>\" partition) "
"using <ulink url=\"&dmcrypt;\">dm-crypt</ulink> and initramfs (see <xref "
"linkend=\"_data_encryption_tips\"/>).  You always need password to boot the "
"system, though."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Other access controls"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"There are access controls to the system other than the password based "
"authentication and file permissions."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><note><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"See <xref linkend=\"_alt_sysrq_key\"/> for restricting the kernel <ulink "
"url=\"&secureattentionkeysak;\">secure attention key (SAK)</ulink> feature."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Access control lists (ACLs)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"ACLs are a superset of the regular permissions as explained in <xref "
"linkend=\"_filesystem_permissions\"/>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"You encounter ACLs in action on modern desktop environment.  When a "
"formatted USB storage device is auto mounted as, e.g., "
"\"<literal>/media/penguin/USBSTICK</literal>\", a normal user "
"<literal>penguin</literal> can execute:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"\"<literal>+</literal>\" in the 11th column indicates ACLs are in action.  "
"Without ACLs, a normal user <literal>penguin</literal> shouldn't be able to "
"list like this since <literal>penguin</literal> isn't in "
"<literal>root</literal> group.  You can see ACLs as:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Here:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"\"<literal>user::rwx</literal>\", \"<literal>group::---</literal>\", and "
"\"<literal>other::---</literal>\" correspond to the regular owner, group, "
"and other permissions."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The ACL \"<literal>user:penguin:r-x</literal>\" allows a normal user "
"<literal>penguin</literal> to have \"<literal>r-x</literal>\" permissions.  "
"This enabled \"<literal>ls -la</literal>\" to list directory content."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The ACL \"<literal>mask::r-x</literal>\" sets the upper bound of "
"permissions."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"See \"<ulink url=\"&posixaccesscontrollistsonlinux;\">POSIX Access Control "
"Lists on Linux</ulink>\", <literal>acl</literal>(5), "
"<literal>getfacl</literal>(1), and <literal>setfacl</literal>(1) for more."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "sudo"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>sudo</literal>(8) is a program designed to allow a sysadmin to give "
"limited root privileges to users and log root "
"activity. <literal>sudo</literal> requires only an ordinary user's "
"password.  Install <literal>sudo</literal> package and activate it by "
"setting options in \"<literal>/etc/sudoers</literal>\".  See configuration "
"example at \"<literal>/usr/share/doc/sudo/examples/sudoers</literal>\" and "
"<xref linkend=\"_sudo_configuration\"/>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"My usage of <literal>sudo</literal> for the single user system (see <xref "
"linkend=\"_sudo_configuration\"/>) is aimed to protect myself from my own "
"stupidity. Personally, I consider using <literal>sudo</literal> a better "
"alternative than using the system from the root account all the time.  For "
"example, the following changes the owner of "
"\"<literal><emphasis>some_file</emphasis></literal>\" to "
"\"<literal><emphasis>my_name</emphasis></literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Of course if you know the root password (as self-installed Debian users do), "
"any command can be run under root from any user's account using "
"\"<literal>su -c</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "PolicyKit"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&policykit;\">PolicyKit</ulink> is an operating system "
"component for controlling system-wide privileges in Unix-like operating "
"systems."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Newer GUI applications are not designed to run as privileged processes. They "
"talk to privileged processes via PolicyKit to perform administrative "
"operations."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"PolicyKit limits such operations to user accounts belonging to the "
"<literal>sudo</literal> group on the Debian system."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "See <literal>polkit</literal>(8)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Restricting access to some server services"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"For system security, it is a good idea to disable as much server programs as "
"possible.  This becomes critical for network servers.  Having unused "
"servers, activated either directly as <ulink url=\"&daemon;\">daemon</ulink> "
"or via <ulink url=\"&superserver;\">super-server</ulink> program, are "
"considered security risks."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Many programs, such as <literal>sshd</literal>(8), use PAM based access "
"control.  There are many ways to restrict access to some server services."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"configuration files: "
"\"<literal>/etc/default/<emphasis>program_name</emphasis></literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Systemd service unit configuration for <ulink "
"url=\"&daemon;\">daemon</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&pampluggableauthnticationmodules;\">PAM (Pluggable "
"Authentication Modules)</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"\"<literal>/etc/inetd.conf</literal>\" for <ulink "
"url=\"&superserver;\">super-server</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"\"<literal>/etc/hosts.deny</literal>\" and "
"\"<literal>/etc/hosts.allow</literal>\" for <ulink url=\"&tcpwrapper;\">TCP "
"wrapper</ulink>, <literal>tcpd</literal>(8)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"\"<literal>/etc/rpc.conf</literal>\" for <ulink url=\"&sunrpc;\">Sun "
"RPC</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"\"<literal>/etc/at.allow</literal>\" and \"<literal>/etc/at.deny</literal>\" "
"for <literal>atd</literal>(8)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"\"<literal>/etc/cron.allow</literal>\" and "
"\"<literal>/etc/cron.deny</literal>\" for <literal>crontab</literal>(1)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&networkfirewall;\">Network firewall</ulink> of <ulink "
"url=\"&netfilter;\">netfilter</ulink> infrastructure"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"See <xref linkend=\"_system_management_operations\"/>, <xref "
"linkend=\"_configuration_files_accessed_by_pam_and_nss\"/>, and <xref "
"linkend=\"_netfilter_infrastructure\"/>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&sunrpc;\">Sun RPC</ulink> services need to be active for "
"<ulink url=\"&nfs;\">NFS</ulink> and other RPC based programs."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"If you have problems with remote access in a recent Debian system, comment "
"out offending configuration such as \"<literal>ALL: PARANOID</literal>\" in "
"\"<literal>/etc/hosts.deny</literal>\" if it exists.  (But you must be "
"careful on security risks involved with this kind of action.)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Linux security features"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Linux kernel has evolved and supports security features not found in "
"traditional UNIX implementations."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Linux supports <ulink url=\"&extendedattributes;\">extended "
"attributes</ulink> which extend the traditional UNIX attributes (see "
"<literal>xattr</literal>(7))."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Linux divides the privileges traditionally associated with superuser into "
"distinct units, known as <literal>capabilities</literal>(7), which can be "
"independently enabled and disabled.  Capabilities are a per-thread attribute "
"since kernel version 2.2."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The <ulink url=\"&linuxsecuritymodulelsmframework;\">Linux Security Module "
"(LSM) framework</ulink> provides a <ulink "
"url=\"&mechanismforvariussecuritychecks;\">mechanism for various security "
"checks</ulink> to be hooked by new kernel extensions. For example:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&apparmor;\">AppArmor</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&securityenhancedlinuxselinux;\">Security-Enhanced Linux "
"(SELinux)</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&smacksimplifiedmesscontrolkernel;\">Smack (Simplified "
"Mandatory Access Control Kernel)</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&tomoyolinux;\">Tomoyo Linux</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Since these extensions may tighten privilege model tighter than the ordinary "
"Unix-like security model policies, even the root power may be restricted.  "
"You are advised to read the <ulink "
"url=\"&linuxsecuritymodumentatkernelorg;\">Linux Security Module (LSM) "
"framework document at kernel.org</ulink>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Linux <ulink url=\"&namespaces;\">namespaces</ulink> wrap a global system "
"resource in an abstraction that makes it appear to the processes within the "
"namespace that they have their own isolated instance of the global "
"resource.  Changes to the global resource are visible to other processes "
"that are members of the namespace, but are invisible to other processes.  "
"Since kernel version 5.6, there are 8 kinds of namespaces (see "
"<literal>namespaces</literal>(7), <literal>unshare</literal>(1), "
"<literal>nsenter</literal>(1))."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"As of Debian 11 Bullseye (2021), Debian uses unified cgroup hierarchy "
"(a.k.a. <ulink url=\"&cgroupsvc;\">cgroups-v2</ulink>)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Usage examples of <ulink url=\"&namespaces;\">namespaces</ulink> with <ulink "
"url=\"&cgroups;\">cgroups</ulink> to isolate their processes and to allow "
"resource control are:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&systemd;\">Systemd</ulink>.  See <xref "
"linkend=\"_systemd_init\"/>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&sandboxenvironment;\">Sandbox environment</ulink>.  See <xref "
"linkend=\"_sandbox\"/>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&linuxcontainers;\">Linux containers</ulink> such as <ulink "
"url=\"&docker;\">Docker</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&lxc;\">LXC</ulink>.  See "
"<xref linkend=\"_virtualized_system\"/>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"These functionalities can't be realized by <xref "
"linkend=\"_normal_unix_authentication\"/>.  These advanced topics are mostly "
"out-of-scope for this introductory document."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Network setup"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"For modern Debian specific guide to the networking, read <ulink "
"url=\"&thedebianadminisguringthenetwork;\">The Debian Administrator's "
"Handbook — Configuring the Network</ulink>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Under <ulink url=\"&systemd;\">systemd</ulink>, <ulink "
"url=\"&networkd;\">networkd</ulink> may be used to manage networks.  See "
"<literal>systemd-networkd</literal>(8)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The basic network infrastructure"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Let's review the basic network infrastructure on the modern Debian system."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of network configuration tools"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "packages"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "config::NM"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&networkmanager;\">NetworkManager</ulink> (daemon): manage the "
"network automatically"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&networkmanager;\">NetworkManager</ulink> (GNOME frontend)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "config::NM+networkd"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&netplan;\">Netplan</ulink> (generator): Unified, declarative "
"interface to NetworkManager and systemd-networkd backends"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "config::ifupdown"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "standardized tool to bring up and down the network (Debian specific)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "config::low-level"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "DHCP client"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "config::helper"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "configuration helper for PPPoE connection"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "client support for WPA and WPA2 (IEEE 802.11i)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Qt GUI client for wpa_supplicant"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "tools for manipulating Linux Wireless Extensions"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "tool for configuring Linux wireless devices"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "config::iproute2"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&iproutec;\">iproute2</ulink>, IPv6 and other advanced network "
"configuration: <literal>ip</literal>(8), <literal>tc</literal>(8), etc"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "config::Netfilter"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"administration tools for packet filtering and NAT (<ulink "
"url=\"&netfilter;\">Netfilter</ulink>)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"administration tools for packet filtering and NAT (<ulink "
"url=\"&netfilter;\">Netfilter</ulink>) (successor to {ip,ip6,arp,eb}tables)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "test"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"test network reachability of a remote host by <ulink "
"url=\"&hostname;\">hostname</ulink> or <ulink url=\"&ipaddress;\">IP "
"address</ulink> (<ulink url=\"&iproutec;\">iproute2</ulink>)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"test network reachability of a remote host specified by the <ulink "
"url=\"&arp;\">ARP</ulink> address"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "trace the network path to a remote host"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "display or change Ethernet device settings"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "test::low-level"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "trace the network path to a remote host (curses)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "trace the network path to a remote host (curses and GTK)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "tools for common network information operations (GNOME)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "network mapper / port scanner (<ulink url=\"&nmap;\">Nmap</ulink>, console)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "network traffic analyzer (<ulink url=\"&tcpdump;\">Tcpdump</ulink>, console)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "network traffic analyzer (<ulink url=\"&wireshark;\">Wireshark</ulink>, GTK)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "network traffic analyzer (console)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"produce a summarization of the connections from <literal>tcpdump</literal> "
"output"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "display network usage in web browser"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"network clients provided with <ulink url=\"&bind;\">BIND</ulink>: "
"<literal>nslookup</literal>(8), <literal>nsupdate</literal>(8), "
"<literal>dig</literal>(8)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"check <ulink url=\"&dns;\">DNS</ulink> zone information using nameserver "
"lookups"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "trace a chain of <ulink url=\"&dns;\">DNS</ulink> servers to the source"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The hostname resolution"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The hostname resolution is currently supported by the <ulink "
"url=\"&nssnameserviceswitch;\">NSS (Name Service Switch)</ulink> mechanism "
"too.  The flow of this resolution is the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The \"<literal>/etc/nsswitch.conf</literal>\" file with stanza like "
"\"<literal>hosts: files dns</literal>\" dictates the hostname resolution "
"order. (This replaces the old functionality of the "
"\"<literal>order</literal>\" stanza in "
"\"<literal>/etc/host.conf</literal>\".)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The <literal>files</literal> method is invoked first.  If the hostname is "
"found in the \"<literal>/etc/hosts</literal>\" file, it returns all valid "
"addresses for it and exits. (The \"<literal>/etc/host.conf</literal>\" file "
"contains \"<literal>multi on</literal>\".)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The <literal>dns</literal> method is invoked.  If the hostname is found by "
"the query to the <ulink url=\"&internetdomainnamesystemdns;\">Internet "
"Domain Name System (DNS)</ulink> identified by the "
"\"<literal>/etc/resolv.conf</literal>\" file, it returns all valid addresses "
"for it and exits."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"A typical workstation may be installed with its host name set to, e.g., "
"\"<emphasis>host_name</emphasis>\" and its optional domain name set to an "
"empty string.  Then, \"<literal>/etc/hosts</literal>\" looks like the "
"following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Each line starts with a <ulink url=\"&ipaddress;\">IP address</ulink> and it "
"is followed by the associated <ulink url=\"&hostname;\">hostname</ulink>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The IP address <literal>127.0.1.1</literal> in the second line of this "
"example may not be found on some other Unix-like systems.  The <ulink "
"url=\"&debianinstaller;\">Debian Installer</ulink> creates this entry for a "
"system without a permanent IP address as a workaround for some software "
"(e.g., GNOME) as documented in the <ulink url=\"&bughbjgcb;\">bug "
"#719621</ulink>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The <emphasis>host_name</emphasis> matches the hostname defined in the "
"\"<literal>/etc/hostname</literal>\" (see <xref "
"linkend=\"_the_hostname\"/>)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"For a system with a permanent IP address, that permanent IP address should "
"be used here instead of <literal>127.0.1.1</literal>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"For a system with a permanent IP address and a <ulink "
"url=\"&fullyqualifieddomainnamefqdn;\">fully qualified domain name "
"(FQDN)</ulink> provided by the <ulink url=\"&domainnamesystemdns;\">Domain "
"Name System (DNS)</ulink>, that canonical "
"<emphasis>host_name</emphasis>.<emphasis>domain_name</emphasis> should be "
"used instead of just <emphasis>host_name</emphasis>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The \"<literal>/etc/resolv.conf</literal>\" is a static file if the "
"<literal>resolvconf</literal> package is not installed.  If installed, it is "
"a symbolic link.  Either way, it contains information that initialize the "
"resolver routines. If the DNS is found at "
"IP=\"<literal>192.168.11.1</literal>\", it contains the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The <literal>resolvconf</literal> package makes this "
"\"<literal>/etc/resolv.conf</literal>\" into a symbolic link and manages its "
"contents by the hook scripts automatically."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"For the PC workstation on the typical adhoc LAN environment, the hostname "
"can be resolved via <ulink url=\"&multicastdns;\">Multicast DNS</ulink> "
"(mDNS) in addition to the basic <literal>files</literal> and "
"<literal>dns</literal> methods."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&avahi;\">Avahi</ulink> provides a framework for Multicast DNS "
"Service Discovery on Debian."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"It is equivalent of <ulink url=\"&applebonjourapplerendezvous;\">Apple "
"Bonjour / Apple Rendezvous</ulink>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The <literal>libnss-mdns</literal> plugin package provides host name "
"resolution via mDNS for the GNU Name Service Switch (NSS) functionality of "
"the GNU C Library (glibc)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The \"<literal>/etc/nsswitch.conf</literal>\" file should have stanza like "
"\"<literal>hosts: files mdns4_minimal [NOTFOUND=return] dns</literal>\" (see "
"<literal>/usr/share/doc/libnss-mdns/README.Debian</literal> for other "
"configurations)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"A host name suffixed with the <ulink url=\"&local;\">\".local\"</ulink> "
"<ulink url=\"&pseudotopleveldomain;\">pseudo-top-level domain</ulink> is "
"resolved by sending a mDNS query message in a multicast UDP packet using "
"IPv4 address \"<literal>224.0.0.251</literal>\" or IPv6 address "
"\"<literal>FF02::FB</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The <ulink url=\"&expansionofgenerleveldomainsgtld;\">expansion of generic "
"Top-Level Domains (gTLD)</ulink> in the <ulink "
"url=\"&domainnamesystem;\">Domain Name System</ulink> is underway.  Watch "
"out for the <ulink url=\"&namecollision;\">name collision</ulink> when "
"chosing a domain name used only within LAN."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Use of packages such as <literal>libnss-resolve</literal> together with "
"<literal>systemd-resolved</literal>, or "
"<literal>libnss-myhostname</literal>, or "
"<literal>libnss-mymachine</literal>, with coressponding listings on the "
"\"<literal>hosts</literal>\" line in the "
"\"<literal>/etc/nsswitch.conf</literal>\" file may override the traditional "
"network configuration discussed in the above.  See "
"<literal>nss-resolve</literal>(8), <literal>systemd-resolved</literal>(8), "
"<literal>nss-myhostname</literal>(8), and "
"<literal>nss-mymachines</literal>(8) for more."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The network interface name"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The <ulink url=\"&systemd;\">systemd</ulink> uses \"<ulink "
"url=\"&predictablenetworkinterfacenames;\">Predictable Network Interface "
"Names</ulink>\" such as \"<literal>enp0s25</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The network address range for the LAN"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Let us be reminded of the IPv4 32 bit address ranges in each class reserved "
"for use on the <ulink url=\"&localareanetworkslans;\">local area networks "
"(LANs)</ulink> by <ulink url=\"&rfcbjbi;\">rfc1918</ulink>.  These addresses "
"are guaranteed not to conflict with any addresses on the Internet proper."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"IP address written with colon are <ulink url=\"&ipvgaddress;\">IPv6 "
"address</ulink>, e.g., \"<literal>::1</literal>\" for "
"<literal>localhost</literal>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of network address ranges"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Class"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "network addresses"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "net mask"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "net mask /bits"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "number of subnets"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "A"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "10.x.x.x"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "255.0.0.0"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "/8"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "B"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "172.16.x.x — 172.31.x.x"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "255.255.0.0"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "/16"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "16"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "C"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "192.168.0.x — 192.168.255.x"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "255.255.255.0"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "/24"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "256"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"If one of these addresses is assigned to a host, then that host must not "
"access the Internet directly but must access it through a gateway that acts "
"as a proxy for individual services or else does <ulink "
"url=\"&networkaddresstranslationnat;\">Network Address Translation "
"(NAT)</ulink>.  The broadband router usually performs NAT for the consumer "
"LAN environment."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The network device support"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Although most hardware devices are supported by the Debian system, there are "
"some network devices which require <ulink url=\"&dfsg;\">DFSG</ulink> "
"non-free firmware to support them.  Please see <xref "
"linkend=\"_hardware_drivers_and_firmware\"/>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The modern network configuration for desktop"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Debian can manage the network connection via management <ulink "
"url=\"&daemon;\">daemon</ulink> software such as <ulink "
"url=\"&networkmanagernm;\">NetworkManager (NM)</ulink> (network-manager and "
"associated packages)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"They come with their own <ulink url=\"&gui;\">GUI</ulink> and command-line "
"programs as their user interfaces."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"They come with their own <ulink url=\"&daemon;\">daemon</ulink> as their "
"backend system."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "They allow easy connection of your system to the Internet."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "They allow easy management of wired and wireless network configuration."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"They allow us to configure network independent of the legacy "
"<literal>ifupdown</literal> package."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><note><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Do not use these automatic network configuration tools for servers.  These "
"are aimed primarily for mobile desktop users on laptops."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"These modern network configuration tools need to be configured properly to "
"avoid conflicting with the legacy <literal>ifupdown</literal> package and "
"its configuration file \"<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "GUI network configuration tools"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Official documentations for NM on Debian are provided in "
"\"<literal>/usr/share/doc/network-manager/README.Debian</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Essentially, the network configuration for desktop is done as follows."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Make desktop user, e.g. <literal>foo</literal>, belong to group "
"\"<literal>netdev</literal>\" by the following (Alternatively, do it "
"automatically via <ulink url=\"&dbus;\">D-bus</ulink> under modern desktop "
"environments such as GNOME and KDE)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Keep configuration of \"<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>\" as "
"simple as in the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Restart NM by the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Configure your network via GUI."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Only interfaces which are <emphasis role=\"strong\">not</emphasis> listed in "
"\"<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>\" are managed by NM to avoid "
"conflict with <literal>ifupdown</literal>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"If you wish to extend network configuration capabilities of NM, please seek "
"appropriate plug-in modules and supplemental packages such as "
"<literal>network-manager-openconnect</literal>, "
"<literal>network-manager-openvpn-gnome</literal>, "
"<literal>network-manager-pptp-gnome</literal>, "
"<literal>mobile-broadband-provider-info</literal>, "
"<literal>gnome-bluetooth</literal>, etc."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The modern network configuration without GUI"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Under <ulink url=\"&systemd;\">systemd</ulink>, the network may be "
"configured in <literal>/etc/systemd/network/</literal> instead.  See "
"<literal>systemd-resolved</literal>(8), <literal>resolved.conf</literal>(5), "
"and <literal>systemd-networkd</literal>(8)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "This allows the modern network configuration without GUI."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"A DHCP client configuration can be set up by creating "
"\"<literal>/etc/systemd/network/dhcp.network</literal>\".  E.g.:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"A static network configuration can be set up by creating "
"\"<literal>/etc/systemd/network/static.network</literal>\".  E.g.:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The modern network configuration for cloud"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The modern network configuration for cloud may use "
"<literal>cloud-init</literal> and <literal>netplan.io</literal> packages "
"(see <xref linkend=\"_cloud_system_initialization\"/>)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The <literal>netplan.io</literal> package supports "
"<literal>systemd-networkd</literal> and <literal>NetworkManager</literal> as "
"its network configuration backends, and enables the declarative network "
"configuration using <ulink url=\"&yaml;\">YAML</ulink> data.  When you "
"change YAML:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Run \"<literal>netplan generate</literal>\" command to generate all the "
"necessary backend configuration from <ulink url=\"&yaml;\">YAML</ulink>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Run \"<literal>netplan apply</literal>\" command to apply the generated "
"configuration to the backends."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"See <ulink url=\"&netplandocumentation;\">\"Netplan documentation\"</ulink>, "
"<literal>netplan</literal>(5), <literal>netplan-generate</literal>(8), and "
"<literal>netplan-apply</literal>(8)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"See also <ulink url=\"&cloudinitdocumentation;\">\"Cloud-init "
"documentation\"</ulink> (especially around <ulink "
"url=\"&configurationsources;\">\"Configuration sources\"</ulink> and <ulink "
"url=\"&netplanpassthrough;\">\"Netplan Passthrough\"</ulink>) for how "
"<literal>cloud-init</literal> can integrate <literal>netplan.io</literal> "
"configuration with alternative data sources."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The modern network configuration for cloud with DHCP"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"A DHCP client configuration can be set up by creating a data source file "
"\"<literal>/etc/netplan/50-dhcp.yaml</literal>\":"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The modern network configuration for cloud with static IP"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"A static network configuration can be set up by creating a data source file "
"\"<literal>/etc/netplan/50-static.yaml</literal>\":"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The modern network configuration for cloud with Network Manager"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The network client configuration using Network Manager infrastructure can be "
"set up by creating a data source file "
"\"<literal>/etc/netplan/00-network-manager.yaml</literal>\":"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The low level network configuration"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"For the low level network configuration on Linux, use the <ulink "
"url=\"&iproutec;\">iproute2</ulink> programs (<literal>ip</literal>(8), …) ."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Iproute2 commands"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&iproutec;\">Iproute2</ulink> commands offer complete low-level "
"network configuration capabilities. Here is a translation table from "
"obsolete <ulink url=\"&nettools;\">net-tools</ulink> commands to new <ulink "
"url=\"&iproutec;\">iproute2</ulink> etc. commands."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Translation table from obsolete <literal>net-tools</literal> commands to new "
"<literal>iproute2</literal> commands"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "obsolete net-tools"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "new iproute2 etc."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "manipulation"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>ifconfig</literal>(8)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>ip addr</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "protocol (IP or IPv6) address on a device"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>route</literal>(8)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>ip route</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "routing table entry"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>arp</literal>(8)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>ip neigh</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "ARP or NDISC cache entry"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>ipmaddr</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>ip maddr</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "multicast address"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>iptunnel</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>ip tunnel</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "tunnel over IP"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>nameif</literal>(8)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>ifrename</literal>(8)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "name network interfaces based on MAC addresses"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>mii-tool</literal>(8)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>ethtool</literal>(8)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Ethernet device settings"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"See <literal>ip</literal>(8) and <ulink "
"url=\"&linuxadvancedroungtrafficcontrol;\">Linux Advanced Routing &amp; "
"Traffic Control</ulink>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Safe low level network operations"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"You may use low level network commands as follows safely since they do not "
"change network configuration."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of low level network commands"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>ip addr show</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "display the link and address status of active interfaces"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>route -n</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "display all the routing table in numerical addresses"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>ip route show</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>arp</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"display the current content of the <ulink url=\"&arp;\">ARP</ulink> cache "
"tables"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>plog</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "display ppp daemon log"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>ping yahoo.com</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "check the Internet connection to \"<literal>yahoo.com</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>whois yahoo.com</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"check who registered \"<literal>yahoo.com</literal>\" in the domains "
"database"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>traceroute yahoo.com</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "trace the Internet connection to \"<literal>yahoo.com</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>tracepath yahoo.com</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>mtr yahoo.com</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"trace the Internet connection to \"<literal>yahoo.com</literal>\" "
"(repeatedly)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>dig [@dns-server.com] example.com [{a|mx|any}]</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"check <ulink url=\"&dns;\">DNS</ulink> records of "
"\"<literal>example.com</literal>\" by \"<literal>dns-server.com</literal>\" "
"for a \"<literal>a</literal>\", \"<literal>mx</literal>\", or "
"\"<literal>any</literal>\" record"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>iptables -L -n</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "check packet filter"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>netstat -a</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "find all open ports"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>netstat -l --inet</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "find listening ports"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>netstat -ln --tcp</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "find listening TCP ports (numeric)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>dlint example.com</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "check DNS zone information of \"<literal>example.com</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Some of these low level network configuration tools reside in "
"\"<literal>/usr/sbin/</literal>\".  You may need to issue full command path "
"such as \"<literal>/usr/sbin/ifconfig</literal>\" or add "
"\"<literal>/usr/sbin</literal>\" to the \"<literal>$PATH</literal>\" list in "
"your \"<literal>~/.bashrc</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Network optimization"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Generic network optimization is beyond the scope of this documentation.  I "
"touch only subjects pertinent to the consumer grade connection."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of network optimization tools"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "display bandwidth usage information on an network interface"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Internet Protocol bandwidth measuring tool"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "InterFace STATistics Monitoring"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "portable bandwidth monitor and rate estimator"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "script that quickly measures network device throughput"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "empirical stochastic bandwidth tester"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "small and simple console-based bandwidth monitor"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "console-based Ethernet statistics monitor"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "bandwidth analysis tool"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Finding optimal MTU"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"NM normally sets optimal <ulink url=\"&maximumtransmissionunitmtu;\">Maximum "
"Transmission Unit (MTU)</ulink> automatically."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"In some occasion, you may wish to set MTU manually after experiments with "
"<literal>ping</literal>(8) with \"<literal>-M do</literal>\" option to send "
"a ICMP packet with various data packet size.  MTU is the maximum succeeding "
"data packet size without IP fragmentation plus 28 bytes for the IPv4 and "
"plus 48 bytes for the IPv6.  For example the following finds MTU for IPv4 "
"connection to be 1460 and MTU for IPv6 connection to be 1500."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"This process is <ulink url=\"&pathmtupmtudiscovery;\">Path MTU (PMTU) "
"discovery</ulink> (<ulink url=\"&rfcbbjb;\">RFC1191</ulink>) and the "
"<literal>tracepath</literal>(8) command can automate this."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Basic guide lines of the optimal MTU value"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "network environment"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "MTU"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "rationale"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Dial-up link (IP: PPP)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "576"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "standard"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Ethernet link (IP: DHCP or fixed)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "1500"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "standard and default"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "In addition to these basic guide lines, you should know the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Any use of tunneling methods (<ulink url=\"&vpn;\">VPN</ulink> etc.) may "
"reduce optimal MTU further by their overheads."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The MTU value should not exceed the experimentally determined PMTU value."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The bigger MTU value is generally better when other limitations are met."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The <ulink url=\"&maximumsegmentsize;\">maximum segment size</ulink> (MSS) "
"is used as an alternative measure of packet size.  The relationship between "
"MSS and MTU are the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "MSS = MTU - 40 for IPv4"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "MSS = MTU - 60 for IPv6"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The <literal>iptables</literal>(8) (see <xref "
"linkend=\"_netfilter_infrastructure\"/>) based optimization can clamp packet "
"size by the MSS and is useful for the router.  See \"TCPMSS\" in "
"<literal>iptables</literal>(8)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "WAN TCP optimization"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The TCP throughput can be maximized by adjusting TCP buffer size parameters "
"as in \"<ulink url=\"&tcptuning;\">TCP tuning</ulink>\" for the modern "
"high-bandwidth and high-latency WAN.  So far, the current Debian default "
"settings serve well even for my LAN connected by the fast 1G bps FTTP "
"service."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Netfilter infrastructure"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&netfilter;\">Netfilter</ulink> provides infrastructure for "
"<ulink url=\"&statefulfirewall;\">stateful firewall</ulink> and <ulink "
"url=\"&networkaddresstranslationnat;\">network address translation "
"(NAT)</ulink> with <ulink url=\"&linuxkernel;\">Linux kernel</ulink> modules "
"(see <xref linkend=\"_the_kernel_module_initialization\"/>)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of firewall tools"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"administration tools for <ulink url=\"&netfilter;\">netfilter</ulink> "
"(<literal>iptables</literal>(8) for IPv4, <literal>ip6tables</literal>(8) "
"for IPv6)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"administration tools for <ulink url=\"&netfilter;\">netfilter</ulink> "
"(<literal>arptables</literal>(8) for ARP)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"administration tools for <ulink url=\"&netfilter;\">netfilter</ulink> "
"(<literal>ebtables</literal>(8) for Ethernet bridging)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"continuously monitor <ulink url=\"&netfilter;\">netfilter</ulink> state "
"(similar to <literal>top</literal>(1))"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&uncomplicatedfirewallufw;\">Uncomplicated Firewall "
"(UFW)</ulink> is a program for managing a netfilter firewall"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"graphical user interface for <ulink "
"url=\"&uncomplicatedfirewallufw;\">Uncomplicated Firewall (UFW)</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&firewalld;\">firewalld</ulink> is a dynamically managed "
"firewall program with support for network zones"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "graphical user interface for <ulink url=\"&firewalld;\">firewalld</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&shorelinefirewall;\">Shoreline Firewall</ulink> initialization"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&shorelinefirewall;\">Shoreline Firewall</ulink>, <ulink "
"url=\"&netfilter;\">netfilter</ulink> configuration file generator"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&shorelinefirewall;\">Shoreline Firewall</ulink>, <ulink "
"url=\"&netfilter;\">netfilter</ulink> configuration file generator (light "
"version)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&shorelinefirewall;\">Shoreline Firewall</ulink>, <ulink "
"url=\"&netfilter;\">netfilter</ulink> configuration file generator (IPv6 "
"version)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&shorelinefirewall;\">Shoreline Firewall</ulink>, <ulink "
"url=\"&netfilter;\">netfilter</ulink> configuration file generator (IPv6, "
"light version)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Main user space program of <ulink url=\"&netfilter;\">netfilter</ulink> is "
"<literal>iptables</literal>(8).  You can manually configure <ulink "
"url=\"&netfilter;\">netfilter</ulink> interactively from shell, save its "
"state with <literal>iptables-save</literal>(8), and restore it via init "
"script with <literal>iptables-restore</literal>(8) upon system reboot."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Configuration helper scripts such as <ulink "
"url=\"&shorewall;\">shorewall</ulink> ease this process."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"See documentations at <ulink url=\"&netfilterdocumentation;\">Netfilter "
"Documentation</ulink> (or in "
"\"<literal>/usr/share/doc/iptables/html/</literal>\")."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&linuxnetworkingconceptshowto;\">Linux Networking-concepts "
"HOWTO</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&linuxcepacketfilteringhowto;\">Linux 2.4 Packet Filtering "
"HOWTO</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&linuxcenathowto;\">Linux 2.4 NAT HOWTO</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Although these were written for Linux <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">2.4</emphasis>, both <literal>iptables</literal>(8) command "
"and netfilter kernel function apply for Linux <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">2.6</emphasis> and <emphasis role=\"strong\">3.x</emphasis> "
"kernel series."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Network applications"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"After establishing network connectivity (see <xref "
"linkend=\"_network_setup\"/>), you can run various network applications."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"For modern Debian specific guide to the network infrastructure, read <ulink "
"url=\"&thedebianadminisrkinfrastructure;\">The Debian Administrator's "
"Handbook — Network Infrastructure</ulink>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"If you enabled \"2-Step Verification\" with some ISP, you need to obtain an "
"application password to access POP and SMTP services from your program.  You "
"may need to approve your host IP in advance."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Web browsers"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"There are many <ulink url=\"&webbrowser;\">web browser</ulink> packages to "
"access remote contents with <ulink "
"url=\"&hypertexttransferprotocol;\">Hypertext Transfer Protocol</ulink> "
"(HTTP)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of web browsers"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "description of web browser"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "X"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&chromium;\">Chromium</ulink>, (open-source browser from "
"Google)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&firefox;\">Firefox</ulink>, (open-source browser from Mozilla, "
"only available in Debian Unstable)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&firefoxesr;\">Firefox ESR</ulink>, (Firefox Extended Support "
"Release)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&gnome;\">GNOME</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&hig;\">HIG</ulink> "
"compliant, <ulink url=\"&epiphany;\">Epiphany</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&kde;\">KDE</ulink>, <ulink "
"url=\"&konqueror;\">Konqueror</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&dillo;\">Dillo</ulink>, (light weight browser, <ulink "
"url=\"&fltk;\">FLTK</ulink> based)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "text"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&wdm;\">w3m</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&lynx;\">Lynx</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&elinks;\">ELinks</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&links;\">Links</ulink> (text only)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "graphics"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&links;\">Links</ulink> (console graphics without X)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Spoofing the User-Agent string"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"In order to access some overly restrictive web sites, you may need to spoof "
"the <ulink url=\"&useragent;\">User-Agent</ulink> string returned by the web "
"browser program.  See:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><ulink>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "MDN Web Docs: userAgent"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><ulink>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Chrome Developers: Override the user agent string"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><ulink>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "How to change your user agent"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><ulink>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "How to Change User-Agent in Chrome, Firefox, Safari, and more"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><ulink>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "How to Change Your Browser’s User Agent Without Installing Any Extensions"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><ulink>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "How to change the User Agent in Gnome Web (epiphany)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Spoofed user-agent string may cause <ulink "
"url=\"&badsideeffectswithjava;\">bad side effects with Java</ulink>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Browser extension"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"All modern GUI browsers support source code based <ulink "
"url=\"&browserextension;\">browser extension</ulink> and it is becoming "
"standardized as <ulink url=\"&webextensions;\">web extensions</ulink>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The mail system"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"This section focuses on typical mobile workstations on consumer grade "
"Internet connections."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><caution><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"If you are to set up the mail server to exchange mail directly with the "
"Internet, you should be better than reading this elementary document."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Email basics"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"An <ulink url=\"&email;\">email</ulink> message consists of three "
"components, the message envelope, the message header, and the message body."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The \"To\" and \"From\" information in the message envelope is used by the "
"<ulink url=\"&smtp;\">SMTP</ulink> to deliver the email. (The \"From\" "
"information in the message envelope is also called <ulink "
"url=\"&bounceaddress;\">bounce address</ulink>, From_, etc.)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The \"To\" and \"From\" information in the message header is displayed by "
"the <ulink url=\"&emailclient;\">email client</ulink>. (While it is most "
"common for these to be the same as ones in the message envelope, such is not "
"always the case.)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The email message format covering header and body data is extended by <ulink "
"url=\"&multipurposeinteilextensionsmime;\">Multipurpose Internet Mail "
"Extensions (MIME)</ulink> from the plain ASCII text to other character "
"encodings, as well as attachments of audio, video, images, and application "
"programs."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Full featured GUI based <ulink url=\"&emailclients;\">email clients</ulink> "
"offer all the following functions using the GUI based intuitive "
"configuration."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"It creates and interprets the message header and body data using <ulink "
"url=\"&multipurposeinteilextensionsmime;\">Multipurpose Internet Mail "
"Extensions (MIME)</ulink> to deal the content data type and encoding."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"It authenticates itself to the ISP's SMTP and IMAP servers using the legacy "
"<ulink url=\"&basicaccessauthentication;\">basic access "
"authentication</ulink> or modern <ulink url=\"&oauthca;\">OAuth "
"2.0</ulink>.  (For <ulink url=\"&oauthca;\">OAuth 2.0</ulink>, set it via "
"Desktop environment settings.  E.g., \"Settings\" -&gt; \"Online "
"Accounts\".)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"It sends the message to the ISP's smarthost SMTP server listening to the "
"message submission port (587)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"It receives the stored message on the ISP's server from the TLS/IMAP4 port "
"(993)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "It can filter mails by their attributes."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "It may offer additional functionalities: Contacts, Calendar, Tasks, Memos."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of mail user agent (MUA)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "X GUI program (GNOME3, groupware suite)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"X GUI program (GTK, <ulink url=\"&mozillathunderbird;\">Mozilla "
"Thunderbird</ulink>)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "X GUI program (KDE)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "character terminal program probably used with <literal>vim</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "character terminal program under <literal>(x)emacs</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Modern mail service limitation"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Modern mail service are under some limitations in order to minimize exposure "
"to the spam (unwanted and unsolicited email) problems."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"It is not realistic to run SMTP server on the consumer grade network to send "
"mail directly to the remote host reliably."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"A mail may be rejected by any host en route to the destination quietly "
"unless it appears as authentic as possible."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"It is not realistic to expect a single smarthost to send mails of unrelated "
"source mail addresses to the remote host reliably."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "This is because:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The SMTP port (25) connections from hosts serviced by the consumer grade "
"network to the Internet are blocked."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The SMTP port (25) connections to hosts serviced by the consumer grade "
"network from the Internet are blocked."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The outgoing messages from hosts serviced by the consumer grade network to "
"the Internet can only be sent via the message submission port (587)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&antispamtechniques;\">Anti-spam techniques</ulink> such as "
"<ulink url=\"&domainkeysidentifiedmaildkim;\">DomainKeys Identified Mail "
"(DKIM)</ulink>, <ulink "
"url=\"&sender_policy_frameworkspf;\">Sender_Policy_Framework (SPF)</ulink>, "
"and <ulink url=\"&domainbasedmessaconformancedmarc;\">Domain-based Message "
"Authentication, Reporting and Conformance (DMARC)</ulink> are widely used "
"for the <ulink url=\"&emailfiltering;\">email filtering</ulink>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The <ulink url=\"&domainkeysidentifiedmail;\">DomainKeys Identified "
"Mail</ulink> service may be provided for your mail sent through the "
"smarthost."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The smarthost may rewrite the source mail address in the message header to "
"your mail account on the smarthost to prevent email address spoofing."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Historic mail service expectation"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Some programs on Debian expect to access the "
"<literal>/usr/sbin/sendmail</literal> command to send emails as their "
"default or customized setting since the mail service on a UNIX system "
"functioned historically as:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "An email is created as a text file."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The email is handed to the <literal>/usr/sbin/sendmail</literal> command."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"For the destination address on the same host, the "
"<literal>/usr/sbin/sendmail</literal> command makes local delivery of the "
"email by appending it to the <literal>/var/mail/$username</literal> file."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Commands expecting this feature: <literal>apt-listchanges</literal>, "
"<literal>cron</literal>, <literal>at</literal>, ..."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"For the destination address on the remote host, the "
"<literal>/usr/sbin/sendmail</literal> command makes remote transfer of the "
"email to the destination host found by the DNS MX record using SMTP."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Commands expecting this feature: <literal>popcon</literal>, "
"<literal>reportbug</literal>, <literal>bts</literal>, ..."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Mail transport agent (MTA)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Debian mobile workstations can be configured just with full featured GUI "
"based <ulink url=\"&emailclients;\">email clients</ulink> without <ulink "
"url=\"&mailtransferagentmta;\">mail transfer agent (MTA)</ulink> program "
"after Debian 12 Bookworm."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Debian traditionally installed some MTA program to support programs "
"expecting the <literal>/usr/sbin/sendmail</literal> command.  Such MTA on "
"mobile workstations must cope with <xref "
"linkend=\"_modern_mail_service_limitation\"/> and <xref "
"linkend=\"_historic_mail_service_expectation\"/>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"For mobile workstations, the typical choice of MTA is either "
"<literal>exim4-daemon-light</literal> or <literal>postfix</literal> with its "
"installation option such as \"Mail sent by smarthost; received via SMTP or "
"fetchmail\" selected.  These are light weight MTAs that respect "
"\"<literal>/etc/aliases</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Configuring <literal>exim4</literal> to send the Internet mail via multiple "
"corresponding smarthosts for multiple source email addresses is "
"non-trivial.  If you need such capability for some programs, set them up to "
"use <literal>msmtp</literal> which is easy to set up for multiple source "
"email addresses.  Then leave main MTA only for a single email address."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of basic mail transport agent related packages"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Exim4 mail transport agent (MTA: Debian default)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Exim4 mail transport agent (MTA: flexible alternative)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Exim4 documentation (text) and common files"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Exim4 documentation (html)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Exim4 documentation (info)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Postfix mail transport agent (MTA: secure alternative)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Postfix documentation (html+text)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Cyrus SASL API implementation (supplement postfix for SMTP AUTH)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Cyrus SASL - documentation"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Light weight MTA"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Light weight MTA (sendmail compatibility extension to "
"<literal>msmtp</literal>)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Light weight MTA (sendmail compatibility extension to "
"<literal>esmtp</literal>)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Strip down MTA, no local mail"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Full featured MTA (only if you are already familiar)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Full featured MTA (web interface etc.)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>git-send-email</literal>(1) program for sending series of patch "
"emails"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The configuration of exim4"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"For the Internet mail via smarthost, you (re)configure "
"<literal>exim4-*</literal> packages as the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Select \"mail sent by smarthost; received via SMTP or fetchmail\" for "
"\"General type of mail configuration\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Set \"System mail name:\" to its default as the FQDN (see <xref "
"linkend=\"_the_hostname_resolution\"/>)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Set \"IP-addresses to listen on for incoming SMTP connections:\" to its "
"default as \"127.0.0.1 ; ::1\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Unset contents of \"Other destinations for which mail is accepted:\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Unset contents of \"Machines to relay mail for:\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Set \"IP address or host name of the outgoing smarthost:\" to "
"\"smtp.hostname.dom:587\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Select \"No\" for \"Hide local mail name in outgoing mail?\". (Use "
"\"<literal>/etc/email-addresses</literal>\" as in <xref "
"linkend=\"_the_mail_address_configuration\"/>, instead.)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Reply to \"Keep number of DNS-queries minimal (Dial-on-Demand)?\" as one of "
"the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"No\" if the system is connected to the Internet while booting."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"\"Yes\" if the system is <emphasis role=\"strong\">not</emphasis> connected "
"to the Internet while booting."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Set \"Delivery method for local mail:\" to \"mbox format in /var/mail/\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Select \"Yes\" for \"Split configuration into small files?:\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Create password entries for the smarthost by editing "
"\"<literal>/etc/exim4/passwd.client</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Configure <literal>exim4</literal>(8) with "
"\"<literal>QUEUERUNNER='queueonly'</literal>\", "
"\"<literal>QUEUERUNNER='nodaemon'</literal>\", etc. in "
"\"<literal>/etc/default/exim4</literal>\" to minimize system resource "
"usages. (optional)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Start <literal>exim4</literal> by the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The host name in \"<literal>/etc/exim4/passwd.client</literal>\" should not "
"be the alias.  You check the real host name with the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"I use regex in \"<literal>/etc/exim4/passwd.client</literal>\" to work "
"around the alias issue.  SMTP AUTH probably works even if the ISP moves host "
"pointed by the alias."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"You can manually update <literal>exim4</literal> configuration by the "
"following:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Update <literal>exim4</literal> configuration files in "
"\"<literal>/etc/exim4/</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"creating \"<literal>/etc/exim4/exim4.conf.localmacros</literal>\" to set "
"MACROs and editing "
"\"<literal>/etc/exim4/exim4.conf.template</literal>\". (non-split "
"configuration)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"creating new files or editing existing files in the "
"\"<literal>/etc/exim4/exim4.conf.d</literal>\" subdirectories. (split "
"configuration)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Run \"<literal>systemctl reload exim4</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><caution><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Starting <literal>exim4</literal> takes long time if \"No\" (default value) "
"was chosen for the debconf query of \"Keep number of DNS-queries minimal "
"(Dial-on-Demand)?\" and the system is <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">not</emphasis> connected to the Internet while booting."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Please read the official guide at: "
"\"<literal>/usr/share/doc/exim4-base/README.Debian.gz</literal>\" and "
"<literal>update-exim4.conf</literal>(8)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><warning><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"For all practical consideration, use <ulink url=\"&smtp;\">SMTP</ulink> with "
"<ulink url=\"&starttls;\">STARTTLS</ulink> on port 587 or <ulink "
"url=\"&smtps;\">SMTPS</ulink> (SMTP over SSL) on port 465, instead of plain "
"SMTP on port 25."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The configuration of postfix with SASL"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"For the Internet mail via smarthost, you should first read <ulink "
"url=\"&postfixdocumentation;\">postfix documentation</ulink> and key manual "
"pages."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of important postfix manual pages"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>postfix</literal>(1)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Postfix control program"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>postconf</literal>(1)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Postfix configuration utility"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>postconf</literal>(5)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Postfix configuration parameters"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>postmap</literal>(1)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Postfix lookup table maintenance"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>postalias</literal>(1)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Postfix alias database maintenance"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"You (re)configure <literal>postfix</literal> and "
"<literal>sasl2-bin</literal> packages as follows."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Chose \"Internet with smarthost\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Set \"SMTP relay host (blank for none):\" to "
"\"<literal>[smtp.hostname.dom]:587</literal>\" and configure it by the "
"following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Create password entries for the smarthost."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Start the <literal>postfix</literal> by the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Here the use of \"<literal>[</literal>\" and \"<literal>]</literal>\" in the "
"<literal>dpkg-reconfigure</literal> dialog and "
"\"<literal>/etc/postfix/sasl_passwd</literal>\" ensures not to check MX "
"record but directly use exact hostname specified.  See \"Enabling SASL "
"authentication in the Postfix SMTP client\" in "
"\"<literal>/usr/share/doc/postfix/html/SASL_README.html</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The mail address configuration"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"There are a few <ulink url=\"&mailaddressconfieryanduseragents;\">mail "
"address configuration files for mail transport, delivery and user "
"agents</ulink>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of mail address related configuration files"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "application"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>/etc/mailname</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "default host name for (outgoing) mail"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Debian specific, <literal>mailname</literal>(5)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>/etc/email-addresses</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "host name spoofing for outgoing mail"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>exim</literal>(8) specific, "
"<literal>exim4-config_files</literal>(5)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>/etc/postfix/generic</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>postfix</literal>(1) specific, activated after "
"<literal>postmap</literal>(1) command execution."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>/etc/aliases</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "account name alias for incoming mail"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "general, activated after <literal>newaliases</literal>(1) command execution."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The <emphasis role=\"strong\">mailname</emphasis> in the "
"\"<literal>/etc/mailname</literal>\" file is usually a fully qualified "
"domain name (FQDN) that resolves to one of the host's IP addresses.  For the "
"mobile workstation which does not have a hostname with resolvable IP "
"address, set this <emphasis role=\"strong\">mailname</emphasis> to the value "
"of \"<literal>hostname -f</literal>\". (This is safe choice and works for "
"both <literal>exim4-*</literal> and <literal>postfix</literal>.)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The contents of \"<literal>/etc/mailname</literal>\" is used by many non-MTA "
"programs for their default behavior. For <literal>mutt</literal>, set "
"\"<literal>hostname</literal>\" and \"<literal>from</literal>\" variables in "
"<literal>~/muttrc</literal> file to override the <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">mailname</emphasis> value.  For programs in the "
"<literal>devscripts</literal> package, such as <literal>bts</literal>(1) and "
"<literal>dch</literal>(1), export environment variables "
"\"<literal>$DEBFULLNAME</literal>\" and \"<literal>$DEBEMAIL</literal>\" to "
"override it."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The <literal>popularity-contest</literal> package normally send mail from "
"root account with FQDN.  You need to set <literal>MAILFROM</literal> in "
"<literal>/etc/popularity-contest.conf</literal> as described in the "
"<literal>/usr/share/popularity-contest/default.conf</literal> file.  "
"Otherwise, your mail will be rejected by the smarthost SMTP server. Although "
"this is tedious, this approach is safer than rewriting the source address "
"for all mails from root by MTA and should be used for other daemons and cron "
"scripts."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"When setting the <emphasis role=\"strong\">mailname</emphasis> to "
"\"<literal>hostname -f</literal>\", the spoofing of the source mail address "
"via MTA can be realized by the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"\"<literal>/etc/email-addresses</literal>\" file for "
"<literal>exim4</literal>(8) as explained in the "
"<literal>exim4-config_files</literal>(5)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"\"<literal>/etc/postfix/generic</literal>\" file for "
"<literal>postfix</literal>(1) as explained in the "
"<literal>generic</literal>(5)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "For <literal>postfix</literal>, the following extra steps are needed."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "You can test mail address configuration using the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>exim</literal>(8) with <literal>-brw, -bf, -bF, -bV, …</literal> "
"options"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>postmap</literal>(1) with <literal>-q</literal> option."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Exim comes with several utility programs such as "
"<literal>exiqgrep</literal>(8) and <literal>exipick</literal>(8).  See "
"\"<literal>dpkg -L exim4-base|grep man8/</literal>\" for available commands."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Basic MTA operations"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"There are several basic MTA operations.  Some may be performed via "
"<literal>sendmail</literal>(1) compatibility interface."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of basic MTA operation"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "exim command"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "postfix command"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>sendmail</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"read mails from standard input and arrange for delivery "
"(<literal>-bm</literal>)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>mailq</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "list the mail queue with status and queue ID (<literal>-bp</literal>)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>newaliases</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "initialize alias database (<literal>-I</literal>)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>exim4 -q</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>postqueue -f</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "flush waiting mails (<literal>-q</literal>)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>exim4 -qf</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>postsuper -r ALL deferred; postqueue -f</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "flush all mails"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>exim4 -qff</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>postsuper -r ALL; postqueue -f</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "flush even frozen mails"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>exim4 -Mg queue_id</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>postsuper -h queue_id</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "freeze one message by its queue ID"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>exim4 -Mrm queue_id</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>postsuper -d queue_id</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "remove one message by its queue ID"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>postsuper -d ALL</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "remove all messages"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"It may be a good idea to flush all mails by a script in "
"\"<literal>/etc/ppp/ip-up.d/*</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The remote access server and utilities (SSH)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The <ulink url=\"&secureshell;\">Secure SHell</ulink> (SSH) is the <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">secure</emphasis> way to connect over the Internet.  A free "
"version of SSH called <ulink url=\"&openssh;\">OpenSSH</ulink> is available "
"as <literal>openssh-client</literal> and <literal>openssh-server</literal> "
"packages in Debian."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"For the user, <literal>ssh</literal>(1) functions as a smarter and more "
"secure <literal>telnet</literal>(1).  Unlike <literal>telnet</literal> "
"command, <literal>ssh</literal> command does not stop on the "
"<literal>telnet</literal> escape character (initial default CTRL-])."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of remote access server and utilities"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "tool"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>ssh</literal>(1)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Secure shell client"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>sshd</literal>(8)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Secure shell server"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>ssh-askpass</literal>(1)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "asks user for a pass phrase for ssh-add (plain X)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>ssh-askpass-gnome</literal>(1)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "asks user for a pass phrase for ssh-add (GNOME)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>ssh-askpass-fullscreen</literal>(1)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "asks user for a pass phrase for ssh-add (GNOME) with extra eye candy"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>shellinaboxd</literal>(1)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"web server for <ulink url=\"&browseraccessiblterminalemulator;\">browser "
"accessible VT100 terminal emulator</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Although <literal>shellinabox</literal> is not a SSH program, it is listed "
"here as an interesting alternative for the remote terminal access."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"See also <xref linkend=\"_x_server_connection\"/> for connecting to remote X "
"client programs."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><caution><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"See <xref linkend=\"_extra_security_measures_for_the_internet\"/> if your "
"SSH is accessible from the Internet."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Please use the <literal>screen</literal>(1) program to enable remote shell "
"process to survive the interrupted connection (see <xref "
"linkend=\"_the_screen_program\"/>)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Basics of SSH"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The OpenSSH SSH daemon supports SSH protocol 2 only."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Please read "
"\"<literal>/usr/share/doc/openssh-client/README.Debian.gz</literal>\", "
"<literal>ssh</literal>(1), <literal>sshd</literal>(8), "
"<literal>ssh-keygen</literal>(1), <literal>ssh-add</literal>(1) and "
"<literal>ssh-agent</literal>(1)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"\"<literal>/etc/ssh/sshd_not_to_be_run</literal>\" must not be present if "
"one wishes to run the OpenSSH server."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Don't enable rhost based authentication "
"(<literal>HostbasedAuthentication</literal> in "
"<literal>/etc/ssh/sshd_config</literal>)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of SSH configuration files"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "description of configuration file"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>/etc/ssh/ssh_config</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "SSH client defaults, see <literal>ssh_config</literal>(5)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>/etc/ssh/sshd_config</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "SSH server defaults, see <literal>sshd_config</literal>(5)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>~/.ssh/authorized_keys</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"default public SSH keys that clients use to connect to this account on this "
"SSH server"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>~/.ssh/id_rsa</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "secret SSH-2 RSA key of the user"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>~/.ssh/id_<emphasis>key-type-name</emphasis></literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"secret SSH-2 <emphasis>key-type-name</emphasis> key such as "
"<literal>ecdsa</literal>, <literal>ed25519</literal>, ... of the user"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The following starts an <literal>ssh</literal>(1) connection from a client."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of SSH client startup examples"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>ssh username@hostname.domain.ext</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "connect with default mode"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>ssh -v username@hostname.domain.ext</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "connect with default mode with debugging messages"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>ssh -o PreferredAuthentications=password "
"username@hostname.domain.ext</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "force to use password with SSH version 2"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>ssh -t username@hostname.domain.ext passwd</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "run <literal>passwd</literal> program to update password on a remote host"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "User name on the remote host"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"If you use the same user name on the local and the remote host, you can "
"eliminate typing \"<literal>username@</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Even if you use different user name on the local and the remote host, you "
"can eliminate it using \"<literal>~/.ssh/config</literal>\".  For <ulink "
"url=\"&debiansalsaservice;\">Debian Salsa service</ulink> with account name "
"\"<literal>foo-guest</literal>\", you set "
"\"<literal>~/.ssh/config</literal>\" to contain the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Connecting without remote passwords"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"One can avoid having to remember passwords for remote systems by using "
"\"<literal>PubkeyAuthentication</literal>\" (SSH-2 protocol)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"On the remote system, set the respective entries, "
"\"<literal>PubkeyAuthentication yes</literal>\", in "
"\"<literal>/etc/ssh/sshd_config</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Generate authentication keys locally and install the public key on the "
"remote system by the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"You can add options to the entries in "
"\"<literal>~/.ssh/authorized_keys</literal>\" to limit hosts and to run "
"specific commands.  See <literal>sshd</literal>(8) \"AUTHORIZED_KEYS FILE "
"FORMAT\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Dealing with alien SSH clients"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"There are some free <ulink url=\"&ssh;\">SSH</ulink> clients available for "
"other platforms."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of free SSH clients for other platforms"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "environment"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "free SSH program"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Windows"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"puTTY (<ulink url=\"&puttyafreesshandtelnetclient;\">PuTTY: a free SSH and "
"Telnet client</ulink>) (GPL)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Windows (cygwin)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"SSH in cygwin (<ulink url=\"&cygwingetthatlinfeelingonwindows;\">Cygwin: Get "
"that Linux feeling - on Windows</ulink>) (GPL)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Mac OS X"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "OpenSSH; use <literal>ssh</literal> in the Terminal application (GPL)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Setting up ssh-agent"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"It is safer to protect your SSH authentication secret keys with a pass "
"phrase.  If a pass phrase was not set, use \"<literal>ssh-keygen "
"-p</literal>\" to set it."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Place your public SSH key (e.g.  \"<literal>~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub</literal>\") "
"into \"<literal>~/.ssh/authorized_keys</literal>\" on a remote host using a "
"password-based connection to the remote host as described above."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "No remote password needed from here on for the next command."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Press ^D to terminating ssh-agent session."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"For the X server, the normal Debian startup script executes "
"<literal>ssh-agent</literal> as the parent process.  So you only need to "
"execute <literal>ssh-add</literal> once. For more, read "
"<literal>ssh-agent</literal>(1) and <literal>ssh-add</literal>(1)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Sending a mail from a remote host"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"If you have an SSH shell account on a server with proper DNS settings, you "
"can send a mail generated on your workstation as an email genuinely sent "
"from the remote server."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Port forwarding for SMTP/POP3 tunneling"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"To establish a pipe to connect to port 25 of "
"<literal>remote-server</literal> from port 4025 of "
"<literal>localhost</literal>, and to port 110 of "
"<literal>remote-server</literal> from port 4110 of "
"<literal>localhost</literal> through <literal>ssh</literal>, execute on the "
"local host as the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"This is a secure way to make connections to SMTP/POP3 servers over the "
"Internet.  Set the \"<literal>AllowTcpForwarding</literal>\" entry to "
"\"<literal>yes</literal>\" in \"<literal>/etc/ssh/sshd_config</literal>\" of "
"the remote host."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "How to shutdown the remote system on SSH"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"You need to protect the process doing \"<literal>shutdown -h now</literal>\" "
"(see <xref linkend=\"_how_to_shutdown_the_system\"/>) from the termination "
"of SSH using the <literal>at</literal>(1) command (see <xref "
"linkend=\"_scheduling_tasks_once\"/>) by the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Running \"<literal>shutdown -h now</literal>\" in "
"<literal>screen</literal>(1) (see <xref linkend=\"_the_screen_program\"/>) "
"session is another way to do the same."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Troubleshooting SSH"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"If you have problems, check the permissions of configuration files and run "
"<literal>ssh</literal> with the \"<literal>-v</literal>\" option."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Use the \"<literal>-p</literal>\" option if you are root and have trouble "
"with a firewall; this avoids the use of server ports 1 — 1023."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"If <literal>ssh</literal> connections to a remote site suddenly stop "
"working, it may be the result of tinkering by the sysadmin, most likely a "
"change in \"<literal>host_key</literal>\" during system maintenance.  After "
"making sure this is the case and nobody is trying to fake the remote host by "
"some clever hack, one can regain a connection by removing the "
"\"<literal>host_key</literal>\" entry from "
"\"<literal>~/.ssh/known_hosts</literal>\" on the local host."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The print server and utilities"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"In the old Unix-like system, the BSD <ulink "
"url=\"&lineprinterdaemonlpd;\">Line printer daemon (lpd)</ulink> was the "
"standard and the standard print out format of the classic free software was "
"<ulink url=\"&postscriptps;\">PostScript (PS)</ulink>.  Some filter system "
"was used along with <ulink url=\"&ghostscript;\">Ghostscript</ulink> to "
"enable printing to the non-PostScript printer.  See <xref "
"linkend=\"_ghostscript\"/>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"In the modern Debian system, the <ulink "
"url=\"&commonunixprintingsystem;\">Common UNIX Printing System</ulink> "
"(CUPS) is the de facto standard and the standard print out format of the "
"modern free software is <ulink url=\"&portabledocumentformatpdf;\">Portable "
"Document Format (PDF)</ulink>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The CUPS uses <ulink url=\"&internetprintingprotocol;\">Internet Printing "
"Protocol</ulink> (IPP). The IPP is now supported by other OSs such as "
"Windows XP and Mac OS X and has became new cross-platform de facto standard "
"for remote printing with bi-directional communication capability."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Thanks to the file format dependent auto-conversion feature of the CUPS "
"system, simply feeding any data to the <literal>lpr</literal> command should "
"generate the expected print output. (In CUPS, <literal>lpr</literal> can be "
"enabled by installing the <literal>cups-bsd</literal> package.)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The Debian system has some notable packages for the print servers and "
"utilities."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of print servers and utilities"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "printer (515)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "BSD lpr/lpd (<ulink url=\"&lineprinterdaemon;\">Line printer daemon</ulink>)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ", , (Enhanced)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "IPP (631)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Internet Printing CUPS server"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&systemvprintercommands;\">System V printer commands</ulink> "
"for CUPS: <literal>lp</literal>(1), <literal>lpstat</literal>(1), "
"<literal>lpoptions</literal>(1), <literal>cancel</literal>(1), "
"<literal>lpmove</literal>(8), <literal>lpinfo</literal>(8), "
"<literal>lpadmin</literal>(8), …"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&bsdprintercommands;\">BSD printer commands</ulink> for CUPS: "
"<literal>lpr</literal>(1), <literal>lpq</literal>(1), "
"<literal>lprm</literal>(1), <literal>lpc</literal>(8)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Not applicable"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "printer drivers for CUPS"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"You can configure CUPS system by pointing your web browser to \"<ulink "
"url=\"&httplocalhostgdb;\">http://localhost:631/</ulink>\" ."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Other network application servers"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Here are other network application servers."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of other network application servers"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "protocol"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&telnet;\">TELNET</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "TELNET server"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ", , (SSL support)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&nfs;\">NFS</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Unix file sharing"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&smb;\">SMB</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Windows file and printer sharing"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&atp;\">ATP</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Apple/Mac file and printer sharing (AppleTalk)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&ftp;\">FTP</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "General file download"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&http;\">HTTP</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "General web server"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "General web <ulink url=\"&proxyserver;\">proxy server</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&dns;\">DNS</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "IP address for other hosts"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&dhcp;\">DHCP</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "IP address of client itself"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Common Internet File System Protocol (CIFS) is the same protocol as <ulink "
"url=\"&servermessageblocksmb;\">Server Message Block (SMB)</ulink> and is "
"used widely by Microsoft Windows."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"See <xref linkend=\"_the_modern_centralized_system_management\"/> for "
"integration of server systems."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The hostname resolution is usually provided by the <ulink "
"url=\"&dns;\">DNS</ulink> server.  For the host IP address dynamically "
"assigned by <ulink url=\"&dhcp;\">DHCP</ulink>, <ulink "
"url=\"&dynamicdns;\">Dynamic DNS</ulink> can be set up for the hostname "
"resolution using <literal>bind9</literal> and "
"<literal>isc-dhcp-server</literal> as described in the <ulink "
"url=\"&ddnspageonthedebianwiki;\">DDNS page on the Debian wiki</ulink>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Use of proxy server such as <literal>squid</literal> is much more efficient "
"for saving bandwidth than use of local mirror server with the full Debian "
"archive contents."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Other network application clients"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Here are other network application clients."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of network application clients"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&tcpip;\">TCP/IP</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "TCP/IP swiss army knife"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "TCP/IP swiss army knife with support for IPv6, proxies, and Unix sockets"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&ssl;\">SSL</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Secure Socket Layer (SSL) binary and related cryptographic tools"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "universal SSL Wrapper"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "TELNET client"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "MS Windows file and printer sharing client"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "mount and umount commands for remote MS Windows file"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "FTP client"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "full screen FTP client"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&http;\">HTTP</ulink> and <ulink url=\"&ftp;\">FTP</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "web downloader"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "accelerated downloader"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"accelerated downloader with <ulink url=\"&bittorrent;\">BitTorrent</ulink> "
"and <ulink url=\"&metalink;\">Metalink</ulink> supports"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>host</literal>(1) from bind9, \"<literal>Priority: "
"standard</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>dig</literal>(1) from bind, \"<literal>Priority: "
"standard</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "obtain IP address"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&ldap;\">LDAP</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "obtain data from LDAP server"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The diagnosis of the system daemons"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The <literal>telnet</literal> program enables manual connection to the "
"system daemons and its diagnosis."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"For testing plain <ulink url=\"&popd;\">POP3</ulink> service, try the "
"following"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"For testing the <ulink url=\"&tls;\">TLS</ulink>/SSL enabled <ulink "
"url=\"&popd;\">POP3</ulink> service by some ISPs, you need TLS/SSL enabled "
"<literal>telnet</literal> client by the <literal>telnet-ssl</literal> or "
"<literal>openssl</literal> packages."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The following <ulink url=\"&rfcs;\">RFCs</ulink> provide required knowledge "
"to each system daemon."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of popular RFCs"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "RFC"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&rfcbjdj;\">rfc1939</ulink> and <ulink "
"url=\"&rfcceej;\">rfc2449</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&popd;\">POP3</ulink> service"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&rfcdfab;\">rfc3501</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&imape;\">IMAP4</ulink> service"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&rfccicb;\">rfc2821</ulink> (<ulink "
"url=\"&rfcicb;\">rfc821</ulink>)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&smtp;\">SMTP</ulink> service"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&rfccicc;\">rfc2822</ulink> (<ulink "
"url=\"&rfcicc;\">rfc822</ulink>)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Mail file format"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&rfccaef;\">rfc2045</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&multipurposeinteilextensionsmime;\">Multipurpose Internet Mail "
"Extensions (MIME)</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&rfcibj;\">rfc819</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&dns;\">DNS</ulink> service"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&rfccgbg;\">rfc2616</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&http;\">HTTP</ulink> service"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&rfccdjg;\">rfc2396</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&uri;\">URI</ulink> definition"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The port usage is described in \"<literal>/etc/services</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "GUI System"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "GUI desktop environment"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"There are several choices for the full featured <ulink "
"url=\"&gui;\">GUI</ulink> desktop environment on the Debian system."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of desktop environment"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "task package"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&gnome;\">GNOME</ulink> desktop environment"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&xfce;\">Xfce</ulink> desktop environment"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&kdeplasma;\">KDE Plasma</ulink> desktop environment"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&mate;\">MATE</ulink> desktop environment"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&cinnamon;\">Cinnamon</ulink> desktop environment"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&lxde;\">LXDE</ulink> desktop environment"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&lxqt;\">LXQt</ulink> desktop environment"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&gnomeflashback;\">GNOME Flashback</ulink> desktop environment"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Dependency packages selected by a task metapackage may be out of sync with "
"the latest package transition state under the Debian "
"<literal>unstable</literal>/<literal>testing</literal> environment. For "
"<literal>task-gnome-desktop</literal>, you may need to adjust package "
"selections as follows:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Start <literal>aptitude</literal>(8) as <literal>sudo aptitude -u</literal>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Move cursor to \"Tasks\" and press \"Enter\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Move cursor to \"End-user\" press \"Enter\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Move cursor to \"GNOME\" press \"Enter\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Move cursor to <literal>task-gnome-desktop</literal> and press \"Enter\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Move cursor to \"Depends\" and press \"m\" (manually selected)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Move cursor to \"Recommends\" and press \"m\" (manually selected)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Move cursor to \"<literal>task-gnome-desktop</literal> and press "
"\"-\". (drop)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Adjust selected packages while dropping problematic ones causing package "
"conflicts."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Press \"g\" to start install."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"This chapter will focus mostly on the default desktop environment of Debian: "
"<literal>task-gnome-desktop</literal> offering <ulink "
"url=\"&gnome;\">GNOME</ulink> on <ulink url=\"&wayland;\">wayland</ulink>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "GUI communication protocol"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "GUI communication protocol used on the GNOME desktop can be:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&waylanddisplayserverprotocol;\">Wayland (display server "
"protocol)</ulink> (native)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&xwindowsystemcoreprotocol;\">X Window System core "
"protocol</ulink> (via <literal>xwayland</literal>)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Please check <ulink "
"url=\"&freedesktoporgsindowarchitecture;\">freedesktop.org site for how "
"Wayland architecture is different from X Window architecture</ulink>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "From user's perspective, differences can be colloquially summarized as:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Wayland is a same-host GUI communication protocol: new, simpler, faster, no "
"setuid root binary"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"X Window is a network-capable GUI communication protocol: traditional, "
"complex, slower, setuid root binary"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"For applications using Wayland protocol, the access to their display "
"contents from a remote host is supported by the <ulink "
"url=\"&vnc;\">VNC</ulink> or <ulink url=\"&rdp;\">RDP</ulink>.  See <xref "
"linkend=\"_remote_desktop\"/>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Modern X servers have <ulink url=\"&themitsharedmemoryextension;\">the MIT "
"Shared Memory Extension</ulink> and communicate with their local X clients "
"using the local shared memory.  This bypasses the network transparent <ulink "
"url=\"&xlib;\">Xlib</ulink> interprocess communication channel and gains "
"performance.  This situation was the <ulink "
"url=\"&background;\">background</ulink> of creating Wayland as a local-only "
"GUI communication protocol."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Using the <literal>xeyes</literal> program started from the GNOME terminal, "
"you can check GUI communication protocol used by each GUI application."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"If the mouse cursor is on an application such as \"GNOME terminal\" which "
"uses Wayland display server protocol, eyes don't move with the mouse cursor."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"If the mouse cursor is on an application such as \"xterm\" which uses X "
"Window System core protocol, eyes move with the mouse cursor exposing "
"not-so-isolated nature of X Window architecture."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"As of April 2021, many popular GUI applications such as GNOME and <ulink "
"url=\"&libreofficelo;\">LibreOffice (LO)</ulink> applications have been "
"migrated to the Wayland display server protocol.  I see "
"<literal>xterm</literal>, <literal>gitk</literal>, "
"<literal>chromium</literal>, <literal>firefox</literal>, "
"<literal>gimp</literal>, <literal>dia</literal>, and KDE applications still "
"use X Window System core protocol."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><note><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"For both the xwayland on Wayland or the native X Window System, the old X "
"server configuration file \"<literal>/etc/X11/xorg.conf</literal>\" "
"shouldn't exist on the system. The graphics and input devices are now "
"configured by the kernel with <ulink url=\"&drm;\">DRM</ulink>, <ulink "
"url=\"&kms;\">KMS</ulink>, and <ulink url=\"&udev;\">udev</ulink>.  The "
"native X server has been rewritten to use them.  See \"<ulink "
"url=\"&modedbdefaultvideomodesupport;\">modedb default video mode "
"support</ulink>\" in the Linux kernel documentation."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "GUI infrastructure"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Here are notable GUI infrastructure packages for the GNOME on Wayland "
"environment."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of notable GUI infrastructure packages"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "package size"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"GNOME's <ulink url=\"&mutter;\">mutter</ulink> window manager <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">[auto]</emphasis>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"An X server running on top of <ulink url=\"&wayland;\">wayland</ulink> "
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">[auto]</emphasis>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Remote desktop daemon for GNOME using PipeWire <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">[auto]</emphasis>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Advanced configuration settings for GNOME"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Tool to enable / disable GNOME Shell extensions"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Here, \"<emphasis role=\"strong\">[auto]</emphasis>\" means that these "
"packages are automatically installed when "
"<literal>task-gnome-desktop</literal> is installed."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>gnome-tweaks</literal> is the indispensable configuration utility.  "
"For example:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "You can force \"Over-Amplification\" of sound volume from \"General\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"You can force \"Caps\" to become \"Esc\" from \"Keyboard &amp; Mouse\" -&gt; "
"\"Keyboard\" -&gt; \"Additional Layout Option\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Detail features of GNOME desktop environment can be configured with "
"utilities started by typing \"<literal>settings</literal>\", "
"\"<literal>tweaks</literal>\", or \"<literal>extensions</literal>\" after "
"pressing <literal>Super</literal>-key."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "GUI applications"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Many useful GUI applications are available on Debian now.  Installing "
"software packages such as <literal>scribus</literal> (KDE) on GNOME desktop "
"environment are quite acceptable since corresponding functionality is not "
"available under GNOME desktop environment.  But installing too many packages "
"with duplicated functionalities may clutter your system."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Here is a list of GUI applications which caught my eyes."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of notable GUI applications"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "GNOME"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Personal information Management (groupware and email)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "GTK"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Email client (<ulink url=\"&mozillathunderbird;\">Mozilla "
"Thunderbird</ulink>)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "KDE"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "LO"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "word processor"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&desktoppublishing;\">desktop publishing</ulink> editor to edit "
"<ulink url=\"&pdf;\">PDF</ulink> files"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "label editor"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "spreadsheet"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "presentation"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "database management"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "vector graphics editor (draw)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "flowchart and diagram editor"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "bitmap graphics editor (paint)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "digital photo organizer"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "lighttable and darkroom for photographers"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "project management"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "personal accounting"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "-"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "music typesetter"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Qt-app"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "computer-aided design (CAD) system (2D)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "computer-aided design (CAD) system (3D)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "electronic schematic and PCB design software"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "scanner frontend"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "mathematical equation/formula editor"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "e-book converter and library management"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "e-book reader"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "document(pdf) viewer"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "pure X-app"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>xeyes</literal>(1), etc."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>xev</literal>(1), <literal>xwininfo</literal>(1), etc."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "User directories"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Default names for user directories such as \"<literal>~/Desktop</literal>\", "
"\"<literal>~/Documents</literal>\", ..., used by the Desktop environment "
"depend on the locale used for the system installation.  You can reset them "
"to the English ones by:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Then you manually move all the data to the newer directories.  See "
"<literal>xdg-user-dirs-update</literal>(1)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"You can also set them to any names by editing "
"\"<literal>~/.config/user-dirs.dirs</literal>\".  See "
"<literal>user-dirs.dirs</literal>(5)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Fonts"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Many useful scalable fonts are available for users on Debian.  User's "
"concern is how to avoid redundancy and how to configure parts of installed "
"fonts to be disabled.  Otherwise, useless font choices may clutter your GUI "
"application menus."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Debian system uses <ulink url=\"&freetype;\">FreeType</ulink> 2.0 library to "
"rasterise many scalable font formats for screen and print:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&typebpostscriptfonts;\">Type 1 (PostScript) fonts</ulink> "
"which use cubic <ulink url=\"&bziercurves;\">Bézier curves</ulink> (almost "
"obsolete format)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&truetypefonts;\">TrueType fonts</ulink> which use quadratic "
"<ulink url=\"&bziercurves;\">Bézier curves</ulink> (good choice format)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&opentypefonts;\">OpenType fonts</ulink> which use cubic <ulink "
"url=\"&bziercurves;\">Bézier curves</ulink> (best choice format)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Basic fonts"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The following table is compiled in the hope to help users to chose "
"appropriate scalable fonts with clear understanding of the metric "
"compatibility and the glyph coverage.  Most fonts cover all Latin, Greek, "
"and Cyril characters.  The final choice of activated fonts can also be "
"affected by your aesthetics.  These fonts can be used for the screen display "
"or for the paper printing."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"List of notable <ulink url=\"&truetype;\">TrueType</ulink> and <ulink "
"url=\"&opentype;\">OpenType</ulink> fonts"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&sans;\">sans</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&serif;\">serif</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&mono;\">mono</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "note on font"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "59"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&cantarell;\">Cantarell</ulink> (GNOME 3, display)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "61"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "63"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "40"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&notofonts;\">Noto fonts</ulink> (Google, multi-lingual with "
"CJK)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "58"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "68"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&dejavu;\">DejaVu</ulink> (GNOME 2, MCM:<ulink "
"url=\"&verdana;\">Verdana</ulink>, extended <ulink "
"url=\"&bitstreamvera;\">Bitstream Vera</ulink>)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "56"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "60"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&liberationfonts;\">Liberation fonts</ulink> for <ulink "
"url=\"&libreoffice;\">LibreOffice</ulink> (Red Hat, MCMATC)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&chromeosarimotinosandcousine;\">Chrome OS: Arimo, Tinos and "
"Cousine</ulink> (Google, MCMATC)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "57"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&chromeoscarlito;\">Chrome OS: Carlito</ulink> (Google, "
"MCM:<ulink url=\"&calibri;\">Calibri</ulink> )"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "55"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&chromeoscaladea;\">Chrome OS: Caladea</ulink> (Google, "
"MCM:<ulink url=\"&cambria;\">Cambria</ulink> ) (Latin only )"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&gnufreefont;\">GNU FreeFont</ulink> (extended <ulink "
"url=\"&urwnimbus;\">URW Nimbus</ulink>)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Debian task-desktop, <ulink url=\"&quicksand;\">Quicksand</ulink> (display, "
"Latin only)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "40 P"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"A typeface designed for source code <ulink url=\"&hack;\">Hack</ulink> "
"(Facebook)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "54"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&gentium;\">Gentium</ulink> SIL"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&charissil;\">Charis SIL</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&urwnimbus;\">URW Nimbus</ulink> (<ulink "
"url=\"&nimbussans;\">Nimbus Sans</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&romannojl;\">Roman "
"No. 9 L</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&monol;\">Mono L</ulink>, MCAHTC)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "33 P"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&ubuntufonts;\">Ubuntu fonts</ulink> (display)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "33"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&coolretroterminalfonts;\">Cool retro terminal fonts</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "56?"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Downloader of Microsoft non-free fonts (see below)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"MCM\" stands for \"metric compatible with fonts provided by Microsoft\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"\"MCMATC\" stands for \"metric compatible with fonts provided by Microsoft: "
"<ulink url=\"&arial;\">Arial</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&timesnewroman;\">Times "
"New Roman</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&couriernew;\">Courier New</ulink>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"\"MCAHTC\" stands for \"metric compatible with fonts provided by <ulink "
"url=\"&adobe;\">Adobe</ulink>: Helvetica, Times, Courier\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Numbers in font type columns stands for the rough relative \"M\" width for "
"the same point size font."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"\"P\" in mono font type columns stands for its usability for programming "
"having clearly distinguishable \"0\"/\"O\" and \"1\"/\"I\"/\"l\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The <literal>ttf-mscorefonts-installer</literal> package downloads "
"Microsoft's \"<ulink url=\"&corefontsfortheweb;\">Core fonts for the "
"Web</ulink>\" and installs <ulink url=\"&arial;\">Arial</ulink>, <ulink "
"url=\"&timesnewroman;\">Times New Roman</ulink>, <ulink "
"url=\"&couriernew;\">Courier New</ulink>, <ulink "
"url=\"&verdana;\">Verdana</ulink>, ... . These installed font data are "
"non-free data."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Many free Latin fonts have their lineage traced to <ulink "
"url=\"&urwnimbus;\">URW Nimbus</ulink> family or <ulink "
"url=\"&bitstreamvera;\">Bitstream Vera</ulink>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"If your locale needs fonts not covered well by the above fonts, please use "
"aptitude to check under task packages listed under \"Tasks\" -&gt; "
"\"Localization\".  The font packages listed as \"Depends:\" or "
"\"Recommends:\" in the localization task packages are the primary "
"candidates."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Font rasterization"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Debian uses <ulink url=\"&freetype;\">FreeType</ulink> to rasterize "
"fonts. Its font choice infrastructure is provided by the <ulink "
"url=\"&fontconfig;\">Fontconfig</ulink> font configuration library."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of notable font environment and related packages"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&freetype;\">FreeType</ulink> font rasterization library"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&fontconfig;\">Fontconfig</ulink> font configuration library"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>fc-*</literal>: CLI commands for <ulink "
"url=\"&fontconfig;\">Fontconfig</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&fontmanager;\">Font Manager</ulink>: GUI command for <ulink "
"url=\"&fontconfig;\">Fontconfig</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Nautilus extension for <ulink url=\"&fontmanager;\">Font Manager</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Some font packages such as <literal>fonts-noto*</literal> install too many "
"fonts. You may also want to keep some font packages installed but disabled "
"under the normal use situation.  The multiple <ulink "
"url=\"&glyphs;\">glyphs</ulink> are expected for some <ulink "
"url=\"&unicode;\">Unicode</ulink> code points due to <ulink "
"url=\"&hanunification;\">Han unification</ulink> and unwanted gliphs may be "
"chosen by the unconfigured Fontconfig library.  One of the most annoying "
"case is \"U+3001 IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA\" and \"U+3002 IDEOGRAPHIC FULL STOP\" "
"among CJK countries.  You can avoid this problematic situation easily by "
"configuring font availability using Font Manager GUI (<ulink "
"url=\"&fontmanager;\">font-manager</ulink>)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "You can list font configuration state from the command line, too."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"<literal>fc-match(1)</literal>\" for fontconfig font default"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"<literal>fc-list(1)</literal>\" for available fontconfig fonts"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"You can configure font configuration state from the text editor but this is "
"non-trivial.  See <literal>fonts.conf</literal>(5)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Sandbox"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Many mostly GUI applications on Linux are available in binary formats from "
"non-Debian sources."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&appimagelinuxappsthatrunanywhere;\"> AppImage -- Linux apps "
"that run anywhere </ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&flathubappsforlinuxrighthere;\"> FLATHUB -- Apps for Linux, "
"right here </ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&snapcrafttheappstoreforlinux;\"> snapcraft -- The app store "
"for Linux </ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><warning><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Binaries from these sites may include proprietary non-free software "
"packages."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"There is some raison d'être for these binary format distributions for Free "
"Software aficionados using Debian since these can accommodate clean set of "
"libraries used for each application by the respective upstream developer "
"independent of the ones provided by Debian."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The inherent risk of running external binaries can be reduced by using the "
"<ulink url=\"&sandboxenvironment;\">sandbox environment</ulink> which "
"leverages modern Linux security features (see <xref "
"linkend=\"_linux_security_features\"/>)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"For binaries from AppImage and some upstream sites, run them in <ulink "
"url=\"&firejail;\"> firejail </ulink> with <ulink "
"url=\"&manualconfiguration;\">manual configuration</ulink>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"For binaries from FLATHUB, run them in <ulink url=\"&flatpak;\"> Flatpak "
"</ulink>. (No manual configuration required.)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"For binaries from snapcraft, run them in <ulink url=\"&snap;\"> Snap "
"</ulink>. (No manual configuration required. Compatible with daemon "
"programs.)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The <literal>xdg-desktop-portal</literal> package provides a standardized "
"API to common desktop features.  See <ulink "
"url=\"&xdgdesktopportalflatpak;\"> xdg-desktop-portal (flatpak) </ulink> and "
"<ulink url=\"&xdgdesktopportalsnap;\"> xdg-desktop-portal (snap) </ulink>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of notable sandbox environment and related packages"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&flatpak;\">Flatpak</ulink> application deployment framework "
"for desktop apps"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Flatpak support for GNOME Software"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Daemon and tooling that enable <ulink url=\"&snap;\">snap</ulink> packages"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Snap support for GNOME Software"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "desktop integration portal for Flatpak and Snap"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&xdgdesktopportalckendforgtkgnome;\"> xdg-desktop-portal "
"backend for gtk (GNOME) </ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&xdgdesktopportalbackendforqtkde;\"> xdg-desktop-portal backend "
"for Qt (KDE) </ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&xdgdesktopportalorwlrootswayland;\"> xdg-desktop-portal "
"backend for wlroots (Wayland) </ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"a SUID security sandbox program <ulink url=\"&firejail;\">firejail</ulink> "
"for use with <ulink url=\"&appimage;\">AppImage</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"This sandbox environment technology is very much like apps on smart phone OS "
"where apps are executed under controlled resource accesses."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Some large GUI applications such as web browsers on Debian also use sandbox "
"environment technology internally to make them more secure."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Remote desktop"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Access to the desktop and applications which use Wayland protocol and run on "
"the remote host is supported by the <ulink "
"url=\"&gnomeremotedesktop;\">GNOME Remote Desktop</ulink> on the remote host "
"through <ulink url=\"&vnc;\">VNC</ulink> or <ulink url=\"&rdp;\">RDP</ulink> "
"to the local client."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Access to the desktop capabilities of all QEMU virtual machines is supported "
"by the <ulink url=\"&spicethesimpleprtingenvironments;\">SPICE (the Simple "
"Protocol for Independent Computing Environments)</ulink> protocol."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of notable remote access server"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "protocols"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&rdp;\">RDP</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&gnomeremotedesktop;\">GNOME Remote Desktop</ulink> server"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&xrdp;\">xrdp</ulink>, Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) server"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&rfbvnc;\">RFB (VNC)</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&xbbvnc;\">x11vnc</ulink>, Remote Framebuffer Protocol (VNC) "
"server"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&tigervnc;\">TigerVNC</ulink>, Remote Framebuffer Protocol "
"(VNC) server"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&rdp;\">RDP</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&rfbvnc;\">RFB (VNC)</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&gnomeremotedesktopclient;\">GNOME remote desktop "
"client</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&rdp;\">RDP</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&rfbvnc;\">RFB (VNC)</ulink>, "
"<ulink url=\"&spice;\">SPICE</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&ssh;\">SSH</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&vinagregnomeremotedesktopclient;\">Vinagre: GNOME remote "
"desktop client</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&rdp;\">RDP</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&rfbvnc;\">RFB (VNC)</ulink>, "
"<ulink url=\"&spice;\">SPICE</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&ssh;\">SSH</ulink>, ..."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&remminagtkremotedesktopclient;\">Remmina: GTK remote desktop "
"client</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&krdckderemotedesktopclient;\">KRDC: KDE remote desktop "
"client</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&rfbvnc;\">RFB (VNC)</ulink>, <ulink "
"url=\"&spice;\">SPICE</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&virtualmachinemanager;\">Virtual Machine Manager</ulink>'s GUI "
"display client of guest OS"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "X server connection"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"There are several ways to connect from an application on a remote host to "
"the X server including <literal>xwayland</literal> on the local host."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of connection methods to the X server"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>sshd</literal> with option <literal>X11-forwarding</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&ssh;\">SSH</ulink> server (secure)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>ssh -X</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&ssh;\">SSH</ulink> client (secure)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>xauth</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "X authority file utility"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>xhost</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "server access control for X"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "X server local connection"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Access to the local X server by the local applications which use X core "
"protocol can be locally connected through a local UNIX domain socket.  This "
"can be authorized by the authority file holding <ulink "
"url=\"&accesscookie;\">access cookie</ulink>. The authority file location is "
"identified by the \"<literal>$XAUTHORITY</literal>\" environment variable "
"and X display is identified by the \"<literal>$DISPLAY</literal>\" "
"environment variable.  Since these are normally set automatically, no "
"special action is needed, e.g. \"<literal>gitk</literal>\" as the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"For <literal>xwayland</literal>, <literal>XAUTHORITY</literal> holds value "
"like \"<literal>/run/user/1000/.mutter-Xwaylandauth.YVSU30</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "X server remote connection"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Access to the local X server display from the remote applications which use "
"X core protocol is supported by using the X11 forwarding feature."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Open an <literal>gnome-terminal</literal> on the local host."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Run <literal>ssh</literal>(1) with <literal>-X</literal> option to establish "
"a connection with the remote site as the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Run an X application command, e.g. \"<literal>gitk</literal>\", on the "
"remote site as the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"This method can display the output from a remote X client as if it were "
"locally connected through a local UNIX domain socket."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"See <xref linkend=\"_the_remote_access_server_and_utilities_ssh\"/> for "
"SSH/SSHD."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"A remote <ulink url=\"&tcp;\">TCP</ulink>/<ulink url=\"&ip;\">IP</ulink> "
"connection to the X server is disabled by default on the Debian system for "
"security reasons.  Don't enable them by simply setting \"<literal>xhost "
"+</literal>\" nor by enabling <ulink url=\"&xdmcpconnection;\">XDMCP "
"connection</ulink>, if you can avoid it."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "X server chroot connection"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Access to the X server by the applications which use X core protocol and run "
"on the same host but in an environment such as chroot where the authority "
"file is not accessible, can be authorized securely with "
"<literal>xhost</literal> by using the <ulink "
"url=\"&userbasedaccess;\">User-based access</ulink>, "
"e.g. \"<literal>gitk</literal>\" as the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Clipboard"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "For clipping text to clipboard, see <xref linkend=\"_mouse_operations\"/>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"For clipping graphics to clipboard, see <xref "
"linkend=\"_graphic_data_tools\"/>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Some CLI commands can manipulate character clipboard (PRIMARY and "
"CLIPBOARD), too."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of programs related to manipulating character clipboard"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "target"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "command line interface to X selections (clipboard)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Wayland"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>wl-copy</literal> <literal>wl-paste</literal>: command line "
"interface to <ulink url=\"&waylandclipboard;\">Wayland clipboard</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Linux console"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "a daemon that captures mouse events on Linux console"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "I18N and L10N"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&multilingualizatelanguagesupport;\">Multilingualization (M17N) "
"or Native Language Support</ulink> for an application software is done in 2 "
"steps."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Internationalization (I18N): To make a software potentially handle multiple "
"locales."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Localization (L10N): To make a software handle an specific locale."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"There are 17, 18, or 10 letters between \"m\" and \"n\", \"i\" and \"n\", or "
"\"l\" and \"n\" in multilingualization, internationalization, and "
"localization which correspond to M17N, I18N, and L10N. See <ulink "
"url=\"&internationalizanandlocalization;\">Internationalization and "
"localization</ulink> for details."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The locale"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The behavior of programs supporting internationalization are configured by "
"the environment variable \"<literal>$LANG</literal>\" to support "
"localization.  Actual support of locale dependent features by the "
"<literal>libc</literal> library requires to install "
"<literal>locales</literal> or <literal>locales-all</literal> packages.  The "
"<literal>locales</literal> package requires to be initialized properly."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"If neither <literal>locales</literal> or <literal>locales-all</literal> "
"package are installed, support of locale features are lost and system uses "
"US English messages and handles data as <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">ASCII</emphasis>.  This behavior is the same way as "
"\"<literal>$LANG</literal>\" is set by \"<literal>LANG=</literal>\", "
"\"<literal>LANG=C</literal>\", or \"<literal>LANG=POSIX</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The modern software such as GNOME and KDE are multilingualized.  They are "
"internationalized by making them handle <ulink url=\"&utfi;\">UTF-8</ulink> "
"data and localized by providing their translated messages through the "
"<literal>gettext</literal>(1) infrastructure.  Translated messages may be "
"provided as separate localization packages."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The current Debian desktop GUI system normally sets the locale under GUI "
"environment as \"<literal>LANG=xx_YY.UTF-8</literal>\".  Here, "
"\"<literal>xx</literal>\" is <ulink url=\"&isogdjlanguagecodes;\">ISO 639 "
"language codes</ulink> and \"<literal>YY</literal>\" is <ulink "
"url=\"&isodbggcountrycodes;\">ISO 3166 country codes</ulink>.  These values "
"are set by the desktop configuration GUI dialogue and change the program "
"behavior.  See <xref linkend=\"_the_literal_lang_literal_variable\"/>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Rationale for UTF-8 locale"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The simplest representation of the text data is <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">ASCII</emphasis> which is sufficient for English and uses "
"less than 127 characters (representable with 7 bits)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Even plain English text may contain non-ASCII characters, e.g. slightly "
"curly left and right quotation marks are not available in ASCII."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"In order to support more characters, many character sets and encoding "
"systems have been used to support many languages (see <xref "
"linkend=\"list-of-encoding-values\"/>)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&unicode;\">Unicode</ulink> character set can represent "
"practically all characters known to human with 21 bit code point range "
"(i.e., 0 to 10FFFF in hexadecimal notation)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Text encoding system <ulink url=\"&utfi;\">UTF-8</ulink> fits Unicode code "
"points into a sensible 8 bit data stream mostly compatible with the ASCII "
"data processing system.  This makes <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">UTF-8</emphasis> the modern preferred choice.  <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">UTF</emphasis> stands for Unicode Transformation Format.  "
"When <ulink url=\"&ascii;\">ASCII</ulink> plain text data is converted to "
"<ulink url=\"&utfi;\">UTF-8</ulink> one, it has exactly the same content and "
"size as the original ASCII one.  So you loose nothing by deploying UTF-8 "
"locale."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Under <ulink url=\"&utfi;\">UTF-8</ulink> locale with the compatible "
"application program, you can display and edit any foreign language text data "
"as long as required fonts and input methods are installed and enabled.  For "
"example under \"<literal>LANG=fr_FR.UTF-8</literal>\" locale, "
"<literal>gedit</literal>(1) (text editor for the GNOME desktop) can display "
"and edit Chinese character text data while presenting menus in French."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Both the new standard \"<literal>en_US.UTF-8</literal>\" locale and the old "
"standard \"<literal>C</literal>\"/\"<literal>POSIX</literal>\" locale use "
"the standard US English message, they have subtle differences in sorting "
"order etc.  If you want to handle not only ASCII characters but also handle "
"all UTF-8 encoded characters gracefully while maintaining the old "
"\"<literal>C</literal>\" local behavior, use the non-standard "
"\"<literal>C.UTF-8</literal>\" locale on Debian."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Some programs consume more memory after supporting I18N.  This is because "
"they are coded to use <ulink url=\"&utfdcucse;\">UTF-32(UCS4)</ulink> "
"internally to support Unicode for speed optimization and consume 4 bytes per "
"each ASCII character data independent of locale selected.  Again, you loose "
"nothing by deploying UTF-8 locale."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The reconfiguration of the locale"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"In order for the system to access a particular locale, the locale data must "
"be compiled from the locale database."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The <literal>locales</literal> package does <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">not</emphasis> come with pre-compiled locale data.  You need "
"to configure it as:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "This process involves 2 steps."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Select all required locale data to be compiled into the binary form. (Please "
"make sure to include at least one UTF-8 locale)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Set the system wide default locale value by creating "
"\"<literal>/etc/default/locale</literal>\" for use by PAM (see <xref "
"linkend=\"_pam_and_nss\"/>)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The system wide default locale value set in "
"\"<literal>/etc/default/locale</literal>\" may be overridden by the GUI "
"configuration for GUI applications."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Actual traditional encoding system can be identified by "
"\"<literal>/usr/share/i18n/SUPPORTED</literal>\".  Thus, the "
"\"<literal>LANG=en_US</literal>\" is "
"\"<literal>LANG=en_US.ISO-8859-1</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The <literal>locales-all</literal> package comes with pre-compiled locale "
"data for all locale data.  Since it doesn't create "
"\"<literal>/etc/default/locale</literal>\", you may still need to install "
"the <literal>locales</literal> package, too."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The <literal>locales</literal> package of some Debian derivative "
"distributions come with pre-compiled locale data for all locale data. You "
"need to install both <literal>locales</literal> and "
"<literal>locales-all</literal> packages on Debian to emulate such system "
"environment."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Filename encoding"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"For cross platform data exchanges (see <xref "
"linkend=\"_removable_storage_device\"/>), you may need to mount some "
"filesystem with particular encodings.  For example, "
"<literal>mount</literal>(8) for <ulink url=\"&vfatfilesystem;\">vfat "
"filesystem</ulink> assumes <ulink url=\"&cpedh;\">CP437</ulink> if used "
"without option.  You need to provide explicit mount option to use <ulink "
"url=\"&utfi;\">UTF-8</ulink> or <ulink url=\"&cpjdc;\">CP932</ulink> for "
"filenames."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"When auto-mounting a hot-pluggable USB memory stick under modern desktop "
"environment such as GNOME, you may provide such mount option by right "
"clicking the icon on the desktop, click \"Drive\" tab, click to expand "
"\"Setting\", and entering \"utf8\" to \"Mount options:\".  The next time "
"this memory stick is mounted, mount with UTF-8 is enabled."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"If you are upgrading system or moving disk drives from older non-UTF-8 "
"system, file names with non-ASCII characters may be encoded in the historic "
"and deprecated encodings such as <ulink "
"url=\"&isoiifjb;\">ISO-8859-1</ulink> or <ulink "
"url=\"&eucjp;\">eucJP</ulink>.  Please seek help of text conversion tools to "
"convert them to <ulink url=\"&utfi;\">UTF-8</ulink>. See <xref "
"linkend=\"_text_data_conversion_tools\"/>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&samba;\">Samba</ulink> uses Unicode for newer clients (Windows "
"NT, 200x, XP) but uses <ulink url=\"&cpifa;\">CP850</ulink> for older "
"clients (DOS and Windows 9x/Me) as default.  This default for older clients "
"can be changed using \"<literal>dos charset</literal>\" in the "
"\"<literal>/etc/samba/smb.conf</literal>\" file, e.g., to <ulink "
"url=\"&cpjdc;\">CP932</ulink> for Japanese."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Localized messages and translated documentation"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Translations exist for many of the text messages and documents that are "
"displayed in the Debian system, such as error messages, standard program "
"output, menus, and manual pages.  <ulink "
"url=\"&gnugettextbcommandtoolchain;\">GNU gettext(1) command tool "
"chain</ulink> is used as the backend tool for most translation activities."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Under \"Tasks\" → \"Localization\" <literal>aptitude</literal>(8) provides "
"an extensive list of useful binary packages which add localized messages to "
"applications and provide translated documentation."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"For example, you can obtain the localized message for manpage by installing "
"the <literal>manpages-<emphasis>LANG</emphasis></literal> package. To read "
"the Italian-language manpage for <emphasis>programname</emphasis> from "
"\"<literal>/usr/share/man/it/</literal>\", execute as the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"GNU gettext can accommodate priority list of translation languages with "
"<literal>$LANGUAGE</literal> environment variable. For example:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"For more, see <literal>info gettext</literal> and read the section \"The "
"LANGUAGE variable\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Effects of the locale"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The sort order of characters with <literal>sort</literal>(1) and "
"<literal>ls</literal>(1) are affected by the locale. Exporting "
"<literal>LANG=en_US.UTF-8</literal> sorts in the dictionary "
"<literal>A-&gt;a-&gt;B-&gt;b...-&gt;Z-&gt;z</literal> order, while exporting "
"<literal>LANG=C.UTF-8</literal> sorts in ASCII binary "
"<literal>A-&gt;B-&gt;...-&gt;Z-&gt;a-&gt;b...</literal> order."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The date format of <literal>ls</literal>(1) is affected by the locale (see "
"<xref linkend=\"_customized_display_of_time_and_date\"/>)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The date format of <literal>date</literal>(1) is affected by the locale.  "
"For example:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Number punctuation are different for locales.  For example, in English "
"locale, one thousand point one is displayed as "
"\"<literal>1,000.1</literal>\" while in German locale, it is displayed as "
"\"<literal>1.000,1</literal>\".  You may see this difference in spreadsheet "
"program."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Each detail feature of \"<literal>$LANG</literal>\" environment variable may "
"be overridden by setting \"<literal>$LC_*</literal>\" variables.  These "
"environment variables can be overridden again by setting "
"\"<literal>$LC_ALL</literal>\" variable.  See <literal>locale</literal>(7) "
"manpage for the details.  Unless you have strong reason to create "
"complicated configuration, please stay away from them and use only "
"\"<literal>$LANG</literal>\" variable set to one of the UTF-8 locales."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The keyboard input"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The keyboard input for Linux console and X Window"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The Debian system can be configured to work with many international keyboard "
"arrangements using the <literal>keyboard-configuration</literal> and "
"<literal>console-setup</literal> packages."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"For the Linux console and the X Window system, this updates configuration "
"parameters in \"<literal>/etc/default/keyboard</literal>\" and "
"\"<literal>/etc/default/console-setup</literal>\". This also configures the "
"Linux console font.  Many non-ASCII characters including accented characters "
"used by many European languages can be made available with <ulink "
"url=\"&deadkey;\">dead key</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&altgrkey;\">AltGr "
"key</ulink>, and <ulink url=\"&composekey;\">compose key</ulink>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The keyboard input for Wayland"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"For GNOME on Wayland desktop system, <xref "
"linkend=\"_the_keyboard_input_for_linux_console_and_x_window\"/> can't "
"support non-English European languages.  <ulink url=\"&ibus;\">IBus</ulink> "
"was made to support not only Asian languages but also European languages.  "
"The package dependency of GNOME desktop Environment recommends "
"\"<literal>ibus</literal>\" via \"<literal>gnome-shell</literal>\".  The "
"code of \"<literal>ibus</literal>\" has been updated to integrate "
"<literal>setxkbmap</literal> and XKB option functionalities.  You need to "
"configure <literal>ibus</literal> from \"GNOME Settings\" or \"GNOME "
"Tweaks\" for the multilingualized keyboard input."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"If ibus is active, your classic X keyboard configuration by the "
"<literal>setxkbmap</literal> may be overridden by <literal>ibus</literal> "
"even under classic X-based desktop environment.  You can disable installed "
"<literal>ibus</literal> using <literal>im-config</literal> to set input "
"method to \"None\".  For more, see <ulink "
"url=\"&debianwikionkeyboard;\">Debian Wiki on keyboard</ulink>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The input method support with IBus"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Since GNOME desktop Environment recommends \"<literal>ibus</literal>\" via "
"\"<literal>gnome-shell</literal>\", \"<literal>ibus</literal>\" is the good "
"choice for input method."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Multilingual input to the application is processed as:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The list of IBus and its engine packages are the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of IBus and its engine packages"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "supported locale"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "input method framework using dbus"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Japanese"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Chinese (for zh_CN)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ", , (for zh_TW)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ", , (for zh_CN/zh_TW)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ", , (for zh_HK)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Korean"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Thai"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Vietnamese"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Multilingual: <ulink url=\"&keyman;\">Keyman</ulink> engine for over 2000 "
"languages"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "table engine for IBus"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Multilingual: Indic, Arabic and others"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "additional widgets for Plasma 5 containing Keyboard Indicator"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"For Chinese, \"<literal>fcitx5</literal>\" may be an alternative input "
"method framework.  For Emacs aficionados, \"<literal>uim</literal>\" may be "
"an alternative.  Either cases, you may need to do extra manual configuration "
"with <literal>im-config</literal>.  Some old classic <ulink "
"url=\"&inputmethods;\">input methods</ulink> such as "
"\"<literal>kinput2</literal>\" may still exist in Debian repository but are "
"not recommended for the modern environment."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "An example for Japanese"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"I find the Japanese input method started under English environment "
"(\"<literal>en_US.UTF-8</literal>\") very useful.  Here is how I did this "
"with IBus for GNOME on Wayland:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Install the Japanese input tool package <literal>ibus-mozc</literal> (or "
"<literal>ibus-anthy</literal>) with its recommended packages such as "
"<literal>im-config</literal>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Select \"Settings\" → \"Keyboard\" → \"Input Sources\" → click "
"\"<literal>+</literal>\" in \"Input Sources\" → \"Japanese\" → \"Japanese "
"mozc (or anthy)\" and click \"Add\" if it hasn't been activated."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "You may chose as many input sources."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Relogin to user's account."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Setup each input source by right clicking the GUI toolbar icon."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Switch among installed input sources by SUPER-SPACE. (SUPER is normally the "
"Windows key.)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"If you wish to have access to alphabet only keyboard environment with the "
"physical Japanese keyboard on which shift-<literal>2</literal> has "
"<literal>\"</literal> (double quotation mark) engraved, you select "
"\"Japanese\" in the above procedure.  You can enter Japanese using "
"\"Japanese mozc (or anthy)\" with physical \"US\" keyboard on which "
"shift-<literal>2</literal> has <literal>@</literal> (at mark) engraved."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The GUI menu entry for <literal>im-config</literal>(8) is \"Input method\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Alternatively, execute \"<literal>im-config</literal>\" from user's shell."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>im-config</literal>(8) behaves differently if command is executed "
"from root or not."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>im-config</literal>(8) enables the best input method on the system "
"as default without any user actions."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The display output"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Linux console can only display limited characters.  (You need to use special "
"terminal program such as <literal>jfbterm</literal>(1) to display "
"non-European languages on the non-GUI console.)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"GUI environment (<xref linkend=\"_gui_system\"/>) can display any characters "
"in the UTF-8 as long as required fonts are installed and enabled. (The "
"encoding of the original font data is taken care and transparent to the "
"user.)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "East Asian Ambiguous Character Width Characters"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Under the East Asian locale, the box drawing, Greek, and Cyrillic characters "
"may be displayed wider than your desired width to cause the unaligned "
"terminal output (see <ulink url=\"&unicodestandardannexbb;\">Unicode "
"Standard Annex #11</ulink>)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "You can work around this problem:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>gnome-terminal</literal>: Preferences → Profiles → "
"<emphasis>Profile name</emphasis> → Compatibility → Ambiguous-wide "
"characters → Narrow"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>ncurses</literal>: Set environment <literal>export "
"NCURSES_NO_UTF8_ACS=0</literal>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "System tips"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Here, I describe basic tips to configure and manage systems, mostly from the "
"console."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The console tips"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "There are some utility programs to help your console activities."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of programs to support console activities"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "See <xref linkend=\"_midnight_commander_mc\"/>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>script</literal>(1) command to make a record of terminal session"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "terminal multiplexer with VT100/ANSI terminal emulation"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "terminal multiplexer alternative (Use \"Control-B\" instead)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "fuzzy text finder"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "readline feature command line wrapper"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"fast recursive string search in the source code tree with automatic "
"filtering"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Recording the shell activities cleanly"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The simple use of <literal>script</literal>(1) (see <xref "
"linkend=\"_recording_the_shell_activities\"/>) to record shell activity "
"produces a file with control characters.  This can be avoided by using "
"<literal>col</literal>(1) as the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Do whatever … and press <literal>Ctrl-D</literal> to exit "
"<literal>script</literal>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "There are alternative methods to record the shell activities:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Use <literal>tee</literal> (usable during the boot process in the "
"initramfs):"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Use <literal>gnome-terminal</literal> with the extend line buffer for "
"scrollback."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Use <literal>screen</literal> with \"<literal>^A H</literal>\" (see <xref "
"linkend=\"_the_screen_program\"/>) to perform recording of console."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Use <literal>vim</literal> with \"<literal>:terminal</literal>\" to enter "
"the terminal mode.  Use \"<literal>Ctrl-W N</literal>\" to exit from "
"terminal mode to normal mode.  Use \"<literal>:w typescript</literal>\" to "
"write the buffer to a file."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Use <literal>emacs</literal> with \"<literal>M-x shell</literal>\", "
"\"<literal>M-x eshell</literal>\", or \"<literal>M-x term</literal>\" to "
"enter recording console.  Use \"<literal>C-x C-w</literal>\" to write the "
"buffer to a file."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The screen program"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>screen</literal>(1) not only allows one terminal window to work "
"with multiple processes, but also allows <emphasis role=\"strong\">remote "
"shell process to survive interrupted connections</emphasis>.  Here is a "
"typical use scenario of <literal>screen</literal>(1)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "You login to a remote machine."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "You start <literal>screen</literal> on a single console."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"You execute multiple programs in <literal>screen</literal> windows created "
"with <literal>^A c</literal> (\"Control-A\" followed by \"c\")."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"You switch among the multiple <literal>screen</literal> windows by "
"<literal>^A n</literal> (\"Control-A\" followed by \"n\")."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Suddenly you need to leave your terminal, but you don't want to lose your "
"active work by keeping the connection."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"You may <emphasis role=\"strong\">detach</emphasis> the "
"<literal>screen</literal> session by any methods."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Brutally unplug your network connection"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Type <literal>^A d</literal> (\"Control-A\" followed by \"d\") and manually "
"logging out from the remote connection"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Type <literal>^A DD</literal> (\"Control-A\" followed by \"DD\") to have "
"<literal>screen</literal> detach and log you out"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"You log in again to the same remote machine (even from a different "
"terminal)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "You start <literal>screen</literal> as \"<literal>screen -r</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>screen</literal> magically <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">reattaches</emphasis> all previous <literal>screen</literal> "
"windows with all actively running programs."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"You can save connection fees with <literal>screen</literal> for metered "
"network connections such as dial-up and packet ones, because you can leave a "
"process active while disconnected, and then re-attach it later when you "
"connect again."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"In a <literal>screen</literal> session, all keyboard inputs are sent to your "
"current window except for the command keystroke.  All "
"<literal>screen</literal> command keystrokes are entered by typing "
"<literal>^A</literal> (\"Control-A\") plus a single key [plus any "
"parameters].  Here are important ones to remember."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of key bindings for screen"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>^A ?</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "show a help screen (display key bindings)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>^A c</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "create a new window and switch to it"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>^A n</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "go to next window"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>^A p</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "go to previous window"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>^A 0</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "go to window number 0"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>^A 1</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "go to window number 1"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>^A w</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "show a list of windows"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>^A a</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "send a Ctrl-A to current window as keyboard input"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>^A h</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "write a hardcopy of current window to file"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>^A H</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "begin/end logging current window to file"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>^A ^X</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "lock the terminal (password protected)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>^A d</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "detach screen session from the terminal"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>^A DD</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "detach screen session and log out"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "See <literal>screen</literal>(1) for details."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"See <literal>tmux</literal>(1) for functionalities of the alternative "
"command."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Navigating around directories"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"In <xref linkend=\"_customizing_bash\"/>, 2 tips to allow quick navigation "
"around directories are described: <literal>$CDPATH</literal> and "
"<literal>mc</literal>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"If you use fuzzy text filter program, you can do without typing the exact "
"path.  For <literal>fzf</literal>, include following in "
"<literal>~/.bashrc</literal>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "For example:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"You can jump to a very deep subdirectory with minimal efforts.  You first "
"type \"<literal>cd **</literal>\" and press <literal>Tab</literal>.  Then "
"you will be prompted with candidate paths.  Typing in partial path strings, "
"e.g., <literal>s/d/b foo</literal>, will narrow down candidate paths.  You "
"select the path to be used by <literal>cd</literal> with cursor and return "
"keys."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"You can select a command from the command history more efficiently with "
"minimal efforts.  You press <literal>Ctrl-R</literal> at the command "
"prompt.  Then you will be prompted with candidate commands.  Typing in "
"partial command strings, e.g., <literal>vim d</literal>, will narrow down "
"candidates.  You select the one to be used with cursor and return keys."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Readline wrapper"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Some commands such as <literal>/usr/bin/dash</literal> which lacks command "
"line history editing capability can add such functionality transparently by "
"running under <literal>rlwrap</literal> or its equivalents."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"This provides convenient platform to test subtle points for "
"<literal>dash</literal> with friendly <literal>bash</literal>-like "
"environment."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Scanning the source code tree"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The <literal>rg</literal>(1) command in the <literal>ripgrep</literal> "
"package offers a faster alternative to the <literal>grep</literal>(1) "
"command for scanning the source code tree for typical situation.  It takes "
"advantage of modern multi-core CPUs and automatically applies reasonable "
"filters to skip some files."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Customizing vim"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"After you learn basics of <literal>vim</literal>(1) through <xref "
"linkend=\"_using_vim\"/>, please read Bram Moolenaar's \"<ulink "
"url=\"&sevenhabitsofeffetexteditingcaaa;\">Seven habits of effective text "
"editing (2000)</ulink>\" to understand how <literal>vim</literal> should be "
"used."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Customizing vim with internal features"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The behavior of <literal>vim</literal> can be changed significantly by "
"enabling its internal features through the <literal>Ex</literal>-mode "
"commands such as \"<literal>set ...</literal>\" to set vim options."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"More elaborate customization examples: \"<ulink url=\"&vimgalore;\">Vim "
"Galore</ulink>\", \"<ulink url=\"&sensiblevim;\">sensible.vim</ulink>\", ..."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"These <literal>Ex</literal>-mode commands can be included in user's vimrc "
"file, traditional \"<literal>~/.vimrc</literal>\" or git-friendly "
"\"<literal>~/.vim/vimrc</literal>\".  Here is a very simple example "
"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The keymap of <literal>vim</literal> can be changed in user's vimrc file.  "
"E.g.:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Don't try to change the default key bindings without very good reasons."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"In order for the above keybindings to function properly, the terminal "
"program needs to be configured to generate \"ASCII DEL\" for "
"<literal>Backspace</literal>-key and \"Escape sequence\" for "
"<literal>Delete</literal>-key."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Other miscellaneous configuration can be changed in user's vimrc file.  "
"E.g.:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Customizing vim with external packages"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Interesting external plugin packages can be found:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&vimtheubiquitoustexteditor;\"> Vim - the ubiquitous text "
"editor </ulink> -- The official upstream site of Vim and vim scripts"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&vimawsome;\"> VimAwsome </ulink> -- The listing of Vim plugins"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&vimscripts;\">vim-scripts</ulink> -- Debian package: a "
"collection of vim scripts"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Plugin packages in the <ulink url=\"&vimscripts;\">vim-scripts</ulink> "
"package can be enabled using user's vimrc file.  E.g.:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The new native Vim package system works nicely with "
"\"<literal>git</literal>\" and \"<literal>git submodule</literal>\".  One "
"such example configuration can be found at <ulink "
"url=\"&mygitrepositorydotvim;\">my git repository: dot-vim</ulink>.  This "
"does essentially:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"By using \"<literal>git</literal>\" and \"<literal>git "
"submodule</literal>\", latest external packages, such as "
"\"<literal><emphasis>name</emphasis></literal>\", are placed into "
"<literal>~/.vim/pack/*/opt/<emphasis>name</emphasis></literal> and similar."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"By adding <literal>:packadd! <emphasis>name</emphasis></literal> line to "
"user's vimrc file, these packages are placed on "
"<literal>runtimepath</literal>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Vim loads these packages on <literal>runtimepath</literal> during its "
"initialization."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"At the end of its initialization, tags for the installed documents are "
"updated with \"<literal>helptags ALL</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"For more, please start <literal>vim</literal> with \"<literal>vim "
"--startuptime vimstart.log</literal>\" to check actual execution sequence "
"and time spent for each step."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&vimpathogen;\">vim-pathogen</ulink> was popular."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"It is quite confusing to see too many ways<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
"id=\"0\"/> to manage and load these external packages to "
"<literal>vim</literal>.  Checking the original information is the best cure."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Information on the initialization of <literal>vim</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "information"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>:help package</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "explanation on the vim package mechanism"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>:help runtimepath</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "explanation on the <literal>runtimepath</literal> mechanism"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>:version</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "internal states including candidates for the vimrc file"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>:echo $VIM</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"the environment variable \"<literal>$VIM</literal>\" used to locate the "
"vimrc file"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>:set runtimepath?</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "list of directories which will be searched for all runtime support files"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>:echo $VIMRUNTIME</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"the environment variable \"<literal>$VIMRUNTIME</literal>\" used to locate "
"various system provided runtime support files"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Data recording and presentation"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The log daemon"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Many traditional programs record their activities in the text file format "
"under the \"<literal>/var/log/</literal>\" directory."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>logrotate</literal>(8) is used to simplify the administration of "
"log files on a system which generates a lot of log files."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Many new programs record their activities in the binary file format using "
"<literal>systemd-journald</literal>(8) Journal service under the "
"\"<literal>/var/log/journal</literal>\" directory."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"You can log data to the <literal>systemd-journald</literal>(8) Journal from "
"a shell script by using the <literal>systemd-cat</literal>(1) command."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"See <xref linkend=\"_the_system_message\"/> and <xref "
"linkend=\"_the_kernel_message\"/>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Log analyzer"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Here are notable log analyzers "
"(\"<literal>~Gsecurity::log-analyzer</literal>\" in "
"<literal>aptitude</literal>(8))."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of system log analyzers"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "log analyzer with nice output written in Perl"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "web server log analyzer"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "powerful and featureful web server log analyzer"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "squid analysis report generator"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Postfix log entry summarizer"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "firewall log analyzer"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "monitor and analyze squid access.log files"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "log file viewer with regexp matching, highlighting, and hooks"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Controllable Regex Mutilator and Spam Filter (CRM114)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "interpret ICMP messages"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&crmbbe;\">CRM114</ulink> provides language infrastructure to "
"write <emphasis role=\"strong\">fuzzy</emphasis> filters with the <ulink "
"url=\"&treregexlibrary;\">TRE regex library</ulink>.  Its popular use is "
"spam mail filter but it can be used as log analyzer."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Customized display of text data"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Although pager tools such as <literal>more</literal>(1) and "
"<literal>less</literal>(1) (see <xref linkend=\"_the_pager\"/>) and custom "
"tools for highlighting and formatting (see <xref "
"linkend=\"_highlighting_and_formatting_plain_text_data\"/>) can display text "
"data nicely, general purpose editors (see <xref "
"linkend=\"_the_text_editor\"/>) are most versatile and customizable."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"For <literal>vim</literal>(1) and its pager mode alias "
"<literal>view</literal>(1), \"<literal>:set hls</literal>\" enables "
"highlighted search."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Customized display of time and date"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The default display format of time and date by the \"<literal>ls "
"-l</literal>\" command depends on the <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">locale</emphasis> (see <xref linkend=\"_timestamps\"/> for "
"value).  The \"<literal>$LANG</literal>\" variable is referred first and it "
"can be overridden by the \"<literal>$LC_TIME</literal>\" or "
"\"<literal>$LC_ALL</literal>\" exported environment variables."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The actual default display format for each locale depends on the version of "
"the standard C library (the <literal>libc6</literal> package) used.  I.e., "
"different releases of Debian had different defaults.  For iso-formats, see "
"<ulink url=\"&isoigab;\">ISO 8601</ulink>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"If you really wish to customize this display format of time and date beyond "
"the <emphasis role=\"strong\">locale</emphasis>, you should set the "
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">time style value</emphasis> by the "
"\"<literal>--time-style</literal>\" argument or by the "
"\"<literal>$TIME_STYLE</literal>\" value (see <literal>ls</literal>(1), "
"<literal>date</literal>(1), \"<literal>info coreutils 'ls "
"invocation'</literal>\")."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Display examples of time and date for the \"<literal>ls -l</literal>\" "
"command with the <emphasis role=\"strong\">time style value</emphasis>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "time style value"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "locale"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "display of time and date"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>iso</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "any"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>01-19 00:15</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>long-iso</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>2009-01-19 00:15</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>full-iso</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>2009-01-19 00:15:16.000000000 +0900</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>locale</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>Jan 19 00:15</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>ene 19 00:15</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>+%d.%m.%y %H:%M</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>19.01.09 00:15</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>+%d.%b.%y %H:%M</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>C</literal> or <literal>en_US.UTF-8</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>19.Jan.09 00:15</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>19.ene.09 00:15</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"You can eliminate typing long option on commandline using command alias (see "
"<xref linkend=\"_command_alias\"/>):"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Colorized shell echo"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Shell echo to most modern terminals can be colorized using <ulink "
"url=\"&ansiescapecode;\">ANSI escape code</ulink> (see "
"\"<literal>/usr/share/doc/xterm/ctlseqs.txt.gz</literal>\")."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Colorized commands"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Colorized commands are handy for inspecting their output in the interactive "
"environment.  I include the following in my "
"\"<literal>~/.bashrc</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The use of alias limits color effects to the interactive command usage.  It "
"has advantage over exporting environment variable \"<literal>export "
"GREP_OPTIONS='--color=auto'</literal>\" since color can be seen under pager "
"programs such as <literal>less</literal>(1).  If you wish to suppress color "
"when piping to other programs, use \"<literal>--color=auto</literal>\" "
"instead in the above example for \"<literal>~/.bashrc</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"You can turn off these colorizing aliases in the interactive environment by "
"invoking shell with \"<literal>TERM=dumb bash</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Recording the editor activities for complex repeats"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "You can record the editor activities for complex repeats."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "For <ulink url=\"&vim;\">Vim</ulink>, as follows."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"\"<literal>qa</literal>\": start recording typed characters into named "
"register \"<literal>a</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "… editor activities"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"<literal>q</literal>\": end recording typed characters."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"\"<literal>@a</literal>\": execute the contents of register "
"\"<literal>a</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "For <ulink url=\"&emacs;\">Emacs</ulink>, as follows."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"<literal>C-x (</literal>\": start defining a keyboard macro."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"<literal>C-x )</literal>\": end defining a keyboard macro."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"<literal>C-x e</literal>\": execute a keyboard macro."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Recording the graphics image of an X application"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"There are few ways to record the graphics image of an X application, "
"including an <literal>xterm</literal> display."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of graphics image manipulation tools"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "screen"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "screenshot application for GNOME"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "screenshot application on steroid"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Wayland + X"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "screenshot in GUI menu"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>xwd</literal>(1)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>import</literal>(1)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>scrot</literal>(1)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Recording changes in configuration files"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"There are specialized tools to record changes in configuration files with "
"help of DVCS and to make system snapshots on <ulink "
"url=\"&btrfs;\">Btrfs</ulink>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of packages which can record configuration history"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"store configuration files and their metadata with <ulink "
"url=\"&git;\">Git</ulink> (default), <ulink "
"url=\"&mercurial;\">Mercurial</ulink>, or <ulink url=\"&gnubazaar;\">GNU "
"Bazaar</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "system restore utility using rsync or BTRFS snapshots"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Linux filesystem snapshot management tool"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"You may also think about local script <xref linkend=\"_backup_tips\"/> "
"approach."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Monitoring, controlling, and starting program activities"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Program activities can be monitored and controlled using specialized tools."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of tools for monitoring and controlling program activities"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>nice</literal>(1): run a program with modified scheduling priority"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>renice</literal>(1): modify the scheduling priority of a running "
"process"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"\"<literal>/proc</literal>\" filesystem utilities: <literal>ps</literal>(1), "
"<literal>top</literal>(1), <literal>kill</literal>(1), "
"<literal>watch</literal>(1), …"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"\"<literal>/proc</literal>\" filesystem utilities: "
"<literal>killall</literal>(1), <literal>fuser</literal>(1), "
"<literal>peekfd</literal>(1), <literal>pstree</literal>(1)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>time</literal>(1): run a program to report system resource usages "
"with respect to time"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>sar</literal>(1), <literal>iostat</literal>(1), "
"<literal>mpstat</literal>(1), …: system performance tools for Linux"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Interactive System Activity Grapher for sysstat"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>lsof</literal>(8): list files opened by a running process using "
"\"<literal>-p</literal>\" option"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>strace</literal>(1): trace system calls and signals"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>ltrace</literal>(1): trace library calls"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>xtrace</literal>(1): trace communication between X11 client and "
"server"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>powertop</literal>(1): information about system power use"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"run processes according to a schedule in background from "
"<literal>cron</literal>(8) daemon"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "cron-like command scheduler for systems that don't run 24 hours a day"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>at</literal>(1) or <literal>batch</literal>(1): run a job at a "
"specified time or below certain load level"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The <literal>procps</literal> packages provide very basics of monitoring, "
"controlling, and starting program activities.  You should learn all of them."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Timing a process"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Display time used by the process invoked by the command."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The scheduling priority"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "A nice value is used to control the scheduling priority for the process."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of nice values for the scheduling priority"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "nice value"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "scheduling priority"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "19"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "lowest priority process (nice)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "very high priority process for user"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "-20"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "very high priority process for root (not-nice)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Sometimes an extreme nice value does more harm than good to the system.  Use "
"this command carefully."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The ps command"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The <literal>ps</literal>(1) command on a Debian system support both BSD and "
"SystemV features and helps to identify the process activity statically."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of ps command styles"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "style"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "typical command"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "feature"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "BSD"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>ps aux</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "display %CPU %MEM"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "System V"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>ps -efH</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "display PPID"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"For the zombie (defunct) children process, you can kill them by the parent "
"process ID identified in the \"<literal>PPID</literal>\" field."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The <literal>pstree</literal>(1) command display a tree of processes."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The top command"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>top</literal>(1) on the Debian system has rich features and helps "
"to identify what process is acting funny dynamically."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"It is an interactive full screen program.  You can get its usage help press "
"by pressing the \"h\"-key and terminate it by pressing the \"q\"-key."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Listing files opened by a process"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"You can list all files opened by a process with a process ID (PID), e.g. 1, "
"by the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "PID=1 is usually the <literal>init</literal> program."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Tracing program activities"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"You can trace program activity with <literal>strace</literal>(1), "
"<literal>ltrace</literal>(1), or <literal>xtrace</literal>(1) for system "
"calls and signals, library calls, or communication between X11 client and "
"server."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"You can trace system calls of the <literal>ls</literal> command as the "
"following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Use <emphasis role=\"strong\">strace-graph</emphasis> script found in "
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">/usr/share/doc/strace/examples/</emphasis> to make "
"a nice tree view"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Identification of processes using files or sockets"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"You can also identify processes using files by <literal>fuser</literal>(1), "
"e.g. for \"<literal>/var/log/mail.log</literal>\" by the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"You see that file \"<literal>/var/log/mail.log</literal>\" is open for "
"writing by the <literal>rsyslogd</literal>(8) command."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"You can also identify processes using sockets by "
"<literal>fuser</literal>(1), e.g. for \"<literal>smtp/tcp</literal>\" by the "
"following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Now you know your system runs <literal>exim4</literal>(8) to handle <ulink "
"url=\"&tcp;\">TCP</ulink> connections to <ulink url=\"&smtp;\">SMTP</ulink> "
"port (25)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Repeating a command with a constant interval"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>watch</literal>(1) executes a program repeatedly with a constant "
"interval while showing its output in fullscreen."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "This displays who is logged on to the system updated every 2 seconds."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Repeating a command looping over files"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"There are several ways to repeat a command looping over files matching some "
"condition, e.g. matching glob pattern \"<literal>*.ext</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Shell for-loop method (see <xref linkend=\"_shell_loops\"/>):"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>find</literal>(1) and <literal>xargs</literal>(1) combination:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>find</literal>(1) with \"<literal>-exec</literal>\" option with a "
"command:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>find</literal>(1) with \"<literal>-exec</literal>\" option with a "
"short shell script:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The above examples are written to ensure proper handling of funny file names "
"such as ones containing spaces.  See <xref "
"linkend=\"_idioms_for_the_selection_of_files\"/> for more advance uses of "
"<literal>find</literal>(1)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Starting a program from GUI"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"For the <ulink url=\"&commandlineinterfacecli;\">command-line interface "
"(CLI)</ulink>, the first program with the matching name found in the "
"directories specified in the <literal>$PATH</literal> environment variable "
"is executed. See <xref linkend=\"_the_literal_path_literal_variable\"/>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"For the <ulink url=\"&graphicaluserinterfacegui;\">graphical user interface "
"(GUI)</ulink> compliant to the <ulink "
"url=\"&freedesktoporg;\">freedesktop.org</ulink> standards, the "
"<literal>*.desktop</literal> files in the "
"<literal>/usr/share/applications/</literal> directory provide necessary "
"attributes for the GUI menu display of each program.  Each package which is "
"compliant to Freedesktop.org's xdg menu system installs its menu data "
"provided by \"*.desktop\" under \"/usr/share/applications/\". Modern desktop "
"environments which are compliant to Freedesktop.org standard use these data "
"to generate their menu using the xdg-utils package. See "
"\"/usr/share/doc/xdg-utils/README\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"For example, the <literal>chromium.desktop</literal> file defines attributes "
"for the \"Chromium Web Browser\" such as \"Name\" for the program name, "
"\"Exec\" for the program execution path and arguments, \"Icon\" for the icon "
"used, etc. (see the <ulink url=\"&desktopentryspecification;\">Desktop Entry "
"Specification</ulink>) as follows:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"This is an oversimplified description. The <literal>*.desktop</literal> "
"files are scanned as follows."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The desktop environment sets <literal>$XDG_DATA_HOME</literal> and "
"<literal>$XDG_DATA_DIR</literal> environment variables.  For example, under "
"the GNOME 3:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>$XDG_DATA_HOME</literal> is unset. (The default value of "
"<literal>$HOME/.local/share</literal> is used.)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>$XDG_DATA_DIRS</literal> is set to "
"<literal>/usr/share/gnome:/usr/local/share/:/usr/share/</literal>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"So the base directories (see <ulink "
"url=\"&xdgbasedirectoryspecification;\">XDG Base Directory "
"Specification</ulink>) and the <literal>applications</literal> directories "
"are as follows."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>$HOME/.local/share/</literal> → "
"<literal>$HOME/.local/share/applications/</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>/usr/share/gnome/</literal> → "
"<literal>/usr/share/gnome/applications/</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>/usr/local/share/</literal> → "
"<literal>/usr/local/share/applications/</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>/usr/share/</literal> → <literal>/usr/share/applications/</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The <literal>*.desktop</literal> files are scanned in these "
"<literal>applications</literal> directories in this order."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"A user custom GUI menu entry can be created by adding a "
"<literal>*.desktop</literal> file in the "
"<literal>$HOME/.local/share/applications/</literal> directory."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The \"<literal>Exec=...</literal>\" line isn't parsed by the shell.  Use the "
"<literal>env</literal>(1) command if environment variables need to be set."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Similarly, if a <literal>*.desktop</literal> file is created in the "
"<literal>autostart</literal> directory under these base directories, the "
"specified program in the <literal>*.desktop</literal> file is executed "
"automatically when the desktop environment is started. See <ulink "
"url=\"&desktopapplicatiartspecification;\">Desktop Application Autostart "
"Specification</ulink>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Similarly, if a <literal>*.desktop</literal> file is created in the "
"<literal>$HOME/Desktop</literal> directory and the Desktop environment is "
"configured to support the desktop icon launcher feature, the specified "
"program in it is executed upon clicking the icon. Please note that the "
"actual name of the <literal>$HOME/Desktop</literal> directory is locale "
"dependent.  See <literal>xdg-user-dirs-update</literal>(1)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Customizing program to be started"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Some programs start another program automatically.  Here are check points "
"for customizing this process."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Application configuration menu:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"GNOME3 desktop: \"Settings\" → \"System\" → \"Details\" → \"Default "
"Applications\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"KDE desktop: \"K\" → \"Control Center\" → \"KDE Components\" → \"Component "
"Chooser\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Iceweasel browser: \"Edit\" → \"Preferences\" → \"Applications\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>mc</literal>(1): \"<literal>/etc/mc/mc.ext</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Environment variables such as \"<literal>$BROWSER</literal>\", "
"\"<literal>$EDITOR</literal>\", \"<literal>$VISUAL</literal>\", and "
"\"<literal>$PAGER</literal>\" (see <literal>environ</literal>(7))"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The <literal>update-alternatives</literal>(1) system for programs such as "
"\"<literal>editor</literal>\", \"<literal>view</literal>\", "
"\"<literal>x-www-browser</literal>\", "
"\"<literal>gnome-www-browser</literal>\", and "
"\"<literal>www-browser</literal>\" (see <xref "
"linkend=\"_setting_a_default_text_editor\"/>)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"the \"<literal>~/.mailcap</literal>\" and "
"\"<literal>/etc/mailcap</literal>\" file contents which associate <ulink "
"url=\"&mime;\">MIME</ulink> type with program (see "
"<literal>mailcap</literal>(5))"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The \"<literal>~/.mime.types</literal>\" and "
"\"<literal>/etc/mime.types</literal>\" file contents which associate file "
"name extension with <ulink url=\"&mime;\">MIME</ulink> type (see "
"<literal>run-mailcap</literal>(1))"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>update-mime</literal>(8) updates the "
"\"<literal>/etc/mailcap</literal>\" file using "
"\"<literal>/etc/mailcap.order</literal>\" file (see "
"<literal>mailcap.order</literal>(5))."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The <literal>debianutils</literal> package provides "
"<literal>sensible-browser</literal>(1), "
"<literal>sensible-editor</literal>(1), and "
"<literal>sensible-pager</literal>(1) which make sensible decisions on which "
"editor, pager, and web browser to call, respectively.  I recommend you to "
"read these shell scripts."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"In order to run a console application such as <literal>mutt</literal> under "
"GUI as your preferred application, you should create an GUI application as "
"following and set \"<literal>/usr/local/bin/mutt-term</literal>\" as your "
"preferred application to be started as described."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Killing a process"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Use <literal>kill</literal>(1) to kill (or send a signal to) a process by "
"the process ID."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Use <literal>killall</literal>(1) or <literal>pkill</literal>(1) to do the "
"same by the process command name and other attributes."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of frequently used signals for kill command"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "signal value"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "signal name"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "note"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "---"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "no signal is sent (see <literal>kill</literal>(2))"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "check if process is running"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&sighup;\">SIGHUP</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "terminate the process"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "disconnected terminal (signal hang up)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&sigint;\">SIGINT</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "interrupt from keyboard (<literal>CTRL-C</literal>)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&sigquit;\">SIGQUIT</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "terminate the process and <ulink url=\"&dumpcore;\">dump core</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "quit from keyboard (<literal>CTRL-\\</literal>)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "9"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&sigkill;\">SIGKILL</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "unblockable kill signal"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "15"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&sigterm;\">SIGTERM</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "blockable termination signal"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Scheduling tasks once"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Run the <literal>at</literal>(1) command to schedule a one-time job by the "
"following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Scheduling tasks regularly"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Use <literal>cron</literal>(8) to schedule tasks regularly.  See "
"<literal>crontab</literal>(1) and <literal>crontab</literal>(5)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"You can schedule to run processes as a normal user, "
"e.g. <literal>foo</literal> by creating a <literal>crontab</literal>(5) file "
"as \"<literal>/var/spool/cron/crontabs/foo</literal>\" with "
"\"<literal>crontab -e</literal>\" command."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Here is an example of a <literal>crontab</literal>(5) file."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"For the system not running continuously, install the "
"<literal>anacron</literal> package to schedule periodic commands at the "
"specified intervals as closely as machine-uptime permits.  See "
"<literal>anacron</literal>(8) and <literal>anacrontab</literal>(5)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"For scheduled system maintenance scripts, you can run them periodically from "
"root account by placing such scripts in "
"\"<literal>/etc/cron.hourly/</literal>\", "
"\"<literal>/etc/cron.daily/</literal>\", "
"\"<literal>/etc/cron.weekly/</literal>\", or "
"\"<literal>/etc/cron.monthly/</literal>\".  Execution timings of these "
"scripts can be customized by \"<literal>/etc/crontab</literal>\" and "
"\"<literal>/etc/anacrontab</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&systemd;\">Systemd</ulink> has low level capability to "
"schedule programs to run without <literal>cron</literal> daemon.  For "
"example, <literal>/lib/systemd/system/apt-daily.timer</literal> and "
"<literal>/lib/systemd/system/apt-daily.service</literal> set up daily apt "
"download activities.  See <literal>systemd.timer</literal>(5) ."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Scheduling tasks on event"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&systemd;\">Systemd</ulink> can schedule program not only on "
"the timer event but also on the mount event.  See <xref "
"linkend=\"_timer_event_triggered_backup\"/> and <xref "
"linkend=\"_mount_event_triggered_backup\"/> for examples."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Alt-SysRq key"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Pressing Alt-SysRq (PrtScr) followed by one keys does the magic of rescuing "
"control of the system."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of notable SAK command keys"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "key following Alt-SysRq"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "description of action"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>k</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">k</emphasis>ill all processes on the <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">current virtual console</emphasis> (<ulink "
"url=\"&sak;\">SAK</ulink>)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">s</emphasis>ync all mounted filesystems to avoid "
"data corruption"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"remount all mounted filesystems read-only (<emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">u</emphasis>mount)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>r</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"restore the keyboard from <emphasis role=\"strong\">r</emphasis>aw mode "
"after X crashes"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"See more on <ulink url=\"&linuxkernelusersmrequestkeyhacks;\">Linux kernel "
"user’s and administrator’s guide » Linux Magic System Request Key "
"Hacks</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"From SSH terminal etc., you can use the Alt-SysRq feature by writing to the "
"\"<literal>/proc/sysrq-trigger</literal>\". For example, \"<literal>echo s "
"&gt; /proc/sysrq-trigger; echo u &gt; /proc/sysrq-trigger</literal>\" from "
"the root shell prompt <emphasis role=\"strong\">s</emphasis>yncs and "
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">u</emphasis>mounts all mounted filesystems."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The current (2021) Debian amd64 Linux kernel has "
"<literal>/proc/sys/kernel/sysrq=438=0b110110110</literal>:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "2 = 0x2 - enable control of console logging level (ON)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "4 = 0x4 - enable control of keyboard (SAK, unraw) (ON)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "8 = 0x8 - enable debugging dumps of processes etc. (OFF)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "16 = 0x10 - enable sync command (ON)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "32 = 0x20 - enable remount read-only (ON)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "64 = 0x40 - enable signaling of processes (term, kill, oom-kill) (OFF)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "128 = 0x80 - allow reboot/poweroff (ON)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "256 = 0x100 - allow nicing of all RT tasks (ON)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "System maintenance tips"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Who is on the system?"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "You can check who is on the system by the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>who</literal>(1) shows who is logged on."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>w</literal>(1) shows who is logged on and what they are doing."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>last</literal>(1) shows listing of last logged in user."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>lastb</literal>(1) shows listing of last bad logged in users."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"\"<literal>/var/run/utmp</literal>\", and "
"\"<literal>/var/log/wtmp</literal>\" hold such user information.  See "
"<literal>login</literal>(1) and <literal>utmp</literal>(5)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Warning everyone"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"You can send message to everyone who is logged on to the system with "
"<literal>wall</literal>(1) by the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Hardware identification"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"For the <ulink url=\"&pci;\">PCI</ulink>-like devices (<ulink "
"url=\"&agp;\">AGP</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&pciexpress;\">PCI-Express</ulink>, "
"<ulink url=\"&cardbus;\">CardBus</ulink>, <ulink "
"url=\"&expresscard;\">ExpressCard</ulink>, etc.), "
"<literal>lspci</literal>(8) (probably with \"<literal>-nn</literal>\" "
"option) is a good start for the hardware identification."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Alternatively, you can identify the hardware by reading contents of "
"\"<literal>/proc/bus/pci/devices</literal>\" or browsing directory tree "
"under \"<literal>/sys/bus/pci</literal>\" (see <xref "
"linkend=\"_procfs_and_sysfs\"/>)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of hardware identification tools"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Linux PCI Utilities: <literal>lspci</literal>(8)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Linux USB utilities: <literal>lsusb</literal>(8)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "NVMe utilities for Linux: <literal>nvme</literal>(1)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "PCMCIA utilities for Linux: <literal>pccardctl</literal>(8)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"collection of tools for SCSI hardware management: "
"<literal>lsscsi</literal>(8)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"system information obtained from \"<literal>/proc</literal>\": "
"<literal>lsdev</literal>(8)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "information about hardware configuration: <literal>lshw</literal>(1)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "hardware identification system: <literal>discover</literal>(8)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Hardware configuration"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Although most of the hardware configuration on modern GUI desktop systems "
"such as GNOME and KDE can be managed through accompanying GUI configuration "
"tools, it is a good idea to know some basics methods to configure them."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of hardware configuration tools"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Linux console font and keytable utilities"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"X server utilities: <literal>xset</literal>(1), "
"<literal>xmodmap</literal>(1)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"daemon to manage events delivered by the Advanced Configuration and Power "
"Interface (ACPI)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "utility to display information on ACPI devices"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "daemon to put a laptop to sleep during inactivity"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"hard disk access optimization (see <xref "
"linkend=\"_optimization_of_hard_disk\"/>)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"control and monitor storage systems using <ulink "
"url=\"&smart;\">S.M.A.R.T.</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "collection of tools for serial port management"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "collection of tools for memory hardware management"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"collection of tools for <ulink url=\"&scsi;\">SCSI</ulink> hardware "
"management"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "compact disc drive access optimization"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "larger mouse cursors for X"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Here, <ulink url=\"&acpi;\">ACPI</ulink> is a newer framework for the power "
"management system than <ulink url=\"&apm;\">APM</ulink>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"CPU frequency scaling on modern system is governed by kernel modules such as "
"<literal>acpi_cpufreq</literal>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "System and hardware time"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The following sets system and hardware time to MM/DD hh:mm, CCYY."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Times are normally displayed in the local time on the Debian system but the "
"hardware and system time usually use <ulink "
"url=\"&utcgmt;\">UTC(GMT)</ulink>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"If the hardware time is set to UTC, change the setting to "
"\"<literal>UTC=yes</literal>\" in the "
"\"<literal>/etc/default/rcS</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The following reconfigure the timezone used by the Debian system."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"If you wish to update system time via network, consider to use the <ulink "
"url=\"&ntp;\">NTP</ulink> service with the packages such as "
"<literal>ntp</literal>, <literal>ntpdate</literal>, and "
"<literal>chrony</literal>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Under <ulink url=\"&systemd;\">systemd</ulink>, use "
"<literal>systemd-timesyncd</literal> for the network time synchronization "
"instead.  See <literal>systemd-timesyncd</literal>(8)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "See the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&managingaccuratedateandtimehowto;\">Managing Accurate Date and "
"Time HOWTO</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&ntppublicservicesproject;\">NTP Public Services "
"Project</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The <literal>ntp-doc</literal> package"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>ntptrace</literal>(8) in the <literal>ntp</literal> package can "
"trace a chain of NTP servers back to the primary source."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The terminal configuration"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"There are several components to configure character console and "
"<literal>ncurses</literal>(3) system features."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The \"<literal>/etc/terminfo/*/*</literal>\" file "
"(<literal>terminfo</literal>(5))"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The \"<literal>$TERM</literal>\" environment variable "
"(<literal>term</literal>(7))"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>setterm</literal>(1), <literal>stty</literal>(1), "
"<literal>tic</literal>(1), and <literal>toe</literal>(1)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"If the <literal>terminfo</literal> entry for <literal>xterm</literal> "
"doesn't work with a non-Debian <literal>xterm</literal>, change your "
"terminal type, \"<literal>$TERM</literal>\", from "
"\"<literal>xterm</literal>\" to one of the feature-limited versions such as "
"\"<literal>xterm-r6</literal>\" when you log in to a Debian system "
"remotely.  See \"<literal>/usr/share/doc/libncurses5/FAQ</literal>\" for "
"more.  \"<literal>dumb</literal>\" is the lowest common denominator for "
"\"<literal>$TERM</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The sound infrastructure"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Device drivers for sound cards for current Linux are provided by <ulink "
"url=\"&advancedlinuxsouarchitecturealsa;\">Advanced Linux Sound Architecture "
"(ALSA)</ulink>.  ALSA provides emulation mode for previous <ulink "
"url=\"&opensoundsystemoss;\">Open Sound System (OSS)</ulink> for "
"compatibility."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Application softwares may be configured not only to access sound devices "
"directly but also to access them via some standardized sound server system.  "
"Currently, PulseAudio, JACK, and PipeWire are used as sound server system.  "
"See <ulink url=\"&debianwikipageonsound;\">Debian wiki page on Sound</ulink> "
"for the latest situation."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"There is usually a common sound engine for each popular desktop "
"environment. Each sound engine used by the application can choose to connect "
"to different sound servers."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Use \"<literal>cat /dev/urandom &gt; /dev/audio</literal>\" or "
"<literal>speaker-test</literal>(1) to test speaker (^C to stop)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"If you can not get sound, your speaker may be connected to a muted output.  "
"Modern sound system has many outputs.  <literal>alsamixer</literal>(1) in "
"the <literal>alsa-utils</literal> package is useful to configure volume and "
"mute settings."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of sound packages"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "utilities for configuring and using ALSA"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"OSS compatibility under ALSA preventing \"<literal>/dev/dsp not "
"found</literal>\" errors"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&audioandvideopromultimediaserver;\">audio and video processing "
"engine multimedia server</ulink> - metapackage"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&audioandvideopromultimediaserver;\">audio and video processing "
"engine multimedia server</ulink> - audio server and CLI programs"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&audioandvideopromultimediaserver;\">audio and video processing "
"engine multimedia server</ulink> - audio server to replace ALSA"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&audioandvideopromultimediaserver;\">audio and video processing "
"engine multimedia server</ulink> - audio server to replace PulseAudio"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&pulseaudio;\">PulseAudio</ulink> server"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&pulseaudio;\">PulseAudio</ulink> client library"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&jackaudioconnectionkitjack;\">JACK Audio Connection "
"Kit. (JACK)</ulink> server (low latency)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&jackaudioconnectionkitjack;\">JACK Audio Connection "
"Kit. (JACK)</ulink> library (low latency)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&gstreamer;\">GStreamer</ulink>: GNOME sound engine"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&phonon;\">Phonon</ulink>: KDE sound engine"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Disabling the screen saver"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "For disabling the screen saver, use following commands."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of commands for disabling the screen saver"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The Linux console"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>setterm -powersave off</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The X Window (turning off screensaver)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>xset s off</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The X Window (disabling dpms)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>xset -dpms</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The X Window (GUI configuration of screen saver)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>xscreensaver-command -prefs</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Disabling beep sounds"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"One can always unplug the PC speaker to disable beep sounds.  Removing "
"<literal>pcspkr</literal> kernel module does this for you."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The following prevents the <literal>readline</literal>(3) program used by "
"<literal>bash</literal>(1) to beep when encountering an alert character "
"(ASCII=7)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Memory usage"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "There are 2 resources available for you to get the memory usage situation."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The kernel boot message in the \"<literal>/var/log/dmesg</literal>\" "
"contains the total exact size of available memory."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>free</literal>(1) and <literal>top</literal>(1) display information "
"on memory resources on the running system."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Here is an example."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"You may be wondering \"dmesg tells me a free of 990 MB, and free -k says 320 "
"MB is free. More than 600 MB missing …\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Do not worry about the large size of \"<literal>used</literal>\" and the "
"small size of \"<literal>free</literal>\" in the \"<literal>Mem:</literal>\" "
"line, but read the one under them (675404 and 321780 in the example above) "
"and relax."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"For my MacBook with 1GB=1048576k DRAM (video system steals some of this), I "
"see the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of memory sizes reported"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "report"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Total size in dmesg"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "1016784k = 1GB - 31792k"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Free in dmesg"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "990528k"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Total under shell"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "997184k"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Free under shell"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "20256k (but effectively 321780k)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "System security and integrity check"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Poor system maintenance may expose your system to external exploitation."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"For system security and integrity check, you should start with the "
"following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The <literal>debsums</literal> package, see <literal>debsums</literal>(1) "
"and <xref linkend=\"_top_level_release_file_and_authenticity\"/>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The <literal>chkrootkit</literal> package, see "
"<literal>chkrootkit</literal>(1)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The <literal>clamav</literal> package family, see "
"<literal>clamscan</literal>(1) and <literal>freshclam</literal>(1)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&debiansecurityfaq;\">Debian security FAQ</ulink>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&securingdebianmanual;\">Securing Debian Manual</ulink>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of tools for system security and integrity check"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "daemon to mail anomalies in the system logfiles to the administrator"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "utility to verify installed package files against MD5 checksums"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&rootkit;\">rootkit</ulink> detector"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "anti-virus utility for Unix - command-line interface"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "report system security vulnerabilities"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "file and directory integrity checker"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "active password cracking tool"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Advanced Intrusion Detection Environment - static binary"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "file integrity verification program"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "password guessing program"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Here is a simple script to check for typical world writable incorrect file "
"permissions."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Since the <literal>debsums</literal> package uses <ulink "
"url=\"&mdf;\">MD5</ulink> checksums stored locally, it can not be fully "
"trusted as the system security audit tool against malicious attacks."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Data storage tips"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Booting your system with Linux <ulink url=\"&livecds;\">live CDs</ulink> or "
"<ulink url=\"&debianinstallercds;\">debian-installer CDs</ulink> in rescue "
"mode makes it easy for you to reconfigure data storage on your boot device."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"You may need to <literal>umount</literal>(8) some devices manually from the "
"command line before operating on them if they are automatically mounted by "
"the GUI desktop system."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Disk space usage"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The disk space usage can be evaluated by programs provided by the "
"<literal>mount</literal>, <literal>coreutils</literal>, and "
"<literal>xdu</literal> packages:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>mount</literal>(8) reports all mounted filesystems (= disks)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>df</literal>(1) reports the disk space usage for the file system."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>du</literal>(1) reports the disk space usage for the directory "
"tree."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"You can feed the output of <literal>du</literal>(8) to "
"<literal>xdu</literal>(1x) to produce its graphical and interactive "
"presentation with \"<literal>du -k . |xdu</literal>\", \"<literal>sudo du -k "
"-x / |xdu</literal>\", etc."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Disk partition configuration"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"For <ulink url=\"&diskpartition;\">disk partition</ulink> configuration, "
"although <literal>fdisk</literal>(8) has been considered standard, "
"<literal>parted</literal>(8) deserves some attention.  \"Disk partitioning "
"data\", \"partition table\", \"partition map\", and \"disk label\" are all "
"synonyms."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Older PCs use the classic <ulink url=\"&masterbootrecordmbr;\">Master Boot "
"Record (MBR)</ulink> scheme to hold <ulink url=\"&diskpartitioning;\">disk "
"partitioning</ulink> data in the first sector, i.e., <ulink "
"url=\"&lba;\">LBA</ulink> sector 0 (512 bytes)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Recent PCs with <ulink url=\"&unifiedextensiblareinterfaceuefi;\">Unified "
"Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI)</ulink>, including Intel-based Macs, "
"use <ulink url=\"&guidpartitiontablegpt;\">GUID Partition Table "
"(GPT)</ulink> scheme to hold <ulink url=\"&diskpartitioning;\">disk "
"partitioning</ulink> data not in the first sector."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Although <literal>fdisk</literal>(8) has been standard for the disk "
"partitioning tool, <literal>parted</literal>(8) is replacing it."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of disk partition management packages"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"miscellaneous system utilities including <literal>fdisk</literal>(8) and "
"<literal>cfdisk</literal>(8)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "GNU Parted disk partition resizing program"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "GNOME partition editor based on <literal>libparted</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "partition editor for the GPT/MBR hybrid disk"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "program to create device mappings for partitions"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Although <literal>parted</literal>(8) claims to create and to resize "
"filesystem too, it is safer to do such things using best maintained "
"specialized tools such as <literal>mkfs</literal>(8) "
"(<literal>mkfs.msdos</literal>(8), <literal>mkfs.ext2</literal>(8), "
"<literal>mkfs.ext3</literal>(8), <literal>mkfs.ext4</literal>(8), …) and "
"<literal>resize2fs</literal>(8)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"In order to switch between <ulink url=\"&gpt;\">GPT</ulink> and <ulink "
"url=\"&mbr;\">MBR</ulink>, you need to erase first few blocks of disk "
"contents directly (see <xref linkend=\"_clearing_file_contents\"/>) and use "
"\"<literal>parted /dev/sdx mklabel gpt</literal>\" or \"<literal>parted "
"/dev/sdx mklabel msdos</literal>\" to set it.  Please note "
"\"<literal>msdos</literal>\" is use here for <ulink "
"url=\"&mbr;\">MBR</ulink>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Accessing partition using UUID"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Although reconfiguration of your partition or activation order of removable "
"storage media may yield different names for partitions, you can access them "
"consistently. This is also helpful if you have multiple disks and your "
"BIOS/UEFI doesn't give them consistent device names."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>mount</literal>(8) with \"<literal>-U</literal>\" option can mount "
"a block device using <ulink url=\"&uuid;\">UUID</ulink>, instead of using "
"its file name such as \"<literal>/dev/sda3</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"\"<literal>/etc/fstab</literal>\" (see <literal>fstab</literal>(5)) can use "
"<ulink url=\"&uuid;\">UUID</ulink>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Boot loaders (<xref linkend=\"_stage_2_the_boot_loader\"/>) may use <ulink "
"url=\"&uuid;\">UUID</ulink> too."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"You can probe <ulink url=\"&uuid;\">UUID</ulink> of a block special device "
"with <literal>blkid</literal>(8)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"You can also probe UUID and other information with \"<literal>lsblk "
"-f</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "LVM2"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"LVM2 is a <ulink url=\"&logicalvolumemanager;\">logical volume "
"manager</ulink> for the Linux kernel.  With LVM2, disk partitions can be "
"created on logical volumes instead of the physical harddisks."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "LVM requires the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "device-mapper support in the Linux kernel (default for Debian kernels)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"the userspace device-mapper support library "
"(<literal>libdevmapper*</literal> package)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "the userspace LVM2 tools (<literal>lvm2</literal> package)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Please start learning LVM2 from the following manpages."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>lvm</literal>(8): Basics of LVM2 mechanism (list of all LVM2 "
"commands)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>lvm.conf</literal>(5): Configuration file for LVM2"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>lvs</literal>(8): Report information about logical volumes"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>vgs</literal>(8): Report information about volume groups"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>pvs</literal>(8): Report information about physical volumes"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Filesystem configuration"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"For <ulink url=\"&exte;\">ext4</ulink> filesystem, the "
"<literal>e2fsprogs</literal> package provides the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>mkfs.ext4</literal>(8) to create new <ulink "
"url=\"&exte;\">ext4</ulink> filesystem"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>fsck.ext4</literal>(8) to check and to repair existing <ulink "
"url=\"&exte;\">ext4</ulink> filesystem"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>tune2fs</literal>(8) to configure superblock of <ulink "
"url=\"&exte;\">ext4</ulink> filesystem"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>debugfs</literal>(8) to debug <ulink url=\"&exte;\">ext4</ulink> "
"filesystem interactively. (It has <literal>undel</literal> command to "
"recover deleted files.)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The <literal>mkfs</literal>(8) and <literal>fsck</literal>(8) commands are "
"provided by the <literal>e2fsprogs</literal> package as front-ends to "
"various filesystem dependent programs (<literal>mkfs.fstype</literal> and "
"<literal>fsck.fstype</literal>). For <ulink url=\"&exte;\">ext4</ulink> "
"filesystem, they are <literal>mkfs.ext4</literal>(8) and "
"<literal>fsck.ext4</literal>(8) (they are symlinked to "
"<literal>mke2fs</literal>(8) and <literal>e2fsck</literal>(8))."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Similar commands are available for each filesystem supported by Linux."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of filesystem management packages"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"utilities for the <ulink url=\"&extc;\">ext2</ulink>/<ulink "
"url=\"&extd;\">ext3</ulink>/<ulink url=\"&exte;\">ext4</ulink> filesystems"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "utilities for the <ulink url=\"&btrfs;\">Btrfs</ulink> filesystem"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "utilities for the <ulink url=\"&reiserfs;\">Reiserfs</ulink> filesystem"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "utilities for the <ulink url=\"&openzfs;\">OpenZFS</ulink> filesystem"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"utilities for the <ulink url=\"&fat;\">FAT</ulink> filesystem. (Microsoft: "
"MS-DOS, Windows)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"utilities for the <ulink url=\"&exfat;\">exFAT</ulink> filesystem maintained "
"by Samsung."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"read/write <ulink url=\"&exfat;\">exFAT</ulink> filesystem (Microsoft) "
"driver for FUSE."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "utilities for the <ulink url=\"&xfs;\">XFS</ulink> filesystem. (SGI: IRIX)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"read/write <ulink url=\"&ntfs;\">NTFS</ulink> filesystem (Microsoft: Windows "
"NT, …) driver for FUSE."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"utilities for the <ulink url=\"&jfs;\">JFS</ulink> filesystem. (IBM: AIX, "
"OS/2)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "utilities for the <ulink url=\"&reisere;\">Reiser4</ulink> filesystem"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"utilities for <ulink url=\"&hfs;\">HFS</ulink> and <ulink "
"url=\"&hfsplus;\">HFS Plus</ulink> filesystem. (Apple: Mac OS)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "program to zero free blocks from ext2/3/4 filesystems"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&exte;\">Ext4</ulink> filesystem is the default filesystem for "
"the Linux system and strongly recommended to use it unless you have some "
"specific reasons not to."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&btrfs;\">Btrfs</ulink> status can be found at <ulink "
"url=\"&debianwikionbtrfs;\">Debian wiki on btrfs</ulink> and <ulink "
"url=\"&kernelorgwikionbtrfs;\">kernel.org wiki on btrfs</ulink>.  It is "
"expected to be the next default filesystem after the ext4 filesystem."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Some tools allow access to filesystem without Linux kernel support (see "
"<xref linkend=\"_manipulating_files_without_mounting_disk\"/>)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Filesystem creation and integrity check"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The <literal>mkfs</literal>(8) command creates the filesystem on a Linux "
"system. The <literal>fsck</literal>(8) command provides the filesystem "
"integrity check and repair on a Linux system."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Debian now defaults to no periodic <literal>fsck</literal> after filesystem "
"creation."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"It is generally not safe to run <literal>fsck</literal> on <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">mounted filesystems</emphasis>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"You can run the <literal>fsck</literal>(8) command safely on all filesystems "
"including root filesystem on reboot by setting "
"\"<literal>enable_periodic_fsck</literal>\" in "
"\"<literal>/etc/mke2fs.conf</literal>\" and the max mount count to 0 using "
"\"<literal>tune2fs -c0 "
"/dev/<emphasis>partition_name</emphasis></literal>\".  See "
"<literal>mke2fs.conf</literal>(5) and <literal>tune2fs</literal>(8)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Check files in \"<literal>/var/log/fsck/</literal>\" for the result of the "
"<literal>fsck</literal>(8) command run from the boot script."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Optimization of filesystem by mount options"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The basic static filesystem configuration is given by "
"\"<literal>/etc/fstab</literal>\".  For example,"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&uuid;\">UUID</ulink> (see <xref "
"linkend=\"_accessing_partition_using_uuid\"/>) may be used to identify a "
"block device instead of normal block device names such as "
"\"<literal>/dev/sda1</literal>\", \"<literal>/dev/sda2</literal>\", …"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Since Linux 2.6.30, the kernel defaults to the behavior provided by "
"\"<literal>relatime</literal>\" option."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "See <literal>fstab</literal>(5) and <literal>mount</literal>(8)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Optimization of filesystem via superblock"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Characteristics of a filesystem can be optimized via its superblock using "
"the <literal>tune2fs</literal>(8) command."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Execution of \"<literal>sudo tune2fs -l /dev/hda1</literal>\" displays the "
"contents of the filesystem superblock on \"<literal>/dev/hda1</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Execution of \"<literal>sudo tune2fs -c 50 /dev/hda1</literal>\" changes "
"frequency of filesystem checks (<literal>fsck</literal> execution during "
"boot-up) to every 50 boots on \"<literal>/dev/hda1</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Execution of \"<literal>sudo tune2fs -j /dev/hda1</literal>\" adds "
"journaling capability to the filesystem, i.e. filesystem conversion from "
"<ulink url=\"&extc;\">ext2</ulink> to <ulink url=\"&extd;\">ext3</ulink> on "
"\"<literal>/dev/hda1</literal>\".  (Do this on the unmounted filesystem.)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Execution of \"<literal>sudo tune2fs -O extents,uninit_bg,dir_index "
"/dev/hda1 &amp;&amp; fsck -pf /dev/hda1</literal>\" converts it from <ulink "
"url=\"&extd;\">ext3</ulink> to <ulink url=\"&exte;\">ext4</ulink> on "
"\"<literal>/dev/hda1</literal>\".  (Do this on the unmounted filesystem.)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Despite its name, <literal>tune2fs</literal>(8) works not only on the <ulink "
"url=\"&extc;\">ext2</ulink> filesystem but also on the <ulink "
"url=\"&extd;\">ext3</ulink> and <ulink url=\"&exte;\">ext4</ulink> "
"filesystems."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Optimization of hard disk"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Please check your hardware and read manpage of <literal>hdparm</literal>(8) "
"before playing with hard disk configuration because this may be quite "
"dangerous for the data integrity."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"You can test disk access speed of a hard disk, "
"e.g. \"<literal>/dev/hda</literal>\", by \"<literal>hdparm -tT "
"/dev/hda</literal>\". For some hard disk connected with (E)IDE, you can "
"speed it up with \"<literal>hdparm -q -c3 -d1 -u1 -m16 /dev/hda</literal>\" "
"by enabling the \"(E)IDE 32-bit I/O support\", enabling the \"using_dma "
"flag\", setting \"interrupt-unmask flag\", and setting the \"multiple 16 "
"sector I/O\" (dangerous!)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"You can test write cache feature of a hard disk, "
"e.g. \"<literal>/dev/sda</literal>\", by \"<literal>hdparm -W "
"/dev/sda</literal>\". You can disable its write cache feature with "
"\"<literal>hdparm -W 0 /dev/sda</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"You may be able to read badly pressed CDROMs on modern high speed CD-ROM "
"drive by slowing it down with \"<literal>setcd -x 2</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Optimization of solid state drive"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&solidstatedrivessd;\">Solid state drive (SSD)</ulink> is auto "
"detected now."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Reduce unnecessary disk accesses to prevent disk wear out by mounting "
"\"<literal>tmpfs</literal>\" on volatile data path in "
"<literal>/etc/fstab</literal>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Using SMART to predict hard disk failure"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"You can monitor and log your hard disk which is compliant to <ulink "
"url=\"&smart;\">SMART</ulink> with the <literal>smartd</literal>(8) daemon."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Enable <ulink url=\"&smart;\">SMART</ulink> feature in <ulink "
"url=\"&bios;\">BIOS</ulink>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Install the <literal>smartmontools</literal> package."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Identify your hard disk drives by listing them with "
"<literal>df</literal>(1)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Let's assume a hard disk drive to be monitored as "
"\"<literal>/dev/hda</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Check the output of \"<literal>smartctl -a /dev/hda</literal>\" to see if "
"<ulink url=\"&smart;\">SMART</ulink> feature is actually enabled."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "If not, enable it by \"<literal>smartctl -s on -a /dev/hda</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Enable <literal>smartd</literal>(8) daemon to run by the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"uncomment \"<literal>start_smartd=yes</literal>\" in the "
"\"<literal>/etc/default/smartmontools</literal>\" file."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"restart the <literal>smartd</literal>(8) daemon by \"<literal>sudo systemctl "
"restart smartmontools</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The <literal>smartd</literal>(8) daemon can be customized with the "
"<literal>/etc/smartd.conf</literal> file including how to be notified of "
"warnings."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Specify temporary storage directory via $TMPDIR"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Applications create temporary files normally under the temporary storage "
"directory \"<literal>/tmp</literal>\".  If \"<literal>/tmp</literal>\" does "
"not provide enough space, you can specify such temporary storage directory "
"via the <literal>$TMPDIR</literal> variable for well-behaving programs."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Expansion of usable storage space via LVM"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"For partitions created on <ulink url=\"&logicalvolumemanagerlvm;\">Logical "
"Volume Manager (LVM)</ulink> (Linux feature) at install time, they can be "
"resized easily by concatenating extents onto them or truncating extents from "
"them over multiple storage devices without major system reconfiguration."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Expansion of usable storage space by mounting another partition"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"If you have an empty partition (e.g., \"<literal>/dev/sdx</literal>\"), you "
"can format it with <literal>mkfs.ext4</literal>(1) and "
"<literal>mount</literal>(8) it to a directory where you need more "
"space. (You need to copy original data contents.)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"You may alternatively mount an empty disk image file (see <xref "
"linkend=\"_making_the_empty_disk_image_file\"/>) as a loop device (see <xref "
"linkend=\"_mounting_the_disk_image_file\"/>).  The actual disk usage grows "
"with the actual data stored."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Expansion of usable storage space by bind-mounting another directory"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"If you have an empty directory (e.g., "
"\"<literal>/path/to/emp-dir</literal>\") on another partition with usable "
"space, you can mount(8) it with \"<literal>--bind</literal>\" option to a "
"directory (e.g., \"<literal>work-dir</literal>\") where you need more space."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Expansion of usable storage space by overlay-mounting another directory"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"If you have usable space in another partition (e.g., "
"\"<literal>/path/to/empty</literal>\" and "
"\"<literal>/path/to/work</literal>\"), you can create a directory in it and "
"stack that on to an old directory (e.g., "
"\"<literal>/path/to/old</literal>\") where you need space using the <ulink "
"url=\"&overlayfs;\">OverlayFS</ulink> for Linux kernel 3.18 or newer (Debian "
"Stretch 9.0 or newer)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Here, \"<literal>/path/to/empty</literal>\" and "
"\"<literal>/path/to/work</literal>\" should be on the RW-enabled partition "
"to write on \"<literal>/path/to/old</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Expansion of usable storage space using symlink"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"This is a deprecated method.  Some software may not function well with "
"\"symlink to a directory\".  Instead, use the \"mounting\" approaches "
"described in the above."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"If you have an empty directory (e.g., "
"\"<literal>/path/to/emp-dir</literal>\") in another partition with usable "
"space, you can create a symlink to the directory with "
"<literal>ln</literal>(8)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Do not use \"symlink to a directory\" for directories managed by the system "
"such as \"<literal>/opt</literal>\".  Such a symlink may be overwritten when "
"the system is upgraded."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The disk image"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Here, we discuss manipulations of the disk image."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Making the disk image file"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The disk image file, \"<literal>disk.img</literal>\", of an unmounted "
"device, e.g., the second SCSI or serial ATA drive "
"\"<literal>/dev/sdb</literal>\", can be made using <literal>cp</literal>(1) "
"or <literal>dd</literal>(1) by the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The disk image of the traditional PC's <ulink "
"url=\"&masterbootrecordmbr;\">master boot record (MBR)</ulink> (see <xref "
"linkend=\"_disk_partition_configuration\"/>) which reside on the first "
"sector on the primary IDE disk can be made by using <literal>dd</literal>(1) "
"by the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"<literal>mbr.img</literal>\": The MBR with the partition table"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"<literal>mbr-nopart.img</literal>\": The MBR without the partition table"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"<literal>mbr-part.img</literal>\": The partition table of the MBR only"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"If you have an SCSI or serial ATA device as the boot disk, substitute "
"\"<literal>/dev/hda</literal>\" with \"<literal>/dev/sda</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"If you are making an image of a disk partition of the original disk, "
"substitute \"<literal>/dev/hda</literal>\" with "
"\"<literal>/dev/hda1</literal>\" etc."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Writing directly to the disk"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The disk image file, \"<literal>disk.img</literal>\" can be written to an "
"unmounted device, e.g., the second SCSI drive "
"\"<literal>/dev/sdb</literal>\" with matching size, by the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Similarly, the disk partition image file, "
"\"<literal>partition.img</literal>\" can be written to an unmounted "
"partition, e.g., the first partition of the second SCSI drive "
"\"<literal>/dev/sdb1</literal>\" with matching size, by the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Mounting the disk image file"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The disk image \"<literal>partition.img</literal>\" containing a single "
"partition image can be mounted and unmounted by using the <ulink "
"url=\"&loopdevice;\">loop device</ulink> as follows."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "This can be simplified as follows."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Each partition of the disk image \"<literal>disk.img</literal>\" containing "
"multiple partitions can be mounted by using the <ulink "
"url=\"&loopdevice;\">loop device</ulink>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Alternatively, similar effects can be done by using the <ulink "
"url=\"&devicemapper;\">device mapper</ulink> devices created by "
"<literal>kpartx</literal>(8) from the <literal>kpartx</literal> package as "
"follows."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Cleaning a disk image file"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"A disk image file, \"<literal>disk.img</literal>\" can be cleaned of all "
"removed files into clean sparse image \"<literal>new.img</literal>\" by the "
"following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"If \"<literal>disk.img</literal>\" is in ext2, ext3 or ext4, you can also "
"use <literal>zerofree</literal>(8) from the <literal>zerofree</literal> "
"package as follows."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Making the empty disk image file"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The empty disk image \"<literal>disk.img</literal>\" which can grow up to "
"5GiB can be made using <literal>dd</literal>(1) as follows."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Instead of using <literal>dd</literal>(1), specialized "
"<literal>fallocate</literal>(8) may be used here."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"You can create an ext4 filesystem on this disk image "
"\"<literal>disk.img</literal>\" using the <ulink url=\"&loopdevice;\">loop "
"device</ulink> as follows."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"For \"<literal>disk.img</literal>\", its file size is 5.0 GiB and its actual "
"disk usage is mere 83MiB.  This discrepancy is possible since <ulink "
"url=\"&exte;\">ext4</ulink> can hold <ulink url=\"&sparsefile;\">sparse "
"file</ulink>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The actual disk usage of <ulink url=\"&sparsefile;\">sparse file</ulink> "
"grows with data which are written to it."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Using similar operation on devices created by the <ulink "
"url=\"&loopdevice;\">loop device</ulink> or the <ulink "
"url=\"&devicemapper;\">device mapper</ulink> devices as <xref "
"linkend=\"_mounting_the_disk_image_file\"/>, you can partition this disk "
"image \"<literal>disk.img</literal>\" using <literal>parted</literal>(8) or "
"<literal>fdisk</literal>(8), and can create filesystem on it using "
"<literal>mkfs.ext4</literal>(8), <literal>mkswap</literal>(8), etc."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Making the ISO9660 image file"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The <ulink url=\"&isojgga;\">ISO9660</ulink> image file, "
"\"<literal>cd.iso</literal>\", from the source directory tree at "
"\"<literal>source_directory</literal>\" can be made using "
"<literal>genisoimage</literal>(1) provided by <ulink "
"url=\"&cdrkit;\">cdrkit</ulink> by the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Similarly, the bootable ISO9660 image file, "
"\"<literal>cdboot.iso</literal>\", can be made from "
"<literal>debian-installer</literal> like directory tree at "
"\"<literal>source_directory</literal>\" by the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Here <ulink url=\"&isolinuxbootloader;\">Isolinux boot loader</ulink> (see "
"<xref linkend=\"_stage_2_the_boot_loader\"/>) is used for booting."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"You can calculate the md5sum value and make the ISO9660 image directly from "
"the CD-ROM device as follows."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"You must carefully avoid ISO9660 filesystem read ahead bug of Linux as above "
"to get the right result."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Writing directly to the CD/DVD-R/RW"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"DVD is only a large CD to <literal>wodim</literal>(1) provided by <ulink "
"url=\"&cdrkit;\">cdrkit</ulink>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "You can find a usable device by the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Then the blank CD-R is inserted to the CD drive, and the ISO9660 image file, "
"\"<literal>cd.iso</literal>\" is written to this device, e.g., "
"\"<literal>/dev/hda</literal>\", using <literal>wodim</literal>(1) by the "
"following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "If CD-RW is used instead of CD-R, do this instead by the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"If your desktop system mounts CDs automatically, unmount it by "
"\"<literal>sudo umount /dev/hda</literal>\" from console before using "
"<literal>wodim</literal>(1)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Mounting the ISO9660 image file"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"If \"<literal>cd.iso</literal>\" contains an ISO9660 image, then the "
"following manually mounts it to \"<literal>/cdrom</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Modern desktop system may mount removable media such as ISO9660 formatted CD "
"automatically (see <xref linkend=\"_removable_storage_device\"/>)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The binary data"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Here, we discuss direct manipulations of the binary data on storage media."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Viewing and editing binary data"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The most basic viewing method of binary data is to use \"<literal>od -t "
"x1</literal>\" command."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of packages which view and edit binary data"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"basic package which has <literal>od</literal>(1) to dump files (HEX, ASCII, "
"OCTAL, …)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"utility package which has <literal>hd</literal>(1) to dump files (HEX, "
"ASCII, OCTAL, …)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "binary editor and viewer (HEX, ASCII)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "full featured hexadecimal editor (GNOME)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "full featured hexadecimal editor (KDE4)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "binary editor and viewer (HEX, ASCII, EBCDIC)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "binary editor and viewer (HEX, ASCII, EBCDIC, OCTAL, …)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"HEX is used as an acronym for <ulink "
"url=\"&hexadecimal;\">hexadecimal</ulink> format with <ulink "
"url=\"&radix;\">radix</ulink> 16.  OCTAL is for <ulink "
"url=\"&octal;\">octal</ulink> format with <ulink "
"url=\"&radix;\">radix</ulink> 8.  ASCII is for <ulink "
"url=\"&americanstandardationinterchange;\">American Standard Code for "
"Information Interchange</ulink>, i.e., normal English text code.  EBCDIC is "
"for <ulink url=\"&extendedbinarycolinterchangecode;\">Extended Binary Coded "
"Decimal Interchange Code</ulink> used on <ulink url=\"&ibmmainframe;\">IBM "
"mainframe</ulink> operating systems."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Manipulating files without mounting disk"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "There are tools to read and write files without mounting disk."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of packages to manipulate files without mounting disk"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "utilities for MSDOS files without mounting them"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "utilities for HFS and HFS+ files without mounting them"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Data redundancy"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Software <ulink url=\"&raid;\">RAID</ulink> systems offered by the Linux "
"kernel provide data redundancy in the kernel filesystem level to achieve "
"high levels of storage reliability."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"There are tools to add data redundancy to files in application program level "
"to achieve high levels of storage reliability, too."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of tools to add data redundancy to files"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Parity Archive Volume Set, for checking and repair of files"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "data loss/scratch/aging protection for CD/DVD media"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "backup tool using MiniDV camcorders (providing <literal>rsbep</literal>(1))"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Data file recovery and forensic analysis"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "There are tools for data file recovery and forensic analysis."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of packages for data file recovery and forensic analysis"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "utilities for partition scan and disk recovery"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "utility to recover files by looking for magic bytes"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "frugal, high performance file carver"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "rescue data from damaged harddisks"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "utility to undelete files on the ext3/4 filesystem"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "tool to help recover deleted files on the ext3 filesystem"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "data recovery program for NTFS filesystems"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "gzip recovery toolkit"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "tools for forensics analysis. (Sleuthkit)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "graphical interface to SleuthKit"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "forensics application to recover data"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "forensic imaging tool based on Qt"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "enhanced version of <literal>dd</literal> for forensics and security"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"You can undelete files on the ext2 filesystem using "
"<literal>list_deleted_inodes</literal> and <literal>undel</literal> commands "
"of <literal>debugfs</literal>(8) in the <literal>e2fsprogs</literal> "
"package."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Splitting a large file into small files"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"When a data is too big to backup as a single file, you can backup its "
"content after splitting it into, e.g. 2000MiB chunks and merge those chunks "
"back into the original file later."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Please make sure you do not have any files starting with "
"\"<literal>x</literal>\" to avoid name crashes."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Clearing file contents"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"In order to clear the contents of a file such as a log file, do not use "
"<literal>rm</literal>(1) to delete the file and then create a new empty "
"file, because the file may still be accessed in the interval between "
"commands.  The following is the safe way to clear the contents of the file."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Dummy files"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The following commands create dummy or empty files."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "You should find following files."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"<literal>5kb.file</literal>\" is 5KB of zeros."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"<literal>7mb.file</literal>\" is 7MB of random data."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"\"<literal>zero.file</literal>\" may be a 0 byte file.  If it existed, its "
"<literal>mtime</literal> is updated while its content and its length are "
"kept."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"\"<literal>alwayszero.file</literal>\" is always a 0 byte file.  If it "
"existed, its <literal>mtime</literal> is updated and its content is reset."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Erasing an entire hard disk"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"There are several ways to completely erase data from an entire hard disk "
"like device, e.g., USB memory stick at \"<literal>/dev/sda</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Check your USB memory stick location with <literal>mount</literal>(8) first "
"before executing commands here.  The device pointed by "
"\"<literal>/dev/sda</literal>\" may be SCSI hard disk or serial-ATA hard "
"disk where your entire system resides."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Erase all the disk content by resetting data to 0 with the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Erase everything by overwriting with random data as follows."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Erase everything by overwriting with random data very efficiently as "
"follows."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"You may alternatively use <literal>badblocks</literal>(8) with <literal>-t "
"random</literal> option."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Since <literal>dd</literal>(1) is available from the shell of many bootable "
"Linux CDs such as Debian installer CD, you can erase your installed system "
"completely by running an erase command from such media on the system hard "
"disk, e.g., \"<literal>/dev/hda</literal>\", "
"\"<literal>/dev/sda</literal>\", etc."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Erasing unused area of an hard disk"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Unused area on an hard disk (or USB memory stick), "
"e.g. \"<literal>/dev/sdb1</literal>\" may still contain erased data "
"themselves since they are only unlinked from the filesystem.  These can be "
"cleaned by overwriting them."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"This is usually good enough for your USB memory stick.  But this is not "
"perfect.  Most parts of erased filenames and their attributes may be hidden "
"and remain in the filesystem."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Undeleting deleted but still open files"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Even if you have accidentally deleted a file, as long as that file is still "
"being used by some application (read or write mode), it is possible to "
"recover such a file."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Execute on another terminal (when you have the <literal>lsof</literal> "
"package installed) as follows."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Searching all hardlinks"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Files with hardlinks can be identified by \"<literal>ls -li</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Both \"<literal>baz</literal>\" and \"<literal>foo</literal>\" have link "
"counts of \"2\" (&gt;1) showing them to have hardlinks.  Their <ulink "
"url=\"&inode;\">inode</ulink> numbers are common \"2738404\".  This means "
"they are the same hardlinked file.  If you do not happen to find all "
"hardlinked files by chance, you can search it by the <ulink "
"url=\"&inode;\">inode</ulink>, e.g., \"2738404\" as the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Invisible disk space consumption"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"All deleted but open files consume disk space although they are not visible "
"from normal <literal>du</literal>(1).  They can be listed with their size by "
"the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Data encryption tips"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"With physical access to your PC, anyone can easily gain root privilege and "
"access all the files on your PC (see <xref "
"linkend=\"_securing_the_root_password\"/>).  This means that login password "
"system can not secure your private and sensitive data against possible theft "
"of your PC.  You must deploy data encryption technology to do it.  Although "
"<ulink url=\"&gnuprivacyguard;\">GNU privacy guard</ulink> (see <xref "
"linkend=\"_data_security_infrastructure\"/>) can encrypt files, it takes "
"some user efforts."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&dmcrypt;\">Dm-crypt</ulink> facilitates automatic data "
"encryption via native Linux kernel modules with minimal user efforts using "
"<ulink url=\"&devicemapper;\">device-mapper</ulink>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of data encryption utilities"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"utilities for encrypted block device (<ulink "
"url=\"&dmcrypt;\">dm-crypt</ulink> / <ulink url=\"&luks;\">LUKS</ulink>)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"utilities for encrypted block device (<ulink "
"url=\"&dmcrypt;\">dm-crypt</ulink> / <ulink url=\"&luks;\">LUKS</ulink>) "
"with focus on mount/unmount by normal users"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"utilities for Linux filesystem encryption (<ulink "
"url=\"&fscrypt;\">fscrypt</ulink>)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"PAM module for Linux filesystem encryption (<ulink "
"url=\"&fscrypt;\">fscrypt</ulink>)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><caution><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Data encryption costs CPU time etc.  Encrypted data becomes inaccessible if "
"its password is lost.  Please weigh its benefits and costs."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><note><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Entire Debian system can be installed on a encrypted disk by the <ulink "
"url=\"&debianinstaller;\">debian-installer</ulink> (lenny or newer) using "
"<ulink url=\"&dmcrypt;\">dm-crypt</ulink>/<ulink url=\"&luks;\">LUKS</ulink> "
"and initramfs."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"See <xref linkend=\"_data_security_infrastructure\"/> for user space "
"encryption utility: <ulink url=\"&gnuprivacyguard;\">GNU Privacy "
"Guard</ulink>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Removable disk encryption with dm-crypt/LUKS"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"You can encrypt contents of removable mass devices, e.g. USB memory stick on "
"\"<literal>/dev/sdx</literal>\", using <ulink "
"url=\"&dmcrypt;\">dm-crypt</ulink>/<ulink url=\"&luks;\">LUKS</ulink>.  You "
"simply format it as the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Then, it can be mounted just like normal one on to "
"\"<literal>/media/<emphasis>username/disk_label</emphasis></literal>\", "
"except for asking password (see <xref "
"linkend=\"_removable_storage_device\"/>) under modern desktop environment "
"using the <literal>udisks2</literal> package.  The difference is that every "
"data written to it is encrypted.  The password entry may be automated using "
"keyring (see <xref linkend=\"_password_keyring\"/>)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"You may alternatively format media in different filesystem, e.g., ext4 with "
"\"<literal>mkfs.ext4 /dev/mapper/sdx1</literal>\".  If btrfs is used "
"instead, the <literal>udisks2-btrfs</literal> package needs to be "
"installed.  For these filesystems, the file ownership and permissions may "
"need to be configured."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Mounting encrypted disk with dm-crypt/LUKS"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"For example, an encrypted disk partition created with dm-crypt/LUKS on "
"\"<literal>/dev/sdc5</literal>\" by Debian Installer can be mounted onto "
"\"<literal>/mnt</literal>\" as follows:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The kernel"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Debian distributes modularized <ulink url=\"&linuxkernel;\">Linux "
"kernel</ulink> as packages for supported architectures."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"If you are reading this documentation, you probably don't need to compile "
"Linux kernel by yourself."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Kernel parameters"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Many Linux features are configurable via kernel parameters as follows."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Kernel parameters initialized by the bootloader (see <xref "
"linkend=\"_stage_2_the_boot_loader\"/>)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Kernel parameters changed by <literal>sysctl</literal>(8) at runtime for "
"ones accessible via sysfs (see <xref linkend=\"_procfs_and_sysfs\"/>)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Module parameters set by arguments of <literal>modprobe</literal>(8) when a "
"module is activated (see <xref linkend=\"_mounting_the_disk_image_file\"/>)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"See \"<ulink url=\"&thelinuxkernelusinistratorsguide;\">The Linux kernel "
"user’s and administrator’s guide</ulink> » <ulink "
"url=\"&thekernelscommandlineparameters;\">The kernel’s command-line "
"parameters</ulink>\" for the detail."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Kernel headers"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Most <emphasis role=\"strong\">normal programs</emphasis> don't need kernel "
"headers and in fact may break if you use them directly for compiling. They "
"should be compiled against the headers in "
"\"<literal>/usr/include/linux</literal>\" and "
"\"<literal>/usr/include/asm</literal>\" provided by the "
"<literal>libc6-dev</literal> package (created from the "
"<literal>glibc</literal> source package) on the Debian system."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"For compiling some kernel-specific programs such as the kernel modules from "
"the external source and the automounter daemon (<literal>amd</literal>), you "
"must include path to the corresponding kernel headers, "
"e.g. \"<literal>-I/usr/src/linux-particular-version/include/</literal>\", to "
"your command line."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Compiling the kernel and related modules"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Debian has its own method of compiling the kernel and related modules."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"List of key packages to be installed for the kernel recompilation on the "
"Debian system"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"essential packages for building Debian packages: <literal>make</literal>, "
"<literal>gcc</literal>, …"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "compress and decompress utilities for bz2 files"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "developer's libraries and docs for ncurses"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "git: distributed revision control system used by the Linux kernel"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "provide fakeroot environment for building package as non-root"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "tool to build an initramfs (Debian specific)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&dynamickernelmodulesupportdkms;\">dynamic kernel module "
"support (DKMS)</ulink> (generic)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "helper tool to make module package (Debian specific)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "helper scripts for a Debian Package maintainer (Debian specific)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"If you use <literal>initrd</literal> in <xref "
"linkend=\"_stage_2_the_boot_loader\"/>, make sure to read the related "
"information in <literal>initramfs-tools</literal>(8), "
"<literal>update-initramfs</literal>(8), <literal>mkinitramfs</literal>(8) "
"and <literal>initramfs.conf</literal>(5)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Do not put symlinks to the directories in the source tree "
"(e.g. \"<literal>/usr/src/linux*</literal>\") from "
"\"<literal>/usr/include/linux</literal>\" and "
"\"<literal>/usr/include/asm</literal>\" when compiling the Linux kernel "
"source. (Some outdated documents suggest this.)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"When compiling the latest Linux kernel on the Debian "
"<literal>stable</literal> system, the use of backported latest tools from "
"the Debian <literal>unstable</literal> may be needed."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>module-assistant</literal>(8) (or its short form "
"<literal>m-a</literal>) helps users to build and install module package(s) "
"easily for one or more custom kernels."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The <ulink url=\"&dynamickernelmodulesupportdkms;\">dynamic kernel module "
"support (DKMS)</ulink> is a new distribution independent framework designed "
"to allow individual kernel modules to be upgraded without changing the whole "
"kernel. This is used for the maintenance of out-of-tree modules.  This also "
"makes it very easy to rebuild modules as you upgrade kernels."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Compiling the kernel source: Debian Kernel Team recommendation"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"For building custom kernel binary packages from the upstream kernel source, "
"you should use the \"<literal>deb-pkg</literal>\" target provided by it."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The linux-source-<emphasis>version</emphasis> package provides the Linux "
"kernel source with Debian patches as "
"\"<literal>/usr/src/linux-<emphasis>version</emphasis>.tar.bz2</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"For building specific binary packages from the Debian kernel source package, "
"you should use the "
"\"<literal>binary-arch_<emphasis>architecture</emphasis>_<emphasis>featureset</emphasis>_<emphasis>flavour</emphasis></literal>\" "
"targets in \"<literal>debian/rules.gen</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "See further information:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Debian Wiki: <ulink url=\"&kernelfaq;\">KernelFAQ</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Debian Wiki: <ulink url=\"&debiankernel;\">DebianKernel</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Debian Linux Kernel Handbook: <ulink "
"url=\"&httpskernelhandbookdebiannet;\">https://kernel-handbook.debian.net</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Hardware drivers and firmware"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The hardware driver is the code running on the main CPUs of the target "
"system. Most hardware drivers are available as free software now and are "
"included in the normal Debian kernel packages in the <literal>main</literal> "
"area."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&gpu;\">GPU</ulink> driver"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Intel GPU driver (<literal>main</literal>)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "AMD/ATI GPU driver (<literal>main</literal>)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"NVIDIA GPU driver (<literal>main</literal> for <ulink "
"url=\"&nouveau;\">nouveau</ulink> driver, and <literal>non-free</literal> "
"for binary-only drivers supported by the vendor.)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The firmware is the code or data loaded on the device attach to the target "
"system (e.g., CPU <ulink url=\"&microcode;\">microcode</ulink>, rendering "
"code running on GPU, or <ulink url=\"&fpga;\">FPGA</ulink> / <ulink "
"url=\"&cpld;\">CPLD</ulink> data, …).  Some firmware packages are available "
"as free software but many firmware packages are not available as free "
"software since they contain sourceless binary data.  Installing these "
"firmware data is essential for the device to function as expected."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The firmware data packages containing data loaded to the volatile memory on "
"the target device."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "firmware-linux-free (<literal>main</literal>)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "firmware-linux-nonfree (<literal>non-free-firmware</literal>)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "firmware-linux-* (<literal>non-free-firmware</literal>)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "*-firmware (<literal>non-free-firmware</literal>)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "intel-microcode (<literal>non-free-firmware</literal>)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "amd64-microcode (<literal>non-free-firmware</literal>)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The firmware update program packages which update data on the non-volatile "
"memory on the target device."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&fwupd;\">fwupd</ulink> (<literal>main</literal>): Firmware "
"update daemon which downloads firmware data from <ulink "
"url=\"&linuxvendorfirmwareservice;\">Linux Vendor Firmware Service</ulink>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "gnome-firmware (<literal>main</literal>): GTK front end for fwupd"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"plasma-discover-backend-fwupd (<literal>main</literal>): Qt front end for "
"fwupd"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Please note that access to <literal>non-free-firmware</literal> packages are "
"provided by the official installation media to offer functional installation "
"experience to the user since Debian 12 Bookworm.  The "
"<literal>non-free-firmware</literal> area is described in <xref "
"linkend=\"_debian_archive_basics\"/>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Please also note that the firmware data downloaded by <ulink "
"url=\"&fwupd;\">fwupd</ulink> from <ulink "
"url=\"&linuxvendorfirmwareservice;\">Linux Vendor Firmware Service</ulink> "
"and loaded to the running Linux kernel may be <literal>non-free</literal>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Virtualized system"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Use of virtualized system enables us to run multiple instances of system "
"simultaneously on a single hardware."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"See <ulink url=\"&debianwikionsystemvirtualization;\">Debian wiki on "
"SystemVirtualization</ulink>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Virtualization and emulation tools"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"There are several <ulink url=\"&virtualization;\">virtualization</ulink> and "
"emulation tool platforms."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Complete <ulink url=\"&hardwareemulation;\">hardware emulation</ulink> "
"packages such as ones installed by the <ulink "
"url=\"&gamesemulator;\">games-emulator</ulink> metapackage"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Mostly CPU level emulation with some I/O device emulations such as <ulink "
"url=\"&qemu;\">QEMU</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Mostly CPU level virtualization with some I/O device emulations such as "
"<ulink url=\"&kernelbasedvirtualmachinekvm;\">Kernel-based Virtual Machine "
"(KVM)</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"OS level container virtualization with the kernel level support such as "
"<ulink url=\"&lxclinuxcontainers;\">LXC (Linux Containers)</ulink>, <ulink "
"url=\"&docker;\">Docker</ulink>, <literal>systemd-nspawn</literal>(1), ..."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"OS level filesystem access virtualization with the system library call "
"override on the file path such as <ulink url=\"&chroot;\">chroot</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"OS level filesystem access virtualization with the system library call "
"override on the file ownership such as <ulink "
"url=\"&fakeroot;\">fakeroot</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "OS API emulation such as <ulink url=\"&wine;\">Wine</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Interpreter level virtualization with its executable selection and run-time "
"library overrides such as <ulink url=\"&virtualenv;\">virtualenv</ulink> and "
"<ulink url=\"&venv;\">venv</ulink> for Python"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The container virtualization uses <xref "
"linkend=\"_linux_security_features\"/> and is the backend technology of "
"<xref linkend=\"_sandbox\"/>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Here are some packages to help you to setup the virtualized system."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of virtualization tools"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "GNU core utilities which contain <literal>chroot</literal>(8)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"systemd container/nspawn tools which contain "
"<literal>systemd-nspawn</literal>(1)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "specialized tool for executing Debian binary packages in chroot"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "tool for building Debian binary packages from Debian sources"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "bootstrap a basic Debian system (written in sh)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "bootstrap a Debian system (written in C)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "cloud image management utilities"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "cloud guest utilities"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&virtualmachinemanager;\">Virtual Machine Manager</ulink>: "
"desktop application for managing virtual machines"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "programs for the <ulink url=\"&libvirt;\">libvirt</ulink> library"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&incus;\">Incus</ulink>: system container and virtual machine "
"manager (for Debian 13 \"Trixie\")"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&lxd;\">LXD</ulink>: system container and virtual machine "
"manager (for Debian 12 \"Bookworm\")"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&podman;\">podman</ulink>: engine to run OCI-based containers "
"in Pods"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "engine to run OCI-based containers in Pods - wrapper for docker"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&docker;\">docker</ulink>: Linux container runtime"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&gamesemulator;\">games-emulator</ulink>: Debian's emulators "
"for games"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&bochs;\">Bochs</ulink>: IA-32 PC emulator"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&qemu;\">QEMU</ulink>: full system emulation binaries"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&qemu;\">QEMU</ulink>: user mode emulation binaries"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&qemu;\">QEMU</ulink>: utilities"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&kvm;\">KVM</ulink>: full virtualization on x86 hardware with "
"the <ulink url=\"&hardwareassistedvirtualization;\">hardware-assisted "
"virtualization</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&virtualbox;\">VirtualBox</ulink>: x86 virtualization solution "
"on i386 and amd64"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&boxes;\">Boxes</ulink>: Simple GNOME app to access virtual "
"systems"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "tools to manage debian <ulink url=\"&xen;\">XEN</ulink> virtual server"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&wine;\">Wine</ulink>: Windows API Implementation (standard "
"suite)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&dosbox;\">DOSBox</ulink>: x86 emulator with "
"Tandy/Herc/CGA/EGA/VGA/SVGA graphics, sound and DOS"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&linuxcontainersuserspacetools;\">Linux containers user space "
"tools</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&venv;\">venv</ulink> for creating virtual python environments "
"(system library)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&virtualenv;\">virtualenv</ulink> for creating isolated virtual "
"python environments"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&pipx;\">pipx</ulink> for installing python applications in "
"isolated environments"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"See Wikipedia article <ulink "
"url=\"&comparisonofplatmvirtualmachines;\">Comparison of platform virtual "
"machines</ulink> for detail comparison of different platform virtualization "
"solutions."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Virtualization work flow"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Default Debian kernels support <ulink url=\"&kvm;\">KVM</ulink> since "
"<literal>lenny</literal>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Typical work flow for <ulink url=\"&virtualization;\">virtualization</ulink> "
"involves several steps."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Create an empty filesystem (a file tree or a disk image)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The file tree can be created by \"<literal>mkdir -p "
"/path/to/chroot</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The raw disk image file can be created with <literal>dd</literal>(1) (see "
"<xref linkend=\"_making_the_disk_image_file\"/> and <xref "
"linkend=\"_making_the_empty_disk_image_file\"/>)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>qemu-img</literal>(1) can be used to create and convert disk image "
"files supported by <ulink url=\"&qemu;\">QEMU</ulink>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The raw and <ulink url=\"&vmdk;\">VMDK</ulink> file format can be used as "
"common format among virtualization tools."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Mount the disk image with <literal>mount</literal>(8) to the filesystem "
"(optional)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"For the raw disk image file, mount it as <ulink url=\"&loopdevice;\">loop "
"device</ulink> or <ulink url=\"&devicemapper;\">device mapper</ulink> "
"devices (see <xref linkend=\"_mounting_the_disk_image_file\"/>)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"For disk images supported by <ulink url=\"&qemu;\">QEMU</ulink>, mount them "
"as <ulink url=\"&networkblockdevice;\">network block device</ulink> (see "
"<xref linkend=\"_mounting_the_virtual_disk_image_file\"/>)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Populate the target filesystem with required system data."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The use of programs such as <literal>debootstrap</literal> and "
"<literal>cdebootstrap</literal> helps with this process (see <xref "
"linkend=\"_chroot_system\"/>)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Use installers of OSs under the full system emulation."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Run a program under a virtualized environment."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&chroot;\">chroot</ulink> provides basic virtualized "
"environment enough to compile programs, run console applications, and run "
"daemons in it."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&qemu;\">QEMU</ulink> provides cross-platform CPU emulation."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&qemu;\">QEMU</ulink> with <ulink url=\"&kvm;\">KVM</ulink> "
"provides full system emulation by the <ulink "
"url=\"&hardwareassistedvirtualization;\">hardware-assisted "
"virtualization</ulink>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&virtualbox;\">VirtualBox</ulink> provides full system "
"emulation on i386 and amd64 with or without the <ulink "
"url=\"&hardwareassistedvirtualization;\">hardware-assisted "
"virtualization</ulink>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Mounting the virtual disk image file"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "For the raw disk image file, see <xref linkend=\"_the_disk_image\"/>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"For other virtual disk image files, you can use "
"<literal>qemu-nbd</literal>(8) to export them using <ulink "
"url=\"&networkblockdevice;\">network block device</ulink> protocol and mount "
"them using the <literal>nbd</literal> kernel module."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>qemu-nbd</literal>(8) supports disk formats supported by <ulink "
"url=\"&qemu;\">QEMU</ulink>: raw, <ulink url=\"&qcowcqcow;\">qcow2, "
"qcow</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&vmdk;\">vmdk</ulink>, <ulink "
"url=\"&vdi;\">vdi</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&bochs;\">bochs</ulink>, cow "
"(user-mode Linux copy-on-write), <ulink "
"url=\"&parallels;\">parallels</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&dmg;\">dmg</ulink>, "
"<ulink url=\"&cloop;\">cloop</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&vpc;\">vpc</ulink>, "
"vvfat (virtual VFAT), and host_device."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The <ulink url=\"&networkblockdevice;\">network block device</ulink> can "
"support partitions in the same way as the <ulink url=\"&loopdevice;\">loop "
"device</ulink> (see <xref linkend=\"_mounting_the_disk_image_file\"/>).  You "
"can mount the first partition of \"<literal>disk.img</literal>\" as follows."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"You may export only the first partition of \"<literal>disk.img</literal>\" "
"using \"<literal>-P 1</literal>\" option to <literal>qemu-nbd</literal>(8)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Chroot system"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"If you wish to try a new Debian environment from a terminal console, I "
"recommend you to use <ulink url=\"&chroot;\">chroot</ulink>.  This enables "
"you to run console applications of Debian <literal>unstable</literal> and "
"<literal>testing</literal> without usual risks associated and without "
"rebooting.  <literal>chroot</literal>(8) is the most basic way."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Examples below assumes both parent system and chroot system share the same "
"<literal>amd64</literal> CPU architecture."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Although you can manually create a <literal>chroot</literal>(8) environment "
"using <literal>debootstrap</literal>(1), this requires non-trivial efforts."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The <ulink url=\"&sbuild;\">sbuild</ulink> package to build Debian packages "
"from source uses the chroot environment managed by the <ulink "
"url=\"&schroot;\">schroot</ulink> package.  It comes with helper script "
"<literal>sbuild-createchroot</literal>(1).  Let's learn how it works by "
"running it as follows."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"You see how <literal>debootstrap</literal>(8) populates system data for "
"<literal>unstable</literal> environment under "
"\"<literal>/srv/chroot/unstable-amd64-sbuild</literal>\" for a minimal build "
"system."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "You can login to this environment using <literal>schroot</literal>(1)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"You see how a system shell running under <literal>unstable</literal> "
"environment is created."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The \"<literal>/usr/sbin/policy-rc.d</literal>\" file which always exits "
"with 101 prevents daemon programs to be started automatically on the Debian "
"system.  See "
"\"<literal>/usr/share/doc/init-system-helpers/README.policy-rc.d.gz</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Some programs under chroot may require access to more files from the parent "
"system to function than <literal>sbuild-createchroot</literal> provides as "
"above.  For example, \"<literal>/sys</literal>\", "
"\"<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>\", \"<literal>/etc/group</literal>\", "
"\"<literal>/var/run/utmp</literal>\", \"<literal>/var/log/wtmp</literal>\", "
"etc. may need to be bind-mounted or copied."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The <literal>sbuild</literal> package helps to construct a chroot system and "
"builds a package inside the chroot using <literal>schroot</literal> as its "
"backend.  It is an ideal system to check build-dependencies.  See more on "
"<ulink url=\"&sbuildatdebianwiki;\">sbuild at Debian wiki</ulink> and <ulink "
"url=\"&sbuildconfiguratebianmaintainers;\">sbuild configuration example in "
"\"Guide for Debian Maintainers\"</ulink>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The <literal>systemd-nspawn</literal>(1) command helps to run a command or "
"OS in a light-weight container in similar ways to "
"<literal>chroot</literal>.  It is more powerful since it uses namespaces to "
"fully virtualize the the process tree, IPC, hostname, domain name and, "
"optionally, networking and user databases.  See <ulink "
"url=\"&systemdnspawn;\">systemd-nspawn</ulink>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Multiple desktop systems"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"If you wish to try a new GUI Desktop environment of any OS, I recommend you "
"to use <ulink url=\"&qemu;\">QEMU</ulink> or <ulink "
"url=\"&kvm;\">KVM</ulink> on a Debian <literal>stable</literal> system to "
"run multiple desktop systems safely using <ulink "
"url=\"&virtualization;\">virtualization</ulink>.  These enable you to run "
"any desktop applications including ones of Debian "
"<literal>unstable</literal> and <literal>testing</literal> without usual "
"risks associated with them and without rebooting."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Since pure <ulink url=\"&qemu;\">QEMU</ulink> is very slow, it is "
"recommended to accelerate it with <ulink url=\"&kvm;\">KVM</ulink> when the "
"host system supports it."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&virtualmachinemanager;\">Virtual Machine Manager</ulink> also "
"known as <literal>virt-manager</literal> is a convenient GUI tool for "
"managing KVM virtual machines via <ulink url=\"&libvirt;\">libvirt</ulink>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The virtual disk image \"<literal>virtdisk.qcow2</literal>\" containing a "
"Debian system for <ulink url=\"&qemu;\">QEMU</ulink> can be created using "
"<ulink url=\"&debianinstallersmallcds;\">debian-installer: Small CDs</ulink> "
"as follows."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Running other GNU/Linux distributions such as <ulink "
"url=\"&ubuntu;\">Ubuntu</ulink> and <ulink url=\"&fedora;\">Fedora</ulink> "
"under <ulink url=\"&virtualization;\">virtualization</ulink> is a great way "
"to learn configuration tips.  Other proprietary OSs may be run nicely under "
"this GNU/Linux <ulink url=\"&virtualization;\">virtualization</ulink>, too."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"See more tips at <ulink url=\"&debianwikisystemvirtualization;\">Debian "
"wiki: SystemVirtualization</ulink>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Data management"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Tools and tips for managing binary and text data on the Debian system are "
"described."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Sharing, copying, and archiving"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><warning><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The uncoordinated write access to actively accessed devices and files from "
"multiple processes must not be done to avoid the <ulink "
"url=\"&racecondition;\">race condition</ulink>.  <ulink "
"url=\"&filelocking;\">File locking</ulink> mechanisms using "
"<literal>flock</literal>(1) may be used to avoid it."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The security of the data and its controlled sharing have several aspects."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The creation of data archive"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The remote storage access"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The duplication"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The tracking of the modification history"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The facilitation of data sharing"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The prevention of unauthorized file access"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The detection of unauthorized file modification"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "These can be realized by using some combination of tools."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Archive and compression tools"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Copy and synchronization tools"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Network filesystems"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Removable storage media"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The secure shell"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The authentication system"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Version control system tools"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Hash and cryptographic encryption tools"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Here is a summary of archive and compression tools available on the Debian "
"system."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of archive and compression tools"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "extension"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "comment"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>.tar</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>tar</literal>(1)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "the standard archiver (de facto standard)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>.cpio</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>cpio</literal>(1)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Unix System V style archiver, use with <literal>find</literal>(1)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>.ar</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>ar</literal>(1)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "archiver for the creation of static libraries"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>.jar</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>fastjar</literal>(1)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "archiver for Java (zip like)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>.pax</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>pax</literal>(1)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"new POSIX standard archiver, compromise between <literal>tar</literal> and "
"<literal>cpio</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>.gz</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>gzip</literal>(1), <literal>zcat</literal>(1), …"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"GNU <ulink url=\"&lzhh;\">LZ77</ulink> compression utility (de facto "
"standard)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>.bz2</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>bzip2</literal>(1), <literal>bzcat</literal>(1), …"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&burrowswheelerblrtingcompression;\">Burrows-Wheeler "
"block-sorting compression</ulink> utility with higher compression ratio than "
"<literal>gzip</literal>(1) (slower than <literal>gzip</literal> with similar "
"syntax)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>.lzma</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>lzma</literal>(1)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&lzma;\">LZMA</ulink> compression utility with higher "
"compression ratio than <literal>gzip</literal>(1)  (deprecated)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>.xz</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>xz</literal>(1), <literal>xzdec</literal>(1), …"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&xz;\">XZ</ulink> compression utility with higher compression "
"ratio than <literal>bzip2</literal>(1) (slower than <literal>gzip</literal> "
"but faster than <literal>bzip2</literal>; replacement for <ulink "
"url=\"&lzma;\">LZMA</ulink> compression utility)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>.zstd</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>zstd</literal>(1), <literal>zstdcat</literal>(1), …"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&zstandard;\">Zstandard</ulink> fast lossless compression "
"utility"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>.7z</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>7zr</literal>(1), <literal>p7zip</literal>(1)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&hzip;\">7-Zip</ulink> file archiver with high compression "
"ratio (<ulink url=\"&lzma;\">LZMA</ulink> compression)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>7z</literal>(1), <literal>7za</literal>(1)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&hzip;\">7-Zip</ulink> file archiver with high compression "
"ratio (<ulink url=\"&lzma;\">LZMA</ulink> compression and others)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>.lzo</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>lzop</literal>(1)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&lzo;\">LZO</ulink> compression utility with higher compression "
"and decompression speed than <literal>gzip</literal>(1) (lower compression "
"ratio than <literal>gzip</literal> with similar syntax)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>.zip</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>zip</literal>(1)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&infozip;\">InfoZIP</ulink>: DOS archive and compression tool"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>unzip</literal>(1)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&infozip;\">InfoZIP</ulink>: DOS unarchive and decompression "
"tool"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Do not set the \"<literal>$TAPE</literal>\" variable unless you know what to "
"expect.  It changes <literal>tar</literal>(1) behavior."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The gzipped <literal>tar</literal>(1) archive uses the file extension "
"\"<literal>.tgz</literal>\" or \"<literal>.tar.gz</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The xz-compressed <literal>tar</literal>(1) archive uses the file extension "
"\"<literal>.txz</literal>\" or \"<literal>.tar.xz</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Popular compression method in <ulink url=\"&foss;\">FOSS</ulink> tools such "
"as <literal>tar</literal>(1) has been moving as follows: "
"<literal>gzip</literal> → <literal>bzip2</literal> → <literal>xz</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>cp</literal>(1), <literal>scp</literal>(1) and "
"<literal>tar</literal>(1) may have some limitation for special files.  "
"<literal>cpio</literal>(1) is most versatile."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>cpio</literal>(1) is designed to be used with "
"<literal>find</literal>(1) and other commands and suitable for creating "
"backup scripts since the file selection part of the script can be tested "
"independently."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Internal structure of Libreoffice data files are \"<literal>.jar</literal>\" "
"file which can be opened also by <literal>unzip</literal>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The de-facto cross platform archive tool is <literal>zip</literal>.  Use it "
"as \"<literal>zip -rX</literal>\" to attain the maximum compatibility.  Use "
"also the \"<literal>-s</literal>\" option, if the maximum file size matters."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Here is a summary of simple copy and backup tools available on the Debian "
"system."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of copy and synchronization tools"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "GNU cp"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "locally copy files and directories (\"-a\" for recursive)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "scp"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"remotely copy files and directories (client, \"<literal>-r</literal>\" for "
"recursive)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "sshd"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "remotely copy files and directories (remote server)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "1-way remote synchronization and backup"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "2-way remote synchronization and backup"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Copying files with <literal>rsync</literal>(8) offers richer features than "
"others."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"delta-transfer algorithm that sends only the differences between the source "
"files and the existing files in the destination"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"quick check algorithm (by default) that looks for files that have changed in "
"size or in last-modified time"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"\"<literal>--exclude</literal>\" and \"<literal>--exclude-from</literal>\" "
"options similar to <literal>tar</literal>(1)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"\"a trailing slash on the source directory\" syntax that avoids creating an "
"additional directory level at the destination."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Version control system (VCS) tools in <xref linkend=\"list-of-vcs\"/> can "
"function as the multi-way copy and synchronization tools."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Idioms for the archive"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Here are several ways to archive and unarchive the entire content of the "
"directory \"<literal>./source</literal>\" using different tools."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "GNU <literal>tar</literal>(1):"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Alternatively, by the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>cpio</literal>(1):"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Idioms for the copy"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Here are several ways to copy the entire content of the directory "
"\"<literal>./source</literal>\" using different tools."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Local copy: \"<literal>./source</literal>\" directory → "
"\"<literal>/dest</literal>\" directory"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Remote copy: \"<literal>./source</literal>\" directory at local host → "
"\"<literal>/dest</literal>\" directory at "
"\"<literal>user@host.dom</literal>\" host"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>rsync</literal>(8):"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"You can alternatively use \"a trailing slash on the source directory\" "
"syntax."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "GNU <literal>cp</literal>(1) and openSSH <literal>scp</literal>(1):"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"You can substitute \"<literal>.</literal>\" with \"<literal>foo</literal>\" "
"for all examples containing \"<literal>.</literal>\" to copy files from "
"\"<literal>./source/foo</literal>\" directory to "
"\"<literal>/dest/foo</literal>\" directory."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"You can substitute \"<literal>.</literal>\" with the absolute path "
"\"<literal>/path/to/source/foo</literal>\" for all examples containing "
"\"<literal>.</literal>\" to drop \"<literal>cd ./source;</literal>\".  These "
"copy files to different locations depending on tools used as follows."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"\"<literal>/dest/foo</literal>\": <literal>rsync</literal>(8), GNU "
"<literal>cp</literal>(1), and <literal>scp</literal>(1)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"\"<literal>/dest/path/to/source/foo</literal>\": GNU "
"<literal>tar</literal>(1), and <literal>cpio</literal>(1)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>rsync</literal>(8) and GNU <literal>cp</literal>(1) have option "
"\"<literal>-u</literal>\" to skip files that are newer on the receiver."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Idioms for the selection of files"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>find</literal>(1) is used to select files for archive and copy "
"commands (see <xref linkend=\"_idioms_for_the_archive\"/> and <xref "
"linkend=\"_idioms_for_the_copy\"/>) or for <literal>xargs</literal>(1) (see "
"<xref linkend=\"_repeating_a_command_looping_over_files\"/>).  This can be "
"enhanced by using its command arguments."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Basic syntax of <literal>find</literal>(1) can be summarized as the "
"following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Its conditional arguments are evaluated from left to right."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "This evaluation stops once its outcome is determined."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"\"Logical <emphasis role=\"strong\">OR</emphasis>\" (specified by "
"\"<literal>-o</literal>\" between conditionals) has lower precedence than "
"\"logical <emphasis role=\"strong\">AND</emphasis>\" (specified by "
"\"<literal>-a</literal>\" or nothing between conditionals)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"\"Logical <emphasis role=\"strong\">NOT</emphasis>\" (specified by "
"\"<literal>!</literal>\" before a conditional) has higher precedence than "
"\"logical <emphasis role=\"strong\">AND</emphasis>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"\"<literal>-prune</literal>\" always returns logical <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">TRUE</emphasis> and, if it is a directory, searching of file "
"is stopped beyond this point."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"\"<literal>-name</literal>\" matches the base of the filename with shell "
"glob (see <xref linkend=\"_shell_glob\"/>) but it also matches its initial "
"\"<literal>.</literal>\" with metacharacters such as "
"\"<literal>*</literal>\" and \"<literal>?</literal>\". (New <ulink "
"url=\"&posix;\">POSIX</ulink> feature)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"\"<literal>-regex</literal>\" matches the full path with emacs style "
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">BRE</emphasis> (see <xref "
"linkend=\"_regular_expressions\"/>) as default."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"\"<literal>-size</literal>\" matches the file based on the file size (value "
"precedented with \"<literal>+</literal>\" for larger, precedented with "
"\"<literal>-</literal>\" for smaller)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"\"<literal>-newer</literal>\" matches the file newer than the one specified "
"in its argument."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"\"<literal>-print0</literal>\" always returns logical <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">TRUE</emphasis> and print the full filename (<ulink "
"url=\"&nullterminated;\">null terminated</ulink>) on the standard output."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>find</literal>(1) is often used with an idiomatic style as the "
"following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "This means to do following actions."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Search all files starting from \"<literal>/path/to</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Globally limit its search within its starting filesystem and uses <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">ERE</emphasis> (see <xref "
"linkend=\"_regular_expressions\"/>) instead"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Exclude files matching regex of \"<literal>.*\\.cpio</literal>\" or "
"\"<literal>.*~</literal>\" from search by stop processing"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Exclude directories matching regex of \"<literal>.*/\\.git</literal>\" from "
"search by stop processing"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Exclude files larger than 99 Megabytes (units of 1048576 bytes) from search "
"by stop processing"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Print filenames which satisfy above search conditions and are newer than "
"\"<literal>/path/to/timestamp</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Please note the idiomatic use of \"<literal>-prune -o</literal>\" to exclude "
"files in the above example."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"For non-Debian <ulink url=\"&unixlike;\">Unix-like</ulink> system, some "
"options may not be supported by <literal>find</literal>(1). In such a case, "
"please consider to adjust matching methods and replace "
"\"<literal>-print0</literal>\" with \"<literal>-print</literal>\".  You may "
"need to adjust related commands too."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Archive media"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"When choosing <ulink url=\"&computerdatastoragemedia;\">computer data "
"storage media</ulink> for important data archive, you should be careful "
"about their limitations.  For small personal data backup, I use CD-R and "
"DVD-R by the brand name company and store in a cool, shaded, dry, clean "
"environment.  (Tape archive media seem to be popular for professional use.)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&afireresistantsafe;\">A fire-resistant safe</ulink> are meant "
"for paper documents.  Most of the computer data storage media have less "
"temperature tolerance than paper. I usually rely on multiple secure "
"encrypted copies stored in multiple secure locations."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Optimistic storage life of archive media seen on the net (mostly from vendor "
"info)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "100+ years : Acid free paper with ink"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "100 years : Optical storage (CD/DVD, CD/DVD-R)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "30 years : Magnetic storage (tape, floppy)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "20 years : Phase change optical storage (CD-RW)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "These do not count on the mechanical failures due to handling etc."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Optimistic write cycle of archive media seen on the net (mostly from vendor "
"info)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "250,000+ cycles : Harddisk drive"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "10,000+ cycles : Flash memory"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "1,000 cycles : CD/DVD-RW"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "1 cycles : CD/DVD-R, paper"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Figures of storage life and write cycle here should not be used for "
"decisions on any critical data storage.  Please consult the specific product "
"information provided by the manufacture."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Since CD/DVD-R and paper have only 1 write cycle, they inherently prevent "
"accidental data loss by overwriting.  This is advantage!"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"If you need fast and frequent backup of large amount of data, a hard disk on "
"a remote host linked by a fast network connection, may be the only realistic "
"option."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"If you use re-writable media for your backups, use of filesystem such as "
"<ulink url=\"&btrfs;\">btrfs</ulink> or <ulink url=\"&zfs;\">zfs</ulink> "
"which supports read-only snapshots may be a good idea."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Removable storage device"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Removable storage devices may be any one of the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&usbflashdrive;\">USB flash drive</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&harddiskdrive;\">Hard disk drive</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&opticaldiscdrive;\">Optical disc drive</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Digital camera"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Digital music player"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "They may be connected via any one of the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&usb;\">USB</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&ieeebdjefirewire;\">IEEE 1394 / FireWire</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&pccard;\">PC Card</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Modern desktop environments such as GNOME and KDE can mount these removable "
"devices automatically without a matching \"<literal>/etc/fstab</literal>\" "
"entry."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>udisks2</literal> package provides a daemon and associated "
"utilities to mount and unmount these devices."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&dbus;\">D-bus</ulink> creates events to initiate automatic "
"processes."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&policykit;\">PolicyKit</ulink> provides required privileges."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Automounted devices may have the \"<literal>uhelper=</literal>\" mount "
"option which is used by <literal>umount</literal>(8)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Automounting under modern desktop environment happens only when those "
"removable media devices are not listed in \"<literal>/etc/fstab</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Mount point under modern desktop environment is chosen as "
"\"<literal>/media/<emphasis>username/disk_label</emphasis></literal>\" which "
"can be customized by the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>mlabel</literal>(1) for FAT filesystem"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>genisoimage</literal>(1) with \"<literal>-V</literal>\" option for "
"ISO9660 filesystem"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>tune2fs</literal>(1) with \"<literal>-L</literal>\" option for "
"ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The choice of encoding may need to be provided as mount option (see <xref "
"linkend=\"_filename_encoding\"/>)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The use of the GUI menu to unmount a filesystem may remove its dynamically "
"generated device node such as \"<literal>/dev/sdc</literal>\".  If you wish "
"to keep its device node, unmount it with the <literal>umount</literal>(8) "
"command from the shell prompt."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Filesystem choice for sharing data"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"When sharing data with other system via removable storage device, you should "
"format it with common <ulink url=\"&filesystem;\">filesystem</ulink> "
"supported by both systems. Here is a list of filesystem choices."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"List of filesystem choices for removable storage devices with typical usage "
"scenarios"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "filesystem name"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "typical usage scenario"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&fatbc;\">FAT12</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "cross platform sharing of data on the floppy disk (&lt;32MiB)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&fatbg;\">FAT16</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "cross platform sharing of data on the small hard disk like device (&lt;2GiB)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&fatdc;\">FAT32</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"cross platform sharing of data on the large hard disk like device (&lt;8TiB, "
"supported by newer than MS Windows95 OSR2)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&exfat;\">exFAT</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"cross platform sharing of data on the large hard disk like device "
"(&lt;512TiB, supported by WindowsXP, Mac OS X Snow Leopard 10.6.5, and Linux "
"kernel since 5.4 release)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&ntfs;\">NTFS</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"cross platform sharing of data on the large hard disk like device (supported "
"natively on <ulink url=\"&mswindowsnt;\">MS Windows NT</ulink> and later "
"version, and supported by <ulink url=\"&ntfsdg;\">NTFS-3G</ulink> via <ulink "
"url=\"&fuse;\">FUSE</ulink> on Linux)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&isojgga;\">ISO9660</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "cross platform sharing of static data on CD-R and DVD+/-R"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&udf;\">UDF</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "incremental data writing on CD-R and DVD+/-R (new)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&minix;\">MINIX</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "space efficient unix file data storage on the floppy disk"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&extc;\">ext2</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "sharing of data on the hard disk like device with older Linux systems"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&extd;\">ext3</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&exte;\">ext4</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "sharing of data on the hard disk like device with current Linux systems"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&btrfs;\">btrfs</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"sharing of data on the hard disk like device with current Linux systems with "
"read-only snapshots"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"See <xref linkend=\"_removable_disk_encryption_with_dm_crypt_luks\"/> for "
"cross platform sharing of data using device level encryption."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The FAT filesystem is supported by almost all modern operating systems and "
"is quite useful for the data exchange purpose via removable hard disk like "
"media."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"When formatting removable hard disk like devices for cross platform sharing "
"of data with the FAT filesystem, the following should be safe choices."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Partitioning them with <literal>fdisk</literal>(8), "
"<literal>cfdisk</literal>(8) or <literal>parted</literal>(8) (see <xref "
"linkend=\"_disk_partition_configuration\"/>) into a single primary partition "
"and to mark it as the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Type \"6\" for FAT16 for media smaller than 2GB."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Type \"c\" for FAT32 (LBA) for larger media."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Formatting the primary partition with <literal>mkfs.vfat</literal>(8) with "
"the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Just its device name, e.g. \"<literal>/dev/sda1</literal>\" for FAT16"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The explicit option and its device name, e.g. \"<literal>-F 32 "
"/dev/sda1</literal>\" for FAT32"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"When using the FAT or ISO9660 filesystems for sharing data, the following "
"should be the safe considerations."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Archiving files into an archive file first using <literal>tar</literal>(1), "
"or <literal>cpio</literal>(1) to retain the long filename, the symbolic "
"link, the original Unix file permission and the owner information."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Splitting the archive file into less than 2 GiB chunks with the "
"<literal>split</literal>(1) command to protect it from the file size "
"limitation."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Encrypting the archive file to secure its contents from the unauthorized "
"access."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"For FAT filesystems by its design, the maximum file size is <literal>(2^32 - "
"1) bytes = (4GiB - 1 byte)</literal>. For some applications on the older 32 "
"bit OS, the maximum file size was even smaller <literal>(2^31 - 1) bytes = "
"(2GiB - 1 byte)</literal>.  Debian does not suffer the latter problem."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Microsoft itself does not recommend to use FAT for drives or partitions of "
"over 200 MB.  Microsoft highlights its short comings such as inefficient "
"disk space usage in their \"<ulink "
"url=\"&overviewoffathpfdntfsfilesystems;\">Overview of FAT, HPFS, and NTFS "
"File Systems</ulink>\".  Of course, we should normally use the ext4 "
"filesystem for Linux."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"For more on filesystems and accessing filesystems, please read \"<ulink "
"url=\"&filesystemshowto;\">Filesystems HOWTO</ulink>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Sharing data via network"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"When sharing data with other system via network, you should use common "
"service. Here are some hints."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of the network service to chose with the typical usage scenario"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "network service"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "description of typical usage scenario"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&smbcifs;\">SMB/CIFS</ulink> network mounted filesystem with "
"<ulink url=\"&samba;\">Samba</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"sharing files via \"Microsoft Windows Network\", see "
"<literal>smb.conf</literal>(5) and <ulink "
"url=\"&theofficialsambandreferenceguide;\">The Official Samba 3.x.x HOWTO "
"and Reference Guide</ulink> or the <literal>samba-doc</literal> package"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&nfs;\">NFS</ulink> network mounted filesystem with the Linux "
"kernel"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"sharing files via \"Unix/Linux Network\", see <literal>exports</literal>(5) "
"and <ulink url=\"&linuxnfshowto;\">Linux NFS-HOWTO</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "sharing file between the web server/client"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&https;\">HTTPS</ulink> service"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"sharing file between the web server/client with encrypted Secure Sockets "
"Layer (SSL) or <ulink url=\"&transportlayersecurity;\">Transport Layer "
"Security</ulink> (TLS)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&ftp;\">FTP</ulink> service"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "sharing file between the FTP server/client"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Although these filesystems mounted over network and file transfer methods "
"over network are quite convenient for sharing data, these may be insecure.  "
"Their network connection must be secured by the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Encrypt it with <ulink url=\"&ssltls;\">SSL/TLS</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Tunnel it via <ulink url=\"&ssh;\">SSH</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Tunnel it via <ulink url=\"&vpn;\">VPN</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Limit it behind the secure firewall"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"See also <xref linkend=\"_other_network_application_servers\"/> and <xref "
"linkend=\"_other_network_application_clients\"/>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Backup and recovery"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"We all know that computers fail sometime or human errors cause system and "
"data damages.  Backup and recovery operations are the essential part of "
"successful system administration.  All possible failure modes hit you some "
"day."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Keep your backup system simple and backup your system often.  Having backup "
"data is more important than how technically good your backup method is."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Backup and recovery policy"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "There are 3 key factors which determine actual backup and recovery policy."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Knowing what to backup and recover."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Data files directly created by you: data in \"<literal>~/</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Data files created by applications used by you: data in "
"\"<literal>/var/</literal>\" (except \"<literal>/var/cache/</literal>\", "
"\"<literal>/var/run/</literal>\", and \"<literal>/var/tmp/</literal>\")"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "System configuration files: data in \"<literal>/etc/</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Local programs: data in \"<literal>/usr/local/</literal>\" or "
"\"<literal>/opt/</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"System installation information: a memo in plain text on key steps "
"(partition, …)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Proven set of data: confirmed by experimental recovery operations in advance"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Cron job as a user process: files in "
"\"<literal>/var/spool/cron/crontabs</literal>\" directory and restart "
"<literal>cron</literal>(8).  See <xref "
"linkend=\"_scheduling_tasks_regularly\"/> for <literal>cron</literal>(8) and "
"<literal>crontab</literal>(1)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Systemd timer jobs as user processes: files in "
"\"<literal>~/.config/systemd/user</literal>\" directory.  See "
"<literal>systemd.timer</literal>(5) and "
"<literal>systemd.service</literal>(5)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Autostart jobs as user processes: files in "
"\"<literal>~/.config/autostart</literal>\" directory.  See <ulink "
"url=\"&desktopapplicatiartspecification;\">Desktop Application Autostart "
"Specification</ulink>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Knowing how to backup and recover."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Secure storage of data: protection from overwrite and system failure"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Frequent backup: scheduled backup"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Redundant backup: data mirroring"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Fool proof process: easy single command backup"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Assessing risks and costs involved."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Risk of data when lost"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"A write-once media such as CD/DVD-R can prevent overwrite accidents.  (See "
"<xref linkend=\"_the_binary_data\"/> for how to write to the storage media "
"from the shell commandline.  GNOME desktop GUI environment gives you easy "
"access via menu: \"Places→CD/DVD Creator\".)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Data should be at least on different disk partitions preferably on different "
"disks and machines to withstand the filesystem corruption.  Important data "
"are best stored on a read-only filesystem.  <placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
"id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Risk of data when breached"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Some of these data can not be regenerated by entering the same input string "
"to the system."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Sensitive identity data such as "
"\"<literal>/etc/ssh/ssh_host_*_key</literal>\", "
"\"<literal>~/.gnupg/*</literal>\", \"<literal>~/.ssh/*</literal>\", "
"\"<literal>~/.local/share/keyrings/*</literal>\", "
"\"<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>\", \"<literal>/etc/shadow</literal>\", "
"\"<literal>popularity-contest.conf</literal>\", "
"\"<literal>/etc/ppp/pap-secrets</literal>\", and "
"\"<literal>/etc/exim4/passwd.client</literal>\" should be backed up as "
"encrypted.  <placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> (See <xref "
"linkend=\"_data_encryption_tips\"/>.)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Never hard code system login password nor decryption passphrase in any "
"script even on any trusted system.  (See <xref "
"linkend=\"_password_keyring\"/>.)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Failure mode and their possibility"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Hardware (especially HDD) will break"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Filesystem may be corrupted and data in it may be lost"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Remote storage system can't be trusted for security breaches"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Weak password protection can be easily compromised"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "File permission system may be compromised"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Required resources for backup: human, hardware, software, …"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Automatic scheduled backup with cron job or systemd timer job"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"You can recover debconf configuration data with "
"\"<literal>debconf-set-selections debconf-selections</literal>\" and dpkg "
"selection data with \"<literal>dpkg --set-selection "
"&lt;dpkg-selections.list</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Do not back up the pseudo-filesystem contents found on "
"<literal>/proc</literal>, <literal>/sys</literal>, <literal>/tmp</literal>, "
"and <literal>/run</literal> (see <xref linkend=\"_procfs_and_sysfs\"/> and "
"<xref linkend=\"_tmpfs\"/>).  Unless you know exactly what you are doing, "
"they are huge useless data."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"You may wish to stop some application daemons such as MTA (see <xref "
"linkend=\"_mail_transport_agent_mta\"/>) while backing up data."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Backup utility suites"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Here is a select list of notable backup utility suites available on the "
"Debian system."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of backup suite utilities"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&bacula;\">Bacula</ulink>: network backup, recovery and "
"verification - common support files"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&bacula;\">Bacula</ulink>: network backup, recovery and "
"verification - client meta-package"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&bacula;\">Bacula</ulink>: network backup, recovery and "
"verification - text console"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&bacula;\">Bacula</ulink>: network backup, recovery and "
"verification - server meta-package"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&amanda;\">Amanda</ulink>: Advanced Maryland Automatic Network "
"Disk Archiver (Libs)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&amanda;\">Amanda</ulink>: Advanced Maryland Automatic Network "
"Disk Archiver (Client)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&amanda;\">Amanda</ulink>: Advanced Maryland Automatic Network "
"Disk Archiver (Server)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&backuppc;\">BackupPC</ulink> is a high-performance, "
"enterprise-grade system for backing up PCs (disk based)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "(remote) incremental backup"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "GUI frontend for duplicity"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "(remote) deduplicating backup"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "borgbackup helper"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"lightweight, extensible <emphasis role=\"strong\">meta-backup</emphasis> "
"system"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "command-line backup tool"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "low-maintenance backup/restore tool for mountable media (disk based)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Backup tools have their specialized focuses."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&mondorescue;\">Mondo Rescue</ulink> is a backup system to "
"facilitate restoration of complete system quickly from backup CD/DVD "
"etc. without going through normal system installation processes."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&bacula;\">Bacula</ulink>, <ulink "
"url=\"&amanda;\">Amanda</ulink>, and <ulink "
"url=\"&backuppc;\">BackupPC</ulink> are full featured backup suite utilities "
"which are focused on regular backups over network."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&duplicity;\">Duplicity</ulink>, and <ulink "
"url=\"&borg;\">Borg</ulink> are simpler backup utilities for typical "
"workstations."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Backup tips"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"For a personal workstation, full featured backup suite utilities designed "
"for the server environment may not serve well.  At the same time, existing "
"backup utilities for workstations may have some shortcomings."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Here are some tips to make backup easier with minimal user efforts.  These "
"techniques may be used with any backup utilities."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"For demonstration purpose, let's assume the primary user and group name to "
"be <literal>penguin</literal> and create a backup and snapshot script "
"example \"<literal>/usr/local/bin/bkss.sh</literal>\" as:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Here, only the basic tool <literal>rsync</literal>(1) is used to facilitate "
"system backup and the storage space is efficiently used by <ulink "
"url=\"&btrfs;\">Btrfs</ulink>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"FYI: This author uses his own similar shell script \"<ulink "
"url=\"&bssbtrfssubvolumesnapshotutility;\">bss: Btrfs Subvolume Snapshot "
"Utility</ulink>\" for his workstation."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "GUI backup"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Here is an example to setup the single GUI click backup."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Prepare a USB storage device to be used for backup."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Format a USB storage device with one partition in btrfs with its label name "
"as \"<literal>BKUP</literal>\".  This can be encrypted (see <xref "
"linkend=\"_removable_disk_encryption_with_dm_crypt_luks\"/>)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Plug this in to your system.  The desktop system should automatically mount "
"it as \"<literal>/media/penguin/BKUP</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Execute \"<literal>sudo chown penguin:penguin "
"/media/penguin/BKUP</literal>\" to make it writable by the user."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Create \"<literal>~/.local/share/applications/BKUP.desktop</literal>\" "
"following techniques written in <xref "
"linkend=\"_starting_a_program_from_gui\"/> as:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"For each GUI click, your data is backed up from "
"\"<literal>~/Documents</literal>\" to a USB storage device and a read-only "
"snapshot is created."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Mount event triggered backup"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Here is an example to setup for the automatic backup triggered by the mount "
"event."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Prepare a USB storage device to be used for backup as in <xref "
"linkend=\"_gui_backup\"/>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Create a systemd service unit file "
"\"<literal>~/.config/systemd/user/back-BKUP.service</literal>\" as:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Enable this systemd unit configuration with the following:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"For each mount event, your data is backed up from "
"\"<literal>~/Documents</literal>\" to a USB storage device and a read-only "
"snapshot is created."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Here, names of systemd mount units that systemd currently has in memory can "
"be asked to the service manager of the calling user with "
"\"<literal>systemctl --user list-units --type=mount</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Timer event triggered backup"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Here is an example to setup for the automatic backup triggered by the timer "
"event."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Create a systemd timer unit file "
"\"<literal>~/.config/systemd/user/snap-Documents.timer</literal>\" as:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Create a systemd service unit file "
"\"<literal>~/.config/systemd/user/snap-Documents.service</literal>\" as:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"For each timer event, your data is backed up from "
"\"<literal>~/Documents</literal>\" to a USB storage device and a read-only "
"snapshot is created."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Here, names of systemd timer user units that systemd currently has in memory "
"can be asked to the service manager of the calling user with "
"\"<literal>systemctl --user list-units --type=timer</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"For the modern desktop system, this systemd approach can offer more fine "
"grained control than the traditional Unix ones using "
"<literal>at</literal>(1), <literal>cron</literal>(8), or "
"<literal>anacron</literal>(8)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Data security infrastructure"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The data security infrastructure is provided by the combination of data "
"encryption tool, message digest tool, and signature tool."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of data security infrastructure tools"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>gpg</literal>(1)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&gnuprivacyguard;\">GNU Privacy Guard</ulink> - OpenPGP "
"encryption and signing tool"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>gpgv</literal>(1)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "GNU Privacy Guard - signature verification tool"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>paperkey</literal>(1)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "extract just the secret information out of OpenPGP secret keys"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>cryptsetup</literal>(8), …"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"utilities for <ulink url=\"&dmcrypt;\">dm-crypt</ulink> block device "
"encryption supporting <ulink url=\"&luks;\">LUKS</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>md5sum</literal>(1)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "compute and check MD5 message digest"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>sha1sum</literal>(1)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "compute and check SHA1 message digest"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>openssl</literal>(1ssl)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "compute message digest with \"<literal>openssl dgst</literal>\" (OpenSSL)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>secret-tool</literal>(1)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "store and retrieve passwords (CLI)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>seahorse</literal>(1)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "key management tool (GNOME)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"See <xref linkend=\"_data_encryption_tips\"/> on <ulink "
"url=\"&dmcrypt;\">dm-crypt</ulink> and <ulink "
"url=\"&fscrypt;\">fscrypt</ulink> which implement automatic data encryption "
"infrastructure via Linux kernel modules."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Key management for GnuPG"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Here are <ulink url=\"&gnuprivacyguard;\">GNU Privacy Guard</ulink> commands "
"for the basic key management."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of GNU Privacy Guard commands for the key management"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>gpg --gen-key</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "generate a new key"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>gpg --gen-revoke my_user_ID</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "generate revoke key for my_user_ID"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>gpg --edit-key user_ID</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "edit key interactively, \"help\" for help"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>gpg -o file --export</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "export all keys to file"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>gpg --import file</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "import all keys from file"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>gpg --send-keys user_ID</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "send key of user_ID to keyserver"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>gpg --recv-keys user_ID</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "recv. key of user_ID from keyserver"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>gpg --list-keys user_ID</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "list keys of user_ID"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>gpg --list-sigs user_ID</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "list sig. of user_ID"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>gpg --check-sigs user_ID</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "check sig. of user_ID"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>gpg --fingerprint user_ID</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "check fingerprint of user_ID"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>gpg --refresh-keys</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "update local keyring"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Here is the meaning of the trust code."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of the meaning of the trust code"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "code"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "description of trust"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "no owner trust assigned / not yet calculated"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>e</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "trust calculation failed"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "not enough information for calculation"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>n</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "never trust this key"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>m</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "marginally trusted"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>f</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "fully trusted"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "ultimately trusted"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The following uploads my key \"<literal>1DD8D791</literal>\" to the popular "
"keyserver \"<literal>hkp://keys.gnupg.net</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"A good default keyserver set up in \"<literal>~/.gnupg/gpg.conf</literal>\" "
"(or old location \"<literal>~/.gnupg/options</literal>\") contains the "
"following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The following obtains unknown keys from the keyserver."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"There was a bug in <ulink url=\"&openpgppublickeyserver;\">OpenPGP Public "
"Key Server</ulink> (pre version 0.9.6) which corrupted key with more than 2 "
"sub-keys.  The newer <literal>gnupg</literal> (&gt;1.2.1-2) package can "
"handle these corrupted subkeys.  See <literal>gpg</literal>(1) under "
"\"<literal>--repair-pks-subkey-bug</literal>\" option."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Using GnuPG on files"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Here are examples for using <ulink url=\"&gnuprivacyguard;\">GNU Privacy "
"Guard</ulink> commands on files."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of GNU Privacy Guard commands on files"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>gpg -a -s file</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "sign file into <ulink url=\"&ascii;\">ASCII</ulink> armored file.asc"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>gpg --armor --sign file</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>gpg --clearsign file</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "clear-sign message"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>gpg --clearsign file|mail foo@example.org</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "mail a clear-signed message to <literal>foo@example.org</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>gpg --clearsign --not-dash-escaped patchfile</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "clear-sign patchfile"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>gpg --verify file</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "verify clear-signed file"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>gpg -o file.sig -b file</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "create detached signature"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>gpg -o file.sig --detach-sign file</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>gpg --verify file.sig file</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "verify file with file.sig"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>gpg -o crypt_file.gpg -r name -e file</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "public-key encryption intended for name from file to binary crypt_file.gpg"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>gpg -o crypt_file.gpg --recipient name --encrypt file</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>gpg -o crypt_file.asc -a -r name -e file</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"public-key encryption intended for name from file to <ulink "
"url=\"&ascii;\">ASCII</ulink> armored crypt_file.asc"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>gpg -o crypt_file.gpg -c file</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "symmetric encryption from file to crypt_file.gpg"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>gpg -o crypt_file.gpg --symmetric file</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>gpg -o crypt_file.asc -a -c file</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"symmetric encryption intended for name from file to <ulink "
"url=\"&ascii;\">ASCII</ulink> armored crypt_file.asc"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>gpg -o file -d crypt_file.gpg -r name</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "decryption"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>gpg -o file --decrypt crypt_file.gpg</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Using GnuPG with Mutt"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Add the following to \"<literal>~/.muttrc</literal>\" to keep a slow GnuPG "
"from automatically starting, while allowing it to be used by typing "
"\"<literal>S</literal>\" at the index menu."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Using GnuPG with Vim"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"If you use \"<literal>~/.vimrc</literal>\" instead of "
"\"<literal>~/.vim/vimrc</literal>\", please substitute accordingly."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The <literal>gnupg</literal> plugin let you run GnuPG transparently for "
"files with extension \"<literal>.gpg</literal>\", "
"\"<literal>.asc</literal>\", and \"<literal>.pgp</literal>\".<placeholder "
"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The MD5 sum"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>md5sum</literal>(1) provides utility to make a digest file using "
"the method in <ulink url=\"&rfcbdcb;\">rfc1321</ulink> and verifying each "
"file with it."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The computation for the <ulink url=\"&mdf;\">MD5</ulink> sum is less CPU "
"intensive than the one for the cryptographic signature by <ulink "
"url=\"&gnuprivacyguardgnupg;\">GNU Privacy Guard (GnuPG)</ulink>. Usually, "
"only the top level digest file is cryptographically signed to ensure data "
"integrity."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Password keyring"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"On GNOME system, the GUI tool <literal>seahorse</literal>(1) manages "
"passwords and stores them securely in the keyring "
"<literal>~/.local/share/keyrings/*</literal>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>secret-tool</literal>(1) can store password to the keyring from the "
"command line."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Let's store passphrase used for LUKS/dm-crypt encrypted disk image"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"This stored password can be retrieved and fed to other programs, e.g., "
"<literal>cryptsetup</literal>(8)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Whenever you need to provide password in a script, use "
"<literal>secret-tool</literal> and avoid directly hardcoding the passphrase "
"in it."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Source code merge tools"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"There are many merge tools for the source code.  Following commands caught "
"my eyes."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of source code merge tools"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>patch</literal>(1)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "apply a diff file to an original"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>vimdiff</literal>(1)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "compare 2 files side by side in vim"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>imediff</literal>(1)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "interactive full screen 2/3-way merge tool"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>meld</literal>(1)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "compare and merge files (GTK)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>wiggle</literal>(1)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "apply rejected patches"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>diff</literal>(1)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "compare files line by line"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>diff3</literal>(1)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "compare and merges three files line by line"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>quilt</literal>(1)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "manage series of patches"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>wdiff</literal>(1)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "display word differences between text files"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>diffstat</literal>(1)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "produce a histogram of changes by the diff"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>combinediff</literal>(1)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "create a cumulative patch from two incremental patches"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>dehtmldiff</literal>(1)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "extract a diff from an HTML page"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>filterdiff</literal>(1)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "extract or excludes diffs from a diff file"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>fixcvsdiff</literal>(1)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"fix diff files created by CVS that <literal>patch</literal>(1) "
"mis-interprets"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>flipdiff</literal>(1)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "exchange the order of two patches"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>grepdiff</literal>(1)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "show which files are modified by a patch matching a regex"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>interdiff</literal>(1)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "show differences between two unified diff files"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>lsdiff</literal>(1)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "show which files are modified by a patch"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>recountdiff</literal>(1)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "recompute counts and offsets in unified context diffs"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>rediff</literal>(1)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "fix offsets and counts of a hand-edited diff"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>splitdiff</literal>(1)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "separate out incremental patches"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>unwrapdiff</literal>(1)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "demangle patches that have been word-wrapped"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>dirdiff</literal>(1)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "display differences and merge changes between directory trees"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>docdiff</literal>(1)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "compare two files word by word / char by char"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>makepatch</literal>(1)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "generate extended patch files"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>applypatch</literal>(1)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "apply extended patch files"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Extracting differences for source files"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The following procedures extract differences between two source files and "
"create unified diff files \"<literal>file.patch0</literal>\" or "
"\"<literal>file.patch1</literal>\" depending on the file location."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Merging updates for source files"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The diff file (alternatively called patch file) is used to send a program "
"update.  The receiving party applies this update to another file by the "
"following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Interactive merge"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"If you have two versions of a source code, you can perform 2-way merge "
"interactively using <literal>imediff</literal>(1) by the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"If you have three versions of a source code, you can perform 3-way merge "
"interactively using <literal>imediff</literal>(1) by the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Git"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Git is the tool of choice these days for the <ulink "
"url=\"&versioncontrolsystemvcs;\">version control system (VCS)</ulink> since "
"Git can do everything for both local and remote source code management."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Debian provides free Git services via <ulink "
"url=\"&debiansalsaservice;\">Debian Salsa service</ulink>.  Its "
"documentation can be found at <ulink "
"url=\"&httpswikidebianorgsalsa;\">https://wiki.debian.org/Salsa</ulink> ."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Here are some Git related packages."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of git related packages and commands"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>git</literal>(7)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Git, the fast, scalable, distributed revision control system"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>gitk</literal>(1)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "GUI Git repository browser with history"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>git-gui</literal>(1)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "GUI for Git (No history)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>git-send-email</literal>(1)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "send a collection of patches as email from the Git"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>git-buildpackage</literal>(1)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "automate the Debian packaging with the Git"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>dgit</literal>(1)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "git interoperability with the Debian archive"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>git-ime</literal>(1)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "interactive git commit split helper tool"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>stg</literal>(1)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "quilt on top of git (Python)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "official documentation for Git"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"Git Magic\", easier to understand guide for Git"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Configuration of Git client"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"You may wish to set several global configuration in "
"\"<literal>~/.gitconfig</literal>\" such as your name and email address used "
"by Git by the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "You may also customize the Git default behavior by the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"If you are too used to CVS or Subversion commands, you may wish to set "
"several command aliases by the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "You can check your global configuration by the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Basic Git commands"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Git operation involves several data."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The working tree which holds user facing files and to which you make "
"changes."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The changes to be recorded must be explicitly selected and staged to the "
"index.  This is <literal>git add</literal> and <literal>git rm</literal> "
"commands."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The index which holds staged files."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Staged files will be committed to the local repository upon the subsequent "
"request.  This is <literal>git commit</literal> command."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The local repository which holds committed files."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Git records the linked history of the committed data and organizes them as "
"branches in the repository."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The local repository can send data to the remote repository by <literal>git "
"push</literal> command."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The local repository can receive data from the remote repository by "
"<literal>git fetch</literal> and <literal>git pull</literal> commands."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The <literal>git pull</literal> command performs <literal>git "
"merge</literal> or <literal>git rebase</literal> command after <literal>git "
"fetch</literal> command."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Here, <literal>git merge</literal> combines two separate branches of history "
"at the end to a point.  (This is default of <literal>git pull</literal> "
"without customization and may be good for upstream people who publish branch "
"to many people.)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Here, <literal>git rebase</literal> creates one single branch of sequential "
"history of the remote branch one followed by the local branch one.  (This is "
"<literal>pull.rebase true</literal> customization case and may be good for "
"rest of us.)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The remote repository which holds committed files."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The communication to the remote repository uses secure communication "
"protocols such as SSH or HTTPS."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The working tree is files outside of the <literal>.git/</literal> "
"directory.  Files inside of the <literal>.git/</literal> directory hold the "
"index, the local repository data, and some git configuration text files."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Here is an overview of main Git commands."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Main Git commands"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Git command"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>git init</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "create the (local) repository"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>git clone URL</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "clone the remote repository to a local repository with the working tree"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>git pull origin main</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"update the local <literal>main</literal> branch by the remote repository "
"<literal>origin</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>git add .</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"add file(s) in the working tree to the index for pre-existing files in index "
"only"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>git add -A .</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"add file(s) in the working tree to the index for all files including "
"removals"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>git rm filename</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "remove file(s) from the working tree and the index"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>git commit</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "commit staged changes in the index to the local repository"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>git commit -a</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"add all changes in the working tree to the index and commit them to the "
"local repository (add + commit)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>git push -u origin branch_name</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"update the remote repository <literal>origin</literal> by the local "
"<literal>branch_name</literal> branch (initial invocation)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>git push origin branch_name</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"update the remote repository <literal>origin</literal> by the local "
"<literal>branch_name</literal> branch (subsequent invocation)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>git diff treeish1 treeish2</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"show difference between <emphasis>treeish1</emphasis> commit and "
"<emphasis>treeish2</emphasis> commit"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>gitk</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "GUI display of VCS repository branch history tree"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Git tips"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Here are some Git tips."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Git command line"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>gitk --all</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"see complete Git history and operate on them such as resetting HEAD to "
"another commit, cheery-picking patches, creating tags and branches ..."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>git stash</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "get the clean working tree without loosing data"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>git remote -v</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "check settings for remote"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>git branch -vv</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "check settings for branch"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>git status</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "show working tree status"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>git config -l</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "list git settings"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>git reset --hard HEAD; git clean -x -d -f</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "revert all working tree changes and clean them up completely"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>git rm --cached filename</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "revert staged index changed by <literal>git add filename</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>git reflog</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "get reference log (useful for recovering commits from the removed branch)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>git branch new_branch_name HEAD@{6}</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "create a new branch from reflog information"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>git remote add new_remote URL</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "add a <literal>new_remote</literal> remote repository pointed by URL"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>git remote rename origin upstream</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"rename the remote repository name from <literal>origin</literal> to "
"<literal>upstream</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>git branch -u upstream/branch_name</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"set the remote tracking to the remote repository <literal>upstream</literal> "
"and its branch name <literal>branch_name</literal>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>git remote set-url origin https://foo/bar.git</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "change URL of <literal>origin</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>git remote set-url --push upstream DISABLED</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"disable push to <literal>upstream</literal> (Edit "
"<literal>.git/config</literal> to re-enable)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>git remote update upstream</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"fetch updates of all remote branches in the <literal>upstream</literal> "
"repository"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>git fetch upstream foo:upstream-foo</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"create a local (possibly orphan) <literal>upstream-foo</literal> branch as a "
"copy of <literal>foo</literal> branch in the <literal>upstream</literal> "
"repository"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>git checkout -b topic_branch ; git push -u topic_branch "
"origin</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"make a new <literal>topic_branch</literal> and push it to "
"<literal>origin</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>git branch -m oldname newname</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "rename local branch name"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>git push -d origin branch_to_be_removed</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "remove remote branch (new method)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>git push origin :branch_to_be_removed</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "remove remote branch (old method)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>git checkout --orphan unconnected</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "create a new <literal>unconnected</literal> branch"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>git rebase -i origin/main</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"reorder/drop/squish commits from <literal>origin/main</literal> to clean "
"branch history"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>git reset HEAD^; git commit --amend </literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "squash last 2 commits into one"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>git checkout topic_branch ; git merge --squash topic_branch "
"</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "squash entire <literal>topic_branch</literal> into a commit"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>git fetch --unshallow --update-head-ok origin "
"'+refs/heads/*:refs/heads/*' </literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "convert a shallow clone to the full clone of all branches"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>git ime</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"split the last commit into a series of file-by-file smaller commits "
"etc. (<literal>imediff</literal> package required)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>git repack -a -d; git prune</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"repack the local repository into single pack (this may limit chance of lost "
"data recovery from erased branch etc.)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Do not use the tag string with spaces in it even if some tools such as "
"<literal>gitk</literal>(1) allow you to use it.  It may choke some other "
"<literal>git</literal> commands."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"If a local branch which has been pushed to remote repository is rebased or "
"squashed, pushing this branch has risks and requires "
"<literal>--force</literal> option.  This is usually not an acceptable for "
"<literal>main</literal> branch but may be acceptable for a topic branch "
"before merging to <literal>main</literal> branch."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Invoking a <literal>git</literal> subcommand directly as "
"\"<literal>git-xyz</literal>\" from the command line has been deprecated "
"since early 2006."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"If there is a executable file <literal>git-foo</literal> in the path "
"specified by <literal>$PATH</literal>, entering \"<literal>git "
"foo</literal>\" without hyphen to the command line invokes this "
"<literal>git-foo</literal>.  This is a feature of the <literal>git</literal> "
"command."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Git references"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&manpagegitb;\">manpage: git(1)</ulink> "
"(<literal>/usr/share/doc/git-doc/git.html</literal>)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&gitusersmanual;\">Git User's Manual</ulink> "
"(<literal>/usr/share/doc/git-doc/user-manual.html</literal>)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&atutorialintroductiontogit;\">A tutorial introduction to "
"git</ulink> (<literal>/usr/share/doc/git-doc/gittutorial.html</literal>)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&atutorialintrodutiontogitparttwo;\">A tutorial introduction to "
"git: part two</ulink> "
"(<literal>/usr/share/doc/git-doc/gittutorial-2.html</literal>)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&everydaygitwithcacommandsorso;\">Everyday GIT With 20 Commands "
"Or So</ulink> (<literal>/usr/share/doc/git-doc/giteveryday.html</literal>)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&gitmagic;\">Git Magic</ulink> "
"(<literal>/usr/share/doc/gitmagic/html/index.html</literal>)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Other version control systems"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The <ulink url=\"&versioncontrolsystemsvcs;\">version control systems "
"(VCS)</ulink> is sometimes known as the revision control system (RCS), or "
"the software configuration management (SCM)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Here is a summary of the notable other non-Git VCS on the Debian system."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of other version control system tools"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "VCS type"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&mercurial;\">Mercurial</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "distributed"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "DVCS in Python and some C"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&darcs;\">Darcs</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "DVCS with smart algebra of patches (slow)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&gnubazaar;\">GNU Bazaar</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"DVCS influenced by <literal>tla</literal> written in Python (<ulink "
"url=\"&historic;\">historic</ulink>)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&gnuarch;\">GNU arch</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "DVCS mainly by Tom Lord (historic)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&subversion;\">Subversion</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "remote"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"CVS done right\", newer standard remote VCS (historic)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&cvs;\">CVS</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "previous standard remote VCS (historic)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "CVS, …"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "GUI display of VCS (CVS, Subversion, RCS) repository tree"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&rcs;\">RCS</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "local"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"<ulink url=\"&unixsccs;\">Unix SCCS</ulink> done right\" (historic)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&cssc;\">CSSC</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "clone of the <ulink url=\"&unixsccs;\">Unix SCCS</ulink> (historic)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Data conversion"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Tools and tips for converting data formats on the Debian system are "
"described."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Standard based tools are in very good shape but support for proprietary data "
"formats are limited."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Text data conversion tools"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Following packages for the text data conversion caught my eyes."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of text data conversion tools"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "keyword"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "charset"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"text encoding converter between locales by <literal>iconv</literal>(1) "
"(fundamental)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "charset+eol"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"text encoding converter between locales (versatile, more aliases and "
"features)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "text encoding converter between locales (fancy)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "character set translator for Japanese"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "character set translator"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "replace accented letters by their unaccented equivalent"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "eol"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"text format converter between DOS and Unix: <literal>fromdos</literal>(1) "
"and <literal>todos</literal>(1)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"text format converter between Macintosh and Unix: "
"<literal>frommac</literal>(1) and <literal>tomac</literal>(1)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Converting a text file with iconv"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>iconv</literal>(1) is provided as a part of the "
"<literal>libc6</literal> package and it is always available on practically "
"all Unix-like systems to convert the encoding of characters."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"You can convert encodings of a text file with <literal>iconv</literal>(1) by "
"the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Encoding values are case insensitive and ignore \"<literal>-</literal>\" and "
"\"<literal>_</literal>\" for matching.  Supported encodings can be checked "
"by the \"<literal>iconv -l</literal>\" command."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of encoding values and their usage"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "encoding value"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&ascii;\">ASCII</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&americanstandardationinterchange;\">American Standard Code for "
"Information Interchange</ulink>, 7 bit code w/o accented characters"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&utfi;\">UTF-8</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "current multilingual standard for all modern OSs"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&isoiifjb;\">ISO-8859-1</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "old standard for western European languages, ASCII + accented characters"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&isoiifjc;\">ISO-8859-2</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "old standard for eastern European languages, ASCII + accented characters"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&isoiifjbf;\">ISO-8859-15</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"old standard for western European languages, <ulink "
"url=\"&isoiifjb;\">ISO-8859-1</ulink> with euro sign"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&cpifa;\">CP850</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"code page 850, Microsoft DOS characters with graphics for western European "
"languages, <ulink url=\"&isoiifjb;\">ISO-8859-1</ulink> variant"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&cpjdc;\">CP932</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"code page 932, Microsoft Windows style <ulink "
"url=\"&shiftjis;\">Shift-JIS</ulink> variant for Japanese"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&cpjdg;\">CP936</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"code page 936, Microsoft Windows style <ulink "
"url=\"&gbcdbc;\">GB2312</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&gbk;\">GBK</ulink> or <ulink "
"url=\"&gbbiada;\">GB18030</ulink> variant for Simplified Chinese"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&cpjej;\">CP949</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"code page 949, Microsoft Windows style <ulink url=\"&euckr;\">EUC-KR</ulink> "
"or Unified Hangul Code variant for Korean"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&cpjfa;\">CP950</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"code page 950, Microsoft Windows style <ulink url=\"&bigf;\">Big5</ulink> "
"variant for Traditional Chinese"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&cpbcfb;\">CP1251</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "code page 1251, Microsoft Windows style encoding for the Cyrillic alphabet"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&cpbcfc;\">CP1252</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"code page 1252, Microsoft Windows style <ulink "
"url=\"&isoiifjbf;\">ISO-8859-15</ulink> variant for western European "
"languages"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&koiir;\">KOI8-R</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "old Russian UNIX standard for the Cyrillic alphabet"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&isocaccjp;\">ISO-2022-JP</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "standard encoding for Japanese email which uses only 7 bit codes"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&eucjp;\">eucJP</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"old Japanese UNIX standard 8 bit code and completely different from <ulink "
"url=\"&shiftjis;\">Shift-JIS</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&shiftjis;\">Shift-JIS</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"JIS X 0208 Appendix 1 standard for Japanese (see <ulink "
"url=\"&cpjdc;\">CP932</ulink>)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Some encodings are only supported for the data conversion and are not used "
"as locale values (<xref linkend=\"_the_locale\"/>)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"For character sets which fit in single byte such as <ulink "
"url=\"&ascii;\">ASCII</ulink> and <ulink url=\"&isoiifj;\">ISO-8859</ulink> "
"character sets, the <ulink url=\"&characterencoding;\">character "
"encoding</ulink> means almost the same thing as the character set."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"For character sets with many characters such as <ulink "
"url=\"&jisxacbd;\">JIS X 0213</ulink> for Japanese or <ulink "
"url=\"&universalcharactunicodeisobagegb;\">Universal Character Set (UCS, "
"Unicode, ISO-10646-1)</ulink> for practically all languages, there are many "
"encoding schemes to fit them into the sequence of the byte data."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&euc;\">EUC</ulink> and <ulink "
"url=\"&isoieccaccalsoknownasjisxacac;\">ISO/IEC 2022 (also known as JIS X "
"0202)</ulink> for Japanese"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&utfi;\">UTF-8</ulink>, <ulink "
"url=\"&utfbgucsc;\">UTF-16/UCS-2</ulink> and <ulink "
"url=\"&utfdcucse;\">UTF-32/UCS-4</ulink> for Unicode"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"For these, there are clear differentiations between the character set and "
"the character encoding."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The <ulink url=\"&codepage;\">code page</ulink> is used as the synonym to "
"the character encoding tables for some vendor specific ones."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Please note most encoding systems share the same code with ASCII for the 7 "
"bit characters.  But there are some exceptions. If you are converting old "
"Japanese C programs and URLs data from the casually-called shift-JIS "
"encoding format to UTF-8 format, use \"<literal>CP932</literal>\" as the "
"encoding name instead of \"<literal>shift-JIS</literal>\" to get the "
"expected results: <literal>0x5C</literal> → \"<literal>\\</literal>\" and "
"<literal>0x7E</literal> → \"<literal>~</literal>\".  Otherwise, these are "
"converted to wrong characters."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>recode</literal>(1) may be used too and offers more than the "
"combined functionality of <literal>iconv</literal>(1), "
"<literal>fromdos</literal>(1), <literal>todos</literal>(1), "
"<literal>frommac</literal>(1), and <literal>tomac</literal>(1).  For more, "
"see \"<literal>info recode</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Checking file to be UTF-8 with iconv"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"You can check if a text file is encoded in UTF-8 with "
"<literal>iconv</literal>(1) by the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Use \"<literal>--verbose</literal>\" option in the above example to find the "
"first non-UTF-8 character."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Converting file names with iconv"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Here is an example script to convert encoding of file names from ones "
"created under older OS to modern UTF-8 ones in a single directory."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The \"<literal>$ENCDN</literal>\" variable specifies the original encoding "
"used for file names under older OS as in <xref "
"linkend=\"list-of-encoding-values\"/>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"For more complicated case, please mount a filesystem (e.g. a partition on a "
"disk drive) containing such file names with proper encoding as the "
"<literal>mount</literal>(8) option (see <xref "
"linkend=\"_filename_encoding\"/>) and copy its entire contents to another "
"filesystem mounted as UTF-8 with \"<literal>cp -a</literal>\" command."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "EOL conversion"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The text file format, specifically the end-of-line (EOL) code, is dependent "
"on the platform."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of EOL styles for different platforms"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "platform"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "EOL code"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "control"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "decimal"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "hexadecimal"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Debian (unix)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "LF"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>^J</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "10"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "0A"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "MSDOS and Windows"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "CR-LF"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>^M^J</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "13 10"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "0D 0A"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Apple's Macintosh"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "CR"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>^M</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "13"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "0D"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The EOL format conversion programs, <literal>fromdos</literal>(1), "
"<literal>todos</literal>(1), <literal>frommac</literal>(1), and "
"<literal>tomac</literal>(1), are quite handy.  <literal>recode</literal>(1) "
"is also useful."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Some data on the Debian system, such as the wiki page data for the "
"<literal>python-moinmoin</literal> package, use MSDOS style CR-LF as the EOL "
"code.  So the above rule is just a general rule."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Most editors (eg. <literal>vim</literal>, <literal>emacs</literal>, "
"<literal>gedit</literal>, …) can handle files in MSDOS style EOL "
"transparently."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The use of \"<literal>sed -e '/\\r$/!s/$/\\r/'</literal>\" instead of "
"<literal>todos</literal>(1) is better when you want to unify the EOL style "
"to the MSDOS style from the mixed MSDOS and Unix style.  (e.g., after "
"merging 2 MSDOS style files with <literal>diff3</literal>(1).)  This is "
"because <literal>todos</literal> adds CR to all lines."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "TAB conversion"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "There are few popular specialized programs to convert the tab codes."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"List of TAB conversion commands from <literal>bsdmainutils</literal> and "
"<literal>coreutils</literal> packages"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>bsdmainutils</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>coreutils</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "expand tab to spaces"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"<literal>col -x</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>expand</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "unexpand tab from spaces"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"<literal>col -h</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>unexpand</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>indent</literal>(1) from the <literal>indent</literal> package "
"completely reformats whitespaces in the C program."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Editor programs such as <literal>vim</literal> and <literal>emacs</literal> "
"can be used for TAB conversion, too.  For example with "
"<literal>vim</literal>, you can expand TAB with \"<literal>:set "
"expandtab</literal>\" and \"<literal>:%retab</literal>\" command sequence.  "
"You can revert this with \"<literal>:set noexpandtab</literal>\" and "
"\"<literal>:%retab!</literal>\" command sequence."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Editors with auto-conversion"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Intelligent modern editors such as the <literal>vim</literal> program are "
"quite smart and copes well with any encoding systems and any file formats.  "
"You should use these editors under the UTF-8 locale in the UTF-8 capable "
"console for the best compatibility."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"An old western European Unix text file, \"<literal>u-file.txt</literal>\", "
"stored in the latin1 (iso-8859-1) encoding can be edited simply with "
"<literal>vim</literal> by the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"This is possible since the auto detection mechanism of the file encoding in "
"<literal>vim</literal> assumes the UTF-8 encoding first and, if it fails, "
"assumes it to be latin1."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"An old Polish Unix text file, \"<literal>pu-file.txt</literal>\", stored in "
"the latin2 (iso-8859-2) encoding can be edited with <literal>vim</literal> "
"by the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"An old Japanese unix text file, \"<literal>ju-file.txt</literal>\", stored "
"in the eucJP encoding can be edited with <literal>vim</literal> by the "
"following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"An old Japanese MS-Windows text file, \"<literal>jw-file.txt</literal>\", "
"stored in the so called shift-JIS encoding (more precisely: CP932) can be "
"edited with <literal>vim</literal> by the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"When a file is opened with \"<literal>++enc</literal>\" and "
"\"<literal>++ff</literal>\" options, \"<literal>:w</literal>\" in the Vim "
"command line stores it in the original format and overwrite the original "
"file.  You can also specify the saving format and the file name in the Vim "
"command line, e.g., \"<literal>:w ++enc=utf8 new.txt</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Please refer to the mbyte.txt \"multi-byte text support\" in "
"<literal>vim</literal> on-line help and <xref "
"linkend=\"list-of-encoding-values\"/> for locale values used with "
"\"<literal>++enc</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The <literal>emacs</literal> family of programs can perform the equivalent "
"functions."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Plain text extraction"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The following reads a web page into a text file.  This is very useful when "
"copying configurations off the Web or applying basic Unix text tools such as "
"<literal>grep</literal>(1) on the web page."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Similarly, you can extract plain text data from other formats using the "
"following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of tools to extract plain text data"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "html→text"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "HTML to text converter with the \"<literal>w3m -dump</literal>\" command"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "advanced HTML to text converter (ISO 8859-1)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "HTML to text converter with the \"<literal>lynx -dump</literal>\" command"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "HTML to text converter with the \"<literal>elinks -dump</literal>\" command"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "HTML to text converter with the \"<literal>links -dump</literal>\" command"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "HTML to text converter with the \"<literal>links2 -dump</literal>\" command"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "MSWord→text,TeX"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "convert MSWord files to plain text or TeX"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "MSWord→text,ps"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "convert MSWord files to plain text or ps"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "remove the markup tags from an HTML file"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "odt→text"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "converter from OpenDocument Text to text"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Highlighting and formatting plain text data"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "You can highlight and format plain text data by the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of tools to highlight plain text data"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "highlight"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Vim MACRO to convert source code to HTML with \"<literal>:source "
"$VIMRUNTIME/syntax/html.vim</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "c→html"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "converter for the C program to latex and HTML (C language)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "convert many source codes to TeX (C language)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"convert many source codes to HTML, XHTML, LaTeX, Texinfo, ANSI color escape "
"sequences and DocBook files with highlight (C++)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"convert many source codes to HTML, XHTML, RTF, LaTeX, TeX or XSL-FO files "
"with highlight (C++)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "text→color"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "generic colouriser for everything (Python)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "text→any"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "general markup converter (Haskell)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "ReStructured Text document formatter to XML (Python)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "text→html"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Markdown text document formatter to (X)HTML (Perl)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "AsciiDoc text document formatter to XML/HTML (Ruby)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "ReStructured Text based document publication system (Python)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Markdown based static site publication system (Go)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "XML data"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&theextensiblemarkuplanguagexml;\">The Extensible Markup "
"Language (XML)</ulink> is a markup language for documents containing "
"structured information."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "See introductory information at <ulink url=\"&xmlcom;\">XML.COM</ulink>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&whatisxml;\">\"What is XML?\"</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&whatisxslt;\">\"What Is XSLT?\"</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&whatisxslfo;\">\"What Is XSL-FO?\"</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&whatisxlink;\">\"What Is XLink?\"</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Basic hints for XML"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"XML text looks somewhat like <ulink url=\"&html;\">HTML</ulink>.  It enables "
"us to manage multiple formats of output for a document.  One easy XML system "
"is the <literal>docbook-xsl</literal> package, which is used here."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Each XML file starts with standard XML declaration as the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The basic syntax for one XML element is marked up as the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "XML element with empty content is marked up in the following short form."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The \"<literal>attribute=\"value\"</literal>\" in the above examples are "
"optional."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The comment section in XML is marked up as the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Other than adding markups, XML requires minor conversion to the content "
"using predefined entities for following characters."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of predefined entities for XML"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "predefined entity"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "character to be converted into"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>&amp;quot;</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>\"</literal> : quote"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>&amp;apos;</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>'</literal> : apostrophe"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>&amp;lt;</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>&lt;</literal> : less-than"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>&amp;gt;</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>&gt;</literal> : greater-than"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>&amp;amp;</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>&amp;</literal> : ampersand"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"\"<literal>&lt;</literal>\" or \"<literal>&amp;</literal>\" can not be used "
"in attributes or elements."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"When SGML style user defined entities, "
"e.g. \"<literal>&amp;some-tag;</literal>\", are used, the first definition "
"wins over others.  The entity definition is expressed in "
"\"<literal>&lt;!ENTITY some-tag \"entity value\"&gt;</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"As long as the XML markup are done consistently with certain set of the tag "
"name (either some data as content or attribute value), conversion to another "
"XML is trivial task using <ulink "
"url=\"&extensiblestylesnsformationsxslt;\">Extensible Stylesheet Language "
"Transformations (XSLT)</ulink>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "XML processing"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"There are many tools available to process XML files such as <ulink "
"url=\"&theextensiblestysheetlanguagexsl;\">the Extensible Stylesheet "
"Language (XSL)</ulink>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Basically, once you create well formed XML file, you can convert it to any "
"format using <ulink url=\"&extensiblestylesnsformationsxslt;\">Extensible "
"Stylesheet Language Transformations (XSLT)</ulink>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The <ulink url=\"&extensiblestylestingobjectsxslfo;\">Extensible Stylesheet "
"Language for Formatting Objects (XSL-FO)</ulink> is supposed to be solution "
"for formatting. The <literal>fop</literal> package is new to the Debian "
"<literal>main</literal> archive due to its dependence to the <ulink "
"url=\"&javaprograminglanguage;\">Java programing language</ulink>. So the "
"LaTeX code is usually generated from XML using XSLT and the LaTeX system is "
"used to create printable file such as DVI, PostScript, and PDF."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of XML tools"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "xml"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "XML document type definition (DTD) for DocBook"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "xml/xslt"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"XSL stylesheets for processing DocBook XML to various output formats with "
"XSLT"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "xslt"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "XSLT command line processor (XML→ XML, HTML, plain text, etc.)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "XML-to-any converter with XSLT"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "xml/xsl-fo"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "convert Docbook XML files to PDF"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "convert Docbook files to DVI, PostScript, PDF documents with XSLT"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "DocBook XML to .epub converter"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Since XML is subset of <ulink "
"url=\"&standardgeneralirkuplanguagesgml;\">Standard Generalized Markup "
"Language (SGML)</ulink>, it can be processed by the extensive tools "
"available for SGML, such as <ulink "
"url=\"&documentstylesemionlanguagedsssl;\">Document Style Semantics and "
"Specification Language (DSSSL)</ulink>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of DSSSL tools"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "dsssl"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "ISO/IEC 10179:1996 standard DSSSL processor (latest)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "xml/dsssl"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"DSSSL stylesheets for processing DocBook XML to various output formats with "
"DSSSL"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"utilities for DocBook files including conversion to other formats (HTML, "
"RTF, PS, man, PDF) with <literal>docbook2*</literal> commands with DSSSL"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&gnome;\">GNOME</ulink>'s <literal>yelp</literal> is sometimes "
"handy to read <ulink url=\"&docbook;\">DocBook</ulink> XML files directly "
"since it renders decently on X."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The XML data extraction"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "You can extract HTML or XML data from other formats using followings."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of XML data extraction tools"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "manpage→html"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "converter from manpage to HTML (CGI support)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "troff→xml"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "converter from troff to DocBook XML"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "texi→html"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "converter from Texinfo to HTML"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "info→html"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "converter from GNU info to HTML (CGI support)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "MSWord→any"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "document converter from Microsoft Word to HTML, LaTeX, etc."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "rtf→html"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "document converter from RTF to HTML, etc"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "WordPerfect→any"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "WordPerfect 5.0 and 5.1 files to TeX, LaTeX, troff, GML and HTML"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The XML data lint"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"For non-XML HTML files, you can convert them to XHTML which is an instance "
"of well formed XML.  XHTML can be processed by XML tools."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Syntax of XML files and goodness of URLs found in them may be checked."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of XML pretty print tools"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "xml↔html↔xhtml"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"command line XML tool with <literal>xmllint</literal>(1) (syntax check, "
"reformat, lint, …)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "HTML syntax checker and reformatter"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "lint"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "syntax and minimal style checker for HTML"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "link check"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "fast link checker and web site maintenance tool"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Once proper XML is generated, you can use XSLT technology to extract data "
"based on the mark-up context etc."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Type setting"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The Unix <ulink url=\"&troff;\">troff</ulink> program originally developed "
"by AT&amp;T can be used for simple typesetting.  It is usually used to "
"create manpages."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&tex;\">TeX</ulink> created by Donald Knuth is a very powerful "
"type setting tool and is the de facto standard. <ulink "
"url=\"&latex;\">LaTeX</ulink> originally written by Leslie Lamport enables a "
"high-level access to the power of TeX."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of type setting tools"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "(La)TeX"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "TeX system for typesetting, previewing and printing"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "troff"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "GNU troff text-formatting system"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "roff typesetting"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Traditionally, <ulink url=\"&roff;\">roff</ulink> is the main Unix text "
"processing system.  See <literal>roff</literal>(7), "
"<literal>groff</literal>(7), <literal>groff</literal>(1), "
"<literal>grotty</literal>(1), <literal>troff</literal>(1), "
"<literal>groff_mdoc</literal>(7), <literal>groff_man</literal>(7), "
"<literal>groff_ms</literal>(7), <literal>groff_me</literal>(7), "
"<literal>groff_mm</literal>(7), and \"<literal>info groff</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"You can read or print a good tutorial and reference on "
"\"<literal>-me</literal>\" <ulink url=\"&macro;\">macro</ulink> in "
"\"<literal>/usr/share/doc/groff/</literal>\" by installing the "
"<literal>groff</literal> package."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"\"<literal>groff -Tascii -me -</literal>\" produces plain text output with "
"<ulink url=\"&ansiescapecode;\">ANSI escape code</ulink>.  If you wish to "
"get manpage like output with many \"^H\" and \"_\", use "
"\"<literal>GROFF_NO_SGR=1 groff -Tascii -me -</literal>\" instead."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"To remove \"^H\" and \"_\" from a text file generated by "
"<literal>groff</literal>, filter it by \"<literal>col -b -x</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "TeX/LaTeX"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The <ulink url=\"&texlive;\">TeX Live</ulink> software distribution offers a "
"complete TeX system.  The <literal>texlive</literal> metapackage provides a "
"decent selection of the <ulink url=\"&texlive;\">TeX Live</ulink> packages "
"which should suffice for the most common tasks."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"There are many references available for <ulink url=\"&tex;\">TeX</ulink> and "
"<ulink url=\"&latex;\">LaTeX</ulink>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&thetetexhowtothextetexlocalguide;\">The teTeX HOWTO: The "
"Linux-teTeX Local Guide</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>tex</literal>(1)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>latex</literal>(1)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>texdoc</literal>(1)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>texdoctk</literal>(1)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"The TeXbook\", by Donald E. Knuth, (Addison-Wesley)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"\"LaTeX - A Document Preparation System\", by Leslie Lamport, "
"(Addison-Wesley)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"The LaTeX Companion\", by Goossens, Mittelbach, Samarin, (Addison-Wesley)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"This is the most powerful typesetting environment.  Many <ulink "
"url=\"&sgml;\">SGML</ulink> processors use this as their back end text "
"processor.  <ulink url=\"&lyx;\">Lyx</ulink> provided by the "
"<literal>lyx</literal> package and <ulink url=\"&gnutexmacs;\">GNU "
"TeXmacs</ulink> provided by the <literal>texmacs</literal> package offer "
"nice <ulink url=\"&wysiwyg;\">WYSIWYG</ulink> editing environment for <ulink "
"url=\"&latex;\">LaTeX</ulink> while many use <ulink "
"url=\"&emacs;\">Emacs</ulink> and <ulink url=\"&vim;\">Vim</ulink> as the "
"choice for the source editor."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "There are many online resources available."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The TEX Live Guide - TEX Live 2007 "
"(\"<literal>/usr/share/doc/texlive-doc-base/english/texlive-en/live.html</literal>\") "
"(<literal>texlive-doc-base</literal> package)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&asimpleguidetolatexlyx;\">A Simple Guide to Latex/Lyx</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&wordprocessingusinglatex;\">Word Processing Using "
"LaTeX</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"When documents become bigger, sometimes TeX may cause errors.  You must "
"increase pool size in \"<literal>/etc/texmf/texmf.cnf</literal>\" (or more "
"appropriately edit \"<literal>/etc/texmf/texmf.d/95NonPath</literal>\" and "
"run <literal>update-texmf</literal>(8)) to fix this."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The TeX source of \"The TeXbook\" is available at <ulink "
"url=\"&wwwctanorgtexarcitefortexbooktex;\">www.ctan.org tex-archive site for "
"texbook.tex</ulink>. This file contains most of the required macros.  I "
"heard that you can process this document with <literal>tex</literal>(1) "
"after commenting lines 7 to 10 and adding \"<literal>\\input manmac "
"\\proofmodefalse</literal>\". It's strongly recommended to buy this book "
"(and all other books from Donald E. Knuth) instead of using the online "
"version but the source is a great example of TeX input!"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Pretty print a manual page"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"You can print a manual page in PostScript nicely by one of the following "
"commands."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Creating a manual page"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Although writing a manual page (manpage) in the plain <ulink "
"url=\"&troff;\">troff</ulink> format is possible, there are few helper "
"packages to create it."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of packages to help creating the manpage"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "SGML→manpage"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "converter from DocBook SGML into roff man macros"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "text→manpage"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "automatic manpage generator from --help"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "info→manpage"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "converter from GNU info to POD or man pages"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "convert flat ASCII text to man page format"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Printable data"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Printable data is expressed in the <ulink "
"url=\"&postscript;\">PostScript</ulink> format on the Debian system.  <ulink "
"url=\"&commonunixprintingsystemcups;\">Common Unix Printing System "
"(CUPS)</ulink> uses Ghostscript as its rasterizer backend program for "
"non-PostScript printers."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Printable data may also be expressed in the <ulink url=\"&pdf;\">PDF</ulink> "
"format on the recent Debian system."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"PDF files can displayed and its form entries may be filled using GUI viewer "
"tools such as <ulink url=\"&evince;\">Evince</ulink> and <ulink "
"url=\"&okular;\">Okular</ulink> (see <xref linkend=\"_gui_applications\"/>); "
"and modern browsers such as <ulink url=\"&chromium;\">Chromium</ulink>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"PDF files can be edited using some graphics tools such as <ulink "
"url=\"&libreoffice;\">LibreOffice</ulink>, <ulink "
"url=\"&scribus;\">Scribus</ulink>, and <ulink "
"url=\"&inkscape;\">Inkscape</ulink> (see <xref "
"linkend=\"_graphic_data_tools\"/>)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"You can read a PDF file with <ulink url=\"&gimp;\">GIMP</ulink> and convert "
"it into <ulink url=\"&png;\">PNG</ulink> format using higher than 300 dpi "
"resolution.  This may be used as a background image for <ulink "
"url=\"&libreoffice;\">LibreOffice</ulink> to produce a desirable altered "
"printout with minimum efforts."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Ghostscript"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The core of printable data manipulation is the <ulink "
"url=\"&ghostscript;\">Ghostscript</ulink> <ulink "
"url=\"&postscriptps;\">PostScript (PS)</ulink> interpreter which generates "
"raster image."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of Ghostscript PostScript interpreters"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&thegplghostscripptpdfinterpreter;\">The GPL Ghostscript "
"PostScript/PDF interpreter</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "GPL Ghostscript PostScript/PDF interpreter - X display support"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "PDF rendering library forked from the xpdf PDF viewer"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "PDF rendering library (GLib-based shared library)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"CMaps for PDF rendering library (for <ulink url=\"&cjk;\">CJK</ulink> "
"support: Adobe-*)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"<literal>gs -h</literal>\" can display the configuration of Ghostscript."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Merge two PS or PDF files"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"You can merge two <ulink url=\"&postscriptps;\">PostScript (PS)</ulink> or "
"<ulink url=\"&portabledocumentformatpdf;\">Portable Document Format "
"(PDF)</ulink> files using <literal>gs</literal>(1) of Ghostscript."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The <ulink url=\"&pdf;\">PDF</ulink>, which is a widely used cross-platform "
"printable data format, is essentially the compressed <ulink "
"url=\"&ps;\">PS</ulink> format with few additional features and extensions."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"For command line, <literal>psmerge</literal>(1) and other commands from the "
"<literal>psutils</literal> package are useful for manipulating PostScript "
"documents.  <literal>pdftk</literal>(1) from the <literal>pdftk</literal> "
"package is useful for manipulating PDF documents, too."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Printable data utilities"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The following packages for the printable data utilities caught my eyes."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of printable data utilities"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "pdf→ps,text,…"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"PDF utilities: <literal>pdftops</literal>, <literal>pdfinfo</literal>, "
"<literal>pdfimages</literal>, <literal>pdftotext</literal>, "
"<literal>pdffonts</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "ps→ps"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "PostScript document conversion tools"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "create large posters out of PostScript pages"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "text→ps, html, rtf"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "convert ASCII text to PostScript, HTML, RTF or Pretty-Print"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "text→ps"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "'Anything to PostScript' converter and pretty-printer"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "pdf→pdf"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "PDF document conversion tool: <literal>pdftk</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "html→ps"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "converter from HTML to PostScript"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "html→latex"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "converter from html to latex"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "latex→rtf"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "convert documents from LaTeX to RTF which can be read by MS Word"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "ps→eps"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "converter from PostScript to EPS (Encapsulated PostScript)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Text to PostScript converter with Japanese encoding support"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "PostScript utilities"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"pretty print many source codes (C, C++, Java, Pascal, Perl, Pike, Sh, and "
"Verilog) to PostScript. (C language)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "pdf→svg"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"converter from PDF to <ulink url=\"&scalablevectorgraphics;\">Scalable "
"vector graphics</ulink> format"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "pdf→ipe"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "converter from PDF to IPE's XML format"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Printing with CUPS"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Both <literal>lp</literal>(1) and <literal>lpr</literal>(1) commands offered "
"by <ulink url=\"&commonunixprintingsystemcups;\">Common Unix Printing System "
"(CUPS)</ulink> provides options for customized printing the printable data."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"You can print 3 copies of a file collated using one of the following "
"commands."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"You can further customize printer operation by using printer option such as "
"\"<literal>-o number-up=2</literal>\", \"<literal>-o "
"page-set=even</literal>\", \"<literal>-o page-set=odd</literal>\", "
"\"<literal>-o scaling=200</literal>\", \"<literal>-o "
"natural-scaling=200</literal>\", etc., documented at <ulink "
"url=\"&commandlineprintingandoptions;\">Command-Line Printing and "
"Options</ulink>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The mail data conversion"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The following packages for the mail data conversion caught my eyes."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of packages to help mail data conversion"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "mail"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>shar</literal>(1), <literal>unshar</literal>(1), "
"<literal>uuencode</literal>(1), <literal>uudecode</literal>(1)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "MIME"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"encoding and decoding of <ulink url=\"&mime;\">MIME</ulink> messages: "
"<literal>mpack</literal>(1) and <literal>munpack</literal>(1)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "ms-tnef"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"unpacking <ulink url=\"&mime;\">MIME</ulink> attachments of type "
"\"application/ms-tnef\" which is a Microsoft only format"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"encoder and decoder for the following formats: <ulink "
"url=\"&uuencode;\">uuencode</ulink>, <ulink "
"url=\"&xxencode;\">xxencode</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&basege;\">BASE64</ulink>, "
"<ulink url=\"&quotedprintable;\">quoted printable</ulink>, and <ulink "
"url=\"&binhex;\">BinHex</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The <ulink url=\"&internetmessageaccessprotocol;\">Internet Message Access "
"Protocol</ulink> version 4 (IMAP4) server may be used to move mails out from "
"proprietary mail systems if the mail client software can be configured to "
"use IMAP4 server too."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Mail data basics"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Mail (<ulink url=\"&smtp;\">SMTP</ulink>) data should be limited to series "
"of 7 bit data.  So binary data and 8 bit text data are encoded into 7 bit "
"format with the <ulink "
"url=\"&multipurposeinteilextensionsmime;\">Multipurpose Internet Mail "
"Extensions (MIME)</ulink> and the selection of the charset (see <xref "
"linkend=\"list-of-encoding-values\"/>)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The standard mail storage format is mbox formatted according to <ulink "
"url=\"&rfcciccupdatedrfcicc;\">RFC2822 (updated RFC822)</ulink>.  See "
"<literal>mbox</literal>(5) (provided by the <literal>mutt</literal> "
"package)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"For European languages, \"<literal>Content-Transfer-Encoding: "
"quoted-printable</literal>\" with the ISO-8859-1 charset is usually used for "
"mail since there are not much 8 bit characters. If European text is encoded "
"in UTF-8, \"<literal>Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable</literal>\" "
"is likely to be used since it is mostly 7 bit data."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"For Japanese, traditionally \"<literal>Content-Type: text/plain; "
"charset=ISO-2022-JP</literal>\" is usually used for mail to keep text in 7 "
"bits.  But older Microsoft systems may send mail data in Shift-JIS without "
"proper declaration.  If Japanese text is encoded in UTF-8, <ulink "
"url=\"&basege;\">Base64</ulink> is likely to be used since it contains many "
"8 bit data.  The situation of other Asian languages is similar."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"If your non-Unix mail data is accessible by a non-Debian client software "
"which can talk to the IMAP4 server, you may be able to move them out by "
"running your own IMAP4 server."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"If you use other mail storage formats, moving them to mbox format is the "
"good first step.  The versatile client program such as "
"<literal>mutt</literal>(1) may be handy for this."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"You can split mailbox contents to each message using "
"<literal>procmail</literal>(1) and <literal>formail</literal>(1)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Each mail message can be unpacked using <literal>munpack</literal>(1) from "
"the <literal>mpack</literal> package (or other specialized tools) to obtain "
"the MIME encoded contents."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Graphic data tools"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Although GUI programs such as <literal>gimp</literal>(1) are very powerful, "
"command line tools such as <literal>imagemagick</literal>(1) are quite "
"useful for automating image manipulation via scripts."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The de facto image file format of the digital camera is the <ulink "
"url=\"&exchangeableimagefileformat;\">Exchangeable Image File Format</ulink> "
"(EXIF) which is the <ulink url=\"&jpeg;\">JPEG</ulink> image file format "
"with additional metadata tags.  It can hold information such as date, time, "
"and camera settings."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&thelempelzivwelcsdatacompression;\">The Lempel-Ziv-Welch (LZW) "
"lossless data compression</ulink> patent has been expired.  <ulink "
"url=\"&graphicsinterchangeformatgif;\">Graphics Interchange Format "
"(GIF)</ulink> utilities which use the LZW compression method are now freely "
"available on the Debian system."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Any digital camera or scanner with removable recording media works with "
"Linux through <ulink url=\"&usbstorage;\">USB storage</ulink> readers since "
"it follows the <ulink url=\"&designruleforcamerafilesystem;\">Design rule "
"for Camera Filesystem</ulink> and uses <ulink url=\"&fat;\">FAT</ulink> "
"filesystem. See <xref linkend=\"_removable_storage_device\"/>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Graphic data tools (metapackage)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The following metapackages are good starting points for searching graphics "
"data tools using <literal>aptitude</literal>(8).  \"<ulink "
"url=\"&packagesoverviewtoolsmaintainers;\">Packages overview for Debian "
"PhotoTools Maintainers</ulink>\" can be another starting point."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of graphics data tools (metapackage)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "svg, jpeg, …"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "metapackage for teaching graphics and pictural art."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "ttf, ps, …"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "metapackage for open font design"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Search more image tools using regex "
"\"<literal>~Gworks-with::image</literal>\" in <literal>aptitude</literal>(8) "
"(see <xref linkend=\"_search_method_options_with_aptitude\"/>)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Graphic data tools (GUI)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The following packages for the GUI graphics data conversion, editing, and "
"organization tools caught my eyes."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of graphics data tools (GUI)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "image(bitmap)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "GNU Image Manipulation Program"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "GTK-based X11 frontend for SANE (Scanner Access Now Easy)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "ps/pdf/SVG/…"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&scribus;\">Scribus</ulink> DTP editor"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "image(vector)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "LibreOffice office suite - drawing"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&svgscalablevectorgraphics;\">SVG (Scalable Vector "
"Graphics)</ulink> editor"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "diagram editor (Gtk)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Facility for Interactive Generation of figures under X11"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "image→text"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "free OCR software"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "image(Exif)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Eye of GNOME graphics viewer program"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "image viewer and browser (GNOME)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "image viewer using GTK"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "digital photo organizer (GNOME)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "image viewer (KDE)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "digital camera support for KDE applications"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "digital photo management application for KDE"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "virtual lighttable and darkroom for photographers"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "panorama photo stitcher"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "DXF, ..."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "2D CAD data editor"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "3D CAD data editor"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "blend, TIFF, VRML, …"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "3D content editor for animation etc"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "ms3d, obj, dxf, …"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "OpenGL based 3D model editor"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "font editor for PS, TrueType and OpenType fonts"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "ttf"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"program for <ulink url=\"&gridfittingandhinting;\">gridfitting and "
"hinting</ulink> TrueType fonts"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Graphic data tools (CLI)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The following packages for the CLI graphics data conversion, editing, and "
"organization tools caught my eyes."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of graphics data tools (CLI)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "image manipulation programs"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "image manipulation programs (fork of <literal>imagemagick</literal>)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "graphics conversion tools"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "heif→jpeg(bitmap)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"convert <ulink url=\"&highefficiencyimgefileformatheif;\">High Efficiency "
"Image File Format (HEIF)</ulink> to JPEG, PNG, or Y4M formats with "
"<literal>heif-convert</literal>(1) command"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "png↔ico(bitmap)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"convert <ulink url=\"&mswindowsiconsanndfrompngformats;\">MS Windows icons "
"and cursors to and from PNG formats</ulink> (<ulink "
"url=\"&faviconico;\">favicon.ico</ulink>)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "ps/pdf→image(vector)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "PostScript and PDF files to editable vector graphics converter (SVG)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Windows/image(vector)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Windows metafile (vector graphics data) conversion tools"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "fig→sxd(vector)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "convert XFig files to OpenOffice.org Draw format"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "image→image"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "post-processing tool for scanned pages for <ulink url=\"&ocr;\">OCR</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"free <ulink url=\"&ocr;\">OCR</ulink> software based on the HP's commercial "
"OCR engine"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "OCR engine data: tesseract-ocr language files for English text"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "command-line utility to show EXIF information in JPEG files"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "EXIF/IPTC metadata manipulation tool"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "transform digital camera jpeg images"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "utility to read Exif tags from a digital camera JPEG file"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "read metadata from digital pictures"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "image(Raw)→ppm"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "decode raw digital camera images"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "image→fingerprint"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "find visually similar or duplicate images"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "merge images to increase fidelity or create mosaics"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "image(Exif)→html"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "generate static HTML galleries from images"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "jpeg,png"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "universal <ulink url=\"&steganographic;\">Steganographic</ulink> tool"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "jpeg"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "optimize <ulink url=\"&jpeg;\">JPEG</ulink> files"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "png"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "optimize <ulink url=\"&png;\">PNG</ulink> files, lossless compression"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "optimize <ulink url=\"&png;\">PNG</ulink> files, lossy compression"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Miscellaneous data conversion"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"There are many other programs for converting data. Following packages caught "
"my eyes using regex \"<literal>~Guse::converting</literal>\" in "
"<literal>aptitude</literal>(8) (see <xref "
"linkend=\"_search_method_options_with_aptitude\"/>)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of miscellaneous data conversion tools"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "rpm/tgz→deb"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "converter for the foreign package into the Debian package"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "EB→EPWING"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"converter from \"Electric Book\" (popular in Japan) to a single <ulink "
"url=\"&jisxeaib;\">JIS X 4081</ulink> format (a subset of the <ulink "
"url=\"&epwing;\">EPWING</ulink> V1)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "any→EPUB"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "You can also extract data from RPM format with the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Programming"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"I provide some pointers for people to learn programming on the Debian system "
"enough to trace the packaged source code.  Here are notable packages and "
"corresponding documentation packages for programming."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Online references are available by typing \"<literal>man name</literal>\" "
"after installing <literal>manpages</literal> and "
"<literal>manpages-dev</literal> packages. Online references for the GNU "
"tools are available by typing \"<literal>info program_name</literal>\" after "
"installing the pertinent documentation packages.  You may need to include "
"the <literal>contrib</literal> and <literal>non-free</literal> archives in "
"addition to the <literal>main</literal> archive since some GFDL "
"documentations are not considered to be DFSG compliant."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Please consider to use version control system tools.  See <xref "
"linkend=\"_git\"/>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><warning><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Do not use \"<literal>test</literal>\" as the name of an executable test "
"file.  \"<literal>test</literal>\" is a shell builtin."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><caution><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"You should install software programs directly compiled from source into "
"\"<literal>/usr/local</literal>\" or \"<literal>/opt</literal>\" to avoid "
"collision with system programs."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&codeexamplesofcrgjjbottlesofbeer;\">Code examples of creating "
"\"Song 99 Bottles of Beer\"</ulink> should give you good ideas of "
"practically all the programming languages."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The shell script"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The <ulink url=\"&shellscript;\">shell script</ulink> is a text file with "
"the execution bit set and contains the commands in the following format."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The first line specifies the shell interpreter which read and execute this "
"file contents."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Reading shell scripts is the <emphasis role=\"strong\">best</emphasis> way "
"to understand how a Unix-like system works.  Here, I give some pointers and "
"reminders for shell programming. See \"Shell Mistakes\" (<ulink "
"url=\"&httpswwwgreenendkcaabaeshellhtml;\">https://www.greenend.org.uk/rjk/2001/04/shell.html</ulink>) "
"to learn from mistakes."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Unlike shell interactive mode (see <xref "
"linkend=\"_the_simple_shell_command\"/> and <xref "
"linkend=\"_unix_like_text_processing\"/>), shell scripts frequently use "
"parameters, conditionals, and loops."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "POSIX shell compatibility"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Many system scripts may be interpreted by any one of <ulink "
"url=\"&posix;\">POSIX</ulink> shells (see <xref "
"linkend=\"list-of-shell-programs\"/>)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The default non-interactive POSIX shell \"<literal>/usr/bin/sh</literal>\" "
"is a symlink pointing to <literal>/usr/bin/dash</literal> and used by many "
"system programs."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The default interactive POSIX shell is <literal>/usr/bin/bash</literal>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Avoid writing a shell script with <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">bashisms</emphasis> or <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">zshisms</emphasis> to make it portable among all POSIX "
"shells.  You can check it using <literal>checkbashisms</literal>(1)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of typical bashisms"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Good: POSIX"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Avoid: bashism"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>if [ \"$foo\" = \"$bar\" ] ; then …</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>if [ \"$foo\" == \"$bar\" ] ; then …</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>diff -u file.c.orig file.c</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>diff -u file.c{.orig,}</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>mkdir /foobar /foobaz</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>mkdir /foo{bar,baz}</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>funcname() { … }</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>function funcname() { … }</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "octal format: \"<literal>\\377</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "hexadecimal format: \"<literal>\\xff</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The \"<literal>echo</literal>\" command must be used with following cares "
"since its implementation differs among shell builtin and external commands."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Avoid using any command options except \"<literal>-n</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Avoid using escape sequences in the string since their handling varies."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Although \"<literal>-n</literal>\" option is <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">not</emphasis> really POSIX syntax, it is generally "
"accepted."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Use the \"<literal>printf</literal>\" command instead of the "
"\"<literal>echo</literal>\" command if you need to embed escape sequences in "
"the output string."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Shell parameters"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Special shell parameters are frequently used in the shell script."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of shell parameters"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "shell parameter"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>$0</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "name of the shell or shell script"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>$1</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "first (1st) shell argument"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>$9</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "ninth (9th) shell argument"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>$#</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "number of positional parameters"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>\"$*\"</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>\"$1 $2 $3 $4 … \"</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>\"$@\"</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>\"$1\" \"$2\" \"$3\" \"$4\" …</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>$?</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "exit status of the most recent command"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>$$</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "PID of this shell script"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>$!</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "PID of most recently started background job"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Basic <emphasis role=\"strong\">parameter expansions</emphasis> to remember "
"are as follows."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of shell parameter expansions"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "parameter expression form"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "value if <literal>var</literal> is set"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "value if <literal>var</literal> is not set"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>${var:-string}</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"<literal>$var</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"<literal>string</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>${var:+string}</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"<literal>null</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>${var:=string}</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"<literal>string</literal>\" (and run \"<literal>var=string</literal>\")"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>${var:?string}</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"echo \"<literal>string</literal>\" to <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">stderr</emphasis> (and exit with error)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Here, the colon \"<literal>:</literal>\" in all of these operators is "
"actually optional."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">with</emphasis> \"<literal>:</literal>\" = "
"operator test for <emphasis role=\"strong\">exist</emphasis> and <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">not null</emphasis>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">without</emphasis> \"<literal>:</literal>\" = "
"operator test for <emphasis role=\"strong\">exist</emphasis> only"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of key shell parameter substitutions"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "parameter substitution form"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "result"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>${var%suffix}</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "remove smallest suffix pattern"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>${var%%suffix}</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "remove largest suffix pattern"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>${var#prefix}</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "remove smallest prefix pattern"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>${var##prefix}</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "remove largest prefix pattern"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Shell conditionals"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Each command returns an <emphasis role=\"strong\">exit status</emphasis> "
"which can be used for conditional expressions."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Success: 0 (\"True\")"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Error: non 0 (\"False\")"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"\"0\" in the shell conditional context means \"True\", while \"0\" in the C "
"conditional context means \"False\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"\"<literal>[</literal>\" is the equivalent of the <literal>test</literal> "
"command, which evaluates its arguments up to \"<literal>]</literal>\" as a "
"conditional expression."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Basic <emphasis role=\"strong\">conditional idioms</emphasis> to remember "
"are the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"\"<literal><emphasis>command</emphasis> &amp;&amp; "
"<emphasis>if_success_run_this_command_too</emphasis> || true</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"\"<literal><emphasis>command</emphasis> || "
"<emphasis>if_not_success_run_this_command_too</emphasis> || true</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "A multi-line script snippet as the following"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Here trailing \"<literal>|| true</literal>\" was needed to ensure this shell "
"script does not exit at this line accidentally when shell is invoked with "
"\"<literal>-e</literal>\" flag."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of file comparison operators in the conditional expression"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "equation"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "condition to return logical true"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>-e <emphasis>file</emphasis></literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<emphasis>file</emphasis> exists"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>-d <emphasis>file</emphasis></literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<emphasis>file</emphasis> exists and is a directory"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>-f <emphasis>file</emphasis></literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<emphasis>file</emphasis> exists and is a regular file"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>-w <emphasis>file</emphasis></literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<emphasis>file</emphasis> exists and is writable"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>-x <emphasis>file</emphasis></literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<emphasis>file</emphasis> exists and is executable"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal><emphasis>file1</emphasis> -nt <emphasis>file2</emphasis></literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<emphasis>file1</emphasis> is newer than <emphasis>file2</emphasis> "
"(modification)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal><emphasis>file1</emphasis> -ot <emphasis>file2</emphasis></literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<emphasis>file1</emphasis> is older than <emphasis>file2</emphasis> "
"(modification)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal><emphasis>file1</emphasis> -ef <emphasis>file2</emphasis></literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<emphasis>file1</emphasis> and <emphasis>file2</emphasis> are on the same "
"device and the same inode number"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of string comparison operators in the conditional expression"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>-z <emphasis>str</emphasis></literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "the length of <emphasis>str</emphasis> is zero"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>-n <emphasis>str</emphasis></literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "the length of <emphasis>str</emphasis> is non-zero"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal><emphasis>str1</emphasis> = <emphasis>str2</emphasis></literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<emphasis>str1</emphasis> and <emphasis>str2</emphasis> are equal"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal><emphasis>str1</emphasis> != <emphasis>str2</emphasis></literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<emphasis>str1</emphasis> and <emphasis>str2</emphasis> are not equal"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal><emphasis>str1</emphasis> &lt; <emphasis>str2</emphasis></literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<emphasis>str1</emphasis> sorts before <emphasis>str2</emphasis> (locale "
"dependent)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal><emphasis>str1</emphasis> &gt; <emphasis>str2</emphasis></literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<emphasis>str1</emphasis> sorts after <emphasis>str2</emphasis> (locale "
"dependent)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Arithmetic</emphasis> integer comparison operators "
"in the conditional expression are \"<literal>-eq</literal>\", "
"\"<literal>-ne</literal>\", \"<literal>-lt</literal>\", "
"\"<literal>-le</literal>\", \"<literal>-gt</literal>\", and "
"\"<literal>-ge</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Shell loops"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "There are several loop idioms to use in POSIX shell."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"\"<literal>for x in foo1 foo2 … ; do command ; done</literal>\" loops by "
"assigning items from the list \"<literal>foo1 foo2 …</literal>\" to variable "
"\"<literal>x</literal>\" and executing \"<literal>command</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"\"<literal>while condition ; do command ; done</literal>\" repeats "
"\"<literal>command</literal>\" while \"<literal>condition</literal>\" is "
"true."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"\"<literal>until condition ; do command ; done</literal>\" repeats "
"\"<literal>command</literal>\" while \"<literal>condition</literal>\" is not "
"true."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"<literal>break</literal>\" enables to exit from the loop."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"\"<literal>continue</literal>\" enables to resume the next iteration of the "
"loop."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The <ulink url=\"&c;\">C</ulink>-language like numeric iteration can be "
"realized by using <literal>seq</literal>(1) as the \"<literal>foo1 foo2 "
"…</literal>\" generator."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "See <xref linkend=\"_repeating_a_command_looping_over_files\"/>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Shell environment variables"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Some popular environment variables for the normal shell command prompt may "
"not be available under the execution environment of your script."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "For \"<literal>$USER</literal>\", use \"<literal>$(id -un)</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "For \"<literal>$UID</literal>\", use \"<literal>$(id -u)</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"For \"<literal>$HOME</literal>\", use \"<literal>$(getent passwd \"$(id "
"-u)\"|cut -d \":\" -f 6)</literal>\" (this works also on <xref "
"linkend=\"_the_modern_centralized_system_management\"/>)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The shell command-line processing sequence"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The shell processes a script roughly as the following sequence."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The shell reads a line."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The shell groups a part of the line as <emphasis role=\"strong\">one "
"token</emphasis> if it is within <literal>\"…\"</literal> or "
"<literal>'…'</literal>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The shell splits other part of a line into <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">tokens</emphasis> by the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Whitespaces: <literal><emphasis>space</emphasis> <emphasis>tab</emphasis> "
"<emphasis>newline</emphasis></literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Metacharacters: <literal>&lt; &gt; | ; &amp; ( )</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The shell checks the <emphasis role=\"strong\">reserved word</emphasis> for "
"each token to adjust its behavior if not within <literal>\"…\"</literal> or "
"<literal>'…'</literal>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">reserved word</emphasis>: <literal>if then elif "
"else fi for in while unless do done case esac</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The shell expands <emphasis role=\"strong\">alias</emphasis> if not within "
"<literal>\"…\"</literal> or <literal>'…'</literal>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The shell expands <emphasis role=\"strong\">tilde</emphasis> if not within "
"<literal>\"…\"</literal> or <literal>'…'</literal>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"<literal>~</literal>\" → current user's home directory"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"\"<literal>~<emphasis>user</emphasis></literal>\" → "
"<literal><emphasis>user</emphasis></literal>'s home directory"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The shell expands <emphasis role=\"strong\">parameter</emphasis> to its "
"value if not within <literal>'…'</literal>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">parameter</emphasis>: "
"\"<literal>$PARAMETER</literal>\" or \"<literal>${PARAMETER}</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The shell expands <emphasis role=\"strong\">command substitution</emphasis> "
"if not within <literal>'…'</literal>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"\"<literal>$( command )</literal>\" → the output of "
"\"<literal>command</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"\"<literal>` command `</literal>\" → the output of "
"\"<literal>command</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The shell expands <emphasis role=\"strong\">pathname glob</emphasis> to "
"matching file names if not within <literal>\"…\"</literal> or "
"<literal>'…'</literal>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>*</literal> → any characters"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>?</literal> → one character"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>[…]</literal> → any one of the characters in "
"\"<literal>…</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The shell looks up <emphasis role=\"strong\">command</emphasis> from the "
"following and execute it."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">function</emphasis> definition"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">builtin</emphasis> command"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">executable file</emphasis> in "
"\"<literal>$PATH</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The shell goes to the next line and repeats this process again from the top "
"of this sequence."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Single quotes within double quotes have no effect."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Executing \"<literal>set -x</literal>\" in the shell or invoking the shell "
"with \"<literal>-x</literal>\" option make the shell to print all of "
"commands executed.  This is quite handy for debugging."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Utility programs for shell script"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"In order to make your shell program as portable as possible across Debian "
"systems, it is a good idea to limit utility programs to ones provided by "
"<emphasis role=\"strong\">essential</emphasis> packages."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"\"<literal>aptitude search ~E</literal>\" lists <emphasis "
"role=\"strong\">essential</emphasis> packages."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"\"<literal>dpkg -L <emphasis>package_name</emphasis> |grep "
"'/man/man.*/'</literal>\" lists manpages for commands offered by "
"<literal><emphasis>package_name</emphasis></literal> package."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of packages containing small utility programs for shell scripts"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "small and fast POSIX-compliant shell for <literal>sh</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "GNU core utilities"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"GNU <literal>grep</literal>, <literal>egrep</literal> and "
"<literal>fgrep</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "GNU <literal>sed</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "small and fast <literal>awk</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "miscellaneous utilities specific to Debian"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "basic utilities from 4.4BSD-Lite"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "extra utilities from 4.4BSD-Lite"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "additional Unix utilities"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Although <literal>moreutils</literal> may not exist outside of Debian, it "
"offers interesting small programs.  Most notable one is "
"<literal>sponge</literal>(8) which is quite useful when you wish to "
"overwrite original file."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "See <xref linkend=\"_unix_like_text_processing\"/> for examples."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Scripting in interpreted languages"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of interpreter related packages"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "documentation"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&sh;\">sh</ulink>: small and fast POSIX-compliant shell for "
"<literal>sh</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&sh;\">sh</ulink>: \"<literal>info bash</literal>\" provided by "
"<literal>bash-doc</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&awk;\">AWK</ulink>: small and fast <literal>awk</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&awk;\">AWK</ulink>: \"<literal>info gawk</literal>\" provided "
"by <literal>gawk-doc</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&perl;\">Perl</ulink>: <literal>perl</literal>(1) and html "
"pages provided by <literal>perl-doc</literal> and "
"<literal>perl-doc-html</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Perl extension for the GNU ReadLine/History Library: "
"<literal>perlsh</literal>(1)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "REPL for Perl: <literal>reply</literal>(1)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "REPL for Perl: <literal>re.pl</literal>(1)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&python;\">Python</ulink>: <literal>python3</literal>(1) and "
"html pages provided by <literal>python3-doc</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&tcl;\">Tcl</ulink>: <literal>tcl</literal>(3) and detail "
"manual pages provided by <literal>tcl-doc</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&tk;\">Tk</ulink>: <literal>tk</literal>(3) and detail manual "
"pages provided by <literal>tk-doc</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&ruby;\">Ruby</ulink>: <literal>ruby</literal>(1), "
"<literal>erb</literal>(1), <literal>irb</literal>(1), "
"<literal>rdoc</literal>(1), <literal>ri</literal>(1)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"When you wish to automate a task on Debian, you should script it with an "
"interpreted language first.  The guide line for the choice of the "
"interpreted language is:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Use <literal>dash</literal>, if the task is a simple one which combines CLI "
"programs with a shell program."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Use <literal>python3</literal>, if the task isn't a simple one and you are "
"writing it from scratch."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Use <literal>perl</literal>, <literal>tcl</literal>, "
"<literal>ruby</literal>, ... if there is an existing code using one of these "
"languages on Debian which needs to be touched up to do the task."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"If the resulting code is too slow, you can rewrite only the critical portion "
"for the execution speed in a compiled language and call it from the "
"interpreted language."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Debugging interpreted language codes"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Most interpreters offer basic syntax check and code tracing functionalities."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"“<emphasis role=\"strong\">dash -n</emphasis> "
"<emphasis>script.sh</emphasis>” - Syntax check of a Shell script"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"“<emphasis role=\"strong\">dash -x</emphasis> "
"<emphasis>script.sh</emphasis>” - Trace a Shell script"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"“<emphasis role=\"strong\">python -m py_compile</emphasis> "
"<emphasis>script.py</emphasis>” - Syntax check of a Python script"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"“<emphasis role=\"strong\">python -mtrace --trace</emphasis> "
"<emphasis>script.py</emphasis>” - Trace a Python script"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"“<emphasis role=\"strong\">perl -I ../libpath -c</emphasis> "
"<emphasis>script.pl</emphasis>” - Syntax check of a Perl script"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"“<emphasis role=\"strong\">perl -d:Trace</emphasis> "
"<emphasis>script.pl</emphasis>” - Trace a Perl script"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"For testing code for <literal>dash</literal>, try <xref "
"linkend=\"_readline_wrapper\"/> which accommodates "
"<literal>bash</literal>-like interactive environment."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"For testing code for <literal>perl</literal>, try REPL environment for Perl "
"which accommodates <ulink url=\"&python;\">Python</ulink>-like <ulink "
"url=\"&replreadevalprintloop;\">REPL (=READ + EVAL + PRINT + LOOP)</ulink> "
"environment for <ulink url=\"&perl;\">Perl</ulink>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "GUI program with the shell script"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The shell script can be improved to create an attractive GUI program.  The "
"trick is to use one of so-called dialog programs instead of dull interaction "
"using <literal>echo</literal> and <literal>read</literal> commands."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of dialog programs"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>xmessage</literal>(1): display a message or query in a window (X)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "displays user-friendly dialog boxes from shell scripts (newt)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "displays user-friendly dialog boxes from shell scripts (ncurses)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "display graphical dialog boxes from shell scripts (GTK)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Shell Scripts Frontend Tool (wrapper for zenity, kdialog, and dialog with "
"gettext)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"<literal>/usr/bin/gettext.sh</literal>\": translate message"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Here is an example of GUI program to demonstrate how easy it is just with a "
"shell script."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"This script uses <literal>zenity</literal> to select a file (default "
"<literal>/etc/motd</literal>) and display it."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"GUI launcher for this script can be created following <xref "
"linkend=\"_starting_a_program_from_gui\"/>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"This kind of approach to GUI program with the shell script is useful only "
"for simple choice cases.  If you are to write any program with complexities, "
"please consider writing it on more capable platform."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Custom actions for GUI filer"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"GUI filer programs can be extended to perform some popular actions on "
"selected files using additional extension packages.  They can also made to "
"perform very specific custom actions by adding your specific scripts."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"For GNOME, see <ulink "
"url=\"&nautilusscriptshowto;\">NautilusScriptsHowto</ulink>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"For KDE, see <ulink url=\"&creatingdolphinservicemenus;\">Creating Dolphin "
"Service Menus</ulink>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"For Xfce, see <ulink url=\"&thunarcustomactions;\">Thunar - Custom "
"Actions</ulink> and <ulink "
"url=\"&httpshelpubuntucnarcustomactions;\">https://help.ubuntu.com/community/ThunarCustomActions</ulink>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "For LXDE, see <ulink url=\"&customactions;\">Custom Actions</ulink>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Perl short script madness"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"In order to process data, <literal>sh</literal> needs to spawn sub-process "
"running <literal>cut</literal>, <literal>grep</literal>, "
"<literal>sed</literal>, etc., and is slow.  On the other hand, "
"<literal>perl</literal> has internal capabilities to process data, and is "
"fast.  So many system maintenance scripts on Debian use "
"<literal>perl</literal>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Let's think following one-liner AWK script snippet and its equivalents in "
"Perl."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "This is equivalent to any one of the following lines."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The last one is a riddle.  It took advantage of following Perl features."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The whitespace is optional."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The automatic conversion exists from number to the string."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Perl execution tricks via command line options: "
"<literal>perlrun</literal>(1)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Perl special variables: <literal>perlvar</literal>(1)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"This flexibility is the strength of Perl.  At the same time, this allows us "
"to create cryptic and tangled codes.  So be careful."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Coding in compiled languages"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of compiler related packages"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "GNU C compiler"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "GNU C Library: Development Libraries and Header Files"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "GNU C++ compiler"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "GNU Standard C++ Library v3 (development files)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "GNU C preprocessor"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "GNU Internationalization utilities"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "GTK User Interface Builder"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "C# like language for the GObject system"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&lex;\">LEX</ulink>-compatible <ulink "
"url=\"&fastlexicalanalyzergenerator;\">fast lexical analyzer "
"generator</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&yacc;\">YACC</ulink>-compatible <ulink "
"url=\"&parsergenerator;\">parser generator</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"fetch \"<ulink url=\"&thesingleunixspecificationsvc;\">The Single UNIX "
"Specifications v2</ulink>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"fetch \"<ulink url=\"&thesingleunixspecificationsvd;\">The Single UNIX "
"Specifications v3</ulink>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"fetch \"<ulink url=\"&thesingleunixspecificationsve;\">The Single UNIX "
"Specifications v4</ulink>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Go programming language compiler"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Rust systems programming language"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "GNU Fortran 95 compiler"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Free Pascal"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Here, <xref linkend=\"_flex_a_better_lex\"/> and <xref "
"linkend=\"_bison_a_better_yacc\"/> are included to indicate how "
"compiler-like program can be written in C language by compiling higher level "
"description into C language."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"You can set up proper environment to compile programs written in the <ulink "
"url=\"&cprogramminglanguage;\">C programming language</ulink> by the "
"following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The <literal>libc6-dev</literal> package, i.e., GNU C Library, provides "
"<ulink url=\"&cstandardlibrary;\">C standard library</ulink> which is "
"collection of header files and library routines used by the C programming "
"language."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "See references for C as the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"<literal>info libc</literal>\" (C library function reference)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>gcc</literal>(1) and \"<literal>info gcc</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>each_C_library_function_name</literal>(3)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Kernighan &amp; Ritchie, \"The C Programming Language\", 2nd edition "
"(Prentice Hall)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Simple C program (gcc)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"A simple example \"<literal>example.c</literal>\" can compiled with a "
"library \"<literal>libm</literal>\" into an executable "
"\"<literal>run_example</literal>\" by the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Here, \"<literal>-lm</literal>\" is needed to link library "
"\"<literal>/usr/lib/libm.so</literal>\" from the <literal>libc6</literal> "
"package for <literal>sqrt</literal>(3).  The actual library is in "
"\"<literal>/lib/</literal>\" with filename \"<literal>libm.so.6</literal>\", "
"which is a symlink to \"<literal>libm-2.7.so</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Look at the last parameter in the output text.  There are more than 10 "
"characters even though \"<literal>%10s</literal>\" is specified."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The use of pointer memory operation functions without boundary checks, such "
"as <literal>sprintf</literal>(3) and <literal>strcpy</literal>(3), is "
"deprecated to prevent buffer overflow exploits that leverage the above "
"overrun effects.  Instead, use <literal>snprintf</literal>(3) and "
"<literal>strncpy</literal>(3)."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Flex — a better Lex"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&flex;\">Flex</ulink> is a <ulink "
"url=\"&lex;\">Lex</ulink>-compatible fast <ulink "
"url=\"&lexicalanalyzer;\">lexical analyzer</ulink> generator."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Tutorial for <literal>flex</literal>(1) can be found in \"<literal>info "
"flex</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Some <ulink url=\"&tweaks;\">tweaks</ulink> may be required to get them work "
"under the current system."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Many simple examples can be found under "
"\"<literal>/usr/share/doc/flex/examples/</literal>\".  <placeholder "
"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Bison — a better Yacc"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Several packages provide a <ulink url=\"&yacc;\">Yacc</ulink>-compatible "
"lookahead <ulink url=\"&lrparser;\">LR parser</ulink> or <ulink "
"url=\"&lalrparser;\">LALR parser</ulink> generator in Debian."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of Yacc-compatible LALR parser generators"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<ulink url=\"&gnulalrparsergenerator;\">GNU LALR parser generator</ulink>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Berkeley LALR parser generator"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "backtracking parser generator based on <literal>byacc</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Tutorial for <literal>bison</literal>(1) can be found in \"<literal>info "
"bison</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"You need to provide your own \"<literal>main()</literal>\" and "
"\"<literal>yyerror()</literal>\".  \"<literal>main()</literal>\" calls "
"\"<literal>yyparse()</literal>\" which calls \"<literal>yylex()</literal>\", "
"usually created with Flex."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Here is an example to create a simple terminal calculator program."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Let's create <literal>example.y</literal>:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Let's create, <literal>example.l</literal>:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Then execute as follows from the shell prompt to try this:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Static code analysis tools"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&lint;\">Lint</ulink> like tools can help automatic <ulink "
"url=\"&staticcodeanalysis;\">static code analysis</ulink>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&indent;\">Indent</ulink> like tools can help human code "
"reviews by reformatting source codes consistently."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&ctags;\">Ctags</ulink> like tools can help human code reviews "
"by generating an index (or tag) file of names found in source codes."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Configuring your favorite editor (<literal>emacs</literal> or "
"<literal>vim</literal>) to use asynchronous lint engine plugins helps your "
"code writing.  These plugins are getting very powerful by taking advantage "
"of <ulink url=\"&languageserverprotocol;\">Language Server "
"Protocol</ulink>.  Since they are moving fast, using their upstream code "
"instead of Debian package may be a good option."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of tools for static code analysis"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Asynchronous Lint Engine for Vim 8 and NeoVim"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Syntax checking hacks for vim"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "modern on-the-fly syntax checking for Emacs"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Emacs Lisp regexp mistake finder"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "tool for static C/C++ code analysis (GUI)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "lint tool for shell scripts"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "passive checker of Python 3 programs"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Python code static checker"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"interpreter with internal static code checker: "
"<literal>B::Lint</literal>(3perl)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Ruby static code analyzer"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "clang-based C++ linter tool"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "tool for statically checking C programs for bugs"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "tool to examine C/C++ source code and looks for security weaknesses"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "uncompromising Python code formatter"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Perl script indenter and reformatter"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "C language source code formatting program"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Source code indenter for C, C++, Objective-C, C#, and Java"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "C(++) beautifier"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "XML stream reformatter"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Source code search and browse tools"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "build tag file indexes of source code definitions"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Debug"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Debug is important part of programming activities.  Knowing how to debug "
"programs makes you a good Debian user who can produce meaningful bug "
"reports."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of debug packages"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"<literal>info gdb</literal>\" provided by <literal>gdb-doc</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"<literal>info ddd</literal>\" provided by <literal>ddd-doc</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Basic gdb execution"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Primary <ulink url=\"&debugger;\">debugger</ulink> on Debian is "
"<literal>gdb</literal>(1) which enables you to inspect a program while it "
"executes."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Let's install <literal>gdb</literal> and related programs by the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Good tutorial of <literal>gdb</literal> can be found:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "“<literal>info gdb</literal>”"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"“Debugging with GDB” in "
"<literal>/usr/share/doc/gdb-doc/html/gdb/index.html</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "“<ulink url=\"&tutorialontheweb;\">tutorial on the web</ulink>”"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Here is a simple example of using <literal>gdb</literal>(1) on a "
"\"<literal>program</literal>\" compiled with the \"<literal>-g</literal>\" "
"option to produce debugging information."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Many <literal>gdb</literal>(1) commands can be abbreviated.  Tab expansion "
"works as in the shell."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Debugging the Debian package"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Since all installed binaries should be stripped on the Debian system by "
"default, most debugging symbols are removed in the normal package.  In order "
"to debug Debian packages with <literal>gdb</literal>(1), "
"<literal>*-dbgsym</literal> packages need to be installed "
"(e.g. <literal>coreutils-dbgsym</literal> in the case of "
"<literal>coreutils</literal>).  The source packages generate "
"<literal>*-dbgsym</literal> packages automatically along with normal binary "
"packages and those debug packages are placed separately in <ulink "
"url=\"&debiandebug;\">debian-debug</ulink> archive. Please refer to <ulink "
"url=\"&articlesondebianwiki;\">articles on Debian Wiki</ulink> for more "
"information."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"If a package to be debugged does not provide its <literal>*-dbgsym</literal> "
"package, you need to install it after rebuilding it by the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Fix bugs if needed."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Bump package version to one which does not collide with official Debian "
"versions, e.g. one appended with \"<literal>+debug1</literal>\" when "
"recompiling existing package version, or one appended with "
"\"<literal>~pre1</literal>\" when compiling unreleased package version by "
"the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Compile and install packages with debug symbols by the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"You need to check build scripts of the package and ensure to use "
"\"<literal>CFLAGS=-g -Wall</literal>\" for compiling binaries."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Obtaining backtrace"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"When you encounter program crash, reporting bug report with cut-and-pasted "
"backtrace information is a good idea."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The backtrace can be obtained by <literal>gdb</literal>(1) using one of the "
"following approaches:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Crash-in-GDB approach:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Run the program from GDB."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Crash the program."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Type \"<literal>bt</literal>\" at the GDB prompt."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Crash-first approach:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Update the “<emphasis role=\"strong\">/etc/security/limits.conf</emphasis>” "
"file to include the following:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Type \"<literal>ulimit -c unlimited</literal>\" to the shell prompt."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Run the program from this shell prompt."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Crash the program to produce a <ulink url=\"&coredump;\">core dump</ulink> "
"file."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Load the <ulink url=\"&coredump;\">core dump</ulink> file to GDB as "
"\"<literal>gdb gdb ./program_binary core</literal>\" ."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"For infinite loop or frozen keyboard situation, you can force to crash the "
"program by pressing <literal>Ctrl-\\</literal> or <literal>Ctrl-C</literal> "
"or executing “<literal>kill -ABRT <emphasis>PID</emphasis></literal>”.  (See "
"<xref linkend=\"_killing_a_process\"/>)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Often, you see a backtrace where one or more of the top lines are in "
"\"<literal>malloc()</literal>\" or \"<literal>g_malloc()</literal>\". When "
"this happens, chances are your backtrace isn't very useful. The easiest way "
"to find some useful information is to set the environment variable "
"\"<literal>$MALLOC_CHECK_</literal>\" to a value of 2 "
"(<literal>malloc</literal>(3)). You can do this while running "
"<literal>gdb</literal> by doing the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Advanced gdb commands"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of advanced gdb commands"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "description for command objectives"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>(gdb) thread apply all bt</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "get a backtrace for all threads for multi-threaded program"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>(gdb) bt full</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "get parameters came on the stack of function calls"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>(gdb) thread apply all bt full</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "get a backtrace and parameters as the combination of the preceding options"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>(gdb) thread apply all bt full 10</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "get a backtrace and parameters for top 10 calls to cut off irrelevant output"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>(gdb) set logging on</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"write log of <literal>gdb</literal> output to a file (the default is "
"\"<literal>gdb.txt</literal>\")"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Check dependency on libraries"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Use <literal>ldd</literal>(1) to find out a program's dependency on "
"libraries by the followings."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"For <literal>ls</literal>(1) to work in a `chroot`ed environment, the above "
"libraries must be available in your `chroot`ed environment."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "See <xref linkend=\"_tracing_program_activities\"/>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Dynamic call tracing tools"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"There are several dynamic call tracing tools available in Debian.  See <xref "
"linkend=\"_monitoring_controlling_and_starting_program_activities\"/>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Debugging X Errors"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"If a GNOME program <literal>preview1</literal> has received an X error, you "
"should see a message as follows."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"If this is the case, you can try running the program with "
"\"<literal>--sync</literal>\", and break on the "
"\"<literal>gdk_x_error</literal>\" function in order to obtain a backtrace."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Memory leak detection tools"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "There are several memory leak detection tools available in Debian."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of memory leak detection tools"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>mtrace</literal>(1): malloc debugging functionality in glibc"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "memory debugger and profiler"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>malloc</literal>(3) debugger"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "debug memory allocation library"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "library to detect buffer overruns and under-runs in C and C++ programs"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "memory-leak tracer for C++ programs"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Disassemble binary"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"You can disassemble binary code with <literal>objdump</literal>(1) by the "
"following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>gdb</literal>(1) may be used to disassemble code interactively."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Build tools"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of build tool packages"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"<literal>info make</literal>\" provided by <literal>make-doc</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"\"<literal>info autoconf</literal>\" provided by "
"<literal>autoconf-doc</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"\"<literal>info automake</literal>\" provided by "
"<literal>automake1.10-doc</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"\"<literal>info libtool</literal>\" provided by "
"<literal>libtool-doc</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>cmake</literal>(1) cross-platform, open-source make system"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>ninja</literal>(1) small build system closest in spirit to Make"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>meson</literal>(1) high productivity build system on top of "
"<literal>ninja</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>imake</literal>(1), <literal>xmkmf</literal>(1), etc."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Make"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&make;\">Make</ulink> is a utility to maintain groups of "
"programs. Upon execution of <literal>make</literal>(1), "
"<literal>make</literal> read the rule file, \"<literal>Makefile</literal>\", "
"and updates a target if it depends on prerequisite files that have been "
"modified since the target was last modified, or if the target does not "
"exist.  The execution of these updates may occur concurrently."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The rule file syntax is the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Here \"<literal>[TAB]</literal>\" is a TAB code.  Each line is interpreted "
"by the shell after make variable substitution.  Use "
"\"<literal>\\</literal>\" at the end of a line to continue the script.  Use "
"\"<literal>$$</literal>\" to enter \"<literal>$</literal>\" for environment "
"values for a shell script."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Implicit rules for the target and prerequisites can be written, for example, "
"by the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Here, the target contains the character \"<literal>%</literal>\" (exactly "
"one of them). The \"<literal>%</literal>\" can match any nonempty substring "
"in the actual target filenames. The prerequisites likewise use "
"\"<literal>%</literal>\" to show how their names relate to the actual target "
"name."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of make automatic variables"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "automatic variable"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>$@</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>$&lt;</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "first prerequisite"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "all newer prerequisites"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>$^</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "all prerequisites"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>$*</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"<literal>%</literal>\" matched stem in the target pattern"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of make variable expansions"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "variable expansion"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>foo1 := bar</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "one-time expansion"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>foo2 = bar</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "recursive expansion"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>foo3 += bar</literal>"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "append"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Run \"<literal>make -p -f/dev/null</literal>\" to see automatic internal "
"rules."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Autotools"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&autotools;\">Autotools</ulink> is a suite of programming tools "
"designed to assist in making source code packages portable to many <ulink "
"url=\"&unixlike;\">Unix-like</ulink> systems."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&autoconf;\">Autoconf</ulink> is a tool to produce a shell "
"script \"<literal>configure</literal>\" from "
"\"<literal>configure.ac</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"\"<literal>configure</literal>\" is used later to produce "
"\"<literal>Makefile</literal>\" from \"<literal>Makefile.in</literal>\" "
"template."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&automake;\">Automake</ulink> is a tool to produce "
"\"<literal>Makefile.in</literal>\" from \"<literal>Makefile.am</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&libtool;\">Libtool</ulink> is a shell script to address the "
"software portability problem when compiling shared libraries from source "
"code."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Compile and install a program"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><warning><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Do not overwrite system files with your compiled programs when installing "
"them."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Debian does not touch files in \"<literal>/usr/local/</literal>\" or "
"\"<literal>/opt</literal>\".  So if you compile a program from source, "
"install it into \"<literal>/usr/local/</literal>\" so it does not interfere "
"with Debian."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Uninstall program"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"If you have the original source and if it uses "
"<literal>autoconf</literal>(1)/<literal>automake</literal>(1) and if you can "
"remember how you configured it, execute as follows to uninstall the program."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Alternatively, if you are absolutely sure that the install process puts "
"files only under \"<literal>/usr/local/</literal>\" and there is nothing "
"important there, you can erase all its contents by the following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"If you are not sure where files are installed, you should consider using "
"<literal>checkinstall</literal>(8) from the <literal>checkinstall</literal> "
"package, which provides a clean path for the uninstall.  It now supports to "
"create a Debian package with \"<literal>-D</literal>\" option."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Meson"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The software build system has been evolving:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&autotools;\">Autotools</ulink> on the top of <ulink "
"url=\"&make;\">Make</ulink> has been the de facto standard for the portable "
"build infrastructure since 1990s.  This is extremely slow."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&cmake;\">CMake</ulink> initially released in 2000 improved "
"speed significantly but was originally built on the top of inherently slow "
"<ulink url=\"&make;\">Make</ulink>.  (Now <ulink "
"url=\"&ninja;\">Ninja</ulink> can be its backend.)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&ninja;\">Ninja</ulink> initially released in 2012 is meant to "
"replace Make for the further improved build speed and is designed to have "
"its input files generated by a higher-level build system."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&meson;\">Meson</ulink> initially released in 2013 is the new "
"popular and fast higher-level build system which uses <ulink "
"url=\"&ninja;\">Ninja</ulink> as its backend."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"See documents found at \"<ulink url=\"&themesonbuildsystem;\">The Meson "
"Build system</ulink>\" and \"<ulink url=\"&theninjabuildsystem;\">The Ninja "
"build system</ulink>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Web"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Basic interactive dynamic web pages can be made as follows."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Queries are presented to the browser user using <ulink "
"url=\"&html;\">HTML</ulink> forms."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Filling and clicking on the form entries sends one of the following <ulink "
"url=\"&url;\">URL</ulink> string with encoded parameters from the browser to "
"the web server."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"<literal>https://www.foo.dom/cgi-bin/program.pl?VAR1=VAL1&amp;VAR2=VAL2&amp;VAR3=VAL3</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"<literal>https://www.foo.dom/cgi-bin/program.py?VAR1=VAL1&amp;VAR2=VAL2&amp;VAR3=VAL3</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"<literal>https://www.foo.dom/program.php?VAR1=VAL1&amp;VAR2=VAL2&amp;VAR3=VAL3</literal>\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"\"<literal>%nn</literal>\" in URL is replaced with a character with "
"hexadecimal <literal>nn</literal> value."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The environment variable is set as: \"<literal>QUERY_STRING=\"VAR1=VAL1 "
"VAR2=VAL2 VAR3=VAL3\"</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&cgi;\">CGI</ulink> program (any one of "
"\"<literal>program.*</literal>\") on the web server executes itself with the "
"environment variable \"<literal>$QUERY_STRING</literal>\"."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<literal>stdout</literal> of CGI program is sent to the web browser and is "
"presented as an interactive dynamic web page."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"For security reasons it is better not to hand craft new hacks for parsing "
"CGI parameters.  There are established modules for them in Perl and Python.  "
"<ulink url=\"&php;\">PHP</ulink> comes with these functionalities.  When "
"client data storage is needed, <ulink url=\"&httpcookies;\">HTTP "
"cookies</ulink> are used.  When client side data processing is needed, "
"<ulink url=\"&javascript;\">Javascript</ulink> is frequently used."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"For more, see the <ulink url=\"&commongatewayinterface;\">Common Gateway "
"Interface</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&theapachesoftwarefoundation;\">The Apache "
"Software Foundation</ulink>, and <ulink "
"url=\"&javascript;\">JavaScript</ulink>."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Searching \"CGI tutorial\" on Google by typing encoded URL <ulink "
"url=\"&httpswwwgooglecoutfiqcgitutorial;\">https://www.google.com/search?hl=en&amp;ie=UTF-8&amp;q=CGI+tutorial</ulink> "
"directly to the browser address is a good way to see the CGI script in "
"action on the Google server."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The source code translation"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "There are programs to convert source codes."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "List of source code translation tools"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "AWK→PERL"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "convert source codes from AWK to PERL: <literal>a2p</literal>(1)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "FORTRAN→C"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "convert source codes from FORTRAN 77 to C/C++: <literal>f2c</literal>(1)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "intel→gas"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "converter from NASM (Intel format) to the GNU Assembler (GAS)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Making Debian package"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "If you want to make a Debian package, read followings."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<xref linkend=\"_debian_package_management\"/> to understand the basic "
"package system"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<xref linkend=\"_porting_a_package_to_the_stable_system\"/> to understand "
"basic porting process"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<xref linkend=\"_chroot_system\"/> to understand basic chroot techniques"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "<literal>debuild</literal>(1), and <literal>sbuild</literal>(1)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<xref linkend=\"_debugging_the_debian_package\"/> for recompiling for "
"debugging"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&guidefordebianmaintainers;\">Guide for Debian "
"Maintainers</ulink> (the <literal>debmake-doc</literal> package)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&debiandevelopersreference;\">Debian Developer's "
"Reference</ulink> (the <literal>developers-reference</literal> package)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"<ulink url=\"&debianpolicymanual;\">Debian Policy Manual</ulink> (the "
"<literal>debian-policy</literal> package)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"There are packages such as <literal>debmake</literal>, "
"<literal>dh-make</literal>, <literal>dh-make-perl</literal>, etc., which "
"help packaging."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Appendix"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Here are backgrounds of this document."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "The Debian maze"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The Linux system is a very powerful computing platform for a networked "
"computer.  However, learning how to use all its capabilities is not "
"easy. Setting up the LPR printer queue with a non-PostScript printer was a "
"good example of stumble points. (There are no issues anymore since newer "
"installations use the new CUPS system.)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"There is a complete, detailed map called the \"SOURCE CODE\".  This is very "
"accurate but very hard to understand.  There are also references called "
"HOWTO and mini-HOWTO.  They are easier to understand but tend to give too "
"much detail and lose the big picture.  I sometimes have a problem finding "
"the right section in a long HOWTO when I need a few commands to invoke."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"I hope this \"Debian Reference (version &dr-version;)\" (&build-date;) "
"provides a good starting direction for people in the Debian maze."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Copyright history"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The Debian Reference was initiated by me, Osamu Aoki &lt;osamu at debian dot "
"org&gt;, as a personal system administration memo. Many contents came from "
"the knowledge I gained from <ulink url=\"&thedebianusermailinglist;\">the "
"debian-user mailing list</ulink> and other Debian resources."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Following a suggestion from Josip Rodin, who was very active with the <ulink "
"url=\"&debiandocumentationprojectddp;\">Debian Documentation Project "
"(DDP)</ulink>, \"Debian Reference (version 1, 2001-2007)\" was created as a "
"part of DDP documents."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"After 6 years, I realized that the original \"Debian Reference (version 1)\" "
"was outdated and started to rewrite many contents.  New \"Debian Reference "
"(version 2)\" is released in 2008."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"I have updated \"Debian Reference (version 2)\" to address new topics "
"(Systemd, Wayland, IMAP, PipeWire, Linux kernel 5.10) and removed outdated "
"topics (SysV init, CVS, Subversion, SSH protocol 1, Linux kernels before "
"2.5).  References to &release-outdated; release situation or older are "
"mostly removed."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"This \"Debian Reference (version &dr-version;)\" (&build-date;) covers "
"mostly &Codename-doc-1; and &Codename-doc-2; Debian releases."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The tutorial contents can trace its origin and its inspiration in "
"followings."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"\"<ulink url=\"&linuxusersguide;\">Linux User's Guide</ulink>\" by Larry "
"Greenfield (December 1996)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "obsoleted by \"Debian Tutorial\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"Debian Tutorial\" by Havoc Pennington. (11 December, 1998)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"partially written by Oliver Elphick, Ole Tetlie, James Treacy, Craig Sawyer, "
"and Ivan E. Moore II"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "obsoleted by \"Debian GNU/Linux: Guide to Installation and Usage\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"\"<ulink url=\"&debiangnulinuxguallationandusage;\">Debian GNU/Linux: Guide "
"to Installation and Usage</ulink>\" by John Goerzen and Ossama Othman (1999)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "obsoleted by \"Debian Reference (version 1)\""
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The package and archive description can trace some of their origin and their "
"inspiration in following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"\"<ulink url=\"&debianfaq;\">Debian FAQ</ulink>\" (March 2002 version, when "
"this was maintained by Josip Rodin)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The other contents can trace some of their origin and their inspiration in "
"following."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "\"Debian Reference (version 1)\" by Osamu Aoki (2001–2007)"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "obsoleted by the newer \"Debian Reference (version 2)\" in 2008."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The previous \"Debian Reference (version 1)\" was created with many "
"contributors."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"the major contents contribution on network configuration topics by Thomas "
"Hood"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"significant contents contribution on X and VCS related topics by Brian "
"Nelson"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "the help on the build scripts and many content corrections by Jens Seidel"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "extensive proofreading by David Sewell"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "many contributions by the translators, contributors, and bug reporters"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Many manual pages and info pages on the Debian system as well as upstream "
"web pages and <ulink url=\"&wikipedia;\">Wikipedia</ulink> documents were "
"used as the primary references to write this document.  To the extent Osamu "
"Aoki considered within the <ulink url=\"&fairuse;\">fair use</ulink>, many "
"parts of them, especially command definitions, were used as phrase pieces "
"after careful editorial efforts to fit them into the style and the objective "
"of this document."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The gdb debugger description was expanded using <ulink "
"url=\"&debianwikicontentsonbacktrace;\">Debian wiki contents on "
"backtrace</ulink> with consent by Ari Pollak, Loïc Minier, and Dafydd "
"Harries."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"Contents of the current \"Debian Reference (version &dr-version;)\" "
"(&build-date;) are mostly my own work except as mentioned above.  These has "
"been updated by the contributors too."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The author, Osamu Aoki, thanks all those who helped make this document "
"possible."
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><title>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid "Document format"
msgstr ""

#. type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><para>
#: debian-reference.en.xmlt
msgid ""
"The source of the English original document is currently written in <ulink "
"url=\"&docbook;\">DocBook</ulink> XML files.  This Docbook XML source are "
"converted to HTML, plain text, PostScript, and PDF. (Some formats may be "
"skipped for distribution.)"
msgstr ""