Debian Reference 2 - en to pt translation catalogue (5630 entries)

note: type: Content of the timesnewroman entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_New_Roman
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_New_Roman

note: type: Content of the abi entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_binary_interface
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interface_binária_de_aplicação

note: type: Content of the accesscookie entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_Window_authorization#Cookie-based_access
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_Window_System#Acesso_baseado_em_cookie

note: type: Content of the acpi entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Configuration_and_Power_Interface
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACPI

note: type: Content of the adobe entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PostScript_fonts
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fontes_PostScript

note: type: Content of the advancedlinuxsouarchitecturealsa entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Linux_Sound_Architecture
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Linux_Sound_Architecture

note: type: Content of the afireresistantsafe entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safe
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cofre

note: type: Content of the agp entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerated_Graphics_Port
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barramento

note: type: Content of the almquistshell entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almquist_shell
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almquist_shell

note: type: Content of the altgrkey entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AltGr_key
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tecla_AltGr

note: type: Content of the amanda entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Maryland_Automatic_Network_Disk_Archiver
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Maryland_Automatic_Network_Disk_Archiver

note: type: Content of the ascii entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII

note: type: Content of the amigaos entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AmigaOS
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/AmigaOS

note: type: Content of the ansiescapecode entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANSI_escape_code
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Código_escape_ANSI

note: type: Content of the theapachesoftwarefoundation entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_Software_Foundation
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_Software_Foundation

note: type: Content of the apm entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Power_Management
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/APM

note: type: Content of the appimage entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AppImage
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/AppImage

note: type: Content of the applebonjourapplerendezvous entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonjour_(software)
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonjour

note: type: Content of the arial entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arial
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arial

note: type: Content of the arp entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Address_Resolution_Protocol
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Address_Resolution_Protocol

note: type: Content of the atp entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AppleTalk
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/AppleTalk

note: type: Content of the planj entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_9_from_Bell_Labs
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_9_from_Bell_Labs

note: type: Content of the audioandvideopromultimediaserver entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PipeWire
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/PipeWire

note: type: Content of the autoconf entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoconf
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoconf

note: type: Content of the automake entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automake
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automake

note: type: Content of the avahi entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avahi_(software)
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avahi_(software)

note: type: Content of the awk entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AWK
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/AWK

note: type: Content of the bacula entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacula
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacula

note: type: Content of the basege entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base64
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base64

note: type: Content of the bash entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bash_(Unix_shell)
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bash

note: type: Content of the berkeleycsh entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_shell
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_shell

note: type: Content of the berkeleydb entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_DB
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_DB

note: type: Content of the bind entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BIND
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/BIND

note: type: Content of the bios entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BIOS
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/BIOS

note: type: Content of the bitstreamvera entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitstream_Vera
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitstream_Vera

note: type: Content of the bittorrent entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BitTorrent_(protocol)
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/BitTorrent

note: type: Content of the bochs entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bochs
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bochs

note: type: Content of the bootstrapprocesses entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booting
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boot

note: type: Content of the bsdlike entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_Software_Distribution
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_Software_Distribution

note: type: Content of the lineprinterdaemonlpd entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_Printer_Daemon_protocol
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_Printer_Daemon_protocol

note: type: Content of the btrfs entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Btrfs
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Btrfs

note: type: Content of the burrowswheelerblrtingcompression entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burrows-Wheeler_transform
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Método_de_Burrows-Wheeler

note: type: Content of the bziercurves entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bézier_curve
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curva_de_Bézier

note: type: Content of the cprogramminglanguage entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language)
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(linguagem_de_programação)

note: type: Content of the cachingdata entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cache
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cache

note: type: Content of the calibri entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calibri
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calibri

note: type: Content of the commongatewayinterface entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Gateway_Interface
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/CGI

note: type: Content of the characterencoding entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Character_encoding
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codificação_de_caracteres

note: type: Content of the chromium entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromium_(web_browser)
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromium

note: type: Content of the chroot entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chroot
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chroot

note: type: Content of the cinnamon entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinnamon_(desktop_environment)
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinnamon_(interface_de_usuário)

note: type: Content of the cjk entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CJK_characters
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracteres_CJK

note: type: Content of the cmake entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cmake
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMake

note: type: Content of the codesetalwayssettoutfi entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codeset
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codificação_de_caracteres

note: type: Content of the commandlineinterfacecli entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command-line_interface
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interface_de_linha_de_comandos

note: type: Content of the commonunixprintingsystemcups entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Unix_Printing_System
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/CUPS

note: type: Content of the computerdatastoragemedia entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_data_storage
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memória_(informática)

note: type: Content of the dumpcore entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_dump
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Despejo_de_memória

note: type: Content of the couriernew entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courier_(typeface)
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courier_(fonte)

note: type: Content of the cpld entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_programmable_logic_device
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPLD

note: type: Content of the cpm entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP/M
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP/M

note: type: Content of the cstandardlibrary entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_standard_library
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioteca_padrão_do_C

note: type: Content of the cvs entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrent_Versions_System
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/CVS

note: type: Content of the daemon entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daemon_(computer_software)
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daemon_(computação)

note: type: Content of the dbus entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-Bus
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-Bus

note: type: Content of the debugger entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debugger
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depurador

note: type: Content of the dejavu entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DejaVu_fonts
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/DejaVu

note: type: Content of the desktoppublishing entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desktop_publishing
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editoração_eletrônica

note: type: Content of the devicefiles entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Device_file
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ficheiro_de_aparelho

note: type: Content of the devicemapper entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Device_mapper
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapeador_de_dispositivos

note: type: Content of the dhcp entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_Host_Configuration_Protocol
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_Host_Configuration_Protocol

note: type: Content of the dillo entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dillo
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dillo

note: type: Content of the directories entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directory_(file_systems)
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diretório_(computação)

note: type: Content of the diskpartitioning entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk_partitioning
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particionamento_de_disco

note: type: Content of the dmcrypt entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dm-crypt
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dm-crypt

note: type: Content of the dmg entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Disk_Image
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/.dmg

note: type: Content of the internetdomainnamesystemdns entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_System
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_de_Nomes_de_Domínio

note: type: Content of the docbook entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DocBook
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/DocBook

note: type: Content of the docker entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docker_(software)
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docker_(software)

note: type: Content of the domainbasedmessaconformancedmarc entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DMARC
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/DMARC

note: type: Content of the dosbox entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOSBox
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/DosBox

note: type: Content of the drm entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_Rendering_Manager
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_Rendering_Manager

note: type: Content of the dynamicdns entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_DNS
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNS_dinâmico

note: type: Content of the dynamickernelmodulesupportdkms entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_Kernel_Module_Support
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_Kernel_Module_Support

note: type: Content of the elinks entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ELinks
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/ELinks

note: type: Content of the email entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-mail

note: type: Content of the emailclients entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email_client
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliente_de_e-mail

note: type: Content of the environmentvariables entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_variable
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variável_de_ambiente

note: type: Content of the epiphany entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiphany_(browser)
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNOME_Web

note: type: Content of the evince entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evince
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evince

note: type: Content of the exchangeableimagefileformat entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exchangeable_image_file_format
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exchangeable_image_file_format

note: type: Content of the exfat entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ExFAT
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/ExFAT

note: type: Content of the exim entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exim
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exim

note: type: Content of the extc entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ext2
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ext2

note: type: Content of the extd entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ext3
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ext3

note: type: Content of the exte entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ext4
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ext4

note: type: Content of the extendedbinarycolinterchangecode entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_Binary_Coded_Decimal_Interchange_Code
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_Binary_Coded_Decimal_Interchange_Code

note: type: Content of the extensiblestylesnsformationsxslt entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XSL_Transformations
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/XSLT

note: type: Content of the extensiblestylestingobjectsxslfo entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XSL_Formatting_Objects
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/XSL-FO

note: type: Content of the fairuse entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_use
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_use

note: type: Content of the fakeroot entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/

note: type: Content of the vfatfilesystem entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_Allocation_Table
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_Allocation_Table

note: type: Content of the faviconico entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Favicon
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Favicon

note: type: Content of the files entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_file
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ficheiro_de_computador

note: type: Content of the filesystem entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_system
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_de_ficheiros

note: type: Content of the filesystemhierarchystandard entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filesystem_Hierarchy_Standard
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filesystem_Hierarchy_Standard

note: type: Content of the filesystempermissions entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_system_permissions
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permissões_de_sistema_de_ficheiros

note: type: Content of the firefox entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firefox
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozilla_Firefox

note: type: Content of the firefoxesr entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firefox#Extended_Support_Release
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozilla_Firefox#Firefox_ESR

note: type: Content of the flatpak entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatpak
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatpak

note: type: Content of the fltk entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLTK
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLTK

note: type: Content of the fontconfig entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fontconfig
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fontconfig

note: type: Content of the foss entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_and_open_source_software
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_livre_e_de_código_aberto

note: type: Content of the fpga entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FPGA
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field-programmable_gate_array

note: type: Content of the freebsd entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FreeBSD
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/FreeBSD

note: type: Content of the ftp entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_Transfer_Protocol
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_Transfer_Protocol

note: type: Content of the fullyqualifieddomainnamefqdn entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FQDN
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/FQDN

note: type: Content of the generateencrypteasswordswithsalt entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_(cryptography)
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sal_(criptografia)

note: type: Content of the thegplghostscripptpdfinterpreter entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghostscript
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghostscript

note: type: Content of the gimp entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GIMP
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/GIMP

note: type: Content of the git entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Git_(software)
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Git

note: type: Content of the glyphs entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glyph
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glifo

note: type: Content of the gnome entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNOME
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNOME

note: type: Content of the gnu entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU

note: type: Content of the gnubazaar entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Bazaar
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazaar

note: type: Content of the gnufreedocumentationlicense entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Free_Documentation_License
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Free_Documentation_License

note: type: Content of the gnugettextbcommandtoolchain entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gettext
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gettext

note: type: Content of the gnulalrparsergenerator entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_bison
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_bison

note: type: Content of the gnuprivacyguardgnupg entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Privacy_Guard
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Privacy_Guard

note: type: Content of the gnutexmacs entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_TeXmacs
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_TeXmacs

note: type: Content of the guidpartitiontablegpt entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GUID_Partition_Table
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabela_de_Partição_GUID

note: type: Content of the gpu entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidade_de_processamento_gráfico

note: type: Content of the gui entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_user_interface
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interface_gráfica_do_utilizador

note: type: Content of the graphicsinterchangeformatgif entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_Interchange_Format
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/GIF

note: type: Content of the grubuefi entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_GRUB
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_GRUB

note: type: Content of the gstreamer entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GStreamer
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/GStreamer

note: type: Content of the harddiskdrive entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_disk_drive
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidade_de_disco_rígido

note: type: Content of the hardlink entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_link
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link_físico

note: type: Content of the hell entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naraka
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naraca

note: type: Content of the hexadecimal entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexadecimal
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_de_numeração_hexadecimal

note: type: Content of the hfs entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchical_File_System
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchical_File_System

note: type: Content of the hfsplus entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HFS_Plus
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/HFS+

note: type: Content of the hig entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_interface_guidelines
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diretrizes_de_interface_humana

note: type: Content of the highefficiencyimgefileformatheif entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Efficiency_Image_File_Format
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Efficiency_Image_File_Format

note: type: Content of the html entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML

note: type: Content of the hypertexttransferprotocol entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol

note: type: Content of the httpcookies entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP_cookie
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cookie_(informática)

note: type: Content of the https entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Https
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyper_Text_Transfer_Protocol_Secure

note: type: Content of the hzip entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7-Zip
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/7-Zip

note: type: Content of the ieeebdjefirewire entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_1394
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/FireWire

note: type: Content of the internetmessageaccessprotocol entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Message_Access_Protocol
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Message_Access_Protocol

note: type: Content of the init entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Init
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Init

note: type: Content of the initrd entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initrd
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initrd

note: type: Content of the inkscape entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inkscape
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inkscape

note: type: Content of the inode entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inode
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nó-i

note: type: Content of the inputmethods entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Input_method
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Método_de_entrada

note: type: Content of the multilingualizatelanguagesupport entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationalization_and_localization
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internacionalização_e_tradução

note: type: Content of the ip entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protocolo_de_Internet

note: type: Content of the ipaddress entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_address
pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endereço_IP

note: type: Content of the ipvgaddress entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv6_address
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pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telnet

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pt: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/TMPFS

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note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: en
pt: pt

note: type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><title>
en: Debian Reference
pt: Referência Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><abstract><para>
en: This book is free; you may redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License of any version compliant to the Debian Free Software Guidelines (DFSG).
pt: Este livro é livre; pode redistribuí-lo e/ou modificá-lo sob os termos da Licença Pública Geral GNU de qualquer versão compatível com a Definição Debian de Software Livre (DFSG).

note: type: Content of: <book><bookinfo>
en: <copyright> <year>2013-2024</year> <holder>Osamu Aoki</holder> </copyright>
pt: <copyright> <year>2013-2018</year> <holder>Osamu Aoki</holder> </copyright>

note: type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><legalnotice><para>
en: This Debian Reference (version &dr-version;) (&build-date;) is intended to provide a broad overview of the Debian system as a post-installation user's guide. It covers many aspects of system administration through shell-command examples for non-developers.
pt: Esta Referência Debian (versão &dr-version;) (&build-date;) pretende fornecer uma visão geral do sistema Debian como um guia do utilizador pós-instalação. Cobre muitos aspetos da administração do sistema através de exemplos shell-command para não programadores.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><title>
en: Preface
pt: Prefácio

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><para>
en: This <ulink url="&debianreferenceversiondrversion;">Debian Reference (version &dr-version;)</ulink> (&build-date;) is intended to provide a broad overview of the Debian system administration as a post-installation user guide.
pt: Esta <ulink url="&debianreferenceversiondrversion;">Referência Debian (version &dr-version;)</ulink> (&build-date;) destina-se a fornecer uma visão geral da administração do sistema Debian como um guia do utilizador pós-instalação.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><para>
en: The target reader is someone who is willing to learn shell scripts but who is not ready to read all the C sources to figure out how the <ulink url="&gnu;">GNU</ulink>/<ulink url="&linux;">Linux</ulink> system works.
pt: O leitor alvo é quem está disposto a aprender scripts shell, mas que não está pronto para ler todas as fontes C para descobrir como o sistema <ulink url="&gnu;">GNU</ulink>/<ulink url="&linux;">Linux</ulink> funciona.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><para>
en: For installation instructions, see:
pt: Para instruções de instalação, veja:

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&debiangnulinuxinrentstablesystem;">Debian GNU/Linux Installation Guide for current stable system</ulink>
pt: <ulink url="&debiangnulinuxinrentstablesystem;">Guia de Instalação de Debian GNU/Linux para o sistema atualmente stable</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&debiangnulinuxinenttestingsystem;">Debian GNU/Linux Installation Guide for current testing system</ulink>
pt: <ulink url="&debiangnulinuxinenttestingsystem;">Guia de Instalação de Debian GNU/Linux para o sistema atualmente stable</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><title>
en: Disclaimer
pt: Aviso Legal

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><para>
en: All warranties are disclaimed.  All trademarks are property of their respective trademark owners.
pt: Todas as garantias são recusadas.  Todas as marcas registadas são propriedade dos respetivos proprietários de marcas registadas deles.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><para>
en: The Debian system itself is a moving target.  This makes its documentation difficult to be current and correct.  Although the current <literal>testing</literal> version of the Debian system was used as the basis for writing this, some contents may be already outdated by the time you read this.
pt: O próprio sistema Debian é um alvo móvel.  Isso torna sua documentação difícil de ser atualizada e correta.  Embora a versão atual de <literal>testes</literal> do sistema Debian tenha sido usada como base para escrever isto, alguns conteúdos podem já estar desatualizados no momento em que você ler isto.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><para>
en: Please treat this document as the secondary reference. This document does not replace any authoritative guides. The author and contributors do not take responsibility for consequences of errors, omissions or ambiguity in this document.
pt: Por favor, trate este documento como a referência secundária. Este documento não substitui nenhum guia autorizado. O autor e os colaboradores não se responsabilizam por consequências de erros, omissões ou ambiguidade neste documento.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><title>
en: What is Debian
pt: O que é Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><para>
en: The <ulink url="&debianproject;">Debian Project</ulink> is an association of individuals who have made common cause to create a free operating system.  It's distribution is characterized by the following.
pt: O <ulink url="&debianproject;">Projeto Debian</ulink> é uma associação de indivíduos que fizeram causa comum para criar um sistema operacional livre.  A distribuição dele é caracterizada pelo seguinte.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Commitment to the software freedom: <ulink url="&debiansocialcontreguidelinesdfsg;">Debian Social Contract and Debian Free Software Guidelines (DFSG)</ulink>
pt: Compromisso com a liberdade do software: <ulink url="&debiansocialcontreguidelinesdfsg;">Contrato Social Debian e Definição Debian de Software Livre (DFSG)</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Internet based distributed unpaid volunteer effort: <ulink url="&httpswwwdebianorg;">https://www.debian.org</ulink>
pt: Esforço distribuído de voluntários não remunerados através da Internet: <ulink url="&httpswwwdebianorg;">https://www.debian.org</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Large number of pre-compiled high quality software packages
pt: Grande quantidade de pacotes de softwares pré-compilados de alta qualidade

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Focus on stability and security with easy access to the security updates
pt: Foco em estabilidade e segurança com acesso fácil a atualizações de segurança

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Focus on smooth upgrade to the latest software packages in the <literal>testing</literal> archives
pt: Centra-se na atualização suave para os pacotes de software mais recentes nos arquivos <literal>testing</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Large number of supported hardware architectures
pt: Grande quantidade de arquitecturas de hardware suportadas

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><para>
en: Free Software pieces in Debian come from <ulink url="&gnu;">GNU</ulink>, <ulink url="&linux;">Linux</ulink>, <ulink url="&bsd;">BSD</ulink>, <ulink url="&x;">X</ulink>, <ulink url="&isc;">ISC</ulink>, <ulink url="&apache;">Apache</ulink>, <ulink url="&ghostscript;">Ghostscript</ulink>, <ulink url="&commonunixprintingsystem;">Common Unix Printing System </ulink>, <ulink url="&samba;">Samba</ulink>, <ulink url="&gnome;">GNOME</ulink>, <ulink url="&kde;">KDE</ulink>, <ulink url="&mozilla;">Mozilla</ulink>, <ulink url="&libreoffice;">LibreOffice</ulink>, <ulink url="&vim;">Vim</ulink>, <ulink url="&tex;">TeX</ulink>, <ulink url="&latex;">LaTeX</ulink>, <ulink url="&docbook;">DocBook</ulink>, <ulink url="&perl;">Perl</ulink>, <ulink url="&python;">Python</ulink>, <ulink url="&tcl;">Tcl</ulink>, <ulink url="&java;">Java</ulink>, <ulink url="&ruby;">Ruby</ulink>, <ulink url="&php;">PHP</ulink>, <ulink url="&berkeleydb;">Berkeley DB</ulink>, <ulink url="&mariadb;">MariaDB</ulink>, <ulink url="&postgresql;">PostgreSQL</ulink>, <ulink url="&sqlite;">SQLite</ulink>, <ulink url="&exim;">Exim</ulink>, <ulink url="&postfix;">Postfix</ulink>, <ulink url="&mutt;">Mutt</ulink>, <ulink url="&freebsd;">FreeBSD</ulink>, <ulink url="&openbsd;">OpenBSD</ulink>, <ulink url="&planj;">Plan 9</ulink> and many more independent free software projects.  Debian integrates this diversity of Free Software into one system.
pt: As peças de Software Livre em Debian vêm de <ulink url="&gnu;">GNU</ulink>, <ulink url="&linux;">Linux</ulink>, <ulink url="&bsd;">BSD</ulink>, <ulink url="&x;">X</ulink>, <ulink url="&isc;">ISC</ulink>, <ulink url="&apache;">Apache</ulink>, <ulink url="&ghostscript;">Ghostscript</ulink>, <ulink url="&commonunixprintingsystem;">Common Unix Printing System </ulink>, <ulink url="&samba;">Samba</ulink>, <ulink url="&gnome;">GNOME</ulink>, <ulink url="&kde;">KDE</ulink>, <ulink url="&mozilla;">Mozilla</ulink>, <ulink url="&libreoffice;">LibreOffice</ulink>, <ulink url="&vim;">Vim</ulink>, <ulink url="&tex;">TeX</ulink>, <ulink url="&latex;">LaTeX</ulink>, <ulink url="&docbook;">DocBook</ulink>, <ulink url="&perl;">Perl</ulink>, <ulink url="&python;">Python</ulink>, <ulink url="&tcl;">Tcl</ulink>, <ulink url="&java;">Java</ulink>, <ulink url="&ruby;">Ruby</ulink>, <ulink url="&php;">PHP</ulink>, <ulink url="&berkeleydb;">Berkeley DB</ulink>, <ulink url="&mariadb;">MariaDB</ulink>, <ulink url="&postgresql;">PostgreSQL</ulink>, <ulink url="&sqlite;">SQLite</ulink>, <ulink url="&exim;">Exim</ulink>, <ulink url="&postfix;">Postfix</ulink>, <ulink url="&mutt;">Mutt</ulink>, <ulink url="&freebsd;">FreeBSD</ulink>, <ulink url="&openbsd;">OpenBSD</ulink>, <ulink url="&planj;">Plan 9</ulink> e muitos mais projectos de software livre independentes. Debian integra esta diversidade de Software Livre num sistema.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><title>
en: About this document
pt: Acerca deste documento

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><title>
en: Guiding rules
pt: Regras orientadoras

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
en: Following guiding rules are followed while compiling this document.
pt: Foram seguidas as seguintes regras de orientação ao compilar este documento.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Provide overview and skip corner cases. (<emphasis role="strong">Big Picture</emphasis>)
pt: Dar uma visão geral e saltar casos não comuns. (<emphasis role="strong">Imagem Geral</emphasis>)

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Keep It Short and Simple. (<emphasis role="strong">KISS</emphasis>)
pt: Manter Curto e Simples. (Principio <emphasis role="strong">KISS</emphasis>)

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Do not reinvent the wheel. (Use pointers to <emphasis role="strong">the existing references</emphasis>)
pt: Não reinventar a roda. (Utilizar apontadores para <emphasis role="strong">as referências existentes</emphasis>)

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Focus on non-GUI tools and consoles. (Use <emphasis role="strong">shell examples</emphasis>)
pt: Foco nas ferramentas não-GUI e consolas. (Utilizar <emphasis role="strong">exemplos de shell</emphasis>)

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Be objective. (Use <ulink url="&popcon;">popcon</ulink> etc.)
pt: Ser objetivo. (Utilizar <ulink url="&popcon;">popcon</ulink> etc.)

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><tip><para>
en: I tried to elucidate hierarchical aspects and lower levels of the system.
pt: Tentei elucidar aspectos hierárquicos e níveis mais baixos do sistema.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><title>
en: Prerequisites
pt: Pré-requisitos

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><warning><para>
en: You are expected to make good efforts to seek answers by yourself beyond this documentation.  This document only gives efficient starting points.
pt: Espera-se que se esforce a procurar respostas por si próprio e para além desta documentação. Este documento apenas oferece pontos de arranque eficientes.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
en: You must seek solution by yourself from primary sources.
pt: Tem de procurar a solução por si a partir de fontes primárias.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The Debian site at <ulink url="&httpswwwdebianorg;">https://www.debian.org</ulink> for the general information
pt: O site Debian em <ulink url="&httpswwwdebianorg;">https://www.debian.org</ulink> para informação geral

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The documentation under the "<literal>/usr/share/doc/<emphasis>package_name</emphasis></literal>" directory
pt: A documentação sob o diretório "<literal>/usr/share/doc/<emphasis>nome_do_pacote</emphasis></literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The Unix style <emphasis role="strong">manpage</emphasis>: "<literal>dpkg -L <emphasis>package_name</emphasis> |grep '/man/man.*/'</literal>"
pt: O <emphasis role="strong">manual</emphasis> de estilo Unix: "<literal>dpkg -L <emphasis>nome_de_pacote</emphasis> |grep '/man/man.*/'</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The GNU style <emphasis role="strong">info page</emphasis>: "<literal>dpkg -L <emphasis>package_name</emphasis> |grep '/info/'</literal>"
pt: A <emphasis role="strong">página info</emphasis> estilo GNU: "<literal>dpkg -L <emphasis>nome_do_pacote</emphasis> |grep '/info/'</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The bug report: <ulink url="&httpsbugsdebianorgpackage_name;">https://bugs.debian.org/<emphasis>package_name</emphasis></ulink>
pt: O relatório de erros: <ulink url="&httpsbugsdebianorgpackage_name;">https://bugs.debian.org/<emphasis>package_name</emphasis></ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The Debian Wiki at <ulink url="&httpswikidebianorg;">https://wiki.debian.org/</ulink> for the moving and specific topics
pt: O Debian Wiki em <ulink url="&httpswikidebianorg;">https://wiki.debian.org/</ulink> para os tópicos específicos e em movimento

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The Single UNIX Specification from the Open Group's <ulink url="&theunixsystemhomepage;">The UNIX System Home Page</ulink>
pt: A Especificação Única do UNIX de Grupos Abertos <ulink url="&theunixsystemhomepage;">Página do Sistema UNIX</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The free encyclopedia from Wikipedia at <ulink url="&httpswwwwikipediaorg;">https://www.wikipedia.org/</ulink>
pt: A enciclopédia livre Wikipedia em <ulink url="&httpswwwwikipediaorg;">https://www.wikipedia.org/</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&thedebianadministratorshandbook;">The Debian Administrator's Handbook</ulink>
pt: <ulink url="&thedebianadministratorshandbook;">O Livro de Mão dos Administradores de Debian</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The HOWTOs from <ulink url="&thelinuxdocumentationprojecttldp;">The Linux Documentation Project (TLDP)</ulink>
pt: Os HOWTOs de <ulink url="&thelinuxdocumentationprojecttldp;">O Projeto de Documentação do Linux (TLDP)</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><note><para>
en: For detailed documentation, you may need to install the corresponding documentation package named with "<literal>-doc</literal>" as its suffix.
pt: Para documentação detalhada, pode necessitar instalar o correspondente pacote de documentação chamado com o sufixo "<literal>-doc</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><title>
en: Conventions
pt: Convenções

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
en: This document provides information through the following simplified presentation style with <literal>bash</literal>(1) shell command examples.
pt: Este documento fornece informação através do seguinte estilo de apresentação simplificado com exemplos de comandos de shell <literal>bash</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
en: These shell prompts distinguish account used and correspond to set environment variables as: "<literal>PS1='\$'</literal>" and "<literal>PS2=' '</literal>".  These values are chosen for the sake of readability of this document and are not typical on actual installed system.
pt: Estas 'prompts' da shell distinguem a conta utilizada e correspondem a definir variáveis de ambiente como: "<literal>PS1='\$'</literal>" e "<literal>PS2=' '</literal>". Estes valores são escolhidos para bem da legibilidade deste documento e não são típicos do sistema instalado.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
en: All command examples are run under the English locale "<literal>LANG=en_US.UTF8</literal>". Please don't expect the placeholder strings such as <literal><emphasis>command-in-root-account</emphasis></literal> and <literal><emphasis>command-in-user-account</emphasis></literal> to be translated in command examples.  This is an intentional choice to keep all translated examples to be up-to-date.
pt: Todos os exemplos de comandos são executados no  formato regional Inglês "<literal>LANG=en_US.UTF8</literal>". Não espere que as cadeias de caracteres de espaço reservado, tais como <literal><emphasis>command-in-root-account</emphasis></literal> e <literal><emphasis>command-in-user-account</emphasis></literal> sejam traduzidas em exemplos de comandos.  Esta é uma escolha intencional para manter todos os exemplos traduzidos actualizados.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><note><para>
en: See the meaning of the "<literal>$PS1</literal>" and "<literal>$PS2</literal>" environment variables in <literal>bash</literal>(1).
pt: Veja o significado das variáveis de ambiente "<literal>$PS1</literal>" e "<literal>$PS2</literal>" em <literal>bash</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">Action</emphasis> required by the system administrator is written in the imperative sentence, e.g. "Type Enter-key after typing each command string to the shell."
pt: A <emphasis role="strong">ação</emphasis> necessária do administrador do sistema é escrita em sentido imperativo, p.e. "Carregue na tecla Enter após escrever cada cadeia de comando na shell."

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
en: The <emphasis role="strong">description</emphasis> column and similar ones in the table may contain a <emphasis role="strong">noun phrase</emphasis> following <ulink url="&thepackageshortdiptionconvention;">the package short description convention</ulink> which drops leading articles such as "a" and "the".  They may alternatively contain an infinitive phrase as a <emphasis role="strong">noun phrase</emphasis> without leading "to" following the short command description convention in manpages.  These may look funny to some people but are my intentional choices of style to keep this documentation as simple as possible.  These <emphasis role="strong">Noun phrases</emphasis> do not capitalize their starting nor end with periods following these short description convention.
pt: A coluna <emphasis role="strong">descrição</emphasis> e semelhantes na tabela podem conter um <emphasis role="strong">sintagma nominal</emphasis> seguido da <ulink url="&thepackageshortdiptionconvention;">convenção de descrição curta do pacote</ulink> que deixa cair os artigos como "um" e "o". Pode em alternativa conter uma frase no infinitivo tal como um <emphasis role="strong">sintagma nominal</emphasis> sem o antecedente "para" a seguir a convenção de descrição curta de comando das 'manpages'. Isto pode parecer esquisito para algumas pessoas mas são as minhas escolhas intencionais de estilo para manter esta documentação o mais simples possível. Estes <emphasis role="strong">sintagmas nominais</emphasis> não começam por maiúscula nem terminam com ponto final a seguir esta convenção de descrição curta.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><note><para>
en: Proper nouns including command names keeps their case irrespective of their location.
pt: Substantivos próprios incluindo os nomes de comandos mantêm maiúscula/minúscula sem respeitarem a sua localização.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
en: A <emphasis role="strong">command snippet</emphasis> quoted in a text paragraph is referred by the typewriter font between double quotation marks, such as "<literal>aptitude safe-upgrade</literal>".
pt: Um <emphasis role="strong">bloco de comandos</emphasis> citado num parágrafo de texto é referido pelo tipo de letra de dactilografia entre aspas, tal como "<literal>aptitude safe-upgrade</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
en: A <emphasis role="strong">text data</emphasis> from a configuration file quoted in a text paragraph is referred by the typewriter font between double quotation marks, such as "<literal>deb-src</literal>".
pt: Os <emphasis role="strong">dados em texto</emphasis> de um ficheiro de configuração citados num parágrafo de texto são referidos em tipo de letra de máquina de escrever entre aspas, tal como "<literal>deb-src</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
en: A <emphasis role="strong">command</emphasis> is referred by its name in the typewriter font optionally followed by its manpage section number in parenthesis, such as <literal>bash</literal>(1).  You are encouraged to obtain information by typing the following.
pt: Um <emphasis role="strong">comando</emphasis> é referenciado pelo seu nome em tipo de letra de máquina de escrever seguido opcionalmente pelo número de secção da manpage em parêntesis, tal como <literal>bash</literal>(1). É encorajado a obter informação ao escrever o seguinte.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
en: A <emphasis role="strong">manpage</emphasis> is referred by its name in the typewriter font followed by its manpage section number in parenthesis, such as <literal>sources.list</literal>(5).  You are encouraged to obtain information by typing the following.
pt: Uma <emphasis role="strong">manpage</emphasis> é referida pelo seu nome em tipo de letra de máquina de escrever seguido pelo número de secção dele da manpage em parêntesis, tal como <literal>sources.list</literal>(5). É encorajado a obter informação ao escrever o seguinte.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
en: An <emphasis role="strong">info page</emphasis> is referred by its command snippet in the typewriter font between double quotation marks, such as "<literal>info make</literal>".  You are encouraged to obtain information by typing the following.
pt: Uma <emphasis role="strong">página info</emphasis> é referenciada pelo seu comando em tipo de letra de máquina de escrever entre aspas, tal como "<literal>info make</literal>". É encorajado a obter informação ao escrever o seguinte.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
en: A <emphasis role="strong">filename</emphasis> is referred by the typewriter font between double quotation marks, such as "<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>".  For configuration files, you are encouraged to obtain information by typing the following.
pt: Um <emphasis role="strong">nome de ficheiro</emphasis> é referenciado em tipo de letra de máquina de escrever entre aspas, tal como "<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>". Para os ficheiros de configuração, é encorajado a obter informação ao escrever o seguinte.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
en: A <emphasis role="strong">directory name</emphasis> is referred by the typewriter font between double quotation marks, such as "<literal>/etc/apt/</literal>".  You are encouraged to explore its contents by typing the following.
pt: Um <emphasis role="strong">nome de diretório</emphasis> é referenciado em tipo de letra de máquina de escrever entre aspas, tal como "<literal>/etc/apt/</literal>". É encorajado a explorar o conteúdo dele ao escrever o seguinte.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
en: A <emphasis role="strong">package name</emphasis> is referred by its name in the typewriter font, such as <literal>vim</literal>.  You are encouraged to obtain information by typing the following.
pt: Um <emphasis role="strong">nome de pacote</emphasis> é referenciado pelo nome dele em tipo de letra de máquina de escrever, tal como <literal>vim</literal>. É encorajado a obter informação ao escrever o seguinte.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
en: A <emphasis role="strong">documentation</emphasis> may indicate its location by the filename in the typewriter font between double quotation marks, such as "<literal>/usr/share/doc/base-passwd/users-and-groups.txt.gz</literal>" and "<literal>/usr/share/doc/base-passwd/users-and-groups.html</literal>"; or by its <ulink url="&url;">URL</ulink>, such as <ulink url="&httpswwwdebianorg;">https://www.debian.org</ulink>.  You are encouraged to read the documentation by typing the following.
pt: Uma <emphasis role="strong">documentação</emphasis> pode indicar a localização dela pelo nome de ficheiro em tipo de letra de dactilografia entre aspas, tal como "<literal>/usr/share/doc/base-passwd/users-and-groups.txt.gz</literal>" e "<literal>/usr/share/doc/base-passwd/users-and-groups.html</literal>"; ou pelo seu <ulink url="&url;">URL</ulink>, tal como <ulink url="&httpswwwdebianorg;">https://www.debian.org</ulink>. É encorajado a ler a documentação ao escrever o seguinte.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
en: An <emphasis role="strong">environment variable</emphasis> is referred by its name with leading "<literal>$</literal>" in the typewriter font between double quotation marks, such as "<literal>$TERM</literal>".  You are encouraged to obtain its current value by typing the following.
pt: Uma <emphasis role="strong">variável de ambiente</emphasis> é referenciada pelo seu nome com um "<literal>$</literal>" inicial em tipo de letra de máquina de escrever, entre aspas, tal como "<literal>$TERM</literal>". É encorajado a obter o valor atual dele ao escrever o seguinte.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><title>
en: The popcon
pt: popcon

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
en: The <ulink url="&popcon;">popcon</ulink> data is presented as the objective measure for the popularity of each package.  It was downloaded on &pop-date; and contains the total submission of &pop-submissions; reports over &pop-packages; binary packages and &pop-architectures; architectures.
pt: Os dados <ulink url="&popcon;">popcon</ulink> são apresentados como a medida objectiva da popularidade de cada pacote. Foi descarregado em &pop-date; e contém a submissão total de &pop-submissions; relatórios sobre &pop-packages; pacotes binários e &pop-architectures; arquitecturas.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><note><para>
en: Please note that the <literal>&arch;</literal> <literal>unstable</literal> archive contains only &all-packages; packages currently.  The popcon data contains reports from many old system installations.
pt: Por favor note que o arquivo <literal>&arch;</literal> <literal>unstable</literal> contém atualmente apenas &all-packages; pacotes. Os dados popcon contém relatórios de muitas instalações de sistemas antigos.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
en: The popcon number preceded with "V:" for "votes" is calculated by "1000 * (the popcon submissions for the package executed recently on the PC)/(the total popcon submissions)".
pt: O número de popcon precedido de "V:" para "votos" é calculado por "1000 * (as submissões popcon para o pacote executado recentemente no PC) / (o total de submissões de popcon)".

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
en: The popcon number preceded with "I:" for "installs" is calculated by "1000 * (the popcon submissions for the package installed on the PC)/(the total popcon submissions)".
pt: O número de popcon precedido de "I:" para "instalações" é calculado por "1000 * (as submissões popcon para o pacote instalado no PC) / (o total de submissões de popcon)".

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><note><para>
en: The popcon figures should not be considered as absolute measures of the importance of packages.  There are many factors which can skew statistics.  For example, some system participating popcon may have mounted directories such as "<literal>/usr/bin</literal>" with "<literal>noatime</literal>" option for system performance improvement and effectively disabled "vote" from such system.
pt: As figuras do popcon não devem ser consideradas como medidas absolutas da importância dos pacotes. Existem muitos factores que podem desviar as estatísticas. Por exemplo, um sistema que participa no popcon pode ter diretórios montados como o "<literal>/usr/bin</literal>" com a opção "<literal>noatime</literal>" para melhoria da performance do sistema e efectivamente desativar os "votos" de tal sistema.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><title>
en: The package size
pt: O tamanho do pacote

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
en: The package size data is also presented as the objective measure for each package.  It is based on the "<literal>Installed-Size:</literal>" reported by "<literal>apt-cache show</literal>" or "<literal>aptitude show</literal>" command (currently on <literal>&arch;</literal> architecture for the <literal>unstable</literal> release).  The reported size is in KiB (<ulink url="&kibibyte;">Kibibyte</ulink> = unit for 1024 bytes).
pt: Os dados de tamanho do pacote são também apresentados como a medida objectiva para cada pacote. São baseados no "<literal>Installed-Size:</literal>" reportado pelo comando "<literal>apt-cache show</literal>" ou pelo "<literal>aptitude show</literal>" (atualmente na <literal>&arch;</literal> arquitectura para o lançamento <literal>unstable</literal>). O tamanho reportado está em KB (<ulink url="&kibibyte;">Kilobyte</ulink> = unidade para 1024 bytes).

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><note><para>
en: A package with a small numerical package size may indicate that the package in the <literal>unstable</literal> release is a dummy package which installs other packages with significant contents by the dependency.  The dummy package enables a smooth transition or split of the package.
pt: Um pacote com um tamanho de pacote numericamente pequeno pode indicar que o pacote no lançamento <literal>unstable</literal> é um pacote dummy que instala outros pacotes com conteúdos significativos por dependência. O pacote dummy activa uma transição suave ou divisão do pacote.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><note><para>
en: A package size followed by "(*)" indicates that the package in the <literal>unstable</literal> release is missing and the package size for the <literal>experimental</literal> release is used instead.
pt: Um tamanho de pacote seguido por "(*)" indica que o pacote no lançamento <literal>unstable</literal> está em falta e em vez dele é usado o tamanho do pacote para o lançamento <literal>experimental</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><title>
en: Bug reports on this document
pt: Relatórios de bugs deste documento

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
en: Please file bug reports on the <literal>debian-reference</literal> package using <literal>reportbug</literal>(1) if you find any issues on this document. Please include correction suggestion by "<literal>diff -u</literal>" to the plain text version or to the source.
pt: Se encontrar quaisquer problemas neste documento por favor preencha um relatório de bug contra o pacote <literal>debian-reference</literal> a utilizar o <literal>reportbug</literal>(1) . Por favor inclua sugestões de correção com "<literal>diff -u</literal>" sobre a versão de texto ou código-fonte.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><title>
en: Reminders for new users
pt: Memorandos para novos utilizadores

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><para>
en: Here are some reminders for new users:
pt: Aqui estão alguns memorandos para os novos utilizadores:

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Backup your data
pt: Faça salvaguardas dos seus dados

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: See <xref linkend="_backup_and_recovery"/>.
pt: Veja <xref linkend="_backup_and_recovery"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Secure your password and security keys
pt: Mantenha a sua palavra-passe e chaves de segurança seguras

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&kisskeepitsimplestupid;">KISS (keep it simple stupid)</ulink>
pt: <ulink url="&kisskeepitsimplestupid;">KISS (keep it simple stupid- manté-lo simples estupido)</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Don't over-engineer your system
pt: Não exageres na engenharia do teu sistema

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Read your log files
pt: Leia os seus ficheiros log

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The <emphasis role="strong">FIRST</emphasis> error is the one that counts
pt: O <emphasis role="strong">PRIMEIRO</emphasis> erro é aquele que conta

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&rtfmreadthefinemanual;">RTFM (read the fine manual)</ulink>
pt: <ulink url="&rtfmreadthefinemanual;">RTFM (read the fine manual - leia o manual)</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Search the Internet before asking questions
pt: Pesquise na Internet antes de fazer perguntas

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Don't be root when you don't have to be
pt: Não seja root quando não precisa de o ser

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Don't mess with the package management system
pt: Não brinque com o sistema de gestão de pacotes

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Don't type anything you don't understand
pt: Não escreve nada que não compreenda

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Don't change the file permissions (before the full security review)
pt: Não altere as permissões do ficheiro (antes da revisão de segurança completa)

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Don't leave your root shell until you <emphasis role="strong">TEST</emphasis> your changes
pt: Não abandones a shell de root antes de <emphasis role="strong">TESTARES </emphasis> as tuas alterações

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Always have an alternative boot media (USB memory stick, CD, …)
pt: Tem sempre uma media de arranque alternativa (caneta USB, CD, ...)

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><title>
en: Some quotes for new users
pt: Algumas citações para os novos utilizadores

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><para>
en: Here are some interesting quotes from the Debian mailing list which may help enlighten new users.
pt: Aqui estão algumas citações interessantes da lista de email Debian que podem ajudar a elucidar novos utilizadores.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "This is Unix.  It gives you enough rope to hang yourself." --- Miquel van Smoorenburg <literal>&lt;miquels at cistron.nl&gt;</literal>
pt: "Isto é Unix. Dá-lhe corda suficiente para se enforcar." --- Miquel van Smoorenburg <literal>&lt;miquels em cistron.nl&gt;</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "Unix IS user friendly… It's just selective about who its friends are." --- Tollef Fog Heen <literal>&lt;tollef at add.no&gt;</literal>
pt: "Unix É amigo do utilizador... Apenas é selectivo sobre quem são os seus amigos." --- Tollef Fog Heen <literal>&lt;tollef at add.no&gt;</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><para>
en: Wikipedia has article "<ulink url="&unixphilosophy;">Unix philosophy</ulink>" which lists interesting quotes.
pt: A Wikipedia tem o artigo "<ulink url="&unixphilosophy;">Unix philosophy</ulink>" que lista citações interessantes.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
en: GNU/Linux tutorials
pt: Manuais de GNU/Linux

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
en: I think learning a computer system is like learning a new foreign language.  Although tutorial books and documentation are helpful, you have to practice it yourself.  In order to help you get started smoothly, I elaborate a few basic points.
pt: Acho que aprender um sistema de computador é como aprender uma nova língua estrangeira. Apesar dos livros e documentação darem ajuda, tem que praticar também. De modo a ajudá-lo a iniciar suavemente, elaborei alguns pontos básicos.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
en: The powerful design of <ulink url="&debian;">Debian</ulink> <ulink url="&gnu;">GNU</ulink>/<ulink url="&linux;">Linux</ulink> comes from the <ulink url="&unix;">Unix</ulink> operating system, i.e., a <ulink url="&multiuser;">multiuser</ulink>, <ulink url="&multitasking;">multitasking</ulink> operating system.  You must learn to take advantage of the power of these features and similarities between Unix and GNU/Linux.
pt: O design poderoso da <ulink url="&debian;">Debian</ulink> <ulink url="&gnu;">GNU</ulink>/<ulink url="&linux;">Linux</ulink> vem do sistema operativo <ulink url="&unix;">Unix</ulink>, isto é, um sistema operativo <ulink url="&multiuser;">multi-utilizador</ulink> e <ulink url="&multitasking;">multi-tarefa</ulink>. Necessita aprender a tirar vantagem do poder destas funcionalidades e semelhanças entre Unix e GNU/Linux.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
en: Don't shy away from Unix oriented texts and don't rely solely on GNU/Linux texts, as this robs you of much useful information.
pt: Não se esconda dos textos orientados ao Unix e não se guie somente nos textos de GNU/Linux, por isto rouba-lhe muita informação útil.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><note><para>
en: If you have been using any <ulink url="&unixlike;">Unix-like</ulink> system for a while with command line tools, you probably know everything I explain here.  Please use this as a reality check and refresher.
pt: Se tem usado qualquer sistema  de <ulink url="&unixlike;">tipo Unix</ulink> com ferramentas de linha de comandos, provavelmente já sabe tudo o que explico aqui. Por favor use isto como um teste de realidade e refrescamento.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Console basics
pt: Básico da consola

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The shell prompt
pt: A linha de comandos da shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Upon starting the system, you are presented with the character based login screen if you did not install any <ulink url="&gui;">GUI</ulink> environment such as <ulink url="&gnome;">GNOME</ulink> or <ulink url="&kde;">KDE</ulink> desktop system. Suppose your hostname is <literal>foo</literal>, the login prompt looks as follows.
pt: Ao iniciar o sistema, é-lhe apresentado o ecrã de autenticação baseado em caracteres se não instalou nenhum ambiente <ulink url="&gui;">GUI</ulink> como o <ulink url="&gnome;">GNOME</ulink> ou o sistema de desktop <ulink url="&kde;">KDE</ulink>. Suponha que o seu nome de anfitrião é <literal>foo</literal>, a prompt de login tem o seguinte aspeto.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you installed a <ulink url="&gui;">GUI</ulink> environment, then you can still get to the character based login prompt by Ctrl-Alt-F3, and you can return to the GUI environment via Ctrl-Alt-F2 (see <xref linkend="_virtual_consoles"/> below for more).
pt: Se instalou um ambiente <ulink url="&gui;">GUI</ulink>, então pode ir à mesma para uma prompt de login baseada em caracteres ao pressionar Ctrl-Alt-F3 e pode regressar ao ambiente GUI via Ctrl-Alt-F2 (para mais informação veja <xref linkend="_virtual_consoles"/> em baixo).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: At the login prompt, you type your username, e.g. <literal>penguin</literal>, and press the Enter-key, then type your password and press the Enter-key again.
pt: Na prompt de login, escreva o seu nome de utilizador, p.e. <literal>penguin</literal> e carregue na tecla Enter, depois escreva a sua palavra-passe e carregue novamente na tecla Enter.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: Following the Unix tradition, the username and password of the Debian system are case sensitive.  The username is usually chosen only from the lowercase.  The first user account is usually created during the installation.  Additional user accounts can be created with <literal>adduser</literal>(8) by root.
pt: A seguir a tradição do Unix, o nome de utilizador e palavra-passe do sistema Debian são sensíveis a maiúsculas/minúsculas. O nome de utilizador é geralmente escolhido apenas em minúsculas. A primeira conta de utilizador é normalmente criada durante a instalação. Podem ser criadas contas de utilizador adicionais com <literal>adduser</literal>(8) pelo root.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The system starts with the greeting message stored in "<literal>/etc/motd</literal>" (Message Of The Day) and presents a command prompt.
pt: O sistema inicia com a mensagem de boas vindas armazenada em "<literal>/etc/motd</literal>" (Mensagem do Dia) e apresenta uma prompt de comandos.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Now you are in the <ulink url="&shell;">shell</ulink>. The shell interprets your commands.
pt: Está agora na <ulink url="&shell;">shell</ulink>. A shell interpreta os seus comandos.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The shell prompt under GUI
pt: A linha de comandos na GUI

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you installed a <ulink url="&gui;">GUI</ulink> environment during the installation, you are presented with the graphical login screen upon starting your system.  You type your username and your password to login to the non-privileged user account.  Use tab to navigate between username and password, or use the primary click of the mouse.
pt: Se instalou um ambiente <ulink url="&gui;">GUI</ulink> durante a instalação, é-lhe apresentado o ecrã gráfico de início de sessão ao iniciar o sistema.  Introduza o seu nome de utilizador e a sua palavra-passe para iniciar sessão na conta de utilizador não privilegiado.  Utilize o separador para navegar entre o nome de utilizador e a palavra-passe, ou utilize o clique primário do rato.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can gain the shell prompt under GUI environment by starting a <literal>x-terminal-emulator</literal> program such as <literal>gnome-terminal</literal>(1), <literal>rxvt</literal>(1) or <literal>xterm</literal>(1).  Under the GNOME desktop environment, press SUPER-key (Windows-key) and typing in "terminal" to the search prompt does the trick.
pt: Pode obter a linha de comandos da shell num ambiente GUI iniciando um programa <literal>x-terminal-emulator</literal> como o <literal>gnome-terminal</literal>(1), <literal>rxvt</literal>(1) ou <literal>xterm</literal>(1).  No ambiente de trabalho GNOME, premir a tecla SUPER (tecla Windows) e escrever "terminal" na linha de pesquisa faz o truque.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Under some other Desktop systems (like <literal>fluxbox</literal>), there may be no obvious starting point for the menu.  If this happens, just try (right) clicking the background of the desktop screen and hope for a menu to pop-up.
pt: Em alguns Ambientes de Trabalho (como o <literal>fluxbox</literal>), pode não existir um ponto de partida óbvio para o menu. Se isto acontecer, tente clicar (botão direito) no fundo do ambiente de trabalho e espere que apareça um menu.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The root account
pt: A conta root

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The root account is also called <ulink url="&superuser;">superuser</ulink> or privileged user.  From this account, you can perform the following system administration tasks.
pt: A conta root também é chamada como de <ulink url="&superuser;">super utilizador</ulink> ou de utilizador privilegiado.  A partir desta conta, pode executar as seguintes tarefas de administração do sistema:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Read, write, and remove any files on the system irrespective of their file permissions
pt: Ler, escrever e remover quaisquer ficheiros no sistema independentemente das permissões deles

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Set file ownership and permissions of any files on the system
pt: Definir o dono e permissões de quaisquer ficheiros no sistema

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Set the password of any non-privileged users on the system
pt: Definir a palavra-passe de quaisquer utilizadores não privilegiados do sistema

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Login to any accounts without their passwords
pt: Iniciar sessão (Login) em qualquer conta sem a palavra-passe deles

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This unlimited power of root account requires you to be considerate and responsible when using it.
pt: Este poder ilimitado da conta root requer que você seja atento e responsável quando a utilizar.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
en: Never share the root password with others.
pt: Nunca partilhe a palavra-passe de root com outros.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: File permissions of a file (including hardware devices such as CD-ROM etc. which are just another file for the Debian system) may render it unusable or inaccessible by non-root users.  Although the use of root account is a quick way to test this kind of situation, its resolution should be done through proper setting of file permissions and user's group membership (see <xref linkend="_filesystem_permissions"/>).
pt: As permissões de um ficheiro (incluindo aparelhos de hardware como CD-ROM etc. os quais são apenas outros ficheiros para o sistema Debian) podem torná-lo não-utilizável ou inacessível para utilizadores não-root. Apesar da utilização da conta root ser um modo rápido de testar este tipo de situação, a resolução dela deve ser feita através da definição correcta das permissões do ficheiro e membros dos grupos de utilizadores. (veja <xref linkend="_filesystem_permissions"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The root shell prompt
pt: A linha de comandos shell do root

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here are a few basic methods to gain the root shell prompt by using the root password.
pt: Aqui estão alguns métodos básicos de obter o prompt da shell de root ao utilizar a palavra-passe do root:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Type <literal>root</literal> at the character based login prompt.
pt: Escreva <literal>root</literal> na prompt de login baseada em caracteres.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Type "<literal>su -l</literal>" from any user shell prompt.
pt: Escreva "<literal>su -l</literal>" na prompt da shell de qualquer utilizador.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: This does not preserve the environment of the current user.
pt: Isto não preserva o ambiente do utilizador atual.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Type "<literal>su</literal>" from any user shell prompt.
pt: Escreva "<literal>su</literal>" na prompt de shell de qualquer utilizador.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: This preserves some of the environment of the current user.
pt: Isto preserva algum do ambiente do utilizador atual.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: GUI system administration tools
pt: GUI de ferramentas de administração do sistema

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: When your desktop menu does not start GUI system administration tools automatically with the appropriate privilege, you can start them from the root shell prompt of the terminal emulator, such as <literal>gnome-terminal</literal>(1), <literal>rxvt</literal>(1), or <literal>xterm</literal>(1). See <xref linkend="_the_root_shell_prompt"/> and <xref linkend="_x_server_connection"/>.
pt: Quando o menu do ambiente de trabalho não inicia automaticamente as ferramentas de administração do sistema GUI com o privilégio apropriado, pode iniciá-las a partir da prompt da shell de raiz do emulador de terminal, como o <literal>gnome-terminal</literal>(1), <literal>rxvt</literal>(1) ou <literal>xterm</literal>(1). Ver <xref linkend="_the_root_shell_prompt"/> e <xref linkend="_x_server_connection"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
en: Never start the GUI display/session manager under the root account by typing in <literal>root</literal> to the prompt of the display manager such as <literal>gdm3</literal>(1).
pt: Nunca inicie o gestor de ecrã/sessão GUI com a conta root ao escrever <literal>root</literal> na prompt do gestor de ecrã/sessão como o <literal>gdm3</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
en: Never run untrusted remote GUI program under X Window when critical information is displayed since it may eavesdrop your X screen.
pt: Nunca execute programas GUI remotos que não sejam confiáveis no X Window quando é mostrada informação critica porque pode "espiar" o seu ecrã X.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Virtual consoles
pt: Consolas virtuais

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: In the default Debian system, there are six switchable <ulink url="&vtbaalike;">VT100-like</ulink> character consoles available to start the command shell directly on the Linux host.  Unless you are in a GUI environment, you can switch between the virtual consoles by pressing the <literal>Left-Alt-key</literal> and one of the <literal>F1</literal> — <literal>F6</literal> keys simultaneously.  Each character console allows independent login to the account and offers the multiuser environment.  This multiuser environment is a great Unix feature, and very addictive.
pt: Por omissão no sistema Debian existem disponíveis seis consolas de caracteres alternáveis <ulink url="&vtbaalike;">tipo VT100</ulink> para arrancar a shell de comandos directamente na máquina Linux. A menos queesteja num ambiente GUI, pode mudar entre consolas virtuais ao pressionar <literal>Left-Alt-key</literal> e simultaneamente numa das teclas <literal>F1</literal> — <literal>F6</literal>. Cada consola de caracteres permite um login independente à conta e oferece um ambiente multi-utilizador. Este ambiente multi-utilizador é uma funcionalidade excelente do Unix e muito viciante.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you are in the GUI environment, you gain access to the character console 3 by pressing <literal>Ctrl-Alt-F3</literal> key, i.e., the <literal>left-Ctrl-key</literal>, the <literal>left-Alt-key</literal>, and the <literal>F3-key</literal> are pressed together.  You can get back to the GUI environment, normally running on the virtual console 2, by pressing <literal>Alt-F2</literal>.
pt: Se está no ambiente GUI, pode ganhar acesso à consola 3 ao pressionar as teclas <literal>Ctrl-Alt-F3</literal>, isto é, a tecla esquerda <literal>Ctrl</literal>, a tecla esquerda<literal>Alt</literal> e a tecla <literal>F1</literal> pressionadas em conjunto. Pode regressar ao ambiente GUI, que normalmente executa na consola virtual 7, ao pressionar <literal>Alt-F7</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can alternatively change to another virtual console, e.g. to the console 3, from the commandline.
pt: Pode, em alternativa, mudar para outra consola virtual, por exemplo à consola 3, a partir da linha de comandos.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: How to leave the command prompt
pt: Como abandonar a linha de comandos

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You type <literal>Ctrl-D</literal>, i.e., the <literal>left-Ctrl-key</literal> and the <literal>d-key</literal> pressed together, at the command prompt to close the shell activity.  If you are at the character console, you return to the login prompt with this.  Even though these control characters are referred as "control D" with the upper case, you do not need to press the Shift-key. The short hand expression, <literal>^D</literal>, is also used for <literal>Ctrl-D</literal>.  Alternately, you can type "exit".
pt: Escreva <literal>Ctrl-D</literal>, isto é, a <literal>tecla-Ctrl-esquerda</literal> e a <literal>tecla d</literal> pressionadas ao mesmo tempo, na linha de comandos para fechar a atividade da shell. Se estiver na consola de caracteres, com isto, retorna ao aviso de login. Mesmo que estes caracteres de controle sejam referidos como "control D" com letra maiúscula, não precisa de pressionar a tecla Shift. A expressão curta, <literal>^D</literal>, também é usada para <literal>Ctrl-D</literal>. Em alternativa pode escrever "exit".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you are at <literal>x-terminal-emulator</literal>(1), you can close <literal>x-terminal-emulator</literal> window with this.
pt: Se estiver no <literal>x-terminal-emulator</literal>(1), com isto pode fechar a janela do <literal>x-terminal-emulator</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: How to shutdown the system
pt: Como desligar o sistema

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Just like any other modern OS where the file operation involves <ulink url="&cachingdata;">caching data</ulink> in memory for improved performance, the Debian system needs the proper shutdown procedure before power can safely be turned off. This is to maintain the integrity of files, by forcing all changes in memory to be written to disk. If the software power control is available, the shutdown procedure automatically turns off power of the system. (Otherwise, you may have to press power button for few seconds after the shutdown procedure.)
pt: Tal como qualquer outro SO moderno onde operar ficheiros involve pôr <ulink url="&cachingdata;">dados em cache</ulink> em memória para melhorar a performance, o sistema Debian precisa de um processo apropriado de desligar antes que a energia possa ser, em segurança, desligada. Isto é para manter a integridade dos ficheiros, ao forçar todas as alterações em memória a serem escritas no disco. Se estiver disponível software de controle de energia, o processo de desligar desliga automaticamente a energia do sistema. (Caso contrário, pode ter de pressionar o botão de energia por alguns segundos após o procedimento de desligar.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can shutdown the system under the normal multiuser mode from the commandline.
pt: Pode desligar o sistema sob o modo normal de multi-utilizador a partir da linha de comandos.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can shutdown the system under the single-user mode from the commandline.
pt: Pode desligar o sistema sob o modo único-utilizador a partir da linha de comandos.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See <xref linkend="_how_to_shutdown_the_remote_system_on_ssh"/>.
pt: Veja a <xref linkend="_how_to_shutdown_the_remote_system_on_ssh"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Recovering a sane console
pt: Recuperar uma consola sã

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: When the screen goes berserk after doing some funny things such as "<literal>cat <emphasis>some-binary-file</emphasis></literal>", type "<literal>reset</literal>" at the command prompt. You may not be able to see the command echoed as you type.  You may also issue "<literal>clear</literal>" to clean up the screen.
pt: Quando o ecrã fica estranho após fazer coisas estranhas tal como "<literal>cat <emphasis>qualquer-ficheiro-binário</emphasis></literal>", escreva "<literal>reset</literal>" na linha de comandos. Poderá não ver o comando a aparecer quando o escreve. Também pode utilizar "<literal>clear</literal>" para limpar o ecrã.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Additional package suggestions for the newbie
pt: Sugestões de pacotes adicionais para o novato

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Although even the minimal installation of the Debian system without any desktop environment tasks provides the basic Unix functionality, it is a good idea to install few additional commandline and curses based character terminal packages such as <literal>mc</literal> and <literal>vim</literal> with <literal>apt-get</literal>(8) for beginners to get started by the following.
pt: Apesar de mesmo uma instalação mínima do sistema Debian sem quaisquer tarefas de ambiente de trabalho disponibilizar as funcionalidades básicas do Unix, é uma boa ideia instalar alguns pacotes baseados em linha de comandos e terminais de caracteres baseados em curses tais como o <literal>mc</literal> e o <literal>vim</literal> com o <literal>apt-get</literal>(8) para os iniciantes começarem, pelo seguinte.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you already had these packages installed, no new packages are installed.
pt: Se já tiver estes pacotes instalados, não serão instalados novos pacotes.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of interesting text-mode program packages
pt: Lista de pacotes de programas interessantes em modo de texto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: package
pt: pacote

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: size
pt: tamanho

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: description
pt: descrição

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: A text-mode full-screen file manager
pt: Um gestor de ficheiro de ecrã completo em modo de texto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: A program to allow limited root privileges to users
pt: Um programa para permitir privilégios de root limitados aos utilizadores

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Unix text editor Vi IMproved, a programmers text editor (standard version)
pt: O editor de texto de Unix Vi IMproved, um editor de texto para programadores (versão standard)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Unix text editor Vi IMproved, a programmers text editor (compact version)
pt: O editor de texto de Unix Vi IMproved, um editor de texto para programadores (versão compacta)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: GNU project Emacs, the Lisp based extensible text editor
pt: Emacs do Projecto GNU, o editor de texto extensível baseado em Lisp

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Text-mode WWW browsers
pt: Navegadores de WWW de modo de texto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: The Unix style cut-and-paste on the text console (daemon)
pt: O cortar-e-colar estilo Unix na consola de texto (daemon)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: It may be a good idea to read some informative documentations.
pt: Pode ser uma boa ideia ler algumas documentações informativas.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of informative documentation packages
pt: Lista de pacotes de documentação informativa

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Debian Project documentation, (Debian FAQ) and other documents
pt: Documentação do Projecto Debian, (FAQ do Debian) e outros documentos

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Debian Policy Manual and related documents
pt: Manual de Políticas Debian e documentos relacionados

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Guidelines and information for Debian developers
pt: Guias e informação para programadores de Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Guide for Debian Maintainers
pt: Guia para Mantedor Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: History of the Debian Project
pt: História do Projecto Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Debian FAQ
pt: FAQ do Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can install some of these packages by the following.
pt: Pode instalar alguns destes pacotes com o seguinte.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: An extra user account
pt: Uma conta de utilizador extra

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you do not want to use your main user account for the following training activities, you can create a training user account, e.g. <literal>fish</literal> by the following.
pt: Se não deseja usar a sua conta de utilizador principal para as seguintes atividades de treino, pode criar uma conta de utilizador para treinos, por exemplo, <literal>fish</literal>, a fazer o seguinte:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Answer all questions.
pt: Responder a todas as questões.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This creates a new account named as <literal>fish</literal>.  After your practice, you can remove this user account and its home directory by the following.
pt: Isto cria uma conta chamada <literal>fish</literal>. Após praticar, pode remover esta conta de utilizador e o diretório home dele a fazer o seguinte:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: On non-Debian and specialized Debian systems, above activities need to use lower level <literal>useradd</literal>(8) and <literal>userdel</literal>(8) utilities, instead.
pt: Em sistemas não-Debian e Debian especializados, as actividades acima precisam de utilizar utilitários de baixo nível <literal>useradd</literal>(8) e <literal>userdel</literal>(8).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: sudo configuration
pt: Configuração do sudo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For the typical single user workstation such as the desktop Debian system on the laptop PC, it is common to deploy simple configuration of <literal>sudo</literal>(8) as follows to let the non-privileged user, e.g. <literal>penguin</literal>, to gain administrative privilege just with his user password but without the root password.
pt: Para a típica estação de trabalho de um único utilizador como o ambiente de trabalho do sistema Debian no PC portátil, é comum implementar uma configuração simples do <literal>sudo</literal>(8) como a seguir para permitir ao utilizador não-privilegiado, ex. <literal>penguin</literal>, ganhar privilégios administrativos apenas com a sua palavra-passe de utilizador mas sem a palavra-passe do root.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Alternatively, it is also common to do as follows to let the non-privileged user, e.g. <literal>penguin</literal>, to gain administrative privilege without any password.
pt: Em alternativa, é também comum fazer como a seguir para permitir a um utilizador não privilegiado, ex. <literal>penguin</literal>, ganhar privilégios administrativos sem qualquer palavra-passe.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This trick should only be used for the single user workstation which you administer and where you are the only user.
pt: Este truque só deve ser usado na estação de trabalho de um único utilizador que administra e onde é o único utilizador.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
en: Do not set up accounts of regular users on multiuser workstation like this because it would be very bad for system security.
pt: Não configure assim as contas de utilizadores normais numa estação de trabalho multi-utilizador porque seria muito mau para a segurança do sistema.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: The password and the account of the <literal>penguin</literal> in the above example requires as much protection as the root password and the root account.
pt: A palavra-passe e a conta <literal>penguin</literal> no exemplo em cima requer tanta protecção como a palavra-passe do root e a conta do root.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: Administrative privilege in this context belongs to someone authorized to perform the system administration task on the workstation.  Never give some manager in the Admin department of your company or your boss such privilege unless they are authorized and capable.
pt: O privilégio administrativo neste contexto pertence a alguém autorizado a executar as tarefas de administração do sistema numa estação de trabalho. Nunca dê tais privilégios a um gestor do departamento Administrativo da sua firma ou ao seu chefe a menos que eles sejam autorizados e capazes.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: For providing access privilege to limited devices and limited files, you should consider to use <emphasis role="strong">group</emphasis> to provide limited access instead of using the <literal>root</literal> privilege via <literal>sudo</literal>(8).
pt: Para disponibilizar privilégios de acesso a aparelhos limitados e ficheiros limitados, deve considerar usar o <emphasis role="strong">group</emphasis> para disponibilizar acesso limitado em vez de usar os privilégios do <literal>root</literal> via <literal>sudo</literal>(8).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: With more thoughtful and careful configuration, <literal>sudo</literal>(8) can grant limited administrative privileges to other users on a shared system without sharing the root password.  This can help with accountability with hosts with multiple administrators so you can tell who did what.  On the other hand, you might not want anyone else to have such privileges.
pt: Com uma configuração melhor pensada e cuidada, o <literal>sudo</literal>(8) pode garantir privilégios administrativos limitados a outros utilizadores num sistema partilhado sem partilhar a palavra-passe do root. Isto pode ajudar com as responsabilidades com máquinas com múltiplos administradores para que possa saber quem fez o quê. Por outro lado, pode querer que mais ninguém tenha tais privilégios.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Play time
pt: Hora de brincar

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Now you are ready to play with the Debian system without risks as long as you use the non-privileged user account.
pt: Agora está pronto para brincar com o sistema Debian sem riscos desde que use a conta de utilizador sem-privilégios.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This is because the Debian system is, even after the default installation, configured with proper file permissions which prevent non-privileged users from damaging the system.  Of course, there may still be some holes which can be exploited but those who worry about these issues should not be reading this section but should be reading <ulink url="&securingdebianmanual;">Securing Debian Manual</ulink>.
pt: Isto porque o sistema Debian é, mesmo após uma instalação predefinida, configurado com permissões de ficheiros apropriadas que previne os utilizadores não privilegiados de danificarem o sistema. É claro, podem ainda existir alguns buracos que possam ser explorados mas aqueles que se preocupam com estes problemas não deveriam ler esta secção e deveriam ler o <ulink url="&securingdebianmanual;">Manual de Segurança Debian</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: We learn the Debian system as a <ulink url="&unixlike;">Unix-like</ulink> system with the following.
pt: Aprendemos o sistema Debian como um sistema <ulink url="&unixlike;">tipo Unix</ulink> com o seguinte:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <xref linkend="_unix_like_filesystem"/> (basic concept)
pt: <xref linkend="_unix_like_filesystem"/> (conceitos básicos)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <xref linkend="_midnight_commander_mc"/> (survival method)
pt: <xref linkend="_midnight_commander_mc"/> (método de sobrevivência)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <xref linkend="_the_basic_unix_like_work_environment"/> (basic method)
pt: <xref linkend="_the_basic_unix_like_work_environment"/> (método básico)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <xref linkend="_the_simple_shell_command"/> (shell mechanism)
pt: <xref linkend="_the_simple_shell_command"/> (mecanismo da shell)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <xref linkend="_unix_like_text_processing"/> (text processing method)
pt: <xref linkend="_unix_like_text_processing"/> (método de processamento de texto)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Unix-like filesystem
pt: Sistema de ficheiros tipo Unix

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: In GNU/Linux and other <ulink url="&unixlike;">Unix-like</ulink> operating systems, <ulink url="&files;">files</ulink> are organized into <ulink url="&directories;">directories</ulink>.  All files and directories are arranged in one big tree rooted at "<literal>/</literal>". It's called a tree because if you draw the filesystem, it looks like a tree but it is upside down.
pt: No GNU/Linux e noutros sistemas operativos <ulink url="&unixlike;">tipo Unix</ulink>, os <ulink url="&files;">ficheiros</ulink> estão organizados em <ulink url="&directories;">diretórios</ulink>. Todos os ficheiros e diretórios estão organizados numa grande árvore que nasce em "<literal>/</literal>". É chamada uma árvore porque se desenhar o sistema de ficheiros, parece-se com uma árvore mas está de cabeça para baixo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: These files and directories can be spread out over several devices. <literal>mount</literal>(8) serves to attach the filesystem found on some device to the big file tree.  Conversely, <literal>umount</literal>(8) detaches it again.  On recent Linux kernels, <literal>mount</literal>(8) with some options can bind part of a file tree somewhere else or can mount filesystem as shared, private, slave, or unbindable.  Supported mount options for each filesystem are available in "<literal>/usr/share/doc/linux-doc-*/Documentation/filesystems/</literal>".
pt: Estes ficheiros e diretórios podem estar espalhados por vários aparelhos. <literal>mount</literal>(8) serve para anexar o sistema de ficheiros encontrado num aparelho à grande árvore de ficheiros. Reciprocamente, <literal>umount</literal>(8) desanexa-os novamente. Nos kernel Linux recentes, o <literal>mount</literal>(8) com algumas opções pode unir parte de uma árvore de ficheiros noutro lugar ou pode montar um sistema de ficheiros como partilhado, privado, escravo ou não-unível. As opções do mount suportadas para cada sistema de ficheiros estão disponíveis em "<literal>/usr/share/doc/linux-doc-*/Documentation/filesystems/</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">Directories</emphasis> on Unix systems are called <emphasis role="strong">folders</emphasis> on some other systems.  Please also note that there is no concept for <emphasis role="strong">drive</emphasis> such as "<literal>A:</literal>" on any Unix system.  There is one filesystem, and everything is included. This is a huge advantage compared to Windows.
pt: Os <emphasis role="strong">diretórios</emphasis> no sistema Unix são chamados <emphasis role="strong">pastas</emphasis> nalguns outros sistemas. Por favor note também que não existe conceito para <emphasis role="strong">drive</emphasis> tal como "<literal>A:</literal>" em qualquer sistema Unix. Existe um sistema de ficheiros e tudo está incluído nele. Esta é uma enorme vantagem em comparação com o Windows.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Unix file basics
pt: Noções básicas de ficheiros Unix

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here are some Unix file basics.
pt: Aqui estão algumas noções básicas de ficheiros Unix:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Filenames are <emphasis role="strong">case sensitive</emphasis>.  That is, "<literal>MYFILE</literal>" and "<literal>MyFile</literal>" are different files.
pt: Os nomes de ficheiro são <emphasis role="strong">sensíveis a maiúsculas/minúsculas</emphasis>. Isto é, "<literal>MEUFICHEIRO</literal>" e "<literal>MeuFicheiro</literal>" são ficheiros diferentes.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The <emphasis role="strong">root directory</emphasis> means root of the filesystem referred as simply "<literal>/</literal>".  Don't confuse this with the home directory for the root user: "<literal>/root</literal>".
pt: O <emphasis role="strong">diretório raiz</emphasis> significa a raiz do sistema de ficheiros e é referido simplesmente como "<literal>/</literal>". Não confundir isto com o diretório pessoal do utilizador root: "<literal>/root</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Every directory has a name which can contain any letters or symbols <emphasis role="strong">except "<literal>/</literal>"</emphasis>.  The root directory is an exception; its name is "<literal>/</literal>" (pronounced "slash" or "the root directory") and it cannot be renamed.
pt: Todos os diretórios têm um nome que pode conter quaisquer letras ou símbolos <emphasis role="strong">excepto "<literal>/</literal>"</emphasis>. O diretório raiz é uma excepção. O nome dele é "<literal>/</literal>" (pronuncia-se "slash" ou "o diretório raiz") e não pode ser renomeado.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Each file or directory is designated by a <emphasis role="strong">fully-qualified filename</emphasis>, <emphasis role="strong">absolute filename</emphasis>, or <emphasis role="strong">path</emphasis>, giving the sequence of directories which must be passed through to reach it.  The three terms are synonymous.
pt: Cada ficheiro ou diretório é designado por um <emphasis role="strong">nome de ficheiro totalmente qualificado</emphasis>, <emphasis role="strong">nome de ficheiro absoluto</emphasis>, ou <emphasis role="strong">caminho</emphasis>, que fornece a sequência de diretórios que têm de ser percorridos para o alcançar. Estes três termos são sinónimos.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: All <emphasis role="strong">fully-qualified filenames</emphasis> begin with the "<literal>/</literal>" directory, and there's a "<literal>/</literal>" between each directory or file in the filename.  The first "<literal>/</literal>" is the top level directory, and the other "<literal>/</literal>"'s separate successive subdirectories, until we reach the last entry which is the name of the actual file.  The words used here can be confusing.  Take the following <emphasis role="strong">fully-qualified filename</emphasis> as an example: "<literal>/usr/share/keytables/us.map.gz</literal>".  However, people also refers to its basename "<literal>us.map.gz</literal>" alone as a filename.
pt: Todos os <emphasis role="strong">nomes de ficheiro totalmente qualificados</emphasis> começam com o diretório "<literal>/</literal>" e existe um "<literal>/</literal>" entre cada diretório ou ficheiro no nome do ficheiro. O primeiro "<literal>/</literal>" é o diretório de nível de topo e os outros "<literal>/</literal>"' separam sucessivamente os sub-diretórios, até que se chegue à última entrada que é o nome real do ficheiro. As palavras utilizadas aqui conseguem ser confusas. Veja o seguinte <emphasis role="strong">nome de ficheiro completamente qualificado</emphasis> como um exemplo: "<literal>/usr/share/keytables/us.map.gz</literal>". No entanto, as pessoas também se referem ao seu nome base sozinho "<literal>us.map.gz</literal>" como um nome de ficheiro.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The root directory has a number of branches, such as "<literal>/etc/</literal>" and "<literal>/usr/</literal>".  These subdirectories in turn branch into still more subdirectories, such as "<literal>/etc/systemd/</literal>" and "<literal>/usr/local/</literal>".  The whole thing viewed collectively is called the <emphasis role="strong">directory tree</emphasis>.  You can think of an absolute filename as a route from the base of the tree ("<literal>/</literal>") to the end of some branch (a file).  You also hear people talk about the directory tree as if it were a <emphasis role="strong">family</emphasis> tree encompassing all direct descendants of a single figure called the root directory ("<literal>/</literal>"): thus subdirectories have <emphasis role="strong">parents</emphasis>, and a path shows the complete ancestry of a file.  There are also relative paths that begin somewhere other than the root directory.  You should remember that the directory "<literal>../</literal>" refers to the parent directory.  This terminology also applies to other directory like structures, such as hierarchical data structures.
pt: O diretório raiz tem algumas ramificações, tais como "<literal>/etc/</literal>" e "<literal>/usr/</literal>". Estes sub-diretórios por sua vez ramificam-se em mais sub-diretórios, tais como "<literal>/etc/systemd/</literal>" e "<literal>/usr/local/</literal>". O todo, visto em conjunto, é a chamada <emphasis role="strong">árvore de diretórios</emphasis>. Pode pensar num nome de ficheiro absoluto como um caminho desde a base da árvore ("<literal>/</literal>") até ao fim de um ramo (um ficheiro). Também pode ouvir pessoas falar da árvore de diretórios como se fosse uma árvore de <emphasis role="strong">família</emphasis> a juntar todos os descendentes diretos numa única figura chamada de diretório raiz ("<literal>/</literal>"): assim, os sub-diretórios têm <emphasis role="strong">pais</emphasis> e um caminho mostra a linhagem completa de um ficheiro. Existem também caminhos relativos que começam algures noutro ponto que não o diretório raiz. Deve lembrar-se que o diretório "<literal>../</literal>" refere-se ao diretório pai. Esta terminologia também se aplica a outras estruturas semelhantes a diretórios, como estruturas hierárquicas de dados.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: There's no special directory path name component that corresponds to a physical device, such as your hard disk.  This differs from <ulink url="&rtbb;">RT-11</ulink>, <ulink url="&cpm;">CP/M</ulink>, <ulink url="&openvms;">OpenVMS</ulink>, <ulink url="&msdos;">MS-DOS</ulink>, <ulink url="&amigaos;">AmigaOS</ulink>, and <ulink url="&microsoftwindows;">Microsoft Windows</ulink>, where the path contains a device name such as "<literal>C:\</literal>".  (However, directory entries do exist that refer to physical devices as a part of the normal filesystem.  See <xref linkend="_filesystem_internals"/>.)
pt: Não existe componente especial no nome de caminho que corresponde a um aparelhos físico, tal como o seu disco rígido. Isto difere de <ulink url="&rtbb;">RT-11</ulink>, <ulink url="&cpm;">CP/M</ulink>, <ulink url="&openvms;">OpenVMS</ulink>, <ulink url="&msdos;">MS-DOS</ulink>, <ulink url="&amigaos;">AmigaOS</ulink> e <ulink url="&microsoftwindows;">Microsoft Windows</ulink>, onde o caminho contém um nome de aparelho tal como "<literal>C:\</literal>". (No entanto, existem entradas nos diretórios que referem-se a aparelhos físicos como parte do sistema de ficheiros normal. Veja <xref linkend="_filesystem_internals"/>.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: While you <emphasis role="strong">can</emphasis> use almost any letters or symbols in a file name, in practice it is a bad idea to do so.  It is better to avoid any characters that often have special meanings on the command line, including spaces, tabs, newlines, and other special characters: <literal>{ } ( ) [ ] ' ` " \ / &gt; &lt; | ; ! # &amp; ^ * % @ $</literal> .  If you want to separate words in a name, good choices are the period, hyphen, and underscore.  You could also capitalize each word, "<literal>LikeThis</literal>". Experienced Linux users tend to avoid spaces in filenames.
pt: Apesar de <emphasis role="strong">poder</emphasis> usar quase todas as letras ou símbolos num nome de ficheiro, na prática é má ideia fazê-lo. É melhor evitar quaisquer caracteres que geralmente têm significados especiais na linha de comandos, incluindo espaços, tabs, novas linhas  e outros caracteres especiais: <literal>{ } ( ) [ ] ' ` " \ / &gt; &lt; | ; ! # &amp; ^ * % @ $</literal> . Se deseja separar palavras num nome, as boas escolhas são o ponto, traço e underscore. Também pode capitalizar cada palavra assim "<literal>ComoEsteExemplo</literal>". Os utilizadores avançados de Linux procuram evitar espaços nos nomes de ficheiros.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: The word "root" can mean either "root user" or "root directory".  The context of their usage should make it clear.
pt: A palavra "root" pode significar o "utilizador root" ou o "diretório raiz (root)". O contexto da utilização deles deve torná-lo claro.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: The word <emphasis role="strong">path</emphasis> is used not only for <emphasis role="strong">fully-qualified filename</emphasis> as above but also for the <emphasis role="strong">command search path</emphasis>.  The intended meaning is usually clear from the context.
pt: A palavra <emphasis role="strong">caminho (path)</emphasis> é usada não apenas para o <emphasis role="strong">nome-de-ficheiro totalmente qualificado</emphasis> como em cima mas também para o <emphasis role="strong">caminho de busca de comandos</emphasis>. O significado pretendido é geralmente claro a partir do contexto.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The detailed best practices for the file hierarchy are described in the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard ("<literal>/usr/share/doc/debian-policy/fhs/fhs-2.3.txt.gz</literal>" and <literal>hier</literal>(7)).  You should remember the following facts as the starter.
pt: As melhores práticas detalhadas para a hierarquia de ficheiros estão descritas no Filesystem Hierarchy Standard ("<literal>/usr/share/doc/debian-policy/fhs/fhs-2.3.txt.gz</literal>" e <literal>hier</literal>(7)). Deve lembrar-se dos seguintes factos como princípio.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of usage of key directories
pt: Lista de utilização de diretórios chave

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: directory
pt: diretório

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: usage of the directory
pt: utilização do diretório

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: the root directory
pt: o diretório raiz

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: system wide configuration files
pt: ficheiros de configuração de todo o sistema

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: system log files
pt: ficheiros log do sistema

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: all the home directories for all non-privileged users
pt: todos os diretórios home de todos os utilizadores não privilegiados

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Filesystem internals
pt: Internos do sistema de ficheiros

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Following the <emphasis role="strong">Unix tradition</emphasis>, the Debian GNU/Linux system provides the <ulink url="&filesystem;">filesystem</ulink> under which physical data on hard disks and other storage devices reside, and the interaction with the hardware devices such as console screens and remote serial consoles are represented in an unified manner under "<literal>/dev/</literal>".
pt: A seguir a <emphasis role="strong">tradição do Unix</emphasis>, o sistema Debian GNU/Linux disponibiliza o <ulink url="&filesystem;">sistema de ficheiros</ulink> sob o qual residem os dados físicos em discos rígidos e outros aparelhos de armazenamento e a interacção com os aparelhos de hardware como ecrãs de consola e consolas série remotas são representados num modo unificado sob "<literal>/dev/</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Each file, directory, named pipe (a way two programs can share data), or physical device on a Debian GNU/Linux system has a data structure called an <ulink url="&inode;">inode</ulink> which describes its associated attributes such as the user who owns it (owner), the group that it belongs to, the time last accessed, etc.  The idea of representing just about everything in the filesystem was a Unix innovation, and modern Linux kernels have developed this idea ever further. Now, even information about processes running in the computer can be found in the filesystem.
pt: Cada ficheiro, diretório, 'named pipe' (um modo de dois programas partilharem dados), ou aparelho físico num sistema Debian GNU/Linux tem uma estrutura de dados chamada <ulink url="&inode;">inode</ulink> que descreve os seus atributos associados como o utilizador que o possui (o dono), o grupo a que pertence, a hora do último acesso, etc. A ideia de representar praticamente tudo no sistema de ficheiros foi uma inovação do Unix e os modernos kernel Linux desenvolveram esta ideia ainda mais. Atualmente, até informação sobre os processos que correm no computador encontra-se no sistema de ficheiros.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This abstract and unified representation of physical entities and internal processes is very powerful since this allows us to use the same command for the same kind of operation on many totally different devices. It is even possible to change the way the kernel works by writing data to special files that are linked to running processes.
pt: Esta representação abstracta e unificada de entidades físicas e processos internos é muito poderosa porque permite-nos utilizar o mesmo comando para o mesmo tipo de operação em muitos aparelhos totalmente diferentes. É mesmo possível alterar o modo como o kernel funciona ao escrever dados em ficheiros especiais que estão ligados a processos em execução.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: If you need to identify the correspondence between the file tree and the physical entity, execute <literal>mount</literal>(8) with no arguments.
pt: Se necessitar identificar a correspondência entre a árvore de ficheiros e a entrada física, execute <literal>mount</literal>(8) sem argumentos.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Filesystem permissions
pt: Permissões do sistema de ficheiros

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <ulink url="&filesystempermissions;">Filesystem permissions</ulink> of <ulink url="&unixlike;">Unix-like</ulink> system are defined for three categories of affected users.
pt: As <ulink url="&filesystempermissions;">Permissões de sistemas de ficheiros</ulink> de sistemas <ulink url="&unixlike;">tipo-Unix</ulink> são definidas por três categorias de utilizadores afetados:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The <emphasis role="strong">user</emphasis> who owns the file (<emphasis role="strong">u</emphasis>)
pt: O <emphasis role="strong">utilizador</emphasis> que é dono do ficheiro (<emphasis role="strong">u</emphasis>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Other users in the <emphasis role="strong">group</emphasis> which the file belongs to (<emphasis role="strong">g</emphasis>)
pt: Outros utilizadores no <emphasis role="strong">grupo</emphasis> ao qual o ficheiro pertence (<emphasis role="strong">g</emphasis>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: All <emphasis role="strong">other</emphasis> users (<emphasis role="strong">o</emphasis>) also referred to as "world" and "everyone"
pt: Todos os <emphasis role="strong">outros</emphasis> utilizadores (<emphasis role="strong">o</emphasis>) também referido como "mundo" e "todos"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For the file, each corresponding permission allows following actions.
pt: Para o ficheiro, cada permissão correspondente permite as seguintes ações:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The <emphasis role="strong">read</emphasis> (<emphasis role="strong">r</emphasis>) permission allows owner to examine contents of the file.
pt: A permissão <emphasis role="strong">read</emphasis> (<emphasis role="strong">r</emphasis>) permite ao dono examinar o conteúdo do ficheiro.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The <emphasis role="strong">write</emphasis> (<emphasis role="strong">w</emphasis>) permission allows owner to modify the file.
pt: A permissão <emphasis role="strong">write</emphasis> (<emphasis role="strong">w</emphasis>) permite ao dono modificar o ficheiro.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The <emphasis role="strong">execute</emphasis> (<emphasis role="strong">x</emphasis>) permission allows owner to run the file as a command.
pt: A permissão <emphasis role="strong">execute</emphasis> (<emphasis role="strong">x</emphasis>) permite ao dono correr o ficheiro como um comando.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For the directory, each corresponding permission allows following actions.
pt: Para o diretório, cada permissão correspondente permite as seguintes ações:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The <emphasis role="strong">read</emphasis> (<emphasis role="strong">r</emphasis>) permission allows owner to list contents of the directory.
pt: A permissão <emphasis role="strong">read</emphasis> (<emphasis role="strong">r</emphasis>) permite ao dono listar o conteúdo do diretório.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The <emphasis role="strong">write</emphasis> (<emphasis role="strong">w</emphasis>) permission allows owner to add or remove files in the directory.
pt: A permissão <emphasis role="strong">write</emphasis> (<emphasis role="strong">w</emphasis>) permite ao dono adicionar ou remover ficheiros no diretório.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The <emphasis role="strong">execute</emphasis> (<emphasis role="strong">x</emphasis>) permission allows owner to access files in the directory.
pt: A permissão <emphasis role="strong">execute</emphasis> (<emphasis role="strong">x</emphasis>) permite ao dono aceder aos ficheiro no diretório.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here, the <emphasis role="strong">execute</emphasis> permission on a directory means not only to allow reading of files in that directory but also to allow viewing their attributes, such as the size and the modification time.
pt: Aqui, a permissão <emphasis role="strong">execute</emphasis> num diretório significa não só permitir a leitura dos ficheiros nesse diretório mas também permitir visualizar os seus atributos, tais como o tamanho e a hora de modificação.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <literal>ls</literal>(1) is used to display permission information (and more) for files and directories.  When it is invoked with the "<literal>-l</literal>" option, it displays the following information in the order given.
pt: <literal>ls</literal>(1) é utilizado para mostrar informação de permissões (e mais) para ficheiros e diretórios. Quando é invocado com a opção "<literal>-l</literal>", mostra a seguinte informação na ordem apresentada.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">Type of file</emphasis> (first character)
pt: <emphasis role="strong">Tipo de ficheiro</emphasis> (primeiro caractere)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Access <emphasis role="strong">permission</emphasis> of the file (nine characters, consisting of three characters each for user, group, and other in this order)
pt: <emphasis role="strong">Permissão</emphasis> de acesso do ficheiro (nove caracteres, a consistir em três caracteres cada para utilizador, grupo e outros por esta ordem)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">Number of hard links</emphasis> to the file
pt: <emphasis role="strong">Quantidade de ligações rígidas</emphasis> ao ficheiro

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Name of the <emphasis role="strong">user</emphasis> who owns the file
pt: Nome do <emphasis role="strong">utilizador</emphasis> dono do ficheiro

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Name of the <emphasis role="strong">group</emphasis> which the file belongs to
pt: Nome do <emphasis role="strong">grupo</emphasis> ao qual o ficheiro pertence

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">Size</emphasis> of the file in characters (bytes)
pt: <emphasis role="strong">Tamanho</emphasis> do ficheiro em caracteres (bytes)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">Date and time</emphasis> of the file (mtime)
pt: <emphasis role="strong">Data e hora</emphasis> do ficheiro (mtime)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">Name</emphasis> of the file
pt: <emphasis role="strong">Nome</emphasis> do ficheiro

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of the first character of "<literal>ls -l</literal>" output
pt: Lista do primeiro caractere da saída de "<literal>ls -l</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: character
pt: caractere

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: meaning
pt: significado

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: normal file
pt: ficheiro normal

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: symlink
pt: ligação simbólica

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: character device node
pt: nó de aparelho de caractere

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: block device node
pt: nó de aparelho de bloco

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <literal>chown</literal>(1) is used from the root account to change the owner of the file.  <literal>chgrp</literal>(1) is used from the file's owner or root account to change the group of the file.  <literal>chmod</literal>(1) is used from the file's owner or root account to change file and directory access permissions.  Basic syntax to manipulate a <literal>foo</literal> file is the following.
pt: <literal>chown</literal>(1) é utilizado a partir da conta de root para alterar o dono do ficheiro. <literal>chgrp</literal>(1) é utilizado a partir da conta do dono do ficheiro ou da conta root para alterar o grupo do ficheiro. <literal>chmod</literal>(1) é usado a partir da conta do dono do ficheiro ou da conta root para alterar as permissões de acesso ao ficheiro ou diretório. A sintaxe básica para manipular o ficheiro <literal>foo</literal> é a seguinte.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For example, you can make a directory tree to be owned by a user <literal>foo</literal> and shared by a group <literal>bar</literal> by the following.
pt: Por exemplo, pode fazer com que uma árvore de diretórios tenha como dono o utilizador <literal>foo</literal> e seja partilhada pelo grupo <literal>bar</literal> pelo seguinte:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There are three more special permission bits.
pt: Existem mais três bits especiais de permissões.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The <emphasis role="strong">set user ID</emphasis> bit (<emphasis role="strong">s</emphasis> or <emphasis role="strong">S</emphasis> instead of user's <emphasis role="strong">x</emphasis>)
pt: O bit <emphasis role="strong">set user ID</emphasis> (<emphasis role="strong">s</emphasis> ou <emphasis role="strong">S</emphasis> em vez do <emphasis role="strong">x</emphasis> do utilizador)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The <emphasis role="strong">set group ID</emphasis> bit (<emphasis role="strong">s</emphasis> or <emphasis role="strong">S</emphasis> instead of group's <emphasis role="strong">x</emphasis>)
pt: O bit <emphasis role="strong">set group ID</emphasis> (<emphasis role="strong">s</emphasis> ou <emphasis role="strong">S</emphasis> em vez do <emphasis role="strong">x</emphasis> do grupo)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The <emphasis role="strong">sticky</emphasis> bit (<emphasis role="strong">t</emphasis> or <emphasis role="strong">T</emphasis> instead of other's <emphasis role="strong">x</emphasis>)
pt: O bit <emphasis role="strong">sticky</emphasis> (<emphasis role="strong">t</emphasis> ou <emphasis role="strong">T</emphasis> em vez do <emphasis role="strong">x</emphasis> dos outros)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here the output of "<literal>ls -l</literal>" for these bits is <emphasis role="strong">capitalized</emphasis> if execution bits hidden by these outputs are <emphasis role="strong">unset</emphasis>.
pt: Aqui o resultado de "<literal>ls -l</literal>" para estes bits é <emphasis role="strong">capitalizado</emphasis> se a execução de bits escondidos por estes resultados estiverem <emphasis role="strong">não definidos</emphasis>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Setting <emphasis role="strong">set user ID</emphasis> on an executable file allows a user to execute the executable file with the owner ID of the file (for example <emphasis role="strong">root</emphasis>).  Similarly, setting <emphasis role="strong">set group ID</emphasis> on an executable file allows a user to execute the executable file with the group ID of the file (for example <emphasis role="strong">root</emphasis>).  Because these settings can cause security risks, enabling them requires extra caution.
pt: Definir <emphasis role="strong">set user ID</emphasis> num ficheiro executável permite a um utilizador executar o ficheiro executável com o ID do dono do ficheiro (por exemplo <emphasis role="strong">root</emphasis>). De modo semelhante, definir <emphasis role="strong">set group ID</emphasis> num ficheiro executável permite a um utilizador executar o ficheiro executável com o ID de grupo do ficheiro (por exemplo <emphasis role="strong">root</emphasis>). Porque estas definições podem causar riscos de segurança, activá-las requer precauções extra.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Setting <emphasis role="strong">set group ID</emphasis> on a directory enables the <ulink url="&bsdlike;">BSD-like</ulink> file creation scheme where all files created in the directory belong to the <emphasis role="strong">group</emphasis> of the directory.
pt: Definir <emphasis role="strong">set group ID</emphasis> num diretório activa o esquema de criação de ficheiros ao <ulink url="&bsdlike;">estilo BSD</ulink> onde todos os ficheiros criados no diretório pertencem ao <emphasis role="strong">grupo</emphasis> do diretório.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Setting the <emphasis role="strong">sticky bit</emphasis> on a directory prevents a file in the directory from being removed by a user who is not the owner of the file.  In order to secure contents of a file in world-writable directories such as "<literal>/tmp</literal>" or in group-writable directories, one must not only reset the <emphasis role="strong">write</emphasis> permission for the file but also set the <emphasis role="strong">sticky bit</emphasis> on the directory.  Otherwise, the file can be removed and a new file can be created with the same name by any user who has write access to the directory.
pt: Definir o <emphasis role="strong">sticky bit</emphasis> num diretório previne que um ficheiro nesse diretório seja removido por um utilizador que não seja o dono do ficheiro. De modo a tornar o conteúdo de um ficheiro seguro em diretórios onde todos têm acesso de escrita, como o "<literal>/tmp</literal>" ou em diretórios onde um grupo tem acesso de escrita, não basta reiniciar a permissão de <emphasis role="strong">escrita</emphasis> do ficheiro mas também definir o <emphasis role="strong">sticky bit</emphasis> no diretório. Caso contrário, o ficheiro pode ser removido e pode ser criado um novo ficheiro com o mesmo nome por qualquer utilizador que tenha acesso de escrita no diretório.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here are a few interesting examples of file permissions.
pt: Aqui estão alguns exemplos interessantes de permissões de ficheiros:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There is an alternative numeric mode to describe file permissions with <literal>chmod</literal>(1).  This numeric mode uses 3 to 4 digit wide octal (radix=8) numbers.
pt: Existe um modo numérico alternativo para descrever as permissões do ficheiro com o <literal>chmod</literal>(1). Este modo numérico utiliza 3 ou 4 dígitos em numeração octal (radix=8).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: The numeric mode for file permissions in <literal>chmod</literal>(1) commands
pt: O modo numérico para permissões de ficheiros em comandos <literal>chmod</literal>(1)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: digit
pt: digito

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: 1st optional digit
pt: 1º digito opcional

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: sum of <emphasis role="strong">set user ID</emphasis> (=4), <emphasis role="strong">set group ID</emphasis> (=2), and <emphasis role="strong">sticky bit</emphasis> (=1)
pt: soma de <emphasis role="strong">set user ID</emphasis> (=4), <emphasis role="strong">set group ID</emphasis> (=2) e <emphasis role="strong">sticky bit</emphasis> (=1)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: 2nd digit
pt: 2º digito

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: sum of <emphasis role="strong">read</emphasis> (=4), <emphasis role="strong">write</emphasis> (=2), and <emphasis role="strong">execute</emphasis> (=1) permissions for <emphasis role="strong">user</emphasis>
pt: soma das permissões <emphasis role="strong">leitura</emphasis> (=4), <emphasis role="strong">escrita</emphasis> (=2) e <emphasis role="strong">executável</emphasis> (=1) para o <emphasis role="strong">utilizador</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: 3rd digit
pt: 3º digito

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: ditto for <emphasis role="strong">group</emphasis>
pt: idem para <emphasis role="strong">grupo</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: 4th digit
pt: 4º digito

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: ditto for <emphasis role="strong">other</emphasis>
pt: idem para <emphasis role="strong">outros</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This sounds complicated but it is actually quite simple.  If you look at the first few (2-10) columns from "<literal>ls -l</literal>" command output and read it as a binary (radix=2) representation of file permissions ("-" being "0" and "rwx" being "1"), the last 3 digit of the numeric mode value should make sense as an octal (radix=8) representation of file permissions to you.
pt: Isto parece complicado mas na verdade é bastante simples. Se observar as primeiras colunas (2-10) do resultado do comando "<literal>ls -l</literal>" e lê-las como uma representação binária (radix=2) das permissões do ficheiros ("-" a ser "0" e "rwx" a ser "1"), os últimos três dígitos do valor de modo numérico para si deverão fazer sentido como uma representação octal (radix=8) das permissões do ficheiro.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For example, try the following
pt: Por exemplo, tente o seguinte:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: If you need to access information displayed by "<literal>ls -l</literal>" in shell script, you should use pertinent commands such as <literal>test</literal>(1), <literal>stat</literal>(1) and <literal>readlink</literal>(1).  The shell builtin such as "<literal>[</literal>" or "<literal>test</literal>" may be used too.
pt: Se necessitar aceder a informação mostrada por "<literal>ls -l</literal>" num script da shell, deve utilizar comandos pertinentes como <literal>test</literal>(1), <literal>stat</literal>(1) e <literal>readlink</literal>(1). Os comandos da própria shell como "<literal>[</literal>" ou "<literal>test</literal>" também podem ser utilizados.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Control of permissions for newly created files: umask
pt: Controlo de permissões para ficheiros acabados de criar: umask

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: What permissions are applied to a newly created file or directory is restricted by the <literal>umask</literal> shell builtin command.  See <literal>dash</literal>(1), <literal>bash</literal>(1), and <literal>builtins</literal>(7).
pt: As permissões que são aplicadas ao criar ficheiros e diretórios novos é restringida pelo comando embutido da shell <literal>umask</literal>. Veja <literal>dash</literal>(1), <literal>bash</literal>(1) e <literal>builtins</literal>(7).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: The <emphasis role="strong">umask</emphasis> value examples
pt: Exemplos do valor <emphasis role="strong">umask</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: file permissions created
pt: permissões do ficheiro criadas

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: directory permissions created
pt: permissões do diretório criadas

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: usage
pt: utilização

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: writable only by the user
pt: apenas pode ser escrito pelo utilizador

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: writable by the group
pt: pode ser escrito pelo grupo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The Debian system uses a user private group (UPG) scheme as its default. A UPG is created whenever a new user is added to the system. A UPG has the same name as the user for which it was created and that user is the only member of the UPG. UPG scheme makes it safe to set umask to <literal>0002</literal> since every user has their own private group.  (In some Unix variants, it is quite common to setup all normal users belonging to a single <emphasis role="strong"><literal>users</literal></emphasis> group and is a good idea to set umask to <literal>0022</literal> for security in such cases.)
pt: O sistema Debian usa um esquema de grupo privado de utilizadores (UPG). Um UPG é criado sempre que um novo utilizador é adicionado ao sistema. Um UPG tem o mesmo nome que o utilizador para o qual foi criado e esse utilizador é o único membro do UPG. O esquema UPG torna seguro definir a umask para <literal>0002</literal> já que cada utilizador tem o próprio grupo privado dele. (Em algumas variantes de Unix, é bastante comum configurar os utilizadores normais a pertencerem a um único grupo <emphasis role="strong"><literal>users</literal></emphasis> e por segurança é uma boa ideia definir a umask para <literal>0022</literal> nesses casos.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Enable UPG by putting "<literal>umask 002</literal>" in the <literal>~/.bashrc</literal> file.
pt: Active UPG ao pôr "<literal>umask 002</literal>" no ficheiro <literal>~/.bashrc</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Permissions for groups of users (group)
pt: Permissões para grupos de utilizadores (group)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
en: Please make sure to save unsaved changes before doing reboot or similar actions.
pt: Certifique-se de que guarda as alterações não guardadas antes de reiniciar o sistema ou de efetuar ações semelhantes.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can add a user <literal>penguin</literal> to a group <literal>bird</literal> in two steps:
pt: Pode adicionar um utilizador <literal>pinguim</literal> a um grupo de <literal>aves</literal> em dois passos:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Change group configuration using one of following:
pt: Alterar a configuração do grupo utilizando uma das seguintes opções:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Execute "<literal>sudo adduser penguin bird</literal>". (only on typical Debian systems)
pt: Execute "<literal>sudo adduser penguin bird</literal>". (apenas em sistemas Debian típicos)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Execute "<literal>sudo vigr</literal>" for <literal>/etc/group</literal> and "<literal>sudo vigr -s</literal>" for <literal>/etc/gshadow</literal> to append <literal>penguin</literal> in the line for <literal>bird</literal>.
pt: Execute "<literal>sudo vigr</literal>" para <literal>/etc/group</literal> e "<literal>sudo vigr -s</literal>" para <literal>/etc/gshadow</literal> para acrescentar <literal>penguin</literal> na linha para <literal>bird</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Apply configuration using one of following:
pt: Aplicar a configuração utilizando uma das seguintes opções:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Cold reboot and login. (Best option)
pt: Reiniciar a frio e iniciar sessão. (Melhor opção)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Execute "<literal>kill -TERM -1</literal>" and do some fix-up actions such as "<literal>systemctl restart NetworkManager.service</literal>".
pt: Execute "<literal>kill -TERM -1</literal>" e faça algumas ações de correção, como "<literal>systemctl restart NetworkManager.service</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Logout via GUI menu and login.
pt: Terminar a sessão através do menu GUI e iniciar sessão.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can remove a user <literal>penguin</literal> from a group <literal>bird</literal> in two steps:
pt: É possível remover um utilizador <literal>pinguim</literal> de um grupo de <literal>aves</literal> em dois passos:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Execute "<literal>sudo deluser penguin bird</literal>". (only on typical Debian systems)
pt: Execute "<literal>sudo deluser penguin bird</literal>". (apenas em sistemas Debian típicos)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Execute "<literal>sudo vigr</literal>" for <literal>/etc/group</literal> and "<literal>sudo vigr -s</literal>" for <literal>/etc/gshadow</literal> to remove <literal>penguin</literal> in the line for <literal>bird</literal>.
pt: Execute "<literal>sudo vigr</literal>" para <literal>/etc/group</literal> e "<literal>sudo vigr -s</literal>" para <literal>/etc/gshadow</literal> para remover <literal>penguin</literal> na linha para <literal>bird</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Logout via GUI menu is not an option for Gnome Desktop.
pt: Terminar a sessão através do menu GUI não é uma opção no Gnome Desktop.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Any warm reboot attempts are fragile replacements of the real cold reboot under the modern desktop system.
pt: Quaisquer tentativas de reinicialização a quente são substitutos frágeis da reinicialização a frio real no sistema de desktop moderno.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: Alternatively, you may dynamically add users to groups during the authentication process by adding "<literal>auth optional pam_group.so</literal>" line to "<literal>/etc/pam.d/common-auth</literal>" and setting "<literal>/etc/security/group.conf</literal>".  (See <xref linkend="_authentication"/>.)
pt: Em alternativa, pode adicionar dinamicamente utilizadores aos grupos durante o processo de autenticação ao adicionar a linha "<literal>auth optional pam_group.so</literal>" a "<literal>/etc/pam.d/common-auth</literal>" e configurar "<literal>/etc/security/group.conf</literal>". (Veja <xref linkend="_authentication"/>.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The hardware devices are just another kind of file on the Debian system.  If you have problems accessing devices such as CD-ROM and USB memory stick from a user account, you should make that user a member of the relevant group.
pt: Os  aparelhos de hardware são apenas outro tipo de ficheiros no sistema Debian. Se tiver problemas a aceder a aparelhos como o CD-ROM e memórias USB a partir de uma conta de utilizador, deve tornar esse utilizador um membro do grupo relevante.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Some notable system-provided groups allow their members to access particular files and devices without <literal>root</literal> privilege.
pt: Alguns grupos notáveis disponibilizados pelo sistema permitem aos seus membros aceder a ficheiros e aparelhos particulares sem privilégios de <literal>root</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of notable system-provided groups for file access
pt: Lista de grupos notáveis disponibilizados pelo sistema para acesso a ficheiros

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: group
pt: grupo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: description for accessible files and devices
pt: descrição para ficheiros e aparelhos acessíveis

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: full and direct access to serial ports ("<literal>/dev/ttyS[0-3]</literal>")
pt: acesso completo e direto a portas série ("<literal>/dev/ttyS[0-3]</literal>")

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: limited access to serial ports for <emphasis role="strong">Dialup IP</emphasis> connection to trusted peers
pt: Acesso limitado a portas série para ligação <emphasis role="strong">Dialup IP</emphasis> a peers de confiança

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: CD-ROM, DVD+/-RW drives
pt: drives CD-ROM, DVD+/-RW

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: audio device
pt: aparelho de áudio

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: video device
pt: aparelho de vídeo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: scanner(s)
pt: scanner(es)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: system monitoring logs
pt: logs (relatórios) de monitorização do sistema

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: some directories for junior administrative work: "<literal>/usr/local</literal>", "<literal>/home</literal>"
pt: alguns diretórios para trabalho administrativo júnior: "<literal>/usr/local</literal>", "<literal>/home</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: You need to belong to the <literal>dialout</literal> group to reconfigure modem, dial anywhere, etc.  But if <literal>root</literal> creates pre-defined configuration files for trusted peers in "<literal>/etc/ppp/peers/</literal>", you only need to belong to the <literal>dip</literal> group to create <emphasis role="strong">Dialup IP</emphasis> connection to those trusted peers using <literal>pppd</literal>(8), <literal>pon</literal>(1), and <literal>poff</literal>(1) commands.
pt: Necessita pertencer ao grupo <literal>dialout</literal> para reconfigurar o modem, ligar para qualquer lado, etc. Mas se o <literal>root</literal> criar ficheiros de configuração pré-definidos para peers de confiança em "<literal>/etc/ppp/peers/</literal>", apenas precisa de pertencer ao grupo <literal>dip</literal> para criar uma ligação <emphasis role="strong">Dialup IP</emphasis> para esses peers de confiança a utilizar os comandos <literal>pppd</literal>(8), <literal>pon</literal>(1) e <literal>poff</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Some notable system-provided groups allow their members to execute particular commands without <literal>root</literal> privilege.
pt: Alguns grupos notáveis disponibilizados pelo sistema permitem aos seus membros executar comandos particulares sem privilégios de <literal>root</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of notable system provided groups for particular command executions
pt: Lista de grupos notáveis disponibilizados pelo sistema para execuções de comandos particulares

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: accessible commands
pt: comandos acessíveis

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: execute any command with superuser privileges
pt: executar qualquer comando com privilégios de superutilizador

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: execute commands to add, modify, and remove printers from printer databases
pt: executar comandos para adicionar, modificar e remover impressoras das bases de dados de impressoras

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For the full listing of the system provided users and groups, see the recent version of the "Users and Groups" document in "<literal>/usr/share/doc/base-passwd/users-and-groups.html</literal>" provided by the <literal>base-passwd</literal> package.
pt: Para a listagem completa dos utilizadores e grupos disponibilizados pelo sistema, veja a versão recente do documento "Utilizadores e Grupos" em "<literal>/usr/share/doc/base-passwd/users-and-groups.html</literal>" disponibilizado pelo pacote <literal>base-passwd</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See <literal>passwd</literal>(5), <literal>group</literal>(5), <literal>shadow</literal>(5), <literal>newgrp</literal>(1), <literal>vipw</literal>(8), <literal>vigr</literal>(8), and <literal>pam_group</literal>(8) for management commands of the user and group system.
pt: Para comandos de gestão para o sistema de utilizador e grupo veja <literal>passwd</literal>(5), <literal>group</literal>(5), <literal>shadow</literal>(5), <literal>newgrp</literal>(1), <literal>vipw</literal>(8), <literal>vigr</literal>(8) e <literal>pam_group</literal>(8).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Timestamps
pt: Marcas temporais (Timestamps)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There are three types of timestamps for a GNU/Linux file.
pt: Existem três tipos de marcas temporais para um ficheiro de GNU/Linux.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of types of timestamps
pt: Lista dos tipos de marcas temporais

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: type
pt: tipo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: meaning (historic Unix definition)
pt: significado (definição Unix histórica)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: the file modification time (<literal>ls -l</literal>)
pt: a hora de modificação do ficheiro (<literal>ls -l</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: the file status change time (<literal>ls -lc</literal>)
pt: a hora de alteração de estado do ficheiro (<literal>ls -lc</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: the last file access time (<literal>ls -lu</literal>)
pt: a hora do último acesso ao ficheiro (<literal>ls -lu</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">ctime</emphasis> is not file creation time.
pt: <emphasis role="strong">ctime</emphasis> não é o tempo de criação do ficheiro.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: The actual value of <emphasis role="strong">atime</emphasis> on GNU/Linux system may be different from that of the historic Unix definition.
pt: O valor atual de <emphasis role="strong">atime</emphasis> num sistema GNU/Linux pode ser diferente daquele da definição Unix histórica.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Overwriting a file changes all of the <emphasis role="strong">mtime</emphasis>, <emphasis role="strong">ctime</emphasis>, and <emphasis role="strong">atime</emphasis> attributes of the file.
pt: Sobrescrever um ficheiro altera todos os atributos <emphasis role="strong">mtime</emphasis>, <emphasis role="strong">ctime</emphasis> e <emphasis role="strong">atime</emphasis> do ficheiro.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Changing ownership or permission of a file changes the <emphasis role="strong">ctime</emphasis> and <emphasis role="strong">atime</emphasis> attributes of the file.
pt: Alterar o dono ou as permissões de um ficheiro altera os atributos <emphasis role="strong">ctime</emphasis> e <emphasis role="strong">atime</emphasis> do ficheiro.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Reading a file changes the <emphasis role="strong">atime</emphasis> attribute of the file on the historic Unix system.
pt: Ler um ficheiro altera o atributo <emphasis role="strong">atime</emphasis> do ficheiro.no sistema Unix histórico.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Reading a file changes the <emphasis role="strong">atime</emphasis> attribute of the file on the GNU/Linux system if its filesystem is mounted with "<literal>strictatime</literal>".
pt: Ler um ficheiro altera o atributo <emphasis role="strong">atime</emphasis> do ficheiro no sistema GNU/Linux se o sistema de ficheiros dele estiver montado com "<literal>strictatime</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Reading a file for the first time or after one day changes the <emphasis role="strong">atime</emphasis> attribute of the file on the GNU/Linux system if its filesystem is mounted with "<literal>relatime</literal>". (default behavior since Linux 2.6.30)
pt: Ler um ficheiro pela primeira vez ou após um dia altera o atributo <emphasis role="strong">atime</emphasis> do ficheiro no sistema GNU/Linux se o sistema de ficheiros dele for montado com <literal>relatime</literal>". (comportamento predefinido desde Linux 2.6.30)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Reading a file doesn't change the <emphasis role="strong">atime</emphasis> attribute of the file on the GNU/Linux system if its filesystem is mounted with "<literal>noatime</literal>".
pt: Ler um ficheiro não altera o atributo <emphasis role="strong">atime</emphasis> do ficheiro no sistema GNU/Linux se o sistema de ficheiros dele for montado com "<literal>noatime</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: The "<literal>noatime</literal>" and "<literal>relatime</literal>" mount options are introduced to improve the filesystem read performance under the normal use cases.  Simple file read operation under the "<literal>strictatime</literal>" option accompanies the time-consuming write operation to update the <emphasis role="strong">atime</emphasis> attribute.  But the <emphasis role="strong">atime</emphasis> attribute is rarely used except for the <literal>mbox</literal>(5) file.  See <literal>mount</literal>(8).
pt: As opções de montagem "<literal>noatime</literal>" e "<literal>relatime</literal>" são introduzidas para melhorar a performance de leitura do sistema de ficheiros sob casos de utilização normal. Operações simples de leitura de ficheiros sob a opção "<literal>strictatime</literal>" acompanha a operação de escrita que consome tempo para atualizar o atributo <emphasis role="strong">atime</emphasis>. Mas o atributo <emphasis role="strong">atime</emphasis> é raramente usado excepto para ficheiro <literal>mbox</literal>(5). Veja <literal>mount</literal>(8).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Use <literal>touch</literal>(1) command to change timestamps of existing files.
pt: Utilize o comando <literal>touch</literal>(1) para alterar as marcas temporais de ficheiros existentes.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For timestamps, the <literal>ls</literal> command outputs localized strings under non-English locale ("<literal>fr_FR.UTF-8</literal>").
pt: Para representações de data/hora, o comando <literal>ls</literal> produz cadeias de caracteres localizadas à região configurada que não seja o inglês (<literal>"fr_FR.UTF-8</literal>").

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: See <xref linkend="_customized_display_of_time_and_date"/> to customize "<literal>ls -l</literal>" output.
pt: Veja <xref linkend="_customized_display_of_time_and_date"/> para personalizar a saída do "<literal>ls -l</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Links
pt: Links (ligações)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There are two methods of associating a file "<literal>foo</literal>" with a different filename "<literal>bar</literal>".
pt: Existem dois métodos de associar um ficheiro "<literal>foo</literal>" com um nome de ficheiro diferente "<literal>bar</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&hardlink;">Hard link</ulink>
pt: <ulink url="&hardlink;">Ligação rígida</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Duplicate name for an existing file
pt: Duplicar nome para um ficheiro existente

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&symboliclinkorsymlink;">Symbolic link or symlink</ulink>
pt: <ulink url="&symboliclinkorsymlink;">Ligação simbólica ou symlink</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Special file that points to another file by name
pt: Ficheiro especial que aponta para outro ficheiro pelo nome

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See the following example for changes in link counts and the subtle differences in the result of the <literal>rm</literal> command.
pt: Veja o seguinte exemplo para alterações nas contagens da ligação e as diferenças subtis nos resultados do comando <literal>rm</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The hardlink can be made within the same filesystem and shares the same inode number which the "<literal>-i</literal>" option with <literal>ls</literal>(1)  reveals.
pt: A ligação rígida pode ser feita dentro do mesmo sistema de ficheiros e partilhar o mesmo número de inode tal como o <literal>ls</literal>(1) com a opção "<literal>-i</literal>" revela.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The symlink always has nominal file access permissions of "<literal>rwxrwxrwx</literal>", as shown in the above example, with the effective access permissions dictated by permissions of the file that it points to.
pt: A ligação simbólica tem sempre permissões nominais de acesso ao ficheiro "<literal>rwxrwxrwx</literal>", conforme mostrado no exemplo acima, com as permissões de acesso efectivas ditadas pelas permissões do ficheiro para o qual aponta.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: It is generally a good idea not to create complicated symbolic links or hardlinks at all unless you have a very good reason.  It may cause nightmares where the logical combination of the symbolic links results in loops in the filesystem.
pt: Geralmente é boa ideia, de todo, não criar ligações simbólicas complicadas ou ligação rígidas a menos que tenha uma boa razão. Podem causar pesadelos onde a combinação lógica das ligações simbólicas resulta em círculos viciosos no sistema de ficheiros.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: It is generally preferable to use symbolic links rather than hardlinks unless you have a good reason for using a hardlink.
pt: Geralmente é preferível utilizar ligações simbólicas em vez de ligação rígidas, a menos que tenha boas razões para usar uma ligação rígida.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The "<literal>.</literal>" directory links to the directory that it appears in, thus the link count of any new directory starts at 2.  The "<literal>..</literal>" directory links to the parent directory, thus the link count of the directory increases with the addition of new subdirectories.
pt: O diretório "<literal>.</literal>" liga ao diretório onde ele aparece, assim a contagem de ligações de qualquer novo diretório começa em 2. O diretório "<literal>..</literal>" liga ao diretório pai, assim a contagem de ligações do diretório aumenta com a adição de novos sub-diretórios.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you are just moving to Linux from Windows, it soon becomes clear how well-designed the filename linking of Unix is, compared with the nearest Windows equivalent of "shortcuts".  Because it is implemented in the filesystem, applications can't see any difference between a linked file and the original. In the case of hardlinks, there really is no difference.
pt: Se está a mudar do Windows para Linux, em breve irá ficar claro o quão bem desenhado está a ligação de nomes de ficheiros em Unix, comparada com o equivalente mais próximo em Windows de "atalhos". Devido a estar implementado no sistema de ficheiros, aplicações não conseguem ver nenhuma diferença entre um ficheiro ligado e o original. No caso de ligações rígidas, não há realmente nenhuma diferença.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Named pipes (FIFOs)
pt: Pipes com nome (FIFOs)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: A <ulink url="&namedpipe;">named pipe</ulink> is a file that acts like a pipe.  You put something into the file, and it comes out the other end.  Thus it's called a FIFO, or First-In-First-Out: the first thing you put in the pipe is the first thing to come out the other end.
pt: Um <ulink url="&namedpipe;">pipe com nome</ulink> é um ficheiro que age como um pipe. Coloca algo no ficheiro e sai pelo outro lado. Por isso é chamado um FIFO, ou Primeiro-a-Entrar-Primeiro-a-Sair: a primeira coisa que pôe no pipe é a primeira coisa a sair pelo outro lado.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you write to a named pipe, the process which is writing to the pipe doesn't terminate until the information being written is read from the pipe.  If you read from a named pipe, the reading process waits until there is nothing to read before terminating.  The size of the pipe is always zero --- it does not store data, it just links two processes like the functionality offered by the shell "<literal>|</literal>" syntax.  However, since this pipe has a name, the two processes don't have to be on the same command line or even be run by the same user. Pipes were a very influential innovation of Unix.
pt: Se escrever para um pipe com nome, o processo que escreve à pipe não termina até que a informação que está a ser escrita para o pipe seja lida a partir do pipe. Se ler de um pipe com nome, o processo que lê espera até que não haja mais nada para ler antes de terminar. O tamanho do pipe é sempre zero -- não armazena dados, apenas faz a ligação entre dois processos como a funcionalidade oferecida pelo "<literal>|</literal>" na sintaxe da shell. No entanto, como este pipe tem um nome, os dois processos não têm de estar na mesma linha de comando ou mesmo serem executados pelo mesmo utilizador. Os pipes foram uma inovação de muita influência do Unix.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Sockets are used extensively by all the Internet communication, databases, and the operating system itself. It is similar to the named pipe (FIFO) and allows processes to exchange information even between different computers.  For the socket, those processes do not need to be running at the same time nor to be running as the children of the same ancestor process.  This is the endpoint for <ulink url="&theinterprocesscommunicationipc;">the inter process communication (IPC)</ulink>.  The exchange of information may occur over the network between different hosts.  The two most common ones are <ulink url="&theinternetsocket;">the Internet socket</ulink> and <ulink url="&theunixdomainsocket;">the Unix domain socket</ulink>.
pt: Os sockets são usados extensivamente por toda a comunicação da Internet, bases de dados e pelo próprio sistema operativo. São semelhantes a pipes com nome (FIFO) e permitem aos processos trocarem informação mesmo entre computadores diferentes. Para o socket, esses processos não precisam de estar a correr ao mesmo tempo, nem correrem como filhos do mesmo processo pai. Isto é o destino <ulink url="&theinterprocesscommunicationipc;">da comunicação inter-processo (IPC)</ulink>. A troca de informação pode ocorrer sobre a rede entre máquinas diferentes. Os dois mais comuns são <ulink url="&theinternetsocket;">o socket de Internet</ulink> e <ulink url="&theunixdomainsocket;">o socket de domínio Unix</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: "<literal>netstat -an</literal>" provides a very useful overview of sockets that are open on a given system.
pt: "<literal>netstat -an</literal>" dá uma visão geral, muito útil, dos sockets que estão abertos num determinado sistema.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Device files
pt: Ficheiros de aparelho

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <ulink url="&devicefiles;">Device files</ulink> refer to physical or virtual devices on your system, such as your hard disk, video card, screen, or keyboard.  An example of a virtual device is the console, represented by "<literal>/dev/console</literal>".
pt: Os <ulink url="&devicefiles;">ficheiros de Aparelhos</ulink> referem-se a aparelhos físicos ou virtuais no seu sistema, como o seu disco rígido, placa gráfica, monitor ou teclado. Um exemplo de aparelho virtual é a consola, que é representada por "<literal>/dev/console</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There are 2 types of device files.
pt: Existem 2 tipos de ficheiros de aparelho.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">Character device</emphasis>
pt: <emphasis role="strong">Aparelho de Caractere</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Accessed one character at a time
pt: Acedido por um caractere de cada vez

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: 1 character = 1 byte
pt: 1 caractere = 1 byte

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: E.g. keyboard device, serial port, …
pt: Por exemplo, aparelho de teclado, porta serial, …

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">Block device</emphasis>
pt: <emphasis role="strong">Aparelho de Bloco</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: accessed in larger units called blocks
pt: acedido em unidades maiores chamadas blocos

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: 1 block &gt; 1 byte
pt: 1 bloco &gt; 1 byte

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: E.g. hard disk, …
pt: Por exemplo, o disco rígido, …

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can read and write device files, though the file may well contain binary data which may be an incomprehensible-to-humans gibberish.  Writing data directly to these files is sometimes useful for the troubleshooting of hardware connections.  For example, you can dump a text file to the printer device "<literal>/dev/lp0</literal>" or send modem commands to the appropriate serial port "<literal>/dev/ttyS0</literal>".  But, unless this is done carefully, it may cause a major disaster.  So be cautious.
pt: Pode ler e escrever nos ficheiros de aparelho, embora o ficheiro possa muito bem conter dados binários que podem ser uma salada incompreensível para humanos. Escrever dados directamente nestes ficheiros é por vezes útil para diagnosticar problemas com ligações de hardware. Por exemplo, pode despejar um ficheiro de texto para um aparelho de impressora "<literal>/dev/lp0</literal>" ou enviar comandos de modem à porta serial apropriada "<literal>/dev/ttyS0</literal>". Mas, a menos que isto seja feito com cuidado, pode causar problemas maiores. Portanto seja cauteloso.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: For the normal access to a printer, use <literal>lp</literal>(1).
pt: Para o acesso normal a uma impressora, use <literal>lp</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The device node number are displayed by executing <literal>ls</literal>(1) as the following.
pt: Os números de nós de aparelho são mostrados ao executar <literal>ls</literal>(1) como a seguir.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/dev/sda</literal>" has the major device number 8 and the minor device number 0.  This is read/write accessible by users belonging to the <literal>disk</literal> group.
pt: "<literal>/dev/sda</literal>" tem o número maior de aparelho 8 e o número menor de aparelho 0. Isto é acessível para leitura e escrita aos utilizadores que pertencem ao grupo <literal>disk</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/dev/sr0</literal>" has the major device number 11 and the minor device number 0.  This is read/write accessible by users belonging to the <literal>cdrom</literal> group.
pt: "<literal>/dev/sr0</literal>" tem o número maior de aparelho 11 e o número menor de aparelho 0. Isto é acessível para leitura e escrita aos utilizadores que pertencem ao grupo <literal>cdrom</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/dev/ttyS0</literal>" has the major device number 4 and the minor device number 64.  This is read/write accessible by users belonging to the <literal>dialout</literal> group.
pt: "<literal>/dev/ttyS0</literal>" tem o número maior de aparelho 4 e o número menor de aparelho 64. Isto é acessível para leitura e escrita aos utilizadores que pertencem ao grupo <literal>dialout</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/dev/zero</literal>" has the major device number 1 and the minor device number 5.  This is read/write accessible by anyone.
pt: "<literal>/dev/zero</literal>" tem o número 1 no aparelho maior e o número 5 no número de aparelho menor. Isto é acessível para leitura/escrita a todos.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: On the modern Linux system, the filesystem under "<literal>/dev/</literal>" is automatically populated by the <literal>udev</literal>(7) mechanism.
pt: No sistema Linux moderno, o sistema de ficheiros sob "<literal>/dev/</literal>" é povoado automaticamente pelo mecanismo <literal>udev</literal>(7).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Special device files
pt: Ficheiros de aparelhos especiais

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There are some special device files.
pt: Existem alguns ficheiros de aparelhos especiais.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of special device files
pt: Lista de ficheiros de aparelhos especiais

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: device file
pt: ficheiro de aparelho

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: action
pt: acção

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: description of response
pt: descrição da resposta

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: read
pt: ler

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: return "end-of-file (EOF) character"
pt: retorna o "caractere de fim-de-ficheiro (EOF)"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: write
pt: escrever

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: return nothing (a bottomless data dump pit)
pt: retorna nada (um poço de despejo de dados sem fundo)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: return "the <literal>\0</literal> (NUL) character" (not the same as the number zero ASCII)
pt: retorna "o caractere <literal>\0</literal> (NULO)" (não é o mesmo que o número zero em ASCII)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: return random characters from a true random number generator, delivering real entropy (slow)
pt: retorna caracteres aleatórios a partir de um verdadeiro gerador de números aleatórios, a entregar entropia real (lento)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: return random characters from a cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator
pt: retorna caracteres aleatórios a partir de um gerador de números pseudo-aleatórios criptograficamente seguros

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: return the disk-full (ENOSPC) error
pt: retorna o erro de disco cheio (ENOSPC)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: These are frequently used in conjunction with the shell redirection (see <xref linkend="_typical_command_sequences_and_shell_redirection"/>).
pt: Estes são usados frequentemente em conjunto com o redireccionamento da shell (veja <xref linkend="_typical_command_sequences_and_shell_redirection"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: procfs and sysfs
pt: procfs e sysfs

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <ulink url="&procfs;">procfs</ulink> and <ulink url="&sysfs;">sysfs</ulink> mounted on "<literal>/proc</literal>" and "<literal>/sys</literal>" are the pseudo-filesystem and expose internal data structures of the kernel to the userspace.  In other word, these entries are virtual, meaning that they act as a convenient window into the operation of the operating system.
pt: Os <ulink url="&procfs;">procfs</ulink> e <ulink url="&sysfs;">sysfs</ulink> montados em "<literal>/proc</literal>" e "<literal>/sys</literal>" são os pseudo-sistemas-de-ficheiros e expõem estruturas de dados internas do kernel ao espaço de utilizador. Por outras palavras, estas entradas são virtuais, a significar que elas agem como uma janela de conveniência às operações do sistema operativo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The directory "<literal>/proc</literal>" contains (among other things) one subdirectory for each process running on the system, which is named after the process ID (PID). System utilities that access process information, such as <literal>ps</literal>(1), get their information from this directory structure.
pt: O diretório "<literal>/proc</literal>" contém (entre outras coisas) um sub-diretório para cada processo em execução no sistema, o qual tem o nome do ID do processo (PID). Os utilitários do sistema que acedem à informação de processos, como o <literal>ps</literal>(1), obtêm a informação deles de esta estrutura de diretórios.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The directories under "<literal>/proc/sys/</literal>" contain interfaces to change certain kernel parameters at run time.  (You may do the same through the specialized <literal>sysctl</literal>(8) command or its preload/configuration file "<literal>/etc/sysctl.conf</literal>".)
pt: Os diretórios sob "<literal>/proc/sys/</literal>" contêm interfaces para alterar certos parâmetros do kernel durante o funcionamento. (Pode fazer o mesmo através do comando especializado <literal>sysctl</literal>(8) ou do ficheiro de configuração/pré-carregamento dele "<literal>/etc/sysctl.conf</literal>".)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: People frequently panic when they notice one file in particular - "<literal>/proc/kcore</literal>" - which is generally huge.  This is (more or less) a copy of the content of your computer's memory.  It's used to debug the kernel.  It is a virtual file that points to computer memory, so don't worry about its size.
pt: As pessoas frequentemente assustam-se quando notam num ficheiro em particular - "<literal>/proc/kcore</literal>" - o qual é geralmente enorme. Isto é (mais ou menos) uma cópia do conteúdo da memória do seu computador. É usado para depuração do kernel. É um ficheiro virtual que aponta à memória do computador, portanto não se preocupe com o tamanho dele.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The directory under "<literal>/sys</literal>" contains exported kernel data structures, their attributes, and their linkages between them. It also contains interfaces to change certain kernel parameters at run time.
pt: O diretório em "<literal>/sys</literal>" contém estruturas de dados do kernel exportadas, os seus atributos e as suas ligações entre eles. Também contém interfaces para alterar certos parâmetros do kernel durante o funcionamento.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See "<literal>proc.txt(.gz)</literal>", "<literal>sysfs.txt(.gz)</literal>" and other related documents in the Linux kernel documentation ("<literal>/usr/share/doc/linux-doc-*/Documentation/filesystems/*</literal>") provided by the <literal>linux-doc-*</literal> package.
pt: Veja "<literal>proc.txt(.gz)</literal>", "<literal>sysfs.txt(.gz)</literal>" e outros documentos relacionados na documentação do kernel Linux ("<literal>/usr/share/doc/linux-doc-*/Documentation/filesystems/*</literal>") disponibilizados pelo pacote <literal>linux-doc-*</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <ulink url="&tmpfs;">tmpfs</ulink> is a temporary filesystem which keeps all files in the <ulink url="&virtualmemory;">virtual memory</ulink>.  The data of the tmpfs in the <ulink url="&pagecache;">page cache</ulink> on memory may be swapped out to the <ulink url="&swapspace;">swap space</ulink> on disk as needed.
pt: O <ulink url="&tmpfs;">tmpfs</ulink> é um sistema de ficheiros temporário o qual mantém todos os ficheiros na <ulink url="&virtualmemory;">memória virtual</ulink>. Os dados de tmpfs na <ulink url="&pagecache;">cache de páginas</ulink> na memória pode ser ir ao <ulink url="&swapspace;">espaço swap</ulink> no disco, conforme necessário.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The directory "<literal>/run</literal>" is mounted as the tmpfs in the early boot process.  This enables writing to it even when the directory "<literal>/</literal>" is mounted as read-only.  This is the new location for the storage of transient state files and replaces several locations described in the <ulink url="&filesystemhierarchystandard;">Filesystem Hierarchy Standard</ulink> version 2.3:
pt: O diretório "<literal>/run</literal>" é montado como tmpfs no inicio do processo de arranque. Isto ativa a escrita mesmo que o diretório "<literal>/</literal> esteja montado como apenas-leitura. Esta é a nova localização para o armazenamento de ficheiros de estado transitório e substitui várias outras localizações descritas na <ulink url="&filesystemhierarchystandard;">Filesystem Hierarchy Standard</ulink>, versão 2.3:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See "<literal>tmpfs.txt(.gz)</literal>" in the Linux kernel documentation ("<literal>/usr/share/doc/linux-doc-*/Documentation/filesystems/*</literal>") provided by the <literal>linux-doc-*</literal> package.
pt: Veja "<literal>tmpfs.txt(.gz)</literal>" na documentação do kernel Linux ("<literal>/usr/share/doc/linux-doc-*/Documentation/filesystems/*</literal>") disponibilizada pelo pacote <literal>linux-doc-*</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: <ulink url="&midnightcommandermc;">Midnight Commander (MC)</ulink> is a GNU "Swiss army knife" for the Linux console and other terminal environments.  This gives newbie a menu driven console experience which is much easier to learn than standard Unix commands.
pt: <ulink url="&midnightcommandermc;">Midnight Commander (MC)</ulink> é um "Canivete Suíço" GNU para a consola Linux e para outros ambientes de terminal. Isto oferece aos novatos uma experiência de consola movida por menus o que é mais fácil de aprender do que os comandos standard do Unix.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: You may need to install the Midnight Commander package which is titled "<literal>mc</literal>" by the following.
pt: Pode necessitar instalar o pacote Midnight Commander que é intitulado de "<literal>mc</literal>" com o seguinte:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Use the <literal>mc</literal>(1) command to explore the Debian system.  This is the best way to learn.  Please explore few interesting locations just using the cursor keys and Enter key.
pt: Utilize o comando <literal>mc</literal>(1) para explorar o sistema Debian. Esta é a melhor maneira de aprender. Por favor explore algumas localizações interessantes apenas a usar as teclas do cursor e Enter.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/etc</literal>" and its subdirectories
pt: "<literal>/etc</literal>" e os seus sub-diretórios

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/var/log</literal>" and its subdirectories
pt: e"<literal>/var/log</literal>" os seus sub-diretórios

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/usr/share/doc</literal>" and its subdirectories
pt: "<literal>/usr/share/doc</literal>" os seus sub-diretórios

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/usr/sbin</literal>" and "<literal>/usr/bin</literal>"
pt: "<literal>/usr/sbin</literal>" e "<literal>/usr/bin</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Customization of MC
pt: Personalização do MC

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: In order to make MC to change working directory upon exit and <literal>cd</literal> to the directory, I suggest to modify "<literal>~/.bashrc</literal>" to include a script provided by the <literal>mc</literal> package.
pt: De modo a fazer o MC mudar o diretório de trabalho ao sair e <literal>cd</literal> para o diretório, sugiro modificar o "<literal>~/.bashrc</literal>" para incluir um script disponibilizado pelo pacote <literal>mc</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See <literal>mc</literal>(1) (under the "<literal>-P</literal>" option) for the reason. (If you do not understand what exactly I am talking here, you can do this later.)
pt: Veja <literal>mc</literal>(1) (sob a opção "<literal>-P</literal>") para a razão. (Se não compreende exatamente do que estou a falar aqui, pode fazer isto mais tarde.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Starting MC
pt: Iniciar o MC

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: MC can be started by the following.
pt: O MC pode ser iniciado com o seguinte:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: MC takes care of all file operations through its menu, requiring minimal user effort.  Just press F1 to get the help screen.  You can play with MC just by pressing cursor-keys and function-keys.
pt: O MC toma conta de operações de ficheiros através do menu dele, a requerer esforços mínimos do utilizador. Carregue em F1 para obter ajuda. Pode brincar com o MC apenas com as teclas de cursor e teclas de função.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: In some consoles such as <literal>gnome-terminal</literal>(1), key strokes of function-keys may be stolen by the console program.  You can disable these features in "Preferences" → "General" and "Shortcuts" menu for <literal>gnome-terminal</literal>.
pt: Em algumas consolas, como o <literal>gnome-terminal</literal>(1), as teclas de função podem ser roubadas pelo programa da consola.  Pode desativar estas funcionalidades no menu "Preferências" → "Geral" e "Atalhos" do <literal>gnome-terminal</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you encounter character encoding problem which displays garbage characters, adding "<literal>-a</literal>" to MC's command line may help prevent problems.
pt: Se encontrar problemas com a codificação de caracteres que mostram caracteres com lixo, adicionar "<literal>-a</literal>" à linha de comandos do MC pode ajudar a prevenir problemas.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If this doesn't clear up your display problems with MC, see <xref linkend="_the_terminal_configuration"/>.
pt: Se isto não limpar os seus problemas no ecrã com o MC, veja <xref linkend="_the_terminal_configuration"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: File manager in MC
pt: Gestor de ficheiros no MC

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The default is two directory panels containing file lists.  Another useful mode is to set the right window to "information" to see file access privilege information, etc.  Following are some essential keystrokes.  With the <literal>gpm</literal>(8) daemon running, one can use a mouse on Linux character consoles, too.  (Make sure to press the shift-key to obtain the normal behavior of cut and paste in MC.)
pt: O predefinido são dois painéis de diretórios que contêm listas de ficheiros. Outro modo útil é definir a janela da direita para "informação" para ver informações de privilégios de acesso a ficheiros, etc. De seguida existem algumas teclas de atalho essenciais. Com o daemon <literal>gpm</literal>(8) em execução, também se pode usar um rato em consolas de caracteres no Linux. (Certifique-se que carrega na tecla shift para obter o comportamento normal de cortar e colar no MC.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: The key bindings of MC
pt: As teclas de atalho do MC

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: key
pt: tecla

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: key binding
pt: tecla de atalho

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: help menu
pt: menu de ajuda

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: internal file viewer
pt: visualizador interno de ficheiros

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: internal editor
pt: editor interno

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: activate pull down menu
pt: ativar o menu de desenrolar

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: exit Midnight Commander
pt: sair do Midnight Commander

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: move between two windows
pt: mover entre duas janelas

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>Insert</literal> or <literal>Ctrl-T</literal>
pt: <literal>Insert</literal> ou <literal>Ctrl-T</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: mark file for a multiple-file operation such as copy
pt: marcar o ficheiro para uma operação de múltiplos ficheiros como uma cópia

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: delete file (be careful---set MC to safe delete mode)
pt: apagar o ficheiro (tenha cuidado -- configure o MC para modo de apagar seguro)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Cursor keys
pt: Teclas do cursor

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: self-explanatory
pt: auto-explicativo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Command-line tricks in MC
pt: Truques de linha de comandos no MC

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>cd</literal> command changes the directory shown on the selected screen.
pt: O comando <literal>cd</literal> altera o diretório mostrado no ecrã selcionado.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>Ctrl-Enter</literal> or <literal>Alt-Enter</literal> copies a filename to the command line. Use this with <literal>cp</literal>(1) and <literal>mv</literal>(1) commands together with command-line editing.
pt: <literal>Ctrl-Enter</literal> ou <literal>Alt-Enter</literal> copia um nome de ficheiro para a linha de comandos. Utilize isto com os comandos <literal>cp</literal>(1) e <literal>mv</literal>(1) em conjunto com a edição de linha de comandos.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>Alt-Tab</literal> shows shell filename expansion choices.
pt: <literal>Alt-Tab</literal> mostra escolhas de expansão de nomes de ficheiros da shell.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: One can specify the starting directory for both windows as arguments to MC; for example, "<literal>mc /etc /root</literal>".
pt: Pode-se especificar os diretórios de inicio para ambas janelas como argumentos ao MC; por exemplo, "<literal>mc /etc /root</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Pressing <literal>Esc</literal> before the key has the same effect as pressing the <literal>Alt</literal> and the key together.; i.e., type <literal>Esc</literal> + <literal>c</literal> for <literal>Alt-C</literal>.  <literal>Esc</literal> is called meta-key and sometimes noted as "<literal>M-</literal>".
pt: Carregar em <literal>Esc</literal> antes da tecla tem o mesmo efeito que carregar em <literal>Alt</literal> e na tecla em conjunto; isto é, carregar em <literal>Esc</literal> + <literal>c</literal> para <literal>Alt-C</literal>. <literal>Esc</literal> é chamada uma meta-tecla e por vezes mencionada como "<literal>M-</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The internal editor in MC
pt: O editor interno em MC

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The internal editor has an interesting cut-and-paste scheme.  Pressing <literal>F3</literal> marks the start of a selection, a second <literal>F3</literal> marks the end of selection and highlights the selection.  Then you can move your cursor.  If you press F6, the selected area is moved to the cursor location.  If you press F5, the selected area is copied and inserted at the cursor location.  <literal>F2</literal> saves the file.  <literal>F10</literal> gets you out.  Most cursor keys work intuitively.
pt: O editor interno tem um esquema de cortar-e-colar interessante. Pressionar <literal>F3</literal> marca o inicio da seleção, um segundo <literal>F3</literal> marca o final da seleção e destaca a seleção. Depois pode mover o cursor. Se pressionar F6, a área selcionada é movida à localização do cursor. Se pressionar F5, a área selcionada é copiada e inserida na localização do cursor. <literal>F2</literal> salva o ficheiro. <literal>F10</literal> fá-lo sair. A maioria das teclas do cursor funcionam de modo intuitivo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This editor can be directly started on a file using one of the following commands.
pt: Este editor pode ser iniciado directamente num ficheiro a usar um dos seguintes comandos.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This is not a multi-window editor, but one can use multiple Linux consoles to achieve the same effect.  To copy between windows, use Alt-F<emphasis>n</emphasis> keys to switch virtual consoles and use "File→Insert file" or "File→Copy to file" to move a portion of a file to another file.
pt: Este não é um editor de várias janelas, mas podem-se utilizar várias consolas de Linux  para se conseguir o mesmo efeito. Para copiar entre janelas, utilize as teclas Alt-F<emphasis>n</emphasis> para mudar entre consolas virtuais utilize "Ficheiro→Inserir ficheiro" ou "Ficheiro→Copiar para ficheiro" para mover uma porção de um ficheiro para outro ficheiro.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This internal editor can be replaced with any external editor of choice.
pt: Este editor interno pode ser substituído por qualquer editor externo à escolha.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Also, many programs use the environment variables "<literal>$EDITOR</literal>" or "<literal>$VISUAL</literal>" to decide which editor to use.  If you are uncomfortable with <literal>vim</literal>(1) or <literal>nano</literal>(1) initially, you may set these to "<literal>mcedit</literal>" by adding the following lines to "<literal>~/.bashrc</literal>".
pt: Além disso, muitos programas utilizam as variáveis de ambiente "<literal>$EDITOR</literal>" ou "<literal>$VISUAL</literal>" para decidir que editor utilizar. Se não está confortável com o <literal>vim</literal>(1) ou com o <literal>nano</literal>(1), pode definir a "<literal>mcedit</literal>" a adicionar as seguintes linhas ao "<literal>~/.bashrc</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: I do recommend setting these to "<literal>vim</literal>" if possible.
pt: Recomendo definir isto para "<literal>vim</literal>" se possível.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you are uncomfortable with <literal>vim</literal>(1), you can keep using <literal>mcedit</literal>(1) for most system maintenance tasks.
pt: Se não está confortável com o <literal>vim</literal>(1), pode continuar a utilizar o <literal>mcedit</literal>(1) para a maioria das tarefas de manutenção do sistema.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The internal viewer in MC
pt: O visualizador interno no MC

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: MC is a very smart viewer.  This is a great tool for searching words in documents.  I always use this for files in the "<literal>/usr/share/doc</literal>" directory.  This is the fastest way to browse through masses of Linux information.  This viewer can be directly started using one of the following commands.
pt: MC é um visualizador muito inteligente. Esta é uma grande ferramenta para procurar palavras em documentos.  Uso sempre isto para ficheiros no diretório "<literal>/usr/share/doc</literal>". Esta é a maneira mais rápida para navegar por entre grandes quantidades de informação de Linux. Este visualizador pode ser iniciado diretamente a usar um dos seguintes comandos:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Auto-start features of MC
pt: Funcionalidades de auto-arranque do MC

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Press Enter on a file, and the appropriate program handles the content of the file (see <xref linkend="_customizing_program_to_be_started"/>).  This is a very convenient MC feature.
pt: Carregue em Enter num ficheiro e o programa apropriado lida com o conteúdo do ficheiro (veja <xref linkend="_customizing_program_to_be_started"/>). Esta é uma funcionalidade muito conveniente do MC.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: The reaction to the enter key in MC
pt: A reacção à tecla enter no MC

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: file type
pt: tipo de ficheiro

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: reaction to enter key
pt: reacção à tecla enter

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: executable file
pt: ficheiro executável

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: execute command
pt: executa comando

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: man file
pt: ficheiro man

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: pipe content to viewer software
pt: canaliza o conteúdo para software de visualização

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: html file
pt: ficheiro html

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: pipe content to web browser
pt: canaliza o conteúdo para explorador web

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: "<literal>*.tar.gz</literal>" and "<literal>*.deb</literal>" file
pt: ficheiros "<literal>*.tar.gz</literal>" e "<literal>*.deb</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: browse its contents as if subdirectory
pt: explora o conteúdo dele como se fosse um sub-diretório

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: In order to allow these viewer and virtual file features to function, viewable files should not be set as executable.  Change their status using <literal>chmod</literal>(1) or via the MC file menu.
pt: De modo a permitir esta visualização e funcionalidades de ficheiros virtuais , os ficheiros a visualizar não devem ser definidos como executáveis. Mude o estado deles com o <literal>chmod</literal>(1) ou via menu ficheiro do MC.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Virtual filesystem of MC
pt: Sistema de ficheiros virtual do MC

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: MC can be used to access files over the Internet.  Go to the menu by pressing <literal>F9</literal>, "<literal>Enter</literal>" and "<literal>h</literal>" to activate the Shell filesystem.  Enter a URL in the form "<literal>sh://[user@]machine[:options]/[remote-dir]</literal>", which retrieves a remote directory that appears like a local one using <literal>ssh</literal>.
pt: MC pode ser utilizado para aceder a ficheiros através da Internet.  Vá ao menu premindo <literal>F9</literal>, "<literal>Enter</literal>" e "<literal>h</literal>" para ativar o sistema de ficheiros Shell.  Introduza um URL na forma "<literal>sh://[user@]machine[:options]/[remote-dir]</literal>", que recupera um diretório remoto que aparece como um diretório local utilizando o <literal>ssh</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: The basic Unix-like work environment
pt: O ambiente de trabalho estilo Unix básico

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Although MC enables you to do almost everything, it is very important for you to learn how to use the command line tools invoked from the shell prompt and become familiar with the Unix-like work environment.
pt: Apesar do MC lhe permitir fazer quase tudo, é muito importante aprender a utilizar as ferramentas de linha de comandos invocadas a partir da prompt da shell e familiarizar-se com o ambiente de trabalho do tipo Unix.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The login shell
pt: A shell de login

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Since the login shell may be used by some system initialization programs, it is prudent to keep it as <literal>bash</literal>(1) and avoid switching the login shell with <literal>chsh</literal>(1).
pt: Como a shell de inicio de sessão pode ser usada por alguns programas de inicialização do sistema, é prudente mantê-la como <literal>bash</literal>(1) e evitar mudar a shell de inicio de sessão com <literal>chsh</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you want to use a different interactive shell prompt, set it from GUI terminal emulator configuration or start it from <literal>~/.bashrc</literal>, e.g., by placing "<literal>exec /usr/bin/zsh -i -l</literal>" or "<literal>exec /usr/bin/fish -i -l</literal>" in it.
pt: Se quiser utilizar uma linha de comandos interativa diferente, defina-a a partir da configuração do emulador de terminal GUI ou inicie-a a partir de <literal>~/.bashrc</literal>, e.g., colocando aí "<literal>exec /usr/bin/zsh -i -l</literal>" ou "<literal>exec /usr/bin/fish -i -l</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of shell programs
pt: Lista de programas da shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: POSIX shell
pt: Shell do POSIX

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Yes
pt: Sim

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&bash;">Bash</ulink>: the GNU Bourne Again SHell (de facto standard)
pt: <ulink url="&bash;">Bash</ulink>: a GNU Bourne Again SHell (o standard de facto)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: N/A
pt: N/D

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: programmable completion for the <ulink url="&bash;">bash</ulink> shell
pt: conclusão programável para a shell <ulink url="&bash;">bash</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Debian <ulink url="&almquistshell;">Almquist Shell</ulink>, good for shell script
pt: <ulink url="&almquistshell;">Shell Almquist</ulink>, bom para scripts da shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&zshell;">Z shell</ulink>: the standard shell with many enhancements
pt: <ulink url="&zshell;">Z shell</ulink>: a shell standard com muitas melhorias

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: No
pt: Não

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&tenexcshell;">TENEX C Shell</ulink>: an enhanced version of <ulink url="&berkeleycsh;">Berkeley csh</ulink>
pt: <ulink url="&tenexcshell;">Shell TENEX C</ulink>: uma versão melhorada de <ulink url="&berkeleycsh;">Berkeley csh</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: A version of the <ulink url="&kornshell;">Korn shell</ulink>
pt: Uma versão de <ulink url="&kornshell;">Korn shell</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&openbsd;">OpenBSD</ulink> C Shell, a version of <ulink url="&berkeleycsh;">Berkeley csh</ulink>
pt: <ulink url="&openbsd;">OpenBSD</ulink> shell C, uma versão do <ulink url="&berkeleycsh;">Berkeley csh</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&standaloneshell;">Stand-alone shell</ulink> with builtin commands (Not meant for standard "<literal>/usr/bin/sh</literal>")
pt: <ulink url="&standaloneshell;">shell Stand-alone</ulink> com comandos embutidos (Não se destina a "<literal>/usr/bin/sh</literal>" standard)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: the real, AT&amp;T version of the <ulink url="&kornshell;">Korn shell</ulink>
pt: a real, versão AT&amp;T da <ulink url="&kornshell;">Korn shell</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: implementation of the <ulink url="&attplanj;">AT&amp;T Plan 9</ulink> <ulink url="&rcshell;">rc shell</ulink>
pt: implementação da <ulink url="&rcshell;">rc shell</ulink> <ulink url="&attplanj;">AT&amp;T Plan 9</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Policy-compliant Ordinary SHell (<literal>pdksh</literal> derivative)
pt: Policy-compliant Ordinary SHell (deriva da <literal>pdksh</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Although POSIX-like shells share the basic syntax, they can differ in behavior for things as basic as shell variables and glob expansions.  Please check their documentation for details.
pt: Apesar das shells tipo POSIX partilharem a sintaxe básica, podem diferir no comportamento em coisas tão básicas como variáveis de shell e expansões glob. Por favor verifique as suas documentações para detalhes.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: In this tutorial chapter, the interactive shell always means <literal>bash</literal>.
pt: Neste capítulo do tutorial, a shell interactiva significa sempre <literal>bash</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Customizing bash
pt: Personalizar bash

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can customize <literal>bash</literal>(1) behavior by "<literal>~/.bashrc</literal>".
pt: Pode personalizar o comportamento da <literal>bash</literal>(1) em "<literal>~/.bashrc</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For example, try the following.
pt: Por exemplo, tente o seguinte.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: You can find more <literal>bash</literal> customization tips, such as <xref linkend="_colorized_commands"/>, in <xref linkend="_system_tips"/>.
pt: Pode encontrar mais dicas de personalização da <literal>bash</literal>, como os <xref linkend="_colorized_commands"/>, em <xref linkend="_system_tips"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: The <literal>bash-completion</literal> package enables programmable completion for <literal>bash</literal>.
pt: O pacote <literal>bash-completion</literal> activa preenchimento automático programável para <literal>bash</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Special key strokes
pt: Teclas especiais

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: In the <ulink url="&unixlike;">Unix-like</ulink> environment, there are few key strokes which have special meanings.  Please note that on a normal Linux character console, only the left-hand <literal>Ctrl</literal> and <literal>Alt</literal> keys work as expected.  Here are few notable key strokes to remember.
pt: No ambiente do <ulink url="&unixlike;">tipo Unix</ulink>, existem algumas combinações de teclas que têm significados especiais. Por favor note que numa consola de caracteres normal do Linux, apenas as teclas <literal>Ctrl</literal> e <literal>Alt</literal> do lado esquerdo funcionam como se espera. Aqui estão algumas combinações de teclas notáveis para se lembrar.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of key bindings for bash
pt: Lista de teclas de atalho para bash

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: description of key binding
pt: descrição do atalho da tecla

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: erase line before cursor
pt: apagar a linha antes do cursor

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: erase a character before cursor
pt: apagar um caractere antes do cursor

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: terminate input (exit shell if you are using shell)
pt: termina a entrada (sai da shell se estiver a usar uma shell)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: terminate a running program
pt: termina um programa em funcionamento

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: temporarily stop program by moving it to the background job
pt: pára temporariamente o programa ao movê-lo para segundo plano

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: halt output to screen
pt: pára a saída ao ecrã

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: reactivate output to screen
pt: reactiva a saída para o ecrã

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: reboot/halt the system, see <literal>inittab</literal>(5)
pt: reinicia/pára o sistema, veja <literal>inittab</literal>(5)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>Left-Alt-key</literal> (optionally, <literal>Windows-key</literal>)
pt: <literal>Left-Alt-key</literal> (opcionalmente, <literal>tecla-do-Windows</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: meta-key for Emacs and the similar UI
pt: meta-tecla para o Emacs e a UI semelhante

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>Up-arrow</literal>
pt: <literal>Seta-para-cima</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: start command history search under <literal>bash</literal>
pt: inicia a busca no histórico de comandos em <literal>bash</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: start incremental command history search under <literal>bash</literal>
pt: inicia o histórico de comandos incremental em <literal>bash</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: complete input of the filename to the command line under <literal>bash</literal>
pt: completa a entrada do nome de ficheiro para a linha de comandos em <literal>bash</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: input <literal>Tab</literal> without expansion to the command line under <literal>bash</literal>
pt: entrada <literal>Tab</literal> sem expansão para a linha de comandos em <literal>bash</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: The terminal feature of <literal>Ctrl-S</literal> can be disabled using <literal>stty</literal>(1).
pt: A funcionalidade do terminal de <literal>Ctrl-S</literal> pode ser desactivada a usar <literal>stty</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Mouse operations
pt: Operações com o rato

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <ulink url="&mouseoperationsfsystemmixcstyles;">Mouse operations for text on Debian system mix 2 styles</ulink> with some twists:
pt: <ulink url="&amp;mouseoperationsfsystemmixcstyles;">Operações de rato para texto no sistema Debian misturam 2 estilos</ulink> com algumas variações:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Traditional Unix style mouse operations:
pt: Operações tradicionais do rato ao estilo Unix:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: use 3 buttons (click)
pt: utilizar 3 botões (clicar)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: use PRIMARY
pt: usar PRIMÁRIA

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: used by X applications such as <literal>xterm</literal> and text applications in Linux console
pt: utilizado por aplicações X como o <literal>xterm</literal> e aplicações de texto na consola Linux

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Modern GUI style mouse operations:
pt: Operações do rato ao estilo GUI moderno:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: use 2 buttons (drag + click)
pt: utilizar 2 botões (arrastar + clicar)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: use PRIMARY and CLIPBOARD
pt: utilizar PRIMÁRIA e ÁREA DE TRANSFERÊNCIA

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: used in Modern GUI applications such as <literal>gnome-terminal</literal>
pt: utilizado em aplicações GUI modernas, como o <literal>gnome-terminal</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of mouse operations and related key actions on Debian
pt: Lista de operações do rato e ações-chave relacionadas no Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: response
pt: resposta

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Left-click-and-drag mouse
pt: Clique-esquerdo-e-arrastar do rato

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: select range as PRIMARY selection
pt: selecionar intervalo como seleção PRIMÁRIA

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Left-click
pt: Clique-esquerdo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: select the start of range for PRIMARY selection
pt: selecionar o início do intervalo para a seleção PRIMÁRIA

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Right-click (traditional)
pt: Clique com botão direito (tradicional)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: select the end of range for PRIMARY selection
pt: selecionar o fim do intervalo para a seleção PRIMÁRIA

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Right-click (modern)
pt: Clique com botão direito (moderno)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: context dependent menu (cut/copy/paste)
pt: menu dependente do contexto (cortar/copiar/colar)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Middle-click or Shift-<literal>Ins</literal>
pt: Clique com o botão do meio ou <literal>Shift-Ins</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: insert PRIMARY selection at the cursor
pt: inserir seleção PRIMÁRIA no cursor

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: cut PRIMARY selection to CLIPBOARD
pt: cortar a seleção PRIMÁRIA para a ÁREA DE TRANSFERÊNCIA

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>Ctrl-C</literal> (<literal>Shift-Ctrl-C</literal> in terminal)
pt: <literal>Ctrl-C</literal> (<literal>Shift-Ctrl-C</literal> no terminal)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: copy PRIMARY selection to CLIPBOARD
pt: copia a seleção PRIMÁRIA para a ÁREA DE TRANSFERÊNCIA

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: paste CLIPBOARD at the cursor
pt: colar ÁREA DE TRANSFERÊNCIA no cursor

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here, the PRIMARY selection is the highlighted text range.  Within the terminal program, <literal>Shift-Ctrl-C</literal> is used instead to avoid terminating a running program.
pt: Aqui, a seleção PRIMÁRIA é o intervalo de texto realçado. Dentro do programa de terminal, <literal>Shift-Ctrl-C</literal> é utilizado em vez disso para evitar terminar um programa em execução.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The center wheel on the modern wheel mouse is considered middle mouse button and can be used for middle-click.  Clicking left and right mouse buttons together serves as the middle-click under the 2 button mouse system situation.
pt: A roda central nos modernos ratos de roda é considerada o botão central do rato e pode ser usada como terceiro botão ou clique-central. Clicar nos botões esquerdo e direito ao mesmo tempo serve como clique-central em situações de sistema de rato de 2 botões.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: In order to use a mouse in Linux character consoles, you need to have <literal>gpm</literal>(8) running as daemon.
pt: De modo a utilizar um rato nas consolas de caracteres Linux, é necessário ter <literal>o gpm</literal>(8) a correr como daemon.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The pager
pt: O pager

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <literal>less</literal>(1) command is the enhanced pager (file content browser). It reads the file specified by its command argument or its standard input.  Hit "<literal>h</literal>" if you need help while browsing with the <literal>less</literal> command.  It can do much more than <literal>more</literal>(1) and can be supercharged by executing "<literal>eval $(lesspipe)</literal>" or "<literal>eval $(lessfile)</literal>" in the shell startup script. See more in "<literal>/usr/share/doc/less/LESSOPEN</literal>".  The "<literal>-R</literal>" option allows raw character output and enables ANSI color escape sequences.  See <literal>less</literal>(1).
pt: O comando <literal>less</literal>(1) é o paginador avançado (navegador de conteúdo de ficheiros). Ele lê o ficheiro especificado pelo seu argumento de comando ou pela sua entrada standard. Carregue em "<literal>h</literal>" se precisar de ajuda enquanto explora com o comando <literal>less</literal>. Pode fazer muito mais do que o <literal>more</literal>(1) e pode ser ampliado ao executar "<literal>eval $(lesspipe)</literal>" ou "<literal>eval $(lessfile)</literal>" no script de arranque de shell. Veja mais em "<literal>/usr/share/doc/less/LESSOPEN</literal>". A opção "<literal>-R</literal>" permite saída em caracteres em bruto e activa sequências de escape de cores ANSI. Veja <literal>less</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: In the <literal>less</literal> command, type "<literal>h</literal>" to see the help screen, type "<literal>/</literal>" or "<literal>?</literal>" to search a string, and type "<literal>-i</literal>" to the change case sensitivity.
pt: No comando <literal>less</literal>, escreva "<literal>h</literal>" para ver o ecrã de ajuda, escreva "<literal>/</literal>" ou "<literal>?</literal>" para procurar uma cadeia de caracteres e escreva "<literal>-i</literal>" para alterar a sensibilidade às maiúsculas e minúsculas.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The text editor
pt: O editor de texto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You should become proficient in one of variants of <ulink url="&vim;">Vim</ulink> or <ulink url="&emacs;">Emacs</ulink> programs which are popular in the Unix-like system.
pt: Deve tornar-se conhecedor de uma das variantes dos programas <ulink url="&vim;">Vim</ulink> ou <ulink url="&emacs;">Emacs</ulink> que são populares em sistemas tipo Unix.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: I think getting used to Vim commands is the right thing to do, since Vi-editor is always there in the Linux/Unix world.  (Actually, original <literal>vi</literal> or new <literal>nvi</literal> are programs you find everywhere.  I chose Vim instead for newbie since it offers you help through <literal>F1</literal> key while it is similar enough and more powerful.)
pt: Acho que habituar-se aos comandos do Vim é a coisa certa a fazer, pois o editor Vim está sempre presente no mundo Linux/Unix. (Na verdade, o <literal>vi</literal> original ou o novo <literal>nvi</literal> são programas que vai encontrar em todo o lado. Escolho o Vim para novatos porque é bastante semelhante e mais poderoso já que lhe oferece ajuda através da tecla <literal>F1</literal> .)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you chose either <ulink url="&emacs;">Emacs</ulink> or <ulink url="&xemacs;">XEmacs</ulink> instead as your choice of the editor, that is another good choice indeed, particularly for programming.  Emacs has a plethora of other features as well, including functioning as a newsreader, directory editor, mail program, etc.  When used for programming or editing shell scripts, it intelligently recognizes the format of what you are working on, and tries to provide assistance.  Some people maintain that the only program they need on Linux is Emacs.  Ten minutes learning Emacs now can save hours later.  Having the GNU Emacs manual for reference when learning Emacs is highly recommended.
pt: Pode escolher o <ulink url="&emacs;">Emacs</ulink> ou o <ulink url="&xemacs;">XEmacs</ulink> como o seu editor favorito, que é realmente uma outra boa escolha, particularmente para a programação. O Emacs tem também um leque de outras funcionalidades, incluindo funcionar como um leitor de news, editor de diretório, programa de mail, etc. Quando é usado para programação ou edição de scripts de shell, é inteligente para reconhecer o formato daquilo em que está a trabalhar e tenta disponibilizar assistência. Algumas pessoas afirmam que o único programa que necessitam em Linux é o Emacs. 10 minutos a aprender Emacs agora pode poupar-lhe horas mais tarde. Ter o manual do Emacs GNU para referência quando se aprende Emacs é altamente recomendado.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: All these programs usually come with tutoring program for you to learn them by practice.  Start Vim by typing "<literal>vim</literal>" and press F1-key.  You should at least read the first 35 lines.  Then do the online training course by moving cursor to "<literal>|tutor|</literal>" and pressing <literal>Ctrl-]</literal>.
pt: Todos estes programas vêm normalmente com um programa tutor para queaprenda a usá-los pela prática. Arranque o Vim ao escrever "<literal>vim</literal>" e carregue an tecla F1. Deverá ler pelo menos as primeiras 35 linhas. Depois faça o curso de treino online ao mover o cursor para "<literal>|tutor|</literal>" e pressionar <literal>Ctrl-]</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: Good editors, such as Vim and Emacs, can handle UTF-8 and other exotic encoding texts correctly.  It is a good idea to use the GUI environment in the UTF-8 locale and to install required programs and fonts to it.  Editors have options to set the file encoding independent of the GUI environment.  Please refer to their documentation on multibyte text.
pt: Os bons editores, como o Vim e o Emacs, podem lidar corretamente com UTF-8 e outros textos com codificações exóticas. É uma boa ideia usar o ambiente GUI com o locale UTF-8 e instalar as fontes e programas necessários para tal. Os editores têm opções para definir a codificação do ficheiro independentemente do ambiente GUI. Por favor consulte a documentação acerca de texto multibyte.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Setting a default text editor
pt: Definir um editor de texto predefinido

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Debian comes with a number of different editors. We recommend to install the <literal>vim</literal> package, as mentioned above.
pt: Debian vem com uma quantia de editores diferentes. Recomendamos instalar o pacote <literal>vim</literal>, como mencionado anteriormente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Debian provides unified access to the system default editor via command "<literal>/usr/bin/editor</literal>" so other programs (e.g., <literal>reportbug</literal>(1)) can invoke it.  You can change it by the following.
pt: Debian disponibiliza acesso unificado ao editor predefinido do sistema através do comando "<literal>/usr/bin/editor</literal>" para que outros programas (p.e., <literal>reportbug</literal>(1)) possam invocá-lo. Pode alterá-lo com o seguinte.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The choice "<literal>/usr/bin/vim.basic</literal>" over "<literal>/usr/bin/vim.tiny</literal>" is my recommendation for newbies since it supports syntax highlighting.
pt: A escolha de "<literal>/usr/bin/vim.basic</literal>" em vez de "<literal>/usr/bin/vim.tiny</literal>" é uma recomendação minha para novatos pois suporta destaque de sintaxe.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Many programs use the environment variables "<literal>$EDITOR</literal>" or "<literal>$VISUAL</literal>" to decide which editor to use (see <xref linkend="_the_internal_editor_in_mc"/> and <xref linkend="_customizing_program_to_be_started"/>).  For the consistency on the Debian system, set these to "<literal>/usr/bin/editor</literal>". (Historically, "<literal>$EDITOR</literal>" was "<literal>ed</literal>" and "<literal>$VISUAL</literal>" was "<literal>vi</literal>".)
pt: Muitos programas utilizam as variáveis de ambiente "<literal>$EDITOR</literal>" ou "<literal>$VISUAL</literal>" para decidir qual o editor que vai utilizar (veja <xref linkend="_the_internal_editor_in_mc"/> e <xref linkend="_customizing_program_to_be_started"/>). Para consistência no sistema Debian, defina estas para "<literal>/usr/bin/editor</literal>". (Historicamente, "<literal>$EDITOR</literal>" era "<literal>ed</literal>" e "<literal>$VISUAL</literal>" era "<literal>vi</literal>".)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Using vim
pt: Utilizando o vim

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
en: Even the older <literal>vim</literal> can starts in the sane "<literal>nocompatible</literal>" mode by starting it with the "<literal>-N</literal>" option.
pt: Mesmo o <literal>vim</literal> mais antigo pode iniciar no modo "<literal>nocompatible</literal>" (não compatível), iniciando-o com a opção "<literal>-N</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The recent <literal>vim</literal>(1) starts itself in the sane "<literal>nocompatible</literal>" option and enters into the <literal>NORMAL</literal> mode.<placeholder type="footnote" id="0"/>
pt: O recente <literal>vim</literal>(1) inicia-se na opção sã "<literal>nocompatible</literal>" e entra no modo <literal>NORMAL</literal>.<placeholder type="footnote" id="0"/>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of basic Vim key strokes
pt: Lista de teclas básicas do Vim

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: mode
pt: modo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: key strokes
pt: toques de tecla

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display the help file
pt: apresentar o ficheiro de ajuda

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: open new buffer to edit <literal>filename.ext</literal>
pt: abre uma nova memória intermédia para editar o ficheiro <literal>filename.ext</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: overwrite current buffer to the original file
pt: substituir a memória intermédia atual pelo ficheiro original

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: write current buffer to <literal>filename.ext</literal>
pt: escreve a memória intermédia atual em <literal>filename.ext</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: quit <literal>vim</literal>
pt: sair do <literal>vim</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: force to quit <literal>vim</literal>
pt: forçar a saída do <literal>vim</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: close all other split open windows
pt: fechar todas as outras janelas abertas divididas

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: check if <literal>vim</literal> is in the sane <literal>nocompatible</literal> mode
pt: verificar se <literal>vim</literal> está no modo "são" <literal>nocompatible</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: set <literal>vim</literal> to the sane <literal>nocompatible</literal> mode
pt: definir o <literal>vim</literal> para modo limpo <literal>nocompatible</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: enter the <literal>INSERT</literal> mode
pt: entrar no modo <literal>INSERT</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: enter the <literal>REPLACE</literal> mode
pt: entrar no modo <literal>REPLACE</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: enter the <literal>VISUAL</literal> mode
pt: entrar no modo <literal>VISUAL</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: enter the linewise <literal>VISUAL</literal> mode
pt: entrar no modo <literal>VISUAL</literal> em linha

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: enter the blockwise <literal>VISUAL</literal> mode
pt: entrar no modo <literal>VISUAL</literal> em bloco

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: except <literal>TERMINAL-JOB</literal>
pt: exceto <literal>TERMINAL-JOB</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>ESC</literal>-key
pt: Tecla <literal>ESC</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: enter the <literal>NORMAL</literal> mode
pt: entrar no modo <literal>NORMAL</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: enter the <literal>TERMINAL-JOB</literal> mode
pt: entrar no modo <literal>TERMINAL-JOB</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Ctrl-<literal>W</literal> <literal>N</literal> (or Ctrl-<literal>\</literal> Ctrl-<literal>N</literal>)
pt: Ctrl-<literal>W</literal> <literal>N</literal> (ou Ctrl-<literal>\</literal> Ctrl-<literal>N</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: enter the <literal>TERMINAL-NORMAL</literal> mode
pt: entrar no modo <literal>TERMINAL-NORMAL</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: enter the <literal>Ex</literal>-mode in <literal>TERMINAL-NORMAL</literal> mode
pt: entre no modo <literal>Ex</literal>- em modo<literal>TERMINAL-NORMAL</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Please use the "<literal>vimtutor</literal>" program to learn <literal>vim</literal> through an interactive tutorial course.
pt: Por favor, use o programa "<literal>vimtutor</literal>" para aprender <literal>vim</literal> através de um curso tutorial interativo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <literal>vim</literal> program changes its behavior to typed key strokes based on <emphasis role="strong">mode</emphasis>.  Typing in key strokes to the buffer is mostly done in <literal>INSERT</literal>-mode and <literal>REPLACE</literal>-mode.  Moving cursor is mostly done in <literal>NORMAL</literal>-mode.  Interactive selection is done in <literal>VISUAL</literal>-mode.  Typing "<literal>:</literal>" in <literal>NORMAL</literal>-mode changes its <emphasis role="strong">mode</emphasis> to <literal>Ex</literal>-mode. <literal>Ex</literal>-mode accepts commands.
pt: O programa <literal>vim</literal> muda o seu comportamento em relação às teclas digitadas com base no <emphasis role="strong">modo</emphasis>.  A digitação de teclas para buffer é feita principalmente nos modos <literal>INSERT</literal> e <literal>REPLACE</literal>.  A deslocação do cursor é feita principalmente no modo <literal>NORMAL</literal>.  A seleção interativa é feita no modo <literal>VISUAL</literal>.  Escrever "<literal>:</literal>" no modo <literal>NORMAL</literal> muda o seu <emphasis role="strong">modo</emphasis> para o modo <literal>Ex</literal>. O modo <literal>Ex</literal> aceita comandos.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: The Vim comes with the <emphasis role="strong">Netrw</emphasis> package.  Netrw supports reading files, writing files, browsing directories over a network, and local browsing! Try Netrw with "<literal>vim .</literal>" (a period as the argument) and read its manual at "<literal>:help netrw</literal>".
pt: O Vim vem com o pacote <emphasis role="strong">Netrw</emphasis>.  O Netrw suporta a leitura de ficheiros, a escrita de ficheiros, a navegação em diretórios através de uma rede e a navegação local! Experimente o Netrw com "<literal>vim .</literal>" (um ponto como argumento) e leia o seu manual em "<literal>:help netrw</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For the advanced configuration of <literal>vim</literal>, see <xref linkend="_customizing_vim"/>.
pt: Para a configuração avançada do <literal>vim</literal>, consulte <xref linkend="_customizing_vim"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Recording the shell activities
pt: Gravar as atividades da shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The output of the shell command may roll off your screen and may be lost forever.  It is a good practice to log shell activities into the file for you to review them later.  This kind of record is essential when you perform any system administration tasks.
pt: O resultado do comando na shell pode sair fora do seu ecrã e ficar perdido para sempre. É uma boa prática registar as atividades da shell num ficheiro para rever mais tarde. Este tipo de registo é essencial quando executa quaisquer tarefas de administração do sistema.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: The new Vim (version&gt;=8.2) can be used to record the shell activities cleanly using <literal>TERMINAL-JOB</literal>-mode.  See <xref linkend="_using_vim"/>.
pt: O novo Vim (versão&gt;=8.2) pode ser usado para gravar as atividades da shell de forma limpa usando o modo <literal>TERMINAL-JOB</literal>.  Ver <xref linkend="_using_vim"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The basic method of recording the shell activity is to run it under <literal>script</literal>(1).
pt: O método básico de gravar a atividade da shell é corrê-la sob <literal>script</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Do whatever shell commands under <literal>script</literal>.
pt: Faz quaisquer comandos de shell sob <literal>script</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Press <literal>Ctrl-D</literal> to exit <literal>script</literal>.
pt: Carregue em <literal>Ctrl-D</literal> para terminar o <literal>script</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See <xref linkend="_recording_the_shell_activities_cleanly"/> .
pt: Veja <xref linkend="_recording_the_shell_activities_cleanly"/> .

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Basic Unix commands
pt: Comandos básicos de Unix

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Let's learn basic Unix commands.  Here I use "Unix" in its generic sense.  Any Unix clone OSs usually offer equivalent commands.  The Debian system is no exception.  Do not worry if some commands do not work as you wish now. If <literal>alias</literal> is used in the shell, its corresponding command outputs are different.  These examples are not meant to be executed in this order.
pt: Vamos aprender comandos básicos do Unix. Aqui Uso "Unix" no sentido genérico dele. Geralmente qualquer SO clone do Unix oferece comandos equivalentes. O sistema Debian não é excepção. Não se preocupe se alguns comandos não funcionarem como deseja por agora. Se for utilizado <literal>alias</literal> na shell, as saídas dos comandos correspondentes serão diferentes. Estes exemplos não se destinam a ser executados por esta ordem.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Try all following commands from the non-privileged user account.
pt: Tente os seguintes comandos a partir da conta de utilizador não-privilegiado.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of basic Unix commands
pt: lista dos comandos Unix básicos

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: command
pt: comando

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display name of current/working directory
pt: mostrar o nome do diretório atual

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display current user name
pt: mostrar o nome do utilizador atual

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display current user identity (name, uid, gid, and associated groups)
pt: mostrar a identidade do utilizador atual (nome, uid, gid e grupos associados)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display a type of file for the file "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>"
pt: mostrar o tipo de ficheiro para o ficheiro "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>type -p <emphasis>commandname</emphasis></literal>
pt: <literal>type -p <emphasis>nome_do_comando</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display a file location of command "<literal><emphasis>commandname</emphasis></literal>"
pt: mostrar a localização de um ficheiro do comando "<literal><emphasis>nome_do_comando</emphasis></literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>which <emphasis>commandname</emphasis></literal>
pt: <literal>which <emphasis>nome_do_comando</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>type <emphasis>commandname</emphasis></literal>
pt: <literal>type <emphasis>nome_do_comando</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display information on command "<literal><emphasis>commandname</emphasis></literal>"
pt: mostrar informação do comando "<literal><emphasis>nome_do_comando</emphasis></literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>apropos <emphasis>key-word</emphasis></literal>
pt: <literal>apropos <emphasis>palavra_chave</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: find commands related to "<literal><emphasis>key-word</emphasis></literal>"
pt: mostrar comandos relacionados com a "<literal><emphasis>palavra_chave</emphasis></literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>man -k <emphasis>key-word</emphasis></literal>
pt: <literal>man -k <emphasis>palavra_chave</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>whatis <emphasis>commandname</emphasis></literal>
pt: <literal>whatis <emphasis>nome_do_comando</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display one line explanation on command "<literal><emphasis>commandname</emphasis></literal>"
pt: mostrar a explicação de uma linha para o comando "<literal><emphasis>nome_do_comando</emphasis></literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>man -a <emphasis>commandname</emphasis></literal>
pt: <literal>man -a <emphasis>nome_do_comando</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display explanation on command "<literal><emphasis>commandname</emphasis></literal>" (Unix style)
pt: mostrar a explicação do comando "<literal><emphasis>nome_do_comando</emphasis></literal>" (estilo Unix)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>info <emphasis>commandname</emphasis></literal>
pt: <literal>info <emphasis>nome_do_comando</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display rather long explanation on command "<literal><emphasis>commandname</emphasis></literal>" (GNU style)
pt: mostrar uma explicação longa do comando "<literal><emphasis>nome_do_comando</emphasis></literal>" (estilo GNU)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: list contents of directory (non-dot files and directories)
pt: listar o conteúdo do diretório (ficheiros e diretórios não escondidos)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: list contents of directory (all files and directories)
pt: listar o conteúdo do diretório (todos os ficheiros e diretórios)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: list contents of directory (almost all files and directories, i.e., skip "<literal>..</literal>" and "<literal>.</literal>")
pt: listar o conteúdo do diretório (quase todos os ficheiros e diretórios, isto é, salta o "<literal>..</literal>" e "<literal>.</literal>")

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: list all contents of directory with detail information
pt: listar todo o conteúdo do diretório com informação detalhada

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: list all contents of directory with inode number and detail information
pt: listar todo o conteúdo do diretório com número de inode e informação detalhada

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: list all directories under the current directory
pt: listar todos os diretórios sob o diretório atual

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display file tree contents
pt: mostrar o conteúdo da árvore de ficheiros

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: list open status of file "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>"
pt: listar o estado aberto do ficheiro "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: list files opened by the process ID: "<literal><emphasis>pid</emphasis></literal>"
pt: listar ficheiros abertos pelo processo de ID: "<literal><emphasis>pid</emphasis></literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: make a new directory "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>" in the current directory
pt: criar um novo diretório "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>" no diretório atual

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: remove a directory "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>" in the current directory
pt: remover um diretório "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>" no diretório atual

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: change directory to the directory "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>" in the current directory or in the directory listed in the variable "<literal>$CDPATH</literal>"
pt: mudar o diretório para o diretório "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>" no diretório atual ou no diretório listado na variável "<literal>$CDPATH</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: change directory to the root directory
pt: mudar o diretório para o diretório raiz

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: change directory to the current user's home directory
pt: mudar ao diretório home do utilizador atual

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: change directory to the absolute path directory "<literal>/<emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>"
pt: mudar para o diretório de caminho absoluto "<literal>/<emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: change directory to the parent directory
pt: mudar ao diretório pai

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: change directory to the home directory of the user "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>"
pt: mudar ao diretório home do utilizador "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: change directory to the previous directory
pt: mudar ao diretório anterior

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display contents of "<literal>/etc/motd</literal>" using the default pager
pt: mostrar o conteúdo de "<literal>/etc/motd</literal>" a utilizar o paginador predefinido

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: create a empty file "<literal><emphasis>junkfile</emphasis></literal>"
pt: criar um ficheiro vazio "<literal><emphasis>junkfile</emphasis></literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: copy a existing file "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>" to a new file "<literal><emphasis>bar</emphasis></literal>"
pt: copiar um ficheiro "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>" existente para um novo ficheiro "<literal><emphasis>bar</emphasis></literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: remove a file "<literal><emphasis>junkfile</emphasis></literal>"
pt: remover um ficheiro "<literal><emphasis>junkfile</emphasis></literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: rename an existing file "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>" to a new name "<literal><emphasis>bar</emphasis></literal>" ("<literal><emphasis>bar</emphasis></literal>" must not exist)
pt: renomear um ficheiro "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>" existente para um novo nome "<literal><emphasis>bar</emphasis></literal>" ("<literal><emphasis>bar</emphasis></literal>" não pode existir)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: move an existing file "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>" to a new location "<literal><emphasis>bar</emphasis>/<emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>" (the directory "<literal><emphasis>bar</emphasis></literal>" must exist)
pt: mover um ficheiro "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>" existente para uma nova localização <literal><emphasis>bar</emphasis>/<emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>" (o diretório "<literal><emphasis>bar</emphasis></literal>" tem de existir)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: move an existing file "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>" to a new location with a new name "<literal><emphasis>bar</emphasis>/<emphasis>baz</emphasis></literal>" (the directory "<literal><emphasis>bar</emphasis></literal>" must exist but the directory "<literal><emphasis>bar</emphasis>/<emphasis>baz</emphasis></literal>" must not exist)
pt: mover um ficheiro existente "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>" para uma nova localização com um novo nome "<literal><emphasis>bar</emphasis>/<emphasis>baz</emphasis></literal>" (o diretório "<literal><emphasis>bar</emphasis></literal>" tem de existir mas o diretório "<literal><emphasis>bar</emphasis>/<emphasis>baz</emphasis></literal>" não pode existir)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: make an existing file "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>" to be non-readable and non-writable by the other people (non-executable for all)
pt: tornar um ficheiro existente "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>" proibido de ser lido e ser escrito por outras pessoas (não executável para todos)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: make an existing file "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>" to be readable but non-writable by the other people (non-executable for all)
pt: tornar um ficheiro existente "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>" permissível de ser lido mas proibido de ser escrito por outras pessoas (não executável para todos)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: make an existing file "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>" to be readable but non-writable by the other people (executable for all)
pt: tornar um ficheiro existente "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>" permissível de ser lido mas proibido de ser escrito por outras pessoas (executável para todos)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>find .  -name <emphasis>pattern</emphasis></literal>
pt: <literal>find .  -name <emphasis>modelo</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: find matching filenames using shell "<literal><emphasis>pattern</emphasis></literal>" (slower)
pt: procurar nomes de ficheiros correspondentes a usar um "<literal><emphasis>modelo</emphasis></literal>" de shell (lento)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>locate -d .  <emphasis>pattern</emphasis></literal>
pt: <literal>locate -d .  <emphasis>modelo</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: find matching filenames using shell "<literal><emphasis>pattern</emphasis></literal>" (quicker using regularly generated database)
pt: procurar nomes de ficheiros correspondentes a usar um "<literal><emphasis>modelo</emphasis></literal>" de shell (mais rápido ao usar uma base de dados gerada regularmente)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>grep -e "<emphasis>pattern</emphasis>" *.html</literal>
pt: <literal>grep -e "<emphasis>modelo</emphasis>" *.html</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: find a "<literal><emphasis>pattern</emphasis></literal>" in all files ending with "<literal>.html</literal>" in current directory and display them all
pt: procura um "<literal><emphasis>modelo</emphasis></literal>" em todos os ficheiros terminados com "<literal>.html</literal>" no diretório atual e mostra-os todos

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display process information using full screen, type "<literal>q</literal>" to quit
pt: mostrar informação de processos a usar ecrã completo, carregue em "<literal>q</literal>" para sair

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display information on all the running processes using BSD style output
pt: mostrar informação dos processos a correr a usar saída ao estilo BSD

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display information on all the running processes using Unix system-V style output
pt: mostrar informação dos processos a correr a usar saída ao estilo Unix system-V

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display all processes running "<literal>exim</literal>" and "<literal>exim4</literal>"
pt: mostrar todos os processos que correm "<literal>exim</literal>" e "<literal>exim4</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display information on all the running processes with ASCII art output
pt: mostrar a informação de todos os processos a correr com saída em arte de ASCII

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: kill a process identified by the process ID: "<emphasis>1234</emphasis>"
pt: matar todos os processos identificados pelo ID de processo: "<emphasis>1234</emphasis>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: compress "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>" to create "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis>.gz</literal>" using the Lempel-Ziv coding (LZ77)
pt: comprimir "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>" para criar "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis>.gz</literal>" a usar a codificação Lempel-Ziv (LZ77)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: decompress "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis>.gz</literal>" to create "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>"
pt: descomprimir "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis>.gz</literal>" para criar "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: compress "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>" to create "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis>.bz2</literal>" using the Burrows-Wheeler block sorting text compression algorithm, and Huffman coding (better compression than <literal>gzip</literal>)
pt: comprimir "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>" para criar "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis>.bz2</literal>" a usar o algoritmo de compressão de texto organizado em blocos Burrows-Wheeler e codificação Huffman (melhor compressão que <literal>gzip</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: decompress "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis>.bz2</literal>" to create "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>"
pt: descomprimir "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis>.bz2</literal>" para criar "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: compress "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>" to create "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis>.xz</literal>" using the Lempel–Ziv–Markov chain algorithm (better compression than <literal>bzip2</literal>)
pt: comprimir "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>" para criar "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis>.xz</literal>" a usar o algoritmo de cadeia Lempel–Ziv–Markov (melhor compressão que <literal>bzip2</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: decompress "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis>.xz</literal>" to create "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>"
pt: descomprimir "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis>.xz</literal>" para criar "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: extract files from "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis>.tar</literal>" archive
pt: extrair ficheiros do arquivo "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis>.tar</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: extract files from gzipped "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis>.tar.gz</literal>" archive
pt: extrair ficheiros do arquivo gzipado "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis>.tar.gz</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: extract files from "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis>.tar.bz2</literal>" archive
pt: extrair ficheiros do arquivo "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis>.tar.bz2</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: extract files from "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis>.tar.xz</literal>" archive
pt: extrair ficheiros do arquivo "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis>.tar.xz</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: archive contents of folder "<literal><emphasis>bar</emphasis>/</literal>" in "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis>.tar</literal>" archive
pt: arquivar o conteúdo da pasta "<literal><emphasis>bar</emphasis>/</literal>" no arquivo "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis>.tar</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: archive contents of folder "<literal><emphasis>bar</emphasis>/</literal>" in compressed "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis>.tar.gz</literal>" archive
pt: arquivar o conteúdo da pasta "<literal><emphasis>bar</emphasis>/</literal>" no arquivo comprimido "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis>.tar.gz</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: archive contents of folder "<literal><emphasis>bar</emphasis>/</literal>" in "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis>.tar.bz2</literal>" archive
pt: arquivar o conteúdo da pasta "<literal><emphasis>bar</emphasis>/</literal>" no arquivo "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis>.tar.bz2</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: archive contents of folder "<literal><emphasis>bar</emphasis>/</literal>" in "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis>.tar.xz</literal>" archive
pt: arquivar o conteúdo da pasta "<literal><emphasis>bar</emphasis>/</literal>" no arquivo "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis>.tar.xz</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display contents of compressed "<literal>README.gz</literal>" using the default pager
pt: mostrar o conteúdo do "<literal>README.gz</literal>" comprimido a usar o paginador predefinido

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: create a file "<literal>foo</literal>" with the decompressed content of "<literal>README.gz</literal>"
pt: criar o ficheiro "<literal>foo</literal>" com o conteúdo descomprimido de "<literal>README.gz</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: append the decompressed content of "<literal>README.gz</literal>" to the end of the file "<literal>foo</literal>" (if it does not exist, create it first)
pt: acrescentar o conteúdo descomprimido de "<literal>README.gz</literal>" ao final do ficheiro "<literal>foo</literal>" (se ele não existir, é primeiro criado)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: Unix has a tradition to hide filenames which start with "<literal>.</literal>".  They are traditionally files that contain configuration information and user preferences.
pt: Unix tem a tradição de esconder os nomes de ficheiros que começam por "<literal>.</literal>". Eles são tradicionalmente ficheiros que contêm informação de configuração e preferências do utilizador.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: For <literal>cd</literal> command, see <literal>builtins</literal>(7).
pt: Para o comando <literal>cd</literal>, veja <literal>builtins</literal>(7).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: The default pager of the bare bone Debian system is <literal>more</literal>(1) which cannot scroll back.  By installing the <literal>less</literal> package using command line "<literal>apt-get install less</literal>", <literal>less</literal>(1) becomes default pager and you can scroll back with cursor keys.
pt: O paginador predefinido da vastidão do sistema Debian é o <literal>more</literal>(1), o qual não pode deslocar para trás. A instalar o pacote <literal>less</literal> a usar o comando "<literal>apt-get install less</literal>", o <literal>less</literal>(1) torna-se o paginador predefinido e pode deslocar para trás com as teclas do cursor.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: The "<literal>[</literal>" and "<literal>]</literal>" in the regular expression of the "<literal>ps aux | grep -e "[e]xim4*"</literal>" command above enable <literal>grep</literal> to avoid matching itself.  The "<literal>4*</literal>" in the regular expression means 0 or more repeats of character "<literal>4</literal>" thus enables <literal>grep</literal> to match both "<literal>exim</literal>" and "<literal>exim4</literal>".  Although "<literal>*</literal>" is used in the shell filename glob and the regular expression, their meanings are different.  Learn the regular expression from <literal>grep</literal>(1).
pt: O "<literal>[</literal>" e "<literal>]</literal>" na expressão regular do comando "<literal>ps aux | grep -e "[e]xim4*"</literal>" em cima activam <literal>grep</literal> para evitar a correspondência consigo próprio. O "<literal>4*</literal>" na expressão regular significa 0 ou mais repetições do caractere "<literal>4</literal>" assim activa o <literal>grep</literal> a corresponder a ambos "<literal>exim</literal>" e "<literal>exim4</literal>". Apesar de "<literal>*</literal>" ser usado no glob de nome de ficheiro da shell e na expressão regular, os seus significados são diferentes. Aprenda a expressão regular a partir do <literal>grep</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Please traverse directories and peek into the system using the above commands as training.  If you have questions on any of console commands, please make sure to read the manual page.
pt: Por favor percorra os diretórios e espreite no sistema a usar os comandos em cima como treino. Se tiver questões sobre qualquer comando de consola, por favor certifique-se de ler o manual dele.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The style of man pages may be a little hard to get used to, because they are rather terse, particularly the older, very traditional ones. But once you get used to it, you come to appreciate their succinctness.
pt: Pode ser um pouco difícil de habituar-se ao estilo dos manuais, porque são bastante concisos, particularmente os mais antigos, muito tradicionais. Mas assim que se habituar a eles, vai apreciar a brevidade deles.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Please note that many Unix-like commands including ones from GNU and BSD display brief help information if you invoke them in one of the following ways (or without any arguments in some cases).
pt: Por favor note que muitos comandos do tipo Unix incluindo os GNU e BSD mostram informação breve de ajuda se os invocar numa das seguintes formas (ou sem argumentos nalguns casos).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: The simple shell command
pt: O comando simples da shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Now you have some feel on how to use the Debian system.  Let's look deep into the mechanism of the command execution in the Debian system. Here, I have simplified reality for the newbie.  See <literal>bash</literal>(1) for the exact explanation.
pt: Agora tem alguma prática de como utilizar o sistema Debian. Vamos ver mais fundo no mecanismo da execução de comandos no sistema Debian. Aqui simplifiquei a realidade para o novato. Veja <literal>bash</literal>(1) para a explicação exata.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: A simple command is a sequence of components.
pt: Um comando simples é uma sequência de componentes.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Variable assignments (optional)
pt: Atribuições de variáveis (opcional)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Command name
pt: Nome do comando

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Arguments (optional)
pt: Argumentos (opcional)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Redirections (optional: <literal>&gt;</literal> , <literal>&gt;&gt;</literal> , <literal>&lt;</literal> , <literal>&lt;&lt;</literal> , etc.)
pt: Re-direcções (opcional: <literal>&gt;</literal> , <literal>&gt;&gt;</literal> , <literal>&lt;</literal> , <literal>&lt;&lt;</literal> , etc.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Control operator (optional: <literal>&amp;&amp;</literal> , <literal>||</literal> , <emphasis>newline</emphasis> , <literal>;</literal> , <literal>&amp;</literal> , <literal>(</literal> , <literal>)</literal> )
pt: Operador de controle (opcional: <literal>&amp;&amp;</literal> , <literal>||</literal> , <emphasis>nova-linha</emphasis> , <literal>;</literal> , <literal>&amp;</literal> , <literal>(</literal> , <literal>)</literal> )

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Command execution and environment variable
pt: Execução do comando e variável de ambiente

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The values of some <ulink url="&environmentvariables;">environment variables</ulink> change the behavior of some Unix commands.
pt: Os valores de algumas <ulink url="&environmentvariables;">variáveis de ambiente</ulink> modificam o comportamento de alguns comandos de Unix.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Default values of environment variables are initially set by the PAM system and then some of them may be reset by some application programs.
pt: Os valores predefinidos das variáveis de ambiente são definidos inicialmente pelo sistema PAM e depois alguns deles podem ser redefinidos por alguns programas.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The PAM system such as <literal>pam_env</literal> may set environment variables by <literal>/etc/pam.conf</literal>", "<literal>/etc/environment</literal>" and "<literal>/etc/default/locale</literal>".
pt: O sistema PAM, como o <literal>pam_env</literal>, pode definir variáveis de ambiente em "<literal>/etc/pam.conf</literal>", "<literal>/etc/environment</literal>" e "<literal>/etc/default/locale</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The display manager such as <literal>gdm3</literal> may reset environment variables for GUI session by "<literal>~/.profile</literal>".
pt: Os gestoesr de ecrã, como o <literal>gdm3</literal>, podem repor as variáveis de ambiente para a sessão GUI através de "<literal>~/.profile</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The user specific program initialization may reset environment variables by "<literal>~/.profile</literal>", "<literal>~/.bash_profile</literal>" and "<literal>~/.bashrc</literal>".
pt: A inicialização do programa específico do utilizador pode repor variáveis de ambiente através de "<literal>~/.profile</literal>", "<literal>~/.bash_profile</literal>" e "<literal>~/.bashrc</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The "<literal>$LANG</literal>" variable
pt: A variável "<literal>$LANG</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The default locale is defined in the "<literal>$LANG</literal>" environment variable and is configured as "<literal>LANG=xx_YY.UTF-8</literal>" by the installer or by the subsequent GUI configuration, e.g., "Settings" → "Region &amp; Language" → "Language" / "Formats" for GNOME.
pt: A configuração regional predefinida é definida na variável de ambiente "<literal>$LANG</literal>" e é configurada como "<literal>LANG=xx_YY.UTF-8</literal>" pelo instalador ou pela configuração GUI subsequente, por exemplo, "Definições" → "Região &amp; Idioma" → "Idioma" / "Formatos" para o GNOME.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: I recommend you to configure the system environment just by the "<literal>$LANG</literal>" variable for now and to stay away from "<literal>$LC_*</literal>" variables unless it is absolutely needed.
pt: Recomendo que configure o ambiente do sistema por agora apenas pela variável "<literal>$LANG</literal>" e se mantenha afastado das variáveis "<literal>$LC_*</literal>" a menos que seja absolutamente necessário.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The full locale value given to "<literal>$LANG</literal>" variable consists of 3 parts: "<literal>xx_YY.ZZZZ</literal>".
pt: O valor completo do locale dado à variável "<literal>$LANG</literal>" consiste em 3 partes: "<literal>xx_YY.ZZZZ</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: The 3 parts of locale value
pt: As 3 partes do valor locale

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: locale value
pt: valor locale

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&isogdjlanguagecoowercasesuchasen;">ISO 639 language codes (lower case) such as "en"</ulink>
pt: <ulink url="&isogdjlanguagecoowercasesuchasen;">códigos de idioma ISO 639 (minúsculas) como em "en"</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&isodbggcountrycoppercasesuchasus;">ISO 3166 country codes (upper case) such as "US"</ulink>
pt: <ulink url="&isodbggcountrycoppercasesuchasus;">códigos de idioma ISO 3166 (maiúsculas) como em "US"</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&codesetalwayssettoutfi;">codeset, always set to "UTF-8"</ulink>
pt: <ulink url="&codesetalwayssettoutfi;">conjunto de codificação, definido sempre como "UTF-8"</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of locale recommendations
pt: Lista de recomendações de locale

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: locale recommendation
pt: recomendação de locale

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: Language (area)
pt: Idioma (área)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: English (USA)
pt: Inglês (EUA)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: English (Great Britain)
pt: Inglês (Grã-Bretanha)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: French (France)
pt: Francês (França)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: German (Germany)
pt: Alemão (Alemanha)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Italian (Italy)
pt: Italiano (Itália)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Spanish (Spain)
pt: Espanhol (Espanha)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Catalan (Spain)
pt: Catalão (Espanha)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Swedish (Sweden)
pt: Sueco (Suécia)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Portuguese (Brazil)
pt: Português (Brasil)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Russian (Russia)
pt: Russo (Rússia)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Chinese (P.R. of China)
pt: Chinês (Rep. Popular da China)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Chinese (Taiwan R.O.C.)
pt: Chinês (Taiwan R.O.C.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Japanese (Japan)
pt: Japonês (Japão)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Korean (Republic of Korea)
pt: Coreano (República da Coreia)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Vietnamese (Vietnam)
pt: Vietnamita (Vietname)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Typical command execution uses a shell line sequence as the following.
pt: A execução de comando típica utiliza uma sequência de linha de shell como o seguinte.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here, the program <literal>date</literal>(1) is executed with different locale values.
pt: Aqui, o programa <literal>date</literal>(1) é executado com diferentes valores de configuração regional.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: For the first command, "<literal>$LANG</literal>" is set to the system default <ulink url="&locale;">locale</ulink> value "<literal>en_US.UTF-8</literal>".
pt: Para o primeiro comando, "<literal>$LANG</literal>" é definida ao valor <ulink url="&locale;">locale</ulink> predefinido do sistema "<literal>en_US.UTF-8</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: For the second command, "<literal>$LANG</literal>" is set to the French UTF-8 <ulink url="&locale;">locale</ulink> value "<literal>fr_FR.UTF-8</literal>".
pt: Para o segundo comando, "<literal>$LANG</literal>" é definida ao valor <ulink url="&locale;">locale</ulink> UTF-8 Francês "<literal>fr_FR.UTF-8</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Most command executions usually do not have preceding environment variable definition.  For the above example, you can alternatively execute as the following.
pt: A maioria das execuções de comandos geralmente não têm definições de variáveis de ambiente precedentes. Para o exemplo acima, pode executar em alternativa o seguinte:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: When filing a bug report, running and checking the command under "<literal>en_US.UTF-8</literal>" locale is a good idea if you use non-English environment.
pt: Quando preencher um relatório de bug, é uma boa ideia executar e verificar o comando em "<literal>en_US.UTF-8</literal>", se está num ambiente que não seja Inglês.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For fine details of the locale configuration, see <xref linkend="_the_locale"/>.
pt: Para mais detalhes sobre configuração do locale, veja <xref linkend="_the_locale"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The "<literal>$PATH</literal>" variable
pt: A variável "<literal>$PATH</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: When you type a command into the shell, the shell searches the command in the list of directories contained in the "<literal>$PATH</literal>" environment variable.  The value of the "<literal>$PATH</literal>" environment variable is also called the shell's search path.
pt: Quando escreve um comando na shell, a shell procura o comando na lista de diretórios contida na variável de ambiente "<literal>$PATH</literal>". O valor da variável de ambiente "<literal>$PATH</literal>" também é chamado o caminho de procura da shell.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: In the default Debian installation, the "<literal>$PATH</literal>" environment variable of user accounts may not include "<literal>/usr/sbin</literal>" and "<literal>/usr/sbin</literal>".  For example, the <literal>ifconfig</literal> command needs to be issued with full path as "<literal>/usr/sbin/ifconfig</literal>". (Similar <literal>ip</literal> command is located in "<literal>/usr/bin</literal>".)
pt: Na instalação Debian, por omissão, a variável de ambiente "<literal>$PATH</literal>" das contas de utilizadores pode não incluir "<literal>/usr/sbin</literal>" nem "<literal>/usr/sbin</literal>". Por exemplo, o comando <literal>ifconfig</literal> necessita ser chamado com o caminho completo como "<literal>/usr/sbin/ifconfig</literal>". (De modo idêntico, o comando <literal>ip</literal> está localizado em "<literal>/usr/bin</literal>".)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can change the "<literal>$PATH</literal>" environment variable of Bash shell by "<literal>~/.bash_profile</literal>" or "<literal>~/.bashrc</literal>" files.
pt: Pode alterar a variável de ambiente "<literal>$PATH</literal>" da shell Bash pelos ficheiros "<literal>~/.bash_profile</literal>" ou "<literal>~/.bashrc</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The "<literal>$HOME</literal>" variable
pt: A variável "<literal>$HOME</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Many commands stores user specific configuration in the home directory and changes their behavior by their contents.  The home directory is identified by the environment variable "<literal>$HOME</literal>".
pt: Muitos comandos armazenam configurações específicas do utilizador no diretório home do utilizador e mudam o comportamento dele de acordo com o conteúdo dele. O diretório de utilizador é identificado pela variável de ambiente "<literal>$HOME</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of "<literal>$HOME</literal>" values
pt: Lista de valores "<literal>$HOME</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: value of "<literal>$HOME</literal>"
pt: valor de "<literal>$HOME</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: program execution situation
pt: situação de execução do programa

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: program run by the init process (daemon)
pt: programa executado pelo processo de init (daemon)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: program run from the normal root shell
pt: programa executado a partir da shell de root normal

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>/home/<emphasis>normal_user</emphasis></literal>
pt: <literal>/home/<emphasis>utilizador_normal</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: program run from the normal user shell
pt: programa executado a partir da shell de utilizador normal

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: program run from the normal user GUI desktop menu
pt: programa executado a partir menu do ambiente GUI do utilizador normal

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: program run as root with "<literal>sudo program</literal>"
pt: programa executado como root com o "<literal>programa sudo</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: program run as root with "<literal>sudo -H program</literal>"
pt: programa executado como root com o "<literal>programa sudo -H</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Shell expands "<literal>~/</literal>" to current user's home directory, i.e., "<literal>$HOME/</literal>". Shell expands "<literal>~foo/</literal>" to <literal>foo</literal>'s home directory, i.e., "<literal>/home/foo/</literal>".
pt: A shell expande "<literal>~/</literal>" ao diretório home do utilizador atual, isto é, "<literal>$HOME/</literal>". A shell expande "<literal>~foo/</literal>" ao diretório home de <literal>foo</literal>, isto é, "<literal>/home/foo/</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See <xref linkend="_shell_environment_variables"/> if <literal>$HOME</literal> isn't available for your program.
pt: Veja <xref linkend="_shell_environment_variables"/> se <literal>$HOME</literal> não está disponível para o seu programa.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Command line options
pt: Opções da linha de comandos

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Some commands take arguments.  Arguments starting with "<literal>-</literal>" or "<literal>--</literal>" are called options and control the behavior of the command.
pt: Alguns comandos recebem argumentos. Os argumentos que começam com um "<literal>-</literal>" ou "<literal>--</literal>" são chamados opções e controlam o comportamento do comando.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here the command-line argument "<literal>-R</literal>" changes <literal>date</literal>(1) behavior to output <ulink url="&rfccicc;">RFC2822</ulink> compliant date string.
pt: Aqui o argumento de linha de comandos "<literal>-R</literal>" altera o comportamento de <literal>date</literal>(1) para gerar uma string da data compatível com <ulink url="&rfccicc;">RFC2822</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Shell glob
pt: Glob da shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Often you want a command to work with a group of files without typing all of them.  The filename expansion pattern using the shell <emphasis role="strong">glob</emphasis>, (sometimes referred as <emphasis role="strong">wildcards</emphasis>), facilitate this need.
pt: Frequentemente deseja trabalhar com um conjunto de ficheiros sem os digitar a todos. O modelo de expansão do nome de ficheiro a utilizar a <emphasis role="strong">glob</emphasis> da shell , (por vezes referida como <emphasis role="strong">wildcards</emphasis>), facilita esta necessidade.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: Shell glob patterns
pt: Padrões glob da shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: shell glob pattern
pt: modelo glob da shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: description of match rule
pt: descrição de regra de correspondência

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: filename (segment) not started with "<literal>.</literal>"
pt: nome de ficheiro (segmento) não iniciado por "<literal>.</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: filename (segment) started with "<literal>.</literal>"
pt: nome de ficheiro (segmento) iniciado por "<literal>.</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: exactly one character
pt: exatamente um caractere

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: exactly one character with any character enclosed in brackets
pt: exatamente um caractere com qualquer caractere envolvido em colchetes

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: exactly one character with any character between "<literal>a</literal>" and "<literal>z</literal>"
pt: exatamente um caractere com qualquer caractere entre "<literal>a</literal>" e "<literal>z</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: exactly one character other than any character enclosed in brackets (excluding "<literal>^</literal>")
pt: exatamente um caractere que não seja qualquer caractere envolvido em colchetes (a excluir "<literal>^</literal>")

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See <literal>glob</literal>(7).
pt: Veja <literal>glob</literal>(7).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: Unlike normal filename expansion by the shell, the shell pattern "<literal>*</literal>" tested in <literal>find</literal>(1) with "<literal>-name</literal>" test etc., matches the initial "<literal>.</literal>" of the filename. (New <ulink url="&posix;">POSIX</ulink> feature)
pt: Ao contrário da expansão de nome de ficheiro da shell, o modelo de shell "<literal>*</literal>" testado em <literal>find</literal>(1) com o teste "<literal>-name</literal>" etc., corresponde ao "<literal>.</literal>" inicial do nome de ficheiro. (Nova funcionalidade <ulink url="&posix;">POSIX</ulink>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: BASH can be tweaked to change its glob behavior with its shopt builtin options such as "<literal>dotglob</literal>", "<literal>noglob</literal>", "<literal>nocaseglob</literal>", "<literal>nullglob</literal>", "<literal>extglob</literal>", etc.  See <literal>bash</literal>(1).
pt: BASH pode ser moldado a alterar o comportamento de glob dele com as opções shopt dele embutidas como as "<literal>dotglob</literal>", "<literal>noglob</literal>", "<literal>nocaseglob</literal>", "<literal>nullglob</literal>", "<literal>extglob</literal>", etc. Veja <literal>bash</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Return value of the command
pt: Valor de retorno do comando

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Each command returns its exit status (variable: "<literal>$?</literal>") as the return value.
pt: Cada comando retorna o estado de saída dele (na variável: "<literal>$?</literal>") como o valor de retorno.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: Command exit codes
pt: Códigos de saída do comando

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: command exit status
pt: estado de saída do comando

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: numeric return value
pt: valor de retorno numérico

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: logical return value
pt: valor de retorno lógico

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: success
pt: sucesso

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: error
pt: erro

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: non-zero, -1
pt: não-zero, -1

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: Please note that, in the logical context for the shell, <emphasis role="strong">success</emphasis> is treated as the logical <emphasis role="strong">TRUE</emphasis> which has 0 (zero) as its value.  This is somewhat non-intuitive and needs to be reminded here.
pt: Por favor note que, no contexto lógico da shell, <emphasis role="strong">sucesso</emphasis> é tratado como o <emphasis role="strong">VERDADEIRO</emphasis> lógico o qual tem 0 (zero) como valor. De certa maneira isto não é intuitivo e necessita ser lembrado aqui.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Typical command sequences and shell redirection
pt: Sequências de comandos típicas e redireccionamento da shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Let's try to remember following shell command idioms typed in one line as a part of shell command.
pt: Vamos tentar lembrar-nos dos seguintes idiomas de comando de shell escritos numa linha como parte de um comando de shell.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: Shell command idioms
pt: Idiomas de comandos de shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: command idiom
pt: idioma do comando

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>command &amp;</literal>
pt: <literal>comando &amp;</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <emphasis role="strong">background</emphasis> execution of <literal>command</literal> in the subshell
pt: execução <emphasis role="strong">em segundo plano</emphasis> do <literal>comando</literal> na sub-shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>command1 | command2</literal>
pt: <literal>comando1 | comando2</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <emphasis role="strong">pipe</emphasis> the standard output of <literal>command1</literal> to the standard input of <literal>command2</literal> (<emphasis role="strong">concurrent</emphasis> execution)
pt: liga em <emphasis role="strong">pipe</emphasis> a saída standard do <literal>comando1</literal> à entrada standard do <literal>comando2</literal> (execução <emphasis role="strong">concorrente</emphasis>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>command1 2&gt;&amp;1 | command2</literal>
pt: <literal>comando1 2&gt;&amp;1 | comando2</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <emphasis role="strong">pipe</emphasis> both standard output and standard error of <literal>command1</literal> to the standard input of <literal>command2</literal> (<emphasis role="strong">concurrent</emphasis> execution)
pt: liga em <emphasis role="strong">pipe</emphasis> a saídas standard e o erro standard do <literal>comando1</literal> à entrada standard do <literal>comando2</literal> (execução <emphasis role="strong">concorrente</emphasis>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>command1 ; command2</literal>
pt: <literal>comando1 ; comando2</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: execute <literal>command1</literal> and <literal>command2</literal> <emphasis role="strong">sequentially</emphasis>
pt: executa o <literal>comando1</literal> e o <literal>comando2</literal> <emphasis role="strong">sequencialmente</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>command1 &amp;&amp; command2</literal>
pt: <literal>comando1 &amp;&amp; comando2</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: execute <literal>command1</literal>; if successful, execute <literal>command2</literal> <emphasis role="strong">sequentially</emphasis> (return success if both <literal>command1</literal> <emphasis role="strong">and</emphasis> <literal>command2</literal> are successful)
pt: executa o <literal>comando1</literal>; se tiver sucesso, executa o <literal>comando2</literal> <emphasis role="strong">sequencialmente</emphasis> (retorna sucesso se ambos <literal>comando1</literal> <emphasis role="strong">e</emphasis> <literal>comando2</literal> tiverem sucesso)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>command1 || command2</literal>
pt: <literal>comando1 || comando2</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: execute <literal>command1</literal>; if not successful, execute <literal>command2</literal> <emphasis role="strong">sequentially</emphasis> (return success if <literal>command1</literal> <emphasis role="strong">or</emphasis> <literal>command2</literal> are successful)
pt: executa o <literal>comando1</literal>; se não tiver sucesso, executa o <literal>comando2</literal> <emphasis role="strong">sequencialmente</emphasis> (retorna sucesso se o <literal>comando1</literal> <emphasis role="strong">ou</emphasis> o <literal>comando2</literal> tiverem sucesso

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>command &gt; foo</literal>
pt: <literal>comando &gt; foo</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: redirect standard output of <literal>command</literal> to a file <literal>foo</literal> (overwrite)
pt: redirecciona a saída standard do <literal>comando</literal> para o ficheiro <literal>foo</literal> (sobrescreve)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>command 2&gt; foo</literal>
pt: <literal>comando 2&gt; foo</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: redirect standard error of <literal>command</literal> to a file <literal>foo</literal> (overwrite)
pt: redirecciona o erro standard do <literal>comando</literal> para o ficheiro <literal>foo</literal> (sobrescreve)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>command &gt;&gt; foo</literal>
pt: <literal>comando &gt;&gt; foo</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: redirect standard output of <literal>command</literal> to a file <literal>foo</literal> (append)
pt: redirecciona a saída standard do <literal>comando</literal> para o ficheiro <literal>foo</literal> (acrescenta)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>command 2&gt;&gt; foo</literal>
pt: <literal>comando 2&gt;&gt; foo</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: redirect standard error of <literal>command</literal> to a file <literal>foo</literal> (append)
pt: redireciona o erro standard do <literal>comando</literal> ao ficheiro <literal>foo</literal> (acrescenta)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>command &gt; foo 2&gt;&amp;1</literal>
pt: <literal>comando &gt; foo 2&gt;&amp;1</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: redirect both standard output and standard error of <literal>command</literal> to a file <literal>foo</literal>
pt: redirecciona ambos saída standard e erro standard do <literal>comando</literal> para o ficheiro <literal>foo</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>command &lt; foo</literal>
pt: <literal>comando &lt; foo</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: redirect standard input of <literal>command</literal> to a file <literal>foo</literal>
pt: redirecciona a entrada standard do <literal>comando</literal> ao ficheiro <literal>foo</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>command &lt;&lt; delimiter</literal>
pt: <literal>comando &lt;&lt; delimitador</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: redirect standard input of <literal>command</literal> to the following lines until "<literal>delimiter</literal>" is met (here document)
pt: redirecciona a entrada standard do <literal>comando</literal> para as seguintes linhas até que o "<literal>delimitador</literal>" seja atingido (documentar aqui)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>command &lt;&lt;- delimiter</literal>
pt: <literal>comando &lt;&lt;- delimitador</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: redirect standard input of <literal>command</literal> to the following lines until "<literal>delimiter</literal>" is met (here document, the leading tab characters are stripped from input lines)
pt: redirecciona a entrada standard do <literal>comando</literal> às seguintes linhas até que o "<literal>delimitador</literal>" seja atingido (aqui documento, os caracteres tab de inicio são retirados das linhas de entrada)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The Debian system is a multi-tasking system. Background jobs allow users to run multiple programs in a single shell.  The management of the background process involves the shell builtins: <literal>jobs</literal>, <literal>fg</literal>, <literal>bg</literal>, and <literal>kill</literal>.  Please read sections of bash(1) under "SIGNALS", and "JOB CONTROL", and <literal>builtins</literal>(1).
pt: O sistema Debian é um sistema de multi-tarefa. Os trabalhos em segundo plano permitem aos utilizadores correrem vários programas numa única shell. A gestão dos processos em segundo plano envolve os embutidos da shell: <literal>jobs</literal>, <literal>fg</literal>, <literal>bg</literal> e <literal>kill</literal>. Por favor leia as secções de bash(1) sob "SINAIS", "CONTROLE DE TAREFAS" e <literal>builtins</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Although all 4 examples of shell redirections display the same thing, the last example runs an extra <literal>cat</literal> command and wastes resources with no reason.
pt: Apesar dos 4 exemplos de redireccionamentos de shell mostrarem a mesma coisa, o último exemplo corre um comando <literal>cat</literal> extra e desperdiça recursos sem nenhuma razão.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The shell allows you to open files using the <literal>exec</literal> builtin with an arbitrary file descriptor.
pt: A shell permite-lhe abrir ficheiros a usar o <literal>exec</literal> embutido com um descritor de ficheiro arbitrário.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The file descriptor 0-2 are predefined.
pt: O descritores de ficheiro 0-2 são predefinidos.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: Predefined file descriptors
pt: Descritores de ficheiro predefinido

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: device
pt: aparelho

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: file descriptor
pt: descritor de ficheiro

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: standard input
pt: entrada standard

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: standard output
pt: saída standard

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: standard error
pt: erro standard

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Command alias
pt: Comando alias

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can set an alias for the frequently used command.
pt: Pode definir um nome alternativo (alias) para um comando frequentemente utilizado.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Now, "<literal>la</literal>" works as a short hand for "<literal>ls -la</literal>" which lists all files in the long listing format.
pt: Agora, "<literal>la</literal>" funciona como atalho para "<literal>ls -la</literal>" o que lista todos os ficheiros no formato de lista longa.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can list any existing aliases by <literal>alias</literal> (see <literal>bash</literal>(1) under "SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS").
pt: Pode listar quaisquer nomes alternativos existentes com o <literal>alias</literal> (veja <literal>bash</literal>(1) sob "COMANDOS EMBUTIDOS NA SHELL").

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can identity exact path or identity of the command by <literal>type</literal> (see <literal>bash</literal>(1) under "SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS").
pt: Pode identificar o caminho exacto ou a identidade do comando com <literal>type</literal> (veja <literal>bash</literal>(1) sob "COMANDOS EMBUTIDOS DA SHELL").

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here <literal>ls</literal> was recently searched while "<literal>file</literal>" was not, thus "<literal>ls</literal>" is "hashed", i.e., the shell has an internal record for the quick access to the location of the "<literal>ls</literal>" command.
pt: Aqui o <literal>ls</literal> foi procurado recentemente enquanto o "<literal>file</literal>" não foi, assim o "<literal>ls</literal>" tem "hash", isto é, a shell tem um registo interno para o acesso rápido à localização do comando "<literal>ls</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: See <xref linkend="_colorized_commands"/>.
pt: Veja <xref linkend="_colorized_commands"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Unix-like text processing
pt: Processamento de texto estilo Unix

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: In Unix-like work environment, text processing is done by piping text through chains of standard text processing tools. This was another crucial Unix innovation.
pt: Em ambientes de trabalho tipo Unix, o processamento de texto é feito ao canalizar texto por cadeias de ferramentas standard de processamento de texto. Esta foi outra inovação crucial do Unix.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Unix text tools
pt: Ferramentas de texto de Unix

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There are few standard text processing tools which are used very often on the Unix-like system.
pt: Existem algumas ferramentas standard de processamento de texto que são muito usadas nos sistemas tipo Unix.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: No regular expression is used:
pt: Não é utilizada nenhuma expressão regular:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>cat</literal>(1) concatenates files and outputs the whole content.
pt: <literal>cat</literal>(1) concatena ficheiros e escreve o conteúdo inteiro.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>tac</literal>(1) concatenates files and outputs in reverse.
pt: <literal>tac</literal>(1) concatena ficheiros e escreve-os em reverso.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>cut</literal>(1) selects parts of lines and outputs.
pt: <literal>cut</literal>(1) seleciona partes de linhas e escreve-as.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>head</literal>(1) outputs the first part of files.
pt: <literal>head</literal>(1) escreve a parte inicial de ficheiros.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>tail</literal>(1) outputs the last part of files.
pt: <literal>tail</literal>(1) escreve a parte final de ficheiros.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>sort</literal>(1) sorts lines of text files.
pt: <literal>sort</literal>(1) organiza as linhas de ficheiros de texto.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>uniq</literal>(1) removes duplicate lines from a sorted file.
pt: <literal>uniq</literal>(1) remove linhas duplicadas de um ficheiro organizado.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>tr</literal>(1) translates or deletes characters.
pt: <literal>tr</literal>(1) traduz ou apaga caracteres.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>diff</literal>(1) compares files line by line.
pt: <literal>diff</literal>(1) compara ficheiros linha a linha.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Basic regular expression (<emphasis role="strong">BRE</emphasis>) is used as default:
pt: É utilizada uma expressão regular básica (<emphasis role="strong">BRE</emphasis>):

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>ed</literal>(1) is a primitive line editor.
pt: <literal>ed</literal>(1) é um editor de linhas primitivo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>sed</literal>(1) is a stream editor.
pt: <literal>sed</literal>(1) é um editor de streams.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>grep</literal>(1) matches text with patterns.
pt: <literal>grep</literal>(1) faz coincidir texto com padrões.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>vim</literal>(1) is a screen editor.
pt: <literal>vim</literal>(1) é um editor de ecrã.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>emacs</literal>(1) is a screen editor. (somewhat extended <emphasis role="strong">BRE</emphasis>)
pt: <literal>emacs</literal>(1) é um editor de écran. (<emphasis role="strong">BRE</emphasis> de certo modo extensa)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Extended regular expression (<emphasis role="strong">ERE</emphasis>) is used:
pt: É utilizada uma expressão regular extensa (<emphasis role="strong">ERE</emphasis>):

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>awk</literal>(1) does simple text processing.
pt: <literal>awk</literal>(1) faz processamento de texto simples.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>egrep</literal>(1) matches text with patterns.
pt: <literal>egrep</literal>(1) faz coincidir texto com padrões.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>tcl</literal>(3tcl) can do every conceivable text processing: See <literal>re_syntax</literal>(3). Often used with <literal>tk</literal>(3tk).
pt: <literal>tcl</literal>(3tcl) pode fazer todo o processamento de texto concebível: Veja <literal>re_syntax</literal>(3). Bastante usado com <literal>tk</literal>(3tk).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>perl</literal>(1) can do every conceivable text processing. See <literal>perlre</literal>(1).
pt: <literal>perl</literal>(1) pode fazer todo o processamento de texto concebível. Veja <literal>perlre</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>pcregrep</literal>(1) from the <literal>pcregrep</literal> package matches text with <ulink url="&perlcompatiblererexpressionspcre;">Perl Compatible Regular Expressions (PCRE)</ulink> pattern.
pt: <literal>pcregrep</literal>(1) do pacote <literal>pcregrep</literal> corresponde texto com padrões <ulink url="&perlcompatiblererexpressionspcre;">Perl Compatible Regular Expressions (PCRE)</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>python</literal>(1) with the <literal>re</literal> module can do every conceivable text processing. See "<literal>/usr/share/doc/python/html/index.html</literal>".
pt: <literal>python</literal>(1) com o módulo <literal>re</literal> pode fazer todo o processamento de texto concebível. Veja "<literal>/usr/share/doc/python/html/index.html</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you are not sure what exactly these commands do, please use "<literal>man command</literal>" to figure it out by yourself.
pt: Se não tiver a certeza do que estes comandos fazem, por favor utilize "<literal>man comando</literal>" para descobri-lo por si.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: Sort order and range expression are locale dependent.  If you wish to obtain traditional behavior for a command, use <emphasis role="strong">C</emphasis> locale or <emphasis role="strong">C.UTF-8</emphasis> locale instead of normal <emphasis role="strong">UTF-8</emphasis> ones (see <xref linkend="_the_locale"/>).
pt: A ordem de ordenação e a expressão de intervalo dependem da configuração regional.  Se desejar obter um comportamento tradicional para um comando, utilize a configuração regional <emphasis role="strong">C</emphasis> ou <emphasis role="strong">C.UTF-8</emphasis> em vez da <emphasis role="strong">UTF-8</emphasis> normal (ver <xref linkend="_the_locale"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: <ulink url="&perl;">Perl</ulink> regular expressions (<literal>perlre</literal>(1)), <ulink url="&perlcompatiblererexpressionspcre;">Perl Compatible Regular Expressions (PCRE)</ulink>, and <ulink url="&python;">Python</ulink> regular expressions offered by the <literal>re</literal> module have many common extensions to the normal <emphasis role="strong">ERE</emphasis>.
pt: As expressões regulares <ulink url="&perl;">Perl</ulink> (<literal>perlre</literal>(1)), <ulink url="&perlcompatiblererexpressionspcre;">Perl Compatible Regular Expressions (PCRE)</ulink> e expressões regulares <ulink url="&python;">Python</ulink> oferecidas pelo módulo <literal>re</literal> têm muitas extensões comuns ao <emphasis role="strong">ERE</emphasis> normal.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Regular expressions
pt: Expressões regulares

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <ulink url="&regularexpressions;">Regular expressions</ulink> are used in many text processing tools.  They are analogous to the shell globs, but they are more complicated and powerful.
pt: As <ulink url="&regularexpressions;">expressões regulares</ulink> são utilizadas em muitas ferramentas de processamento de texto. São análogas aos "globs" da shell, mas são mais complicadas e poderosas.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The regular expression describes the matching pattern and is made up of text characters and <emphasis role="strong">metacharacters</emphasis>.
pt: A expressão regular descreve o modelo de correspondência e é feita de caracteres de texto e de <emphasis role="strong">meta-caracteres</emphasis>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: A <emphasis role="strong">metacharacter</emphasis> is just a character with a special meaning.  There are 2 major styles, <emphasis role="strong">BRE</emphasis> and <emphasis role="strong">ERE</emphasis>, depending on the text tools as described above.
pt: Um <emphasis role="strong">meta-caractere</emphasis> é apenas um caractere com um significado especial. Existem 2 estilos principais, <emphasis role="strong">BRE</emphasis> e <emphasis role="strong">ERE</emphasis>, a depender das ferramentas de texto conforme descrito acima.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: Metacharacters for BRE and ERE
pt: Meta-caracteres para BRE e ERE

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: description of the regular expression
pt: descrição da expressão regular

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: common <emphasis role="strong">metacharacters</emphasis>
pt: <emphasis role="strong">meta-caracteres</emphasis> comuns

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: BRE only "<literal>\</literal>" escaped <emphasis role="strong">metacharacters</emphasis>
pt: BRE apenas "<literal>\</literal>" <emphasis role="strong">metacaracteres</emphasis> escapados

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: ERE only non-"<literal>\</literal>" escaped <emphasis role="strong">metacharacters</emphasis>
pt: ERE apenas "<literal>\</literal>" <emphasis role="strong">meta-caracteres</emphasis> sem escape

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match <emphasis role="strong">non-metacharacter</emphasis> "<literal>c</literal>"
pt: corresponde a <emphasis role="strong">não-meta-caractere</emphasis> "<literal>c</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match a literal character "<literal>c</literal>" even if "<literal>c</literal>" is <emphasis role="strong">metacharacter</emphasis> by itself
pt: corresponde a um caractere literal "<literal>c</literal>" mesmo se "<literal>c</literal>" é um <emphasis role="strong">meta-caractere</emphasis> por si só

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match any character including newline
pt: corresponde a qualquer caractere incluindo nova linha

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: position at the beginning of a string
pt: posição no início de uma cadeia

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: position at the end of a string
pt: posição no fim de uma cadeia

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: position at the beginning of a word
pt: posição no início de uma palavra

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: position at the end of a word
pt: posição no final de uma palavra

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match any characters in "<literal>abc…</literal>"
pt: corresponde a quaisquer caracteres em "<literal>abc…</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match any characters except in "<literal>abc…</literal>"
pt: corresponde a quaisquer caracteres excepto em "<literal>abc…</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match zero or more regular expressions identified by "<literal>r</literal>"
pt: corresponde a zero ou mais expressões regulares identificadas por "<literal>r</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match one or more regular expressions identified by "<literal>r</literal>"
pt: corresponde a uma ou mais expressões regulares identificadas por "<literal>r</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match zero or one regular expressions identified by "<literal>r</literal>"
pt: corresponde a zero ou uma expressão regular identificada por "<literal>r</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match one of the regular expressions identified by "<literal>r1</literal>" or "<literal>r2</literal>"
pt: corresponde a uma das expressões regulares identificadas por "<literal>r1</literal>" ou "<literal>r2</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match one of the regular expressions identified by "<literal>r1</literal>" or "<literal>r2</literal>" and treat it as a <emphasis role="strong">bracketed</emphasis> regular expression
pt: corresponde a uma das expressões regulares identificadas por "<literal>r1</literal>" ou "<literal>r2</literal>" e trata-as como uma expressão regular <emphasis role="strong">entre colchetes</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The regular expression of <emphasis role="strong"><literal>emacs</literal></emphasis> is basically <emphasis role="strong">BRE</emphasis> but has been extended to treat "<literal>+</literal>"and "<literal>?</literal>" as the <emphasis role="strong">metacharacters</emphasis> as in <emphasis role="strong">ERE</emphasis>.  Thus, there are no needs to escape them with "<literal>\</literal>" in the regular expression of <literal>emacs</literal>.
pt: A expressão regular do <emphasis role="strong"><literal>emacs</literal></emphasis> é basicamente <emphasis role="strong">BRE</emphasis> mas foi estendida para tratar "<literal>+</literal>" e "<literal>?</literal>" como <emphasis role="strong">meta-caracteres</emphasis> como em <emphasis role="strong">ERE</emphasis>. Assim, não há necessidade de os 'escapar' com "<literal>\</literal>" na expressão regular do <literal>emacs</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <literal>grep</literal>(1) can be used to perform the text search using the regular expression.
pt: <literal>grep</literal>(1) pode ser utilizado para executar a pesquisa de texto com expressão regular.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Replacement expressions
pt: Expressões de substituição

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For the replacement expression, some characters have special meanings.
pt: Para a expressão de substituição, alguns caracteres têm significados especiais.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: The replacement expression
pt: A expressão de substituição

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: replacement expression
pt: expressão de substituição

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: description of the text to replace the replacement expression
pt: descrição do texto para substituir a expressão de substituição

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: what the regular expression matched (use <literal>\&amp;</literal> in <literal>emacs</literal>)
pt: que expressão regular corresponde (use <literal>\&amp;</literal> no <literal>emacs</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: what the n-th <emphasis role="strong">bracketed</emphasis> regular expression matched ("n" being number)
pt: que nº <emphasis role="strong">entre colchetes</emphasis> da expressão regular correspondeu (a ser "n" um número)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For Perl replacement string, "$&amp;" is used instead of "&amp;" and "$n" is used instead of "\n".
pt: Para cadeia de substituição Perl, "$&amp;" é usado em vez de "&amp;" e "$n" é usado em vez de "\n".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here please pay extra attention to the style of the <emphasis role="strong">bracketed</emphasis> regular expression and how the matched strings are used in the text replacement process on different tools.
pt: Aqui por favor preste atenção extra ao estilo da expressão regular <emphasis role="strong">entre colchetes</emphasis> e como as cadeias correspondentes são utilizadas no processo de substituição de texto nas diferentes ferramentas.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: These regular expressions can be used for cursor movements and text replacement actions in some editors too.
pt: Estas expressões regulares também podem ser utilizadas para movimentos do cursor e acções de substituição de texto em alguns editores.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The back slash "<literal>\</literal>" at the end of line in the shell commandline escapes newline as a white space character and continues shell command line input to the next line.
pt: A barra descendente "<literal>\</literal>" no fim da linha na linha de comandos da shell 'escapa' a nova linha como um caractere de espaço em branco e continua a entrada na linha de comandos da shell na próxima linha.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Please read all the related manual pages to learn these commands.
pt: Por favor leia todos os manuais relacionados para aprender estes comandos.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Global substitution with regular expressions
pt: Substituição global com expressões regulares

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <literal>ed</literal>(1) command can replace all instances of "<literal>FROM_REGEX</literal>" with "<literal>TO_TEXT</literal>" in "<literal>file</literal>".
pt: O comando <literal>ed</literal>(1) pode substituir todas as instâncias de "<literal>FROM_REGEX</literal>" por "<literal>TO_TEXT</literal>" em "<literal>file</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <literal>sed</literal>(1) command can replace all instances of "<literal>FROM_REGEX</literal>" with "<literal>TO_TEXT</literal>" in "<literal>file</literal>".
pt: O comando <literal>sed</literal>(1) pode substituir todas as instâncias de "<literal>FROM_REGEX</literal>" por "<literal>TO_TEXT</literal>" em "<literal>file</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <literal>vim</literal>(1) command can replace all instances of "<literal>FROM_REGEX</literal>" with "<literal>TO_TEXT</literal>" in "<literal>file</literal>" by using <literal>ex</literal>(1) commands.
pt: O comando <literal>vim</literal>(1) pode substituir todas as instâncias de "<literal>FROM_REGEX</literal>" com "<literal>TO_TEXT</literal>" em "<literal>ficheiro</literal>" ao usar comandos <literal>ex</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: The "<literal>c</literal>" flag in the above ensures interactive confirmation for each substitution.
pt: A flag "<literal>c</literal>" em cima assegura confirmação interactiva para cada substituição.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Multiple files ("<literal>file1</literal>", "<literal>file2</literal>", and "<literal>file3</literal>") can be processed with regular expressions similarly with <literal>vim</literal>(1) or <literal>perl</literal>(1).
pt: Múltiplos ficheiros ("<literal>ficheiro1</literal>", "<literal>ficheiro2</literal>",e "<literal>ficheiro3</literal>") podem ser processados com expressões regulares à semelhança com <literal>vim</literal>(1) ou <literal>perl</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: The "<literal>e</literal>" flag in the above prevents the "No match" error from breaking a mapping.
pt: A bandeira "<literal>e</literal>" em cima previne o erro "Nenhuma correspondência" de quebrar um mapeamento.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: In the perl(1) example, "<literal>-i</literal>" is for the in-place editing of each target file, and "<literal>-p</literal>" is for the implicit loop over all given files.
pt: no exemplo perl(1), "<literal>-i</literal>" é para edição no-lugar de cada ficheiro objetivo e "<literal>-p</literal>" é para um ciclo implícito a todos os ficheiros fornecidos.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Use of argument "<literal>-i.bak</literal>" instead of "<literal>-i</literal>" keeps each original file by adding "<literal>.bak</literal>" to its filename.  This makes recovery from errors easier for complex substitutions.
pt: O uso do argumento "<literal>-i.bak</literal>" em vez de "<literal>-i</literal>" mantêm cada ficheiro original ao adicionar "<literal>.bak</literal>" ao seu nome de ficheiro. Isto torna a recuperação de erros mais fácil para substituições complexas.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: <literal>ed</literal>(1) and <literal>vim</literal>(1) are <emphasis role="strong">BRE</emphasis>; <literal>perl</literal>(1) is <emphasis role="strong">ERE</emphasis>.
pt: <literal>ed</literal>(1) e <literal>vim</literal>(1) são <emphasis role="strong">BRE</emphasis>; <literal>perl</literal>(1) é <emphasis role="strong">ERE</emphasis>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Extracting data from text file table
pt: Extrair dados de tabela de ficheiro de texto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Let's consider a text file called "<literal>DPL</literal>" in which some pre-2004 Debian project leader's names and their initiation date are listed in a space-separated format.
pt: Vamos considerar um ficheiro de texto chamado "<literal>DPL</literal>" no qual alguns nomes de líderes de projectos Debian pré-2004 e as suas datas de iniciação estão listados num formato separado por espaços.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: See <ulink url="&abriefhistoryofdebian;">"A Brief History of Debian"</ulink> for the latest <ulink url="&debianleadershiphistory;">Debian leadership history</ulink>.
pt: Veja <ulink url="&abriefhistoryofdebian;">"Uma História Breve de Debian"</ulink> para o <ulink url="&debianleadershiphistory;">histórico de liderança de Debian</ulink> mais recente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Awk is frequently used to extract data from these types of files.
pt: O awk é frequentemente utilizado para extrair dados deste tipo de ficheiros.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Shells such as Bash can be also used to parse this kind of file.
pt: Shells como a Bash também podem ser utilizadas para analisar este tipo de ficheiro.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here, the <literal>read</literal> builtin command uses characters in "<literal>$IFS</literal>" (internal field separators) to split lines into words.
pt: Aqui, o comando embutido <literal>read</literal> usa caracteres em "<literal>$IFS</literal>" (separadores de campo internos) para dividir linhas em palavras.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you change "<literal>$IFS</literal>" to "<literal>:</literal>", you can parse "<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>" with shell nicely.
pt: Se alterar "<literal>$IFS</literal>" a "<literal>:</literal>", pode analisar "<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>" facilmente com a shell.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: (If Awk is used to do the equivalent, use "<literal>FS=':'</literal>" to set the field separator.)
pt: (Se o Awk for utilizado para fazer o equivalente, utilize "<literal>FS=':'</literal>" para definir o campo separador.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: IFS is also used by the shell to split results of parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion.  These do not occur within double or single quoted words.  The default value of IFS is <emphasis>space</emphasis>, <emphasis>tab</emphasis>, and <emphasis>newline</emphasis> combined.
pt: O IFS também é usado pela shell para dividir resultados de expansão de parâmetros, substituição de comandos e expansão aritmética. Estas não ocorrem em palavras dentro de citações simples ou duplas. O valor predefinido do IFS é <emphasis>espaço</emphasis>, <emphasis>tab</emphasis> e <emphasis>nova-linha</emphasis> combinados.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Be careful about using this shell IFS tricks.  Strange things may happen, when shell interprets some parts of the script as its <emphasis role="strong">input</emphasis>.
pt: Tenha cuidado ao usar estes truques IFS da shell. Podem acontecer coisas estranhas, quando a shell interpreta partes do script como a <emphasis role="strong">entrada</emphasis> dela.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Script snippets for piping commands
pt: Trechos de script para canalizar comandos em pipe

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The following scripts do nice things as a part of a pipe.
pt: Os seguintes scripts fazem coisas bonitas como parte de um pipe.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of script snippets for piping commands
pt: Lista de trechos de script para canalizar comandos em pipe

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: script snippet (type in one line)
pt: trecho de script (escrito numa linha)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: effect of command
pt: efeito do comando

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: find all files under "<literal>/usr</literal>"
pt: encontra todos os ficheiros sob "<literal>/usr</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: print 1 to 100
pt: escreve 1 até 100

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: run command repeatedly with each item from pipe as its argument
pt: corre o comando repetidamente com cada item do pipe como seu argumento

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: split white-space-separated items from pipe into lines
pt: divide itens separados por espaços do pipe em linhas

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: merge all lines from pipe into a line
pt: junta todas as linhas do pipe numa linha

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: extract lines from pipe containing <emphasis>regex_pattern</emphasis>
pt: extrai as linhas do pipe que contêm o <emphasis>padrão_da_expressão_regular</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: extract lines from pipe not containing <emphasis>regex_pattern</emphasis>
pt: extrai as linhas do pipe que não contêm o <emphasis>padrão_da_expressão_regular</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: extract third field from pipe separated by "<literal>:</literal>" (passwd file etc.)
pt: extrai do pipe o terceiro campo separado por "<literal>:</literal>" (ficheiro passwd etc.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: extract third field from pipe separated by whitespaces
pt: extrai do pipe o terceiro campo separado por espaços

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: extract third field from pipe separated by tab
pt: extrai do pipe o terceiro campo separado por tab

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: remove backspace and expand tabs to spaces
pt: remove os backspace e expande as tabs para espaços

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: expand tabs
pt: expande separadores

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: sort and remove duplicates
pt: organiza e remove duplicados

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: convert uppercase to lowercase
pt: converte maiúsculas para minúsculas

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: concatenate lines into one line
pt: concatena linhas numa linha

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: remove CR
pt: remover CR

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: add "<literal>#</literal>" to the start of each line
pt: adiciona "<literal>#</literal>" ao inicio de cada linha

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: remove "<literal>.ext</literal>"
pt: remover "<literal>.ext</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: print the second line
pt: escreve a segunda linha

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: print the first 2 lines
pt: escreve as primeiras duas linhas

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: print the last 2 lines
pt: escreve as últimas duas linhas

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: A one-line shell script can loop over many files using <literal>find</literal>(1) and <literal>xargs</literal>(1) to perform quite complicated tasks.  See <xref linkend="_idioms_for_the_selection_of_files"/> and <xref linkend="_repeating_a_command_looping_over_files"/>.
pt: Um script de shell de uma linha pode fazer ciclos sobre muitos ficheiros a usar o <literal>find</literal>(1) e <literal>xargs</literal>(1) para executar tarefas bastante complicadas. Veja <xref linkend="_idioms_for_the_selection_of_files"/> e <xref linkend="_repeating_a_command_looping_over_files"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: When using the shell interactive mode becomes too complicated, please consider to write a shell script (see <xref linkend="_the_shell_script"/>).
pt: Quando a utilização dos modos interativos da shell se torna muito complicada, por favor considere escrever um script de shell (veja <xref linkend="_the_shell_script"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
en: Debian package management
pt: Gestão de pacotes Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><note><para>
en: This chapter is written assuming the latest stable release is codename: <literal>&codename-stable;</literal>.
pt: Este capítulo é escrito a assumir que o lançamento estável mais recente tem o nome de código: <literal>&codename-stable;</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><note><para>
en: The data source of the APT system is collectively refered as <emphasis role="strong">the source list</emphasis> in this document .  This can be defined anywhere in the "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" file, "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list.d/*.list</literal>" files, or "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list.d/*.sources</literal>" files.
pt: A fonte de dados do sistema APT é coletivamente referida como <emphasis role="strong">a lista de fontes</emphasis> neste documento.  Isto pode ser definido em qualquer parte do ficheiro "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>", "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list.d/*.list</literal>" ou "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list.d/*.sources</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Debian package management prerequisites
pt: Pré-requisitos da gestão de pacotes Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Debian package management system
pt: Sistema de gestão de pacotes Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <ulink url="&debian;">Debian</ulink> is a volunteer organization which builds <emphasis role="strong">consistent</emphasis> distributions of pre-compiled binary packages of free software and distributes them from its archive.
pt: <ulink url="&debian;">Debian</ulink> é uma organização voluntária que constrói distribuições <emphasis role="strong">consistentes</emphasis> de pacotes binários pré-compilados de software livre e distribui-os a partir do arquivo dele.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <ulink url="&thedebianarchive;">The Debian archive</ulink> is offered by <ulink url="&manyremotemirrorsites;">many remote mirror sites</ulink> for access through HTTP and FTP methods. It is also available as <ulink url="&cdromdvd;">CD-ROM/DVD</ulink>.
pt: <ulink url="&thedebianarchive;">O arquivo Debian</ulink> é oferecido por <ulink url="&manyremotemirrorsites;">muitos sites mirror remotos</ulink> para acesso através de métodos HTTP e FTP. Também está disponível em <ulink url="&cdromdvd;">CD-ROM/DVD</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The current Debian package management system which can utilize all these resources is <ulink url="&advancedpackagingtoolapt;">Advanced Packaging Tool (APT)</ulink>.
pt: O atual sistema de gestão de pacotes Debian que pode utilizar todos estes recursos é o <ulink url="&advancedpackagingtoolapt;">Ferramenta de instalações avançada (APT)</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The Debian package management system, <emphasis role="strong">when used properly</emphasis>, offers the user to install <emphasis role="strong">consistent sets of binary packages</emphasis> to the system from the archive.  Currently, there are &all-packages; packages available for the &arch; architecture.
pt: O sistema de gestão de pacotes Debian, <emphasis role="strong">quando utilizado de modo apropriado</emphasis>, oferece ao utilizador o instalar de <emphasis role="strong">conjuntos consistentes de pacotes binários</emphasis> no sistema a partir do arquivo. atualmente, existem &all-packages; pacotes disponíveis para a arquitectura &arch;.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The Debian package management system has a rich history and many choices for the front end user program and back end archive access method to be used.  Currently, we recommend the following.
pt: O sistema de gestão de pacotes Debian tem um histórico rico e muitas opções de escolha para o programa cliente do utilizador e de método de acesso ao arquivo. Atualmente, recomendamos o seguinte:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>apt</literal>(8) for all interactive command line operations, including package installation, removal and dist-upgrades.
pt: <literal>apt</literal>(8) para todas as operações de linha de comandos interativas, incluindo instalação, remoção e atualização de pacotes.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>apt-get</literal>(8) for calling Debian package management system from scripts. It is also a fallback option when <literal>apt</literal> is not available (often with older Debian systems).
pt: <literal>apt-get</literal>(8) para chamar o sistema de gestão de pacotes Debian a partir de scripts. É também uma opção regressiva quando o <literal>apt</literal> não está disponível (comum em sistemas Debian antigos).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>aptitude</literal>(8) for an interactive text interface to manage the installed packages and to search the available packages.
pt: <literal>aptitude</literal>(8) para uma interface de texto interactiva para gerir os pacotes instalados e procurar os pacotes disponíveis.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of Debian package management tools
pt: Lista de ferramentas de gestão de pacotes Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: low level package management system for Debian (file based)
pt: sistema de gestão de pacotes de baixo nível para Debian (baseado em ficheiros)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: APT front-end to manage packages with CLI: <literal>apt</literal>/<literal>apt-get</literal>/<literal>apt-cache</literal>
pt: Interface APT para gerir pacotes com CLI: <literal>apt</literal><literal>/apt-get</literal><literal>/apt-cache</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: APT front-end to interactively manage packages with full screen console: <literal>aptitude</literal>(8)
pt: Interface do APT para gerir pacotes interativamente com uma consola de ecrã completo: <literal>aptitude</literal>(8)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: APT front-end to install selected tasks: <literal>tasksel</literal>(8)
pt: Front-end APT para instalar tarefas selecionadas: <literal>tasksel</literal>(8)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: enhancement package for APT to enable automatic installation of security upgrades
pt: pacote de melhoria para o APT para ativar a instalação automática de atualizações de segurança

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Software Center for GNOME (GUI APT front-end)
pt: Centro de Software para GNOME (GUI APT front-end)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: graphical package manager (GTK APT front-end)
pt: gestor de pacotes gráfico (interface GTK para APT)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: APT utility programs: <literal>apt-extracttemplates</literal>(1), <literal>apt-ftparchive</literal>(1), and <literal>apt-sortpkgs</literal>(1)
pt: Programas utilitários do APT: <literal>apt-extracttemplates</literal>(1), <literal>apt-ftparchive</literal>(1) e <literal>apt-sortpkgs</literal>(1)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: package change history notification tool
pt: ferramenta de notificação do histórico de alterações do pacote

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: lists critical bugs before each APT installation
pt: lista bugs críticos antes de cada instalação do APT

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: APT package searching utility — command-line interface
pt: Utilitário de busca de pacotes do APT - interface de linha de comandos

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: recursively lists package dependencies
pt: lista recursivamente dependências de pacotes

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Package configuration
pt: Configuração de pacotes

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here are some key points for package configuration on the Debian system.
pt: Aqui estão alguns pontos chave para a configuração de pacotes no sistema Debian.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The manual configuration by the system administrator is respected. In other words, the package configuration system makes no intrusive configuration for the sake of convenience.
pt: A configuração manual feita pelo administrador do sistema é respeitada. Por outras palavras, o sistema de configuração de pacotes não faz configurações intrusivas por conveniência.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Each package comes with its own configuration script with standardized user interface called <literal>debconf</literal>(7) to help initial installation process of the package.
pt: Cada pacote vem com o próprio script de configuração com a interface de utilizador standard chamada <literal>debconf</literal>(7) para ajudar no processo inicial de instalação do pacote.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Debian Developers try their best to make your upgrade experience flawless with package configuration scripts.
pt: Os Programadores do Debian dão o melhor para tornar a sua experiência de atualização isenta de falhas com scripts de configuração de pacotes.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Full functionalities of packaged software are available to the system administrator.  But ones with security risks are disabled in the default installation.
pt: As funcionalidades totais do software empacotado estão disponíveis ao administrador do sistema. Mas aquelas com riscos de segurança estão desactivadas na instalação predefinida.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: If you manually activate a service with some security risks, you are responsible for the risk containment.
pt: Se manualmente ativou um serviço com alguns riscos de segurança você é o responsável pelo confinamento de risco.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Esoteric configuration may be manually enabled by the system administrator.  This may create interference with popular generic helper programs for the system configuration.
pt: A configuração esotérica pode ser activada manualmente pelo administrador do sistema. Isto pode criar interferência com programas de ajuda genéricos populares para a configuração do sistema.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Basic precautions
pt: Precauções básicas

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
en: Do not install packages from random mixture of suites.  It probably breaks the package consistency which requires deep system management knowledge, such as compiler <ulink url="&abi;">ABI</ulink>, <ulink url="&library;">library</ulink> version, interpreter features, etc.
pt: Não instale pacotes de misturas aleatórias de suites. Provavelmente vai quebrar a consistência do pacote o que requer conhecimentos profundos de gestão do sistema tais como <ulink url="&abi;">ABI</ulink> compilador, versão de <ulink url="&library;">biblioteca</ulink>, funcionalidades do interpretador, etc.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <ulink url="&newbie;">newbie</ulink> Debian system administrator should stay with the <emphasis role="strong"><literal>stable</literal></emphasis> release of Debian while applying only security updates.  Until you understand the Debian system very well, you should follow the following precautions.
pt: O administrador de sistemas Debian <ulink url="&newbie;">novato</ulink> deve ficar com a suite <emphasis role="strong"><literal>stable</literal></emphasis> de Debian enquanto aplica apenas atualizações de segurança.  Até compreender muito bem o sistema Debian, você deve seguir as seguintes precauções.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Do not include <emphasis role="strong"><literal>testing</literal></emphasis> or <emphasis role="strong"><literal>unstable</literal></emphasis> in <emphasis role="strong">the source list</emphasis>.
pt: Não inclua <emphasis role="strong"><literal>testing</literal></emphasis> ou <emphasis role="strong"><literal>unstable</literal></emphasis> na <emphasis role="strong">lista de fontes</emphasis>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Do not mix standard Debian with other non-Debian archives such as Ubuntu in <emphasis role="strong">the source list</emphasis> .
pt: Não misture o Debian padrão com outros repositórios não-Debian como o Ubuntu na <emphasis role="strong">lista de fontes</emphasis>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Do not create "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>".
pt: Não crie "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Do not change default behavior of package management tools through configuration files without knowing their full impacts.
pt: Não altere o comportamento predefinido das ferramentas de gestão de pacotes através de ficheiros de configuração sem conhecer os seus impactos totais.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Do not install random packages by "<literal>dpkg -i <emphasis>random_package</emphasis></literal>".
pt: Não instale pacotes aleatórios com "<literal>dpkg -i <emphasis>qualquer_pacote</emphasis></literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Do not ever install random packages by "<literal>dpkg --force-all -i <emphasis>random_package</emphasis></literal>".
pt: Nunca instale pacotes aleatórios com "<literal>dpkg --force-all -i <emphasis>qualquer_pacote</emphasis></literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Do not erase or alter files in "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/</literal>".
pt: Não apague ou altere os ficheiros em "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Do not overwrite system files by installing software programs directly compiled from source.
pt: Não sobrescreva ficheiros do sistema ao instalar programas compilados a partir do código-fonte.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Install them into "<literal>/usr/local</literal>" or "<literal>/opt</literal>", if needed.
pt: Instale-os em "<literal>/usr/local</literal>" ou "<literal>/opt</literal>", se necessário.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The non-compatible effects caused by violating above precautions to the Debian package management system may leave your system unusable.
pt: Os efeitos não-compatíveis causados pela violação das precauções acima para com o sistema de gestão de pacotes Debian podem deixar o seu sistema inutilizável.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The serious Debian system administrator who runs mission critical servers, should use extra precautions.
pt: O administrador de sistema Debian sério que corre servidores de missões críticas, deve tomar precauções extra.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Do not install any packages including security updates from Debian without thoroughly testing them with your particular configuration under safe conditions.
pt: Não instale nenhuns pacotes incluindo as atualizações de segurança da Debian sem os testar completamente com as suas configurações particulares sob condições seguras.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: You as the system administrator are responsible for your system in the end.
pt: Como o administrador do sistema é o responsável final pelo seu sistema.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The long stability history of the Debian system is no guarantee by itself.
pt: A longa história de estabilidade do sistema Debian não é uma garantia por si só.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Life with eternal upgrades
pt: A vida com atualizações eternas

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: For your <emphasis role="strong">production server</emphasis>, the <literal>stable</literal> suite with the security updates is recommended.  The same can be said for desktop PCs on which you can spend limited administration efforts.
pt: Para o seu <emphasis role="strong">servidor de produção</emphasis>  a suite <literal>stable</literal> é recomendada com as atualizações de segurança. O mesmo pode ser dito para PCs de ambiente de trabalho onde pode dispor de esforços limitados de administração.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Despite my warnings above, I know many readers of this document may wish to run the newer <literal>testing</literal> or <literal>unstable</literal> suites.
pt: Apesar dos meus avisos acima, sei que muitos leitores deste documento podem querer executar as suites <literal>testing</literal> ou <literal>unstable</literal> mais recentes.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <ulink url="&enlightenment;">Enlightenment</ulink> with the following saves a person from the eternal <ulink url="&karmic;">karmic</ulink> struggle of upgrade <ulink url="&hell;">hell</ulink> and let him reach Debian <ulink url="&nirvana;">nirvana</ulink>.
pt: O <ulink url="&enlightenment;">Esclarecimento</ulink> com o seguinte salva uma pessoa do <ulink url="&karmic;">karma</ulink> da eterna luta do <ulink url="&hell;">inferno</ulink> das atualizações e permite-lhe alcançar o <ulink url="&nirvana;">nirvana</ulink> de Debian.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This list is targeted for the <emphasis role="strong">self-administered</emphasis> Desktop environment.
pt: Esta lista destina-se ao ambiente de trabalho <emphasis role="strong">auto-administrado</emphasis>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Use the <literal>testing</literal> suite since it is practically the rolling release automatically managed by the Debian archive QA infrastructure such as the <ulink url="&debiancontinuousintegration;">Debian continuous integration</ulink>, the <ulink url="&sourceonlyuploadpractices;">source only upload practices</ulink>, and the <ulink url="&librarytransitiontracking;">library transition tracking</ulink>.  The packages in the <literal>testing</literal> suite are updated frequently enough to offer all the latest features.
pt: Use a suite <literal>testing</literal> já que esta é na prática a atualização contínua gerida automaticamente pela infraestrutura de controlo de qualidade do repositório Debian, como a <ulink url="&amp;debiancontinuousintegration;">integração contínua Debian</ulink>, as <ulink url="&amp;sourceonlyuploadpractices;">práticas de upload somente de código fonte</ulink> e o <ulink url="&amp;librarytransitiontracking;">acompanhamento de transição de bibliotecas</ulink>.  Os pacotes na suite <literal>testing</literal> são atualizados com frequência suficiente para oferecer todos os recursos mais recentes.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Set the codename corresponding to the <literal>testing</literal> suite ("<literal>&codename-testing;</literal>" during the <literal>&codename-stable;</literal>-as-<literal>stable</literal> release cycle) in <emphasis role="strong">the source list</emphasis>.
pt: Definir o nome de código correspondente ao conjunto <literal>testing</literal> ("<literal>&codename-testing;</literal>" durante o ciclo de lançamento <literal>&codename-stable;</literal>-as-<literal>stable</literal> ) na <emphasis role="strong">lista de fontes</emphasis>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Manually update this codename in <emphasis role="strong">the source list</emphasis> to the new one only after assessing situation by yourself for about a month after the major suite release.  The Debian user and developer mailing list are good sources of information for this, too.
pt: Atualize manualmente este codinome na <emphasis role="strong">lista de fontes</emphasis> para o novo somente após avaliar a situação por si mesmo por cerca de um mês após o lançamento da suíte principal.  A lista de discussão de usuários e desenvolvedores Debian são boas fontes de informação para isso também.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The use of the <literal>unstable</literal> suite isn't recommended.  The <literal>unstable</literal> suite is <emphasis role="strong">good for debugging packages</emphasis> as a developer but tends to expose you to unnecessary risks for the normal Desktop usage.  Even though the <literal>unstable</literal> suite of the Debian system looks very stable for most of the times, there have been some package problems and a few of them were not so trivial to resolve.
pt: A utilização da suite <literal>instável</literal> não é recomendada.  A suite <literal>instável</literal> é <emphasis role="strong">boa para depurar pacotes</emphasis> como programador mas tende a expor a riscos desnecessários para a utilização normal do ambiente de trabalho.  Mesmo que a suite <literal>instável</literal> do sistema Debian pareça muito estável na maioria das vezes, houve alguns problemas com pacotes e alguns deles não foram tão triviais de resolver.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here are some basic precautionary measure ideas to ensure quick and easy recovery from bugs in Debian packages.
pt: Aqui estão algumas idéias básicas de medidas de precaução para assegurar uma recuperação rápida e fácil de bugs em pacotes Debian.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Make the system <emphasis role="strong">dual bootable</emphasis> by installing the <literal>stable</literal> suite of the Debian system to another partition
pt: Faça um sistema de <emphasis role="strong">duplo arranque</emphasis> ao instalar a suite <literal>stable</literal> do sistema Debian noutra partição

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Make the installation CD handy for the <emphasis role="strong">rescue boot</emphasis>
pt: Tenha o CD de instalação 'à mão' para o <emphasis role="strong">arranque de recuperação</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Consider installing <literal>apt-listbugs</literal> to check the <ulink url="&debianbugtrackingsystembts;">Debian Bug Tracking System (BTS)</ulink> information before the upgrade
pt: Considere instalar o <literal>apt-listbugs</literal> para verificar informação do <ulink url="&debianbugtrackingsystembts;">Debian Bug Tracking System (BTS)</ulink> antes das atualizações

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Learn the package system infrastructure enough to work around the problem
pt: Conheça o suficiente da infraestrutura do sistema de pacotes para contornar o problema

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: If you can not do any one of these precautionary actions, you are probably not ready for the <literal>testing</literal> and <literal>unstable</literal> suites.
pt: Se não conseguir fazer nenhumas destas ações de precaução, provavelmente não está preparado para as suites <literal>testing</literal> e <literal>unstable</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Debian archive basics
pt: Básico do arquivos Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Official policy of the Debian archive is defined at <ulink url="&debianpolicymanuthedebianarchive;">Debian Policy Manual, Chapter 2 - The Debian Archive</ulink>.
pt: A política oficial do arquivo Debian está definida em <ulink url="&debianpolicymanuthedebianarchive;">Manual de Políticas Debian, Capítulo 2 - O Arquivo Debian</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Let's look into <ulink url="&thedebianarchive;">the Debian archive</ulink> from a system user's perspective.
pt: Vamos olhar ao <ulink url="&thedebianarchive;">arquivo Debian</ulink> a partir da perspectiva do utilizador do sistema.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For a system user, <ulink url="&thedebianarchive;">the Debian archive</ulink> is accessed using the APT system.
pt: Para um utilizador do sistema, o <ulink url="&thedebianarchive;">arquivo Debian</ulink> é acedido utilizando o sistema APT.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The APT system specifies its data source as <emphasis role="strong">the source list</emphasis> and it is described in <literal>sources.list</literal>(5).
pt: O sistema APT especifica a sua fonte de dados como a <emphasis role="strong">lista de fontes</emphasis> e esta é descrita em <literal>sources.list</literal>(5).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For the <literal>&codename-stable;</literal> system with the typical HTTP access, <emphasis role="strong">the source list</emphasis> in one-line-style as the following:
pt: Para o sistema <literal>&codename-stable;</literal> com o acesso HTTP típico, <emphasis role="strong">a lista de fontes</emphasis> no estilo de uma só linha é a seguinte:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Alternatively, the equivalent source list in deb822-style is the following.
pt: Alternativamente, a lista de fontes equivalente no estilo deb822 é a seguinte.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Key points of <emphasis role="strong">the source list</emphasis> are followings.
pt: Os pontos principais da <emphasis role="strong">lista de fontes</emphasis> são os seguintes.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: One-line-style format
pt: Formato de uma só linha

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: It's definition files are in the "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" file and "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list.d/*.list</literal>" files.
pt: Os seus ficheiros de definição estão no ficheiro "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" e nos ficheiros "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list.d/*.list</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Each line defines the data source for the APT system.
pt: Cada linha define a fonte de dados para o sistema APT.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The "<literal>deb</literal>" line defines for the binary packages.
pt: A linha "<literal>deb</literal>" define os pacotes binários.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The "<literal>deb-src</literal>" line defines for the source packages.
pt: A linha "<literal>deb-src</literal>" define os pacotes fonte.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The 1st argument is the root URL of the Debian archive.
pt: O 1º argumento é o URL raiz do arquivo Debian.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The 2nd argument is the distribution name using either the suite name or the codename.
pt: O segundo argumento é o nome da distribuição, utilizando o nome da suite ou o nome de código.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The 3rd and following arguments are the list of valid archive area names of the Debian archive.
pt: O 3º argumento e seguintes são a lista de nomes de área de arquivo válidos do arquivo Debian.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Deb822-style format
pt: Estilo do formato Deb822

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: It's definition files are in "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list.d/*.sources</literal>" files.
pt: Os seus ficheiros de definição estão nos ficheiros "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list.d/*.sources</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Each block of lines separated by a blank line defines the data source for the APT system.
pt: Cada bloco de linhas separado por uma linha em branco define a fonte de dados para o sistema APT.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The "<literal>Types:</literal>" stanza defines the list of types such as "<literal>deb</literal>" and "<literal>deb-src</literal>".
pt: A estrofe "<literal>Types:</literal>" define a lista de tipos tais como "<literal>deb</literal>" e "<literal>deb-src</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The "<literal>URIs:</literal>" stanza defines the list of root URIs of the Debian archive.
pt: A estrofe "<literal>URIs:</literal>" define a lista de URIs raiz do repositório Debian.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The "<literal>Suites:</literal>" stanza defines the list of distribution names using either the suite name or the codename.
pt: A estrofe "<literal>Suites:</literal>" define a lista de nomes de distribuição utilizando o nome da suite ou o nome de código.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The "<literal>Components:</literal>" stanza defines the list of valid archive area names of the Debian archive.
pt: A estrofe "<literal>Components:</literal>" define a lista de nomes de áreas de arquivo válidas do arquivo Debian.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The definition for "<literal>deb-src</literal>" can safely be omitted if it is just for <literal>aptitude</literal> which does not access source related meta data. It speeds up the updates of the archive meta data.
pt: A definição para "<literal>deb-src</literal>" pode ser omitida com segurança se for apenas para <literal>aptitude</literal> que não acede aos meta dados relacionados com a fonte. Acelera as atualizações dos meta dados do arquivo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The URL can be "<literal>https://</literal>", "<literal>http://</literal>", "<literal>ftp://</literal>", "<literal>file://</literal>", ….
pt: O URL pode ser "<literal>https://</literal>", "<literal>http://</literal>", "<literal>ftp://</literal>", "<literal>file://</literal>", ....

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Lines starting with "<literal>#</literal>" are comments and ignored.
pt: As linhas que começam por "<literal>#</literal>" são comentários e são ignoradas.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here, I tend to use codename "<literal>&codename-stable;</literal>" or "<literal>&codename-testing;</literal>" instead of suite name "<literal>stable</literal>" or "<literal>testing</literal>" to avoid surprises when the next <literal>stable</literal> is released.
pt: Aqui, tenho tendência para utilizar o nome de código "<literal>&codename-stable;</literal>" ou "<literal>&codename-testing;</literal>" em vez do nome da suite "<literal>stable</literal>" ou "<literal>testing</literal>" para evitar surpresas quando a próxima <literal>stable</literal> for lançada.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: If "<literal>sid</literal>" is used in the above example instead of "<literal>&codename-stable;</literal>", the "<literal>deb: http://security.debian.org/ …</literal>" line or its deb822 equivalent content for security updates in <emphasis role="strong">the source list</emphasis> is not required.  This is because there is no security update archive for "<literal>sid</literal>" (<literal>unstable</literal>).
pt: Se "<literal>sid</literal>" for utilizado no exemplo acima em vez de "<literal>&codename-stable;</literal>", a linha "<literal>deb: http://security.debian.org/ ...</literal>" ou o seu conteúdo equivalente em deb822 para atualizações de segurança na <emphasis role="strong">lista de fontes</emphasis> não é necessária.  Isto porque não existe nenhum arquivo de atualizações de segurança para "<literal>sid</literal>" (<literal>unstable</literal>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here is the list of URL of the Debian archive sites and suite name or codename used in the configuration file after the <literal>&codename-stable;</literal> release.
pt: Aqui está a lista de URLs dos sites de arquivo Debian e o nome da suite ou nome de código usado no ficheiro de configuração após o lançamento do <literal>&codename-stable;</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of Debian archive sites
pt: Lista de sites de arquivos Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: archive URL
pt: URL do arquivo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: suite name
pt: nome da suite

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: codename
pt: codinome

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: purpose of repository
pt: objetivo do repositório

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Quasi-static <literal>stable</literal> release after extensive checks
pt: Quase-estática <literal>stable</literal> realizada após controlos exaustivos

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Dynamic <literal>testing</literal> release after decent checks and short waits
pt: Disponibilização dinâmica da suite <literal>testing</literal> após controlos decentes e prazos curtos

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Dynamic <literal>unstable</literal> release after minimal checks and no waits
pt: Lançamento <literal>unstable</literal> dinâmico após verificações mínimas e sem esperas

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Pre-release experiments by developers (optional, only for developer)
pt: Experiências de pré-lançamento efetuadas por programadores (opcional, apenas para programadores)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Updates for the next <literal>stable</literal> point release (optional)
pt: Atualizações para a próxima versão <literal>stable</literal> (opcional)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Subset of <literal>stable-proposed-updates</literal> suite needing urgent updates such as timezone data (optional)
pt: Subconjunto do conjunto <literal>stable-proposed-updates</literal> que necessita de atualizações urgentes, como os dados relativos ao fuso horário (opcional)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Random collection of recompiled packages mostly from the <literal>testing</literal> release (optional)
pt: Coleção aleatória de pacotes recompilados maioritariamente da versão <literal>testing</literal> (opcional)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Security updates for the <literal>stable</literal> release (important)
pt: Atualizações de segurança para a versão <literal>stable</literal> (importante)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: This isn't actively supported nor used by the security team
pt: Não é ativamente apoiado nem utilizado pela equipa de segurança

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: Only pure <emphasis role="strong"><literal>stable</literal></emphasis> release with security updates provides the best stability. Running mostly <emphasis role="strong"><literal>stable</literal></emphasis> release mixed with some packages from <emphasis role="strong"><literal>testing</literal></emphasis> or <emphasis role="strong"><literal>unstable</literal></emphasis> release is riskier than running pure <emphasis role="strong"><literal>unstable</literal></emphasis> release for library version mismatch etc.  If you really need the latest version of some programs under <emphasis role="strong"><literal>stable</literal></emphasis> release, please use packages from <ulink url="&stableupdates;">stable-updates</ulink> and <ulink url="&backports;">backports</ulink> (see <xref linkend="_updates_and_backports"/>) services.  These services must be used with extra care.
pt: Apenas a suite <emphasis role="strong"><literal>stable</literal></emphasis> pura com atualizações de segurança proporciona a melhor estabilidade. Executar maioritariamente a suite <emphasis role="strong"><literal>stable</literal></emphasis> misturada com alguns pacotes da <emphasis role="strong"><literal>testing</literal></emphasis> ou da suite <emphasis role="strong"><literal>unstable</literal></emphasis> é mais arriscado do que executar a versão <emphasis role="strong"><literal>unstable</literal></emphasis> pura devido a incompatibilidade de versões de bibliotecas, etc.  Se precisa mesmo da última versão de alguns programas sob lançamento <emphasis role="strong"><literal>stable</literal></emphasis>, por favor use pacotes dos serviços <ulink url="&stableupdates;">stable-updates</ulink> e <ulink url="&backports;">backports</ulink> (veja <xref linkend="_updates_and_backports"/>).  Estes serviços devem ser usados com cuidado extra.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: You should basically list only one of <literal>stable</literal>, <literal>testing</literal>, or <literal>unstable</literal> suites in the "<literal>deb</literal>" line.  If you list any combination of <literal>stable</literal>, <literal>testing</literal>, and <literal>unstable</literal> suites in the "<literal>deb</literal>" line, APT programs slow down while only the latest archive is effective.  Multiple listing makes sense for these when the "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>" file is used with clear objectives (see <xref linkend="_tweaking_candidate_version"/>).
pt: Basicamente deve listar apenas uma das suites <literal>stable</literal>, <literal>testing</literal>, ou <literal>unstable</literal> na linha "<literal>deb</literal>". Se listar qualquer combinação das suites <literal>stable</literal>, <literal>testing</literal> e <literal>unstable</literal> na linha "<literal>deb</literal>", os programas do APT abrandam enquanto apenas o arquivo mais recente é efectivo. Faz sentido várias listagens quando o ficheiro "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>" é utilizado com objetivos claros (veja <xref linkend="_tweaking_candidate_version"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: For the Debian system with the <literal>stable</literal> suite, it is a good idea to include the content with "<literal>http://security.debian.org/</literal>" in <emphasis role="strong">the source list</emphasis> to enable security updates as in the example above.
pt: Para o sistema Debian com a suite <literal>stable</literal>, é uma boa ideia incluir o conteúdo com "<literal>http://security.debian.org/</literal>" na <emphasis role="strong">lista de fontes</emphasis> para ativar as atualizações de segurança como no exemplo acima.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: The security bugs for the <literal>stable</literal> archive are fixed by the Debian security team.  This activity has been quite rigorous and reliable.  Those for the <literal>testing</literal> archive may be fixed by the Debian testing security team.  For <ulink url="&several;">several</ulink> <ulink url="&reasons;">reasons</ulink>, this activity is not as rigorous as that for <literal>stable</literal> and you may need to wait for the migration of fixed <literal>unstable</literal> packages to the <literal>testing</literal> archive.  Those for the <literal>unstable</literal> archive are fixed by the individual maintainer.  Actively maintained <literal>unstable</literal> packages are usually in a fairly good shape by leveraging latest upstream security fixes.  See <ulink url="&debiansecurityfaq;">Debian security FAQ</ulink> for how Debian handles security bugs.
pt: Os bugs de segurança para a suite <literal>estável</literal> são corrigidos pela equipa de segurança Debian.  Esta atividade tem sido bastante rigorosa e fiável.  Os existentes na suite <literal>testing</literal> podem ser corrigidos pela equipa de segurança de Debian testing.  Por <ulink url="&several;">várias</ulink> <ulink url="&reasons;">razões</ulink>, esta atividade não é tão rigorosa como a da <literal>stable</literal> e poderá ter de esperar pela migração dos pacotes de <literal>unstable</literal> corrigidos para o arquivo <literal>testing</literal>.  Os existentes no repositório <literal>unstable</literal> são corrigidos pelo responsável individual.  Pacotes <literal>unstable</literal> mantidos ativamente estão normalmente em boa forma, aproveitando as últimas correções de segurança do autor.  Veja a <ulink url="&debiansecurityfaq;">FAQ de segurança do Debian</ulink> para saber como o Debian lida com bugs de segurança.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of Debian archive area
pt: Lista de área de arquivo Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: area
pt: área

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: number of packages
pt: quantidade de pacotes

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: criteria of package component
pt: critério do componente do pacote

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: DFSG compliant and no dependency to <literal>non-free</literal>
pt: em conformidade com DFSG e nenhuma dependência a <literal>non-free</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&notdfsgcompliantlationexperience;">not DFSG compliant, firmware required for reasonable system installation experience</ulink>
pt: <ulink url="&notdfsgcompliantlationexperience;">não compatível com DFSG, firmware necessário para uma experiência razoável de instalação do sistema</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: DFSG compliant but having dependency to <literal>non-free</literal>
pt: em conformidade com DFSG mas com dependências a <literal>non-free</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: not DFSG compliant and not in <literal>non-free-firmware</literal>
pt: não compatível com DFSG e não em <literal>non-free-firmware</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here the number of packages in the above is for the &arch; architecture.  The <literal>main</literal> area provides the Debian system (see <xref linkend="_debian_is_100_free_software"/>).
pt: Aqui a quantidade de pacotes em cima é para a arquitectura &arch;. A área <literal>main</literal> disponibiliza o sistema Debian (veja <xref linkend="_debian_is_100_free_software"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The Debian archive organization can be studied best by pointing your browser to the each archive URL appended with <literal>dists</literal> or <literal>pool</literal>.
pt: A organização do arquivo Debian pode ser melhor estudada ao apontar o seu navegador a cada URL de arquivo seguido de <literal>dists</literal> ou <literal>pool</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The distribution is referred by two ways, the suite or <ulink url="&codename;">codename</ulink>. The word distribution is alternatively used as the synonym to the suite in many documentations. The relationship between the suite and the codename can be summarized as the following.
pt: A distribuição é referida de duas maneiras, a suite ou o <ulink url="&codename;">nome-de-código</ulink>. A palavra distribuição é usada alternativamente como o sinónimo de suite em muitas documentações. A relação entre a suite e o nome de código pode ser resumida ao seguinte.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: The relationship between suite and codename
pt: A relação entre suite e nome de código

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: Timing
pt: Tempo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: after the <literal>&codename-stable;</literal> release
pt: após o lançamento <literal>&codename-stable;</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: codename = <literal>&codename-stable;</literal>
pt: nome de código = <literal>&codename-stable;</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: codename = <literal>&codename-testing;</literal>
pt: nome de código = <literal>&codename-testing;</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: codename = <literal>sid</literal>
pt: nome de código = <literal>sid</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: after the <literal>&codename-testing;</literal> release
pt: após o lançamento <literal>&codename-testing;</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: codename = <literal>&codename-nexttesting;</literal>
pt: nome de código = <literal>&codename-nexttesting;</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The history of codenames are described in <ulink url="&debianfaqgcbwhiceenusedinthepast;">Debian FAQ: 6.2.1 Which other codenames have been used in the past?</ulink>
pt: A história dos nomes de código está descrita em <ulink url="&debianfaqgcbwhiceenusedinthepast;">Debian FAQ: 6.2.1 Que outros nomes de código foram usados no passado?</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: In the stricter Debian archive terminology, the word "section" is specifically used for the categorization of packages by the application area.  (Although, the word "main section" may sometimes be used to describe the Debian archive area named as "main".)
pt: Na terminologia estrita do arquivo Debian, a palavra "secção" é utilizada especialmente para categorizar os pacotes pela área de aplicação. (Apesar da palavra "secção main" poder por vezes ser utilizada para descrever a área do arquivo Debian com o nome "main".)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Every time a new upload is done by a Debian developer (DD) to the <literal>unstable</literal> archive (via <ulink url="&incoming;">incoming</ulink> processing), the DD is required to ensure uploaded packages to be compatible with the latest set of packages in the latest <literal>unstable</literal> archive.
pt: Cada vez que é feito um novo upload por um programador de Debian (DD) para o arquivo <literal>unstable</literal> (por processamento do <ulink url="&incoming;">incoming</ulink>), é necessário que o DD assegure que os pacotes enviados sejam compatíveis com o conjunto de pacotes mais recente no arquivo <literal>unstable</literal> mais recente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If DD breaks this compatibility intentionally for important library upgrade etc, there is usually announcement to <ulink url="&thedebiandevelmailinglist;">the debian-devel mailing list</ulink> etc.
pt: Se o DD quebrar esta compatibilidade intencionalmente para uma atualização importante de biblioteca ou etc., geralmente existe um anúncio na <ulink url="&thedebiandevelmailinglist;">lista de email debian-devel</ulink> etc.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Before a set of packages are moved by the Debian archive maintenance script from the <literal>unstable</literal> archive to the <literal>testing</literal> archive, the archive maintenance script not only checks the maturity (about 2-10 days old) and the status of the RC bug reports for the packages but also tries to ensure them to be compatible with the latest set of packages in the <literal>testing</literal> archive. This process makes the <literal>testing</literal> archive very current and usable.
pt: Antes que um conjunto de pacotes seja movido pelo script de manutenção do arquivo Debian do arquivo <literal>unstable</literal> para o arquivo <literal>testing</literal>, o script de manutenção do arquivo não verifica apenas a maturidade (cerca de 2-10 dias de idade) e o estado dos relatórios de bug RC para os pacotes mas também tenta assegurar que sejam compatíveis com o conjunto de pacotes mais recente no arquivo <literal>testing</literal>. Este processo torna o arquivo <literal>testing</literal> muito atual e utilizável.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Through the gradual archive freeze process led by the release team, the <literal>testing</literal> archive is matured to make it completely consistent and bug free with some manual interventions.  Then the new <literal>stable</literal> release is created by assigning the codename for the old <literal>testing</literal> archive to the new <literal>stable</literal> archive and creating the new codename for the new <literal>testing</literal> archive.  The initial contents of the new <literal>testing</literal> archive is exactly the same as that of the newly released <literal>stable</literal> archive.
pt: Através do processo de congelamento gradual do arquivo liderado pela equipa de lançamento, o arquivo <literal>testing</literal> é amadurecido para o tornar completamente consistente e livre de bugs com algumas intervenções manuais. Então o novo lançamento <literal>stable</literal> é criado ao atribuir o nome de código do antigo arquivo <literal>testing</literal> ao novo arquivo <literal>stable</literal> e a criar um novo nome de código para o novo arquivo <literal>testing</literal>. O conteúdo inicial do novo arquivo <literal>testing</literal> é exatamente o mesmo que o arquivo <literal>stable</literal> recentemente lançado.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Both the <literal>unstable</literal> and the <literal>testing</literal> archives may suffer temporary glitches due to several factors.
pt: Ambos os arquivos <literal>unstable</literal> e <literal>testing</literal> podem sofrer falhas temporárias devido a vários fatores:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Broken package upload to the archive (mostly for <literal>unstable</literal>)
pt: Envio de pacotes danificados ao arquivo (maioritariamente para <literal>unstable</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Delay of accepting the new packages to the archive (mostly for <literal>unstable</literal>)
pt: Atraso de aceitação dos novos pacotes no arquivo (maioritariamente para <literal>unstable</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Archive synchronization timing issue (both for <literal>testing</literal> and <literal>unstable</literal>)
pt: Problemas com o tempo de sincronização do arquivo (tanto para <literal>testing</literal> como <literal>unstable</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Manual intervention to the archive such as package removal (more for <literal>testing</literal>) etc.
pt: Intervenção manual no arquivo, tal como remoção de pacotes (mais para <literal>testing</literal>) etc.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: So if you ever decide to use these archives, you should be able to fix or work around these kinds of glitches.
pt: Se alguma vez decidir utilizar estes arquivos, deverá ser capaz de corrigir ou contornar este tipo de problemas.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: For about few months after a new <literal>stable</literal> release, most desktop users should use the <literal>stable</literal> archive with its security updates even if they usually use <literal>unstable</literal> or <literal>testing</literal> archives.  For this transition period, both <literal>unstable</literal> and <literal>testing</literal> archives are not good for most people. Your system is difficult to keep in good working condition with the <literal>unstable</literal> archive since it suffers surges of major upgrades for core packages.  The <literal>testing</literal> archive is not useful either since it contains mostly the same content as the <literal>stable</literal> archive without its security support (<ulink url="&debiantestingsectyannouncecaaibc;">Debian testing-security-announce 2008-12</ulink>). After a month or so, <literal>unstable</literal> or <literal>testing</literal> archives may become useful if you are careful.
pt: Durante alguns meses após um novo lançamento de <literal>stable</literal>, a maioria dos utilizadores de ambientes de trabalho devem usar o arquivo <literal>stable</literal> com as atualizações de segurança dele mesmo que normalmente usem os arquivos <literal>unstable</literal> ou <literal>testing</literal>. Durante este período de transição, ambos arquivos <literal>unstable</literal> e <literal>testing</literal> não são bons para a maioria das pessoas. O seu sistema é difícil de manter em boas condições de funcionamento com o arquivo <literal>unstable</literal> porque sofre de vagas de grandes atualizações nos pacotes principais. O arquivo <literal>testing</literal> também não é útil porque contém praticamente o mesmo conteúdo que o arquivo <literal>stable</literal> mas sem o suporte de segurança dele (<ulink url="&debiantestingsectyannouncecaaibc;">Anúncio-de-segurança-de-testing-Debian-2008-12</ulink>). Após um mês ou mais, os arquivos de <literal>unstable</literal> ou <literal>testing</literal>  podem ser úteis se for cuidadoso.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: When tracking the <literal>testing</literal> archive, a problem caused by a removed package is usually worked around by installing corresponding package from the <literal>unstable</literal> archive which is uploaded for bug fix.
pt: Quando se acompanha o arquivo <literal>testing</literal>, um problema causado por um pacote removido é geralmente contornado ao instalar o pacote correspondente do arquivo <literal>unstable</literal> que foi lançado para correcção de bug.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See <ulink url="&debianpolicymanual;">Debian Policy Manual</ulink> for archive definitions.
pt: Veja <ulink url="&debianpolicymanual;">Manual de Políticas Debian</ulink> para as definições do arquivo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<ulink url="&sections;">Sections</ulink>"
pt: "<ulink url="&sections;">Secções</ulink>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<ulink url="&priorities;">Priorities</ulink>"
pt: "<ulink url="&priorities;">Prioridades</ulink>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<ulink url="&basesystem;">Base system</ulink>"
pt: "<ulink url="&basesystem;">Sistema base</ulink>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<ulink url="&essentialpackages;">Essential packages</ulink>"
pt: "<ulink url="&essentialpackages;">Pacotes essenciais</ulink>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Debian is 100% free software
pt: Debian é 100% software livre

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Debian is 100% free software because of the followings:
pt: Debian é 100% software livre por causa do seguinte:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Debian installs only free software by default to respect user's freedoms.
pt: Por predefinição, Debian instala apenas software livre para respeitar as liberdades dos utilizadores.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Debian provides only free software in <literal>main</literal>.
pt: Debian disponibiliza apenas software livre no <literal>main</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Debian recommends running only free software from <literal>main</literal>.
pt: Debian recomenda correr apenas software livre do <literal>main</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: No packages in <literal>main</literal> depend nor recommend packages in <literal>non-free</literal> nor <literal>non-free-firmware</literal> nor <literal>contrib</literal>.
pt: Nenhum pacote <literal>main</literal> depende nem recomenda pacotes na <literal>non-free</literal> nem na <literal>non-free-firmware</literal> nem na <literal>contrib</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Some people wonder if the following 2 facts contradict or not.
pt: Algumas pessoas pensam se os 2 seguintes factos se contradizem ou não.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "Debian will remain 100% free". (First term of <ulink url="&debiansocialcontract;">Debian Social Contract</ulink>)
pt: "Debian irá manter-se 100% livre". (Primeiro termo do <ulink url="&debiansocialcontract;">Debian Social Contract</ulink>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Debian servers host some <literal>non-free-firmware</literal>, <literal>non-free</literal> and <literal>contrib</literal> packages.
pt: Os servidores Debian hospedam alguns pacotes <literal>non-free-firmware</literal>, <literal>non-free</literal> e <literal>contrib</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: These do not contradict, because of the followings.
pt: Estes não se contradizem, devido ao seguinte.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The Debian system is 100% free and its packages are hosted by Debian servers in the <literal>main</literal> area.
pt: O sistema Debian é 100% livre e os seus pacotes estão alojados em servidores Debian na área <literal>main</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Packages outside of the Debian system are hosted by Debian servers in the <literal>non-free</literal>, <literal>non-free-firmware</literal> and <literal>contrib</literal> areas.
pt: Pacotes fora do sistema Debian são hospedados por servidores Debian nas áreas <literal>non-free</literal>, <literal>non-free-firmware</literal> e <literal>contrib</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: These are precisely explained in the 4th and 5th terms of <ulink url="&debiansocialcontract;">Debian Social Contract</ulink>:
pt: Isto é perfeitamente explicado nos termos 4º e 5º do <ulink url="&debiansocialcontract;">Debian Social Contract</ulink>:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Our priorities are our users and free software
pt: As nossas prioridades são os nossos utilizadores e o software livre

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: We will be guided by the needs of our users and the free software community. We will place their interests first in our priorities. We will support the needs of our users for operation in many different kinds of computing environments. We will not object to non-free works that are intended to be used on Debian systems, or attempt to charge a fee to people who create or use such works. We will allow others to create distributions containing both the Debian system and other works, without any fee from us. In furtherance of these goals, we will provide an integrated system of high-quality materials with no legal restrictions that would prevent such uses of the system.
pt: Seremos guiados pelas necessidades dos nossos utilizadores e da comunidade de software livre. Iremos pôr o interesse deles no topo das nossas prioridades. Iremos suportar as necessidades dos nossos utilizadores para operação em muitos ambientes de computação distintos. Não nos oporemos a software não-livre que se destine a ser utilizado em sistemas Debian, nem tentaremos cobrar qualquer taxa a pessoas que criem ou utilizem tais trabalhos. Iremos permitir que terceiros criem distribuições a conter o sistema Debian com outros trabalhos, sem qualquer taxa para nós. Para apoio destes objetivos, iremos disponibilizar um sistema integrado de materiais de alta qualidade sem restrições legais que previnam tais utilizações do sistema.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Works that do not meet our free software standards
pt: Trabalhos que não coincidem com os nossos standards de software livre

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: We acknowledge that some of our users require the use of works that do not conform to the Debian Free Software Guidelines. We have created "<literal>non-free</literal>", "<literal>non-free-firmware</literal>" and "<literal>contrib</literal>" areas in our archive for these works. The packages in these areas are not part of the Debian system, although they have been configured for use with Debian. We encourage CD manufacturers to read the licenses of the packages in these areas and determine if they can distribute the packages on their CDs. Thus, although non-free works are not a part of Debian, we support their use and provide infrastructure for non-free packages (such as our bug tracking system and mailing lists).  The Debian official media may include firmware that is otherwise not part of the Debian system to enable use of Debian with hardware that requires such firmware.
pt: Nós reconhecemos que alguns de nossos utilizadores requerem o uso de trabalhos que não estão de acordo com a Definição Debian de Software Livre. Nós criamos áreas "<literal>non-free</literal>", "<literal>non-free-firmware</literal>" e "<literal>contrib</literal>" no nosso repositório para estes trabalhos. Os pacotes nestas áreas não são parte do sistema Debian, embora tenham sido configurados para uso com o Debian. Nós encorajamos os fabricantes de CDs a ler as licenças dos pacotes nestas áreas e determinar se eles podem distribuir os pacotes em seus CDs. Assim, embora os trabalhos não-livres não façam parte da Debian, nós suportamos a sua utilização e fornecemos infraestruturas para pacotes não-livres (tais como o nosso sistema de acompanhamento de bugs e listas de correio eletrónico).  A média oficial da Debian pode incluir firmware que de outra forma não é parte do sistema Debian para permitir o uso da Debian com hardware que requer tal firmware.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: The actual text of the 5th term in the current <ulink url="&debiansocialcontract;">Debian Social Contract</ulink> 1.2 is slightly different from the above text.  This editorial deviation is intentional one to make this user document consistent without changing the real content of the Social Contract.
pt: O texto atual do quinto termo no atual <ulink url="&debiansocialcontract;">Contrato Social Debian</ulink> 1.2 é ligeiramente diferente do texto acima.  Este desvio editorial é intencional para tornar este documento do utilizador consistente sem alterar o conteúdo real do Contrato Social.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Users should be aware of the risks of using packages in the <literal>non-free</literal>, <literal>non-free-firmware</literal> and <literal>contrib</literal> areas:
pt: Os utilizadores devem estar cientes dos riscos de usar pacotes das áreas <literal>non-free</literal>, <literal>non-free-firmware</literal> e <literal>contrib</literal>:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: lack of freedom for such software packages
pt: falta de liberdade para tais pacotes de software

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: lack of support from Debian on such software packages (Debian can't support software properly without having access to its source code.)
pt: falta de suporte Debian em tais pacotes de software (Debian não pode suportar devidamente software sem ter acesso ao seu código-fonte.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: contamination of your 100% free Debian system
pt: contaminação do seu sistema Debian 100% livre

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <ulink url="&debianfreesoftwareguidelines;">Debian Free Software Guidelines</ulink> are the free software standards for <ulink url="&debian;">Debian</ulink>.  Debian interprets "software" in the widest scope including document, firmware, logo, and artwork data in the package.  This makes Debian's free software standards very strict ones.
pt: As <ulink url="&debianfreesoftwareguidelines;">Debian Free Software Guidelines</ulink> são os standards de software livre para <ulink url="&debian;">Debian</ulink>. Debian interpreta "software" no âmbito mais amplo incluindo documentação, firmware, logo e dados artísticos no pacote. Isto torna os standards de software livre de Debian muito rigorosos.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Typical <literal>non-free</literal>, <literal>non-free-firmware</literal> and <literal>contrib</literal> packages include freely distributable packages of following types:
pt: Tipicamente os pacotes da <literal>non-free</literal>, <literal>non-free-firmware</literal> e da <literal>contrib</literal> incluem pacotes distribuídos livremente dos seguintes tipos:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Document packages under <ulink url="&gnufreedocumentationlicense;">GNU Free Documentation License</ulink> with invariant sections such as ones for GCC and Make.  (mostly found in the <literal>non-free/doc</literal> section.)
pt: Pacotes de documentação sob a <ulink url="&gnufreedocumentationlicense;">GNU Free Documentation License</ulink> com secções invariantes tais como as do GCC e do Make. (a maioria encontra-se na secção <literal>non-free/doc</literal>.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Firmware packages containing sourceless binary data such as ones listed in <xref linkend="_hardware_drivers_and_firmware"/> as <literal>non-free-firmware</literal>. (mostly found in the <literal>non-free-firmware/kernel</literal> section.)
pt: Pacotes de firmware contendo dados binários sem fonte, tais como os listados em <xref linkend="_hardware_drivers_and_firmware"/> como <literal>non-free-firmware</literal>. (maioritariamente encontrados na secção <literal>non-free-firmware/kernel</literal>.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Game and font packages with restriction on commercial use and/or content modification.
pt: Pacotes de fontes e jogos com restrições comerciais de utilização e/ou modificação de conteúdo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Please note that the number of <literal>non-free</literal>, <literal>non-free-firmware</literal> and <literal>contrib</literal> packages is less than 2% of that of <literal>main</literal> packages.  Enabling access to the <literal>non-free</literal>, <literal>non-free-firmware</literal> and <literal>contrib</literal> areas does not obscure the source of packages.  Interactive full screen use of <literal>aptitude</literal>(8) provides you with full visibility and control over what packages are installed from which area to keep your system as free as you wish.
pt: Por favor note que a quantidade de pacotes de <literal>non-free</literal>, <literal>non-free-firmware</literal> e <literal>contrib</literal> é menos de 2% dos pacotes de <literal>main</literal>. Ativar o acesso às áreas <literal>non-free</literal>, <literal>non-free-firmware</literal> e <literal>contrib</literal> não turva a fonte dos pacotes. A utilização do ecrã interativo do <literal>aptitude</literal>(8) disponibiliza-lhe visibilidade e controlo total sobre que pacotes estão instalados e a partir de qual das áreas, para manter o seu sistema livre conforme desejar.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Package dependencies
pt: Dependências de pacote

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The Debian system offers a consistent set of binary packages through its versioned binary dependency declaration mechanism in the control file fields.  Here is a bit over simplified definition for them.
pt: O sistema Debian oferece um conjunto consistente de pacotes binários através do mecanismo de declaração de dependências binárias dele com versões nos campos do ficheiro de controle. Aqui está uma definição deles um pouco simplificada:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "Depends"
pt: "Dependências"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: This declares an absolute dependency and all of the packages listed in this field must be installed at the same time or in advance.
pt: Isto declara uma dependência absoluta e todos os pacotes listados neste campo têm de ser instalados ao mesmo tempo ou com antecedência.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "Pre-Depends"
pt: "Pré-Dependências"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: This is like Depends, except that it requires completed installation of the listed packages in advance.
pt: Isto é como o Depends, excepto que requer a instalação completa de todos os pacotes listados com antecedência.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "Recommends"
pt: "Recomendados"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: This declares a strong, but not absolute, dependency.  Most users would not want the package unless all of the packages listed in this field are installed.
pt: Isto declara uma dependência forte mas não absoluta. A maioria dos utilizadores não iriam querer o pacote a menos que todos os pacotes listados neste campo estejam instalados.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "Suggests"
pt: "Sugeridos"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: This declares a weak dependency.  Many users of this package may benefit from installing packages listed in this field but can have reasonable functions without them.
pt: Isto declara uma dependência fraca. Muitos utilizadores deste pacote podem beneficiar ao instalar os pacotes listados neste campo mas podem ter as funções razoáveis sem eles.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "Enhances"
pt: "Melhoramentos"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: This declares a weak dependency like Suggests but works in the opposite direction.
pt: Isto declara uma dependência fraca como Sugerida mas funciona na direção oposta.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "Breaks"
pt: "Quebras"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: This declares a package incompatibility usually with some version specification.  Generally the resolution is to upgrade all of the packages listed in this field.
pt: Isto declara uma incompatibilidade do pacote normalmente com alguma especificação de versão. Geralmente a resolução é atualizar todos os pacotes listados neste campo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "Conflicts"
pt: "Conflitos"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: This declares an absolute incompatibility.  All of the packages listed in this field must be removed to install this package.
pt: Isto declara uma incompatibilidade absoluta. Todos os pacotes listados neste campo têm de ser removidos para instalar este pacote.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "Replaces"
pt: "Substitui"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: This is declared when files installed by this package replace files in the listed packages.
pt: Isto é declarado quando os ficheiros instalados por este pacote substituem ficheiros nos pacotes listados.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "Provides"
pt: "Proporciona"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: This is declared when this package provide all of the files and functionality in the listed packages.
pt: Isto é declarado quando este pacote disponibiliza todos os ficheiros e funcionalidades dos pacotes listados.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: Please note that defining "Provides", "Conflicts" and "Replaces" simultaneously to an virtual package is the sane configuration.  This ensures that only one real package providing this virtual package can be installed at any one time.
pt: Por favor note que definir "Provides", "Conflicts" e "Replaces" em simultâneo a um pacote virtual é a configuração sã. Isto assegura que apenas um pacote real que disponibilize este pacote virtual possa ser instalado de cada vez.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The official definition including source dependency can be found in <ulink url="&thepolicymanualcsbetweenpackages;">the Policy Manual: Chapter 7 - Declaring relationships between packages</ulink>.
pt: A definição oficial incluindo dependências de fonte encontra-se em <ulink url="&thepolicymanualcsbetweenpackages;">O Manual de Políticas: Capítulo 7 - Declarar relações entre pacotes</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The event flow of the package management
pt: O fluxo de eventos da gestão de pacotes

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here is a summary of the simplified event flow of the package management by APT.
pt: Aqui está um resumo do fluxo de eventos simplificado da gestão de pacotes pelo APT.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">Update</emphasis> ("<literal>apt update</literal>", "<literal>aptitude update</literal>" or "<literal>apt-get update</literal>"):
pt: <emphasis role="strong">Update</emphasis> ("<literal>apt update</literal>", "<literal>aptitude update</literal>" ou "<literal>apt-get update</literal>"):

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Fetch archive metadata from remote archive
pt: Obtém meta-dados do arquivo a partir do arquivo remoto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Reconstruct and update local metadata for use by APT
pt: Re-constrói e atualiza os meta-dados locais para utilização do APT

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">Upgrade</emphasis> ("<literal>apt upgrade</literal>" and "<literal>apt full-upgrade</literal>", or "<literal>aptitude safe-upgrade</literal>" and "<literal>aptitude full-upgrade</literal>", or "<literal>apt-get upgrade</literal>" and "<literal>apt-get dist-upgrade</literal>"):
pt: <emphasis role="strong">Upgrade</emphasis> ("<literal>apt upgrade</literal>" e "<literal>apt full-upgrade</literal>", ou "<literal>aptitude safe-upgrade</literal>" e "<literal>aptitude full-upgrade</literal>", ou "<literal>apt-get upgrade</literal>" e "<literal>apt-get dist-upgrade</literal>"):

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Choose candidate version which is usually the latest available version for all installed packages (see <xref linkend="_tweaking_candidate_version"/> for exception)
pt: Escolhe a versão candidata que geralmente é a versão mais recente disponível para todos os pacotes instalados (veja <xref linkend="_tweaking_candidate_version"/> para exceções)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Make package dependency resolution
pt: Resolve a dependência do pacote

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Fetch selected binary packages from remote archive if candidate version is different from installed version
pt: Obtém os pacotes binários selecionados do arquivo remoto se a versão candidata diferir da versão instalada

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Unpack fetched binary packages
pt: Desempacota os pacotes binários obtidos

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Run <emphasis role="strong">preinst</emphasis> script
pt: Corre o script <emphasis role="strong">preinst</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Install binary files
pt: Instala os ficheiros binários

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Run <emphasis role="strong">postinst</emphasis> script
pt: Corre o script <emphasis role="strong">postinst</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">Install</emphasis> ("<literal>apt install …</literal>", <literal>aptitude install …</literal>" or "<literal>apt-get install …</literal>"):
pt: <emphasis role="strong">Instalar</emphasis> ("<literal>apt install …</literal>", <literal>aptitude install …</literal>" ou "<literal>apt-get install …</literal>"):

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Choose packages listed on the command line
pt: Escolhe os pacotes listados na linha de comandos

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Fetch selected binary packages from remote archive
pt: Obtém os pacotes binários selecionados a partir do arquivo remoto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">Remove</emphasis> ("<literal>apt remove …</literal>", "<literal>aptitude remove …</literal>" or "<literal>apt-get remove …</literal>"):
pt: <emphasis role="strong">Remover</emphasis> ("<literal>apt remove …</literal>", "<literal>aptitude remove …</literal>" ou "<literal>apt-get remove …</literal>"):

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Run <emphasis role="strong">prerm</emphasis> script
pt: Corre o script <emphasis role="strong">prerm</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Remove installed files <emphasis role="strong">except</emphasis> configuration files
pt: Remove os ficheiros instalados <emphasis role="strong">excepto</emphasis> os ficheiros de configuração

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Run <emphasis role="strong">postrm</emphasis> script
pt: Corre o script <emphasis role="strong">postrm</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">Purge</emphasis> ("<literal>apt purge</literal>", "<literal>aptitude purge …</literal>" or "<literal>apt-get purge …</literal>"):
pt: <emphasis role="strong">Purgar</emphasis> ("<literal>apt purge</literal>", "<literal>aptitude purge …</literal>" ou "<literal>apt-get purge …</literal>"):

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Remove installed files <emphasis role="strong">including</emphasis> configuration files
pt: Remove os ficheiros instalados <emphasis role="strong">incluindo</emphasis> os ficheiros de configuração

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here, I intentionally skipped technical details for the sake of big picture.
pt: Aqui, saltei intencionalmente detalhes técnicos por causa da visão geral.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: First response to package management troubles
pt: Primeira resposta a problemas com a gestão de pacotes

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You should read the fine official documentation.  The first document to read is the Debian specific "<literal>/usr/share/doc/<emphasis>package_name</emphasis>/README.Debian</literal>".  Other documentation in "<literal>/usr/share/doc/<emphasis>package_name</emphasis>/</literal>" should be consulted too.  If you set shell as <xref linkend="_customizing_bash"/>, type the following.
pt: Deve ler a boa documentação oficial. O primeiro documento a ler é específico de Debian "<literal>/usr/share/doc/<emphasis>package_name</emphasis>/README.Debian</literal>". Também deve ser consultada outra documentação em "<literal>/usr/share/doc/<emphasis>package_name</emphasis>/</literal>". Se definir a shell como <xref linkend="_customizing_bash"/>, escreva o seguinte.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You may need to install the corresponding documentation package named with "<literal>-doc</literal>" suffix for detailed information.
pt: Pode necessitar instalar o pacote de documentação correspondente, com o sufixo "<literal>-doc</literal>" no nome, para informações mais detalhadas.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you are experiencing problems with a specific package, make sure to check out <ulink url="&thedebianbugtrackingsystembts;">the Debian bug tracking system (BTS)</ulink> sites, first.
pt: Se estiver a ter problemas com um pacote específico, certifique-se que verifica primeiro o <ulink url="&thedebianbugtrackingsystembts;">Sistema de acompanhamento de bugs Debian (BTS)</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of key web site to resolving problems with a specific package
pt: Lista de sites web chave para resolver problemas com um pacote específico

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: web site
pt: site web

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Home page of <ulink url="&thedebianbugtrackingsystembts;">the Debian bug tracking system (BTS)</ulink>
pt: Página inicial do <ulink url="&thedebianbugtrackingsystembts;">Sistema de acompanhamento de bugs Debian (BTS)</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: The bug report of a known package name
pt: O relatório de bug de um nome de pacote conhecido

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>sensible-browser "https://bugs.debian.org/<emphasis>package_name</emphasis>"</literal>
pt: <literal>sensible-browser "https://bugs.debian.org/<emphasis>nome_do_pacote</emphasis>"</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: The bug report of known bug number
pt: O relatório de bug de uma quantidade de bugs conhecida

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>sensible-browser "https://bugs.debian.org/<emphasis>bug_number</emphasis>"</literal>
pt: <literal>sensible-browser "https://bugs.debian.org/<emphasis>número_do_bug</emphasis>"</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Search <ulink url="&google;">Google</ulink> with search words including "<literal>site:debian.org</literal>", "<literal>site:wiki.debian.org</literal>", "<literal>site:lists.debian.org</literal>", etc.
pt: Procure no <ulink url="&google;">Google</ulink> com palavras de busca incluindo "<literal>site:debian.org</literal>", "<literal>site:wiki.debian.org</literal>", "<literal>site:lists.debian.org</literal>", etc.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: When you file a bug report, please use <literal>reportbug</literal>(1) command.
pt: Quando criar um relatório de bug, por favor use o comando <literal>reportbug</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: How to pick Debian packages
pt: Como escolher os pacotes Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: When you encounter more than 2 similar packages and wonder which one to install without "trial and error" efforts, you should use some <emphasis role="strong">common sense</emphasis>.  I consider following points are good indications of preferred packages.
pt: Quando encontrar mais de 2 pacotes semelhantes e não sabe qual deles instalar sem o esforço de "teste e erro", deve utilizar algum <emphasis role="strong">senso comum</emphasis>. Considero os seguintes pontos como boas indicações dos pacotes preferidos:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Essential: yes &gt; no
pt: Essencial: sim &gt; não

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Area: main &gt; contrib &gt; non-free
pt: Área: main &gt; contrib &gt; non-free

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Priority: required &gt; important &gt; standard &gt; optional &gt; extra
pt: Prioridade: required &gt; important &gt; standard &gt; optional &gt; extra

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Tasks: packages listed in tasks such as "Desktop environment"
pt: Tasks: pacotes listados em tarefas como "Ambiente de Trabalho"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Packages selected by the dependency package (e.g., <literal>gcc-10</literal> by <literal>gcc</literal>)
pt: Pacotes selecionados pelo pacote de dependência (por exemplo, <literal>gcc-10</literal> por <literal>gcc</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Popcon: higher in the vote and install number
pt: Popcon: mais alto na votação e número de instalações

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Changelog: regular updates by the maintainer
pt: Changelog: atualizações regulares feitas pelo responsável do pacote

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: BTS: No RC bugs (no critical, no grave, and no serious bugs)
pt: BTS: Nenhum bug RC (nenhum crítico, nenhum grave e nenhum bug sério)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: BTS: responsive maintainer to bug reports
pt: BTS: manutenção responsável dos relatórios de bugs

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: BTS: higher number of the recently fixed bugs
pt: BTS: maior quantidade de bugs corrigidos recentemente

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: BTS: lower number of remaining non-wishlist bugs
pt: BTS: menor quantidade de bugs "não-lista-de-desejos" remanescentes

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Debian being a volunteer project with distributed development model, its archive contains many packages with different focus and quality.  You must make your own decision what to do with them.
pt: O Debian, que é um projecto voluntário com modelo de desenvolvimento distribuído, o arquivo dele contém muitos pacotes com diferentes objetivos e qualidade. Tem de tomar as suas próprias decisões sobre o que fazer com eles.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: How to cope with conflicting requirements
pt: Como lidar com requisitos contraditórios

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Whatever suite of Debian system you may decide to use, you may still wish to run versions of programs which aren't available in that suite.  Even if you find binary packages of such programs in other Debian suites or in other non-Debian resources, their requirements may conflict with your current Debian system.
pt: Qualquer que seja a suite de sistema Debian que decida utilizar, pode ainda desejar correr versões de programas que não estão disponíveis nessa suite.  Mesmo que encontre pacotes binários de tais programas noutras suites Debian ou noutros recursos não-Debian, os seus requisitos podem entrar em conflito com o seu sistema Debian atual.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Although you can tweak package management system with <emphasis role="strong">apt-pinning</emphasis> technique etc. as described in <xref linkend="_tweaking_candidate_version"/> to instal such out-of-sync binary packages, such tweaking approaches have only limited use cases since they may break those programs and your system.
pt: Apesar de poder ajustar o sistema de gestão de pacotes com a técnica <emphasis role="strong">apt-pinning</emphasis>, etc., como descrito em <xref linkend="_tweaking_candidate_version"/> para instalar esses pacotes binários dessincronizados, essas abordagens de ajuste têm apenas casos de utilização limitados uma vez que podem quebrar esses programas e o seu sistema.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Before brutally installing such out-of-sync packages, you should seek all available alternative safer technical solutions which are compatible with your current Debian syetem.
pt: Antes de instalar brutalmente tais pacotes fora de sincronia, você deve procurar todas as soluções técnicas alternativas mais seguras disponíveis que sejam compatíveis com o seu sistema Debian atual.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Install such programs using corresponding sandboxed upstream binary packages (see <xref linkend="_sandbox"/>).
pt: Instale esses programas usando pacotes binários correspondentes em "sandbox" (veja <xref linkend="_sandbox"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Many mostly GUI programs such as LibreOffice and GNOME applications are available as <ulink url="&flatpak;">Flatpak</ulink>, <ulink url="&snap;">Snap</ulink>, or <ulink url="&appimage;">AppImage</ulink> packages.
pt: Muitos programas GUI, como o LibreOffice e as aplicações GNOME, estão disponíveis como pacotes <ulink url="&flatpak;">Flatpak</ulink>, <ulink url="&snap;">Snap</ulink>, ou <ulink url="&appimage;">AppImage</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Create a chroot or similar environment and run such programs in it (see <xref linkend="_virtualized_system"/>).
pt: Crie um ambiente chroot ou similar e execute esses programas nele (veja <xref linkend="_virtualized_system"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: CLI commands can be executed easily under its compatible chroot (see <xref linkend="_chroot_system"/>).
pt: Os comandos CLI podem ser executados facilmente sob o seu chroot compatível (ver <xref linkend="_chroot_system"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Multiple full desktop environments can be tried easily without reboot (see <xref linkend="_multiple_desktop_systems"/>).
pt: É possível experimentar facilmente vários ambientes de trabalho completos sem reiniciar (ver <xref linkend="_multiple_desktop_systems"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Build desired versions of binary packages which are compatible with your current Debian syetem by yourself.
pt: Construa você mesmo as versões desejadas dos pacotes binários que são compatíveis com o seu sistema Debian atual.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: This is a <ulink url="&nontrivialtask;">non-trivial task</ulink> (see <xref linkend="_porting_a_package_to_the_stable_system"/>).
pt: Trata-se de uma <ulink url="&nontrivialtask;">tarefa não trivial</ulink> (ver <xref linkend="_porting_a_package_to_the_stable_system"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Basic package management operations
pt: Operações básicas de gestão de pacotes

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Repository based package management operations on the Debian system can be performed by many APT-based package management tools available on the Debian system.  Here, we explain 3 basic package management tools: <literal>apt</literal>, <literal>apt-get</literal> / <literal>apt-cache</literal> and <literal>aptitude</literal>.
pt: As operações de gestão de pacotes baseadas em repositório no sistema Debian podem ser executas por muitas ferramentas de gestão de pacotes baseadas no APT e disponíveis no sistema Debian. Aqui vamos explicar 3 ferramentas de gestão básica de pacotes:  <literal>apt</literal>, <literal>apt-get</literal> / <literal>apt-cache</literal> e <literal>aptitude</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: For the package management operation which involves package installation or updates package metadata, you need to have root privilege.
pt: Para as operações de gestão de pacotes que envolvam a instalação ou atualização de meta-dados do pacote, necessita de ter privilégios de root.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: <literal>apt</literal> vs. <literal>apt-get</literal> / <literal>apt-cache</literal> vs. <literal>aptitude</literal>
pt: <literal>apt</literal> vs. <literal>apt-get</literal> / <literal>apt-cache</literal> contra o <literal>aptitude</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Although <literal>aptitude</literal> is a very nice interactive tool which the author mainly uses, you should know some cautionary facts:
pt: Apesar do <literal>aptitude</literal> ser uma ferramenta interactiva muito boa a qual o autor usa principalmente, deve ser advertido de alguns factos:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The <literal>aptitude</literal> command is not recommended for the release-to-release system upgrade on the <literal>stable</literal> Debian system after the new release.
pt: O comando <literal>aptitude</literal> não é recomendado para a atualização de sistema de lançamento-a-lançamento do sistema Debian <literal>stable</literal> após um novo lançamento.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The use of "<literal>apt full-upgrade</literal>" or "<literal>apt-get dist-upgrade</literal>" is recommended for it.  See <ulink url="&bugebbcia;">Bug #411280</ulink>.
pt: O uso de "<literal>apt full-upgrade</literal>" ou  "<literal>apt-get dist-upgrade</literal>" é recomendado para isso. Veja <ulink url="&bugebbcia;">Bug #411280</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The <literal>aptitude</literal> command sometimes suggests mass package removals for the system upgrade on the <literal>testing</literal> or <literal>unstable</literal> Debian system.
pt: O comando <literal>aptitude</literal> por vezes sugere a remoção em massa de pacotes para a atualização do sistema no sistema Debian <literal>testing</literal> ou <literal>unstable</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: This situation has frightened many system administrators.  Don't panic.
pt: Esta situação já assustou muitos administradores de sistemas. Não entre em pânico.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: This seems to be caused mostly by the version skew among packages depended or recommended by a meta-package such as <literal>gnome-core</literal>.
pt: Isto parece ser causado principalmente pela torção de versões entre os pacotes que são dependências ou recomendações de um meta-pacote tal como o <literal>gnome-core</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: This can be resolved by selecting "Cancel pending actions" in the <literal>aptitude</literal> command menu, exiting <literal>aptitude</literal>, and using "<literal>apt full-upgrade</literal>".
pt: Isto pode ser resolvido ao selecionar "Cancelar operações pendentes" no menu de comandos do <literal>aptitude</literal>, a terminar o <literal>aptitude</literal> e a usar "<literal>apt full-upgrade</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <literal>apt-get</literal> and <literal>apt-cache</literal> commands are the most <emphasis role="strong">basic</emphasis> APT-based package management tools.
pt: Os comandos <literal>apt-get</literal> e <literal>apt-cache</literal> são as ferramentas de gestão de pacotes baseadas no APT mais <emphasis role="strong">básicas</emphasis>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>apt-get</literal> and <literal>apt-cache</literal> offer only the commandline user interface.
pt: O <literal>apt-get</literal> e o <literal>apt-cache</literal> oferecem apenas a interface de linha de comandos.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>apt-get</literal> is most suitable for the <emphasis role="strong">major system upgrade</emphasis> between releases, etc.
pt: O <literal>apt-get</literal> é mais apropriado para uma <emphasis role="strong">atualização maior ao sistema</emphasis> entre lançamentos, etc.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>apt-get</literal> offers a <emphasis role="strong">robust</emphasis> package dependency resolver.
pt: O <literal>apt-get</literal> oferece um resolvedor de dependências de pacotes <emphasis role="strong">robusto</emphasis>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>apt-get</literal> is less demanding on hardware resources.  It consumes less memory and runs faster.
pt: <literal>apt-get</literal> é menos exigente em recursos de hardware. Consome menos memória e é mais rápido.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>apt-cache</literal> offers a <emphasis role="strong">standard</emphasis> regex based search on the package name and description.
pt: O <literal>apt-cache</literal> oferece uma busca baseada em expressões regulares <emphasis role="strong">standard</emphasis> no nome do pacote e na descrição.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>apt-get</literal> and <literal>apt-cache</literal> can manage multiple versions of packages using <literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal> but it is quite cumbersome.
pt: O <literal>apt-get</literal> e o <literal>apt-cache</literal> podem gerir várias versões de pacotes a utilizar o <literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal> mas é um pouco incómodo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <literal>apt</literal> command is a high-level commandline interface for package management. It is basically a wrapper of <literal>apt-get</literal>, <literal>apt-cache</literal> and similar commands, originally intended as an end-user interface and enables some options better suited for interactive usage by default.
pt: O comando <literal>apt</literal> é uma interface de linha de comandos de alto nível para gestão de pacotes. É basicamente um revestimento dos <literal>apt-get</literal>, <literal>apt-cache</literal> e comandos semelhantes, originalmente destinada a ser uma interface de utilizador final e ativa por predefinição algumas opções melhor apropriadas para utilização interativa.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>apt</literal> provides a friendly progress bar when installing packages using <literal>apt install</literal>.
pt: O <literal>apt</literal> disponibiliza uma barra de progresso amigável quando se instala pacotes a usar o <literal>apt install</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>apt</literal> will <emphasis role="strong">remove</emphasis> cached <literal>.deb</literal> packages by default after sucessful installation of downloaded packages.
pt: O <literal>apt</literal> irá <emphasis role="strong">remover</emphasis> por predefinição os pacotes <literal>.deb</literal> em cache após instalação com sucesso dos pacotes descarregados.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Users are recommended to use the new <literal>apt</literal>(8) command for <emphasis role="strong">interactive</emphasis> usage and use the <literal>apt-get</literal>(8) and <literal>apt-cache</literal>(8) commands in the shell script.
pt: É recomendado aos utilizadores usarem o novo comando <literal>apt</literal>(8) para uso <emphasis role="strong">interativo</emphasis> e usarem os comandos <literal>apt-get</literal>(8) e <literal>apt-cache</literal>(8) em script de shell.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <literal>aptitude</literal> command is the most <emphasis role="strong">versatile</emphasis> APT-based package management tool.
pt: O comando <literal>aptitude</literal> é a ferramenta de gestão de pacotes baseada no APT mais <emphasis role="strong">versátil</emphasis>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>aptitude</literal> offers the fullscreen interactive text user interface.
pt: O <literal>aptitude</literal> oferece a interface de utilizador de texto interactiva de ecrã completo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>aptitude</literal> offers the commandline user interface, too.
pt: O <literal>aptitude</literal> também oferece uma interface de utilizador de linha de comandos.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>aptitude</literal> is most suitable for the <emphasis role="strong">daily interactive package management</emphasis> such as inspecting installed packages and searching available packages.
pt: O <literal>aptitude</literal> é mais apropriado para a <emphasis role="strong">gestão de pacotes interactiva diária</emphasis> como inspecionar os pacotes instalados e procurar pacotes disponíveis.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>aptitude</literal> is more demanding on hardware resources.  It consumes more memory and runs slower.
pt: O <literal>aptitude</literal> é mais exigente em recursos de hardware. Consome mais memória e é mais lento.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>aptitude</literal> offers an <emphasis role="strong">enhanced</emphasis> regex based search on all of the package metadata.
pt: O <literal>aptitude</literal> oferece um busca baseada em expressões regulares <emphasis role="strong">avançada</emphasis> em todos os meta-dados dos pacotes.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>aptitude</literal> can manage multiple versions of packages without using <literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal> and it is quite intuitive.
pt: O <literal>aptitude</literal> pode gerir várias versões de pacotes sem utilizar o <literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal> e é bastante intuitivo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Basic package management operations with the commandline
pt: Operações básicas de gestão de pacotes com a linha de comandos

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here are basic package management operations with the commandline using <literal>apt</literal>(8), <literal>aptitude</literal>(8) and <literal>apt-get</literal>(8) /<literal>apt-cache</literal>(8).
pt: Aqui estão algumas operações básicas de gestão de pacotes com a linha de comandos a usar <literal>apt</literal>(8), <literal>aptitude</literal>(8) e <literal>apt-get</literal>(8) /<literal>apt-cache</literal>(8).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: Basic package management operations with the commandline using <literal>apt</literal>(8), <literal>aptitude</literal>(8) and <literal>apt-get</literal>(8) /<literal>apt-cache</literal>(8)
pt: Operações básicas de gestão de pacotes com a linha de comandos a utilizar <literal>apt</literal>(8), <literal>aptitude</literal>(8) e <literal>apt-get</literal>(8) /<literal>apt-cache</literal>(8)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: <literal>apt</literal> syntax
pt: sintaxe do <literal>apt</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: <literal>aptitude</literal> syntax
pt: sintaxe do <literal>aptitude</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: <literal>apt-get</literal>/<literal>apt-cache</literal> syntax
pt: sintaxe do <literal>apt-get</literal>/<literal>apt-cache</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: update package archive metadata
pt: atualiza os meta-dados do arquivo de pacotes

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: install candidate version of "<literal>foo</literal>" package with its dependencies
pt: instala a versão candidata do pacote "<literal>foo</literal>" com as suas dependências

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: install candidate version of installed packages without removing any other packages
pt: instala as versões candidatas dos pacotes instalados sem remover quaisquer outros pacotes

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: install candidate version of installed packages while removing other packages if needed
pt: instala as versões candidatas dos pacotes instalados a remover outros pacotes caso necessário

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: remove "<literal>foo</literal>" package while leaving its configuration files
pt: remove o pacote "<literal>foo</literal>" a deixar os seus ficheiros de configuração

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: remove auto-installed packages which are no longer required
pt: remove os pacotes auto-instalados que já não sejam necessários

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: purge "<literal>foo</literal>" package with its configuration files
pt: purga o pacote "<literal>foo</literal>" com os seus ficheiros de configuração

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: clear out the local repository of retrieved package files completely
pt: limpa completamente o repositório local de ficheiros de pacotes obtidos

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: clear out the local repository of retrieved package files for outdated packages
pt: limpa os pacotes desatualizados do repositório local dos ficheiros de pacotes recebidos

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display detailed information about "<literal>foo</literal>" package
pt: mostra informação detalhada acerca do pacote "<literal>foo</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: search packages which match <emphasis>regex</emphasis>
pt: procura pacotes que correspondem à <emphasis>expressão-regular</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: explain the reason why <emphasis>regex</emphasis> matching packages should be installed
pt: explica a razão porque o pacotes que correspondem à <emphasis>expressão_regular</emphasis> devem ser instalados

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: explain the reason why <emphasis>regex</emphasis> matching packages can not be installed
pt: explica a razão porque o pacotes que correspondem à <emphasis>expressão_regular</emphasis> não podem ser instalados

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: list manually installed packages
pt: lista os pacotes instalados manualmente

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <literal>apt</literal> / <literal>apt-get</literal> and <literal>aptitude</literal> can be mixed without major troubles.
pt: <literal>apt</literal> / <literal>apt-get</literal> e <literal>aptitude</literal> podem ser misturados sem grandes problemas.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The "<literal>aptitude why <emphasis>regex</emphasis></literal>" can list more information by "<literal>aptitude -v why <emphasis>regex</emphasis></literal>".  Similar information can be obtained by "<literal>apt rdepends <emphasis>package</emphasis></literal>" or "<literal>apt-cache rdepends <emphasis>package</emphasis></literal>".
pt: O "<literal>aptitude why <emphasis>expressão_regular</emphasis></literal>" pode listar mais informação por "<literal>aptitude -v why <emphasis>expressão_regular</emphasis></literal>". Informação semelhante pode ser obtida por <literal>apt rdepends <emphasis>pacote</emphasis></literal>" ou "<literal>apt-cache rdepends <emphasis>pacote</emphasis></literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: When <literal>aptitude</literal> command is started in the commandline mode and faces some issues such as package conflicts, you can switch to the full screen interactive mode by pressing "<literal>e</literal>"-key later at the prompt.
pt: Quando o comando <literal>aptitude</literal> é arrancado em modo de linha de comandos e enfrenta alguns problemas como conflitos de pacotes, pode mudar para modo interativo em ecrã total, ao pressionar a tecla "<literal>e</literal>", mais tarde na linha de comandos.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: Although the <literal>aptitude</literal> command comes with rich features such as its enhanced package resolver, this complexity has caused (or may still causes) some regressions such as <ulink url="&bugebbbcd;">Bug #411123</ulink>, <ulink url="&bugfbejda;">Bug #514930</ulink>, and <ulink url="&bugfhadhh;">Bug #570377</ulink>.  In case of doubt, please use the <literal>apt</literal>, <literal>apt-get</literal> and <literal>apt-cache</literal> commands over the <literal>aptitude</literal> command.
pt: Apesar do comando <literal>aptitude</literal> vir com ricas funcionalidades como o resolvedor avançado de pacotes dele, esta complexidade já causou (ou pode ainda causar) algumas regressões como os <ulink url="&bugebbbcd;">Bug #411123</ulink>, <ulink url="&bugfbejda;">Bug #514930</ulink> e <ulink url="&bugfhadhh;">Bug #570377</ulink>. Em caso de dúvidas, por favor utilize os comandos <literal>apt</literal>, <literal>apt-get</literal> e <literal>apt-cache</literal> em vez do comando <literal>aptitude</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You may provide command options right after "<literal>aptitude</literal>".
pt: Pode dar opções de comando logo após "<literal>aptitude</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: Notable command options for <literal>aptitude</literal>(8)
pt: Opções de comando notáveis para o <literal>aptitude</literal>(8)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: command option
pt: opção de comando

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: simulate the result of the command
pt: simula o resultado do comando

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: download only but no install/upgrade
pt: apenas descarrega e não instala/atualiza

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: show brief explanations before the automatic installations and removals
pt: mostra breves explicações antes das instalações e remoções automáticas

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See <literal>aptitude</literal>(8) and "aptitude user's manual" at "<literal>/usr/share/doc/aptitude/README</literal>" for more.
pt: Para mais veja <literal>aptitude</literal>(8) e o "Manual de utilizador do aptitude" em "<literal>/usr/share/doc/aptitude/README</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Interactive use of aptitude
pt: Uso interativo do aptitude

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For the interactive package management, you start <literal>aptitude</literal> in interactive mode from the console shell prompt as follows.
pt: Para gestão de pacotes interativa, arranque o <literal>aptitude</literal> em modo interativo a partir da linha de comandos da consola conforme o seguinte:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This updates the local copy of the archive information and display the package list in the full screen with menu.  Aptitude places its configuration at "<literal>~/.aptitude/config</literal>".
pt: Isto atualiza a cópia local da informação do arquivo e mostra a lista de pacotes em ecrã completo com menu. O aptitude coloca a configuração dele em "<literal>~/.aptitude/config</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: If you want to use root's configuration instead of user's one, use "<literal>sudo -H aptitude …</literal>" instead of "<literal>sudo aptitude …</literal>" in the above expression.
pt: Se desejar utilizar a configuração do root em vez da do utilizador, utilize "<literal>sudo -H aptitude …</literal>" em vez de "<literal>sudo aptitude …</literal>" na expressão acima.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: <literal>Aptitude</literal> automatically sets <emphasis role="strong">pending actions</emphasis> as it is started interactively. If you do not like it, you can reset it from menu: "Action" → "Cancel pending actions".
pt: O <literal>aptitude</literal> define automaticamente as <emphasis role="strong">acções pendentes</emphasis> como se fosse arrancado interativamente. Se não gostar disso, pode redefinir isto a partir do menu: "Acção" → "Cancelar acções pendentes".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Key bindings of aptitude
pt: Teclas de atalho do aptitude

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Notable key strokes to browse status of packages and to set "planned action" on them in this full screen mode are the following.
pt: As combinações de teclas notáveis para explorar o estado dos pacotes e definir uma "ação planeada" neles neste modo de ecrã total são as seguintes:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of key bindings for aptitude
pt: Lista de teclas de atalho do aptitude

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>F10</literal> or <literal>Ctrl-t</literal>
pt: <literal>F10</literal> ou <literal>Ctrl-t</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display <emphasis role="strong">help</emphasis> for keystroke (more complete listing)
pt: mostra a <emphasis role="strong">ajuda</emphasis> para teclas (listagem mais completa)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>F10</literal> → Help → User's Manual
pt: <literal>F10</literal> → Ajuda → Manual do Utilizador

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display User's Manual
pt: mostra o Manual do Utilizador

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: update package archive information
pt: atualiza a informação de arquivo do pacote

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: mark the package for the <emphasis role="strong">upgrade</emphasis> or the <emphasis role="strong">install</emphasis>
pt: marca o pacote para <emphasis role="strong">atualização</emphasis> ou <emphasis role="strong">instalação</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: mark the package for the <emphasis role="strong">remove</emphasis> (keep configuration files)
pt: marca o pacote para <emphasis role="strong">remoção</emphasis> (manter os ficheiros de configuração)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: mark the package for the <emphasis role="strong">purge</emphasis> (remove configuration files)
pt: marca o pacote para <emphasis role="strong">purgar</emphasis> (remover ficheiros de configuração)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: place the package on <emphasis role="strong">hold</emphasis>
pt: coloca o pacote em <emphasis role="strong">retenção (hold)</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: mark all upgradable packages (function as <emphasis role="strong">full-upgrade</emphasis>)
pt: marca todos os pacotes com atualizações (funciona como <emphasis role="strong">full-upgrade</emphasis>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: start <emphasis role="strong">downloading</emphasis> and <emphasis role="strong">installing</emphasis> selected packages
pt: começa a <emphasis role="strong">descarregar</emphasis> e a <emphasis role="strong">instalar</emphasis> os pacotes selecionados

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: quit current screen and save changes
pt: sai do ecrã atual e guarda as alterações

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: quit current screen and discard changes
pt: sai do ecrã atual e descarta as alterações

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: view information about a package
pt: ver informação acerca de um pacote

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: view a package's changelog
pt: ver o relatório de alterações de um pacote

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: change the limit for the displayed packages
pt: altera o limite dos pacotes mostrados

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: search for the first match
pt: procura pela primeira correspondência

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: repeat the last search
pt: repetir a última pesquisa

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The file name specification of the command line and the menu prompt after pressing "<literal>l</literal>" and "<literal>//</literal>" take the aptitude regex as described below.  Aptitude regex can explicitly match a package name using a string started by "<literal>~n</literal>" and followed by the package name.
pt: A especificação de nome de ficheiro da linha de comandos ou do aviso de menu após pressionar "<literal>l</literal>" e "<literal>//</literal>" toma a expressão regular do aptitude conforme descrito em baixo. A expressão regular do aptitude pode corresponder explicitamente a um nome de pacote a utilizar uma cadeia começada por "<literal>~n</literal>" e seguida do nome do pacote.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: You need to press "<literal>U</literal>" to get all the installed packages upgraded to the <emphasis role="strong">candidate version</emphasis> in the visual interface.  Otherwise only the selected packages and certain packages with versioned dependency to them are upgraded to the <emphasis role="strong">candidate version</emphasis>.
pt: Necessita pressionar "<literal>U</literal>", no interface visual, para ter todos os pacotes instalados atualizados para a <emphasis role="strong">versão candidata</emphasis>. Caso contrário, apenas os pacotes selecionados e certos pacotes com dependências deles, versionadas, são atualizados à <emphasis role="strong">versão candidata</emphasis>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Package views under aptitude
pt: Vistas de pacote no aptitude

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: In the interactive full screen mode of <literal>aptitude</literal>(8), packages in the package list are displayed as the next example.
pt: No modo de ecrã completo interativo do <literal>aptitude</literal>(8), os pacotes na lista de pacotes são mostrados como no próximo exemplo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here, this line means from the left as the following.
pt: Aqui, esta linha significa desde a esquerda o seguinte:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The "current state" flag (the first letter)
pt: A flag "estado atual" (a primeira letra)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The "planned action" flag (the second letter)
pt: A flag "acção planeada" (a segunda letra)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The "automatic" flag (the third letter)
pt: A flag "automático" ( a terceira letra)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The Package name
pt: O nome do Pacote

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The change in disk space usage attributed to "planned action"
pt: A alteração na utilização do espaço do disco atribuída a "acção planeada"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The current version of the package
pt: A versão atual do pacote

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The candidate version of the package
pt: A versão candidata do pacote

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: The full list of flags are given at the bottom of <emphasis role="strong">Help</emphasis> screen shown by pressing "<literal>?</literal>".
pt: A lista completa de flags é fornecida ao fundo do ecrã de <emphasis role="strong">Ajuda</emphasis> mostrada ao pressionar "<literal>?</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <emphasis role="strong">candidate version</emphasis> is chosen according to the current local preferences (see <literal>apt_preferences</literal>(5) and <xref linkend="_tweaking_candidate_version"/>).
pt: A <emphasis role="strong">versão candidata</emphasis> é escolhida de acordo com as preferências locais atuais (veja <literal>apt_preferences</literal>(5) e <xref linkend="_tweaking_candidate_version"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Several types of package views are available under the menu "<literal>Views</literal>".
pt: Estão disponíveis vários tipos de vistas de pacotes sob o menu "<literal>Vistas</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of views for aptitude
pt: Lista de vistas para o aptitude

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: view
pt: vista

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: description of view
pt: descrição da vista

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>Package View</literal>
pt: <literal>Vista de Pacote</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: see <xref linkend="standard-package-views"/> (default)
pt: veja <xref linkend="standard-package-views"/> (predefinição)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>Audit Recommendations</literal>
pt: <literal>Recomendações de Auditoria</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: list packages which are recommended by some installed packages but not yet installed
pt: lista pacotes que são recomendados por alguns pacotes instalados mas ainda não estão instalados

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>Flat Package List</literal>
pt: <literal>Lista de Pacotes Lisa</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: list packages without categorization (for use with regex)
pt: lista pacotes sem categorização (para utilizar com expressões regulares)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>Debtags Browser</literal>
pt: <literal>Explorador de Debtags</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: list packages categorized according to their <ulink url="&debtags;">debtags</ulink> entries
pt: lista pacotes categorizados de acordo com as suas entradas <ulink url="&debtags;">debtags</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>Source Package View</literal>
pt: <literal>Vista do Pacote Fonte</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: list packages grouped by source packages
pt: lista de pacotes agrupados por pacotes fonte

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: Please help us <ulink url="&improvingtaggingkageswithdebtags;">improving tagging packages with debtags!</ulink>
pt: Por favor ajude-nos a <ulink url="&improvingtaggingkageswithdebtags;">melhorar a etiquetagem de pacotes com debtags!</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The standard "<literal>Package View</literal>" categorizes packages somewhat like <literal>dselect</literal> with few extra features.
pt: A "<literal>Vista de Pacotes</literal> standard categoriza os pacotes de certo modo como o <literal>dselect</literal> com algumas funcionalidades extra.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: The categorization of standard package views
pt: A categorização das vista de pacotes standard

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: category
pt: categoria

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>Upgradable Packages</literal>
pt: <literal>Pacotes atualizáveis</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: list packages organized as <literal>section</literal> → <literal>area</literal> → <literal>package</literal>
pt: lista pacotes organizados como <literal>secção</literal> → <literal>área</literal> → <literal>pacote</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>New Packages</literal>
pt: <literal>Pacotes Novos</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>Installed Packages</literal>
pt: <literal>Pacotes Instalados</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>Not Installed Packages</literal>
pt: <literal>Pacotes Não Instalados</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>Obsolete and Locally Created Packages</literal>
pt: <literal>Pacotes Obsoletos ou Criados Localmente</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>Virtual Packages</literal>
pt: <literal>Pacotes Virtuais</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: list packages with the same function
pt: lista pacotes com a mesma função

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>Tasks</literal>
pt: <literal>Tarefas</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: list packages with different functions generally needed for a task
pt: lista pacotes com diferentes funções geralmente necessárias para uma tarefa

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: <literal>Tasks</literal> view can be used to cherry pick packages for your task.
pt: A vista <literal>Tarefas</literal> pode ser usada para escolher pacotes para a sua tarefa.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Search method options with aptitude
pt: Opções do método de pesquisa com o aptitude

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Aptitude offers several options for you to search packages using its regex formula.
pt: O aptitude oferece várias opções para procurar pacotes a utilizar a fórmula de expressões regulares dele.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Shell commandline:
pt: Linha de comandos da shell:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>aptitude search '<emphasis>aptitude_regex</emphasis>'</literal>" to list installation status, package name and short description of matching packages
pt: "<literal>aptitude search '<emphasis>aptitude_regex</emphasis>'</literal>" para listar estado de instalação, nome do pacote e descrição curta dos pacotes correspondentes

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>aptitude show '<emphasis>package_name</emphasis>'</literal>" to list detailed description of the package
pt: "<literal>aptitude show '<emphasis>package_name</emphasis>'</literal>" para listar a descrição detalhada do pacote

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Interactive full screen mode:
pt: modo de ecrã total interativo:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>l</literal>" to limit package view to matching packages
pt: "<literal>l</literal>" para limitar a vista de pacotes aos pacotes correspondentes

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/</literal>" for search to a matching package
pt: "<literal>/</literal>" para procurar um pacote correspondente

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>\</literal>" for backward search to a matching package
pt: "<literal>\</literal>" para procurar um pacote correspondente a voltar para trás

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>n</literal>" for find-next
pt: "<literal>n</literal>" para procurar o próximo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>N</literal>" for find-next (backward)
pt: "<literal>N</literal>" para procurar o próximo (a andar para trás)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: The string for <emphasis>package_name</emphasis> is treated as the exact string match to the package name unless it is started explicitly with "<literal>~</literal>" to be the regex formula.
pt: A cadeia para <emphasis>nome_de_pacote</emphasis> é tratada como a correspondência exata da cadeia para o nome do pacote a menos que seja iniciada explicitamente com "<literal>~</literal>" para ser uma fórmula de expressão regular.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The aptitude regex formula
pt: A fórmula regex do aptitude

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The aptitude regex formula is mutt-like extended <emphasis role="strong">ERE</emphasis> (see <xref linkend="_regular_expressions"/>) and the meanings of the <literal>aptitude</literal> specific special match rule extensions are as follows.
pt: A fórmula de expressão regular do aptitude é estendida tipo mutt <emphasis role="strong">ERE</emphasis> (veja <xref linkend="_regular_expressions"/>) e o significado das extensões de regras de correspondência especial específicas do <literal>aptitude</literal> são as seguintes:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of the aptitude regex formula
pt: Lista da fórmula regex do aptitude

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: description of the extended match rule
pt: descrição da regra de correspondência extensa

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: regex formula
pt: fórmula da expressão regular

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match on package name
pt: corresponde com o nome do pacote

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match on description
pt: corresponde com a descrição

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match on task name
pt: corresponde com nome da tarefa

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match on debtag
pt: corresponde com debtag

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match on maintainer
pt: corresponde com o maintainer

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match on package section
pt: corresponde com secção do pacote

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match on package version
pt: corresponde com versão do pacote

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match archive
pt: corresponde com arquivo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match origin
pt: corresponde com origem

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match priority
pt: prioridade da correspondência

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match essential packages
pt: corresponde com pacotes essenciais

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match virtual packages
pt: corresponde com pacotes virtuais

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match new packages
pt: corresponde com pacotes novos

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match with pending action
pt: corresponde com acções pendentes

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match installed packages
pt: corresponde com os pacotes instalados

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match installed packages with <emphasis role="strong">A</emphasis>-mark (auto installed packages)
pt: corresponde com pacotes instalados com marca <emphasis role="strong">A</emphasis> (pacotes instalados automaticamente)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match installed packages without <emphasis role="strong">A</emphasis>-mark (administrator selected packages)
pt: corresponde com pacotes instalados sem a marca <emphasis role="strong">A</emphasis> (pacotes selecionados pelo administrador)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match installed and upgradable packages
pt: corresponde com pacotes instalados e com atualizações disponíveis

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match removed but not purged packages
pt: corresponde com pacotes removidos mas não purgados

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match removed, purged or can-be-removed packages
pt: corresponde com pacotes removidos, purgados ou que podem-ser-removidos

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match packages declaring a broken dependency
pt: corresponde com pacotes que declaram dependências quebradas

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match packages declaring broken dependency of <emphasis>type</emphasis>
pt: corresponde com pacotes que declaram dependências quebradas de <emphasis>type</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match <emphasis>pattern</emphasis> packages declaring dependency of <emphasis>type</emphasis>
pt: corresponde a pacotes <emphasis>pattern</emphasis> que declaram dependência de <emphasis>type</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match <emphasis>pattern</emphasis> packages declaring broken dependency of <emphasis>type</emphasis>
pt: corresponde a pacotes <emphasis>pattern</emphasis> que declaram dependência quebrada de <emphasis>type</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match packages to which the <emphasis>pattern</emphasis> matching package declares dependency <emphasis>type</emphasis>
pt: corresponde a pacotes para os quais o pacote que corresponde a <emphasis>pattern</emphasis> declara o <emphasis>type</emphasis> de dependência

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match packages to which the <emphasis>pattern</emphasis> matching package declares broken dependency <emphasis>type</emphasis>
pt: corresponde a pacotes para os quais o pacote que corresponde a <emphasis>pattern</emphasis> declara o <emphasis>type</emphasis> de dependência quebrada

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match packages to which some other installed packages depend on
pt: corresponde com pacotes com os quais alguns pacotes instalados dependem

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match packages to which no other installed packages depend on
pt: corresponde com pacotes com os quais nenhum outro pacote instalado depende

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match packages to which some other installed packages depend or recommend on
pt: corresponde com pacotes com os quais alguns pacotes instalados dependem ou recomendam

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match <emphasis>pattern</emphasis> package with filtered version
pt: corresponde o pacote <emphasis>pattern</emphasis> com a versão filtrada

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match all packages (true)
pt: corresponde com todos os pacotes (true)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match no packages (false)
pt: não corresponde com nenhum pacote (false)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The regex part is the same <emphasis role="strong">ERE</emphasis> as the one used in typical Unix-like text tools using "<literal>^</literal>", "<literal>.*</literal>", "<literal>$</literal>" etc. as in <literal>egrep</literal>(1), <literal>awk</literal>(1) and <literal>perl</literal>(1).
pt: A parte da expressão regular é a mesma <emphasis role="strong">ERE</emphasis> que aquela utilizada nas típicas ferramentas de texto tipo-Unix que utilizam "<literal>^</literal>", "<literal>.*</literal>", "<literal>$</literal>" etc. como o <literal>egrep</literal>(1), <literal>awk</literal>(1) e <literal>perl</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The dependency <emphasis>type</emphasis> is one of (depends, predepends, recommends, suggests, conflicts, replaces, provides) specifying the package interrelationship.
pt: A dependência <emphasis>type</emphasis> é uma de (dependências, pré-dependências, recomendações, sugestões, conflitos, substituições, fornecimentos), que específica o inter-relacionamento do pacote.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The default dependency <emphasis>type</emphasis> is "depends".
pt: O <emphasis>type</emphasis> de dependência predefinida é "depends".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: When <emphasis>regex_pattern</emphasis> is a null string, place "<literal>~T</literal>" immediately after the command.
pt: Quando <emphasis>regex_pattern</emphasis> for uma string nula, coloca "<literal>~T</literal>" imediatamente após o comando.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here are some short cuts.
pt: Aqui estão alguns atalhos.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Users familiar with <literal>mutt</literal> pick up quickly, as mutt was the inspiration for the expression syntax. See "SEARCHING, LIMITING, AND EXPRESSIONS" in the "User's Manual" "<literal>/usr/share/doc/aptitude/README</literal>".
pt: Os utilizadores familiarizados com o <literal>mutt</literal> aprendem rápido, pois o mutt foi a inspiração para a sintaxe de expressão. Veja "PROCURAR, LIMITAR E EXPRESSÕES" no "Manual do Utilizador" "<literal>/usr/share/doc/aptitude/README</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: With the <literal>lenny</literal> version of <literal>aptitude</literal>(8), the new <emphasis role="strong">long form</emphasis> syntax such as "<literal>?broken</literal>" may be used for regex matching in place for its old <emphasis role="strong">short form</emphasis> equivalent "<literal>~b</literal>". Now space character "<literal> </literal>" is considered as one of the regex terminating character in addition to tilde character "<literal>~</literal>".  See "User's Manual" for the new <emphasis role="strong">long form</emphasis> syntax.
pt: Com a versão <literal>lenny</literal> do <literal>aptitude</literal>(8), a nova sintaxe de <emphasis role="strong">formato longo</emphasis> como a "<literal>?broken</literal>" pode ser utilizada para correspondência de expressões regulares no lugar da equivalente antiga dele de <emphasis role="strong">formato curto</emphasis> "<literal>~b</literal>". Agora o caractere de espaço "<literal> </literal>" é considerado como um caractere terminante de expressão regular em adição ao caractere til "<literal>~</literal>". Veja o "Manual do Utilizador" para a nova sintaxe de <emphasis role="strong">formato longo</emphasis>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Dependency resolution of aptitude
pt: Resolução de dependências do aptitude

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The selection of a package in <literal>aptitude</literal> not only pulls in packages which are defined in its "<literal>Depends:</literal>" list but also defined in the "<literal>Recommends:</literal>" list if the menu "<literal>F10</literal> → Options → Preferences → Dependency handling" is set accordingly.  These auto installed packages are removed automatically if they are no longer needed under <literal>aptitude</literal>.
pt: A seleção de um pacote no <literal>aptitude</literal> não puxa apenas os pacotes definidos na lista de "<literal>Dependências:</literal>" dele, mas também os definidos na lista "<literal>Recomendados:</literal>" se o menu "<literal>F10</literal> → Opções → Preferências → Manuseamento de dependências" assim estiver definido. Estes pacotes auto-instalados são removidos automaticamente sob o <literal>aptitude</literal> se não forem mais necessários.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The flag controlling the "auto install" behavior of the <literal>aptitude</literal> command can also be manipulated using the <literal>apt-mark</literal>(8) command from the <literal>apt</literal> package.
pt: A flag que controla o comportamento "auto install" co comando <literal>aptitude</literal> também pode ser manipulada a usar o comando <literal>apt-mark</literal>(8) do pacote <literal>apt</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Package activity logs
pt: Relatórios (logs) de atividade de pacotes

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can check package activity history in the log files.
pt: Pode verificar o histórico de atividade de pacotes nos ficheiros log.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: The log files for package activities
pt: Os ficheiros log para atividades de pacotes

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: file
pt: ficheiro

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: content
pt: conteúdo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Log of <literal>dpkg</literal> level activity for all package activities
pt: Log da atividade de nível do <literal>dpkg</literal> para as atividades de todos os pacotes

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Log of generic APT activity
pt: Log da atividade genérica do APT

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Log of <literal>aptitude</literal> command activity
pt: Log da atividade de comandos do <literal>aptitude</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: In reality, it is not so easy to get meaningful understanding quickly out from these logs.  See <xref linkend="_recording_changes_in_configuration_files"/> for easier way.
pt: Na realidade, não é muito fácil obter rapidamente uma compreensão significativa a partir destes logs. Veja <xref linkend="_recording_changes_in_configuration_files"/> para um modo mais fácil.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Examples of aptitude operations
pt: Exemplos de operações do aptitude

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Here are few examples of <literal>aptitude</literal>(8) operations.
pt: Aqui estão alguns exemplos de operações do <literal>aptitude</literal>(8).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Seeking interesting packages
pt: Procurar pacotes interessantes

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can seek packages which satisfy your needs with <literal>aptitude</literal> from the package description or from the list under "Tasks".
pt: Pode procurar os pacotes que satisfaçam as suas necessidades com o <literal>aptitude</literal> a partir da descrição do pacote ou a partir da lista "Tarefas".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Listing packages with regex matching on package names
pt: Listagem de pacotes com correspondência por expressão regular nos nomes de pacotes

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The following command lists packages with regex matching on package names.
pt: O seguinte comando lista pacotes com regex a condizer com nomes de pacotes.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This is quite handy for you to find the exact name of a package.
pt: Isto dá muito jeito para encontrar o nome exato de um pacote.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Browsing with the regex matching
pt: Explorar com a correspondência de expressão regular

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The regex "<literal>~dipv6</literal>" in the "New Flat Package List" view with "<literal>l</literal>" prompt, limits view to packages with the matching description and let you browse their information interactively.
pt: a expressão regular "<literal>~dipv6</literal>" na vista "Nova Lista de Pacotes Simples" com o aviso "<literal>l</literal>", limita a vista aos pacotes com a descrição correspondente e permite-lhe explorar interativamente a informação deles.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Purging removed packages for good
pt: Purgar pacotes removidos definitivamente

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can purge all remaining configuration files of removed packages.
pt: Pode purgar todos os restantes ficheiros de configuração dos pacotes removidos.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Check results of the following command.
pt: Verifique os resultados do seguinte comando.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you think listed packages are OK to be purged, execute the following command.
pt: Se julgar que os pacotes listados podem ser purgados, execute o seguinte comando:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You may want to do the similar in the interactive mode for fine grained control.
pt: Pode fazer o mesmo no modo interativo para um controle mais preciso.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You provide the regex "<literal>~c</literal>" in the "New Package View" view with "<literal>l</literal>" prompt.  This limits the package view only to regex matched packages, i.e., "removed but not purged".  All these regex matched packages can be shown by pressing "<literal>[</literal>" at top level headings.
pt: Fornece a expressão regular "<literal>~c</literal>" na vista "Nova Vista de Pacotes" com a prompt "<literal>l</literal>". Isto limita a vista de pacotes apenas aos pacotes correspondentes à expressão regular, isto é, "removidos mas não purgados". Todos estes pacotes correspondentes a expressões regulares podem ser mostrados ao pressionar "<literal>[</literal>" nos cabeçalhos de nível de topo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Then you press "<literal>_</literal>" at top level headings such as "Not Installed Packages".  Only regex matched packages under the heading are marked to be purged by this.  You can exclude some packages to be purged by pressing "<literal>=</literal>" interactively for each of them.
pt: Depois pressione "<literal>_</literal>" em cabeçalhos de nível de topo tal como "Pacotes Não Instalados". Apenas os pacotes correspondentes à expressão regular sob o cabeçalho são marcados para serem purgados com isto. Pode excluir alguns pacotes a serem purgados ao pressionar "<literal>=</literal>" interativamente para cada um deles.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This technique is quite handy and works for many other command keys.
pt: Esta técnica é muito útil e funciona com muitas outras teclas de comando.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Tidying auto/manual install status
pt: Acertar o estado auto/manual de instalação

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here is how I tidy auto/manual install status for packages (after using non-aptitude package installer etc.).
pt: Aqui está como acertar o estado auto/manual de instalação dos pacotes (após usar um instalador de pacotes sem ser o aptitude e etc.).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Start <literal>aptitude</literal> in interactive mode as root.
pt: Arranque o <literal>aptitude</literal> em modo interativo como root.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Type "<literal>u</literal>", "<literal>U</literal>", "<literal>f</literal>" and "<literal>g</literal>" to update and upgrade package list and packages.
pt: Escreva "<literal>u</literal>", "<literal>U</literal>", "<literal>f</literal>" e "<literal>g</literal>" para atualizar a lista de pacotes e atualizar os pacotes.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Type "<literal>l</literal>" to enter the package display limit as "<literal>~i(~R~i|~Rrecommends:~i)</literal>" and type "<literal>M</literal>" over "<literal>Installed Packages</literal>" as auto installed.
pt: Escreva "<literal>l</literal>" para inserir o limite de visualização de pacotes aos "<literal>~i(~R~i|~Recomendados:~i)</literal>" e escreva "<literal>M</literal>" sobre "<literal>Pacotes Instalados</literal>" como auto-instalado.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Type "<literal>l</literal>" to enter the package display limit as "<literal>~prequired|~pimportant|~pstandard|~E</literal>" and type "<literal>m</literal>" over "<literal>Installed Packages</literal>" as manual installed.
pt: Escreva "<literal>l</literal>" para inserir o limite de visualização de pacotes como "<literal>~prequired|~pimportant|~pstandard|~E</literal>" e escreva "<literal>m</literal>" sobre "<literal>Pacotes Instalados</literal>" como instalados manualmente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Type "<literal>l</literal>" to enter the package display limit as "<literal>~i!~M</literal>" and remove unused package by typing "<literal>-</literal>" over each of them after exposing them by typing "<literal>[</literal>" over "<literal>Installed Packages</literal>".
pt: Escreva "<literal>l</literal>" para inserir o limite de visualização de pacotes como "<literal>~i!~M</literal>" e remover pacotes não utilizados ao escrever "<literal>-</literal>" sobre cada um deles após expô-los ao escrever "<literal>[</literal>" sobre "<literal>Pacotes Instalados</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Type "<literal>l</literal>", to enter the package display limit as "<literal>~i</literal>"; then type "<literal>m</literal>" over "<literal>Tasks</literal>", to mark that packages as manual installed.
pt: Escreva "<literal>l</literal>" para inserir o limite de amostragem de pacotes como "<literal>~i</literal>" depois escreva "<literal>m</literal>" sobre "<literal>Tasks</literal>" para marcar esses pacotes como instalados manualmente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Exit <literal>aptitude</literal>.
pt: Termina o <literal>aptitude</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Start "<literal>apt-get -s autoremove|less</literal>" as root to check what are not used.
pt: Inicie "<literal>apt-get -s autoremove|less</literal>" como root para verificar os que não são usados.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Restart <literal>aptitude</literal> in interactive mode and mark needed packages as "<literal>m</literal>".
pt: Reinicie o <literal>aptitude</literal> em modo interativo e marque os pacotes necessários como "<literal>m</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Restart "<literal>apt-get -s autoremove|less</literal>" as root to recheck REMOVED contain only expected packages.
pt: Reinicie o "<literal>apt-get -s autoremove|less</literal>" como root para verificar que o REMOVED contém apenas os pacotes esperados.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Start "<literal>apt-get autoremove|less</literal>" as root to autoremove unused packages.
pt: Arranque "<literal>apt-get autoremove|less</literal>" como root para auto-remover os pacotes não usados.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The "<literal>m</literal>" action over "<literal>Tasks</literal>" is an optional one to prevent mass package removal situation in future.
pt: A opção "<literal>m</literal>" sobre "<literal>Tasks</literal>" é uma opção para prevenir situações de remoção de pacotes em massa no futuro.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: System wide upgrade
pt: atualização total ao sistema

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: When moving to a new release etc, you should consider to perform a clean installation of new system even though Debian is upgradable as described below.  This provides you a chance to remove garbages collected and exposes you to the best combination of latest packages.  Of course, you should make a full backup of system to a safe place (see <xref linkend="_backup_and_recovery"/>) before doing this. I recommend to make a dual boot configuration using different partition to have the smoothest transition.
pt: Quando mover para um novo lançamento etc, deverá considerar fazer uma instalação limpa do novo sistema mesmo a saber que Debian é atualizável como descrito em baixo. Isto dá-lhe a hipótese de remover os lixos coleccionados e expõe-lhe a melhor combinação do pacotes mais recentes. É claro que deverá fazer uma cópia de segurança do sistema para um lugar seguro (veja <xref linkend="_backup_and_recovery"/>) antes de fazer isto. Recomendo fazer uma configuração de duplo arranque a usar partições diferentes para ter a transição mais suave.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can perform system wide upgrade to a newer release by changing contents of <emphasis role="strong">the source list</emphasis> pointing to a new release and running the "<literal>apt update; apt dist-upgrade</literal>" command.
pt: Pode efetuar a atualização de todo o sistema para uma versão mais recente alterando os conteúdos da <emphasis role="strong">lista de fontes</emphasis> apontando para uma nova versão e executando o comando "<literal>apt update; apt dist-upgrade</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: To upgrade from <literal>stable</literal> to <literal>testing</literal> or <literal>unstable</literal> during the <literal>&codename-stable;</literal>-as-<literal>stable</literal> release cycle, you replace "<literal>&codename-stable;</literal>" in <emphasis role="strong">the source list</emphasis> example of <xref linkend="_debian_archive_basics"/> with "<literal>&codename-testing;</literal>" or "<literal>sid</literal>".
pt: Para atualizar de <literal>stable</literal> para <literal>testing</literal> ou <literal>unstable</literal> durante o ciclo de lançamento <literal>&codename-stable;</literal>-as-<literal>stable</literal>, você substitui "<literal>&codename-stable;</literal>" no exemplo <emphasis role="strong">da lista de fontes</emphasis> de <xref linkend="_debian_archive_basics"/> por "<literal>&codename-testing;</literal>" ou "<literal>sid</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: In reality, you may face some complications due to some package transition issues, mostly due to package dependencies.  The larger the difference of the upgrade, the more likely you face larger troubles.  For the transition from the old <literal>stable</literal> to the new <literal>stable</literal> after its release, you can read its new <ulink url="&releasenotes;">Release Notes</ulink> and follow the exact procedure described in it to minimize troubles.
pt: Na realidade, pode enfrentar algumas complicações devido a problemas com a transição de alguns pacotes, na maioria devido a dependências desses pacotes. Quanto maior a diferença da atualização, maior a probabilidade de ter grandes problemas. Para a transição da <literal>stable</literal> antiga à nova <literal>stable</literal> após o lançamento dele, pode ler as novas <ulink url="&releasenotes;">Notas de Lançamento</ulink> dele e seguir o procedimento exacto descrito lá para minimizar problemas.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: When you decide to move from <literal>stable</literal> to <literal>testing</literal> before its formal release, there are no <ulink url="&releasenotes;">Release Notes</ulink> to help you. The difference between <literal>stable</literal> and <literal>testing</literal> could have grown quite large after the previous <literal>stable</literal> release and makes upgrade situation complicated.
pt: Quando decidir mover de <literal>stable</literal> para <literal>testing</literal> antes do lançamento formal dele, não existem <ulink url="&releasenotes;">Notas de Lançamento</ulink> para o ajudar. A diferença entre <literal>stable</literal> e <literal>testing</literal> pode ter crescido bastante após o lançamento <literal>stable</literal> anterior e complicar a situação da atualização.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You should make precautionary moves for the full upgrade while gathering latest information from mailing list and using common senses.
pt: Deve dar passos de precaução para a atualização total enquanto recolhe a informação mais recente da lista de mail e a usar senso comum.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Read previous "Release Notes".
pt: Leia as "Notas de Lançamento" anteriores.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Backup entire system (especially data and configuration information).
pt: Faça cópia de segurança a todo o sistema (especialmente dados e informação de configuração).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Have bootable media handy for broken bootloader.
pt: Tenha um meio de arranque à mão para o caso do gestor de arranque ficar danificado.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Inform users on the system well in advance.
pt: Informe os utilizadores do sistema com bastante antecedência.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Record upgrade activity with <literal>script</literal>(1).
pt: Grave a atividade de atualização com o <literal>script</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Apply "unmarkauto" to required packages, e.g., "<literal>aptitude unmarkauto vim</literal>", to prevent removal.
pt: Para prevenir a remoção aplique "unmarkauto" aos pacotes necessários, p.e., "<literal>aptitude unmarkauto vim</literal>", .

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Minimize installed packages to reduce chance of package conflicts, e.g., remove desktop task packages.
pt: Minimize a quantidade de pacotes instalados para reduzir a hipótese de conflitos de pacotes, p.e., remova os pacotes da tarefas de ambiente de trabalho.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Remove the "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>" file (disable <emphasis role="strong">apt-pinning</emphasis>).
pt: Remova o ficheiro "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>" (desativa <emphasis role="strong">apt-pinning</emphasis>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Try to upgrade step wise: <literal>oldstable</literal> → <literal>stable</literal> → <literal>testing</literal> → <literal>unstable</literal>.
pt: Tente a atualização em passos inteligentes: <literal>oldstable</literal> → <literal>stable</literal> → <literal>testing</literal> → <literal>unstable</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Update <emphasis role="strong">the source list</emphasis> to point to new archive only and run "<literal>aptitude update</literal>".
pt: Atualize <emphasis role="strong">a lista de fontes</emphasis> para apontar apenas para o novo arquivo e execute "<literal>aptitude update</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Install, optionally, new <emphasis role="strong">core packages</emphasis> first, e.g., "<literal>aptitude install perl</literal>".
pt: Instale, opcionalmente, os novos <emphasis role="strong">pacotes de base</emphasis> primeiro, ex., "<literal>aptitude install perl</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Run the "<literal>apt-get -s dist-upgrade</literal>" command to assess impact.
pt: Corra o comando "<literal>apt-get -s dist-upgrade</literal>" para avaliar o impacto.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Run the "<literal>apt-get dist-upgrade</literal>" command at last.
pt: Corra o comando "<literal>apt-get dist-upgrade</literal>" em último lugar.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: It is not wise to skip major Debian release when upgrading between <literal>stable</literal> releases.
pt: Não é sensato saltar grandes lançamentos de Debian quando se atualiza entre lançamentos <literal>stable</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: In previous "Release Notes", GCC, Linux Kernel, initrd-tools, Glibc, Perl, APT tool chain, etc. have required some special attention for system wide upgrade.
pt: Nas "Notas de Lançamento" anteriores, GCC, Linux Kernel, initrd-tools, Glibc, Perl, a cadeia de ferramentas do APT, etc. necessitaram de alguma atenção especial para a atualização geral do sistema.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For daily upgrade in <literal>unstable</literal>, see <xref linkend="_safeguarding_for_package_problems"/>.
pt: Para atualizações diárias em <literal>unstable</literal>, veja <xref linkend="_safeguarding_for_package_problems"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Advanced package management operations
pt: Operações de gestão avançada de pacotes

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Advanced package management operations with commandline
pt: Operações de gestão avançada de pacotes com linha de comandos

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here are list of other package management operations for which <literal>aptitude</literal> is too high-level or lacks required functionalities.
pt: Aqui está uma lista de outras operações de gestão de pacotes para as quais o <literal>aptitude</literal> é de demasiado alto nível ou faltam-lhe funcionalidades necessárias.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of advanced package management operations
pt: Lista de operações de gestão avançada de pacotes

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>COLUMNS=120 dpkg -l <emphasis>package_name_pattern</emphasis></literal>
pt: <literal>COLUMNS=120 dpkg -l <emphasis>padrão_do_nome_de_pacote</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: list status of an installed package for the bug report
pt: lista o estado de um pacote instalado para o relatório de bug

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>dpkg -L <emphasis>package_name</emphasis></literal>
pt: <literal>dpkg -L <emphasis>nome_do_pacote</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: list contents of an installed package
pt: lista o conteúdo de um pacote instalado

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>dpkg -L <emphasis>package_name</emphasis> | egrep '/usr/share/man/man.*/.+'</literal>
pt: <literal>dpkg -L <emphasis>nome_do_pacote</emphasis> | egrep '/usr/share/man/man.*/.+'</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: list manpages for an installed package
pt: lista os manuais para um pacote instalado

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>dpkg -S <emphasis>file_name_pattern</emphasis></literal>
pt: <literal>dpkg -S <emphasis>padrão_do_nome_de_ficheiro</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: list installed packages which have matching file name
pt: lista os pacotes instalados que condizem com o nome de ficheiro

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>apt-file search <emphasis>file_name_pattern</emphasis></literal>
pt: <literal>apt-file search <emphasis>padrão_do_nome_de_ficheiro</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: list packages in archive which have matching file name
pt: lista pacotes no arquivo que condizem com o nome de ficheiro

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>apt-file list <emphasis>package_name_pattern</emphasis></literal>
pt: <literal>apt-file list <emphasis>padrão_do_nome_de_pacote</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: list contents of matching packages in archive
pt: lista os conteúdos dos pacotes que correspondem no arquivo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>dpkg-reconfigure <emphasis>package_name</emphasis></literal>
pt: <literal>dpkg-reconfigure <emphasis>nome_do_pacote</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: reconfigure the exact package
pt: reconfigura o pacote exacto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>dpkg-reconfigure -plow <emphasis>package_name</emphasis></literal>
pt: <literal>dpkg-reconfigure -p=low <emphasis>nome_do_pacote</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: reconfigure the exact package with the most detailed question
pt: reconfigura o pacote exacto com as questões mais detalhadas

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: reconfigure packages from the full screen menu
pt: reconfigura pacotes a partir do menu de ecrã completo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: audit system for partially installed packages
pt: faz auditoria ao sistema por pacotes parcialmente instalados

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: configure all partially installed packages
pt: configura todos os pacotes parcialmente instalados

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>apt-cache policy <emphasis>binary_package_name</emphasis></literal>
pt: <literal>apt-cache policy <emphasis>nome_do_pacote_binário</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: show available version, priority, and archive information of a binary package
pt: mostra a versão disponível, a prioridade e informação de arquivo de um pacote binário

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>apt-cache madison <emphasis>package_name</emphasis></literal>
pt: <literal>apt-cache madison <emphasis>nome_do_pacote</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: show available version, archive information of a package
pt: mostra a versão disponível e informação de arquivo de um pacote

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>apt-cache showsrc <emphasis>binary_package_name</emphasis></literal>
pt: <literal>apt-cache showsrc <emphasis>nome_do_pacote_binário</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: show source package information of a binary package
pt: mostra informação do pacote de código-fonte de um pacote binário

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>apt-get build-dep <emphasis>package_name</emphasis></literal>
pt: <literal>apt-get build-dep <emphasis>nome_do_pacote</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: install required packages to build package
pt: instala os pacotes necessários para compilar pacote

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>aptitude build-dep <emphasis>package_name</emphasis></literal>
pt: <literal>aptitude build-dep <emphasis>nome_do_pacote</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>apt-get source <emphasis>package_name</emphasis></literal>
pt: <literal>apt-get source <emphasis>nome_do_pacote</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: download a source (from standard archive)
pt: descarrega código-fonte (do arquivo standard)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>dget <emphasis>URL for dsc file</emphasis></literal>
pt: <literal>dget <emphasis>URL para ficheiro dsc</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: download a source packages (from other archive)
pt: descarrega um pacote de código-fonte (de outro arquivo)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>dpkg-source -x <emphasis>package_name</emphasis>_<emphasis>version</emphasis>-<emphasis>debian.revision</emphasis>.dsc</literal>
pt: <literal>dpkg-source -x <emphasis>nome_do_pacote</emphasis>_<emphasis>versão</emphasis>-<emphasis>versão_debian</emphasis>.dsc</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: build a source tree from a set of source packages ("<literal>*.orig.tar.gz</literal>" and "<literal>*.debian.tar.gz</literal>"/"<literal>*.diff.gz</literal>")
pt: constrói uma árvore de código-fonte a partir de um conjunto de pacotes de código-fonte ("<literal>*.orig.tar.gz</literal>" e "<literal>*.debian.tar.gz</literal>"/"<literal>*.diff.gz</literal>")

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: build package(s) from a local source tree
pt: compila pacote(s) a partir de uma árvore fonte local

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>make-kpkg kernel_image</literal>
pt: <literal>make-kpkg imagem_de_kernel</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: build a kernel package from a kernel source tree
pt: compila um pacote de kernel a partir de uma árvore fonte de kernel

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>make-kpkg --initrd kernel_image</literal>
pt: <literal>make-kpkg --initrd imagem_de_kernel</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: build a kernel package from a kernel source tree with initramfs enabled
pt: compila um pacote de kernel a partir de uma árvore fonte de kernel com initramfs activa

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>dpkg -i <emphasis>package_name</emphasis>_<emphasis>version</emphasis>-<emphasis>debian.revision</emphasis>_<emphasis>arch</emphasis>.deb</literal>
pt: <literal>dpkg -i <emphasis>nome_pacote</emphasis>_<emphasis>versão</emphasis>-<emphasis>versão_debian</emphasis>_<emphasis>arquitectura</emphasis>.deb</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: install a local package to the system
pt: instalar um pacote local no sistema

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: install a local package to the system, meanwhile try to resolve dependency automatically
pt: instala um pacote local no sistema, entretanto tenta resolver as dependências automaticamente

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>debi <emphasis>package_name</emphasis>_<emphasis>version</emphasis>-<emphasis>debian.revision</emphasis>_<emphasis>arch</emphasis>.dsc</literal>
pt: <literal>debi <emphasis>nome_pacote</emphasis>_<emphasis>versão</emphasis>-<emphasis>versão_debian</emphasis>_<emphasis>arquitectura</emphasis>.dsc</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: install local package(s) to the system
pt: instala pacote(s) locais no sistema

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>dpkg --get-selections '*' &gt;selection.txt</literal>
pt: <literal>dpkg --get-selections '*' &gt;seleção.txt</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: save <literal>dpkg</literal> level package selection state information
pt: guarda a informação de estado de seleção a nível de pacotes do <literal>dpkg</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>dpkg --set-selections &lt;selection.txt</literal>
pt: <literal>dpkg --set-selections &lt;seleção.txt</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: set <literal>dpkg</literal> level package selection state information
pt: define a informação de estado de seleção a nível de pacotes do <literal>dpkg</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>echo <emphasis>package_name</emphasis> hold | dpkg --set-selections</literal>
pt: <literal>echo <emphasis>nome-do-pacote</emphasis> hold | dpkg --set-selections</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: set <literal>dpkg</literal> level package selection state for a package to <emphasis role="strong">hold</emphasis> (equivalent to "<literal>aptitude hold <emphasis>package_name</emphasis></literal>")
pt: define o estado de seleção de pacote ao nível do <literal>dpkg</literal> para <emphasis role="strong">hold</emphasis> (equivalente a "<literal>aptitude hold <emphasis>nome_do_pacote</emphasis></literal>")

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: For a package with the <ulink url="&multiarch;">multi-arch</ulink> feature, you may need to specify the architecture name for some commands.  For example, use "<literal>dpkg -L libglib2.0-0:amd64</literal>" to list contents of the <literal>libglib2.0-0</literal> package for the <literal>amd64</literal> architecture.
pt: Para um pacote com a funcionalidade <ulink url="&multiarch;">multi-arch</ulink>, pode precisar de especificar o nome da arquitectura para alguns comandos. Por exemplo, use "<literal>dpkg -L libglib2.0-0:amd64</literal>" para listar o conteúdo do pacote <literal>libglib2.0-0</literal> para a arquitectura <literal>amd64</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: Lower level package tools such as "<literal>dpkg -i …</literal>" and "<literal>debi …</literal>" should be carefully used by the system administrator.  It does not automatically take care required package dependencies. Dpkg's commandline options "<literal>--force-all</literal>" and similar (see <literal>dpkg</literal>(1)) are intended to be used by experts only.  Using them without fully understanding their effects may break your whole system.
pt: As ferramentas de pacotes de nível mais baixo como "<literal>dpkg -i …</literal>" e "<literal>debi …</literal>" deverão ser utilizadas com cuidado pelo administrador do sistema. Não tomam conta automaticamente das dependências de pacotes necessárias. As opções de linha de comandos do dpkg "<literal>--force-all</literal>" e semelhantes (veja <literal>dpkg</literal>(1)) destinam-se apenas a serem utilizadas por especialistas. Utiliza-las sem o conhecimento total dos seus efeitos pode danificar completamente o seu sistema.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Please note the following.
pt: Por favor note o seguinte:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: All system configuration and installation commands require to be run from root.
pt: Toda a configuração do sistema e comandos de instalação necessitam ser executados pelo root.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Unlike <literal>aptitude</literal> which uses regex (see <xref linkend="_regular_expressions"/>), other package management commands use pattern like shell glob (see <xref linkend="_shell_glob"/>).
pt: A contrário do <literal>aptitude</literal>, que utiliza regex (veja <xref linkend="_regular_expressions"/>), os outros comandos de gestão de pacotes utilizam padrões como a shell glob (veja <xref linkend="_shell_glob"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>apt-file</literal>(1) provided by the <literal>apt-file</literal> package must run "<literal>apt-file update</literal>" in advance.
pt: O <literal>apt-file</literal>(1), é disponibilizado pelo pacote <literal>apt-file</literal>, tem de correr previamente "<literal>apt-file update</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>configure-debian</literal>(8) provided by the <literal>configure-debian</literal> package runs <literal>dpkg-reconfigure</literal>(8) as its backend.
pt: O <literal>configure-debian</literal>(8) disponibilizado pelo pacote <literal>configure-debian</literal> corre o <literal>dpkg-reconfigure</literal>(8) como seu backend.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>dpkg-reconfigure</literal>(8) runs package scripts using <literal>debconf</literal>(1) as its backend.
pt: O <literal>dpkg-reconfigure</literal>(8) corre scripts de pacote a utilizar o <literal>debconf</literal>(1) como o backend dele.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>apt-get build-dep</literal>", "<literal>apt-get source</literal>" and "<literal>apt-cache showsrc</literal>" commands require "<literal>deb-src</literal>" entry in <emphasis role="strong">the source list</emphasis>.
pt: Os comandos "<literal>apt-get build-dep</literal>", "<literal>apt-get source</literal>" e "<literal>apt-cache showsrc</literal>" requerem a entrada "<literal>deb-src</literal>" na <emphasis role="strong">lista de fontes</emphasis>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>dget</literal>(1), <literal>debuild</literal>(1), and <literal>debi</literal>(1) require <literal>devscripts</literal> package.
pt: Os <literal>dget</literal>(1), <literal>debuild</literal>(1) e <literal>debi</literal>(1) necessitam do pacote <literal>devscripts</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: See (re)packaging procedure using "<literal>apt-get source</literal>" in <xref linkend="_porting_a_package_to_the_stable_system"/>.
pt: Veja o procedimento de (re)empacotamento a utilizar "<literal>apt-get source</literal>" em <xref linkend="_porting_a_package_to_the_stable_system"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>make-kpkg</literal> command requires the <literal>kernel-package</literal> package (see <xref linkend="_the_kernel"/>).
pt: O comando <literal>make-kpkg</literal> necessita do pacote <literal>kernel-package</literal> (veja <xref linkend="_the_kernel"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: See <xref linkend="_making_debian_package"/> for general packaging.
pt: Para empacotamento em geral veja <xref linkend="_making_debian_package"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Verification of installed package files
pt: Verificação dos ficheiros pacotes instalados

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The installation of <literal>debsums</literal> enables verification of installed package files against MD5sum values in the "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/*.md5sums</literal>" file with <literal>debsums</literal>(1).  See <xref linkend="_the_md5_sum"/> for how MD5sum works.
pt: A instalação de <literal>debsums</literal> permite a verificação dos ficheiros dos pacotes instalados contra valores MD5sum do ficheiro "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/*.md5sums</literal>" com <literal>debsums</literal>(1). Para saber como o MD5sum funciona veja <xref linkend="_the_md5_sum"/> .

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: Because MD5sum database may be tampered by the intruder, <literal>debsums</literal>(1) is of limited use as a security tool. It is only good for checking local modifications by the administrator or damage due to media errors.
pt: Como a base de dados MD5sum pode ser adulterada por um intruso, o <literal>debsums</literal>(1) é uma ferramenta de segurança de utilização limitada. É bom apenas para verificar modificações locais pelo administrador ou danos devido a erros de media.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Safeguarding for package problems
pt: Salvaguardar para problemas de pacotes

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Many users prefer to follow the <emphasis role="strong">testing</emphasis> (or <emphasis role="strong">unstable</emphasis>) releases of the Debian system for its new features and packages.  This makes the system more prone to be hit by the critical package bugs.
pt: Muito utilizadores preferem seguir o lançamento <emphasis role="strong">testing</emphasis> (or <emphasis role="strong">unstable</emphasis>) do sistema Debian pelas suas novas funcionalidades e pacotes. Isto torna o sistema permeável a bugs críticos dos pacotes.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The installation of the <literal>apt-listbugs</literal> package safeguards your system against critical bugs by checking Debian BTS automatically for critical bugs when upgrading with APT system.
pt: A instalação do pacote <literal>apt-listbugs</literal> salvaguarda o seu sistema contra bugs críticos ao verificar automaticamente o Debian BTS por bugs críticos quando fizer atualizações com o sistema APT.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The installation of the <literal>apt-listchanges</literal> package provides important news in "<literal>NEWS.Debian</literal>" when upgrading with APT system.
pt: A instalação do pacote <literal>apt-listchanges</literal> disponibiliza notícias importantes de "<literal>NEWS.Debian</literal>" ao atualizar com o sistema APT.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Searching on the package meta data
pt: Procurar nos meta-dados do pacote

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Although visiting Debian site <ulink url="&httpspackagesdebianorg;">https://packages.debian.org/</ulink> facilitates easy ways to search on the package meta data these days, let's look into more traditional ways.
pt: Embora hoje em dia visitar o site Debian <ulink url="&httpspackagesdebianorg;">https://packages.debian.org/</ulink> facilite a busca nos meta-dados do pacote, vamos ver modos mais tradicionais.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <literal>grep-dctrl</literal>(1), <literal>grep-status</literal>(1), and <literal>grep-available</literal>(1) commands can be used to search any file which has the general format of a Debian package control file.
pt: Os comandos <literal>grep-dctrl</literal>(1), <literal>grep-status</literal>(1) e <literal>grep-available</literal>(1) podem ser utilizados para procurar qualquer ficheiro que tenha o formato geral de um ficheiro de controle de pacote Debian.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The "<literal>dpkg -S <emphasis>file_name_pattern</emphasis></literal>" can be used to search package names which contain files with the matching name installed by <literal>dpkg</literal>.  But this overlooks files created by the maintainer scripts.
pt: "<literal>dpkg -S <emphasis>padrão_de_nome_de_ficheiro</emphasis></literal>" pode ser utilizado para procurar nomes de pacotes instalados pelo <literal>dpkg</literal>que contenham ficheiros com o nome coincidente. Mas isto não vê os ficheiros criados pelo script do responsável do pacote.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you need to make more elaborate search on the dpkg meta data, you need to run "<literal>grep -e regex_pattern *</literal>" command in the "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/</literal>" directory.  This makes you search words mentioned in package scripts and installation query texts.
pt: Se necessitar de fazer uma busca mais elaborada nos meta-dados do dpkg, necessita executar o comando "<literal>grep -e padrão_de_expressão_regular *</literal>" no diretório "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/</literal>". Isto fá-lo procurar as palavras mencionadas nos scripts dos pacotes e nos textos de questões de instalação.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you wish to look up package dependency recursively, you should use <literal>apt-rdepends</literal>(8).
pt: Se desejar procurar, recursivamente, as dependências de pacotes, deverá utilizar o <literal>apt-rdepends</literal>(8).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Debian package management internals
pt: Os interiores da gestão de pacotes Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Let's learn how the Debian package management system works internally.  This should help you to create your own solution to some package problems.
pt: Vamos aprender como o sistema de gestão de pacotes Debian funciona internamente. Isto deverá ajudá-lo a criar a sua própria solução para alguns problemas com pacotes.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Archive meta data
pt: Meta dados do arquivo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Meta data files for each distribution are stored under "<literal>dist/<emphasis>codename</emphasis></literal>" on each Debian mirror sites, e.g., "<literal>http://deb.debian.org/debian/</literal>".  Its archive structure can be browsed by the web browser. There are 6 types of key meta data.
pt: Os ficheiros de meta-dados para cada distribuição são armazenados sob "<literal>dist/<emphasis>nome-de_código</emphasis></literal>" em cada site mirror Debian, p.e., "<literal>http://deb.debian.org/debian/</literal>". A estrutura de arquivo dele pode ser explorada com um navegador web. Existem 6 tipos de meta-dados chave.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: The content of the Debian archive meta data
pt: O conteúdo dos meta dados do arquivo Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: location
pt: localização

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: top of distribution
pt: topo da distribuição

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: archive description and integrity information
pt: descrição do arquivo e informação de integridade

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: signature file for the "<literal>Release</literal>" file signed with the archive key
pt: ficheiro de assinatura para o ficheiro "<literal>Release</literal>" assinado com a chave do arquivo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: list of all files for all the packages in the pertinent archive
pt: lista de todos os ficheiros para todos os pacotes no arquivo pertinente

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: top of each distribution/area/architecture combination
pt: topo de cada combinação de distribuição/área/arquitectura

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: archive description used for the rule of <literal>apt_preferences</literal>(5)
pt: descrição do arquivo utilizada para a regra do <literal>apt_preferences</literal>(5)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: top of each distribution/area/binary-architecture combination
pt: topo de cada combinação de distribuição/área/arquitectura-binário

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: concatenated <literal>debian/control</literal> for binary packages
pt: <literal>debian/control</literal> concatenado para pacotes binários

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: top of each distribution/area/source combination
pt: topo de cada combinação de distribuição/área/fonte

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: concatenated <literal>debian/control</literal> for source packages
pt: <literal>debian/control</literal> concatenado para pacotes fonte

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: In the recent archive, these meta data are stored as the compressed and differential files to reduce network traffic.
pt: No arquivo recente, estes meta-dados são armazenados como ficheiros diferenciais e comprimidos para reduzir o tráfego de rede.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Top level "Release" file and authenticity
pt: Ficheiro "Release" de nível de topo e autenticidade:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: The top level "<literal>Release</literal>" file is used for signing the archive under the <emphasis role="strong">secure APT</emphasis> system.
pt: O ficheiro "<literal>Release</literal>" no nível de topo é usado para assinar o arquivo sob o sistema <emphasis role="strong">secure APT</emphasis>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Each suite of the Debian archive has a top level "<literal>Release</literal>" file, e.g., "<literal>http://deb.debian.org/debian/dists/unstable/Release</literal>", as follows.
pt: Cada suite do arquivo Debian tem um ficheiro "<literal>Release</literal>" no nível de topo, p.e., "<literal>http://deb.debian.org/debian/dists/unstable/Release</literal>", como o seguinte:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: Here, you can find my rationale to use the "suite", and "codename" in <xref linkend="_debian_archive_basics"/>.  The "distribution" is used when referring to both "suite" and "codename".  All archive "area" names offered by the archive are listed under "Components".
pt: Aqui, pode encontrar a minha lógica de utilizar "suite" e "nome de código" em <xref linkend="_debian_archive_basics"/>. A "distribuição" é usada quando se refere a ambos "suite" e "nome de código". Todos os nomes de "áreas" do arquivo oferecidos pelo arquivo são listados sob "Componentes".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The integrity of the top level "<literal>Release</literal>" file is verified by cryptographic infrastructure called the <ulink url="&secureapt;">secure apt</ulink> as described in <literal>apt-secure</literal>(8).
pt: A integridade do ficheiro de nível superior "<literal>Release</literal>" é verificada por uma infraestrutura criptográfica denominada <ulink url="&secureapt;">apt seguro</ulink>, tal como descrito em <literal>apt-secure</literal>(8).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The cryptographic signature file "<literal>Release.gpg</literal>" is created from the authentic top level "<literal>Release</literal>" file and the secret Debian archive key.
pt: O ficheiro de assinatura criptográfica "<literal>Release.gpg</literal>" é criado a partir do ficheiro "<literal>Release</literal>" de nível de topo autenticado e da chave secreta do arquivo Debian.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The public Debian archive keys are locally installed by the latest <literal>debian-archive-keyring</literal> package.
pt: As chaves públicas do arquivo Debian são instaladas localmente pelo último pacote <literal>debian-archive-keyring</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The <emphasis role="strong">secure APT</emphasis> system automatically verifies the integrity of the downloaded top level "<literal>Release</literal>" file cryptographically by this "<literal>Release.gpg</literal>" file and the locally installed public Debian archive keys.
pt: O sistema <emphasis role="strong">APT seguro</emphasis> verifica automaticamente a integridade do ficheiro de nível superior descarregado "<literal>Release</literal>" criptograficamente através deste ficheiro "<literal>Release.gpg</literal>" e das chaves públicas do arquivo Debian instaladas localmente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The integrity of all the "<literal>Packages</literal>" and "<literal>Sources</literal>" files are verified by using MD5sum values in its top level "<literal>Release</literal>" file.  The integrity of all package files are verified by using MD5sum values in the "<literal>Packages</literal>" and "<literal>Sources</literal>" files.  See <literal>debsums</literal>(1) and <xref linkend="_verification_of_installed_package_files"/>.
pt: A integridade de todos os ficheiros "<literal>Packages</literal>" e "<literal>Sources</literal>" é verificada a utilizar valores MD5sum do ficheiro "<literal>Release</literal>" de nível de topo. A integridade de todos os ficheiros de pacotes é verificada a utilizar valores MD5sum nos ficheiros "<literal>Packages</literal>" e "<literal>Sources</literal>" Veja <literal>debsums</literal>(1) e <xref linkend="_verification_of_installed_package_files"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Since the cryptographic signature verification is a much more CPU intensive process than the MD5sum value calculation, use of MD5sum value for each package while using cryptographic signature for the top level "<literal>Release</literal>" file provides <ulink url="&thegoodsecuritywththeperformance;">the good security with the performance</ulink> (see <xref linkend="_data_security_infrastructure"/>).
pt: Como a verificação de assinatura criptográfica é um processo muito mais intenso para a CPU do que o cálculo de valor MD5sum, a utilização de valores MD5sum para cada pacote enquanto se utiliza assinatura criptográfica para o ficheiro "<literal>Release</literal>" de nível de topo disponibiliza <ulink url="&thegoodsecuritywththeperformance;">boa segurança com desempenho</ulink> (veja <xref linkend="_data_security_infrastructure"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If <emphasis role="strong">the source list</emphasis> entry specifies the "<literal>signed-by</literal>" option, the integrity of its downloaded top level "<literal>Release</literal>" file is verified using specified public key. This is useful when <emphasis role="strong">the source list</emphasis> contains non-Debian archives.
pt: Se a entrada da <emphasis role="strong">lista de fontes</emphasis> especificar a opção "<literal>signed-by</literal>", a integridade do seu ficheiro de nível superior "<literal>Release</literal>" descarregado é verificada usando a chave pública especificada. Isto é útil quando <emphasis role="strong">a lista de fontes</emphasis> contém arquivos não-Debian.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: The use of <literal>apt-key</literal>(8) command for APT key management is deprecated.
pt: A utilização do comando <literal>apt-key</literal>(8) para a gestão de chaves APT está obsoleta.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Also, you can manually verify the integrity of the "<literal>Release</literal>" file with the "<literal>Release.gpg</literal>" file and the public Debian archive key posted on <ulink url="&ftpmasterdebianorg;">ftp-master.debian.org</ulink> using <literal>gpg</literal>.
pt: Além disso, pode verificar manualmente a integridade do ficheiro "<literal>Release</literal>" com o ficheiro "<literal>Release.gpg</literal>" e a chave pública do arquivo Debian colocada em <ulink url="&ftpmasterdebianorg;">ftp-master.debian.org</ulink> utilizando o <literal>gpg</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Archive level "Release" files
pt: Ficheiros "Release" do nível de arquivo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: The archive level "<literal>Release</literal>" files are used for the rule of <literal>apt_preferences</literal>(5).
pt: Os ficheiros "<literal>Release</literal>" do nível de arquivo são utilizados para a regra do <literal>apt_preferences</literal>(5).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There are archive level "<literal>Release</literal>" files for all archive locations specified by <emphasis role="strong">the source list</emphasis>, such as "<literal>http://deb.debian.org/debian/dists/unstable/main/binary-amd64/Release</literal>" or "<literal>http://deb.debian.org/debian/dists/sid/main/binary-amd64/Release</literal>" as follows.
pt: Existem ficheiros "<literal>Release</literal>" de nível de arquivo para todas as localizações de arquivo especificadas pela <emphasis role="strong">lista de fontes</emphasis>, como "<literal>http://deb.debian.org/debian/dists/unstable/main/binary-amd64/Release</literal>" ou "<literal>http://deb.debian.org/debian/dists/sid/main/binary-amd64/Release</literal>", como se segue.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: For "<literal>Archive:</literal>" stanza, suite names ("<literal>stable</literal>", "<literal>testing</literal>", "<literal>unstable</literal>", …) are used in <ulink url="&thedebianarchive;">the Debian archive</ulink> while codenames ("<literal>trusty</literal>", "<literal>xenial</literal>", "<literal>artful</literal>", …) are used in <ulink url="&theubuntuarchive;">the Ubuntu archive</ulink>.
pt: Para a estrofe "<literal>Archive:</literal>" são utilizados os nomes de suite ("<literal>stable</literal>", "<literal>testing</literal>" e "<literal>unstable</literal>", …) no <ulink url="&thedebianarchive;">arquivo Debian</ulink> enquanto que os nomes de código ("<literal>trusty</literal>", "<literal>xenial</literal>", "<literal>artful</literal>", …) são utilizados no <ulink url="&theubuntuarchive;">arquivo Ubuntu</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For some archives, such as <literal>experimental</literal>, and <literal>&codename-stable;-backports</literal>, which contain packages which should not be installed automatically, there is an extra line, e.g., "<literal>http://deb.debian.org/debian/dists/experimental/main/binary-amd64/Release</literal>" as follows.
pt: Para alguns arquivos, tais como <literal>experimental</literal> e <literal>&codename-stable;-backports</literal>, que contêm pacotes que não devem ser instalados automaticamente, existe uma linha extra, p.e., "<literal>http://deb.debian.org/debian/dists/experimental/main/binary-amd64/Release</literal>" como a seguir.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Please note that for normal archives without "<literal>NotAutomatic: yes</literal>", the default Pin-Priority value is 500, while for special archives with "<literal>NotAutomatic: yes</literal>", the default Pin-Priority value is 1 (see <literal>apt_preferences</literal>(5) and <xref linkend="_tweaking_candidate_version"/>).
pt: Por favor note que para arquivos normais sem "<literal>NotAutomatic: yes</literal>", o valor Pin-Priority predefinido é 500, enquanto que para arquivos especiais com "<literal>NotAutomatic: yes</literal>", o valor Pin-Priority predefinido é 1 (veja <literal>apt_preferences</literal>(5) e <xref linkend="_tweaking_candidate_version"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Fetching of the meta data for the package
pt: Obter os meta dados do pacote

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: When APT tools, such as <literal>aptitude</literal>, <literal>apt-get</literal>, <literal>synaptic</literal>, <literal>apt-file</literal>, <literal>auto-apt</literal>, … are used, we need to update the local copies of the meta data containing the Debian archive information. These local copies have following file names corresponding to the specified <literal>distribution</literal>, <literal>area</literal>, and <literal>architecture</literal> names in <emphasis role="strong">the source list</emphasis> (see <xref linkend="_debian_archive_basics"/>).
pt: Quando são utilizadas ferramentas APT, tais como <literal>aptitude</literal>, <literal>apt-get</literal>, <literal>synaptic</literal>, <literal>apt-file</literal>, <literal>auto-apt</literal>, ..., nós precisamos de atualizar as cópias locais dos meta dados que contêm a informação do arquivo Debian. Estas cópias locais têm os seguintes nomes de ficheiros correspondentes à <literal>distribution</literal> especificada , <literal>area</literal>, e nomes de <literal>architecture</literal> na <emphasis role="strong">lista de fontes</emphasis> (veja <xref linkend="_debian_archive_basics"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/var/lib/apt/lists/deb.debian.org_debian_dists_<emphasis>distribution</emphasis>_Release</literal>"
pt: "<literal>/var/lib/apt/lists/deb.debian.org_debian_dists_<emphasis>distribuição</emphasis>_Release</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/var/lib/apt/lists/deb.debian.org_debian_dists_<emphasis>distribution</emphasis>_Release.gpg</literal>"
pt: "<literal>/var/lib/apt/lists/deb.debian.org_debian_dists_<emphasis>distribuição</emphasis>_Release.gpg</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/var/lib/apt/lists/deb.debian.org_debian_dists_<emphasis>distribution</emphasis>_<emphasis>area</emphasis>_binary-<emphasis>architecture</emphasis>_Packages</literal>"
pt: "<literal>/var/lib/apt/lists/deb.debian.org_debian_dists_<emphasis>distribuição</emphasis>_<emphasis>área</emphasis>_binário-<emphasis>arquitectura</emphasis>_Packages</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/var/lib/apt/lists/deb.debian.org_debian_dists_<emphasis>distribution</emphasis>_<emphasis>area</emphasis>_source_Sources</literal>"
pt: "<literal>/var/lib/apt/lists/deb.debian.org_debian_dists_<emphasis>distribuição</emphasis>_<emphasis>área</emphasis>_fonte_Sources</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/var/cache/apt/apt-file/deb.debian.org_debian_dists_<emphasis>distribution</emphasis>_Contents-<emphasis>architecture</emphasis>.gz</literal>" (for <literal>apt-file</literal>)
pt: "<literal>/var/cache/apt/apt-file/deb.debian.org_debian_dists_<emphasis>distribuição</emphasis>_Contents-<emphasis>arquitectura</emphasis>.gz</literal>" (para o <literal>apt-file</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: First 4 types of files are shared by all the pertinent APT commands and updated from command line by "<literal>apt-get update</literal>" or "<literal>aptitude update</literal>".  The "<literal>Packages</literal>" meta data are updated if the "<literal>deb</literal>" is specified in <emphasis role="strong">the source list</emphasis>. The "<literal>Sources</literal>" meta data are updated if the "<literal>deb-src</literal>" is specified in <emphasis role="strong">the source list</emphasis>.
pt: Os primeiros 4 tipos de ficheiros são partilhados por todos os comandos APT pertinentes e atualizados a partir da linha de comandos por "<literal>apt-get update</literal>" ou "<literal>aptitude update</literal>".  Os meta dados "<literal>Packages</literal>" são atualizados se o "<literal>deb</literal>" for especificado na <emphasis role="strong">lista de fontes</emphasis>. Os meta dados "<literal>Sources</literal>" são atualizados se o "<literal>deb-src</literal>" for especificado na <emphasis role="strong">lista de fontes</emphasis>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The "<literal>Packages</literal>" and "<literal>Sources</literal>" meta data contain "<literal>Filename:</literal>" stanza pointing to the file location of the binary and source packages.  Currently, these packages are located under the "<literal>pool/</literal>" directory tree for the improved transition over the releases.
pt: Os meta-dados "<literal>Packages</literal>" e "<literal>Sources</literal>" contêm a estrofe "<literal>Filename:</literal>" que aponta à localização de ficheiro dos pacotes binários e de código-fonte. atualmente, estes pacotes estão localizados sob a árvore de diretórios "<literal>pool/</literal>" para a transição melhorada através dos lançamentos.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Local copies of "<literal>Packages</literal>" meta data can be interactively searched with the help of <literal>aptitude</literal>.  The specialized search command <literal>grep-dctrl</literal>(1) can search local copies of "<literal>Packages</literal>" and "<literal>Sources</literal>" meta data.
pt: As cópias locais dos meta-dados "<literal>Packages</literal>" podem ser pesquisadas interativamente com a ajuda do <literal>aptitude</literal>. O comando de procura especializada <literal>grep-dctrl</literal>(1) pode pesquisar as cópias locais dos meta-dados "<literal>Packages</literal>" e "<literal>Sources</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Local copy of "<literal>Contents-<emphasis>architecture</emphasis></literal>" meta data can be updated by "<literal>apt-file update</literal>" and its location is different from other 4 ones. See <literal>apt-file</literal>(1). (The <literal>auto-apt</literal> uses different location for local copy of "<literal>Contents-<emphasis>architecture</emphasis>.gz</literal>" as default.)
pt: A cópia local dos meta-dados "<literal>Contents-<emphasis>arquitectura</emphasis></literal>" pode ser atualizada pelo "<literal>apt-file update</literal>" e a localização dele é diferente dos outros 4. Veja <literal>apt-file</literal>(1). (O <literal>auto-apt</literal> utiliza localização diferente para a cópia local de "<literal>Contents-<emphasis>arquitectura</emphasis>.gz</literal>" por predefinição.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The package state for APT
pt: O estado dos pacote para o APT

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: In addition to the remotely fetched meta data, the APT tool after <literal>lenny</literal> stores its locally generated installation state information in the "<literal>/var/lib/apt/extended_states</literal>" which is used by all APT tools to track all auto installed packages.
pt: Além dos meta-dados obtidos remotamente, a ferramenta APT após o <literal>lenny</literal> armazena a informação de estado de instalação dela gerada localmente em "<literal>/var/lib/apt/extended_states</literal>" que é utilizada por todas as ferramentas do APT para seguirem todos os pacotes auto-instalados.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The package state for aptitude
pt: O estado de pacotes para o aptitude

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: In addition to the remotely fetched meta data, the <literal>aptitude</literal> command stores its locally generated installation state information in the "<literal>/var/lib/aptitude/pkgstates</literal>" which is used only by it.
pt: Além aos meta-dados obtidos remotamente, o <literal>aptitude</literal> armazena a sua informação de estado de instalação gerada localmente em "<literal>/var/lib/aptitude/pkgstates</literal>" que é usada apenas pelo próprio.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Local copies of the fetched packages
pt: Copias locais dos pacotes obtidos

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: All the remotely fetched packages via APT mechanism are stored in the "<literal>/var/cache/apt/archives</literal>" until they are cleaned.
pt: Todos os pacotes obtidos remotamente através do mecanismo APT são armazenados em "<literal>/var/cache/apt/archives</literal>" até que sejam limpos.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This cache file cleaning policy for <literal>aptitude</literal> can be set under "<literal>Options</literal>" → "<literal>Preferences</literal>" and it may be forced by its menu "<literal>Clean package cache</literal>" or "<literal>Clean obsolete files</literal>" under "<literal>Actions</literal>".
pt: Esta politica de limpeza de ficheiros de cache para o <literal>aptitude</literal> pode ser definida em "<literal>Opções</literal>" → "<literal>Preferências</literal>" e pode ser forçada pelo seu menu "<literal>Limpar cache de pacotes</literal>" ou "<literal>Limpar ficheiros obsoletos</literal>" em "<literal>Acções</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Debian package file names
pt: Nomes de ficheiros de pacotes Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Debian package files have particular name structures.
pt: Ficheiros de pacotes Debian têm estruturas de nomes particulares.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: The name structure of Debian packages
pt: A estrutura de nomes dos pacotes Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: package type
pt: tipo de pacote

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: name structure
pt: estrutura de nomes

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: The binary package (a.k.a <literal>deb</literal>)
pt: O pacote binário (a.k.a <literal>deb</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal><emphasis>package-name</emphasis>_<emphasis>upstream-version</emphasis>-<emphasis>debian.revision</emphasis>_<emphasis>architecture</emphasis>.deb</literal>
pt: <literal><emphasis>nome_de_pacote</emphasis>_<emphasis>versão_upstream</emphasis>-<emphasis>versão-debian</emphasis>_<emphasis>arquitetura</emphasis>.deb</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: The binary package for debian-installer (a.k.a <literal>udeb</literal>)
pt: O pacote binário para debian-installer (a.k.a <literal>udeb</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal><emphasis>package-name</emphasis>_<emphasis>upstream-version</emphasis>-<emphasis>debian.revision</emphasis>_<emphasis>architecture</emphasis>.udeb</literal>
pt: <literal><emphasis>nome_de_pacote</emphasis>_<emphasis>versão_upstream</emphasis>-<emphasis>versão-debian</emphasis>_<emphasis>arquitetura</emphasis>.udeb</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: The source package (upstream source)
pt: O pacote fonte (código-fonte atual)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal><emphasis>package-name</emphasis>_<emphasis>upstream-version</emphasis>-<emphasis>debian.revision</emphasis>.orig.tar.gz</literal>
pt: <literal><emphasis>nome_de_pacote</emphasis>_<emphasis>versão_upstream</emphasis>-<emphasis>versão-debian</emphasis>.orig.tar.gz</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: The <literal>1.0</literal> source package (Debian changes)
pt: O pacote de código-fonte <literal>1.0</literal> (alterações do Debian)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal><emphasis>package-name</emphasis>_<emphasis>upstream-version</emphasis>-<emphasis>debian.revision</emphasis>.diff.gz</literal>
pt: <literal><emphasis>nome_de_pacote</emphasis>_<emphasis>versão_upstream</emphasis>-<emphasis>versão-debian</emphasis>.diff.gz</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: The <literal>3.0 (quilt)</literal> source package (Debian changes)
pt: O pacote de código-fonte <literal>3.0 (quilt)</literal> (alterações do Debian)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal><emphasis>package-name</emphasis>_<emphasis>upstream-version</emphasis>-<emphasis>debian.revision</emphasis>.debian.tar.gz</literal>
pt: <literal><emphasis>nome_de_pacote</emphasis>_<emphasis>versão_upstream</emphasis>-<emphasis>versão-debian</emphasis>.debian.tar.gz</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: The source package (description)
pt: O pacote de código-fonte (descrição)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal><emphasis>package-name</emphasis>_<emphasis>upstream-version</emphasis>-<emphasis>debian.revision</emphasis>.dsc</literal>
pt: <literal><emphasis>nome_do_pacote</emphasis>_<emphasis>versão_upstream</emphasis>-<emphasis>versão-debian</emphasis>.dsc</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Here only the basic source package formats are described.  See more on <literal>dpkg-source</literal>(1).
pt: Aqui apenas são descritos formatos de pacote fonte básicos. Veja mais em <literal>dpkg-source</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: The usable characters for each component in the Debian package names
pt: Os caracteres utilizáveis para cada componente nos nomes de pacotes Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: name component
pt: componente do nome

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: usable characters (ERE regex)
pt: caracteres utilizáveis (ERE regex)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: existence
pt: existência

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal><emphasis>package-name</emphasis></literal>
pt: <literal><emphasis>nome-do-pacote</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: required
pt: necessário

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: optional
pt: opcional

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal><emphasis>upstream-version</emphasis></literal>
pt: <literal><emphasis>versão-upstream</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal><emphasis>debian.revision</emphasis></literal>
pt: <literal><emphasis>versão.debian</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: You can check package version order by <literal>dpkg</literal>(1), e.g., "<literal>dpkg --compare-versions 7.0 gt 7.~pre1 ; echo $?</literal>" .
pt: Pode verificar a ordem da versão de pacotes com o <literal>dpkg</literal>(1), p.e., "<literal>dpkg --compare-versions 7.0 gt 7.~pre1 ; echo $?</literal>" .

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: <ulink url="&thedebianinstallerdi;">The debian-installer (d-i)</ulink> uses <literal>udeb</literal> as the file extension for its binary package instead of normal <literal>deb</literal>.  An <literal>udeb</literal> package is a stripped down <literal>deb</literal> package which removes few non-essential contents such as documentation to save space while relaxing the package policy requirements.  Both <literal>deb</literal> and <literal>udeb</literal> packages share the same package structure.  The "<literal>u</literal>" stands for micro.
pt: <ulink url="&thedebianinstallerdi;">O  debian-installer (d-i)</ulink> utiliza <literal>udeb</literal> como a extensão de ficheiro para o pacote binário dele em vez do normal <literal>deb</literal>. Um pacote <literal>udeb</literal> é um pacote <literal>deb</literal> despido que remove alguns conteúdos não essenciais como a documentação para poupar espaço enquanto relaxa os requisitos de política do pacote. Ambos os pacotes <literal>deb</literal> e <literal>udeb</literal> partilham a mesma estrutura de pacote. O "<literal>u</literal>" significa micro.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The dpkg command
pt: O comando dpkg

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <literal>dpkg</literal>(1) is the lowest level tool for the Debian package management.  This is very powerful and needs to be used with care.
pt: <literal>dpkg</literal>(1) é a ferramenta de mais baixo nível para a gestão de pacotes Debian. É muito poderosa e tem que ser utilizada com cuidado.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: While installing package called "<literal><emphasis>package_name</emphasis></literal>", <literal>dpkg</literal> process it in the following order.
pt: Enquanto instala o pacote chamado "<literal><emphasis>package_name</emphasis></literal>", o <literal>dpkg</literal> processa-o na seguinte ordem.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Unpack the deb file ("<literal>ar -x</literal>" equivalent)
pt: Desempacota o ficheiro deb (equivalente a "<literal>ar -x</literal>")

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Execute "<literal><emphasis>package_name</emphasis>.preinst</literal>" using <literal>debconf</literal>(1)
pt: Executa "<literal><emphasis>nome_de_pacote</emphasis>.preinst</literal>" a utilizar o <literal>debconf</literal>(1)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Install the package content to the system ("<literal>tar -x</literal>" equivalent)
pt: Instala o conteúdo do pacote no sistema (equivalente a "<literal>tar -x</literal>")

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Execute "<literal><emphasis>package_name</emphasis>.postinst</literal>" using <literal>debconf</literal>(1)
pt: Executa "<literal><emphasis>nome_de_pacote</emphasis>.postinst</literal>" a utilizar o <literal>debconf</literal>(1)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <literal>debconf</literal> system provides standardized user interaction with I18N and L10N (<xref linkend="_i18n_and_l10n"/>) supports.
pt: O sistema <literal>debconf</literal> disponibiliza interacção standard com o utilizador com suporte de I18N e L10N (<xref linkend="_i18n_and_l10n"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: The notable files created by <literal>dpkg</literal>
pt: Ficheiros notáveis criados pelo <literal>dpkg</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: description of contents
pt: descrição dos conteúdos

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/<emphasis>package_name</emphasis>.conffiles</literal>
pt: <literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/<emphasis>nome_do_pacote</emphasis>.conffiles</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: list of configuration files. (user modifiable)
pt: lista de ficheiros de configuração. (modificável pelo utilizador)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/<emphasis>package_name</emphasis>.list</literal>
pt: <literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/<emphasis>nome_do_pacote</emphasis>.list</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: list of files and directories installed by the package
pt: lista de ficheiros e diretórios instalados pelo pacote

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/<emphasis>package_name</emphasis>.md5sums</literal>
pt: <literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/<emphasis>nome_do_pacote</emphasis>.md5sums</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: list of MD5 hash values for files installed by the package
pt: lista de valores de hash MD5 para os ficheiros instalados pelo pacote

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/<emphasis>package_name</emphasis>.preinst</literal>
pt: <literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/<emphasis>nome_do_pacote</emphasis>.preinst</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: package script to be run before the package installation
pt: script de pacote para ser executado antes da instalação do pacote

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/<emphasis>package_name</emphasis>.postinst</literal>
pt: <literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/<emphasis>nome_do_pacote</emphasis>.postinst</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: package script to be run after the package installation
pt: script de pacote para ser executado após a instalação do pacote

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/<emphasis>package_name</emphasis>.prerm</literal>
pt: <literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/<emphasis>nome_do_pacote</emphasis>.prerm</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: package script to be run before the package removal
pt: script de pacote para ser executado antes da remoção do pacote

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/<emphasis>package_name</emphasis>.postrm</literal>
pt: <literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/<emphasis>nome_do_pacote</emphasis>.postrm</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: package script to be run after the package removal
pt: script de pacote para ser executado após a remoção do pacote

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/<emphasis>package_name</emphasis>.config</literal>
pt: <literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/<emphasis>nome_do_pacote</emphasis>.config</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: package script for <literal>debconf</literal> system
pt: script de pacote para o sistema <literal>debconf</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>/var/lib/dpkg/alternatives/<emphasis>package_name</emphasis></literal>
pt: <literal>/var/lib/dpkg/alternatives/<emphasis>nome_do_pacote</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: the alternative information used by the <literal>update-alternatives</literal> command
pt: a informação alternativa usada pelo comando <literal>update-alternatives</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: the availability information for all the package
pt: a informação de disponibilidade para todos os pacotes

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: the diversions information used by <literal>dpkg</literal>(1) and set by <literal>dpkg-divert</literal>(8)
pt: a informação de diversões usadas pelo <literal>dpkg</literal>(1) e definidas por <literal>dpkg-divert</literal>(8)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: the stat override information used by <literal>dpkg</literal>(1) and set by <literal>dpkg-statoverride</literal>(8)
pt: a informação de sobreposição de estado usada pelo <literal>dpkg</literal>(1) e definida por <literal>dpkg-statoverride</literal>(8)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: the status information for all the packages
pt: a informação de estado para todos os pacotes

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: the first-generation backup of the "<literal>var/lib/dpkg/status</literal>" file
pt: o backup de primeira geração do ficheiro "<literal>var/lib/dpkg/status</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: the second-generation backup and older ones of the "<literal>var/lib/dpkg/status</literal>" file
pt: o backup de segunda geração e os mais antigos do ficheiro "<literal>var/lib/dpkg/status</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The "<literal>status</literal>" file is also used by the tools such as <literal>dpkg</literal>(1), "<literal>dselect update</literal>" and "<literal>apt-get -u dselect-upgrade</literal>".
pt: O ficheiro "<literal>status</literal>" também é utilizado por ferramentas como o <literal>dpkg</literal>(1), o "<literal>dselect update</literal>" e o "<literal>apt-get -u dselect-upgrade</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The specialized search command <literal>grep-dctrl</literal>(1) can search the local copies of "<literal>status</literal>" and "<literal>available</literal>" meta data.
pt: O comando especializado de busca <literal>grep-dctrl</literal>(1) pode procurar as cópias locais dos meta dados "<literal>status</literal>" e "<literal>available</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: In <ulink url="&thedebianinstaller;">the debian-installer</ulink> environment, the <literal>udpkg</literal> command is used to open <literal>udeb</literal> packages.  The <literal>udpkg</literal> command is a stripped down version of the <literal>dpkg</literal> command.
pt: No ambiente do <ulink url="&thedebianinstaller;">debian-installer</ulink>, o comando <literal>udpkg</literal> é usado para abrir pacotes <literal>udeb</literal>. O comando <literal>udpkg</literal> é uma versão reduzida do comando <literal>dpkg</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The update-alternatives command
pt: O comando update-alternatives

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The Debian system has mechanism to install somewhat overlapping programs peacefully using <literal>update-alternatives</literal>(1).  For example, you can make the <literal>vi</literal> command select to run <literal>vim</literal> while installing both <literal>vim</literal> and <literal>nvi</literal> packages.
pt: O sistema Debian tem um mecanismo para instalar programas de certa maneira sobrepostos de um modo pacífico a usar <literal>update-alternatives</literal>(1). Por exemplo, pode fazer o comando <literal>vi</literal> selecionar o <literal>vim</literal> para executar enquanto instala ambos os pacotes <literal>vim</literal> e <literal>nvi</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The Debian alternatives system keeps its selection as symlinks in "<literal>/etc/alternatives/</literal>".  The selection process uses corresponding file in "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/alternatives/</literal>".
pt: O sistema de alternativas do Debian mantêm a sua seleção como ligação simbólica em "<literal>/etc/alternatives/</literal>". O processo de seleção utiliza um ficheiro correspondente em "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/alternatives/</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The dpkg-statoverride command
pt: O comando dpkg-statoverride

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">Stat overrides</emphasis> provided by the <literal>dpkg-statoverride</literal>(8) command are a way to tell <literal>dpkg</literal>(1) to use a different owner or mode for a <emphasis role="strong">file</emphasis> when a package is installed. If "<literal>--update</literal>" is specified and file exists, it is immediately set to the new owner and mode.
pt: <emphasis role="strong">Stat overrides</emphasis> disponibilizados pelo comando <literal>dpkg-statoverride</literal>(8) são um modo de dizer ao <literal>dpkg</literal>(1) para usar um dono ou modo diferente para um <emphasis role="strong">ficheiro</emphasis> quando um pacote for instalado. Se for especificado "<literal>--update</literal>" e o ficheiro existir é imediatamente definido para o novo dono e modo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: The direct alteration of owner or mode for a <emphasis role="strong">file</emphasis> owned by the package using <literal>chmod</literal> or <literal>chown</literal> commands by the system administrator is reset by the next upgrade of the package.
pt: A alteração directa do dono ou modo para um <emphasis role="strong">ficheiro</emphasis> cujo dono é o pacote a usar os comandos <literal>chmod</literal> ou <literal>chown</literal> pelo administrador do sistema é reiniciada pela próxima atualização do pacote.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: I use the word <emphasis role="strong">file</emphasis> here, but in reality this can be any filesystem object that <literal>dpkg</literal> handles, including directories, devices, etc.
pt: Uso a palavra <emphasis role="strong">ficheiro</emphasis> aqui, mas na verdade pode ser qualquer objecto de sistema de ficheiros com que o <literal>dpkg</literal> lide, incluindo diretórios, aparelhos, etc.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The dpkg-divert command
pt: O comando dpkg-divert

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: File <emphasis role="strong">diversions</emphasis> provided by the <literal>dpkg-divert</literal>(8) command are a way of forcing <literal>dpkg</literal>(1) not to install a file into its default location, but to a <emphasis role="strong">diverted</emphasis> location.  The use of <literal>dpkg-divert</literal> is meant for the package maintenance scripts.  Its casual use by the system administrator is deprecated.
pt: As <emphasis role="strong">diversões</emphasis> de ficheiros disponibilizadas pelo comando <literal>dpkg-divert</literal>(8) são um modo de forçar o <literal>dpkg</literal>(1) a não instalar um ficheiro na localização predefinida dele, mas para uma localização <emphasis role="strong">divergida</emphasis>. Os uso do <literal>dpkg-divert</literal> destina-se aos scripts do responsável do pacote. A utilização casual dele pelo administrador do sistema está descontinuada.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Recovery from a broken system
pt: Recuperação de um sistema danificado

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: When running <literal>testing</literal> or <literal>unstable</literal> system, the administrator is expected to recover from broken package management situation.
pt: Quando corre o sistema <literal>testing</literal> ou <literal>unstable</literal>, espera-se que o administrador saiba recuperar o sistema de situações de gestão de pacotes com conflitos.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><caution><para>
en: Some methods described here are high risk actions.  You have been warned!
pt: Alguns métodos descritos aqui são acções de alto risco. Foi avisado!

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Failed installation due to missing dependencies
pt: Falha na instalação devido a dependências em falta

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you force to install a package by "<literal>sudo dpkg -i ...</literal>" to a system without all dependency packages installed, the package installation will fail as partially installed.
pt: Se forçar a instalação de um pacote através de "<literal>sudo dpkg -i ...</literal>" num sistema sem todos os pacotes de dependência instalados, a instalação do pacote irá falhar como parcialmente instalado.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You should install all dependency packages using APT-system or "<literal>sudo dpkg -i ...</literal>".
pt: Deve instalar todos os pacotes de dependência utilizando o APT-system ou "<literal>sudo dpkg -i ...</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Then, configure all partially installed packages with the following command.
pt: Em seguida, configure todos os pacotes parcialmente instalados com o seguinte comando.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Caching errors of the package data
pt: Erros de armazenamento em cache dos dados do pacote

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Caching errors of the package data cause intriguing errors, such as <ulink url="&gpgerrorinvalidbadsig;">"GPG error: ... invalid: BADSIG ..."</ulink> with APT.
pt: Erros de cache dos dados do pacote causam erros intrigantes, tais como <ulink url="&gpgerrorinvalidbadsig;">"Erro GPG: ... invalid: BADSIG ..."</ulink> com APT.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You should remove all cached data by "<literal>sudo rm -rf /var/lib/apt/* </literal>" and try again. (If <literal>apt-cacher-ng</literal> is used, you should also run "<literal>sudo rm -rf /var/cache/apt-cacher-ng/* </literal>".)
pt: Deve remover todos os dados guardados em cache com "<literal>sudo rm -rf /var/lib/apt/* </literal>" e tentar novamente. (Se for utilizado <literal>apt-cacher-ng</literal>, deve também correr "<literal>sudo rm -rf /var/cache/apt-cacher-ng/* </literal>".)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Incompatibility with old user configuration
pt: Incompatibilidade com configurações antigas de utilizador

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If a desktop GUI program experienced instability after significant upstream version upgrade, you should suspect interference with old local configuration files created by it. If it is stable under a newly created user account, this hypothesis is confirmed.  (This is a bug of packaging and usually avoided by the packager.)
pt: Se um programa GUI de ambiente de trabalho ficou instável após uma atualização significante da versão original, deve suspeitar de interferências com os ficheiros locais de configuração antigos criados por ele. Se estiver estável sob uma nova conta de utilizador criada, esta hipótese está confirmada. (Isto é um bug de empacotamento e geralmente evitado pelo empacotador.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: To recover stability, you should move corresponding local configuration files and restart the GUI program.  You may need to read old configuration file contents to recover configuration information later.  (Do not erase them too quickly.)
pt: Para recuperar a estabilidade, deve mover os ficheiros de configuração locais correspondentes e reiniciar o programa GUI. Poderá ter que ler o conteúdo dos ficheiros de configuração antigos para mais tarde recuperar informação de configuração. (Não os apague muito depressa.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Different packages with overlapped files
pt: Pacotes diferentes com ficheiros sobrepostos

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Archive level package management systems, such as <literal>aptitude</literal>(8) or <literal>apt-get</literal>(1), do not even try to install packages with overlapped files using package dependencies (see <xref linkend="_package_dependencies"/>).
pt: Os sistemas de gestão de pacotes a nível de arquivo, como o <literal>aptitude</literal>(8) ou o <literal>apt-get</literal>(1), nem tentam instalar pacotes com ficheiros sobrepostos a utilizar as dependências do pacote. (veja <xref linkend="_package_dependencies"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Errors by the package maintainer or deployment of inconsistently mixed source of archives (see <xref linkend="_packages_from_mixed_source_of_archives"/>) by the system administrator may create a situation with incorrectly defined package dependencies. When you install a package with overlapped files using <literal>aptitude</literal>(8) or <literal>apt-get</literal>(1) under such a situation, <literal>dpkg</literal>(1) which unpacks package ensures to return error to the calling program without overwriting existing files.
pt: Erros do responsável do pacote ou de implantação inconsistente de mistura de fontes de arquivos (veja <xref linkend="_packages_from_mixed_source_of_archives"/>) pelo administrador do sistema podem criar situações com dependências de pacotes definidas incorrectamente. Quando instala um pacote com ficheiros sobrepostos a usar o <literal>aptitude</literal>(8) ou o <literal>apt-get</literal>(1) sob tal situação, o <literal>dpkg</literal>(1) que desempacota o pacote certifica-se de retornar um erro ao programa que o chama sem sobrescrever os ficheiros existentes.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: The use of third party packages introduces significant system risks via maintainer scripts which are run with root privilege and can do anything to your system.  The <literal>dpkg</literal>(1) command only protects against overwriting by the unpacking.
pt: A utilização de pacotes de terceiros introduz riscos significantes ao sistema através dos scripts do programador do pacote que são executados com privilégios de root e podem fazer o que quiserem ao seu sistema. O comando <literal>dpkg</literal>(1) apenas protege contra a sobreposição de ficheiros ao desempacotar.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can work around such broken installation by removing the old offending package, <literal><emphasis>old-package</emphasis></literal>, first.
pt: Pode contornar tal problema de instalação ao remover primeiro o pacote ofensivo antigo, <literal><emphasis>pacote_antigo</emphasis></literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Fixing broken package script
pt: Corrigir script problemático de pacote

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: When a command in the package script returns error for some reason and the script exits with error, the package management system aborts their action and ends up with partially installed packages.  When a package contains bugs in its removal scripts, the package may become impossible to remove and quite nasty.
pt: Quando um comando no script do pacote retorna erro por alguma razão e o script termina com erro, o sistema de gestão de pacotes aborta a acção dele e termina com pacotes parcialmente instalados. Quando um pacote contém bugs nos seus scripts de remoção, o pacote pode tornar-se impossível de remover e isso é bastante desagradável.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For the package script problem of "<literal><emphasis>package_name</emphasis></literal>", you should look into following package scripts.
pt: Para o problema script de pacote "<literal><emphasis>package_name</emphasis></literal>", deve observar os seguintes scripts do pacote.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/<emphasis>package_name</emphasis>.preinst</literal>"
pt: "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/<emphasis>nome_do_pacote</emphasis>.preinst</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/<emphasis>package_name</emphasis>.postinst</literal>"
pt: "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/<emphasis>nome_do_pacote</emphasis>.postinst</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/<emphasis>package_name</emphasis>.prerm</literal>"
pt: "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/<emphasis>nome_do_pacote</emphasis>.prerm</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/<emphasis>package_name</emphasis>.postrm</literal>"
pt: "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/<emphasis>nome_do_pacote</emphasis>.postrm</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Edit the offending package script from the root using following techniques.
pt: Editar o script do pacote ofensivo a partir de root a usar as seguintes técnicas:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: disable the offending line by preceding "<literal>#</literal>"
pt: desativar a linha ofensiva ao preceder um "<literal>#</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: force to return success by appending the offending line with "<literal>|| true</literal>"
pt: forçar um retorno com sucesso ao acrescentar a linha ofensiva com "<literal>|| true</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Then, follow <xref linkend="_recovery_from_a_broken_system"/>.
pt: Depois, siga <xref linkend="_recovery_from_a_broken_system"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Rescue with the dpkg command
pt: Recuperação com o comando dpkg

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Since <literal>dpkg</literal> is very low level package tool, it can function under the very bad situation such as unbootable system without network connection.  Let's assume <literal>foo</literal> package was broken and needs to be replaced.
pt: Como o <literal>dpkg</literal> é uma ferramenta de pacotes de muito baixo nível, pode funcionar sob situações muito más como um sistema que não arranca sem ligação a rede. Vamos assumir que o pacote <literal>foo</literal> está danificado e precisa de ser substituído.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You may still find cached copies of older bug free version of <literal>foo</literal> package in the package cache directory: "<literal>/var/cache/apt/archives/</literal>".  (If not, you can download it from archive of <ulink url="&httpssnapshotdebianorg;">https://snapshot.debian.org/</ulink> or copy it from package cache of a functioning machine.)
pt: Pode ainda encontrar cópias em cache de uma versão antiga livre de bugs do pacote <literal>foo</literal> no diretório de cache de pacotes: "<literal>/var/cache/apt/archives/</literal>". (se não, pode descarregá-lo do arquivo <ulink url="&httpssnapshotdebianorg;">https://snapshot.debian.org/</ulink> ou copiá-lo da cache de pacotes de uma máquina funcional.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you can boot the system, you may install it by the following command.
pt: Se puder arrancar o sistema, pode instalá-lo com o seguinte comando.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: If system breakage is minor, you may alternatively downgrade the whole system as in <xref linkend="_emergency_downgrading"/> using the higher level APT system.
pt: Se os danos no sistema forem menores, pode em alternativa fazer um downgrade (regredir a versão) ao sistema completo como em <xref linkend="_emergency_downgrading"/> a usar o nível mais alto do sistema APT.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If your system is unbootable from hard disk, you should seek other ways to boot it.
pt: Se o seu sistema não puder arrancar pelo disco rígido, precisa procurar outras maneiras de arrancá-lo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Boot the system using the debian-installer CD in rescue mode.
pt: Arranque o sistema a usar o CD de instalação de Debian (debian-installer) em modo de recuperação.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Mount the unbootable system on the hard disk to "<literal>/target</literal>".
pt: Monte o sistema danificado no disco rígido em "<literal>/target</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Install older version of <literal>foo</literal> package by the following.
pt: Instale uma versão antiga do pacote <literal>foo</literal> com o seguinte.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This example works even if the <literal>dpkg</literal> command on the hard disk is broken.
pt: Este exemplo funciona mesmo se o comando <literal>dpkg</literal> no disco rígido estiver danificado.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Any GNU/Linux system started by another system on hard disk, live GNU/Linux CD, bootable USB-key drive, or netboot can be used similarly to rescue broken system.
pt: Pode ser utilizado, de modo semelhante, para recuperar um sistema danificado qualquer sistema GNU/Linux arrancado de outro sistema no disco rígido, Live CD de GNU/Linux, por pen USB de arranque ou arranque pela rede.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If attempting to install a package this way fails due to some dependency violations and you really need to do this as the last resort, you can override dependency using <literal>dpkg</literal>'s "<literal>--ignore-depends</literal>", "<literal>--force-depends</literal>" and other options.  If you do this, you need to make serious effort to restore proper dependency later. See <literal>dpkg</literal>(8) for details.
pt: Se a tentativa de instalar um pacote deste modo falha devido a algumas violações de dependências e necessitar realmente de fazer isto como último recurso, pode sobrepor a dependência a utilizar a "<literal>--ignore-depends</literal>", "<literal>--force-depends</literal>" e outras opções do <literal>dpkg</literal>. Se o fizer, precisa de fazer um sério esforço para restaurar as dependências apropriadas mais tarde. Veja <literal>dpkg</literal>(8) para mais detalhes.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: If your system is seriously broken, you should make a full backup of system to a safe place (see <xref linkend="_backup_and_recovery"/>) and should perform a clean installation.  This is less time consuming and produces better results in the end.
pt: Se o seu sistema estiver seriamente danificado, deve fazer uma salvaguarda completa para um lugar seguro (veja <xref linkend="_backup_and_recovery"/>) e deve fazer uma instalação limpa. Isto consome menos tempo e produz melhores resultados no fim.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Recovering package selection data
pt: Recuperar dados de seleção de pacotes

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/status</literal>" becomes corrupt for any reason, the Debian system loses package selection data and suffers severely.  Look for the old "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/status</literal>" file at "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/status-old</literal>" or "<literal>/var/backups/dpkg.status.*</literal>".
pt: Se por qualquer razão o "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/status</literal>" ficar corrompido  o sistema Debian perde os dados de seleção de pacotes e sofre severamente. Procure o ficheiro antigo "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/status</literal>" em "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/status-old</literal>" ou "<literal>/var/backups/dpkg.status.*</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Keeping "<literal>/var/backups/</literal>" in a separate partition may be a good idea since this directory contains lots of important system data.
pt: Manter "<literal>/var/backups/</literal>" numa partição separada pode ser uma boa ideia porque este diretório contém muitos dados importantes do sistema .

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For serious breakage, I recommend to make fresh re-install after making backup of the system. Even if everything in "<literal>/var/</literal>" is gone, you can still recover some information from directories in "<literal>/usr/share/doc/</literal>" to guide your new installation.
pt: Em caso de sérios danos recomendo fazer uma instalação limpa após fazer a salvaguarda do sistema. Mesmo que tudo em "<literal>/var/</literal>" esteja perdido, ainda pode recuperar alguma informação dos diretórios em "<literal>/usr/share/doc/</literal>" para guiar a sua nova instalação.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Reinstall minimal (desktop) system.
pt: Reinstalar o sistema mínimo (ambiente de trabalho).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Mount old system at "<literal>/path/to/old/system/</literal>".
pt: Monte o sistema antigo em "<literal>/caminho/para/sistema/antigo/</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Then you are presented with package names to install.  (There may be some non-package names such as "<literal>texmf</literal>".)
pt: Então ser-lhe-ão apresentados nomes de pacotes para instalar. (Podem existir alguns nomes que não de pacotes como "<literal>texmf</literal>".)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Tips for the package management
pt: Dicas para a gestão de pacotes

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: For simplicity, <emphasis role="strong">the source list</emphasis> examples in this section are presented as "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" in one-line-style after the <literal>&codename-stable;</literal> release.
pt: Para simplificar, os exemplos de <emphasis role="strong">listas de fontes</emphasis> nesta secção são apresentados como "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" em estilo de uma linha após o lançamento do <literal>&codename-stable;</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Who uploaded the package?
pt: Quem fez o upload do pacote?

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Although the maintainer name listed in "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/available</literal>" and "<literal>/usr/share/doc/package_name/changelog</literal>" provide some information on "who is behind the packaging activity", the actual uploader of the package is somewhat obscure.  <literal>who-uploads</literal>(1) in the <literal>devscripts</literal> package identifies the actual uploader of Debian source packages.
pt: Apesar do nome do responsável listado em "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/available</literal>" e "<literal>/usr/share/doc/package_name/changelog</literal>" fornecer alguma informação sobre "quem está por detrás a atividade de empacotamento", quem faz o upload real do pacote é um tanto obscuro. O <literal>who-uploads</literal>(1) no pacote <literal>devscripts</literal> identifica quem foi o uploader real dos pacotes fonte Debian.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Limiting download bandwidth for APT
pt: Limitar a largura de banda de descarga para o APT

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you want to limit the download bandwidth for APT to e.g. 800Kib/sec (=100kiB/sec), you should configure APT with its configuration parameter as the following.
pt: Se desejar limitar a largura de banda para o APT a, por exemplo, 800Kib/sec (=100kiB/sec), deve configurar o APT e o parâmetro de configuração dele conforme o seguinte.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Automatic download and upgrade of packages
pt: Descarga e atualização automática de pacotes

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <literal>apt</literal> package comes with its own cron script "<literal>/etc/cron.daily/apt</literal>" to support the automatic download of packages.  This script can be enhanced to perform the automatic upgrade of packages by installing the <literal>unattended-upgrades</literal> package. These can be customized by parameters in "<literal>/etc/apt/apt.conf.d/02backup</literal>" and "<literal>/etc/apt/apt.conf.d/50unattended-upgrades</literal>" as described in "<literal>/usr/share/doc/unattended-upgrades/README</literal>".
pt: O pacote <literal>apt</literal> vem com um script de cron próprio "<literal>/etc/cron.daily/apt</literal>" para suportar a descarga automática de pacotes. Este script pode ser melhorado para executar a atualização automática de pacotes ao instalar o pacote <literal>unattended-upgrades</literal>. Esta pode ser personalizada por parâmetros em "<literal>/etc/apt/apt.conf.d/02backup</literal>" e "<literal>/etc/apt/apt.conf.d/50unattended-upgrades</literal>" conforme descrito em "<literal>/usr/share/doc/unattended-upgrades/README</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <literal>unattended-upgrades</literal> package is mainly intended for the security upgrade for the <literal>stable</literal> system.  If the risk of breaking an existing <literal>stable</literal> system by the automatic upgrade is smaller than that of the system broken by the intruder using its security hole which has been closed by the security update, you should consider using this automatic upgrade with configuration parameters as the following.
pt: O pacote <literal>unattended-upgrades</literal> destina-se principalmente às atualizações de segurança do sistema <literal>stable</literal>. Se o risco de danificar um sistema <literal>stable</literal> existente pelas atualizações automáticas for menor que ser danificado por um intruso que usa buracos de segurança que foram fechados por atualizações de segurança, deve considerar usar estas atualizações automáticas com parâmetros de configuração como os a seguir.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you are running an <literal>testing</literal> or <literal>unstable</literal> system, you do not want to use the automatic upgrade since it certainly breaks system some day.  Even for such <literal>testing</literal> or <literal>unstable</literal> case, you may still want to download packages in advance to save time for the interactive upgrade with configuration parameters as the following.
pt: Se está a correr um sistema <literal>testing</literal> ou <literal>unstable</literal>, não quer utilizar a atualização automática pois certamente irá quebrar o sistema um dia.  Mesmo para esse caso <literal>testing</literal> ou <literal>unstable</literal>, pode querer descarregar pacotes antecipadamente para poupar tempo para a atualização interativa com parâmetros de configuração como os seguintes.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Updates and Backports
pt: Atualizações e Backports

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There are <ulink url="&stableupdates;">stable-updates</ulink> ("<literal>&codename-stable;</literal>-updates" during the <literal>&codename-stable;</literal>-as-<literal>stable</literal> release cycle) and <ulink url="&backportsdebianorg;">backports.debian.org</ulink> archives which provide upgrade packages for <literal>stable</literal>.
pt: Existem <ulink url="&stableupdates;">stable-updates</ulink> (<literal>"&codename-stable;</literal>-updates" durante o ciclo de lançamento <literal>&codename-stable;</literal>-as-<literal>stable</literal> ) e arquivos <ulink url="&backportsdebianorg;">backports.debian.org</ulink> que disponibilizam pacotes de atualização para <literal>stable</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: In order to use these archives, you list all required archives in the "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" file as the following.
pt: De modo a utilizar estes arquivos, liste todos os arquivos necessários no ficheiro "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" como a seguir:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There is no need to set Pin-Priority value explicitly in the "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>" file.  When newer packages become available, the default configuration provides most reasonable upgrades (see <xref linkend="_archive_level_release_files"/>).
pt: Não há necessidade de definir valores específicos de Pin-Priority no ficheiro "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>". Quando os novos pacotes ficam disponíveis, a configuração predefinida disponibiliza as atualizações mais razoáveis (veja <xref linkend="_archive_level_release_files"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: All installed older packages are upgraded to newer ones from <literal>&codename-stable;-updates</literal>.
pt: Todos os pacotes antigos instalados são atualizados para mais recentes a partir de <literal>&codename-stable;-updates</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Only manually installed older packages from <literal>&codename-stable;-backports</literal> are upgraded to newer ones from <literal>&codename-stable;-backports</literal>.
pt: Apenas os pacotes antigos instalados manualmente a partir de <literal>&codename-stable;-backports</literal> são atualizados para mais recentes a partir de <literal>&codename-stable;-backports</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Whenever you wish to install a package named "<literal><emphasis>package-name</emphasis></literal>" with its dependency from <literal>&codename-stable;-backports</literal> archive manually, you use following command while switching target release with "<literal>-t</literal>" option.
pt: Sempre que desejar instalar um pacote chamado "<literal><emphasis>nome-do-pacote</emphasis></literal>" com as suas dependências a partir do arquivo <literal>&codename-stable;-backports</literal> manualmente, utilize o seguinte comando enquanto muda o lançamento alvo com a opção "<literal>-t</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
en: Do not install too many packages from <ulink url="&backportsdebianorg;">backports.debian.org</ulink> archives.  It may cause package dependency complications. See <xref linkend="_how_to_cope_with_conflicting_requirements"/> for alternative solutions.
pt: Não instale demasiados pacotes dos arquivos <ulink url="&backportsdebianorg;">backports.debian.org</ulink>.  Isso pode causar complicações na dependência de pacotes. Veja <xref linkend="_how_to_cope_with_conflicting_requirements"/> as soluções alternativas.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: External package archives
pt: Arquivos de pacotes externos

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
en: You should be aware that the external package gains the root priviledge to your system. You should only use the trusted external package archive. See <xref linkend="_how_to_cope_with_conflicting_requirements"/> for alternative solutions.
pt: Deve ter em atenção que o pacote externo ganha o privilégio de root no seu sistema. Só deve utilizar o arquivo de pacotes externos de confiança. Ver <xref linkend="_how_to_cope_with_conflicting_requirements"/> para soluções alternativas.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can use secure APT with Debian-compatible external package archive by adding it to <emphasis role="strong">the source list</emphasis> and its archive key file into the "<literal>/etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/</literal>" directory.  See <literal>sources.list</literal>(5), <literal>apt-secure</literal>(8) and <literal>apt-key</literal>(8).
pt: Pode utilizar o APT seguro com um arquivo de pacotes externo compatível com Debian adicionando-o à <emphasis role="strong">lista de fontes</emphasis> e ao seu ficheiro de chave de arquivo no diretório "<literal>/etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/</literal>".  Veja <literal>sources.list</literal>(5), <literal>apt-secure</literal>(8) e <literal>apt-key</literal>(8).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Packages from mixed source of archives without <emphasis role="strong">apt-pinning</emphasis>
pt: Pacotes de fontes mistas de arquivos sem <emphasis role="strong">apt-pinning</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: Installing packages from mixed source of archives is not supported by the official Debian distribution except for officially supported particular combinations of archives such as <literal>stable</literal> with <ulink url="&securityupdates;">security updates</ulink> and <ulink url="&stableupdates;">stable-updates</ulink>.
pt: Instalar pacotes de fontes misturadas de arquivos não é suportado pela distribuição oficial Debian excepto para combinações de arquivos oficialmente suportadas tais como a <literal>stable</literal> com <ulink url="&securityupdates;">security updates</ulink> e <ulink url="&stableupdates;">stable-updates</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here is an example of operations to include specific newer upstream version packages found in <literal>unstable</literal> while tracking <literal>testing</literal> for single occasion.
pt: Aqui está um exemplo de operações para incluir, uma vez, pacotes específicos com novas versões da origem encontrados em <literal>unstable</literal> enquanto se acompanha a <literal>testing</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Change the "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" file temporarily to single "<literal>unstable</literal>" entry.
pt: Altere o ficheiro "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" temporariamente para entrada única "<literal>unstable</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Run "<literal>aptitude update</literal>".
pt: Corra "<literal>aptitude update</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Run "<literal>aptitude install <emphasis>package-name</emphasis></literal>".
pt: Corra "<literal>aptitude install <emphasis>nome-do-pacote</emphasis></literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Recover the original "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" file for <literal>testing</literal>.
pt: Recupere o ficheiro "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" original para <literal>testing</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You do not create the "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>" file nor need to worry about <emphasis role="strong">apt-pinning</emphasis> with this manual approach.  But this is very cumbersome.
pt: Não crie o ficheiro "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>" nem precisa de se preocupar com o <emphasis role="strong">apt-pinning</emphasis> com esta abordagem manual. Mas isto é muito incómodo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: When using mixed source of archives, you must ensure compatibility of packages by yourself since the Debian does not guarantee it. If package incompatibility exists, you may break system. You must be able to judge these technical requirements. The use of mixed source of random archives is completely optional operation and its use is not something I encourage you to use.
pt: Quando utiliza fontes misturadas de arquivos, tem que assegurar por si próprio a compatibilidade dos pacotes pois Debian não o garante. Se existir incompatibilidade de pacotes, pode danificar o seu sistema. Tem que ser capaz de julgar estes requisitos técnicos. A utilização de fontes misturadas de arquivos aleatórios é uma operação completamente opcional e a utilização deles não é algo que o encoraje a utilizar.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: General rules for installing packages from different archives are the following.
pt: As regras gerais para instalar pacotes de arquivos diferentes são as seguintes.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Non-binary packages ("<literal>Architecture: all</literal>") are <emphasis role="strong">safer</emphasis> to install.
pt: Pacotes não-binários de ("<literal>Arquitecture: all</literal>") são <emphasis role="strong">mais seguro</emphasis> para instalar.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: documentation packages: no special requirements
pt: pacotes de documentação: sem requisitos especiais

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: interpreter program packages: compatible interpreter must be available
pt: pacotes de programa interpretador: tem de estar disponível interpretador compatível

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Binary packages (non "<literal>Architecture: all</literal>") usually face many road blocks and are <emphasis role="strong">unsafe</emphasis> to install.
pt: Pacotes binários (não "<literal>Architecture: all</literal>") geralmente enfrentam muitos obstáculos e são <emphasis role="strong">inseguros</emphasis> para instalar.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: library version compatibility (including "<literal>libc</literal>")
pt: compatibilidade de versão de biblioteca (incluindo a "<literal>libc</literal>")

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: related utility program version compatibility
pt: compatibilidade de versão de programa utilitário relacionada

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Kernel <ulink url="&abi;">ABI</ulink> compatibility
pt: compatibilidade da <ulink url="&abi;">ABI</ulink> do Kernel

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: C++ <ulink url="&abi;">ABI</ulink> compatibility
pt: Compatibilidade <ulink url="&abi;">ABI</ulink> C++

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: In order to make a package to be <emphasis role="strong">safer</emphasis> to install, some commercial non-free binary program packages may be provided with completely statically linked libraries.  You should still check <ulink url="&abi;">ABI</ulink> compatibility issues etc. for them.
pt: De modo a tornar um pacote <emphasis role="strong">seguro</emphasis> para instalar, alguns pacotes de programas binários comerciais não-livres podem vir fornecidos com bibliotecas completamente ligadas estaticamente. Mesmo assim deve verificar problemas de compatibilidade da <ulink url="&abi;">ABI</ulink> e etc. com eles.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: Except to avoid broken package for a short term, installing binary packages from non-Debian archives is generally bad idea.  You should seek all available alternative safer technical solutions which are compatible with your current Debian syetem (see <xref linkend="_how_to_cope_with_conflicting_requirements"/>).
pt: Exceto para evitar pacotes partidos por um curto período de tempo, instalar pacotes binários de repositórios não-Debian é geralmente má ideia.  Você deve procurar todas as soluções técnicas alternativas mais seguras disponíveis que sejam compatíveis com o seu sistema Debian atual (veja <xref linkend="_how_to_cope_with_conflicting_requirements"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Tweaking candidate version with <emphasis role="strong">apt-pinning</emphasis>
pt: Ajustar a versão candidata com o <emphasis role="strong">apt-pinning</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
en: Use of <emphasis role="strong">apt-pinning</emphasis> technique by a novice user is sure call for major troubles.  You must avoid using this technique except when you absolutely need it.
pt: A utilização da técnica <emphasis role="strong">apt-pinning</emphasis> por um utilizador novato irá certamente causar grandes problemas.  Deve evitar utilizar esta técnica exceto quando for absolutamente necessário.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Without the "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>" file, APT system choses the latest available version as the <emphasis role="strong">candidate version</emphasis> using the version string.  This is the normal state and most recommended usage of APT system.  All officially supported combinations of archives do not require the "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>" file since some archives which should not be used as the automatic source of upgrades are marked as <emphasis role="strong">NotAutomatic</emphasis> and dealt properly.
pt: Sem o ficheiro "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>", o sistema APT escolhe a versão disponível mais recente com a <emphasis role="strong">versão candidata</emphasis> a utilizar a cadeia de versão. Este é o estado normal e a utilização recomendada do sistema APT. Todas as combinações de arquivos oficialmente suportadas não necessitam do ficheiro "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>" porque alguns arquivos que não devem ser utilizados como fonte automática de atualizações são marcados como <emphasis role="strong">NotAutomatic</emphasis> e são tratados de modo apropriado.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: The version string comparison rule can be verified with, e.g., "<literal>dpkg --compare-versions ver1.1 gt ver1.1~1; echo $?</literal>" (see <literal>dpkg</literal>(1)).
pt: A regra de comparação da string de versão pode ser verificada com, p.e., "<literal>dpkg --compare-versions ver1.1 gt ver1.1~1; echo $?</literal>" (veja <literal>dpkg</literal>(1)).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: When you install packages from mixed source of archives (see <xref linkend="_packages_from_mixed_source_of_archives"/>) regularly, you can automate these complicated operations by creating the "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>" file with proper entries and tweaking the package selection rule for <emphasis role="strong">candidate version</emphasis> as described in <literal>apt_preferences</literal>(5).  This is called <emphasis role="strong">apt-pinning</emphasis>.
pt: Quando instala regularmente pacotes de uma mistura de fontes de arquivos (veja <xref linkend="_packages_from_mixed_source_of_archives"/>), pode automatizar estas operações complicadas ao criar o ficheiro "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>" com entradas apropriadas e a moldar a regra de seleção de pacotes para a <emphasis role="strong">versão candidata</emphasis> como descrito em <literal>apt_preferences</literal>(5). Isto chama-se <emphasis role="strong">apt-pinning</emphasis>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: When using <emphasis role="strong">apt-pinning</emphasis>, you must ensure compatibility of packages by yourself since the Debian does not guarantee it.  The <emphasis role="strong">apt-pinning</emphasis> is completely optional operation and its use is not something I encourage you to use.
pt: Quando utilizar <emphasis role="strong">apt-pinning</emphasis>, você próprio tem que assegurar a compatibilidade dos pacotes pois Debian não o garante. O <emphasis role="strong">apt-pinning</emphasis> é uma operação completamente opcional e a sua utilização não é algo que se encoraje.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Archive level Release files (see <xref linkend="_archive_level_release_files"/>) are used for the rule of <literal>apt_preferences</literal>(5).  Thus <emphasis role="strong">apt-pinning</emphasis> works only with "suite" name for <ulink url="&normaldebianarchives;">normal Debian archives</ulink> and <ulink url="&securitydebianarchives;">security Debian archives</ulink>. (This is different from <ulink url="&ubuntu;">Ubuntu</ulink> archives.)  For example, you can do "<literal>Pin: release a=unstable</literal>" but can not do "<literal>Pin: release a=sid</literal>" in the "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>" file.
pt: Os níveis de arquivo dos ficheiros de lançamento (veja <xref linkend="_archive_level_release_files"/>) são utilizados para a regra do <literal>apt_preferences</literal>(5). Assim o <emphasis role="strong">apt-pinning</emphasis> funciona apenas com nome de "suite" para <ulink url="&normaldebianarchives;">arquivos Debian normais</ulink> e <ulink url="&securitydebianarchives;">arquivos Debian de segurança</ulink>. (Isto é diferente dos arquivos do <ulink url="&ubuntu;">Ubuntu</ulink>.) Por exemplo, pode fazer "<literal>Pin: release a=unstable</literal>" mas não pode fazer "<literal>Pin: release a=sid</literal>" no ficheiro "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: When you use non-Debian archive as a part of <emphasis role="strong">apt-pinning</emphasis>, you should check what they are intended for and also check their credibility.  For example, Ubuntu and Debian are not meant to be mixed.
pt: Quando utilizar um arquivo não-Debian como parte de <emphasis role="strong">apt-pinning</emphasis>, deve verificar ao que ele se destina e também verificar a credibilidade dele. Por exemplo, Ubuntu e Debian não se destinam a ser misturados.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: Even if you do not create the "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>" file, you can do fairly complex system operations (see <xref linkend="_rescue_with_the_dpkg_command"/> and <xref linkend="_packages_from_mixed_source_of_archives"/>) without <emphasis role="strong">apt-pinning</emphasis>.
pt: Mesmo que não crie o ficheiro "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>", pode fazer operações no sistema bastante complexas (veja <xref linkend="_rescue_with_the_dpkg_command"/> e <xref linkend="_packages_from_mixed_source_of_archives"/>) sem o <emphasis role="strong">apt-pinning</emphasis>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here is a simplified explanation of <emphasis role="strong">apt-pinning</emphasis> technique.
pt: Aqui está uma explicação simplificada da técnica de <emphasis role="strong">apt-pinning</emphasis>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The APT system choses the highest Pin-Priority <emphasis role="strong">upgrading</emphasis> package from available package sources defined in the "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" file as the <emphasis role="strong">candidate version</emphasis> package.  If the Pin-Priority of the package is larger than 1000, this version restriction for <emphasis role="strong">upgrading</emphasis> is dropped to enable downgrading (see <xref linkend="_emergency_downgrading"/>).
pt: O sistema APT escolhe o pacote de <emphasis role="strong">atualização</emphasis> com o Pin-Priority maior das fontes de pacotes disponíveis definidas no ficheiro "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" como o pacote de <emphasis role="strong">versão candidata</emphasis>. Se o Pin-Priority do pacote for maior que 1000, esta restrição de versão para <emphasis role="strong">atualização</emphasis> é abandonada para permitir a regressão (veja <xref linkend="_emergency_downgrading"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Pin-Priority value of each package is defined by "Pin-Priority" entries in the "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>" file or uses its default value.
pt: O valor Pin-Priority de cada pacote é definido por entradas "Pin-Priority" no ficheiro "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>" ou utiliza o valor predefinido dele.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of notable Pin-Priority values for <emphasis role="strong">apt-pinning</emphasis> technique.
pt: Lista de valores notáveis de Pin-Priority para a técnica de <emphasis role="strong">apt-pinning</emphasis>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: Pin-Priority
pt: Prioridade-pin

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: <emphasis role="strong">apt-pinning</emphasis> effects to the package
pt: efeitos do <emphasis role="strong">apt-pinning</emphasis> no pacote

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: install the package even if this constitutes a downgrade of the package
pt: instala o pacote mesmo que isto constitua uma regressão na versão (downgrade) do pacote

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: used as the default for the <emphasis role="strong">target release</emphasis> archive
pt: utilizado como predefinição para o arquivo de <emphasis role="strong">lançamento de destino</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: used as the default for the <emphasis role="strong">normal</emphasis> archive
pt: utilizado por predefinição para o arquivo <emphasis role="strong">normal</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: used as the default for the <emphasis role="strong">NotAutomatic</emphasis> and <emphasis role="strong">ButAutomaticUpgrades</emphasis> archive
pt: utilizado como predefinição para os arquivos <emphasis role="strong">NotAutomatic</emphasis> e <emphasis role="strong">ButAutomaticUpgrades</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: used for the <emphasis role="strong">installed</emphasis> package
pt: utilizado para o pacote <emphasis role="strong">instalado</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: used as the default for the <emphasis role="strong">NotAutomatic</emphasis> archive
pt: utilizado como predefinição para o arquivo <emphasis role="strong">NotAutomatic</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <emphasis role="strong">never install</emphasis> the package even if recommended
pt: <emphasis role="strong">nunca instala</emphasis> o pacote mesmo que este seja recomendado

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <emphasis role="strong">target release</emphasis> archive can be set by the command line option, e.g., "<literal>apt-get install -t testing some-package</literal>"
pt: O arquivo da <emphasis role="strong">suite alvo</emphasis> pode ser definido pela linha de comando, por exemplo, "<literal>apt-get install -t testing some-package</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <emphasis role="strong">NotAutomatic</emphasis> and <emphasis role="strong">ButAutomaticUpgrades</emphasis> archive is set by archive server having its archive level Release file (see <xref linkend="_archive_level_release_files"/>) containing both "<literal>NotAutomatic: yes</literal>" and "<literal>ButAutomaticUpgrades: yes</literal>". The <emphasis role="strong">NotAutomatic</emphasis> archive is set by archive server having its archive level Release file containing only "<literal>NotAutomatic: yes</literal>".
pt: Os arquivos <emphasis role="strong">NotAutomatic</emphasis> e <emphasis role="strong">ButAutomaticUpgrades</emphasis> são definidos pelo servidor de arquivo que contêm no ficheiro Release dele do nível de arquivo (veja <xref linkend="_archive_level_release_files"/>) ambos "<literal>NotAutomatic: yes</literal>" e "<literal>ButAutomaticUpgrades: yes</literal>". O arquivo <emphasis role="strong">NotAutomatic</emphasis> é definido pelo servidor de arquivo que contém no ficheiro Release de nível de arquivo dele apenas "<literal>NotAutomatic: yes</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <emphasis role="strong">apt-pinning situation</emphasis> of <emphasis>package</emphasis> from multiple archive sources is displayed by "<literal>apt-cache policy <emphasis>package</emphasis></literal>".
pt: A <emphasis role="strong">situação de apt-pinning</emphasis> do <emphasis>pacote</emphasis> de várias fontes de arquivos é mostrada por "<literal>apt-cache policy <emphasis>pacote</emphasis></literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: A line started with "<literal>Package pin:</literal>" lists the package version of <emphasis role="strong">pin</emphasis> if association just with <emphasis>package</emphasis> is defined, e.g., "<literal>Package pin: 0.190</literal>".
pt: Uma linha começada com "<literal>Package pin:</literal>" lista a versão do pacote de <emphasis role="strong">pin</emphasis> se estiver definida a associação apenas com o <emphasis>pacote</emphasis> p.e., "<literal>Package pin: 0.190</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: No line with "<literal>Package pin:</literal>" exists if no association just with <emphasis>package</emphasis> is defined.
pt: Não existe nenhuma linha com "<literal>Package pin:</literal>" se não estiver definida nenhuma associação apenas com <emphasis>pacote</emphasis>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The Pin-Priority value associated just with <emphasis>package</emphasis> is listed right side of all version strings, e.g., "<literal>0.181 700</literal>".
pt: O valor Pin-Priority a associar ao <emphasis>pacote</emphasis> é listado no lado direito de todas as strings de versão, p.e., "<literal>0.181 700</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>0</literal>" is listed right side of all version strings if no association just with <emphasis>package</emphasis> is defined, e.g., "<literal>0.181 0</literal>".
pt: É listado "<literal>0</literal>" à direita de todas as strings de versão se nenhuma associação apenas com <emphasis>pacote</emphasis> for definida, ex., "<literal>0.181 0</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The Pin-Priority values of archives (defined as "<literal>Package: *</literal>" in the "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>" file) are listed left side of all archive paths, e.g., "<literal>100 http://deb.debian.org/debian/ &codename-stable;-backports/main Packages</literal>".
pt: Os valores Pin-Priority dos arquivos (definidos como "<literal>Package: *</literal>" no ficheiro "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>") são listados à esquerda dos caminhos dos arquivos, ex., "<literal>100 http://deb.debian.org/debian/ &codename-stable;-backports/main Packages</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Blocking packages installed by "Recommends"
pt: Bloquear pacotes instalados por "Recomendados"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you wish not to pull in particular packages automatically by "Recommends", you must create the "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>" file and explicitly list all those packages at the top of it as the following.
pt: Se desejar não puxar determinados pacotes automaticamente através de "Recommends", tem de criar o ficheiro "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>" e listar explicitamente esses pacotes no topo conforme a seguir:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Tracking <literal>testing</literal> with some packages from <literal>unstable</literal>
pt: Acompanhar <literal>testing</literal> com alguns pacotes de <literal>unstable</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here is an example of <emphasis role="strong">apt-pinning</emphasis> technique to include specific newer upstream version packages found in <literal>unstable</literal> regularly upgraded while tracking <literal>testing</literal>.  You list all required archives in the "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" file as the following.
pt: Aqui está um exemplo de técnica de <emphasis role="strong">apt-pinning</emphasis> para incluir pacotes específicos de versão original mais recente encontrados em <literal>unstable</literal> e atualizados regularmente enquanto segue a suite <literal>testing</literal>. Liste todos os arquivos necessários no ficheiro "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" conforme a seguir:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Set the "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>" file as the following.
pt: Configure o ficheiro "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>" como o seguinte:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: When you wish to install a package named "<literal><emphasis>package-name</emphasis></literal>" with its dependencies from <literal>unstable</literal> archive under this configuration, you issue the following command which switches target release with "<literal>-t</literal>" option (Pin-Priority of <literal>unstable</literal> becomes 990).
pt: Quando desejar instalar um pacote chamado "<literal><emphasis>nome_do_pacote</emphasis></literal>" com as suas dependências a partir do arquivo <literal>unstable</literal> sob esta configuração, invoque o seguinte comando que muda o lançamento alvo com a opção "<literal>-t</literal>" (o Pin-Priority de <literal>unstable</literal> torna-se 990).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: With this configuration, usual execution of "<literal>apt-get upgrade</literal>" and "<literal>apt-get dist-upgrade</literal>" (or "<literal>aptitude safe-upgrade</literal>" and "<literal>aptitude full-upgrade</literal>") upgrades packages which were installed from <literal>testing</literal> archive using current <literal>testing</literal> archive and packages which were installed from <literal>unstable</literal> archive using current <literal>unstable</literal> archive.
pt: Com esta configuração, a execução usual de "<literal>apt-get upgrade</literal>" e "<literal>apt-get dist-upgrade</literal>" (ou "<literal>aptitude safe-upgrade</literal>" e "<literal>aptitude full-upgrade</literal>") atualiza os pacotes que foram instalados a partir do repositório <literal>testing</literal> ao usar a suite <literal>testing</literal> atual e os pacotes que foram instalados a partir do repositório <literal>unstable</literal> a usar a suite <literal>unstable</literal> atual.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: Be careful not to remove "<literal>testing</literal>" entry from the "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" file.  Without "<literal>testing</literal>" entry in it, APT system upgrades packages using newer <literal>unstable</literal> archive.
pt: Tenha cuidado para não remover a entrada "<literal>testing</literal>" do ficheiro "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>". Sem a entrada "<literal>testing</literal>" lá, o sistema APT atualiza os pacotes do novo arquivo <literal>unstable</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: I usually edit the "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" file to comment out "<literal>unstable</literal>" archive entry right after above operation.  This avoids slow update process of having too many entries in the "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" file although this prevents upgrading packages which were installed from <literal>unstable</literal> archive using current <literal>unstable</literal> archive.
pt: Geralmente edito o ficheiro "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" para comentar a entrada do arquivo "<literal>unstable</literal>" logo após a operação acima. Isto evita a lentidão do processo de atualização ao ter demasiadas entradas no ficheiro "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" embora isto impeça a atualização dos pacotes que foram instalados a partir do arquivo <literal>unstable</literal> a utilizar o arquivo <literal>unstable</literal> atual.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: If "<literal>Pin-Priority: 1</literal>" is used instead of "<literal>Pin-Priority: 100</literal>" in the "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>" file, already installed packages having Pin-Priority value of 100 are not upgraded by <literal>unstable</literal> archive even if "<literal>testing</literal>" entry in the "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" file is removed.
pt: Se for utilizado "<literal>Pin-Priority: 1</literal>" em vez de "<literal>Pin-Priority: 100</literal>" no ficheiro "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>", os pacotes já instalados que têm o valor Pin-Priority de 100 não são atualizados pelo arquivo <literal>unstable</literal> mesmo se a entrada "<literal>testing</literal>" no ficheiro "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" seja removida.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you wish to track particular packages in <literal>unstable</literal> automatically without initial "<literal>-t unstable</literal>" installation, you must create the "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>" file and explicitly list all those packages at the top of it as the following.
pt: Se desejar acompanhar pacotes particulares em <literal>unstable</literal> automaticamente sem uma instalação inicial "<literal>-t unstable</literal>", tem de criar o ficheiro "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>" e listar explicitamente todos esses pacotes no topo conforme a seguir:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: These set Pin-Priority value for each specific package.  For example, in order to track the latest <literal>unstable</literal> version of this "Debian Reference" in English, you should have following entries in the "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>" file.
pt: Estes definem o valor Pin-Priority para cada pacote específico. Por exemplo, de modo a acompanhar a versão <literal>unstable</literal> mais recente deste "Debian Reference" em Português, deve ter as seguintes entradas no ficheiro "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: This <emphasis role="strong">apt-pinning</emphasis> technique is valid even when you are tracking <literal>stable</literal> archive.  Documentation packages have been always safe to install from <literal>unstable</literal> archive in my experience, so far.
pt: Esta técnica de <emphasis role="strong">apt-pinning</emphasis> é válida mesmo se estiver a seguir o arquivo <literal>stable</literal>. Pela minha experiência e até agora, os pacotes de documentação sempre foram seguros de instalar a partir do arquivo <literal>unstable</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Tracking <literal>unstable</literal> with some packages from <literal>experimental</literal>
pt: Acompanhar <literal>unstable</literal> com alguns pacotes de <literal>experimental</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here is another example of <emphasis role="strong">apt-pinning</emphasis> technique to include specific newer upstream version packages found in <literal>experimental</literal> while tracking <literal>unstable</literal>.  You list all required archives in the "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" file as the following.
pt: Aqui está outro exemplo de técnica de <emphasis role="strong">apt-pinning</emphasis> para incluir pacotes de versão de origem mais recentes encontrados em <literal>experimental</literal> enquanto segue <literal>unstable</literal>. Lista todos os arquivos necessários no ficheiro "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" conforme o seguinte:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The default Pin-Priority value for <literal>experimental</literal> archive is always 1 (&lt;&lt;100) since it is <emphasis role="strong">NotAutomatic</emphasis> archive (see <xref linkend="_archive_level_release_files"/>).  There is no need to set Pin-Priority value explicitly in the "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>" file just to use <literal>experimental</literal> archive unless you wish to track particular packages in it automatically for next upgrading.
pt: O valor Pin-Priority predefinido para o arquivo <literal>experimental</literal> é sempre 1 (&lt;&lt;100) porque é um arquivo <emphasis role="strong">NotAutomatic</emphasis> (veja <xref linkend="_archive_level_release_files"/>). Não é necessário definir o valor Pin-Priority explicitamente no ficheiro "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>" apenas para usar o arquivo <literal>experimental</literal> a menos que deseje seguir pacotes particulares nele automaticamente para a próxima atualização.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Emergency downgrading
pt: Downgrade de emergência

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: Downgrading is not officially supported by the Debian by design.  It should be done only as a part of emergency recovery process.  Despite of this situation, it is known to work well in many incidents.  For critical systems, you should backup all important data on the system after the recovery operation and re-install the new system from the scratch.
pt: O downgrade (regressão de versão) não é suportado oficialmente pelo sistema Debian por design. Deverá ser feito apenas como parte de um processo de recuperação de emergência. Apesar desta situação, é conhecido por funcionar bem em muitos incidentes. Para sistemas críticos, Deve fazer salvaguardas (backups) de todos os dados importantes após a operação de recuperação e reinstalar um sistema novo a partir da estaca zero.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You may be lucky to downgrade from newer archive to older archive to recover from broken system upgrade by manipulating <emphasis role="strong">candidate version</emphasis> (see <xref linkend="_tweaking_candidate_version"/>).  This is lazy alternative to tedious actions of many "<literal>dpkg -i <emphasis>broken-package</emphasis>_<emphasis>old-version</emphasis>.deb</literal>" commands (see <xref linkend="_rescue_with_the_dpkg_command"/>).
pt: Pode ter sorte ao fazer o downgrade de uma arquivo recente para um arquivo mais antigo para recuperar de uma atualização ao sistema que o deixou danificado ao manipular a <emphasis role="strong">versão candidata</emphasis> (veja <xref linkend="_tweaking_candidate_version"/>). Esta é uma alternativa preguiçosa às acções tediosas de muitos comandos "<literal>dpkg -i <emphasis>pacote-danificado</emphasis>_<emphasis>versão-antiga</emphasis>.deb</literal>" (veja <xref linkend="_rescue_with_the_dpkg_command"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Search lines in the "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" file tracking <literal>unstable</literal> as the following.
pt: Procure as linhas no ficheiro "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" que acompanham <literal>unstable</literal> como a seguir.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Replace it with the following to track <literal>testing</literal>.
pt: Substitua-as de modo a acompanharem <literal>testing</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Run "<literal>apt-get update; apt-get dist-upgrade</literal>" to force downgrading of packages across the system.
pt: Corra "<literal>apt-get update; apt-get dist-upgrade</literal>" para forçar a regressão dos pacotes no sistema.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Remove this special "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>" file after this emergency downgrading.
pt: Remova este ficheiro especial "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>" após este downgrade de emergência.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: It is a good idea to remove (not purge!) as much packages to minimize dependency problems.  You may need to manually remove and install some packages to get system downgraded.  Linux kernel, bootloader, udev, PAM, APT, and networking related packages and their configuration files require special attention.
pt: É uma boa ideia remover (não purgar) o máximo de pacotes para minimizar problemas de dependências. Pode necessitar remover e instalar manualmente alguns pacotes para conseguir o downgrade do sistema. O kernel Linux, gestor de arranque, udev, PAM, APT, os pacotes relacionados com a rede e os seus ficheiros de configuração requerem atenção especial.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The equivs package
pt: O pacote equivs

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you are to compile a program from source to replace the Debian package, it is best to make it into a real local debianized package (<literal>*.deb</literal>) and use private archive.
pt: Se vai compilar um programa a partir do código-fonte para substituir um pacote Debian, o melhor é torná-lo num pacote local realmente 'debianizado' (<literal>*.deb</literal>) e utilizar um arquivo privado.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you chose to compile a program from source and to install them under "<literal>/usr/local</literal>" instead, you may need to use <literal>equivs</literal> as a last resort to satisfy the missing package dependency.
pt: Se escolher compilar um programa de fonte e instalá-lo sob "<literal>/usr/local</literal>", pode necessitar de utilizar o <literal>equivs</literal> como último recurso para satisfazer as dependências em falta para o pacote.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Porting a package to the stable system
pt: Portar um pacote ao sistema stable

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: There is no gurantee for the procedure descried here to work without extra manual efforts for system differences.
pt: Não existe qualquer garantia de que o procedimento aqui descrito funcione sem esforços manuais adicionais devido a diferenças de sistema.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For partial upgrades of the <literal>stable</literal> system, rebuilding a package within its environment using the source package is desirable.  This avoids massive package upgrades due to their dependencies.
pt: Para atualizações parciais do sistema <literal>stable</literal>, é desejável reconstruir um pacote dentro do ambiente dele a utilizar um pacote de código-fonte. Isto evita atualizações maciças de pacotes devido às suas dependências.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Add the following entries to the "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" of a <literal>stable</literal> system.
pt: Adicione as seguintes entradas ao "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" num sistema <literal>stable</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Install required packages for the compilation and download the source package as the following.
pt: Instale os pacotes necessários para a compilação e descarregue o pacote de código-fonte conforme o seguinte:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Update some tool chain packages such as <literal>dpkg</literal>, and <literal>debhelper</literal> from the backport packages if they are required for the backporting.
pt: atualize alguns pacotes de correntes de ferramentas como o <literal>dpkg</literal> e o <literal>debhelper</literal> a partir de pacotes de backport se forem necessários para o "backporting".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Execute the following.
pt: Execute o seguinte.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Bump package version, e.g. one appended with "<literal>+bp1</literal>" in "<literal>debian/changelog</literal>"
pt: Aumentar a versão do pacote, p.e. um com "<literal>+bp1</literal>" acrescentado em "<literal>debian/changelog</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Build packages and install them to the system as the following.
pt: Compile os pacotes e instale-os para o sistema com o seguinte:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Proxy server for APT
pt: Servidor proxy para o APT

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Since mirroring whole subsection of Debian archive wastes disk space and network bandwidth, deployment of a local proxy server for APT is desirable consideration when you administer many systems on <ulink url="&lan;">LAN</ulink>.  APT can be configure to use generic web (http) proxy servers such as <literal>squid</literal> (see <xref linkend="_other_network_application_servers"/>) as described in <literal>apt.conf</literal>(5) and in "<literal>/usr/share/doc/apt/examples/configure-index.gz</literal>".  The "<literal>$http_proxy</literal>" environment variable can be used to override proxy server setting in the "<literal>/etc/apt/apt.conf</literal>" file.
pt: Como pôr em mirror uma sub-secção inteira do arquivo Debian é um desperdício de espaço de disco e largura de banda de rede, a implantação se um servidor proxy local para o APT é desejável a ter em consideração se administrar muitos sistemas em <ulink url="&lan;">LAN</ulink>. O APT pode ser configurado para utilizar servidores proxy web genéricos (http) como o <literal>squid</literal> (veja <xref linkend="_other_network_application_servers"/>) conforme descrito em <literal>apt.conf</literal>(5) e em "<literal>/usr/share/doc/apt/examples/configure-index.gz</literal>". A variável de ambiente <literal>$http_proxy</literal>" pode ser utilizada para sobrepor a definição de servidor proxy do ficheiro "<literal>/etc/apt/apt.conf</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There are proxy tools specially for Debian archive.  You should check BTS before using them.
pt: Existem ferramentas de proxy especiais para o arquivo Debian. Deve verificar o BTS antes de as utilizar.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of the proxy tools specially for Debian archive
pt: Lista de ferramentas proxy especiais para arquivos Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: caching proxy server for Debian archive files (compiled <ulink url="&ocaml;">OCaml</ulink> program)
pt: servidor proxy de cache para ficheiros de arquivo Debian (programa <ulink url="&ocaml;">OCaml</ulink> compilado)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Caching proxy for Debian package and source files (Perl program)
pt: Proxy de cache para pacotes Debian e ficheiros de código-fonte (programa Perl)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Caching proxy for distribution of software packages (compiled C++ program)
pt: Proxy de cache para distribuição de pacotes de software (programa C++ compilado)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: When Debian reorganizes its archive structure, these specialized proxy tools tend to require code rewrites by the package maintainer and may not be functional for a while.  On the other hand, generic web (http) proxy servers are more robust and easier to cope with such changes.
pt: Quando Debian reorganiza a estrutura do arquivo dele, estas ferramentas de proxy especializadas tendem a necessitar ser reescritas de pelo responsável do pacote e podem não estar funcionais durante algum tempo. Por outro lado, os servidores proxy web (http) genéricos são mais robustos e mais fáceis de acompanhar estas mudanças.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: More readings for the package management
pt: Mais leituras sobre a gestão de pacotes

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can learn more on the package management from following documentations.
pt: Pode aprender mais sobre a gestão de pacotes a partir das seguintes documentações.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Primary documentations on the package management:
pt: Documentações principais sobre a gestão de pacotes:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>aptitude</literal>(8), <literal>dpkg</literal>(1), <literal>tasksel</literal>(8), <literal>apt</literal>(8), <literal>apt-get</literal>(8), <literal>apt-config</literal>(8), <literal>apt-secure</literal>(8), <literal>sources.list</literal>(5), <literal>apt.conf</literal>(5), and <literal>apt_preferences</literal>(5);
pt: <literal>aptitude</literal>(8), <literal>dpkg</literal>(1), <literal>tasksel</literal>(8), <literal>apt</literal>(8), <literal>apt-get</literal>(8), <literal>apt-config</literal>(8), <literal>apt-key</literal>(8), <literal>sources.list</literal>(5), <literal>apt.conf</literal>(5), and <literal>apt_preferences</literal>(5);

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/usr/share/doc/apt-doc/guide.html/index.html</literal>" and "<literal>/usr/share/doc/apt-doc/offline.html/index.html</literal>" from the <literal>apt-doc</literal> package; and
pt: "<literal>/usr/share/doc/apt-doc/guide.html/index.html</literal>" e "<literal>/usr/share/doc/apt-doc/offline.html/index.html</literal>" do pacote <literal>apt-doc</literal>; e

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/usr/share/doc/aptitude/html/en/index.html</literal>" from the <literal>aptitude-doc-en</literal> package.
pt: "<literal>/usr/share/doc/aptitude/html/en/index.html</literal>" do pacote <literal>aptitude-doc-en</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Official and detailed documentations on the Debian archive:
pt: Documentações oficiais e detalhadas no arquivo Debian:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&debianpolicymanuthedebianarchive;">"Debian Policy Manual Chapter 2 - The Debian Archive"</ulink>,
pt: <ulink url="&debianpolicymanuthedebianarchive;">"Manual de Política Debian Capítulo 2 - O Arquivo Debian"</ulink>,

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&debiandevelopersthedebianarchive;">"Debian Developer's Reference, Chapter 4 - Resources for Debian Developers 4.6 The Debian archive"</ulink>, and
pt: <ulink url="&debiandevelopersthedebianarchive;">"Referência dos Programadores de Debian, Capítulo 4 - Recursos para Programadores de Debian 4.6 O Arquivo Debian"</ulink> e

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&thedebiangnulinuebianftparchives;">"The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ, Chapter 6 - The Debian FTP archives"</ulink>.
pt: <ulink url="&thedebiangnulinuebianftparchives;">"A FAQ de Debian GNU/Linux, Capítulo 6 - Os arquivos FTP de Debian"</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Tutorial for building of a Debian package for Debian users:
pt: Tutorial para construir um pacote Debian para utilizadores de Debian:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&guidefordebianmaintainers;">"Guide for Debian Maintainers"</ulink>.
pt: <ulink url="&guidefordebianmaintainers;">"Guia para Mantedores de Debian"</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
en: The system initialization
pt: A inicialização do sistema

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
en: It is wise for you as the system administrator to know roughly how the Debian system is started and configured.  Although the exact details are in the source files of the packages installed and their documentations, it is a bit overwhelming for most of us.
pt: É inteligente para si como o administrador do sistema ter uma ideia como o sistema Debian é arranca e é configurado. Apesar dos detalhes exactos estarem nos ficheiros de código-fonte dos pacotes instalados e nas suas documentações, é um pouco exagerado para a maioria de nós.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
en: Here is a rough overview of the key points of the Debian system initialization. Since the Debian system is a moving target, you should refer to the latest documentation.
pt: Aqui está uma visão geral aproximada dos pontos chave da inicialização do sistema Debian. Dado que o sistema Debian é um alvo em movimento, deve consultar a documentação mais recente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&debianlinuxkernelhandbook;">Debian Linux Kernel Handbook</ulink> is the primary source of information on the Debian kernel.
pt: <ulink url="&debianlinuxkernelhandbook;">Manual do Kernel Linux Debian</ulink> é a fonte primária de informação sobre o kernel Debian.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>bootup</literal>(7) describes the system bootup process based on <literal>systemd</literal> . (Recent Debian)
pt: <literal>bootup</literal>(7) descreve o processo de arranque do sistema baseado no <literal>systemd</literal> . (Debian Recente)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>boot</literal>(7) describes the system bootup process based on UNIX System V Release 4. (Older Debian)
pt: <literal>boot</literal>(7) descreve o processo de arranque do sistema baseado em UNIX System V Release 4. (Debian Antiga)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: An overview of the boot strap process
pt: Uma visão geral do processo de arranque

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The computer system undergoes several phases of <ulink url="&bootstrapprocesses;">boot strap processes</ulink> from the power-on event until it offers the fully functional operating system (OS) to the user.
pt: O sistema do computador passa por várias fases de <ulink url="&bootstrapprocesses;">processos de arranque</ulink> desde o ligar da energia até que oferece, ao utilizador, o sistema operativo (SO) totalmente funcional.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: For simplicity, I limit discussion to the typical PC platform with the default installation.
pt: Para simplicidade, limito a discussão à plataforma PC típico com a instalação por omissão.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The typical boot strap process is like a four-stage rocket.  Each stage rocket hands over the system control to the next stage one.
pt: O processo típico de arranque é como um foguete de quatro etapas. Cada etapa do foguete entrega o controle do sistema à próxima etapa.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Of course, these can be configured differently.  For example, if you compiled your own kernel, you may be skipping the step with the mini-Debian system.  So please do not assume this is the case for your system until you check it yourself.
pt: É claro que, estes podem ser configurados de modo diferente. Por exemplo, se compilou o seu próprio kernel, pode estar a saltar o passo com o mini sistema Debian. Portanto por favor não assuma que é este o caso para o seu sistema até que o verifique por si próprio.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Stage 1: the UEFI
pt: Estágio 1: a UEFI

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <ulink url="&unifiedextensiblareinterfaceuefi;">Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI)</ulink> defines a boot manager as part of the UEFI specification. When a computer is powered on, the boot manager is the 1st stage of the boot process which checks the boot configuration and based on its settings, then executes the specified OS boot loader or operating system kernel (usually boot loader). The boot configuration is defined by variables stored in NVRAM, including variables that indicate the file system paths to OS loaders or OS kernels.
pt: A <ulink url="&unifiedextensiblareinterfaceuefi;">Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI)</ulink> define um gestor de arranque como parte da especificação UEFI. Quando um computador é ligado, o gestor de arranque é a primeira fase do processo de arranque que verifica a configuração de arranque e, com base nas suas definições, executa o gestor de arranque do SO ou o kernel do sistema operativo especificado (normalmente o gestor de arranque). A configuração de arranque é definida por variáveis armazenadas na NVRAM, incluindo variáveis que indicam os caminhos do sistema de ficheiros para os carregadores ou kernels do SO.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: An <ulink url="&efisystempartitionesp;">EFI system partition (ESP)</ulink> is a data storage device partition that is used in computers adhering to the UEFI specification. Accessed by the UEFI firmware when a computer is powered up, it stores UEFI applications and the files these applications need to run, including operating system boot loaders. (On the legacy PC system, <ulink url="&bios;">BIOS</ulink> stored in the <ulink url="&mbr;">MBR</ulink> may be used instead.)
pt: Uma <ulink url="&efisystempartitionesp;">partição de sistema EFI (ESP)</ulink> é uma partição de dispositivo de armazenamento de dados que é utilizada em computadores que aderem à especificação UEFI. Acedida pelo firmware UEFI quando um computador é ligado, armazena as aplicações UEFI e os ficheiros de que estas aplicações necessitam para funcionar, incluindo os gestores de arranque do sistema operativo. (No sistema legado do PC, pode ser usada <ulink url="&bios;">a BIOS</ulink> armazenada na <ulink url="&mbr;">MBR</ulink>.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Stage 2: the boot loader
pt: Estágio 2: o gestor de arranque

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <ulink url="&bootloader;">boot loader</ulink> is the 2nd stage of the boot process which is started by the UEFI.  It loads the system kernel image and the <ulink url="&initrd;">initrd</ulink> image to the memory and hands control over to them.  This initrd image is the root filesystem image and its support depends on the bootloader used.
pt: O <ulink url="&bootloader;">gestor de arranque</ulink> é o 2º estágio do processo de arranque que é iniciado pela UEFI. Ele carrega a imagem de kernel do sistema e a imagem <ulink url="&initrd;">initrd</ulink> na memória e passa-lhes o controle. Esta imagem initrd é a imagem do sistema de ficheiros raiz e o suporte dele depende do gestor de arranque utilizado.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The Debian system normally uses the Linux kernel as the default system kernel. The initrd image for the current 5.x Linux kernel is technically the <ulink url="&initramfs;">initramfs</ulink> (initial RAM filesystem) image.
pt: O sistema Debian normalmente usa o kernel Linux como o kernel de sistema por omissão. A imagem initrd para o atual kernel Linux 5.x é tecnicamente a imagem <ulink url="&initramfs;">initramfs</ulink> (initial RAM filesystem).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There are many boot loaders and configuration options available.
pt: Existem muitos gestores de arranque e opções de configuração disponíveis.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of boot loaders
pt: Lista de gestores de arranque

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: bootloader
pt: gestor de arranque

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Supported
pt: Suportado

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: This is smart enough to understand disk partitions and filesystems such as vfat, ext4, …. (UEFI)
pt: É suficientemente inteligente para compreender partições de disco e sistemas de ficheiros como vfat, ext4, .... (UEFI)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: This is smart enough to understand disk partitions and filesystems such as vfat, ext4, …. (BIOS)
pt: É suficientemente inteligente para compreender partições de disco e sistemas de ficheiros como vfat, ext4, .... (BIOS)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: This is GRUB 2 bootable rescue images (CD and floppy) (PC/BIOS version)
pt: Isto são imagens de arranque de recuperação do GRUB 2 (CD ou disquete) (Versão PC/BIOS)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: This understands the ISO9660 filesystem.  This is used by the boot CD.
pt: Isto compreende o sistema de ficheiros ISO9660. É utilizado pelo CD de arranque.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: This understands the <ulink url="&msdosfilesystemfat;">MSDOS filesystem (FAT)</ulink>.  This is used by the boot floppy.
pt: Isto compreende o <ulink url="&msdosfilesystemfat;">sistema de ficheiros MSDOS (FAT)</ulink>. É utilizado pela disquete de arranque.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: New system is started from the FreeDOS/MSDOS system.
pt: Novo sistema é iniciado a partir do sistema FreeDOS/MSDOS.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Not supported
pt: Não suportado

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&mbrbyneilturton;">MBR by Neil Turton</ulink>
pt: <ulink url="&mbrbyneilturton;">MBR por Neil Turton</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: This is free software which substitutes MSDOS <ulink url="&mbr;">MBR</ulink>.  This only understands disk partitions.
pt: Isto é software livre que substitui o <ulink url="&mbr;">MBR</ulink> do MSDOS. Apenas compreende partições de disco.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
en: Do not play with boot loaders without having bootable rescue media (USB memory stick, CD or floppy) created from images in the <literal>grub-rescue-pc</literal> package.  It makes you boot your system even without functioning bootloader on the hard disk.
pt: Não brinque com os gestores de arranque sem ter discos de arranque de recuperação (caneta USB, CD ou disquete) criados a partir de imagens do pacote <literal>grub-rescue-pc</literal>. Torna-o capaz de arrancar o seu sistema mesmo sem um gestor de arranque funcional no disco rígido.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For UEFI system, GRUB2 first reads the ESP partition and uses UUID specified for <literal>search.fs_uuid</literal> in "<literal>/boot/efi/EFI/debian/grub.cfg</literal>" to determine the partition of the GRUB2 menu configuration file "<literal>/boot/grub/grub.cfg</literal>".
pt: Para o sistema UEFI, o GRUB2 lê primeiro a partição ESP e utiliza o UUID especificado para <literal>search.fs_uuid</literal> em "<literal>/boot/efi/EFI/debian/grub.cfg</literal>" para determinar a partição do ficheiro de configuração do menu GRUB2 "<literal>/boot/grub/grub.cfg</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The key part of the GRUB2 menu configuration file looks like:
pt: A parte principal do ficheiro de configuração do menu do GRUB2 tem o seguinte aspeto:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For this part of <literal>/boot/grub/grub.cfg</literal>, this menu entry means the following.
pt: Para esta parte de <literal>/boot/grub/grub.cfg</literal>, esta entrada de menu significa o seguinte.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: The meaning of the menu entry of the above part of <literal>/boot/grub/grub.cfg</literal>
pt: O significado da entrada de menu da parte acima de <literal>/boot/grub/grub.cfg</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: setting
pt: configuração

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: value
pt: valor

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: GRUB2 modules loaded
pt: Módulos do GRUB2 carregados

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: root file system partition used
pt: utilizada a partição raiz do sistema de ficheiros

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: partition identified by <literal>UUID=fe3e1db5-6454-46d6-a14c-071208ebe4b1</literal>
pt: partição identificada por <literal>UUID=fe3e1db5-6454-46d6-a14c-071208ebe4b1</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: kernel image path in the root file system
pt: caminho da imagem do kernel no sistema de ficheiros raiz

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: kernel boot parameter used
pt: utilizado parâmetro de arranque do kernel

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: initrd image path in the root file system
pt: caminho da imagem initrd no sistema de ficheiros raiz

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: You can enable to see kernel boot log messages by removing <literal>quiet</literal> in "<literal>/boot/grub/grub.cfg</literal>".  For the persistent change, please edit "<literal>GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="quiet"</literal>" line in "<literal>/etc/default/grub</literal>".
pt: Pode ativar a visualização das mensagens de registo de arranque do kernel removendo <literal>quiet</literal> em "<literal>/boot/grub/grub.cfg</literal>".  Para a alteração persistente, por favor edite a linha "<literal>GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="quiet"</literal>" em "<literal>/etc/default/grub</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: You can customize GRUB splash image by setting <literal>GRUB_BACKGROUND</literal> variable in "<literal>/etc/default/grub</literal>" pointing to the image file or placing the image file itself in "<literal>/boot/grub/</literal>".
pt: Pode personalizar a imagem splash do GRUB definindo a variável <literal>GRUB_BACKGROUND</literal> em "<literal>/etc/default/grub</literal>" apontando para o ficheiro de imagem ou colocando o próprio ficheiro de imagem em "<literal>/boot/grub/</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See "<literal>info grub</literal>" and <literal>grub-install</literal>(8).
pt: Veja "<literal>info grub</literal>" e <literal>grub-install</literal>(8).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Stage 3: the mini-Debian system
pt: Estágio 3: o mini-sistema Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The mini-Debian system is the 3rd stage of the boot process which is started by the boot loader.  It runs the system kernel with its root filesystem on the memory. This is an optional preparatory stage of the boot process.
pt: O mini-sistema Debian é o 3º estágio do processo de arranque que é iniciado pelo gestor de arranque. Corre o kernel do sistema com o sistema de ficheiros raiz dele na memória. Este é um estágio preparatório opcional do processo de arranque.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: The term "the mini-Debian system" is coined by the author to describe this 3rd stage boot process for this document.  This system is commonly referred as the <ulink url="&initrd;">initrd</ulink> or initramfs system. Similar system on the memory is used by <ulink url="&thedebianinstaller;">the Debian Installer</ulink>.
pt: O termo "mini-sistema Debian" é cunhado pelo autor para descrever este 3º estágio do processo de arranque para este documento. Este sistema é geralmente referido como o <ulink url="&initrd;">initrd</ulink> ou sistema initramfs. É utilizado pelo <ulink url="&thedebianinstaller;">Instalador de Debian</ulink> um sistema semelhante em memória .

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The "<literal>/init</literal>" program is executed as the first program in this root filesystem on the memory. It is a program which initializes the kernel in user space and hands control over to the next stage. This mini-Debian system offers flexibility to the boot process such as adding kernel modules before the main boot process or mounting the root filesystem as an encrypted one.
pt: O programa "<literal>/init</literal>" é executado como o primeiro programa neste sistema de ficheiros raiz em memória. É um programa que inicializa o kernel no espaço de utilizador e entrega o controle ao próximo estágio. Este mini-sistema Debian oferece flexibilidade ao processo de arranque tal como adicionar módulos de kernel antes do processo de arranque principal ou montar o sistema de ficheiros raiz como um encriptado.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The "<literal>/init</literal>" program is a shell script program if initramfs was created by <literal>initramfs-tools</literal>.
pt: O programa "<literal>/init</literal>" é um programa de script de shell se a initramfs for criada pelo <literal>initramfs-tools</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: You can interrupt this part of the boot process to gain root shell by providing "<literal>break=init</literal>" etc. to the kernel boot parameter. See the "<literal>/init</literal>" script for more break conditions.  This shell environment is sophisticated enough to make a good inspection of your machine's hardware.
pt: Pode interromper esta parte do processo de arranque para obter a shell de root ao fornecer "<literal>break=init</literal>" etc. ao parâmetro de arranque do kernel. Veja o script "<literal>/init</literal>" para mais condições de interrupção. Este ambiente shell é suficientemente sofisticado para fazer uma boa inspecção do hardware da sua máquina.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Commands available in this mini-Debian system are stripped down ones and mainly provided by a GNU tool called <literal>busybox</literal>(1).
pt: Os comandos disponíveis neste mini-sistema Debian são versões reduzidas e disponibilizados principalmente por uma ferramenta GNU chamada <literal>busybox</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The "<literal>/init</literal>" program is a binary <literal>systemd</literal> program if initramfs was created by <literal>dracut</literal>.
pt: O programa "<literal>/init</literal>" é um programa binário do <literal>systemd</literal> se a initramfs for criada pelo <literal>dracut</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Commands available in this mini-Debian system are stripped down <literal>systemd</literal>(1) environment.
pt: Os comandos disponíveis neste mini-sistema Debian são versões reduzidas do ambiente <literal>systemd</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: You need to use "<literal>-n</literal>" option for <literal>mount</literal> command when you are on the readonly root filesystem.
pt: Precisa de utilizar a opção "<literal>-n</literal>" para o comando <literal>mount</literal> quando está no sistema de ficheiros raiz apenas de leitura.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Stage 4: the normal Debian system
pt: Estágio 4: o sistema Debian normal

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The normal Debian system is the 4th stage of the boot process which is started by the mini-Debian system.  The system kernel for the mini-Debian system continues to run in this environment. The root filesystem is switched from the one on the memory to the one on the real hard disk filesystem.
pt: O sistema Debian normal é o 4º estágio do processo de arranque que é iniciado pelo mini-sistema Debian.  O kernel do sistema para o mini-sistema Debian continua a correr nesse ambiente. O sistema de ficheiros raiz é mudado daquele na memória para o que está no sistema de ficheiros do disco rígido real.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <ulink url="&init;">init</ulink> program is executed as the first program with PID=1 to perform the main boot process of starting many programs.  The default file path for the init program is "<literal>/usr/sbin/init</literal>" but it can be changed by the kernel boot parameter as "<literal>init=/path/to/init_program</literal>".
pt: O programa <ulink url="&init;">init</ulink> é executado como o primeiro programa com PID=1 para executar o processo de arranque principal de arrancar muitos programas. O caminho de ficheiro predefinido ao programa init é "<literal>/usr/sbin/init</literal>" mas pode ser alterado pelo parâmetro de arranque do kernel como "<literal>init=/path/to/init_program</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: "<literal>/usr/sbin/init</literal>" is symlinked to "<literal>/lib/systemd/systemd</literal>" after Debian 8 Jessie (released in 2015).
pt: "<literal>/usr/sbin/init</literal>" é uma ligação simbólica para "<literal>/lib/systemd/systemd</literal>" após Debian 8 Jessie (Lançada em 2015).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: The actual init command on your system can be verified by the "<literal>ps --pid 1 -f</literal>" command.
pt: O comando de iniciação atual do seu sistema pode ser verificado pelo comando "<literal>ps --pid 1 -f</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of boot utilities for the Debian system
pt: Lista de utilitários de arranque para o sistema Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: event-based <literal>init</literal>(8) daemon for concurrency (alternative to <literal>sysvinit</literal>)
pt: daemon de eventos baseado em <literal>init</literal>(8) para a concorrência (alternativa a <literal>sysvinit</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&initializationsyrecloudinstances;">initialization system for infrastructure cloud instances</ulink>
pt: <ulink url="&initializationsyrecloudinstances;">sistema de inicialização de instâncias de infra-estruturas na nuvem</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: the manual pages and links needed for <literal>systemd</literal> to replace <literal>sysvinit</literal>
pt: os manuais e ligações necessárias pelo <literal>systemd</literal> para substituir o <literal>sysvinit</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: helper tools for switching between <literal>sysvinit</literal> and <literal>systemd</literal>
pt: ferramentas de ajuda para mudar entre <literal>sysvinit</literal> e <literal>systemd</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: scripts for initializing and shutting down the system
pt: scripts para inicializar e desligar o sistema

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: System-V-like <literal>init</literal>(8) utilities
pt: utilitários de <literal>init</literal>(8) estilo System-V

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: System-V-like runlevel change mechanism
pt: mecanismo de mudança de runlevel estilo System-V

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: System-V-like utilities (<literal>startpar</literal>(8), <literal>bootlogd</literal>(8), …)
pt: utilitários estilo System-V (<literal>startpar</literal>(8), <literal>bootlogd</literal>(8), …)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&linuxstandardbase;">Linux Standard Base</ulink> 3.2 init script functionality
pt: <ulink url="&linuxstandardbase;">Linux Standard Base</ulink> funcionalidade de script de init 3.2

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: tool to organize boot sequence using LSB init.d script dependencies
pt: ferramenta para organizar a sequência de arranque a usar dependências dos scripts init.d LSB

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: kexec tool for <literal>kexec</literal>(8) reboots (warm reboot)
pt: ferramenta kexec para re-arranques <literal>kexec</literal>(8) (re-arranque a quente)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: boot process performance analyser
pt: analisador de performance do processo de arranque

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: console-only <literal>getty</literal>(8)
pt: <literal>getty</literal>(8) apenas de consola

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: smart modem <literal>getty</literal>(8) replacement
pt: substituto inteligente de modem <literal>getty</literal>(8)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: See <ulink url="&debianwikibootprocessspeedup;">Debian wiki: BootProcessSpeedup</ulink> for the latest tips to speed up the boot process.
pt: Veja <ulink url="&debianwikibootprocessspeedup;">Debian wiki: BootProcessSpeedup</ulink> para as dicas mais recentes em como acelerar o processo de arranque.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Systemd init
pt: init do Systemd

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: When the Debian system starts, <literal>/usr/sbin/init</literal> symlinked to <literal>/usr/lib/systemd</literal> is started as the init system process (<literal>PID=1</literal>) owned by root (<literal>UID=0</literal>).  See <literal>systemd</literal>(1).
pt: Quando o sistema Debian arranca, <literal>/usr/sbin/init</literal> com uma ligação simbólica a <literal>/usr/lib/systemd</literal> é iniciado como o processo do sistema init<literal>(PID=1</literal>) que pertence ao root<literal>(UID=0</literal>).  Veja <literal>systemd</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <literal>systemd</literal> init process spawns processes in parallel based on the unit configuration files (see <literal>systemd.unit</literal>(5)) which are written in declarative style instead of SysV-like procedural style.
pt: O processo init do <literal>systemd</literal> espalha processos em paralelo com base nos arquivos de configuração do unit (veja <literal>systemd.unit</literal>(5)) os quais são escritos em estilo declarativo em vez do estilo processual tipo SysV.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The spawned processes are placed in individual <ulink url="&linuxcontrolgroups;">Linux control groups</ulink> named after the unit which they belong to in the private systemd hierarchy (see <ulink url="&cgroups;">cgroups</ulink> and <xref linkend="_linux_security_features"/>).
pt: Os processos gerados são colocados em <ulink url="&linuxcontrolgroups;">grupos de controlo individuais do Linux</ulink> com o nome da unidade a que pertencem na hierarquia privada do systemd (ver <ulink url="&cgroups;">cgroups</ulink> e <xref linkend="_linux_security_features"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Units for the system mode are loaded from the "System Unit Search Path" described in <literal>systemd.unit</literal>(5).  The main ones are as follows in the order of priority:
pt: As unidades para o modo de sistema são carregadas a partir do "Caminho de pesquisa de unidade de sistema" descrito em <literal>systemd.unit</literal>(5).  As principais são as seguintes, por ordem de prioridade:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/etc/systemd/system/*</literal>": System units created by the administrator
pt: "<literal>/etc/systemd/system/*</literal>": Unidades de sistema criadas pelo administrador

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/run/systemd/system/*</literal>": Runtime units
pt: "<literal>/run/systemd/system/*</literal>": Unidades de tempo de execução

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/lib/systemd/system/*</literal>": System units installed by the distribution package manager
pt: "<literal>/lib/systemd/system/*</literal>": Unidades de sistema instaladas pelo gestor de pacotes da distribuição

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Their inter-dependencies are specified by the directives "<literal>Wants=</literal>", "<literal>Requires=</literal>", "<literal>Before=</literal>", "<literal>After=</literal>", … (see "MAPPING OF UNIT PROPERTIES TO THEIR INVERSES" in <literal>systemd.unit</literal>(5)).  The resource controls are also defined (see <literal>systemd.resource-control</literal>(5)).
pt: As suas inter-dependências são especificadas pelas directivas "<literal>Wants=</literal>", "<literal>Requires=</literal>", "<literal>Before=</literal>", "<literal>After=</literal>", … (veja "MAPPING OF UNIT PROPERTIES TO THEIR INVERSES" em <literal>systemd.unit</literal>(5)).  Os controlos de recursos estão também definidos (veja <literal>systemd.resource-control</literal>(5)).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The suffix of the unit configuration file encodes their types as:
pt: O sufixo do ficheiro de configuração da unidade codifica os seus tipos como:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">*.service</emphasis> describes the process controlled and supervised by <literal>systemd</literal>. See <literal>systemd.service</literal>(5).
pt: <emphasis role="strong">*.service</emphasis> descreve o processo controlado e supervisionado pelo <literal>systemd</literal>. Veja <literal>systemd.service</literal>(5).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">*.device</emphasis> describes the device exposed in the <literal>sysfs</literal>(5) as <literal>udev</literal>(7) device tree. See <literal>systemd.device</literal>(5).
pt: <emphasis role="strong">*.device</emphasis> descreve o aparelho exposto em <literal>sysfs</literal>(5) como uma árvore de aparelhos do <literal>udev</literal>(7). Veja <literal>systemd.device</literal>(5).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">*.mount</emphasis> describes the file system mount point controlled and supervised by <literal>systemd</literal>. See <literal>systemd.mount</literal>(5).
pt: <emphasis role="strong">*.mount</emphasis> descreve o ponto de montagem do sistema de ficheiros controlado e supervisionado pelo <literal>systemd</literal>. Veja <literal>systemd.mount</literal>(5).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">*.automount</emphasis> describes the file system auto mount point controlled and supervised by <literal>systemd</literal>. See <literal>systemd.automount</literal>(5).
pt: <emphasis role="strong">*.automount</emphasis> Descreve o ponto de montagem automático do sistema de ficheiros controlado e supervisionado pelo <literal>systemd</literal>. Veja <literal>systemd.automount</literal>(5).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">*.swap</emphasis> describes the swap device or file controlled and supervised by <literal>systemd</literal>. See <literal>systemd.swap</literal>(5).
pt: <emphasis role="strong">*.swap</emphasis> descreve o aparelho ou ficheiro de memória virtual (swap) controlado e supervisionado pelo <literal>systemd</literal>. Veja <literal>systemd.swap</literal>(5).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">*.path</emphasis> describes the path monitored by <literal>systemd</literal> for path-based activation. See <literal>systemd.path</literal>(5).
pt: <emphasis role="strong">*.path</emphasis> descreve o caminho monitorizado pelo <literal>systemd</literal> para activação baseada-no-caminho. Veja <literal>systemd.path</literal>(5).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">*.socket</emphasis> describes the socket controlled and supervised by <literal>systemd</literal> for socket-based activation. See <literal>systemd.socket</literal>(5).
pt: <emphasis role="strong">*.socket</emphasis> descreve o socket controlado e supervisionado pelo <literal>systemd</literal> para activação baseada-em-socket. Veja <literal>systemd.socket</literal>(5).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">*.timer</emphasis> describes the timer controlled and supervised by <literal>systemd</literal> for timer-based activation. See <literal>systemd.timer</literal>(5).
pt: <emphasis role="strong">*.timer</emphasis> descreve o temporizador controlado e supervisionado pelo <literal>systemd</literal> para activação baseada-em-temporização. Veja <literal>systemd.timer</literal>(5).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">*.slice</emphasis> manages resources with the <literal>cgroups</literal>(7). See <literal>systemd.slice</literal>(5).
pt: <emphasis role="strong">*.slice</emphasis> gere recursos com <literal>cgroups</literal>(7). Veja <literal>systemd.slice</literal>(5).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">*.scope</emphasis> is created programmatically using the bus interfaces of <literal>systemd</literal> to manages a set of system processes. See <literal>systemd.scope</literal>(5).
pt: <emphasis role="strong">*.scope</emphasis> é criado programaticamente a usar as interfaces de barramento do <literal>systemd</literal> para gerir um conjunto de processos do sistema. Veja <literal>systemd.scope</literal>(5).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">*.target</emphasis> groups other unit configuration files to create the synchronization point during start-up. See <literal>systemd.target</literal>(5).
pt: <emphasis role="strong">*.target</emphasis> agrupa outros ficheiros de configuração de unit para criar o ponto de sincronização durante o arranque. Veja <literal>systemd.target</literal>(5).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Upon system start up (i.e., init), the <literal>systemd</literal> process tries to start the "<literal>/lib/systemd/system/default.target</literal> (normally symlinked to "<literal>graphical.target</literal>").  First, some special target units (see <literal>systemd.special</literal>(7)) such as "<literal>local-fs.target</literal>", "<literal>swap.target</literal>" and "<literal>cryptsetup.target</literal>" are pulled in to mount the filesystems.  Then, other target units are also pulled in by the target unit dependencies. For details, read <literal>bootup</literal>(7).
pt: Após o arranque do sistema (o, init), o processo <literal>systemd</literal> tenta arrancar o "<literal>/lib/systemd/system/default.target</literal> (que normalmente é uma ligaö#ao simbólica para "<literal>graphical.target</literal>").  Primeiro, algumas unidades alvo especiais (veja <literal>systemd.special</literal>(7)) tais como "<literal>local-fs.target</literal>", "<literal>swap.target</literal>" e "<literal>cryptsetup.target</literal>" são puxadas para montar os sistemas de ficheiros. Depois, outras unidades alvo são também puxadas pelas dependências da unidade alvo. Para mais detalhes. leia <literal>bootup</literal>(7).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <literal>systemd</literal> offers backward compatibility features.  SysV-style boot scripts in "<literal>/etc/init.d/rc[0123456S].d/[KS]<emphasis>name</emphasis></literal>" are still parsed and <literal>telinit</literal>(8) is translated into systemd unit activation requests.
pt: O <literal>systemd</literal> oferece funcionalidades de compatibilidade regressiva. Os scripts de arranque estilo SysV em "<literal>/etc/init.d/rc[0123456S].d/[KS]<emphasis>name</emphasis></literal>" são ainda analisados e <literal>telinit</literal>(8) é traduzido em pedidos activação de unidade do systemd.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: Emulated runlevel 2 to 4 are all symlinked to the same "<literal>multi-user.target</literal>".
pt: Os runlevel 2 a 4 emulados são todos direccionados por uma ligação simbólica ao mesmo "<literal>alvo de multi-utilizador</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Systemd login
pt: Inicio de sessão Systemd

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: When a user logins to the Debian system via <literal>gdm3</literal>(8), <literal>sshd</literal>(8), etc., <literal>/lib/systemd/system --user</literal> is started as the user service manager process owned by the corresponding user.  See <literal>systemd</literal>(1).
pt: Quando um utilizador se liga ao sistema Debian via <literal>gdm3</literal>(8), <literal>sshd</literal>(8), etc., <literal>/lib/systemd/system --user</literal> é iniciado como o processo gestor de serviços de utilizador pertencente ao utilizador correspondente.  Veja <literal>systemd</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <literal>systemd</literal> user service manager process spawns processes in parallel based on the declarative unit configuration files (see <literal>systemd.unit</literal>(5) and <literal>user@.service</literal>(5)).
pt: O processo do gestor de serviços do utilizador <literal>systemd</literal> gera processos em paralelo com base nos ficheiros de configuração da unidade declarativa (ver <literal>systemd.unit</literal>(5) e <literal>user@.service</literal>(5)).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Units for the user mode are loaded from the "User Unit Search Path" described in <literal>systemd.unit</literal>(5).  The main ones are as follows in the order of priority:
pt: As unidades para o modo de utilizador são carregadas a partir do "Caminho de pesquisa de unidade de sistema" descrito em <literal>systemd.unit</literal>(5).  As principais são as seguintes, por ordem de prioridade:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>~/.config/systemd/user/*</literal>": User configuration units
pt: "<literal>~/.config/systemd/user/*</literal>": Unidades de configuração do utilizador

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/etc/systemd/user/*</literal>": User units created by the administrator
pt: "<literal>/etc/systemd/user/*</literal>": Unidades de utilizador criadas pelo administrador

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/run/systemd/user/*</literal>": Runtime units
pt: "<literal>/run/systemd/user/*</literal>": Unidades de tempo de execução

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/lib/systemd/user/*</literal>": User units installed by the distribution package manager
pt: "<literal>/lib/systemd/user/*</literal>": Unidades de utilizador instaladas pelo gestor de pacotes de distribuição

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: These are managed in the same way as <xref linkend="_systemd_init"/>.
pt: Estes são geridos da mesma forma que os <xref linkend="_systemd_init"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: The kernel message
pt: A mensagem do kernel

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The kernel error message displayed to the console can be configured by setting its threshold level.
pt: As mensagens de erros do kernel mostradas na consola podem ser configuradas ao definir o nível de limiar dele.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of kernel error levels
pt: Lista de níveis de erro do kernel

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: error level value
pt: valor de nível de erro

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: error level name
pt: nome de nível de erro

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: system is unusable
pt: sistema está inutilizável

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: action must be taken immediately
pt: acção tem de ser tomada imediatamente

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: critical conditions
pt: condições críticas

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: error conditions
pt: condições de erro

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: warning conditions
pt: condições de aviso

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: normal but significant condition
pt: condição normal mas significante

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: informational
pt: informativa

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: debug-level messages
pt: mensagens de nível de depuração

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: The system message
pt: A mensagem do sistema

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Under <literal>systemd</literal>, both kernel and system messages are logged by the journal service <literal>systemd-journald.service</literal> (a.k.a <literal>journald</literal>) either into a persistent binary data below "<literal>/var/log/journal</literal>" or into a volatile binary data below "<literal>/run/log/journal/</literal>". These binary log data are accessed by the <literal>journalctl</literal>(1) command.  For example, you can display log from the last boot as:
pt: Sob <literal>systemd</literal>, ambas mensagens de kernel e sistema são registadas pelo serviço journal <literal>systemd-journald.service</literal> (também conhecido por <literal>journald</literal>) seja em dados binários persistentes em "<literal>/var/log/journal</literal>" ou em dados binários voláteis em "<literal>/run/log/journal/</literal>". Estes dados de relatório binários são acedidos pelo comando <literal>journalctl</literal>(1).  Por exemplo, pode apresentar o registo do último arranque como:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of typical <literal>journalctl</literal> command snippets
pt: Lista de trechos típicos do comando <literal>journalctl</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: Operation
pt: Operação

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: Command snippets
pt: Fragmentos de comando

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: View log for system services and kernel from the last boot
pt: Ver o registo dos serviços do sistema e do kernel desde o último arranque

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: View log for services of the current user from the last boot
pt: Ver o registo dos serviços do utilizador atual desde o último arranque

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: View job log of "<literal>$unit</literal>" from the last boot
pt: Ver o registo de tarefas de" <literal>$unit</literal>" do último arranque

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: View job log of "<literal>$unit</literal>" ("<literal>tail -f</literal>" style) from the last boot
pt: Ver o registo do trabalho de "<literal>$unit</literal>" (estilo "<literal>tail -f</literal>") desde o último arranque

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Under <literal>systemd</literal>, the system logging utility <literal>rsyslogd</literal>(8) may be uninstalled.  If it is installed, it changes its behavior to read the volatile binary log data (instead of pre-systemd default "<literal>/dev/log</literal>") and to create traditional permanent ASCII system log data.  This can be customized by "<literal>/etc/default/rsyslog</literal>" and "<literal>/etc/rsyslog.conf</literal>" for both the log file and on-screen display. See <literal>rsyslogd</literal>(8) and <literal>rsyslog.conf</literal>(5).  See also <xref linkend="_log_analyzer"/>.
pt: Sob o <literal>systemd</literal>, o utilitário de registo do sistema <literal>rsyslogd</literal>(8) pode ser desinstalado.  Se for instalado, altera o seu comportamento para ler os dados de registo binários voláteis (em vez do padrão pré-systemd "<literal>/dev/log</literal>") e para criar dados de registo do sistema ASCII permanentes tradicionais.  Isto pode ser personalizado por "<literal>/etc/default/rsyslog</literal>" e "<literal>/etc/rsyslog.conf</literal>" tanto para o ficheiro de registos como para a apresentação no ecrã. Veja <literal>rsyslogd</literal>(8) e <literal>rsyslog.conf</literal>(5).  Veja também <xref linkend="_log_analyzer"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: System management
pt: Gestão do sistema

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The <literal>systemd</literal> offers not only init system but also generic system management operations with the <literal>systemctl</literal>(1) command.
pt: O <literal>systemd</literal> oferece não apenas o sistema init, mas também operações genéricas de gestão de sistema com o comando <literal>systemctl</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of typical <literal>systemctl</literal> command snippets
pt: Lista de trechos de comandos típicos de gestão do <literal>systemctl</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: List all available unit types
pt: Lista todos os tipos de unidades disponíveis

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: List all target units in memory
pt: Lista todas as unidades alvo na memória

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: List all service units in memory
pt: Lista todas as unidades de serviço na memória

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: List all device units in memory
pt: Lista todas as unidades de dispositivo na memória

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: List all mount units in memory
pt: Lista todas as unidades de montagem na memória

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: List all socket units in memory
pt: Lista todas unidades de socket em memória

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: List all timer units in memory
pt: Lista todas as unidades de temporizador em memória

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Start "<literal>$unit</literal>"
pt: Iniciar o "<literal>$unit</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Stop "<literal>$unit</literal>"
pt: Parar o "<literal>$unit</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Reload service-specific configuration
pt: Recarregar configuração específica do serviço

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Stop and start all "<literal>$unit</literal>"
pt: Parar e iniciar todo "<literal>$unit</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Start "<literal>$unit</literal>" and stop all others
pt: Iniciar o "<literal>$unit</literal>" e parar todos os outros

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Switch to "<literal>graphical</literal>" (GUI system)
pt: Mudar para "<literal>gráfico</literal>" (sistema GUI)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Switch to "<literal>multi-user</literal>" (CLI system)
pt: Mudar para "<literal>multi-utilizador</literal>" (sistema CLI)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Switch to "<literal>rescue</literal>" (single user CLI system)
pt: Mudar para "<literal>recuperação</literal>" (sistema CLI de único utilizador)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Send kill signal to "<literal>$unit</literal>"
pt: Enviar sinal kill ao "<literal>$unit</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Check if "<literal>$unit</literal>" service is active
pt: Verificar se o serviço "<literal>$unit</literal>" está ativo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Check if "<literal>$unit</literal>" service is failed
pt: Verificar se o serviço "<literal>$unit</literal>" falhou

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Check status of "<literal>$unit|$PID|device</literal>"
pt: Verifica o estado de "<literal>$unit|$PID|aparelho</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Show properties of "<literal>$unit|$job</literal>"
pt: Mostra propriedades de 1"<literal>$unit|$job</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Reset failed "<literal>$unit</literal>"
pt: Reinicia um "<literal>$unit</literal>" falhado

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: List dependency of all unit services
pt: List dependências de todos os serviços unit

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: List unit files installed on the system
pt: Lista ficheiros unit instalados no sistema

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Enable "<literal>$unit</literal>" (add symlink)
pt: Ativa "<literal>$unit</literal>" (adicionar ligação simbólica)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Disable "<literal>$unit</literal>" (remove symlink)
pt: Desactiva "<literal>$unit</literal>" (remove ligação simbólica)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Unmask "<literal>$unit</literal>" (remove symlink to "<literal>/dev/null</literal>")
pt: Desmascara "<literal>$unit</literal>" (remove ligação simbólica para "<literal>/dev/null</literal>")

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Mask "<literal>$unit</literal>" (add symlink to "<literal>/dev/null</literal>")
pt: Mascara "<literal>$unit</literal>" (adicionar ligação simbólica para "<literal>/dev/null</literal>")

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Get default-target setting
pt: Obter definição de alvo-predefinido

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Set default-target to "<literal>graphical</literal>" (GUI system)
pt: Define alvo-predefinido para "<literal>graphical</literal>" (sistema GUI)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Set default-target to "<literal>multi-user</literal>" (CLI system)
pt: Define alvo-predefinido para "<literal>multi-user</literal>" (sistema CLI)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Show job environment
pt: Mostra ambiente da função

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Set job environment "<literal>variable</literal>" to "<literal>value</literal>"
pt: Define "<literal>variável</literal>" de ambiente de função para "<literal>valor</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: "<literal>systemctl set-environment variable=value</literal>"
pt: "<literal>systemctl set-environment variável=valor</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Unset job environment "<literal>variable</literal>"
pt: Remove a definição da "<literal>variável</literal>" de ambiente de função

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: "<literal>systemctl unset-environment variable</literal>"
pt: "<literal>systemctl unset-environment variável</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Reload all unit files and daemons
pt: Reinicia todos os ficheiros unit e os daemons

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Shut down the system
pt: Desligar o sistema

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Shut down and reboot the system
pt: Desligar e reiniciar o sistema

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Suspend the system
pt: Suspender o sistema

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Hibernate the system
pt: Hibernar o sistema

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Here, "<literal>$unit</literal>" in the above examples may be a single unit name (suffix such as <literal>.service</literal> and <literal>.target</literal> are optional) or, in many cases, multiple unit specifications (shell-style globs "<literal>*</literal>", "<literal>?</literal>", "<literal>[]</literal>" using <literal>fnmatch</literal>(3) which will be matched against the primary names of all units currently in memory).
pt: Aqui, "<literal>$unit</literal>" nos exemplos em cima pode ser um único nome de unidade (sufixos como <literal>.service</literal> e <literal>.target</literal> são opcionais) ou, em muitos casos, especificações de múltiplas unidades (a simbologia da shell "<literal>*</literal>", "<literal>?</literal>", "<literal>[]</literal>" a utilizar <literal>fnmatch</literal>(3) serão correspondidos aos nomes primários de todas as unidades presentemente em memória).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: System state changing commands in the above examples are typically preceded by the "<literal>sudo</literal>" to attain the required administrative privilege.
pt: Os comandos de alteração do estado do sistema nos exemplos em cima são tipicamente precedidos por "<literal>sudo</literal>" para obter os privilégios administrativos necessários.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The output of the "<literal>systemctl status $unit|$PID|$device</literal>" uses color of the dot ("●") to summarize the unit state at a glance.
pt: Os resultados de "<literal>systemctl status $unit|$PID|$aparelho</literal>" usam cores no ponto ("●") para sumarizar rapidamente o estado da unidade.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: White "●" indicates an "inactive" or "deactivating" state.
pt: Ponto "●" branco indica estado "inativo" ou "desactivado".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Red "●" indicates a "failed" or "error" state.
pt: Ponto "●" vermelho indica um estado de "falha" ou "erro".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Green "●" indicates an "active", "reloading" or "activating" state.
pt: Ponto "●" verde indica um estado "ativo", "a reiniciar" ou "a ativar".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Other system monitors
pt: Outros monitores de sistema

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Here are a list of other monitoring command snippets under <literal>systemd</literal>.  Please read the pertinent manpages including <literal>cgroups</literal>(7).
pt: Aqui está uma lista de outros trechos de comandos de monitorização sob o <literal>systemd</literal>.  Por favor, leia as páginas de manual pertinentes, incluindo <literal>cgroups</literal>(7).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of other monitoring command snippets under <literal>systemd</literal>
pt: Lista de outros trechos de comandos de monitorização <literal>systemd</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Show time spent for each initialization steps
pt: Mostra o tempo gasto em cada passo de inicialização

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: List of all units by the time to initialize
pt: Lista de todas as unidades pelo tempo de inicialização

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Load and detect errors in "<literal>$unit</literal>" file
pt: Carrega e detecta erros no ficheiro "<literal>$unit</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Show terse runtime status information of the user of the caller's session
pt: Apresentar informações breves sobre o estado do tempo de execução do utilizador que efectua a chamada

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Show terse runtime status information of the caller's session
pt: Mostrar informação concisa sobre o estado do tempo de execução da sessão do utilizador

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Track boot process by the <ulink url="&cgroups;">cgroups</ulink>
pt: Acompanhar o processo de arranque através dos <ulink url="&cgroups;">cgroups</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Read <ulink url="&sysfs;">sysfs</ulink> under "<literal>/sys/fs/cgroup/</literal>"
pt: Lê <ulink url="&sysfs;">sysfs</ulink> sob "<literal>/sys/fs/cgroup/</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: System configuration
pt: Configuração do sistema

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The hostname
pt: O nome da máquina

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The kernel maintains the system <emphasis role="strong">hostname</emphasis>.  The system unit started by <literal>systemd-hostnamed.service</literal> sets the system hostname at boot time to the name stored in "<literal>/etc/hostname</literal>".  This file should contain <emphasis role="strong">only</emphasis> the system hostname, not a fully qualified domain name.
pt: O kernel mantém o <emphasis role="strong">nome-de-máquina</emphasis> do sistema. A unidade do sistema arrancado por <literal>systemd-hostnamed.service</literal> define o nome de máquina do sistema durante o arranque ao nome armazenado em "<literal>/etc/hostname</literal>". Este ficheiro deve conter <emphasis role="strong">apenas</emphasis> o nome de máquina do sistema e não um nome de domínio totalmente qualificado.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: To print out the current hostname run <literal>hostname</literal>(1) without an argument.
pt: Para escrever o nome de máquina atual corra <literal>hostname</literal>(1) sem argumentos.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The filesystem
pt: O sistema de ficheiros

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The mount options of normal disk and network filesystems are set in "<literal>/etc/fstab</literal>".  See <literal>fstab</literal>(5) and <xref linkend="_optimization_of_filesystem_by_mount_options"/>.
pt: As opções de montagem de sistemas de ficheiros de discos normais e de rede são definidas em "<literal>/etc/fstab</literal>". Veja <literal>fstab</literal>(5) e <xref linkend="_optimization_of_filesystem_by_mount_options"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The configuration of the encrypted filesystem is set in "<literal>/etc/crypttab</literal>".  See <literal>crypttab</literal>(5)
pt: A configuração do sistema de ficheiros encriptado é definida em "<literal>/etc/crypttab</literal>". Veja <literal>crypttab</literal>(5)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The configuration of software RAID with <literal>mdadm</literal>(8) is set in "<literal>/etc/mdadm/mdadm.conf</literal>".  See <literal>mdadm.conf</literal>(5).
pt: A configuração do software RAID com <literal>mdadm</literal>(8) é definida em "<literal>/etc/mdadm/mdadm.conf</literal>".  Veja <literal>mdadm.conf</literal>(5).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
en: After mounting all the filesystems, temporary files in "<literal>/tmp</literal>", "<literal>/var/lock</literal>", and "<literal>/var/run</literal>" are cleaned for each boot up.
pt: Após montar todos os sistemas de ficheiros, os ficheiros temporários em "<literal>/tmp</literal>", "<literal>/var/lock</literal>" e "<literal>/var/run</literal>" são limpos para cada arranque.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Network interface initialization
pt: Inicialização da interface de rede

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Network interfaces are typically initialized in "<literal>networking.service</literal>" for the <literal>lo</literal> interface and "<literal>NetworkManager.service</literal>" for other interfaces on modern Debian desktop system under <literal>systemd</literal>.
pt: As interfaces de rede são tipicamente iniciadas em "<literal>networking.service</literal>" para a interface <literal>lo</literal> e "<literal>NetworkManager.service</literal>" para as outras interfaces em sistemas Debian modernos sob <literal>systemd</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See <xref linkend="_network_setup"/> for how to configure them.
pt: Veja <xref linkend="_network_setup"/> para saber como os configurar.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Cloud system initialization
pt: Inicialização do sistema de nuvem

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The cloud system instance may be launched as a clone of <ulink url="&debianofficialcloudimages;">"Debian Official Cloud Images"</ulink> or similar images.  For such system instance, personalities such as hostname, filesystem, networking, locale, SSH keys, users and groups may be configured using functionalities provided by <literal>cloud-init</literal> and <literal>netplan.io</literal> packages with multiple data sources such as files placed in the original system image and external data provided during its launch.  These packages enable the declarative system configuration using <ulink url="&yaml;">YAML</ulink> data.
pt: A instância do sistema de nuvem pode ser lançada como um clone de <ulink url="&debianofficialcloudimages;">"Debian Official Cloud Images"</ulink> ou imagens semelhantes.  Para essa instância do sistema, personalidades como nome de host, sistema de arquivos, rede, localidade, chaves SSH, usuários e grupos podem ser configurados usando funcionalidades fornecidas pelos pacotes <literal>cloud-init</literal> e <literal>netplan.io</literal> com várias fontes de dados, como arquivos colocados na imagem original do sistema e dados externos fornecidos durante seu lançamento.  Esses pacotes permitem a configuração declarativa do sistema usando dados <ulink url="&yaml;">YAML</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See more at <ulink url="&cloudcomputingwinditsdescendants;">"Cloud Computing with Debian and its descendants"</ulink>, <ulink url="&cloudinitdocumentation;">"Cloud-init documentation"</ulink> and <xref linkend="_the_modern_network_configuration_for_cloud"/>.
pt: Veja mais em <ulink url="&cloudcomputingwinditsdescendants;">"Computação em nuvem com Debian e seus descendentes"</ulink>, <ulink url="&cloudinitdocumentation;">"Documentação de iniciação na Nuvem"</ulink> e <xref linkend="_the_modern_network_configuration_for_cloud"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Customization example to tweak sshd service
pt: Exemplo de personalização para ajustar o serviço sshd

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: With default installation, many network services (see <xref linkend="_network_applications"/>) are started as daemon processes after <literal>network.target</literal> at boot time by <literal>systemd</literal>.  The "<literal>sshd</literal>" is no exception.  Let's change this to on-demand start of "<literal>sshd</literal>" as a customization example.
pt: Com uma instalação predefinida, muitos serviços de rede (veja <xref linkend="_network_applications"/>) são arrancados como processos daemon após <literal>network.target</literal> durante o arranque do sistema pelo <literal>systemd</literal>.  O "<literal>sshd</literal>" não é excepção.  Vamos mudar isto para arranque a-pedido do "<literal>sshd</literal>" como um exemplo de personalização.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: First, disable system installed service unit.
pt: Primeiro, desativar a unidade de serviço instalada no sistema.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The on-demand socket activation system of the classic Unix services was through the <literal>inetd</literal> (or <literal>xinetd</literal>) superserver.  Under <literal>systemd</literal>, the equivalent can be enabled by adding <emphasis role="strong">*.socket</emphasis> and <emphasis role="strong">*.service</emphasis> unit configuration files.
pt: O sistema de ativação de sockets a pedido dos serviços Unix clássicos era feito através do superservidor <literal>inetd</literal> (ou <literal>xinetd</literal>).  No <literal>systemd</literal>, o equivalente pode ser ativado adicionando ficheiros de configuração de unidades <emphasis role="strong">*.socket</emphasis> e <emphasis role="strong">*.service</emphasis>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <literal>sshd.socket</literal> for specifying a socket to listen on
pt: <literal>sshd.socket</literal> para especificar um socket onde escutar

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <literal>sshd@.service</literal> as the matching service file of <literal>sshd.socket</literal>
pt: <literal>sshd@.service</literal> como o ficheiro de serviço correspondente do <literal>sshd.socket</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Then reload.
pt: Depois reinicie.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: The udev system
pt: O sistema udev

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The <ulink url="&udevsystem;">udev system</ulink> provides mechanism for the automatic hardware discovery and initialization (see <literal>udev</literal>(7)) since Linux kernel 2.6. Upon discovery of each device by the kernel, the udev system starts a user process which uses information from the <ulink url="&sysfs;">sysfs</ulink> filesystem (see <xref linkend="_procfs_and_sysfs"/>), loads required kernel modules supporting it using the <literal>modprobe</literal>(8) program (see <xref linkend="_the_kernel_module_initialization"/>), and creates corresponding device nodes.
pt: O <ulink url="&udevsystem;">sistema udev</ulink> fornece um mecanismo para a descoberta e inicialização automática de hardware (veja <literal>udev</literal>(7)) desde o kernel Linux 2.6. Após a descoberta de cada dispositivo pelo kernel, o sistema udev inicia um processo de utilizador que usa informação do sistema de ficheiros <ulink url="&sysfs;">sysfs</ulink> (ver <xref linkend="_procfs_and_sysfs"/>), carrega os módulos necessários do kernel que o suportam usando o programa <literal>modprobe</literal>(8) (ver <xref linkend="_the_kernel_module_initialization"/>), e cria os nós de dispositivos correspondentes.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
en: If "<literal>/lib/modules/<emphasis>kernel-version</emphasis>/modules.dep</literal>" was not generated properly by <literal>depmod</literal>(8) for some reason, modules may not be loaded as expected by the udev system. Execute "<literal>depmod -a</literal>" to fix it.
pt: Se "<literal>/lib/modules/<emphasis>versão-de-kernel</emphasis>/modules.dep</literal>" não foi gerado de modo apropriado pelo <literal>depmod</literal>(8) por alguma razão, os módulos podem não carregar como esperado pelo sistema udev. Execute "<literal>depmod -a</literal>" para o corrigir.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
en: For mounting rules in "<literal>/etc/fstab</literal>", device nodes do not need to be static ones. You can use <ulink url="&uuid;">UUID</ulink> to mount devices instead of device names such as "<literal>/dev/sda</literal>".  See <xref linkend="_accessing_partition_using_uuid"/>.
pt: Para regras de montagem em "<literal>/etc/fstab</literal>", os nós de aparelhos não precisam de ser os estáticos. Pode usar o <ulink url="&uuid;">UUID</ulink> para montar os aparelhos em vez dos nomes de aparelho como "<literal>/dev/sda</literal>". Veja <xref linkend="_accessing_partition_using_uuid"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Since the udev system is somewhat a moving target, I leave details to other documentations and describe the minimum information here.
pt: Como o sistema udev é de certa forma um alvo em movimento, deixo os detalhes para outras documentações e descrevo a informação mínima aqui.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><warning><para>
en: Don't try to run long running programs such as backup script with <literal>RUN</literal> in udev rules as mentioned in <literal>udev</literal>(7).  Please create a proper <literal>systemd.service</literal>(5) file and activate it, instead.  See <xref linkend="_mount_event_triggered_backup"/>.
pt: Não tente executar programas de longa duração como o script de backup com <literal>RUN</literal> nas regras do udev como mencionado em <literal>udev</literal>(7).  Por favor, crie um ficheiro <literal>systemd.service</literal>(5) adequado e active-o.  Veja <xref linkend="_mount_event_triggered_backup"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: The kernel module initialization
pt: A inicialização de módulos do kernel

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The <literal>modprobe</literal>(8) program enables us to configure running Linux kernel from user process by adding and removing kernel modules.  The udev system (see <xref linkend="_the_udev_system"/>) automates its invocation to help the kernel module initialization.
pt: O programa <literal>modprobe</literal>(8) permite-nos configurar o kernel Linux em execução a partir do processo de utilizador ao adicionar e remover módulos do kernel. O sistema udev (veja <xref linkend="_the_udev_system"/>) automatiza a invocação dele para ajudar na inicialização dos módulos de kernel.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: There are non-hardware modules and special hardware driver modules as the following which need to be pre-loaded by listing them in the "<literal>/etc/modules</literal>" file (see <literal>modules</literal>(5)).
pt: Existem módulos de não-hardware e módulos driver de hardware especial como os seguintes que precisam de ser pré-carregados ao listá-los no ficheiro "<literal>/etc/modules</literal>" (veja <literal>modules</literal>(5)).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&tuntap;">TUN/TAP</ulink> modules providing virtual Point-to-Point network device (TUN) and virtual Ethernet network device (TAP),
pt: módulos <ulink url="&tuntap;">TUN/TAP</ulink> que disponibilizam aparelhos de rede Point-to-Point virtuais (TUN) e aparelhos de rede Ethernet virtuais (TAP),

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&netfilter;">netfilter</ulink> modules providing netfilter firewall capabilities (<literal>iptables</literal>(8), <xref linkend="_netfilter_infrastructure"/>), and
pt: módulos <ulink url="&netfilter;">netfilter</ulink> que disponibilizam capacidades de firewall netfilter (<literal>iptables</literal>(8), <xref linkend="_netfilter_infrastructure"/>) e

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&watchdogtimer;">watchdog timer</ulink> driver modules.
pt: módulos de driver <ulink url="&watchdogtimer;">watchdog timer</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The configuration files for the <literal>modprobe</literal>(8) program are located under the "<literal>/etc/modprobes.d/</literal>" directory as explained in <literal>modprobe.conf</literal>(5).  (If you want to avoid some kernel modules to be auto-loaded, consider to blacklist them in the "<literal>/etc/modprobes.d/blacklist</literal>" file.)
pt: Os ficheiros de configuração para o programa <literal>modprobe</literal>(8) estão localizados sob o diretório "<literal>/etc/modprobes.d/</literal>" como explicado em <literal>modprobe.conf</literal>(5). (Se deseja evitar que alguns módulos do kernel sejam carregados automaticamente, considere metê-los em lista negra no ficheiro "<literal>/etc/modprobes.d/blacklist</literal>".)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The "<literal>/lib/modules/<emphasis>version</emphasis>/modules.dep</literal>" file generated by the <literal>depmod</literal>(8) program describes module dependencies used by the <literal>modprobe</literal>(8) program.
pt: O ficheiro "<literal>/lib/modules/<emphasis>version</emphasis>/modules.dep</literal>" gerado pelo programa <literal>depmod</literal>(8) descreve as dependências dos módulos usados pelo programa <literal>modprobe</literal>(8).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><note><para>
en: If you experience module loading issues with boot time module loading or with <literal>modprobe</literal>(8), "<literal>depmod -a</literal>" may resolve these issues by reconstructing "<literal>modules.dep</literal>".
pt: Se tiver problemas com o carregamento de módulos durante o arranque ou com o <literal>modprobe</literal>(8), "<literal>depmod -a</literal>" pode resolver esses problemas ao reconstruir "<literal>modules.dep</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The <literal>modinfo</literal>(8) program shows information about a Linux kernel module.
pt: O programa <literal>modinfo</literal>(8) mostra informação sobre um módulo do kernel Linux.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The <literal>lsmod</literal>(8) program nicely formats the contents of the "<literal>/proc/modules</literal>", showing what kernel modules are currently loaded.
pt: O programa <literal>lsmod</literal>(8) formata lindamente o conteúdo de "<literal>/proc/modules</literal>" e mostra que módulos do kernel que estão atualmente carregados.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
en: You can identify exact hardware on your system.  See <xref linkend="_hardware_identification"/>.
pt: Pode identificar o hardware exacto no seu sistema. Veja <xref linkend="_hardware_identification"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
en: You may configure hardware at boot time to activate expected hardware features. See <xref linkend="_hardware_configuration"/>.
pt: Pode configurar o hardware durante o arranque para ativar as funcionalidades esperadas do hardware. Veja <xref linkend="_hardware_configuration"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
en: You can probably add support for your special device by recompiling the kernel.  See <xref linkend="_the_kernel"/>.
pt: Pode provavelmente adicionar suporte para o seu aparelho especial ao recompilar o kernel. Veja <xref linkend="_the_kernel"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
en: Authentication and access controls
pt: Autenticação e controlos de acesso

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
en: When a person (or a program) requests access to the system, authentication confirms the identity to be a trusted one.
pt: Quando uma pessoa (ou programa) requer acesso ao sistema, a autenticação confirma a identidade para ser de confiança.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><warning><para>
en: Configuration errors of PAM may lock you out of your own system.  You must have a rescue CD handy or setup an alternative boot partition.  To recover, boot the system with them and correct things from there.
pt: Erros de configuração do PAM podem trancá-lo fora do seu sistema. Terá de ter um CD de recuperação à mão ou arrancar por uma partição de arranque alternativa. Para recuperar, arranque o sistema com eles e corrija a partir daí.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Normal Unix authentication
pt: Autenticação normal de Unix

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Normal Unix authentication is provided by the <literal>pam_unix</literal>(8) module under the <ulink url="&pampluggableauthnticationmodules;">PAM (Pluggable Authentication Modules)</ulink>.  Its 3 important configuration files, with "<literal>:</literal>" separated entries, are the following.
pt: A autenticação normal de Unix é disponibilizada pelo módulo <literal>pam_unix</literal>(8) sob <ulink url="&pampluggableauthnticationmodules;">PAM (Pluggable Authentication Modules)</ulink>. Os seus 3 ficheiros de configuração importantes, com entradas separadas por "<literal>:</literal>", são os seguintes.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: 3 important configuration files for <literal>pam_unix</literal>(8)
pt: 3 ficheiros de configuração importantes para <literal>pam_unix</literal>(8)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: permission
pt: permissão

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: user
pt: utilizador

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: (sanitized) user account information
pt: informação da conta do utilizador (filtrada)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: secure user account information
pt: informação segura da conta do utilizador

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: group information
pt: informação do grupo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: "<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>" contains the following.
pt: "<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>" contém o seguinte.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: As explained in <literal>passwd</literal>(5), each "<literal>:</literal>" separated entry of this file means the following.
pt: Como explicado em <literal>passwd</literal>(5), cada entrada separada por "<literal>:</literal>" neste ficheiro significa o seguinte.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Login name
pt: Nome de login

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Password specification entry
pt: Entrada de especificação de palavra-passe

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Numerical user ID
pt: ID numérico do utilizador

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Numerical group ID
pt: ID numérico do grupo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: User name or comment field
pt: Nome de utilizador ou campo de comentários

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: User home directory
pt: Directório home do utilizador

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Optional user command interpreter
pt: Interpretador de comandos opcional do utilizador

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The second entry of "<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>" was used for the encrypted password entry.  After the introduction of "<literal>/etc/shadow</literal>", this entry is used for the password specification entry.
pt: A segunda entrada de "<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>" foi utilizada para a entrada de palavra-passe encriptada. Após a introdução de "<literal>/etc/shadow</literal>", esta entrada é utilizada para a entrada de especificação da palavra-passe.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: The second entry content of "<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>"
pt: A segunda entrada no conteúdo de "<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: (empty)
pt: (vazio)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: passwordless account
pt: conta sem palavra-passe

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: the encrypted password is in "<literal>/etc/shadow</literal>"
pt: a palavra-passe encriptada está em "<literal>/etc/shadow</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: "<literal>/etc/shadow</literal>" contains the following.
pt: "<literal>/etc/shadow</literal>" contém o seguinte.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: As explained in <literal>shadow</literal>(5), each "<literal>:</literal>" separated entry of this file means the following.
pt: Como explicado em <literal>shadow</literal>(5), cada entrada separada por "<literal>:</literal>" neste ficheiro significa o seguinte.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Encrypted password (The initial "<literal>$1$</literal>" indicates use of the MD5 encryption. The "*" indicates no login.)
pt: Palavra-passe encriptada (O "<literal>$1$</literal>" inicial indica o uso de encriptação MD5. O "*" indica nenhum login.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Date of the last password change, expressed as the number of days since Jan 1, 1970
pt: Data da última alteração da palavra-passe, expressada a quantidade de dias desde 1 de Janeiro de 1970

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Number of days the user will have to wait before she will be allowed to change her password again
pt: Quantidade de dias que o utilizador terá que esperar antes de ser-lhe permitido alterar a palavra-passe outra vez

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Number of days after which the user will have to change her password
pt: Quantidade de dias após os quais o utilizador terá que alterar a palavra passe dele

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Number of days before a password is going to expire during which the user should be warned
pt: Quantidade de dias antes de uma palavra-passe expirar durante o qual o utilizador deve ser avisado

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Number of days after a password has expired during which the password should still be accepted
pt: Quantidade de dias após uma palavra-passe ter expirador durante os quais a palavra-passe deve ainda ser aceite

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Date of expiration of the account, expressed as the number of days since Jan 1, 1970
pt: Data de expiração de uma conta, expressada como a quantidade de dias desde 1 de Janeiro de 1970

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: "<literal>/etc/group</literal>" contains the following.
pt: "<literal>/etc/group</literal>" contém o seguinte.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: As explained in <literal>group</literal>(5), each "<literal>:</literal>" separated entry of this file means the following.
pt: Como explicado em <literal>grupo</literal>(5), cada entrada separada por "<literal>:</literal>" neste ficheiro significa o seguinte.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Group name
pt: Nome do grupo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Encrypted password (not really used)
pt: Palavra-passe encriptada (na realidade não utilizada)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "," separated list of user names
pt: lista de nomes de utilizadores, separada por ","

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><note><para>
en: "<literal>/etc/gshadow</literal>" provides the similar function as "<literal>/etc/shadow</literal>" for "<literal>/etc/group</literal>" but is not really used.
pt: "<literal>/etc/gshadow</literal>" disponibiliza uma função semelhante à do "<literal>/etc/shadow</literal>" para "<literal>/etc/group</literal>" mas não é realmente usado.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><note><para>
en: The actual group membership of a user may be dynamically added if "<literal>auth optional pam_group.so</literal>" line is added to "<literal>/etc/pam.d/common-auth</literal>" and set it in "<literal>/etc/security/group.conf</literal>".  See <literal>pam_group</literal>(8).
pt: A quantidade real de membros de um grupo de um utilizador pode ser adicionada dinamicamente se a linha "<literal>auth optional pam_group.so</literal>" for adicionada ao "<literal>/etc/pam.d/common-auth</literal>" e definida em "<literal>/etc/security/group.conf</literal>". Veja <literal>pam_group</literal>(8).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><note><para>
en: The <literal>base-passwd</literal> package contains an authoritative list of the user and the group: "<literal>/usr/share/doc/base-passwd/users-and-groups.html</literal>".
pt: O pacote <literal>base-passwd</literal> contém uma lista autorizada do utilizador e do grupo: "<literal>/usr/share/doc/base-passwd/users-and-groups.html</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Managing account and password information
pt: Gerir informação de conta e palavra-passe

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Here are few notable commands to manage account information.
pt: Aqui estão alguns comandos notáveis para gerir informação de conta.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of commands to manage account information
pt: Lista de comandos para gerir informação de conta

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: function
pt: função

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>getent passwd <emphasis>user_name</emphasis></literal>
pt: <literal>getent passwd <emphasis>nome_de_utilizador</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: browse account information of "<literal><emphasis>user_name</emphasis></literal>"
pt: navegar na informação da conta de "<literal><emphasis>nome_de_utilizador</emphasis></literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>getent shadow <emphasis>user_name</emphasis></literal>
pt: <literal>getent shadow <emphasis>nome_de_utilizador</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: browse shadowed account information of "<literal><emphasis>user_name</emphasis></literal>"
pt: explorar informação confidencial (shadow) da conta de "<literal><emphasis>nome_de_utilizador</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>getent group <emphasis>group_name</emphasis></literal>
pt: <literal>getent group <emphasis>nome_de_grupo</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: browse group information of "<literal><emphasis>group_name</emphasis></literal>"
pt: navegar na informação do grupo de "<literal><emphasis>nome_do_grupo</emphasis></literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: manage password for the account
pt: gerir a palavra-passe da conta

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: set one-time password for the account activation
pt: definir palavra-passe para uma vez para a activação da conta

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: manage password aging information
pt: gerir a informação de envelhecimento da palavra-passe

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: You may need to have the root privilege for some functions to work. See <literal>crypt</literal>(3) for the password and data encryption.
pt: Pode necessitar de privilégios de root para algumas funções funcionarem. Veja <literal>crypt</literal>(3) pela encriptação de palavra-passe e dados.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><note><para>
en: On the system set up with PAM and NSS as the Debian <ulink url="&salsa;">salsa</ulink> machine, the content of local "<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>", "<literal>/etc/group</literal>" and "<literal>/etc/shadow</literal>" may not be actively used by the system.  Above commands are valid even under such environment.
pt: Num sistema configurado com PAM e NSS como a máquina <ulink url="&salsa;">salsa</ulink> de Debian, o conteúdo dos "<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>", "<literal>/etc/group</literal>" e "<literal>/etc/shadow</literal>" locais pode não ser utilizado activamente pelo sistema. Os comandos em cima são válidos mesmo sob tal ambiente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Good password
pt: Boa palavra-passe

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: When creating an account during your system installation or with the <literal>passwd</literal>(1) command, you should choose a <ulink url="&goodpassword;">good password</ulink> which consists of at least 6 to 8 characters including one or more characters from each of the following sets according to <literal>passwd</literal>(1).
pt: Quando criar uma conta durante a instalação do seu sistema ou com o comando <literal>passwd</literal>(1), deve escolher uma <ulink url="&goodpassword;">boa palavra-passe</ulink> que consista pelo menos de 6 a 8 caracteres incluindo um ou mais caracteres de cada um dos seguintes conjuntos de acordo com <literal>passwd</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Lower case alphabetics
pt: Alfabéticos de minúsculas

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Digits 0 through 9
pt: Dígitos de 0 a 9

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Punctuation marks
pt: Marcas de pontuação

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><warning><para>
en: Do not choose guessable words for the password. Account name, social security number, phone number, address, birthday, name of your family members or pets, dictionary words, simple sequence of characters such as "12345" or "qwerty", … are all bad choice for the password.
pt: Não escolha palavras adivinháveis como palavra-passe. O nome de conta, número de segurança social, número de telefone, endereço, data de nascimento, nomes de membros de família ou de animais, palavras do dicionário, sequências simples de caracteres como "12345" ou "qwerty", ... são todas más escolhas para a palavra-passe.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Creating encrypted password
pt: Criar palavra-passe encriptada

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: There are independent tools to <ulink url="&generateencrypteasswordswithsalt;">generate encrypted passwords with salt</ulink>.
pt: Existem ferramentas independentes para <ulink url="&generateencrypteasswordswithsalt;">gerar palavras passe encriptadas com sal</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of tools to generate password
pt: Lista de ferramentas para gerar palavras-passe

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: over-featured front end to the <literal>crypt</literal>(3) library
pt: frontend cheio de funcionalidades para a biblioteca <literal>crypt</literal>(3)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: compute password hashes (OpenSSL). <literal>passwd</literal>(1ssl)
pt: computa hashes de palavras-passe (OpenSSL). <literal>passwd</literal>(1ssl)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: PAM and NSS
pt: PAM e NSS

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Modern <ulink url="&unixlike;">Unix-like</ulink> systems such as the Debian system provide <ulink url="&pampluggableauthnticationmodules;">PAM (Pluggable Authentication Modules)</ulink> and <ulink url="&nssnameserviceswitch;">NSS (Name Service Switch)</ulink> mechanism to the local system administrator to configure his system.  The role of these can be summarizes as the following.
pt: Os sistemas modernos <ulink url="&unixlike;">tipo-Unix</ulink> como o sistema Debian disponibilizam mecanismos <ulink url="&pampluggableauthnticationmodules;">PAM (Pluggable Authentication Modules)</ulink> e <ulink url="&nssnameserviceswitch;">NSS (Name Service Switch)</ulink> para o administrador local configurar o sistema dele. O papel destes pode ser resumido ao seguinte.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: PAM offers a flexible authentication mechanism used by the application software thus involves password data exchange.
pt: O PAM oferece um mecanismo de autenticação flexível utilizado pelo software de aplicações e assim involve trocas de dados de palavra-passe.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: NSS offers a flexible name service mechanism which is frequently used by the <ulink url="&cstandardlibrary;">C standard library</ulink> to obtain the user and group name for programs such as <literal>ls</literal>(1) and <literal>id</literal>(1).
pt: O NSS oferece um mecanismo de serviço de nomes flexível que é utilizado frequentemente pela <ulink url="&cstandardlibrary;">biblioteca C standard</ulink> para obter o nome de utilizador e grupo para programas como o <literal>ls</literal>(1) e o <literal>id</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: These PAM and NSS systems need to be configured consistently.
pt: Estes sistemas PAM e NSS necessitam ser configurados de modo consistente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The notable packages of PAM and NSS systems are the following.
pt: Os pacotes notáveis dos sistemas PAM e NSS são os seguintes.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of notable PAM and NSS systems
pt: Lista de sistemas PAM e NSS notáveis

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Pluggable Authentication Modules (basic service)
pt: Pluggable Authentication Modules (serviço básico)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Pluggable Authentication Module allowing LDAP interfaces
pt: Pluggable Authentication Module que permite interfaces LDAP

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Pluggable Authentication Module to register user sessions for <literal>logind</literal>
pt: Pluggable Authentication Module para registar sessões de utilizador para o <literal>logind</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Pluggable Authentication Modules (documentation in html and text)
pt: Pluggable Authentication Modules (documentação em html e texto)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: GNU C Library: Shared libraries which also provides "Name Service Switch" service
pt: GNU C Library: Bibliotecas de partilha que também disponibilizam o serviço "Name Service Switch"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: GNU C Library: Manpages
pt: Biblioteca GNU C: Manuais (Manpages)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: GNU C Library: Reference manual in info, pdf and html format (non-free)
pt: Biblioteca GNU C: Manual de referência em info, pdf e html (não-livre)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: NSS module for Multicast DNS name resolution
pt: Módulo NSS para resolução de nomes Multicast DNS

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: NSS module for using LDAP as a naming service
pt: Módulo NSS para utilizar o LDAP como um serviço nomeador

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "The Linux-PAM System Administrators' Guide" in <literal>libpam-doc</literal> is essential for learning PAM configuration.
pt: "O Guia do Administrador do Sistema Linux-PAM" em <literal>libpam-doc</literal> é essencial para aprender configuração do PAM.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "System Databases and Name Service Switch" section in <literal>glibc-doc-reference</literal> is essential for learning NSS configuration.
pt: A secção "System Databases e Name Service Switch" em <literal>glibc-doc-reference</literal> é essencial para aprender a configuração do NSS.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><note><para>
en: You can see more extensive and current list by "<literal>aptitude search 'libpam-|libnss-'</literal>" command.  The acronym NSS may also mean "Network Security Service" which is different from "Name Service Switch".
pt: Pode ver uma lista mais extensa e atual pelo comando "<literal>aptitude search 'libpam-|libnss-'</literal>". O acrónimo NSS também pode significar "Network Security Service" o que é diferente de "Name Service Switch".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><note><para>
en: PAM is the most basic way to initialize environment variables for each program with the system wide default value.
pt: PAM é a maneira mais básica de inicializar variáveis de ambiente para cada programa com o valor predefinido de todo o sistema.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Under <ulink url="&systemd;">systemd</ulink>, <literal>libpam-systemd</literal> package is installed to manage user logins by registering user sessions in the <literal>systemd</literal> control group hierarchy for <ulink url="&logind;">logind</ulink>.  See <literal>systemd-logind</literal>(8), <literal>logind.conf</literal>(5), and <literal>pam_systemd</literal>(8).
pt: Sob <ulink url="&systemd;">systemd</ulink>, o pacote <literal>libpam-systemd</literal> é instalado para gerir os logins de utilizador ao registar as sessões de utilizador na hierarquia do grupo de control do <literal>systemd</literal> para <ulink url="&logind;">logind</ulink>.  veja <literal>systemd-logind</literal>(8), <literal>logind.conf</literal>(5),e <literal>pam_systemd</literal>(8).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Configuration files accessed by PAM and NSS
pt: Ficheiros de configuração acedidos pelo PAM e NSS

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here are a few notable configuration files accessed by PAM and NSS.
pt: Aqui estão alguns ficheiros de configuração notáveis acedidos pelo PAM e NSS.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of configuration files accessed by PAM and NSS
pt: Lista de ficheiros de configuração acedidos pelo PAM e NSS

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: configuration file
pt: ficheiro de configuração

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>/etc/pam.d/<emphasis>program_name</emphasis></literal>
pt: <literal>/etc/pam.d/<emphasis>nome_do_programa</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: set up PAM configuration for the "<literal><emphasis>program_name</emphasis></literal>" program; see <literal>pam</literal>(7) and <literal>pam.d</literal>(5)
pt: defina a configuração do PAM para o programa "<literal><emphasis>nome_do_programa</emphasis></literal>"; veja <literal>pam</literal>(7) e <literal>pam.d</literal>(5)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: set up NSS configuration with the entry for each service. See <literal>nsswitch.conf</literal>(5)
pt: define a configuração NSS com a entrada para cada serviço. Veja <literal>nsswitch.conf</literal>(5)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: limit the user login by the <literal>pam_nologin</literal>(8) module
pt: limita o login de utilizador pelo módulo <literal>pam_nologin</literal>(8)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: limit the tty for the root access by the <literal>pam_securetty</literal>(8) module
pt: limita a tty ao acesso de root pelo módulo <literal>pam_securetty</literal>(8)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: set access limit by the <literal>pam_access</literal>(8) module
pt: define limites de acesso pelo módulo <literal>pam_access</literal>(8)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: set group based restraint by the <literal>pam_group</literal>(8) module
pt: define a restrição baseada em grupo pelo módulo <literal>pam_group</literal>(8)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: set environment variables by the <literal>pam_env</literal>(8) module
pt: define as variáveis de ambiente pelo módulo <literal>pam_env</literal>(8)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: set additional environment variables by the <literal>pam_env</literal>(8) module with the "<literal>readenv=1</literal>" argument
pt: define variáveis de ambiente adicionais pelo módulo <literal>pam_env</literal>(8) com o argumento "<literal>readenv=1</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: set locale by <literal>pam_env</literal>(8) module with the "<literal>readenv=1 envfile=/etc/default/locale</literal>" argument (Debian)
pt: define o locale pelo módulo <literal>pam_env</literal>(8) com o argumento "<literal>readenv=1 envfile=/etc/default/locale</literal>" (Debian)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: set resource restraint (ulimit, core, …) by the <literal>pam_linits</literal>(8) module
pt: define restrição de recursos (ulimit, core, …) pelo módulo <literal>pam_linits</literal>(8)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: set time restraint by the <literal>pam_time</literal>(8) module
pt: define a retenção de tempo pelo módulo <literal>pam_time</literal>(8)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: set <literal>systemd</literal> login manager configuration (see <literal>logind.conf</literal>(5) and <literal>systemd-logind.service</literal>(8))
pt: define a configuração do gestor de login do <literal>systemd</literal> (veja <literal>logind.conf</literal>(5) e <literal>systemd-logind.service</literal>(8))

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The limitation of the password selection is implemented by the PAM modules, <literal>pam_unix</literal>(8) and <literal>pam_cracklib</literal>(8). They can be configured by their arguments.
pt: A limitação da seleção da palavra-passe é implementada pelos módulos do PAM, <literal>pam_unix</literal>(8) e <literal>pam_cracklib</literal>(8). Eles podem ser configurados com os argumentos deles.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: PAM modules use suffix "<literal>.so</literal>" for their filenames.
pt: Os módulos PAM utilizam o sufixo "<literal>.so</literal>" para os nomes de ficheiros deles.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The modern centralized system management
pt: O moderno sistema de gestão centralizado

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The modern centralized system management can be deployed using the centralized <ulink url="&lightweightdireccessprotocolldap;">Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP)</ulink> server to administer many Unix-like and non-Unix-like systems on the network.  The open source implementation of the Lightweight Directory Access Protocol is <ulink url="&openldapsoftware;">OpenLDAP Software</ulink>.
pt: A moderna gestão de sistema centralizada pode ser implantada a utilizar o servidor centralizado <ulink url="&lightweightdireccessprotocolldap;">Lightweight diretory Access Protocol (LDAP)</ulink> para administrar muitos sistemas tipo-Unix e não-tipo-Unix na rede. A implementação de código aberto do Lightweight diretory Access Protocol é o <ulink url="&openldapsoftware;">Software OpenLDAP</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The LDAP server provides the account information through the use of PAM and NSS with <literal>libpam-ldapd</literal> and <literal>libnss-ldapd</literal> packages for the Debian system. Several actions are required to enable this (I have not used this setup and the following is purely secondary information.  Please read this in this context.).
pt: O servidor LDAP disponibiliza para o sistema Debian a informação de conta através do uso de PAM e NSS com os pacotes <literal>libpam-ldapd</literal> e <literal>libnss-ldapd</literal>. São necessárias várias acções para ativar isto (não utilizei esta configuração e o seguinte é puramente informação secundária. Por favor leia isto neste contexto.).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: You set up a centralized LDAP server by running a program such as the stand-alone LDAP daemon, <literal>slapd</literal>(8).
pt: Configura um servidor LDAP centralizado ao correr um programa como o daemon de LDAP autónomo <literal>slapd</literal>(8).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: You change the PAM configuration files in the "<literal>/etc/pam.d/</literal>" directory to use "<literal>pam_ldap.so</literal>" instead of the default "<literal>pam_unix.so</literal>".
pt: Altera os ficheiros de configuração do PAM no diretório "<literal>/etc/pam.d/</literal>" para utilizar "<literal>pam_ldap.so</literal>" em vez do predefinido "<literal>pam_unix.so</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: You change the NSS configuration in the "<literal>/etc/nsswitch.conf</literal>" file to use "<literal>ldap</literal>" instead of the default ("<literal>compat</literal>" or "<literal>file</literal>").
pt: Altera a configuração do NSS no ficheiro "<literal>/etc/nsswitch.conf</literal>" para usar "<literal>ldap</literal>" em vez da predefinição("<literal>compat</literal>" ou "<literal>file</literal>").

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: You must make <literal>libpam-ldapd</literal> to use <ulink url="&sslortls;">SSL (or TLS)</ulink> connection for the security of password.
pt: Tem de fazer <literal>libpam-ldapd</literal> para usar a ligação <ulink url="&sslortls;">SSL (ou TLS)</ulink> para a segurança da palavra-passe.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: You may make <literal>libnss-ldapd</literal> to use <ulink url="&sslortls;">SSL (or TLS)</ulink> connection to ensure integrity of data at the cost of the LDAP network overhead.
pt: Pode fazer a <literal>libnss-ldapd</literal> usar ligação <ulink url="&sslortls;">SSL (ou TLS)</ulink> para assegurar a integridade dos dados à custa de maior sobrecarga da rede LDAP.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: You should run <literal>nscd</literal>(8) locally to cache any LDAP search results in order to reduce the LDAP network traffic.
pt: Deve correr o <literal>nscd</literal>(8) localmente para pôr em cache quaisquer resultados de busca LDAP de modo a reduzir o tráfego de rede do LDAP.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See documentations in <literal>nsswitch.conf</literal>(5), <literal>pam.conf</literal>(5), <literal>ldap.conf</literal>(5), and "<literal>/usr/share/doc/libpam-doc/html/</literal>" offered by the <literal>libpam-doc</literal> package and "<literal>info libc 'Name Service Switch'</literal>" offered by the <literal>glibc-doc</literal> package.
pt: Veja as documentações em <literal>nsswitch.conf</literal>(5), <literal>pam.conf</literal>(5), <literal>ldap.conf</literal>(5) e "<literal>/usr/share/doc/libpam-doc/html/</literal>" oferecidas pelo pacote <literal>libpam-doc</literal> e "<literal>info libc 'Name Service Switch'</literal>" oferecida pelo pacote <literal>glibc-doc</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Similarly, you can set up alternative centralized systems with other methods.
pt: De modo semelhante, pode configurar sistemas centralizados alternativos com outros métodos.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Integration of user and group with the Windows system.
pt: Integração de utilizador e grupo com o sistema Windows.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Access <ulink url="&windowsdomain;">Windows domain</ulink> services by the <literal>winbind</literal> and <literal>libpam_winbind</literal> packages.
pt: Aceda a serviços de <ulink url="&windowsdomain;">domínio Windows</ulink> com os pacotes <literal>winbind</literal> e <literal>libpam_winbind</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: See <literal>winbindd</literal>(8) and <ulink url="&integratingmswinetworkswithsamba;">Integrating MS Windows Networks with Samba</ulink>.
pt: Veja <literal>winbindd</literal>(8) e <ulink url="&integratingmswinetworkswithsamba;">Integrar Redes MS Windows com Samba</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Integration of user and group with the legacy Unix-like system.
pt: Integração de utilizador e grupo com o sistema antigo tipo-Unix.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Access <ulink url="&nisoriginallycalledyp;">NIS (originally called YP)</ulink> or <ulink url="&nis;">NIS+</ulink> by the <literal>nis</literal> package.
pt: Acesso <ulink url="&nisoriginallycalledyp;">NIS (originalmente chamado YP)</ulink> ou <ulink url="&nis;">NIS+</ulink> pelo pacote <literal>nis</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: See <ulink url="&thelinuxnisypnysnishowto;">The Linux NIS(YP)/NYS/NIS+ HOWTO</ulink>.
pt: Veja o <ulink url="&thelinuxnisypnysnishowto;">Linux NIS(YP)/NYS/NIS+ HOWTO</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: "Why GNU su does not support the wheel group"
pt: "Porque o su do GNU não suporta o grupo wheel"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This is the famous phrase at the bottom of the old "<literal>info su</literal>" page by Richard M. Stallman.  Not to worry: the current <literal>su</literal> command in Debian uses PAM, so that one can restrict the ability to use <literal>su</literal> to the <literal>root</literal> group by enabling the line with "<literal>pam_wheel.so</literal>" in "<literal>/etc/pam.d/su</literal>".
pt: Esta é a famosa frase no fundo da antiga página "<literal>info su</literal>" por Richard M. Stallman. Não se preocupe, o comando <literal>su</literal> atual em Debian utiliza PAM, portanto esse pode recadeiair a habilidade de utilizar <literal>su</literal> ao grupo <literal>root</literal> ao ativar a linha com "<literal>pam_wheel.so</literal>" em "<literal>/etc/pam.d/su</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Stricter password rule
pt: Regras de palavra-passe rigorosas

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Installing the <literal>libpam-cracklib</literal> package enables you to force stricter password rule.
pt: A instalação do pacote <literal>libpam-cracklib</literal> permite-lhe forçar uma regra de palavra-passe mais rigorosa.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: On a typical GNOME system which automatically installs <literal>libpam-gnome-keyring</literal>, "<literal>/etc/pam.d/common-password</literal>" looks like:
pt: Num sistema GNOME típico que instala automaticamente o <literal>libpam-gnome-keyring</literal>, "<literal>/etc/pam.d/common-password</literal>" tem o seguinte aspeto:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Security of authentication
pt: Segurança da autenticação

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><note><para>
en: The information here <emphasis role="strong">may not be sufficient</emphasis> for your security needs but it should be a <emphasis role="strong">good start</emphasis>.
pt: A informação aqui <emphasis role="strong">pode não ser suficiente</emphasis> para as suas necessidades de segurança, mas deverá ser um <emphasis role="strong">bom começo</emphasis>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Secure password on the Internet
pt: Palavra-passe segura na Internet

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Many popular transportation layer services communicate messages including password authentication in the plain text. It is very bad idea to transmit password in the plain text over the wild Internet where it can be intercepted.  You can run these services over "<ulink url="&transportlayersecurity;">Transport Layer Security</ulink>" (TLS) or its predecessor, "Secure Sockets Layer" (SSL) to secure entire communication including password by the encryption.
pt: Muitos serviços de transporte populares comunicam mensagens incluindo a a autenticação de palavra-passe em texto simples. É má ideia transmitir as palavras-passe em texto simples pela Internet onde podem ser interceptadas. Pode correr estes serviços sobre "<ulink url="&transportlayersecurity;">Transport Layer Security</ulink>" (TLS) ou o antecessor dele, "Secure Sockets Layer" (SSL) para assegurar toda a comunicação incluindo a palavra-passe pela encriptação.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of insecure and secure services and ports
pt: Lista de serviços e portos inseguros e seguros

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: insecure service name
pt: nome do serviço inseguro

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: port
pt: porto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: secure service name
pt: nome do serviço seguro

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The encryption costs CPU time.  As a CPU friendly alternative, you can keep communication in plain text while securing just the password with the secure authentication protocol such as "Authenticated Post Office Protocol" (APOP) for POP and "Challenge-Response Authentication Mechanism MD5" (CRAM-MD5) for SMTP and IMAP.  (For sending mail messages over the Internet to your mail server from your mail client, it is recently popular to use new message submission port 587 instead of traditional SMTP port 25 to avoid port 25 blocking by the network provider while authenticating yourself with CRAM-MD5.)
pt: A encriptação custa tempo de CPU. Como uma alternativa amiga para o CPU, pode manter a comunicação em texto simples enquanto segura apenas a palavra-passe com um protocolo de autenticação de segurança como o "Authenticated Post Office Protocol" (APOP) para POP e "Challenge-Response Authentication Mechanism MD5" (CRAM-MD5) para SMTP e IMAP. (Para enviar mensagens de mail pela Internet para o seu servidor de mail a partir do seu cliente de mail, recentemente é popular utilizar o porto 587 para submissão de novas mensagens em vez do tradicional porto 25 do SMTP para evitar o bloqueio do porto 25 pelo provedor de Internet enquanto se autentica com CRAM-MD5.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Secure Shell
pt: Shell Segura

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <ulink url="&secureshellssh;">Secure Shell (SSH)</ulink> program provides secure encrypted communications between two untrusted hosts over an insecure network with the secure authentication. It consists of the <ulink url="&openssh;">OpenSSH</ulink> client, <literal>ssh</literal>(1), and the <ulink url="&openssh;">OpenSSH</ulink> daemon, <literal>sshd</literal>(8).  This SSH can be used to tunnel an insecure protocol communication such as POP and X securely over the Internet with the port forwarding feature.
pt: O programa <ulink url="&secureshellssh;">Secure Shell (SSH)</ulink> disponibiliza comunicações encriptadas e seguras entre duas máquinas sem confiança sobre uma rede insegura com a autenticação de segurança. Consiste no cliente <ulink url="&openssh;">OpenSSH</ulink>, <literal>ssh</literal>(1) e no daemon <ulink url="&openssh;">OpenSSH</ulink>, <literal>sshd</literal>(8). Este SSH pode ser utilizado como túnel de segurança para protocolos de comunicação inseguros como o POP e X pela Internet com a funcionalidade de reencaminhamento de portos.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The client tries to authenticate itself using host-based authentication, public key authentication, challenge-response authentication, or password authentication.  The use of public key authentication enables the remote password-less login. See <xref linkend="_the_remote_access_server_and_utilities_ssh"/>.
pt: O cliente tenta autenticar-se a si próprio a utilizar autenticação baseada na máquina, autenticação de chave pública, autenticação por resposta a desafio, ou autenticação por palavra-passe. O uso de autenticação de chave pública activa o login remoto sem-palavra-passe. Veja <xref linkend="_the_remote_access_server_and_utilities_ssh"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Extra security measures for the Internet
pt: Medidas de segurança extra para a Internet

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Even when you run secure services such as <ulink url="&secureshellssh;">Secure Shell (SSH)</ulink> and <ulink url="&pointtopointtunnlingprotocolpptp;">Point-to-point tunneling protocol (PPTP)</ulink> servers, there are still chances for the break-ins using brute force password guessing attack etc. from the Internet.  Use of the firewall policy (see <xref linkend="_netfilter_infrastructure"/>) together with the following security tools may improve the security situation.
pt: Mesmo quando correr serviços seguros como o <ulink url="&secureshellssh;">Secure Shell (SSH)</ulink> e servidores de <ulink url="&pointtopointtunnlingprotocolpptp;">Protocolo de túnel ponto-para-ponto (PPTP)</ulink>, ainda existe hipótese de invasões que utilizam ataques de força bruta à palavra-passe, etc. a partir da Internet. A utilização de politicas de firewall (veja <xref linkend="_netfilter_infrastructure"/>) juntamente com as seguinte ferramentas de segurança podem melhorar a situação de segurança.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of tools to provide extra security measures
pt: Lista de ferramentas para disponibilizar medidas de segurança extra

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: small port-knock daemon <literal>knockd</literal>(1) and client <literal>knock</literal>(1)
pt: pequeno daemon port-knock <literal>knockd</literal>(1) e cliente <literal>konck</literal>(1)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: ban IPs that cause multiple authentication errors
pt: banir IPs que causam vários erros de autenticação

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: lock out remote attackers trying password guessing
pt: bloquear atacantes remotos que tentam adivinhar a palavra-passe

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Securing the root password
pt: Tornar a palavra-passe do root segura

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: To prevent people to access your machine with root privilege, you need to make following actions.
pt: Para prevenir que pessoas acedam à sua máquina com privilégios de root, precisa de tomar as seguintes acções.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Prevent physical access to the hard disk
pt: Prevenir acesso físico ao disco rígido

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Lock UEFI/BIOS and prevent booting from the removable media
pt: Bloquear UEFI/BIOS e impedir o arranque a partir de suportes amovíveis

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Set password for GRUB interactive session
pt: Definir palavra-passe para sessão interactiva do GRUB

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Lock GRUB menu from editing
pt: Bloquear o menu do GRUB de ser editado

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: With physical access to hard disk, resetting the password is relatively easy with following steps.
pt: Com acesso físico ao disco rígido, redefinir a palavra-passe é relativamente fácil com os seguintes passos.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Move the hard disk to a PC with CD bootable UEFI/BIOS.
pt: Mova o disco rígido para um PC com UEFI/BIOS configurável para arranque a partir de CD.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Boot system with a rescue media (Debian boot disk, Knoppix CD, GRUB CD, …).
pt: Arrancar o sistema com um suporte de recuperação (disco de arranque Debian, CD Knoppix, CD GRUB, ...).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Mount root partition with read/write access.
pt: Montar a partição raiz com acesso de leitura/escrita.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Edit "<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>" in the root partition and make the second entry for the <literal>root</literal> account empty.
pt: Editar "<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>" na partição raiz e esvaziar a segunda entrada para a conta <literal>root</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you have edit access to the GRUB menu entry (see <xref linkend="_stage_2_the_boot_loader"/>) for <literal>grub-rescue-pc</literal> at boot time, it is even easier with following steps.
pt: Se tiver acesso de edição à entrada do menu do GRUB (veja <xref linkend="_stage_2_the_boot_loader"/>) <literal>grub-rescue-pc</literal> no momento do arranque, é ainda mais fácil com os seguintes passos.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Boot system with the kernel parameter changed to something like "<literal>root=/dev/hda6 rw init=/bin/sh</literal>".
pt: Arrancar o sistema com o parâmetro de kernel alterado para algo como "<literal>root=/dev/hda6 rw init=/bin/sh</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Edit "<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>" and make the second entry for the <literal>root</literal> account empty.
pt: Editar "<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>" e tornar a segunda entrada para a conta <literal>root</literal> vazia.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Reboot system.
pt: Reiniciar o sistema.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The root shell of the system is now accessible without password.
pt: A shell de root do sistema está agora acessível sem palavra-passe.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: Once one has root shell access, he can access everything on the system and reset any passwords on the system.  Further more, he may compromise password for all user accounts using brute force password cracking tools such as <literal>john</literal> and <literal>crack</literal> packages (see <xref linkend="_system_security_and_integrity_check"/>).  This cracked password may lead to compromise other systems.
pt: Após alguém ter acesso à shell de root, pode aceder a tudo no sistema e reiniciar quaisquer palavras-passe no sistema. Mais ainda, pode comprometer a palavra-passe para todas as contas de utilizadores a usar ferramentas de crack de palavra-passe por força bruta como os pacotes <literal>john</literal> e <literal>crack</literal> (veja <xref linkend="_system_security_and_integrity_check"/>). Esta palavra-passe descoberta pode levar a comprometer outros sistemas.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The only reasonable software solution to avoid all these concerns is to use software encrypted root partition (or "<literal>/etc</literal>" partition) using <ulink url="&dmcrypt;">dm-crypt</ulink> and initramfs (see <xref linkend="_data_encryption_tips"/>).  You always need password to boot the system, though.
pt: A única solução de software razoável para evitar estas preocupações é usar uma partição raiz encriptada por software (ou uma partição "<literal>/etc</literal>" a utilizar <ulink url="&dmcrypt;">dm-crypt</ulink> e initramfs (veja <xref linkend="_data_encryption_tips"/>). Assim, vai necessitar sempre de palavra-passe para arrancar o sistema.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Other access controls
pt: Outros controles de acesso

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: There are access controls to the system other than the password based authentication and file permissions.
pt: Existem outros controlos de acesso ao sistema para além da autenticação baseada em palavras-passe e das permissões de ficheiros.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><note><para>
en: See <xref linkend="_alt_sysrq_key"/> for restricting the kernel <ulink url="&secureattentionkeysak;">secure attention key (SAK)</ulink> feature.
pt: Ver <xref linkend="_alt_sysrq_key"/> para restringir a funcionalidade <ulink url="&secureattentionkeysak;">SAK (chave de atenção segura)</ulink> do kernel.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Access control lists (ACLs)
pt: Listas de controlo de acesso (ACLs)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: ACLs are a superset of the regular permissions as explained in <xref linkend="_filesystem_permissions"/>.
pt: As ACLs são um superconjunto das permissões regulares, conforme explicado em <xref linkend="_filesystem_permissions"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You encounter ACLs in action on modern desktop environment.  When a formatted USB storage device is auto mounted as, e.g., "<literal>/media/penguin/USBSTICK</literal>", a normal user <literal>penguin</literal> can execute:
pt: Encontramos ACLs em ação no ambiente de trabalho moderno.  Quando um dispositivo de armazenamento USB formatado é montado automaticamente como, por exemplo, "<literal>/media/penguin/USBSTICK</literal>", um utilizador normal, o <literal>pinguim</literal>, pode executá-lo:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: "<literal>+</literal>" in the 11th column indicates ACLs are in action.  Without ACLs, a normal user <literal>penguin</literal> shouldn't be able to list like this since <literal>penguin</literal> isn't in <literal>root</literal> group.  You can see ACLs as:
pt: "<literal>+</literal>" na 11ª coluna indica que as ACLs estão em ação.  Sem ACLs, um utilizador normal, o <literal>pinguim</literal>, não deveria ser capaz de fazer uma lista como esta, uma vez que o <literal>pinguim</literal> não está no grupo de <literal>raiz</literal>.  Você pode ver as ACLs como:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here:
pt: Aqui:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>user::rwx</literal>", "<literal>group::---</literal>", and "<literal>other::---</literal>" correspond to the regular owner, group, and other permissions.
pt: "<literal>user::rwx</literal>", "<literal>group::---</literal>", e "<literal>other::---</literal>" correspondem às permissões normais de proprietário, grupo e outros.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The ACL "<literal>user:penguin:r-x</literal>" allows a normal user <literal>penguin</literal> to have "<literal>r-x</literal>" permissions.  This enabled "<literal>ls -la</literal>" to list directory content.
pt: A ACL "<literal>user:penguin:r-x</literal>" permite que um utilizador normal, o <literal>pinguim</literal>, tenha permissões "<literal>r-x</literal>".  Isso permite que "<literal>ls -la</literal>" liste o conteúdo do diretório.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The ACL "<literal>mask::r-x</literal>" sets the upper bound of permissions.
pt: A ACL "<literal>mask::r-x</literal>" define o limite superior das permissões.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See "<ulink url="&posixaccesscontrollistsonlinux;">POSIX Access Control Lists on Linux</ulink>", <literal>acl</literal>(5), <literal>getfacl</literal>(1), and <literal>setfacl</literal>(1) for more.
pt: Consulte<ulink url="&posixaccesscontrollistsonlinux;">"Listas de Controlo de Acesso POSIX em Linux</ulink>", <literal>acl</literal>(5), <literal>getfacl</literal>(1) e <literal>setfacl</literal>(1) para mais informações.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <literal>sudo</literal>(8) is a program designed to allow a sysadmin to give limited root privileges to users and log root activity. <literal>sudo</literal> requires only an ordinary user's password.  Install <literal>sudo</literal> package and activate it by setting options in "<literal>/etc/sudoers</literal>".  See configuration example at "<literal>/usr/share/doc/sudo/examples/sudoers</literal>" and <xref linkend="_sudo_configuration"/>.
pt: O <literal>sudo</literal>(8) é um programa desenhado para permitir a um administrador de sistema dar privilégios de root limitados a utilizadores e registar a atividade do root. O <literal>sudo</literal> necessita apenas da palavra-passe de um utilizador normal. Instale o pacote <literal>sudo</literal> e active-o ao definir opções em "<literal>/etc/sudoers</literal>". Veja um exemplo de configuração em "<literal>/usr/share/doc/sudo/examples/sudoers</literal>" e <xref linkend="_sudo_configuration"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: My usage of <literal>sudo</literal> for the single user system (see <xref linkend="_sudo_configuration"/>) is aimed to protect myself from my own stupidity. Personally, I consider using <literal>sudo</literal> a better alternative than using the system from the root account all the time.  For example, the following changes the owner of "<literal><emphasis>some_file</emphasis></literal>" to "<literal><emphasis>my_name</emphasis></literal>".
pt: A minha utilização do <literal>sudo</literal> para o sistema de único utilizador (veja <xref linkend="_sudo_configuration"/>) destina-se a proteger-me da minha própria estupidez. Pessoalmente, Considero utilizar o <literal>sudo</literal> uma melhor alternativa do que utilizar o sistema a partir da conta de root a toda a hora. Por exemplo, o seguinte muda o dono de "<literal><emphasis>algum_ficheiro</emphasis></literal>" para "<literal><emphasis>meu_nome</emphasis></literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Of course if you know the root password (as self-installed Debian users do), any command can be run under root from any user's account using "<literal>su -c</literal>".
pt: Claro que se conhecer a palavra-passe de root (como os utilizadores de sistemas Debian auto-instalados conhecem), qualquer comando pode ser executado sob root a partir da conta de qualquer utilizador a usar "<literal>su -c</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <ulink url="&policykit;">PolicyKit</ulink> is an operating system component for controlling system-wide privileges in Unix-like operating systems.
pt: <ulink url="&policykit;">PolicyKit</ulink> é um componente do sistema operativo para controlar privilégios a nível global em sistemas operativos tipo-Unix.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Newer GUI applications are not designed to run as privileged processes. They talk to privileged processes via PolicyKit to perform administrative operations.
pt: Aplicações GUI mais recentes não são desenhadas para correr como processos privilegiados. Estas falam com os processos privilegiados através de PolicyKit para executar operações administrativas.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: PolicyKit limits such operations to user accounts belonging to the <literal>sudo</literal> group on the Debian system.
pt: O PolicyKit limita tais operações a contas de utilizador pertencentes ao grupo <literal>sudo</literal> no sistema Debian.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See <literal>polkit</literal>(8).
pt: Veja <literal>polkit</literal>(8).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Restricting access to some server services
pt: Recadeiair acesso a alguns serviços de servidor

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For system security, it is a good idea to disable as much server programs as possible.  This becomes critical for network servers.  Having unused servers, activated either directly as <ulink url="&daemon;">daemon</ulink> or via <ulink url="&superserver;">super-server</ulink> program, are considered security risks.
pt: Para a segurança do sistema, é uma boa ideia desativar o máximo de programas de serviços possíveis. Isto torna-se crítico em servidores na rede. Ter servidores não utilizados, activados directamente como <ulink url="&daemon;">daemon</ulink> ou via programa <ulink url="&superserver;">super-server</ulink>, são considerados riscos de segurança.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Many programs, such as <literal>sshd</literal>(8), use PAM based access control.  There are many ways to restrict access to some server services.
pt: Muito programas, como o <literal>sshd</literal>(8), utilizam controlos de acesso baseados no PAM. Existem muitas maneiras de restringir o acesso a alguns serviços de servidor.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: configuration files: "<literal>/etc/default/<emphasis>program_name</emphasis></literal>"
pt: ficheiros de configuração: "<literal>/etc/default/<emphasis>nome_do_programa</emphasis></literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Systemd service unit configuration for <ulink url="&daemon;">daemon</ulink>
pt: Configuração Systemd de unidade de serviço para <ulink url="&daemon;">daemon</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&pampluggableauthnticationmodules;">PAM (Pluggable Authentication Modules)</ulink>
pt: <ulink url="&pampluggableauthnticationmodules;">PAM (Módulos de autenticação inseríveis)</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/etc/inetd.conf</literal>" for <ulink url="&superserver;">super-server</ulink>
pt: "<literal>/etc/inetd.conf</literal>" para <ulink url="&superserver;">super-server</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/etc/hosts.deny</literal>" and "<literal>/etc/hosts.allow</literal>" for <ulink url="&tcpwrapper;">TCP wrapper</ulink>, <literal>tcpd</literal>(8)
pt: "<literal>/etc/hosts.deny</literal>" e "<literal>/etc/hosts.allow</literal>" para <ulink url="&tcpwrapper;">wrapper de TCP</ulink>, <literal>tcpd</literal>(8)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/etc/rpc.conf</literal>" for <ulink url="&sunrpc;">Sun RPC</ulink>
pt: "<literal>/etc/rpc.conf</literal>" para <ulink url="&sunrpc;">RPC da Sun</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/etc/at.allow</literal>" and "<literal>/etc/at.deny</literal>" for <literal>atd</literal>(8)
pt: "<literal>/etc/at.allow</literal>" e "<literal>/etc/at.deny</literal>" para <literal>atd</literal>(8)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/etc/cron.allow</literal>" and "<literal>/etc/cron.deny</literal>" for <literal>crontab</literal>(1)
pt: "<literal>/etc/cron.allow</literal>" e "<literal>/etc/cron.deny</literal>" para <literal>crontab</literal>(1)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&networkfirewall;">Network firewall</ulink> of <ulink url="&netfilter;">netfilter</ulink> infrastructure
pt: <ulink url="&networkfirewall;">Firewall de Rede</ulink> da infraestrutura <ulink url="&netfilter;">netfilter</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See <xref linkend="_system_management_operations"/>, <xref linkend="_configuration_files_accessed_by_pam_and_nss"/>, and <xref linkend="_netfilter_infrastructure"/>.
pt: Ver <xref linkend="_system_management_operations"/>, <xref linkend="_configuration_files_accessed_by_pam_and_nss"/>, e <xref linkend="_netfilter_infrastructure"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: <ulink url="&sunrpc;">Sun RPC</ulink> services need to be active for <ulink url="&nfs;">NFS</ulink> and other RPC based programs.
pt: os serviços <ulink url="&sunrpc;">Sun RPC</ulink> necessitam estar ativos para <ulink url="&nfs;">NFS</ulink> e outros programas baseados em RPC.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: If you have problems with remote access in a recent Debian system, comment out offending configuration such as "<literal>ALL: PARANOID</literal>" in "<literal>/etc/hosts.deny</literal>" if it exists.  (But you must be careful on security risks involved with this kind of action.)
pt: Se tem problemas com acesso remoto num sistema Debian recente, comente configurações ofensivas tais como "<literal>ALL: PARANOID</literal>" em "<literal>/etc/hosts.deny</literal>" se existirem. (Mas tem que ter cuidado com os riscos de segurança envolvidos com este tipo de acção.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Linux security features
pt: Caraterísticas de segurança do Linux

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Linux kernel has evolved and supports security features not found in traditional UNIX implementations.
pt: O kernel do Linux evoluiu e suporta caraterísticas de segurança que não se encontram nas implementações tradicionais do UNIX.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Linux supports <ulink url="&extendedattributes;">extended attributes</ulink> which extend the traditional UNIX attributes (see <literal>xattr</literal>(7)).
pt: O Linux suporta <ulink url="&extendedattributes;">atributos alargados</ulink> que estendem os atributos UNIX tradicionais (ver <literal>xattr</literal>(7)).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Linux divides the privileges traditionally associated with superuser into distinct units, known as <literal>capabilities</literal>(7), which can be independently enabled and disabled.  Capabilities are a per-thread attribute since kernel version 2.2.
pt: O Linux divide os privilégios tradicionalmente associados ao super utilizador em unidades distintas, conhecidas como <literal>capacidades</literal>(7), que podem ser ativadas e desativadas independentemente.  As capacidades são um atributo por sub-processo desde a versão 2.2 do kernel.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <ulink url="&linuxsecuritymodulelsmframework;">Linux Security Module (LSM) framework</ulink> provides a <ulink url="&mechanismforvariussecuritychecks;">mechanism for various security checks</ulink> to be hooked by new kernel extensions. For example:
pt: A <ulink url="&linuxsecuritymodulelsmframework;">estrutura do Módulo de Segurança do Linux (LSM)</ulink> fornece um <ulink url="&mechanismforvariussecuritychecks;">mecanismo para que várias verificações de segurança</ulink> sejam conectadas por novas extensões do kernel. Por exemplo:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&securityenhancedlinuxselinux;">Security-Enhanced Linux (SELinux)</ulink>
pt: <ulink url="&securityenhancedlinuxselinux;">Linux com segurança reforçada (SELinux)</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&smacksimplifiedmesscontrolkernel;">Smack (Simplified Mandatory Access Control Kernel)</ulink>
pt: <ulink url="&smacksimplifiedmesscontrolkernel;">Smack (Controlo de Acesso Obrigatório Simplificado Kernel)</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Since these extensions may tighten privilege model tighter than the ordinary Unix-like security model policies, even the root power may be restricted.  You are advised to read the <ulink url="&linuxsecuritymodumentatkernelorg;">Linux Security Module (LSM) framework document at kernel.org</ulink>.
pt: Uma vez que estas extensões podem apertar mais o modelo de privilégios do que as políticas normais do modelo de segurança tipo Unix, até o poder de root pode ser restringido.  Aconselha-se a ler o <ulink url="&linuxsecuritymodumentatkernelorg;">documento da estrutura do Módulo de Segurança Linux (LSM) em kernel.org</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Linux <ulink url="&namespaces;">namespaces</ulink> wrap a global system resource in an abstraction that makes it appear to the processes within the namespace that they have their own isolated instance of the global resource.  Changes to the global resource are visible to other processes that are members of the namespace, but are invisible to other processes.  Since kernel version 5.6, there are 8 kinds of namespaces (see <literal>namespaces</literal>(7), <literal>unshare</literal>(1), <literal>nsenter</literal>(1)).
pt: <ulink url="&namespaces;">Os namespaces</ulink> Linux envolvem um recurso global do sistema numa abstração que faz parecer aos processos dentro do namespace que têm a sua própria instância isolada do recurso global.  As alterações ao recurso global são visíveis para outros processos que são membros do espaço de nomes, mas são invisíveis para outros processos.  Desde a versão 5.6 do kernel, existem 8 tipos de espaços de nomes (veja <literal>namespaces</literal>(7), <literal>unshare</literal>(1), <literal>nsenter</literal>(1)).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: As of Debian 11 Bullseye (2021), Debian uses unified cgroup hierarchy (a.k.a. <ulink url="&cgroupsvc;">cgroups-v2</ulink>).
pt: A partir da Debian 11 Bullseye (2021), a Debian usa uma hierarquia de cgroups unificada (a.k.a. <ulink url="&cgroupsvc;">cgroups-v2</ulink>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Usage examples of <ulink url="&namespaces;">namespaces</ulink> with <ulink url="&cgroups;">cgroups</ulink> to isolate their processes and to allow resource control are:
pt: Exemplos de utilização de <ulink url="&namespaces;">namespaces</ulink> com <ulink url="&cgroups;">cgroups</ulink> para isolar os seus processos e permitir o controlo de recursos:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&systemd;">Systemd</ulink>.  See <xref linkend="_systemd_init"/>.
pt: <ulink url="&systemd;">Systemd</ulink>.  Ver <xref linkend="_systemd_init"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&sandboxenvironment;">Sandbox environment</ulink>.  See <xref linkend="_sandbox"/>.
pt: <ulink url="&sandboxenvironment;">Sandbox environment</ulink>.  Ver <xref linkend="_sandbox"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&linuxcontainers;">Linux containers</ulink> such as <ulink url="&docker;">Docker</ulink>, <ulink url="&lxc;">LXC</ulink>.  See <xref linkend="_virtualized_system"/>.
pt: <ulink url="&linuxcontainers;">Contentores Linux</ulink> como o <ulink url="&docker;">Docker</ulink>, <ulink url="&lxc;">LXC</ulink>.  Ver <xref linkend="_virtualized_system"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: These functionalities can't be realized by <xref linkend="_normal_unix_authentication"/>.  These advanced topics are mostly out-of-scope for this introductory document.
pt: Estas funcionalidades não podem ser realizadas por <xref linkend="_normal_unix_authentication"/>.  Estes tópicos avançados estão, na sua maioria, fora do âmbito deste documento introdutório.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
en: Network setup
pt: Configuração de rede

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><tip><para>
en: For modern Debian specific guide to the networking, read <ulink url="&thedebianadminisguringthenetwork;">The Debian Administrator's Handbook — Configuring the Network</ulink>.
pt: Para um guia moderno específico Debian sobre rede, veja <ulink url="&thedebianadminisguringthenetwork;">O Livro de Mão do Administrador Debian — Configurar a Rede</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><tip><para>
en: Under <ulink url="&systemd;">systemd</ulink>, <ulink url="&networkd;">networkd</ulink> may be used to manage networks.  See <literal>systemd-networkd</literal>(8).
pt: Sob <ulink url="&systemd;">systemd</ulink>, pode ser usado o <ulink url="&networkd;">networkd</ulink> para gerir as redes. Veja <literal>systemd-networkd</literal>(8).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: The basic network infrastructure
pt: A infra-estrutura de rede básica

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Let's review the basic network infrastructure on the modern Debian system.
pt: Vamos rever a infra-estrutura básica de rede do sistema Debian moderno.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of network configuration tools
pt: Lista de ferramentas de configuração de rede

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: packages
pt: pacotes

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&networkmanager;">NetworkManager</ulink> (daemon): manage the network automatically
pt: <ulink url="&networkmanager;">NetworkManager</ulink> (daemon): gere a rede automaticamente

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&networkmanager;">NetworkManager</ulink> (GNOME frontend)
pt: <ulink url="&networkmanager;">NetworkManager</ulink> (frontend do GNOME)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&netplan;">Netplan</ulink> (generator): Unified, declarative interface to NetworkManager and systemd-networkd backends
pt: <ulink url="&netplan;">Netplan</ulink> (gerador): Interface unificada e declarativa para os backends NetworkManager e systemd-networkd

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: standardized tool to bring up and down the network (Debian specific)
pt: ferramenta standard para ativar e desativar a rede (especifico de Debian)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: DHCP client
pt: Cliente DHCP

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: configuration helper for PPPoE connection
pt: ajudante de configuração para ligação PPPoE

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: client support for WPA and WPA2 (IEEE 802.11i)
pt: suporte de cliente para WPA e WPA2 (IEEE 802.11i)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Qt GUI client for wpa_supplicant
pt: Cliente GUI Qt para o wpa_supplicant

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: tools for manipulating Linux Wireless Extensions
pt: ferramentas para manipular Extensões Wireless do Linux

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: tool for configuring Linux wireless devices
pt: ferramenta para configuração de dispositivos sem fios Linux

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&iproutec;">iproute2</ulink>, IPv6 and other advanced network configuration: <literal>ip</literal>(8), <literal>tc</literal>(8), etc
pt: <ulink url="&iproutec;">iproute2</ulink>, IPv6 e outras configurações avançadas de rede: <literal>ip</literal>(8), <literal>tc</literal>(8), etc

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: administration tools for packet filtering and NAT (<ulink url="&netfilter;">Netfilter</ulink>)
pt: ferramentas administrativas para filtragem de pacotes e NAT (<ulink url="&netfilter;">Netfilter</ulink>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: administration tools for packet filtering and NAT (<ulink url="&netfilter;">Netfilter</ulink>) (successor to {ip,ip6,arp,eb}tables)
pt: ferramentas de administração para filtragem de pacotes e NAT (<ulink url="&netfilter;">Netfilter</ulink>) (sucessor de {ip,ip6,arp,eb}tables)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: test
pt: teste

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: test network reachability of a remote host by <ulink url="&hostname;">hostname</ulink> or <ulink url="&ipaddress;">IP address</ulink> (<ulink url="&iproutec;">iproute2</ulink>)
pt: teste de acessibilidade de rede de uma máquina remota pelo <ulink url="&hostname;">nome-de-máquina</ulink> ou <ulink url="&ipaddress;">endereço IP</ulink> (<ulink url="&iproutec;">iproute2</ulink>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: test network reachability of a remote host specified by the <ulink url="&arp;">ARP</ulink> address
pt: teste de acessibilidade de rede de uma máquina remota especificado pelo endereço <ulink url="&arp;">ARP</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: trace the network path to a remote host
pt: rastreia o caminho de rede até uma máquina remota

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display or change Ethernet device settings
pt: mostra ou altera as definições de um aparelho Ethernet

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: trace the network path to a remote host (curses)
pt: rastreia o caminho de rede até uma máquina remota (curses)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: trace the network path to a remote host (curses and GTK)
pt: rastreia o caminho de rede até uma máquina remota (curses e GTK)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: tools for common network information operations (GNOME)
pt: ferramentas para operações comuns de informação de rede (GNOME)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: network mapper / port scanner (<ulink url="&nmap;">Nmap</ulink>, console)
pt: mapeamento de rede / sondagem de portos (<ulink url="&nmap;">Nmap</ulink>, consola)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: network traffic analyzer (<ulink url="&tcpdump;">Tcpdump</ulink>, console)
pt: analisador de tráfego de rede (<ulink url="&tcpdump;">Tcpdump</ulink>, consola)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: network traffic analyzer (<ulink url="&wireshark;">Wireshark</ulink>, GTK)
pt: analisador de tráfego de rede (<ulink url="&wireshark;">Wireshark</ulink>, GTK)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: network traffic analyzer (console)
pt: analisador de tráfego de rede (consola)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: produce a summarization of the connections from <literal>tcpdump</literal> output
pt: produz um sumário das ligações a partir da saída do <literal>tcpdump</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display network usage in web browser
pt: mostra a utilização da rede num navegador web

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: network clients provided with <ulink url="&bind;">BIND</ulink>: <literal>nslookup</literal>(8), <literal>nsupdate</literal>(8), <literal>dig</literal>(8)
pt: clientes de rede disponibilizados com <ulink url="&bind;">BIND</ulink>: <literal>nslookup</literal>(8), <literal>nsupdate</literal>(8), <literal>dig</literal>(8)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: check <ulink url="&dns;">DNS</ulink> zone information using nameserver lookups
pt: verifica informação de zona <ulink url="&dns;">DNS</ulink> a usar pesquisas do servidor de nomes

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: trace a chain of <ulink url="&dns;">DNS</ulink> servers to the source
pt: rastreia uma cadeia de servidores <ulink url="&dns;">DNS</ulink> até à fonte

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The hostname resolution
pt: A resolução de nome de máquina

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The hostname resolution is currently supported by the <ulink url="&nssnameserviceswitch;">NSS (Name Service Switch)</ulink> mechanism too.  The flow of this resolution is the following.
pt: A resolução de nome de máquina também é suportada atualmente pelo mecanismo <ulink url="&nssnameserviceswitch;">NSS (Name Service Switch)</ulink>. O fluxo desta resolução é o seguinte.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: The "<literal>/etc/nsswitch.conf</literal>" file with stanza like "<literal>hosts: files dns</literal>" dictates the hostname resolution order. (This replaces the old functionality of the "<literal>order</literal>" stanza in "<literal>/etc/host.conf</literal>".)
pt: O ficheiro "<literal>/etc/nsswitch.conf</literal>" com "<literal>hosts: files dns</literal>" dicta a ordem de resolução do nome de máquina. (Isto substitui a funcionalidade antiga de "<literal>order</literal>" em "<literal>/etc/host.conf</literal>".)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: The <literal>files</literal> method is invoked first.  If the hostname is found in the "<literal>/etc/hosts</literal>" file, it returns all valid addresses for it and exits. (The "<literal>/etc/host.conf</literal>" file contains "<literal>multi on</literal>".)
pt: O método <literal>files</literal> é invocado primeiro. Se o nome de máquina for encontrado no ficheiro "<literal>/etc/hosts</literal>", devolve um endereço válido e termina. (O ficheiro "<literal>/etc/host.conf</literal>" contém "<literal>multi on</literal>".)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: The <literal>dns</literal> method is invoked.  If the hostname is found by the query to the <ulink url="&internetdomainnamesystemdns;">Internet Domain Name System (DNS)</ulink> identified by the "<literal>/etc/resolv.conf</literal>" file, it returns all valid addresses for it and exits.
pt: O método <literal>dns</literal> é invocado. Se o nome de máquina é encontrado pela consulta ao <ulink url="&internetdomainnamesystemdns;">Internet Domain Name System (DNS)</ulink> identificado pelo ficheiro "<literal>/etc/resolv.conf</literal>", devolve-le um endereço válido e termina.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: A typical workstation may be installed with its host name set to, e.g., "<emphasis>host_name</emphasis>" and its optional domain name set to an empty string.  Then, "<literal>/etc/hosts</literal>" looks like the following.
pt: Uma estação de trabalho típica pode ser instalada com seu nome de host definido como, por exemplo, "<emphasis>host_name</emphasis>" e seu nome de domínio opcional definido como uma string vazia.  Então, o "<literal>/etc/hosts</literal>" tem o seguinte aspeto.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Each line starts with a <ulink url="&ipaddress;">IP address</ulink> and it is followed by the associated <ulink url="&hostname;">hostname</ulink>.
pt: Cada linha começa por um <ulink url="&ipaddress;">endereço IP</ulink> e é seguida pelo <ulink url="&hostname;">hostname</ulink> associado.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The IP address <literal>127.0.1.1</literal> in the second line of this example may not be found on some other Unix-like systems.  The <ulink url="&debianinstaller;">Debian Installer</ulink> creates this entry for a system without a permanent IP address as a workaround for some software (e.g., GNOME) as documented in the <ulink url="&bughbjgcb;">bug #719621</ulink>.
pt: O endereço IP <literal>127.0.1.1</literal> na segunda linha deste exemplo pode não ser encontrada nalguns outros sistemas tipo-Unix. O <ulink url="&debianinstaller;">Instalador Debian</ulink> cria esta entrada para um sistema sem um endereço IP permanente como contenção para algum software (p.e., GNOME) conforme é documentado no <ulink url="&bughbjgcb;">bug #719621</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <emphasis>host_name</emphasis> matches the hostname defined in the "<literal>/etc/hostname</literal>" (see <xref linkend="_the_hostname"/>).
pt: O <emphasis>host_name</emphasis> corresponde ao nome de anfitrião definido no ficheiro "<literal>/etc/hostname</literal>" (ver <xref linkend="_the_hostname"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For a system with a permanent IP address, that permanent IP address should be used here instead of <literal>127.0.1.1</literal>.
pt: Para um sistema com um endereço IP permanente, esse endereço IP permanente deve ser utilizado aqui em vez do <literal>127.0.1.1</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For a system with a permanent IP address and a <ulink url="&fullyqualifieddomainnamefqdn;">fully qualified domain name (FQDN)</ulink> provided by the <ulink url="&domainnamesystemdns;">Domain Name System (DNS)</ulink>, that canonical <emphasis>host_name</emphasis>.<emphasis>domain_name</emphasis> should be used instead of just <emphasis>host_name</emphasis>.
pt: Para um sistema com um endereço IP permanente e um <ulink url="&fullyqualifieddomainnamefqdn;">nome de domínio totalmente qualificado (FQDN)</ulink> disponibilizado pelo <ulink url="&domainnamesystemdns;">Sistema de Nomes de Domínio (DNS)</ulink>, o <emphasis>nome_máquina</emphasis> e <emphasis>nome_domínio</emphasis> canónicos devem ser utilizados em vez de apenas <emphasis>nome_máquina</emphasis>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The "<literal>/etc/resolv.conf</literal>" is a static file if the <literal>resolvconf</literal> package is not installed.  If installed, it is a symbolic link.  Either way, it contains information that initialize the resolver routines. If the DNS is found at IP="<literal>192.168.11.1</literal>", it contains the following.
pt: O "<literal>/etc/resolv.conf</literal>" é um ficheiro estático se o pacote <literal>resolvconf</literal> não estiver instalado. Se instalado, é uma ligação simbólica. De qualquer modo, contém informação que inicializa as rotinas de resolução de nomes. Se o DNS existir no IP="<literal>192.168.11.1</literal>", contém o seguinte.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <literal>resolvconf</literal> package makes this "<literal>/etc/resolv.conf</literal>" into a symbolic link and manages its contents by the hook scripts automatically.
pt: O pacote <literal>resolvconf</literal> faz deste "<literal>/etc/resolv.conf</literal>" uma ligação simbólica e gere o conteúdo dele automaticamente pelos scripts hook.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For the PC workstation on the typical adhoc LAN environment, the hostname can be resolved via <ulink url="&multicastdns;">Multicast DNS</ulink> (mDNS) in addition to the basic <literal>files</literal> and <literal>dns</literal> methods.
pt: Para a estação de trabalho PC no ambiente típico de LAN adhoc, o nome do anfitrião pode ser resolvido através do <ulink url="&multicastdns;">Multicast DNS</ulink> (mDNS), para além dos métodos básicos de <literal>files</literal> e <literal>dns</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&avahi;">Avahi</ulink> provides a framework for Multicast DNS Service Discovery on Debian.
pt: <ulink url="&avahi;">Avahi</ulink> disponibiliza uma infraestrutura para Multicast DNS Service Discovery em Debian.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: It is equivalent of <ulink url="&applebonjourapplerendezvous;">Apple Bonjour / Apple Rendezvous</ulink>.
pt: É o equivalente de <ulink url="&applebonjourapplerendezvous;">Apple Bonjour / Apple Rendezvous</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The <literal>libnss-mdns</literal> plugin package provides host name resolution via mDNS for the GNU Name Service Switch (NSS) functionality of the GNU C Library (glibc).
pt: O pacote de plugin <literal>libnss-mdns</literal> disponibiliza resolução de nomes de máquinas via mDNS para a funcionalidade Name Service Switch (NSS) do GNU da Biblioteca C do GNU (glibc).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The "<literal>/etc/nsswitch.conf</literal>" file should have stanza like "<literal>hosts: files mdns4_minimal [NOTFOUND=return] dns</literal>" (see <literal>/usr/share/doc/libnss-mdns/README.Debian</literal> for other configurations).
pt: O ficheiro "<literal>/etc/nsswitch.conf</literal>" deve ter uma estrofe como "<literal>hosts: files mdns4_minimal [NOTFOUND=return] dns</literal>" (veja <literal>/usr/share/doc/libnss-mdns/README.Debian</literal> para outras configurações).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: A host name suffixed with the <ulink url="&local;">".local"</ulink> <ulink url="&pseudotopleveldomain;">pseudo-top-level domain</ulink> is resolved by sending a mDNS query message in a multicast UDP packet using IPv4 address "<literal>224.0.0.251</literal>" or IPv6 address "<literal>FF02::FB</literal>".
pt: Um nome de anfitrião sufixado com o <ulink url="&pseudotopleveldomain;">pseudo-domínio de topo</ulink> <ulink url="&local;">".local"</ulink> é resolvido enviando uma mensagem de consulta mDNS num pacote UDP multicast utilizando o endereço IPv4 "<literal>224.0.0.251</literal>" ou o endereço IPv6 "<literal>FF02::FB</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: The <ulink url="&expansionofgenerleveldomainsgtld;">expansion of generic Top-Level Domains (gTLD)</ulink> in the <ulink url="&domainnamesystem;">Domain Name System</ulink> is underway.  Watch out for the <ulink url="&namecollision;">name collision</ulink> when chosing a domain name used only within LAN.
pt: A <ulink url="&expansionofgenerleveldomainsgtld;">expansão Top-Level Domains genéricos (gTLD)</ulink> no <ulink url="&domainnamesystem;">Domain Name System</ulink> está em desenvolvimento. Tenha cuidado com a <ulink url="&namecollision;">colisão de nomes</ulink> quando escolher um nome de domínio usado apenas dentro da LAN.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: Use of packages such as <literal>libnss-resolve</literal> together with <literal>systemd-resolved</literal>, or <literal>libnss-myhostname</literal>, or <literal>libnss-mymachine</literal>, with coressponding listings on the "<literal>hosts</literal>" line in the "<literal>/etc/nsswitch.conf</literal>" file may override the traditional network configuration discussed in the above.  See <literal>nss-resolve</literal>(8), <literal>systemd-resolved</literal>(8), <literal>nss-myhostname</literal>(8), and <literal>nss-mymachines</literal>(8) for more.
pt: O uso de pacotes como o <literal>libnss-resolve</literal> em conjunto com o <literal>systemd-resolved</literal>, ou <literal>libnss-myhostname</literal>, ou <literal>libnss-mymachine</literal>, com listagens correspondentes na linha<literal>"hosts</literal>" no ficheiro<literal>"/etc/nsswitch.conf</literal>" pode sobrepor-se à configuração de rede tradicional discutida em cima.  Veja <literal>nss-resolve</literal>(8), <literal>systemd-resolved</literal>(8), <literal>nss-myhostname</literal>(8), e <literal>nss-mymachines</literal>(8) para mais informação.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The network interface name
pt: O nome da interface de rede

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <ulink url="&systemd;">systemd</ulink> uses "<ulink url="&predictablenetworkinterfacenames;">Predictable Network Interface Names</ulink>" such as "<literal>enp0s25</literal>".
pt: O <ulink url="&systemd;">systemd</ulink> usa "<ulink url="&predictablenetworkinterfacenames;">Predictable Network Interface Names</ulink>" como "<literal>enp0s25</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The network address range for the LAN
pt: A gama de endereços de rede para a LAN

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Let us be reminded of the IPv4 32 bit address ranges in each class reserved for use on the <ulink url="&localareanetworkslans;">local area networks (LANs)</ulink> by <ulink url="&rfcbjbi;">rfc1918</ulink>.  These addresses are guaranteed not to conflict with any addresses on the Internet proper.
pt: Vamos nos lembrar das gamas de endereços do IPv4 de 32 bits em cada classe reservada para utilização em <ulink url="&localareanetworkslans;">redes de área local (LANs)</ulink> pelo <ulink url="&rfcbjbi;">rfc1918</ulink>. É garantido que estes endereços não estejam em conflito com quaisquer endereços na Internet.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: IP address written with colon are <ulink url="&ipvgaddress;">IPv6 address</ulink>, e.g., "<literal>::1</literal>" for <literal>localhost</literal>.
pt: Os endereços IP escritos com dois pontos são <ulink url="&ipvgaddress;">endereços IPv6</ulink>, por exemplo, "<literal>::1</literal>" para <literal>localhost</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of network address ranges
pt: Lista de gamas de endereços de rede

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: Class
pt: Classe

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: network addresses
pt: endereços de rede

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: net mask
pt: máscara de rede

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: net mask /bits
pt: máscara de rede /bits

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: number of subnets
pt: número de sub-redes

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: If one of these addresses is assigned to a host, then that host must not access the Internet directly but must access it through a gateway that acts as a proxy for individual services or else does <ulink url="&networkaddresstranslationnat;">Network Address Translation (NAT)</ulink>.  The broadband router usually performs NAT for the consumer LAN environment.
pt: Se for atribuído um destes endereços a uma máquina, então essa máquina não poderá aceder à Internet directamente mas terá de aceder através de uma gateway que age como um proxy para serviços individuais ou então fará <ulink url="&networkaddresstranslationnat;">Network Address Translation(NAT)</ulink>. O router de banda larga geralmente executa NAT para o ambiente LAN do consumidor.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The network device support
pt: O suporte a aparelhos de rede

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Although most hardware devices are supported by the Debian system, there are some network devices which require <ulink url="&dfsg;">DFSG</ulink> non-free firmware to support them.  Please see <xref linkend="_hardware_drivers_and_firmware"/>.
pt: Apesar da maioria dos aparelhos de hardware serem suportados pelo sistema Debian, existem alguns aparelhos de rede que necessitam de firmware não-livre <ulink url="&dfsg;">DFSG</ulink> para os suportar. Por favor veja <xref linkend="_hardware_drivers_and_firmware"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: The modern network configuration for desktop
pt: A configuração moderna de rede para desktop

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Debian can manage the network connection via management <ulink url="&daemon;">daemon</ulink> software such as <ulink url="&networkmanagernm;">NetworkManager (NM)</ulink> (network-manager and associated packages).
pt: Debian pode gerir a ligação de rede através de software <ulink url="&daemon;">daemon</ulink> de gestão como o <ulink url="&networkmanagernm;">NetworkManager (NM)</ulink> (gestor de rede e pacotes associados).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: They come with their own <ulink url="&gui;">GUI</ulink> and command-line programs as their user interfaces.
pt: Vêm com as suas próprias <ulink url="&gui;">GUIs</ulink> e programas de linha de comandos como as suas interfaces de utilizador.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: They come with their own <ulink url="&daemon;">daemon</ulink> as their backend system.
pt: Vêm com os <ulink url="&daemon;">daemons</ulink> próprios como os backends deles.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: They allow easy connection of your system to the Internet.
pt: Permitem uma ligação fácil do seu sistema à Internet.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: They allow easy management of wired and wireless network configuration.
pt: Permitem gestão fácil de configuração de redes com e sem fios.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: They allow us to configure network independent of the legacy <literal>ifupdown</literal> package.
pt: Permitem-nos configurar a rede independentemente do pacote legacy <literal>ifupdown</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><note><para>
en: Do not use these automatic network configuration tools for servers.  These are aimed primarily for mobile desktop users on laptops.
pt: Não utilize estas ferramentas de configuração de rede automáticas em servidores. Estas são destinadas principalmente para os utilizadores móveis em portáteis.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: These modern network configuration tools need to be configured properly to avoid conflicting with the legacy <literal>ifupdown</literal> package and its configuration file "<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>".
pt: Estas ferramentas modernas de configuração de rede necessitam ser correctamente configuradas para evitar entrarem em conflito com o pacote legacy <literal>ifupdown</literal> e o ficheiro de configuração dele "<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: GUI network configuration tools
pt: Ferramentas GUI de configuração de rede

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Official documentations for NM on Debian are provided in "<literal>/usr/share/doc/network-manager/README.Debian</literal>".
pt: As documentações oficiais para o NM em Debian são disponibilizadas em "<literal>/usr/share/doc/network-manager/README.Debian</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Essentially, the network configuration for desktop is done as follows.
pt: Essencialmente, a configuração de rede para desktop é feita como a seguir.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Make desktop user, e.g. <literal>foo</literal>, belong to group "<literal>netdev</literal>" by the following (Alternatively, do it automatically via <ulink url="&dbus;">D-bus</ulink> under modern desktop environments such as GNOME and KDE).
pt: Tornar o utilizador de ambiente de trabalho, p.e. <literal>foo</literal>, pertencente ao grupo "<literal>netdev</literal>" com o seguinte (Em alternativa, em ambientes de trabalho modernos como o GNOME e o KDE, faça-o automaticamente através de <ulink url="&dbus;">D-bus</ulink>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Keep configuration of "<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>" as simple as in the following.
pt: Mantenha a configuração de "<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>" tão simples como o seguinte.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Restart NM by the following.
pt: Reinicie o NM da seguinte forma.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Configure your network via GUI.
pt: Configure a sua rede através da GUI.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: Only interfaces which are <emphasis role="strong">not</emphasis> listed in "<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>" are managed by NM to avoid conflict with <literal>ifupdown</literal>.
pt: Apenas as interfaces que <emphasis role="strong">não</emphasis> estão listadas em "<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>" são geridas pelo NM para evitar conflitos com o <literal>ifupdown</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: If you wish to extend network configuration capabilities of NM, please seek appropriate plug-in modules and supplemental packages such as <literal>network-manager-openconnect</literal>, <literal>network-manager-openvpn-gnome</literal>, <literal>network-manager-pptp-gnome</literal>, <literal>mobile-broadband-provider-info</literal>, <literal>gnome-bluetooth</literal>, etc.
pt: Se desejar estender as capacidades de configuração de rede do NM, por favor procure módulos plug-in apropriados e pacotes suplementares como os <literal>network-manager-openconnect</literal>, <literal>network-manager-openvpn-gnome</literal>, <literal>network-manager-pptp-gnome</literal>, <literal>mobile-broadband-provider-info</literal>, <literal>gnome-bluetooth</literal>, etc.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: The modern network configuration without GUI
pt: A moderna configuração de rede sem GUI

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Under <ulink url="&systemd;">systemd</ulink>, the network may be configured in <literal>/etc/systemd/network/</literal> instead.  See <literal>systemd-resolved</literal>(8), <literal>resolved.conf</literal>(5), and <literal>systemd-networkd</literal>(8).
pt: Sob <ulink url="&systemd;">systemd</ulink>, a rede pode ser configurada em <literal>/etc/systemd/network/</literal>. Veja <literal>systemd-resolved</literal>(8), <literal>resolved.conf</literal>(5) e <literal>systemd-networkd</literal>(8).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: This allows the modern network configuration without GUI.
pt: Isto permite a configuração moderna de rede sem GUI.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: A DHCP client configuration can be set up by creating "<literal>/etc/systemd/network/dhcp.network</literal>".  E.g.:
pt: Uma configuração de cliente DHCP pode ser definida ao criar <literal>/etc/systemd/network/dhcp.network</literal>".  Ex.:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: A static network configuration can be set up by creating "<literal>/etc/systemd/network/static.network</literal>".  E.g.:
pt: Uma configuração de rede estática pode ser definida ao criar "<literal>/etc/systemd/network/static.network</literal>".  Ex.:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: The modern network configuration for cloud
pt: A configuração moderna de rede para nuvem

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The modern network configuration for cloud may use <literal>cloud-init</literal> and <literal>netplan.io</literal> packages (see <xref linkend="_cloud_system_initialization"/>).
pt: A configuração de rede moderna para a nuvem pode usar os pacotes <literal>cloud-init</literal> e <literal>netplan.io</literal> (ver <xref linkend="_cloud_system_initialization"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The <literal>netplan.io</literal> package supports <literal>systemd-networkd</literal> and <literal>NetworkManager</literal> as its network configuration backends, and enables the declarative network configuration using <ulink url="&yaml;">YAML</ulink> data.  When you change YAML:
pt: O pacote <literal>netplan.io</literal> suporta <literal>systemd-networkd</literal> e <literal>NetworkManager</literal> como seus backends de configuração de rede, e permite a configuração de rede usando dados <ulink url="&yaml;">YAML</ulink>.  Quando você altera o YAML:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Run "<literal>netplan generate</literal>" command to generate all the necessary backend configuration from <ulink url="&yaml;">YAML</ulink>.
pt: Execute o comando "<literal>netplan generate</literal>" para gerar toda a configuração de backend necessária a partir de <ulink url="&yaml;">YAML</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Run "<literal>netplan apply</literal>" command to apply the generated configuration to the backends.
pt: Execute o comando "<literal>netplan apply</literal>" para aplicar a configuração gerada aos backends.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: See <ulink url="&netplandocumentation;">"Netplan documentation"</ulink>, <literal>netplan</literal>(5), <literal>netplan-generate</literal>(8), and <literal>netplan-apply</literal>(8).
pt: Veja <ulink url="&netplandocumentation;">"Documentação Netplan"</ulink>, <literal>netplan</literal>(5), <literal>netplan-generate</literal>(8) e <literal>netplan-apply</literal>(8).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: See also <ulink url="&cloudinitdocumentation;">"Cloud-init documentation"</ulink> (especially around <ulink url="&configurationsources;">"Configuration sources"</ulink> and <ulink url="&netplanpassthrough;">"Netplan Passthrough"</ulink>) for how <literal>cloud-init</literal> can integrate <literal>netplan.io</literal> configuration with alternative data sources.
pt: Consulte também <ulink url="&cloudinitdocumentation;">"Documentação de Inicialização na Nuvem"</ulink> (especialmente em <ulink url="&configurationsources;">"Fontes de configuração"</ulink> e <ulink url="&netplanpassthrough;">"Netplan Passthrough"</ulink>) para saber como o <literal>cloud-init</literal> pode integrar a configuração do <literal>netplan.io</literal> com fontes de dados alternativas.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The modern network configuration for cloud with DHCP
pt: A configuração moderna de rede para nuvem com DHCP

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: A DHCP client configuration can be set up by creating a data source file "<literal>/etc/netplan/50-dhcp.yaml</literal>":
pt: A configuração de um cliente DHCP pode ser definida através da criação de um ficheiro de dados "<literal>/etc/netplan/50-dhcp.yaml</literal>":

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The modern network configuration for cloud with static IP
pt: A configuração moderna de rede para nuvem com IP estático

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: A static network configuration can be set up by creating a data source file "<literal>/etc/netplan/50-static.yaml</literal>":
pt: Uma configuração de rede estática pode ser definida através da criação de um ficheiro de dados"<literal>/etc/netplan/50-static.yaml</literal>":

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The modern network configuration for cloud with Network Manager
pt: A configuração moderna de rede para nuvem com Network Manager

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The network client configuration using Network Manager infrastructure can be set up by creating a data source file "<literal>/etc/netplan/00-network-manager.yaml</literal>":
pt: A configuração do cliente de rede utilizando a infraestrutura do Network Manager pode ser definida através da criação de um ficheiro de dados "<literal>/etc/netplan/00-network-manager.yaml</literal>":

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: The low level network configuration
pt: A configuração de rede de baixo nível

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: For the low level network configuration on Linux, use the <ulink url="&iproutec;">iproute2</ulink> programs (<literal>ip</literal>(8), …) .
pt: Para a configuração de rede de baixo nível no Linux, use os programas <ulink url="&iproutec;">iproute2</ulink> (<literal>ip</literal>(8), ...) .

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Iproute2 commands
pt: Comandos iproute2

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <ulink url="&iproutec;">Iproute2</ulink> commands offer complete low-level network configuration capabilities. Here is a translation table from obsolete <ulink url="&nettools;">net-tools</ulink> commands to new <ulink url="&iproutec;">iproute2</ulink> etc. commands.
pt: Os comandos <ulink url="&iproutec;">Iproute2</ulink> oferecem capacidades completas de configuração de rede de baixo nível. Aqui está uma tabela de traduções dos comandos <ulink url="&nettools;">net-tools</ulink> obsoletos para os novos comandos <ulink url="&iproutec;">iproute2</ulink> etc.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: Translation table from obsolete <literal>net-tools</literal> commands to new <literal>iproute2</literal> commands
pt: Tabela de tradução dos comandos obsoletos <literal>net-tools</literal> para os novos comandos <literal>iproute2</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: obsolete net-tools
pt: ferramentas de rede obsoletas

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: new iproute2 etc.
pt: novo iproute2 etc.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: manipulation
pt: manipulação

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: protocol (IP or IPv6) address on a device
pt: endereço de protoco (IP ou IPv6) num aparelho

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: routing table entry
pt: entrada na tabela de rotas

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: ARP or NDISC cache entry
pt: entrada na cache ARP ou NDISC

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: multicast address
pt: endereço multicast

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: tunnel over IP
pt: túnel sobre IP

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: name network interfaces based on MAC addresses
pt: nomeia as interfaces de rede baseadas no endereço MAC

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Ethernet device settings
pt: Definições de aparelho Ethernet

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See <literal>ip</literal>(8) and <ulink url="&linuxadvancedroungtrafficcontrol;">Linux Advanced Routing &amp; Traffic Control</ulink>.
pt: Ver <literal>ip</literal>(8) e <ulink url="&linuxadvancedroungtrafficcontrol;">Encaminhamento avançado Linux &amp; Controlo de Tráfego</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Safe low level network operations
pt: Operações de rede seguras de baixo nível

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You may use low level network commands as follows safely since they do not change network configuration.
pt: Pode usar comandos de rede de baixo nível como a seguir em segurança pois eles não mudam a configuração de rede.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of low level network commands
pt: Lista de comandos de rede de baixo nível

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display the link and address status of active interfaces
pt: mostra o estado de ligação e endereço das interfaces ativas

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display all the routing table in numerical addresses
pt: mostra toda a tabela de rotas em endereços numéricos

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display the current content of the <ulink url="&arp;">ARP</ulink> cache tables
pt: mostra o conteúdo atual das tabelas de cache <ulink url="&arp;">ARP</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display ppp daemon log
pt: mostra o log do daemon ppp

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: check the Internet connection to "<literal>yahoo.com</literal>"
pt: verifica a ligação de Internet para "<literal>yahoo.com</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: check who registered "<literal>yahoo.com</literal>" in the domains database
pt: verifica quem registou "<literal>yahoo.com</literal>" na base de dados de domínios

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: trace the Internet connection to "<literal>yahoo.com</literal>"
pt: rastreia a ligação Internet até "<literal>yahoo.com</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: trace the Internet connection to "<literal>yahoo.com</literal>" (repeatedly)
pt: rastreia a ligação Internet até "<literal>yahoo.com</literal>" (repetidamente)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>dig [@dns-server.com] example.com [{a|mx|any}]</literal>
pt: <literal>dig [@servidor-dns.com] exemplo.com [{a|mx|any}]</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: check <ulink url="&dns;">DNS</ulink> records of "<literal>example.com</literal>" by "<literal>dns-server.com</literal>" for a "<literal>a</literal>", "<literal>mx</literal>", or "<literal>any</literal>" record
pt: verifica os registos <ulink url="&dns;">DNS</ulink> de "<literal>exemplo.com</literal>" pelo "<literal>servidor-dns.com</literal>" para um registo "<literal>a</literal>", "<literal>mx</literal>", ou "<literal>any</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: check packet filter
pt: verifica o filtro de pacotes

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: find all open ports
pt: procura todos os portos abertos

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: find listening ports
pt: procura portos a escutar

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: find listening TCP ports (numeric)
pt: procura portos TCP a escutar (numérico)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>dlint example.com</literal>
pt: <literal>dlint exemplo.com</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: check DNS zone information of "<literal>example.com</literal>"
pt: verifica a informação da zona DNS de "<literal>exemplo.com</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Some of these low level network configuration tools reside in "<literal>/usr/sbin/</literal>".  You may need to issue full command path such as "<literal>/usr/sbin/ifconfig</literal>" or add "<literal>/usr/sbin</literal>" to the "<literal>$PATH</literal>" list in your "<literal>~/.bashrc</literal>".
pt: Algumas destas ferramentas de configuração de baixo nível residem em "<literal>/usr/sbin/</literal>". Pode necessitar de escrever o caminho do comando completo tal como "<literal>/usr/sbin/ifconfig</literal>" ou adicionar "<literal>/usr/sbin</literal>" à lista "<literal>$PATH</literal>" no seu "<literal>~/.bashrc</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Network optimization
pt: Optimização da rede

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Generic network optimization is beyond the scope of this documentation.  I touch only subjects pertinent to the consumer grade connection.
pt: A optimização de rede genérica está para além do objetivo desta documentação. Apenas toco em assuntos pertinentes às ligações de grau de consumidor.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of network optimization tools
pt: Lista de ferramentas de optimização de rede

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display bandwidth usage information on an network interface
pt: mostra informação da utilização de largura de banda numa interface de rede

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Internet Protocol bandwidth measuring tool
pt: ferramenta de medição da largura de banda do Protocolo Internet

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: InterFace STATistics Monitoring
pt: Monitorização estatística Interface

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: portable bandwidth monitor and rate estimator
pt: monitor de largura de banda portável e estimador de taxas

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: script that quickly measures network device throughput
pt: script que mede rapidamente a transferência efectiva de um aparelho de rede

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: empirical stochastic bandwidth tester
pt: testador de largura de banda empírica estocástica

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: small and simple console-based bandwidth monitor
pt: monitor de largura de banda pequeno e simples baseado em consola

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: console-based Ethernet statistics monitor
pt: monitor de estatísticas de Ethernet baseado em consola

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: bandwidth analysis tool
pt: ferramenta de análise de largura de banda

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Finding optimal MTU
pt: Encontrar o MTU óptimo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: NM normally sets optimal <ulink url="&maximumtransmissionunitmtu;">Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU)</ulink> automatically.
pt: Normalmente, o NM define automaticamente a <ulink url="&maximumtransmissionunitmtu;">Unidade Máxima de Transmissão (MTU)</ulink> ideal.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: In some occasion, you may wish to set MTU manually after experiments with <literal>ping</literal>(8) with "<literal>-M do</literal>" option to send a ICMP packet with various data packet size.  MTU is the maximum succeeding data packet size without IP fragmentation plus 28 bytes for the IPv4 and plus 48 bytes for the IPv6.  For example the following finds MTU for IPv4 connection to be 1460 and MTU for IPv6 connection to be 1500.
pt: Nalgumas ocasiões, pode desejar definir o MTU manualmente após experiências com o <literal>ping</literal>(8) com a opção "<literal>-M do</literal>" para enviar um pacote ICMP com vários tamanhos de pacotes de dados.  MTU é o tamanho máximo do pacote de dados sucessivo sem fragmentação de IP mais 28 bytes para o IPv4 e mais 48 bytes para o IPv6.  Por exemplo, o seguinte indica que a MTU da ligação IPv4 é 1460 e a MTU da ligação IPv6 é 1500.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This process is <ulink url="&pathmtupmtudiscovery;">Path MTU (PMTU) discovery</ulink> (<ulink url="&rfcbbjb;">RFC1191</ulink>) and the <literal>tracepath</literal>(8) command can automate this.
pt: Este processo é a descoberta do <ulink url="&pathmtupmtudiscovery;">Caminho MTU (PMTU)</ulink> (<ulink url="&rfcbbjb;">RFC1191</ulink>) e o comando <literal>tracepath</literal>(8) pode automatizar isto.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: Basic guide lines of the optimal MTU value
pt: Regras básicas para o valor MTU óptimo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: network environment
pt: ambiente de rede

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: rationale
pt: racional

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Dial-up link (IP: PPP)
pt: Ligação Dial-up (IP: PPP)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Ethernet link (IP: DHCP or fixed)
pt: Ligação Ethernet (IP: DHCP ou fixo)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: standard and default
pt: standard e predefinido

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: In addition to these basic guide lines, you should know the following.
pt: Adicionalmente a estas regras básicas, deve saber o seguinte.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Any use of tunneling methods (<ulink url="&vpn;">VPN</ulink> etc.) may reduce optimal MTU further by their overheads.
pt: Qualquer utilização de métodos de túnel (<ulink url="&vpn;">VPN</ulink> etc.) pode reduzir o MTU óptimo pelo excesso que adicionam.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The MTU value should not exceed the experimentally determined PMTU value.
pt: O valor MTU não deve exceder o valor PMTU determinado experimentalmente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The bigger MTU value is generally better when other limitations are met.
pt: O maior valor MTU é geralmente melhor quando são conhecidas outras limitações.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <ulink url="&maximumsegmentsize;">maximum segment size</ulink> (MSS) is used as an alternative measure of packet size.  The relationship between MSS and MTU are the following.
pt: O <ulink url="&maximumsegmentsize;">tamanho de segmento máximo</ulink> (MSS) é usado como uma alternativa ao tamanho do pacote. As relações entre MSS e MTU são as seguintes.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: MSS = MTU - 40 for IPv4
pt: MSS = MTU - 40 para IPv4

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: MSS = MTU - 60 for IPv6
pt: MSS = MTU - 60 para IPv6

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: The <literal>iptables</literal>(8) (see <xref linkend="_netfilter_infrastructure"/>) based optimization can clamp packet size by the MSS and is useful for the router.  See "TCPMSS" in <literal>iptables</literal>(8).
pt: A optimização baseada no <literal>iptables</literal>(8) (veja <xref linkend="_netfilter_infrastructure"/>) pode apertar o tamanho do pacote pelo MSS e é útil para o router. Veja "TCPMSS" em <literal>iptables</literal>(8).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: WAN TCP optimization
pt: Optimização WAN TCP

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The TCP throughput can be maximized by adjusting TCP buffer size parameters as in "<ulink url="&tcptuning;">TCP tuning</ulink>" for the modern high-bandwidth and high-latency WAN.  So far, the current Debian default settings serve well even for my LAN connected by the fast 1G bps FTTP service.
pt: A taxa de transferência TCP pode ser maximizada ajustando os parâmetros de tamanho do buffer TCP como em "<ulink url="&tcptuning;">TCP tuning</ulink>" para a moderna WAN de alta largura de banda e alta latência.  Até agora, as configurações padrão atuais do Debian servem bem até mesmo para minha LAN conectada pelo rápido serviço FTTP de 1G bps.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Netfilter infrastructure
pt: Infraestrutura netfilter

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: <ulink url="&netfilter;">Netfilter</ulink> provides infrastructure for <ulink url="&statefulfirewall;">stateful firewall</ulink> and <ulink url="&networkaddresstranslationnat;">network address translation (NAT)</ulink> with <ulink url="&linuxkernel;">Linux kernel</ulink> modules (see <xref linkend="_the_kernel_module_initialization"/>).
pt: <ulink url="&netfilter;">Netfilter</ulink> disponibiliza uma infra-estrutura para <ulink url="&statefulfirewall;">firewall de estado</ulink> e <ulink url="&networkaddresstranslationnat;">tradução de endereços de rede (NAT)</ulink> com módulos do <ulink url="&linuxkernel;">kernel Linux</ulink> (veja <xref linkend="_the_kernel_module_initialization"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of firewall tools
pt: Lista de ferramentas de firewall

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: administration tools for <ulink url="&netfilter;">netfilter</ulink> (<literal>iptables</literal>(8) for IPv4, <literal>ip6tables</literal>(8) for IPv6)
pt: ferramentas de administração para <ulink url="&netfilter;">netfilter</ulink> (<literal>iptables</literal>(8) para IPv4, <literal>ip6tables</literal>(8) para IPv6)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: administration tools for <ulink url="&netfilter;">netfilter</ulink> (<literal>arptables</literal>(8) for ARP)
pt: ferramentas de administração para <ulink url="&netfilter;">netfilter</ulink> (<literal>arptables</literal>(8) para ARP)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: administration tools for <ulink url="&netfilter;">netfilter</ulink> (<literal>ebtables</literal>(8) for Ethernet bridging)
pt: ferramentas de administração para <ulink url="&netfilter;">netfilter</ulink> (<literal>ebtables</literal>(8) para criação de pontes Ethernet)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: continuously monitor <ulink url="&netfilter;">netfilter</ulink> state (similar to <literal>top</literal>(1))
pt: monitoriza continuamente o estado do <ulink url="&netfilter;">netfilter</ulink> (semelhante ao <literal>top</literal>(1))

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&uncomplicatedfirewallufw;">Uncomplicated Firewall (UFW)</ulink> is a program for managing a netfilter firewall
pt: <ulink url="&uncomplicatedfirewallufw;">Uncomplicated Firewall (UFW)</ulink> é um programa para gerir filtros de pacotes de rede

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: graphical user interface for <ulink url="&uncomplicatedfirewallufw;">Uncomplicated Firewall (UFW)</ulink>
pt: interface gráfica do utilizador para a <ulink url="&uncomplicatedfirewallufw;">Uncomplicated Firewall (UFW)</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&firewalld;">firewalld</ulink> is a dynamically managed firewall program with support for network zones
pt: <ulink url="&firewalld;">O firewalld</ulink> é um programa de filtro de pacotes gerido dinamicamente com suporte para zonas de rede

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: graphical user interface for <ulink url="&firewalld;">firewalld</ulink>
pt: interface gráfica do utilizador para o <ulink url="&firewalld;">firewalld</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&shorelinefirewall;">Shoreline Firewall</ulink> initialization
pt: Inicialização de <ulink url="&shorelinefirewall;">Shoreline Firewall</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&shorelinefirewall;">Shoreline Firewall</ulink>, <ulink url="&netfilter;">netfilter</ulink> configuration file generator
pt: <ulink url="&shorelinefirewall;">Shoreline Firewall</ulink>, gerador de ficheiro de configuração <ulink url="&netfilter;">netfilter</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&shorelinefirewall;">Shoreline Firewall</ulink>, <ulink url="&netfilter;">netfilter</ulink> configuration file generator (light version)
pt: <ulink url="&shorelinefirewall;">Shoreline Firewall</ulink>, gerador de ficheiro de configuração (versão leve) <ulink url="&netfilter;">netfilter</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&shorelinefirewall;">Shoreline Firewall</ulink>, <ulink url="&netfilter;">netfilter</ulink> configuration file generator (IPv6 version)
pt: <ulink url="&shorelinefirewall;">Shoreline Firewall</ulink>, gerador de ficheiro de configuração (versão IPv6) <ulink url="&netfilter;">netfilter</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&shorelinefirewall;">Shoreline Firewall</ulink>, <ulink url="&netfilter;">netfilter</ulink> configuration file generator (IPv6, light version)
pt: <ulink url="&shorelinefirewall;">Shoreline Firewall</ulink>, gerador de ficheiro de configuração (IPv6, versão light) <ulink url="&netfilter;">netfilter</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Main user space program of <ulink url="&netfilter;">netfilter</ulink> is <literal>iptables</literal>(8).  You can manually configure <ulink url="&netfilter;">netfilter</ulink> interactively from shell, save its state with <literal>iptables-save</literal>(8), and restore it via init script with <literal>iptables-restore</literal>(8) upon system reboot.
pt: O principal programa de utilizador para o <ulink url="&netfilter;">netfilter</ulink> é o <literal>iptables</literal>(8). Pode configurar manualmente e interativamente o <ulink url="&netfilter;">netfilter</ulink> a partir da shell, gravar o estado dele com <literal>iptables-save</literal>(8) e restaurá-lo via script init com <literal>iptables-restore</literal>(8) após o reiniciar do sistema.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Configuration helper scripts such as <ulink url="&shorewall;">shorewall</ulink> ease this process.
pt: Scripts de ajuda de configuração como o <ulink url="&shorewall;">shorewall</ulink> facilitam este processo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: See documentations at <ulink url="&netfilterdocumentation;">Netfilter Documentation</ulink> (or in "<literal>/usr/share/doc/iptables/html/</literal>").
pt: Ver documentação em <ulink url="&netfilterdocumentation;">Documentação Netfilter</ulink> (ou em "<literal>/usr/share/doc/iptables/html/</literal>").

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&linuxnetworkingconceptshowto;">Linux Networking-concepts HOWTO</ulink>
pt: <ulink url="&linuxnetworkingconceptshowto;">Manual de Conceitos de Rede em Linux</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&linuxcepacketfilteringhowto;">Linux 2.4 Packet Filtering HOWTO</ulink>
pt: <ulink url="&linuxcepacketfilteringhowto;">Manual do Packet Filtering em Linux 2.4</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&linuxcenathowto;">Linux 2.4 NAT HOWTO</ulink>
pt: <ulink url="&linuxcenathowto;">Como Fazer NAT em Linux 2.4</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
en: Although these were written for Linux <emphasis role="strong">2.4</emphasis>, both <literal>iptables</literal>(8) command and netfilter kernel function apply for Linux <emphasis role="strong">2.6</emphasis> and <emphasis role="strong">3.x</emphasis> kernel series.
pt: Apesar destes terem sido escritos para o Linux <emphasis role="strong">2.4</emphasis>, ambos comandos <literal>iptables</literal>(8) e função de kernel netfilter aplicam-se às séries <emphasis role="strong">2.6</emphasis> e <emphasis role="strong">3.x</emphasis> do kernel Linux.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
en: Network applications
pt: Aplicações de rede

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
en: After establishing network connectivity (see <xref linkend="_network_setup"/>), you can run various network applications.
pt: Após estabelecer a ligação de rede (veja <xref linkend="_network_setup"/>), pode executar varias aplicações de rede.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><tip><para>
en: For modern Debian specific guide to the network infrastructure, read <ulink url="&thedebianadminisrkinfrastructure;">The Debian Administrator's Handbook — Network Infrastructure</ulink>.
pt: Para um guia moderno específico Debian para a infraestrutura de rede, leia <ulink url="&thedebianadminisrkinfrastructure;">O Livro de Mão do Administrador Debian — Infrastructure de Rede</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><tip><para>
en: If you enabled "2-Step Verification" with some ISP, you need to obtain an application password to access POP and SMTP services from your program.  You may need to approve your host IP in advance.
pt: Se ativar a "Verificação de 2 Passos" com alguns ISP, precisa de obter uma palavra-passe de aplicação para aceder aos serviços POP e SMTP do seu programa. Pode precisar de aprovar o seu IP de máquina com antecedência.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Web browsers
pt: Navegadores web

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: There are many <ulink url="&webbrowser;">web browser</ulink> packages to access remote contents with <ulink url="&hypertexttransferprotocol;">Hypertext Transfer Protocol</ulink> (HTTP).
pt: Existem muitos pacotes de <ulink url="&webbrowser;">navegadores web</ulink> para aceder a conteúdos remotos com <ulink url="&hypertexttransferprotocol;">Hypertext Transfer Protocol</ulink> (HTTP).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of web browsers
pt: Lista de exploradores web

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: description of web browser
pt: descrição do explorador web

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&chromium;">Chromium</ulink>, (open-source browser from Google)
pt: <ulink url="&chromium;">Chromium</ulink>, (browser open-source da Google)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&firefox;">Firefox</ulink>, (open-source browser from Mozilla, only available in Debian Unstable)
pt: <ulink url="&firefox;">Firefox</ulink>, (navegador de código aberto da Mozilla, apenas disponível no Debian Unstable)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&firefoxesr;">Firefox ESR</ulink>, (Firefox Extended Support Release)
pt: <ulink url="&firefoxesr;">Firefox ESR</ulink>, (Lançamento de Suporte Estendido do Firefox)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&gnome;">GNOME</ulink>, <ulink url="&hig;">HIG</ulink> compliant, <ulink url="&epiphany;">Epiphany</ulink>
pt: <ulink url="&gnome;">GNOME</ulink>, <ulink url="&hig;">Altamente</ulink> conforme, <ulink url="&epiphany;">Epiphany</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&dillo;">Dillo</ulink>, (light weight browser, <ulink url="&fltk;">FLTK</ulink> based)
pt: <ulink url="&dillo;">Dillo</ulink>, (navegador leve, baseado em <ulink url="&fltk;">FLTK</ulink>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: text
pt: texto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&links;">Links</ulink> (text only)
pt: <ulink url="&links;">Ligações</ulink> (apenas texto)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: graphics
pt: gráficos

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&links;">Links</ulink> (console graphics without X)
pt: <ulink url="&links;">Ligações</ulink> (gráficos de consola sem X)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Spoofing the User-Agent string
pt: Falsificação da cadeia User-Agent

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: In order to access some overly restrictive web sites, you may need to spoof the <ulink url="&useragent;">User-Agent</ulink> string returned by the web browser program.  See:
pt: Para aceder a alguns sítios Web demasiado restritivos, poderá ser necessário falsificar a cadeia <ulink url="&useragent;">User-Agent</ulink> devolvida pelo programa de navegação Web.  Ver:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><ulink>
en: Chrome Developers: Override the user agent string
pt: Chrome Developers: Substituir a cadeia de caracteres do agente do utilizador

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><ulink>
en: How to change your user agent
pt: Como alterar o seu agente do utilizador

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><ulink>
en: How to Change User-Agent in Chrome, Firefox, Safari, and more
pt: Como alterar o User-Agent no Chrome, Firefox, Safari e outros

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><ulink>
en: How to Change Your Browser’s User Agent Without Installing Any Extensions
pt: Como alterar o agente do utilizador do seu navegador sem instalar quaisquer extensões

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><ulink>
en: How to change the User Agent in Gnome Web (epiphany)
pt: Como alterar o agente do utilizador no Gnome Web (epiphany)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: Spoofed user-agent string may cause <ulink url="&badsideeffectswithjava;">bad side effects with Java</ulink>.
pt: Uma cadeia user-agent enganada pode causar <ulink url="&badsideeffectswithjava;">maus efeitos colaterais com Java</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Browser extension
pt: Extensão do navegador

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: All modern GUI browsers support source code based <ulink url="&browserextension;">browser extension</ulink> and it is becoming standardized as <ulink url="&webextensions;">web extensions</ulink>.
pt: Todos os navegadores GUI modernos suportam <ulink url="&browserextension;">extensões de navegador</ulink> baseadas em código-fonte e estão a tornar-se normalizadas como <ulink url="&webextensions;">extensões Web</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: The mail system
pt: O sistema de correio electrónico (mail)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: This section focuses on typical mobile workstations on consumer grade Internet connections.
pt: Esta secção centra-se em estações de trabalho móveis típicas com ligações à Internet de nível de consumidor.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><caution><para>
en: If you are to set up the mail server to exchange mail directly with the Internet, you should be better than reading this elementary document.
pt: Se estiver a configurar um servidor de mail para trocar mail directamente com a Internet, deverá fazer melhor do que ler esta documentação elementar.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Email basics
pt: Noções básicas de mail

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: An <ulink url="&email;">email</ulink> message consists of three components, the message envelope, the message header, and the message body.
pt: Uma mensagem de <ulink url="&email;">email</ulink> consiste em três componentes, o envelope da mensagem, o cabeçalho da mensagem e o corpo da mensagem.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The "To" and "From" information in the message envelope is used by the <ulink url="&smtp;">SMTP</ulink> to deliver the email. (The "From" information in the message envelope is also called <ulink url="&bounceaddress;">bounce address</ulink>, From_, etc.).
pt: A informação "To" e "From" no envelope da mensagem é utilizada pelo <ulink url="&smtp;">SMTP</ulink> para entregar o email. (A informação de "From" no envelope da mensagem também é chamada de <ulink url="&bounceaddress;">endereço bounce</ulink>, From_, etc.).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The "To" and "From" information in the message header is displayed by the <ulink url="&emailclient;">email client</ulink>. (While it is most common for these to be the same as ones in the message envelope, such is not always the case.)
pt: A informação "To" e "From" no cabeçalho da mensagem é mostrada pelo <ulink url="&emailclient;">cliente de email</ulink>. (Embora seja vulgar que sejam os mesmo do envelope da mensagem nem sempre é o caso.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The email message format covering header and body data is extended by <ulink url="&multipurposeinteilextensionsmime;">Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME)</ulink> from the plain ASCII text to other character encodings, as well as attachments of audio, video, images, and application programs.
pt: O formato da mensagem de correio eletrónico, que abrange os dados do cabeçalho e do corpo, é alargado pelas <ulink url="&multipurposeinteilextensionsmime;">Extensões de Correio Internet para Fins Múltiplos (MIME)</ulink> do texto ASCII simples para outras codificações de caracteres, bem como para anexos de áudio, vídeo, imagens e programas de aplicação.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Full featured GUI based <ulink url="&emailclients;">email clients</ulink> offer all the following functions using the GUI based intuitive configuration.
pt: Os <ulink url="&emailclients;">clientes de correio eletrónico</ulink> completos baseados em GUI oferecem todas as funções seguintes utilizando a configuração intuitiva baseada em GUI.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: It creates and interprets the message header and body data using <ulink url="&multipurposeinteilextensionsmime;">Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME)</ulink> to deal the content data type and encoding.
pt: Cria e interpreta os dados do cabeçalho e do corpo da mensagem utilizando as <ulink url="&multipurposeinteilextensionsmime;">Extensões de Correio Internet para Fins Múltiplos (MIME)</ulink> para lidar com o tipo de dados e a codificação do conteúdo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: It authenticates itself to the ISP's SMTP and IMAP servers using the legacy <ulink url="&basicaccessauthentication;">basic access authentication</ulink> or modern <ulink url="&oauthca;">OAuth 2.0</ulink>.  (For <ulink url="&oauthca;">OAuth 2.0</ulink>, set it via Desktop environment settings.  E.g., "Settings" -&gt; "Online Accounts".)
pt: Ele se autentica nos servidores SMTP e IMAP do ISP usando a <ulink url="&basicaccessauthentication;">autenticação de acesso básico</ulink> antiga ou o moderno <ulink url="&oauthca;">OAuth 2.0</ulink>.  (Para o <ulink url="&oauthca;">OAuth 2.0</ulink>, defina-o através das definições do ambiente de trabalho.  Por exemplo, "Definições" -&gt; "Contas Online".)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: It sends the message to the ISP's smarthost SMTP server listening to the message submission port (587).
pt: Envia a mensagem para o servidor SMTP smarthost do ISP que está a ouvir a porta de envio de mensagens (587).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: It receives the stored message on the ISP's server from the TLS/IMAP4 port (993).
pt: Recebe a mensagem armazenada no servidor do ISP a partir da porta TLS/IMAP4 (993).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: It can filter mails by their attributes.
pt: Pode filtrar mensagens de correio eletrónico pelos seus atributos.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: It may offer additional functionalities: Contacts, Calendar, Tasks, Memos.
pt: Pode oferecer funcionalidades adicionais: Contactos, Calendário, Tarefas, Memorandos.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of mail user agent (MUA)
pt: Lista de agentes utilizador de mail (MUA)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: X GUI program (GNOME3, groupware suite)
pt: Programa de GUI X (GNOME3, conjunto groupware)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: X GUI program (GTK, <ulink url="&mozillathunderbird;">Mozilla Thunderbird</ulink>)
pt: Programa X GUI (GTK, <ulink url="&mozillathunderbird;">Mozilla Thunderbird</ulink>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: X GUI program (KDE)
pt: Programa de GUI X (KDE)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: character terminal program probably used with <literal>vim</literal>
pt: programa de terminal de caracteres provavelmente usado com o <literal>vim</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: character terminal program under <literal>(x)emacs</literal>
pt: programa de terminal de caracteres sob <literal>(x)emacs</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Modern mail service limitation
pt: Limitação do serviço de correio moderno

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Modern mail service are under some limitations in order to minimize exposure to the spam (unwanted and unsolicited email) problems.
pt: Os serviços de correio modernos estão sujeitos a algumas limitações para minimizar a exposição aos problemas de spam (correio eletrónico não desejado e não solicitado).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: It is not realistic to run SMTP server on the consumer grade network to send mail directly to the remote host reliably.
pt: Não é realista correr um servidor SMTP numa rede de ligação doméstica para enviar mail diretamente para a máquina remota de forma confiável.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: A mail may be rejected by any host en route to the destination quietly unless it appears as authentic as possible.
pt: Um correio pode ser rejeitado por qualquer anfitrião a caminho do destino, a menos que pareça tão autêntico quanto possível.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: It is not realistic to expect a single smarthost to send mails of unrelated source mail addresses to the remote host reliably.
pt: Não é realista para a confiança da máquina remota, esperar que um único smarthost envie mails com um endereço de mail fonte não relacionado.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This is because:
pt: Isto deve-se ao facto de:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The SMTP port (25) connections from hosts serviced by the consumer grade network to the Internet are blocked.
pt: As ligações da porta SMTP (25) dos anfitriões servidos pela rede de nível de consumo à Internet estão bloqueadas.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The SMTP port (25) connections to hosts serviced by the consumer grade network from the Internet are blocked.
pt: As ligações da porta SMTP (25) estão bloqueadas a partir da Internet aos anfitriões servidos pela rede ao nível do consumidor.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The outgoing messages from hosts serviced by the consumer grade network to the Internet can only be sent via the message submission port (587).
pt: As mensagens de saída dos anfitriões servidos pela rede ao nível do consumidor para a Internet só podem ser enviadas através da porta de envio de mensagens (587).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&antispamtechniques;">Anti-spam techniques</ulink> such as <ulink url="&domainkeysidentifiedmaildkim;">DomainKeys Identified Mail (DKIM)</ulink>, <ulink url="&sender_policy_frameworkspf;">Sender_Policy_Framework (SPF)</ulink>, and <ulink url="&domainbasedmessaconformancedmarc;">Domain-based Message Authentication, Reporting and Conformance (DMARC)</ulink> are widely used for the <ulink url="&emailfiltering;">email filtering</ulink>.
pt: <ulink url="&antispamtechniques;">Técnicas Anti-spam</ulink> tais como <ulink url="&domainkeysidentifiedmaildkim;">DomainKeys Identified Mail (DKIM)</ulink>, <ulink url="&sender_policy_frameworkspf;">Sender_Policy_Framework (SPF)</ulink> e <ulink url="&domainbasedmessaconformancedmarc;">Domain-based Message Authentication, Reporting and Conformance (DMARC)</ulink> são muito usadas para a <ulink url="&emailfiltering;">filtragem de email</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The <ulink url="&domainkeysidentifiedmail;">DomainKeys Identified Mail</ulink> service may be provided for your mail sent through the smarthost.
pt: O serviço <ulink url="&domainkeysidentifiedmail;">DomainKeys Identified Mail</ulink> pode ser disponibilizado para o email que envia através do smarthost.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The smarthost may rewrite the source mail address in the message header to your mail account on the smarthost to prevent email address spoofing.
pt: O sistema anfitrião inteligente pode reescrever o endereço de correio de origem no cabeçalho da mensagem para a sua conta de correio, para evitar a falsificação de endereços de correio eletrónico.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Historic mail service expectation
pt: Expectativa histórica do serviço de correio

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Some programs on Debian expect to access the <literal>/usr/sbin/sendmail</literal> command to send emails as their default or customized setting since the mail service on a UNIX system functioned historically as:
pt: Alguns programas em Debian esperam aceder ao comando <literal>/usr/sbin/sendmail</literal> para enviar emails como predefinição ou definição personalizada uma vez que o serviço de mail num sistema UNIX funcionava historicamente como:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: An email is created as a text file.
pt: Uma mensagem de correio eletrónico é criada como um ficheiro de texto.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The email is handed to the <literal>/usr/sbin/sendmail</literal> command.
pt: O correio eletrónico é enviado para o comando <literal>/usr/sbin/sendmail</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: For the destination address on the same host, the <literal>/usr/sbin/sendmail</literal> command makes local delivery of the email by appending it to the <literal>/var/mail/$username</literal> file.
pt: Para o endereço de destino no mesmo host, o comando <literal>/usr/sbin/sendmail</literal> faz a entrega local do e-mail, anexando-o ao arquivo <literal>/var/mail/$username</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Commands expecting this feature: <literal>apt-listchanges</literal>, <literal>cron</literal>, <literal>at</literal>, ...
pt: Comandos que esperam esta funcionalidade: <literal>apt-listchanges</literal>, <literal>cron</literal>, <literal>at</literal>, ...

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: For the destination address on the remote host, the <literal>/usr/sbin/sendmail</literal> command makes remote transfer of the email to the destination host found by the DNS MX record using SMTP.
pt: Para o endereço de destino no anfitrião remoto, o comando <literal>/usr/sbin/sendmail</literal> efetua a transferência remota do correio eletrónico para o anfitrião de destino encontrado pelo registo MX do DNS utilizando SMTP.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Commands expecting this feature: <literal>popcon</literal>, <literal>reportbug</literal>, <literal>bts</literal>, ...
pt: Comandos que esperam esta funcionalidade: <literal>popcon</literal>, <literal>reportbug</literal>, <literal>bts</literal>, ...

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Mail transport agent (MTA)
pt: Agente de transporte de mail (MTA)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Debian mobile workstations can be configured just with full featured GUI based <ulink url="&emailclients;">email clients</ulink> without <ulink url="&mailtransferagentmta;">mail transfer agent (MTA)</ulink> program after Debian 12 Bookworm.
pt: As estações de trabalho móveis Debian podem ser configuradas apenas com <ulink url="&emailclients;">clientes de email</ulink> baseados em GUI completos sem o programa de <ulink url="&mailtransferagentmta;">agente de transferência de email (MTA)</ulink> após o Debian 12 Bookworm.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Debian traditionally installed some MTA program to support programs expecting the <literal>/usr/sbin/sendmail</literal> command.  Such MTA on mobile workstations must cope with <xref linkend="_modern_mail_service_limitation"/> and <xref linkend="_historic_mail_service_expectation"/>.
pt: Debian tradicionalmente instalou algum programa MTA para suportar programas que esperam o comando <literal>/usr/sbin/sendmail</literal>.  Tal MTA em estações de trabalho móveis tem de lidar com <xref linkend="_modern_mail_service_limitation"/> e <xref linkend="_historic_mail_service_expectation"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For mobile workstations, the typical choice of MTA is either <literal>exim4-daemon-light</literal> or <literal>postfix</literal> with its installation option such as "Mail sent by smarthost; received via SMTP or fetchmail" selected.  These are light weight MTAs that respect "<literal>/etc/aliases</literal>".
pt: Para estações de trabalho móveis, a escolha típica de MTA é o <literal>exim4-daemon-light</literal> ou o <literal>postfix</literal> com a opção de instalação "Mail sent by smarthost; received via SMTP or fetchmail" selecionada.  Estes são MTAs leves que respeitam "<literal>/etc/aliases</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Configuring <literal>exim4</literal> to send the Internet mail via multiple corresponding smarthosts for multiple source email addresses is non-trivial.  If you need such capability for some programs, set them up to use <literal>msmtp</literal> which is easy to set up for multiple source email addresses.  Then leave main MTA only for a single email address.
pt: Configurar o <literal>exim4</literal> para enviar o correio da Internet através de múltiplos smarthosts correspondentes para múltiplos endereços de e-mail de origem não é trivial.  Se você precisa de tal capacidade para alguns programas, configure-os para usar <literal>msmtp</literal>, que é fácil de configurar para múltiplos endereços de e-mail de origem.  Em seguida, deixe o MTA principal apenas para um único endereço de email.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of basic mail transport agent related packages
pt: Lista de pacotes básicos relacionados com o agente de transporte de correio

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Exim4 mail transport agent (MTA: Debian default)
pt: Agente de transporte de mail Exim4 (MTA: predefinido em Debian)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Exim4 mail transport agent (MTA: flexible alternative)
pt: Agente de transporte de correio Exim4 (MTA: alternativa flexível)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Exim4 documentation (text) and common files
pt: Documentação do Exim4 (texto) e ficheiros comuns

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Exim4 documentation (html)
pt: Documentação do Exim4 (html)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Exim4 documentation (info)
pt: Documentação do Exim4 (info)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Postfix mail transport agent (MTA: secure alternative)
pt: Agente de transporte de mail Postfix (MTA: alternativa segura)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Postfix documentation (html+text)
pt: Documentação do Postfix (html+texto)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Cyrus SASL API implementation (supplement postfix for SMTP AUTH)
pt: Implementação Cyrus SASL API (postfix suplementar para SMTP AUTH)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Cyrus SASL - documentation
pt: Cyrus SASL - documentação

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Light weight MTA
pt: MTA leve

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Light weight MTA (sendmail compatibility extension to <literal>msmtp</literal>)
pt: MTA leve (extensão de compatibilidade do sendmail para <literal>msmtp</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Light weight MTA (sendmail compatibility extension to <literal>esmtp</literal>)
pt: MTA leve (extensão de compatibilidade do sendmail para <literal>esmtp</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Strip down MTA, no local mail
pt: Elimina o MTA, sem correio local

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Full featured MTA (only if you are already familiar)
pt: MTA completo (apenas se já estiver familiarizado)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Full featured MTA (web interface etc.)
pt: MTA com todas as funcionalidades (interface Web, etc.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>git-send-email</literal>(1) program for sending series of patch emails
pt: <literal>git-send-email</literal>(1) programa para enviar uma série de e-mails de patches

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title>
en: The configuration of exim4
pt: A configuração do exim4

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: For the Internet mail via smarthost, you (re)configure <literal>exim4-*</literal> packages as the following.
pt: Para mail de Internet através de smarthost, (re)configura o pacote <literal>exim4-*</literal> conforme o seguinte:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: Select "mail sent by smarthost; received via SMTP or fetchmail" for "General type of mail configuration".
pt: Escolha "mail enviado por smarthost; recebido via SMTP ou fetchmail" para "Configuração geral do tipo de mail".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: Set "System mail name:" to its default as the FQDN (see <xref linkend="_the_hostname_resolution"/>).
pt: Defina "nome de mail do sistema:" para a predefinição dele como o FQDN (veja <xref linkend="_the_hostname_resolution"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: Set "IP-addresses to listen on for incoming SMTP connections:" to its default as "127.0.0.1 ; ::1".
pt: Defina "Endereço IP onde escutar ligações SMTP recebidas:" à predefinição dele como "127.0.0.1 ; ::1".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: Unset contents of "Other destinations for which mail is accepted:".
pt: Desconfigure o conteúdo de "Outros destinos para o qual o mail é aceite:".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: Unset contents of "Machines to relay mail for:".
pt: Desconfigure o conteúdo de "Máquinas para retransmitir mail para:".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: Set "IP address or host name of the outgoing smarthost:" to "smtp.hostname.dom:587".
pt: Defina "Endereço IP ou nome de máquina do smarthost de envio:" para "smtp.nome-de-máquina.domínio:587".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: Select "No" for "Hide local mail name in outgoing mail?". (Use "<literal>/etc/email-addresses</literal>" as in <xref linkend="_the_mail_address_configuration"/>, instead.)
pt: Escolha "Não" para "Esconder o nome de mail local para o mail enviado?". (Em vez disso, use "<literal>/etc/email-addresses</literal>" como em <xref linkend="_the_mail_address_configuration"/>.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: Reply to "Keep number of DNS-queries minimal (Dial-on-Demand)?" as one of the following.
pt: Responda a "Mínimizar a quantidade de consultas DNS (Chamar-a-Pedido)?" como uma das seguintes.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "No" if the system is connected to the Internet while booting.
pt: "Não" se o sistema estiver ligado à Internet enquanto arranca.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "Yes" if the system is <emphasis role="strong">not</emphasis> connected to the Internet while booting.
pt: "Sim" se o sistema <emphasis role="strong">não</emphasis> está ligado à Internet enquanto arranca.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: Set "Delivery method for local mail:" to "mbox format in /var/mail/".
pt: Defina o "Método de entrega para mail local:" para "formato mbox em /var/mail".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: Select "Yes" for "Split configuration into small files?:".
pt: Seleccione "Sim" para "Dividir configuração em pequenos ficheiros?:".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: Create password entries for the smarthost by editing "<literal>/etc/exim4/passwd.client</literal>".
pt: Crie entradas de palavra-passe para o smarthost ao editar "<literal>/etc/exim4/passwd.client</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: Configure <literal>exim4</literal>(8) with "<literal>QUEUERUNNER='queueonly'</literal>", "<literal>QUEUERUNNER='nodaemon'</literal>", etc. in "<literal>/etc/default/exim4</literal>" to minimize system resource usages. (optional)
pt: Configure o <literal>exim4</literal>(8) com "<literal>QUEUERUNNER='queueonly'</literal>", "<literal>QUEUERUNNER='nodaemon'</literal>", etc. em "<literal>/etc/default/exim4</literal>" para minimizar o uso de recursos do sistema. (opcional)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: Start <literal>exim4</literal> by the following.
pt: Inicie o <literal>exim4</literal> com o seguinte.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: The host name in "<literal>/etc/exim4/passwd.client</literal>" should not be the alias.  You check the real host name with the following.
pt: o nome de máquina em "<literal>/etc/exim4/passwd.client</literal>" não deve ser o alias. Verifique o nome real da máquina com o seguinte.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: I use regex in "<literal>/etc/exim4/passwd.client</literal>" to work around the alias issue.  SMTP AUTH probably works even if the ISP moves host pointed by the alias.
pt: Utilizo expressões regulares em "<literal>/etc/exim4/passwd.client</literal>" para contornar o problema do alias. Provavelmente o SMTP AUTH funciona mesmo que o ISP mova a máquina apontada pelo alias.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: You can manually update <literal>exim4</literal> configuration by the following:
pt: Pode atualizar manualmente a configuração do <literal>exim4</literal> com o seguinte:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Update <literal>exim4</literal> configuration files in "<literal>/etc/exim4/</literal>".
pt: atualizar os ficheiros de configuração do "<literal>exim4</literal>" em "<literal>/etc/exim4/</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: creating "<literal>/etc/exim4/exim4.conf.localmacros</literal>" to set MACROs and editing "<literal>/etc/exim4/exim4.conf.template</literal>". (non-split configuration)
pt: criar "<literal>/etc/exim4/exim4.conf.localmacros</literal>" para definir MACROs e editar "<literal>/etc/exim4/exim4.conf.template</literal>". (configuração não-dividida)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: creating new files or editing existing files in the "<literal>/etc/exim4/exim4.conf.d</literal>" subdirectories. (split configuration)
pt: criar novos ficheiros ou editar ficheiros existentes nos sub-diretórios "<literal>/etc/exim4/exim4.conf.d</literal>". (configuração dividida)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Run "<literal>systemctl reload exim4</literal>".
pt: Execute "<literal>systemctl reload exim4</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><caution><para>
en: Starting <literal>exim4</literal> takes long time if "No" (default value) was chosen for the debconf query of "Keep number of DNS-queries minimal (Dial-on-Demand)?" and the system is <emphasis role="strong">not</emphasis> connected to the Internet while booting.
pt: O arranque do <literal>exim4</literal> demora muito tempo se foi escolhido "Não" (valor predefinido) na pergunta debconf de "Manter a quantidade de consultas DNS no mínimo (Chamar-a-pedido)?" e o sistema <emphasis role="strong">não</emphasis> estiver ligado à Internet durante o arranque.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: Please read the official guide at: "<literal>/usr/share/doc/exim4-base/README.Debian.gz</literal>" and <literal>update-exim4.conf</literal>(8).
pt: Por favor leia o guia oficial em "<literal>/usr/share/doc/exim4-base/README.Debian.gz</literal>" e <literal>update-exim4.conf</literal>(8).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><warning><para>
en: For all practical consideration, use <ulink url="&smtp;">SMTP</ulink> with <ulink url="&starttls;">STARTTLS</ulink> on port 587 or <ulink url="&smtps;">SMTPS</ulink> (SMTP over SSL) on port 465, instead of plain SMTP on port 25.
pt: Para qualquer consideração prática, utilize <ulink url="&smtp;">SMTP</ulink> com <ulink url="&starttls;">STARTTLS</ulink> na porta 587 ou <ulink url="&smtps;">SMTPS</ulink> (SMTP sobre SSL) na porta 465, em vez de SMTP simples na porta 25.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title>
en: The configuration of postfix with SASL
pt: A configuração do postfix com SASL

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: For the Internet mail via smarthost, you should first read <ulink url="&postfixdocumentation;">postfix documentation</ulink> and key manual pages.
pt: Para o mail de Internet através de smarthost, deve primeiro ler <ulink url="&postfixdocumentation;">a documentação do postfix</ulink> e páginas chave do manual.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><title>
en: List of important postfix manual pages
pt: Lista dos manuais importantes do postfix

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Postfix control program
pt: Programa de controlo do postfix

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Postfix configuration utility
pt: Utilitário de configuração do postfix

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Postfix configuration parameters
pt: Parâmetros de configuração do postfix

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Postfix lookup table maintenance
pt: Manutenção da tabela de buscas do Postfix

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Postfix alias database maintenance
pt: Manutenção da base de dados de alias do Postfix

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: You (re)configure <literal>postfix</literal> and <literal>sasl2-bin</literal> packages as follows.
pt: (Re)configurar os pacotes <literal>postfix</literal> e <literal>sasl2-bin</literal> como a seguir.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: Chose "Internet with smarthost".
pt: Escolha "Internet com smarthost".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: Set "SMTP relay host (blank for none):" to "<literal>[smtp.hostname.dom]:587</literal>" and configure it by the following.
pt: Defina "SMTP relay host (em branco para nenhum):" para "<literal>[smtp.hostname.dom]:587</literal>" e configure-o como o seguinte.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: Create password entries for the smarthost.
pt: Crie entradas de palavra-passe para o smarthost.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: Start the <literal>postfix</literal> by the following.
pt: Arranque o <literal>postfix</literal> com o seguinte.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: Here the use of "<literal>[</literal>" and "<literal>]</literal>" in the <literal>dpkg-reconfigure</literal> dialog and "<literal>/etc/postfix/sasl_passwd</literal>" ensures not to check MX record but directly use exact hostname specified.  See "Enabling SASL authentication in the Postfix SMTP client" in "<literal>/usr/share/doc/postfix/html/SASL_README.html</literal>".
pt: Aqui o uso de "<literal>[</literal>" e "<literal>]</literal>" no diálogo do <literal>dpkg-reconfigure</literal> e "<literal>/etc/postfix/sasl_passwd</literal>" assegura que não se verifica o registo MX mas usa directamente o nome de máquina exacto especificado. Veja "ativar autenticação SASL no cliente SMTP do Postfix" em "<literal>/usr/share/doc/postfix/html/SASL_README.html</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title>
en: The mail address configuration
pt: A configuração do endereço de mail

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: There are a few <ulink url="&mailaddressconfieryanduseragents;">mail address configuration files for mail transport, delivery and user agents</ulink>.
pt: Existem alguns ficheiros de configuração de endereços de mail <ulink url="&mailaddressconfieryanduseragents;"> para transporte, entrega e agentes de utilizador de mail</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><title>
en: List of mail address related configuration files
pt: Lista de ficheiros de configuração relacionados com endereços de mail

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: application
pt: aplicação

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: default host name for (outgoing) mail
pt: nome de máquina predefinido para mail (saída)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Debian specific, <literal>mailname</literal>(5)
pt: Específico de Debian, <literal>mailname</literal>(5)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: host name spoofing for outgoing mail
pt: nome de máquina para enganar o mail de saída

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>exim</literal>(8) specific, <literal>exim4-config_files</literal>(5)
pt: <literal>ficheiros_de_configuração-exim4</literal>(5) específicos do <literal>exim</literal>(8)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>postfix</literal>(1) specific, activated after <literal>postmap</literal>(1) command execution.
pt: específico do <literal>postfix</literal>(1), activado após a execução do comando <literal>postmap</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: account name alias for incoming mail
pt: alias de nome de conta para mail recebido

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: general, activated after <literal>newaliases</literal>(1) command execution.
pt: geral, activado após a execução do comando <literal>newaliases</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: The <emphasis role="strong">mailname</emphasis> in the "<literal>/etc/mailname</literal>" file is usually a fully qualified domain name (FQDN) that resolves to one of the host's IP addresses.  For the mobile workstation which does not have a hostname with resolvable IP address, set this <emphasis role="strong">mailname</emphasis> to the value of "<literal>hostname -f</literal>". (This is safe choice and works for both <literal>exim4-*</literal> and <literal>postfix</literal>.)
pt: O <emphasis role="strong">mailname</emphasis> no ficheiro "<literal>/etc/mailname</literal>" é normalmente um nome de domínio totalmente qualificado (FQDN) que resolve para um dos endereços IP do anfitrião. Para a estação de trabalho móvel que não tem um nome de máquina com endereço IP resolvível, regule este <emphasis role="strong">mailname</emphasis> para o valor de "<literal>hostname -f</literal>". (Esta é uma escolha segura e funciona para ambos <literal>exim4-*</literal> e <literal>postfix</literal>.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><tip><para>
en: The contents of "<literal>/etc/mailname</literal>" is used by many non-MTA programs for their default behavior. For <literal>mutt</literal>, set "<literal>hostname</literal>" and "<literal>from</literal>" variables in <literal>~/muttrc</literal> file to override the <emphasis role="strong">mailname</emphasis> value.  For programs in the <literal>devscripts</literal> package, such as <literal>bts</literal>(1) and <literal>dch</literal>(1), export environment variables "<literal>$DEBFULLNAME</literal>" and "<literal>$DEBEMAIL</literal>" to override it.
pt: O conteúdo de "<literal>/etc/mailname</literal>" é utilizado por muitos programas não-MTA para o comportamento predefinido dele. Para o <literal>mutt</literal>, defina as variáveis "<literal>hostname</literal>" e "<literal>from</literal>" no ficheiro <literal>~/muttrc</literal> para sobrepor o valor <emphasis role="strong">mailname</emphasis>.  Para programas no pacote <literal>devscripts</literal>, como o <literal>bts</literal>(1) e <literal>dch</literal>(1), exporte as variáveis de ambiente "<literal>$DEBFULLNAME</literal>" e "<literal>$DEBEMAIL</literal>" para o sobrepor.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><tip><para>
en: The <literal>popularity-contest</literal> package normally send mail from root account with FQDN.  You need to set <literal>MAILFROM</literal> in <literal>/etc/popularity-contest.conf</literal> as described in the <literal>/usr/share/popularity-contest/default.conf</literal> file.  Otherwise, your mail will be rejected by the smarthost SMTP server. Although this is tedious, this approach is safer than rewriting the source address for all mails from root by MTA and should be used for other daemons and cron scripts.
pt: O pacote <literal>popularity-contest</literal> normalmente envia mail a partir da conta de root com FQDN.  Tem de definir <literal>MAILFROM</literal> em <literal>/etc/popularity-contest.conf</literal> como descrito no ficheiro <literal>/usr/share/popularity-contest/default.conf</literal>. Caso contrário, o seu mail será rejeitado pelo servidor SMTP do smarthost. Apesar de isto ser um tédio, esta aproximação é mais segura do que reescrever o endereço fonte para todos os mails do root pelo MTA  e deve ser usado para outros daemons e scripts do cron.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: When setting the <emphasis role="strong">mailname</emphasis> to "<literal>hostname -f</literal>", the spoofing of the source mail address via MTA can be realized by the following.
pt: Ao definir o <emphasis role="strong">mailname</emphasis> para "<literal>hostname -f</literal>", o spoofing do endereço de mail da fonte via MTA pode ser realizado com o seguinte.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/etc/email-addresses</literal>" file for <literal>exim4</literal>(8) as explained in the <literal>exim4-config_files</literal>(5)
pt: ficheiro "<literal>/etc/email-addresses</literal>" para <literal>exim4</literal>(8) conforme é explicado em <literal>exim4-config_files</literal>(5)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/etc/postfix/generic</literal>" file for <literal>postfix</literal>(1) as explained in the <literal>generic</literal>(5)
pt: ficheiro "<literal>/etc/postfix/generic</literal>" para <literal>postfix</literal>(1) conforme é explicado em <literal>generic</literal>(5)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: For <literal>postfix</literal>, the following extra steps are needed.
pt: Para o <literal>postfix</literal>, os seguintes passos adicionais são necessários:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: You can test mail address configuration using the following.
pt: Pode testar a configuração do endereço de email a usar o seguinte:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>exim</literal>(8) with <literal>-brw, -bf, -bF, -bV, …</literal> options
pt: <literal>exim</literal>(8) com as opções <literal>-brw, -bf, -bF, -bV, …</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>postmap</literal>(1) with <literal>-q</literal> option.
pt: <literal>postmap</literal>(1) com a opção <literal>-q</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><tip><para>
en: Exim comes with several utility programs such as <literal>exiqgrep</literal>(8) and <literal>exipick</literal>(8).  See "<literal>dpkg -L exim4-base|grep man8/</literal>" for available commands.
pt: O exim vem com vários programas utilitários como o <literal>exiqgrep</literal>(8) e <literal>exipick</literal>(8). Veja "<literal>dpkg -L exim4-base|grep man8/</literal>" para os comandos disponíveis.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title>
en: Basic MTA operations
pt: Operações MTA básicas

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: There are several basic MTA operations.  Some may be performed via <literal>sendmail</literal>(1) compatibility interface.
pt: Existem várias operações MTA básicas. Algumas podem ser executadas através do interface de compatibilidade do <literal>sendmail</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><title>
en: List of basic MTA operation
pt: Lista de operações MTA básicas

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: exim command
pt: comando exim

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: postfix command
pt: comando postfix

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: read mails from standard input and arrange for delivery (<literal>-bm</literal>)
pt: lê mails da entrada standard e prepara a entrega (<literal>-bm</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: list the mail queue with status and queue ID (<literal>-bp</literal>)
pt: lista a lista de espera de mail com estado e ID de lista de espera (<literal>-bp</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: initialize alias database (<literal>-I</literal>)
pt: inicializa a base de dados e alias (<literal>-I</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: flush waiting mails (<literal>-q</literal>)
pt: enxagua mails em espera (<literal>-q</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: flush all mails
pt: enxagua todos mails

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: flush even frozen mails
pt: enxagua até mails congelados

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: freeze one message by its queue ID
pt: congela uma mensagem pelo seu ID de lista de espera

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: remove one message by its queue ID
pt: remove uma mensagem pelo seu ID de lista de espera

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: remove all messages
pt: remove todas as mensagens

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><tip><para>
en: It may be a good idea to flush all mails by a script in "<literal>/etc/ppp/ip-up.d/*</literal>".
pt: Poderá ser uma boa ideia enxaguar todos os mails por um script em "<literal>/etc/ppp/ip-up.d/*</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: The remote access server and utilities (SSH)
pt: O servidor de acesso remoto e utilitários (SSH)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The <ulink url="&secureshell;">Secure SHell</ulink> (SSH) is the <emphasis role="strong">secure</emphasis> way to connect over the Internet.  A free version of SSH called <ulink url="&openssh;">OpenSSH</ulink> is available as <literal>openssh-client</literal> and <literal>openssh-server</literal> packages in Debian.
pt: O <ulink url="&secureshell;">Secure SHell</ulink> (SSH) é o modo <emphasis role="strong">seguro</emphasis> de efectuar ligações na Internet. Uma versão livre do SSH chamada <ulink url="&openssh;">OpenSSH</ulink> está disponível nos pacotes <literal>openssh-client</literal> e <literal>openssh-server</literal> em Debian.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: For the user, <literal>ssh</literal>(1) functions as a smarter and more secure <literal>telnet</literal>(1).  Unlike <literal>telnet</literal> command, <literal>ssh</literal> command does not stop on the <literal>telnet</literal> escape character (initial default CTRL-]).
pt: Para o utilizador as funções do <literal>ssh</literal>(1) são uma <literal>telnet</literal>(1) mais inteligente e segura. Ao contrário do comando <literal>telnet</literal>, o comando <literal>ssh</literal> não pára no caractere de escape do <literal>telnet</literal> (predefinição inicial CTRL-]).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of remote access server and utilities
pt: Lista de servidores de acesso remoto e utilitários

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: tool
pt: ferramenta

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Secure shell client
pt: Cliente de shell segura

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Secure shell server
pt: Servidor de shell segura

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: asks user for a pass phrase for ssh-add (plain X)
pt: pede ao utilizador uma frase passe para ssh-add (X simples)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: asks user for a pass phrase for ssh-add (GNOME)
pt: pede ao utilizador uma frase passe para ssh-add (GNOME)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: asks user for a pass phrase for ssh-add (GNOME) with extra eye candy
pt: pede ao utilizador uma frase passe para ssh-add (GNOME) que seja atrativa

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: web server for <ulink url="&browseraccessiblterminalemulator;">browser accessible VT100 terminal emulator</ulink>
pt: servidor web para <ulink url="&browseraccessiblterminalemulator;">emulador de terminal VT100 acessível por browser</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Although <literal>shellinabox</literal> is not a SSH program, it is listed here as an interesting alternative for the remote terminal access.
pt: Embora o <literal>shellinabox</literal> não seja um programa SSH, ele é listado aqui como uma alternativa interessante para o acesso remoto ao terminal.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: See also <xref linkend="_x_server_connection"/> for connecting to remote X client programs.
pt: Veja também <xref linkend="_x_server_connection"/> para conectar a programas clientes X remotos.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><caution><para>
en: See <xref linkend="_extra_security_measures_for_the_internet"/> if your SSH is accessible from the Internet.
pt: Veja <xref linkend="_extra_security_measures_for_the_internet"/> se o seu SSH for acessível a partir da Internet.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
en: Please use the <literal>screen</literal>(1) program to enable remote shell process to survive the interrupted connection (see <xref linkend="_the_screen_program"/>).
pt: Por favor use o programa <literal>screen</literal>(1) para ativar a sobrevivência do processo de shell remota à interrupção da ligação (veja <xref linkend="_the_screen_program"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Basics of SSH
pt: Bases do SSH

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The OpenSSH SSH daemon supports SSH protocol 2 only.
pt: O daemon SSH OpenSSH suporta apenas o protocolo SSH 2.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Please read "<literal>/usr/share/doc/openssh-client/README.Debian.gz</literal>", <literal>ssh</literal>(1), <literal>sshd</literal>(8), <literal>ssh-keygen</literal>(1), <literal>ssh-add</literal>(1) and <literal>ssh-agent</literal>(1).
pt: Por favor leia "<literal>/usr/share/doc/openssh-client/README.Debian.gz</literal>", <literal>ssh</literal>(1), <literal>sshd</literal>(8), <literal>ssh-keygen</literal>(1), <literal>ssh-add</literal>(1) e <literal>ssh-agent</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
en: "<literal>/etc/ssh/sshd_not_to_be_run</literal>" must not be present if one wishes to run the OpenSSH server.
pt: o "<literal>/etc/ssh/sshd_not_to_be_run</literal>" não pode estar presente se desejar correr o servidor OpenSSH.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
en: Don't enable rhost based authentication (<literal>HostbasedAuthentication</literal> in <literal>/etc/ssh/sshd_config</literal>).
pt: Não ative a autenticação baseada em rhost<literal>(HostbasedAuthentication</literal> em <literal>/etc/ssh/sshd_config</literal>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of SSH configuration files
pt: Lista de ficheiros de configuração do SSH

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: description of configuration file
pt: descrição do ficheiro de configuração

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: SSH client defaults, see <literal>ssh_config</literal>(5)
pt: Predefinições do cliente SSH, veja <literal>ssh_config</literal>(5)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: SSH server defaults, see <literal>sshd_config</literal>(5)
pt: Predefinições do servidor SSH, veja <literal>sshd_config</literal>(5)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: default public SSH keys that clients use to connect to this account on this SSH server
pt: chaves SSH públicas predefinidas que os clientes usam para ligar a esta conta neste servidor SSH

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: secret SSH-2 RSA key of the user
pt: chave SSH-2 RSA secreta do utilizador

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: secret SSH-2 <emphasis>key-type-name</emphasis> key such as <literal>ecdsa</literal>, <literal>ed25519</literal>, ... of the user
pt: chave secreta SSH-2 <emphasis>tipo-nome</emphasis>, como <literal>ecdsa</literal>, <literal>ed25519</literal>, ... do utilizador

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The following starts an <literal>ssh</literal>(1) connection from a client.
pt: O seguinte inicia uma ligação <literal>ssh</literal>(1) a partir de um cliente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of SSH client startup examples
pt: Lista de exemplos de arranque do cliente SSH

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>ssh username@hostname.domain.ext</literal>
pt: <literal>ssh nome_utilizador@máquina.domínio.externo</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: connect with default mode
pt: ligar com modo predefinido

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>ssh -v username@hostname.domain.ext</literal>
pt: <literal>ssh -v nome_utilizador@máquina.domínio.externo</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: connect with default mode with debugging messages
pt: ligar com modo predefinido com mensagens de depuração

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: force to use password with SSH version 2
pt: força o uso de palavra-passe com SSH versão 2

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: run <literal>passwd</literal> program to update password on a remote host
pt: execute o programa <literal>passwd</literal> para atualizar a palavra-passe num anfitrião remoto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: User name on the remote host
pt: Nome de utilizador no anfitrião remoto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you use the same user name on the local and the remote host, you can eliminate typing "<literal>username@</literal>".
pt: Se utilizar o mesmo nome de utilizador no anfitrião local e no anfitrião remoto, pode deixar de escrever "<literal>username@</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Even if you use different user name on the local and the remote host, you can eliminate it using "<literal>~/.ssh/config</literal>".  For <ulink url="&debiansalsaservice;">Debian Salsa service</ulink> with account name "<literal>foo-guest</literal>", you set "<literal>~/.ssh/config</literal>" to contain the following.
pt: Mesmo que utilize um nome de utilizador diferente no anfitrião local e remoto, pode eliminá-lo utilizando "<literal>~/.ssh/config</literal>".  Para o <ulink url="&debiansalsaservice;">serviço Debian Salsa</ulink> com o nome de conta "<literal>foo-guest</literal>", você define "<literal>~/.ssh/config</literal>" para conter o seguinte.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Connecting without remote passwords
pt: Ligar sem palavras-passe remotas

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: One can avoid having to remember passwords for remote systems by using "<literal>PubkeyAuthentication</literal>" (SSH-2 protocol).
pt: É possível evitar ter de se lembrar de palavras-passe para sistemas remotos utilizando "<literal>PubkeyAuthentication</literal>" (protocolo SSH-2).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: On the remote system, set the respective entries, "<literal>PubkeyAuthentication yes</literal>", in "<literal>/etc/ssh/sshd_config</literal>".
pt: No sistema remoto, defina as respetivas entradas, "<literal>PubkeyAuthentication yes</literal>", em "<literal>/etc/ssh/sshd_config</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Generate authentication keys locally and install the public key on the remote system by the following.
pt: Crie chaves de autenticação localmente e instale a chave pública no sistema remoto como o seguinte.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can add options to the entries in "<literal>~/.ssh/authorized_keys</literal>" to limit hosts and to run specific commands.  See <literal>sshd</literal>(8) "AUTHORIZED_KEYS FILE FORMAT".
pt: Pode adicionar opções às entradas em "<literal>~/.ssh/authorized_keys</literal>" para limitar máquinas e correr comandos específicos. Veja <literal>sshd</literal>(8) "AUTHORIZED_KEYS FILE FORMAT".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Dealing with alien SSH clients
pt: Lidar com clientes SSH alienígenas

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There are some free <ulink url="&ssh;">SSH</ulink> clients available for other platforms.
pt: Existem alguns clientes <ulink url="&ssh;">SSH</ulink> livres disponíveis para outras plataformas.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of free SSH clients for other platforms
pt: Lista de clientes SSH para outras plataformas

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: environment
pt: ambiente

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: free SSH program
pt: programa de SSH livre

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: puTTY (<ulink url="&puttyafreesshandtelnetclient;">PuTTY: a free SSH and Telnet client</ulink>) (GPL)
pt: puTTY (<ulink url="&puttyafreesshandtelnetclient;">PuTTY: um cliente SSH e Telnet gratuito</ulink>) (GPL)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: SSH in cygwin (<ulink url="&cygwingetthatlinfeelingonwindows;">Cygwin: Get that Linux feeling - on Windows</ulink>) (GPL)
pt: SSH no cygwin (<ulink url="&cygwingetthatlinfeelingonwindows;">Cygwin: Tenha aquela sensação de Linux - no Windows</ulink>) (GPL)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: OpenSSH; use <literal>ssh</literal> in the Terminal application (GPL)
pt: OpenSSH; use <literal>ssh</literal> na aplicação de Terminal (GPL)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Setting up ssh-agent
pt: Configurar o ssh-agent

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: It is safer to protect your SSH authentication secret keys with a pass phrase.  If a pass phrase was not set, use "<literal>ssh-keygen -p</literal>" to set it.
pt: É mais seguro proteger as suas chaves secretas de autenticação SSH com uma frase-passe. Se nenhuma frase-passe foi definida, use "<literal>ssh-keygen -p</literal>" para a definir.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Place your public SSH key (e.g.  "<literal>~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub</literal>") into "<literal>~/.ssh/authorized_keys</literal>" on a remote host using a password-based connection to the remote host as described above.
pt: Ponha a sua chave SSH pública (ex. "<literal>~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub</literal>") em "<literal>~/.ssh/authorized_keys</literal>" numa máquina remota a usar uma ligação à máquina remota baseada em palavra-passe como descrito em cima.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: No remote password needed from here on for the next command.
pt: Nenhuma palavra-passe necessária desde aqui até ao próximo comando.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Press ^D to terminating ssh-agent session.
pt: Carregue em ^D (CTRL-D) para terminar a sessão do ssh-agent.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For the X server, the normal Debian startup script executes <literal>ssh-agent</literal> as the parent process.  So you only need to execute <literal>ssh-add</literal> once. For more, read <literal>ssh-agent</literal>(1) and <literal>ssh-add</literal>(1).
pt: Para o servidor X, o script de arranque normal de Debian executa o <literal>ssh-agent</literal> como o processo pai. Portanto apenas precisa de executar o <literal>ssh-add</literal> uma vez. Para mais, leia <literal>ssh-agent</literal>(1) e <literal>ssh-add</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Sending a mail from a remote host
pt: Enviar uma mensagem de correio eletrónico a partir de um anfitrião remoto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you have an SSH shell account on a server with proper DNS settings, you can send a mail generated on your workstation as an email genuinely sent from the remote server.
pt: Se tiver uma conta de shell SSH num servidor com definições de DNS adequadas, pode enviar um e-mail gerado na sua estação de trabalho como um e-mail genuinamente enviado do servidor remoto.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Port forwarding for SMTP/POP3 tunneling
pt: Reencaminhamento de portos para SMTP/POP3 em túnel

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: To establish a pipe to connect to port 25 of <literal>remote-server</literal> from port 4025 of <literal>localhost</literal>, and to port 110 of <literal>remote-server</literal> from port 4110 of <literal>localhost</literal> through <literal>ssh</literal>, execute on the local host as the following.
pt: Para estabelecer um pipe para ligação ao porto 25 do <literal>servidor remoto</literal> a partir do porto 4025 da <literal>máquina local</literal>, e para a porta 110 do <literal>servidor remoto</literal> a partir do porto 4110 da <literal>máquina local</literal> através de <literal>ssh</literal>, execute na máquina local como a seguir.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This is a secure way to make connections to SMTP/POP3 servers over the Internet.  Set the "<literal>AllowTcpForwarding</literal>" entry to "<literal>yes</literal>" in "<literal>/etc/ssh/sshd_config</literal>" of the remote host.
pt: Este é um modo seguro de fazer ligações a servidores SMTP/POP3 pela Internet. Configure a entrada "<literal>AllowTcpForwarding</literal>" para "<literal>yes</literal>" em "<literal>/etc/ssh/sshd_config</literal>" na máquina remota.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: How to shutdown the remote system on SSH
pt: Como desligar o sistema remoto em SSH

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You need to protect the process doing "<literal>shutdown -h now</literal>" (see <xref linkend="_how_to_shutdown_the_system"/>) from the termination of SSH using the <literal>at</literal>(1) command (see <xref linkend="_scheduling_tasks_once"/>) by the following.
pt: Precisa de proteger o processo ao fazer "<literal>shutdown -h now</literal>" (veja <xref linkend="_how_to_shutdown_the_system"/>) a partir da terminação do SSH a usar o comando <literal>at</literal>(1) (veja <xref linkend="_scheduling_tasks_once"/>) com o seguinte.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Running "<literal>shutdown -h now</literal>" in <literal>screen</literal>(1) (see <xref linkend="_the_screen_program"/>) session is another way to do the same.
pt: Correr "<literal>shutdown -h now</literal>" numa sessão do <literal>screen</literal>(1) (veja <xref linkend="_the_screen_program"/>) é outro modo de fazer o mesmo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Troubleshooting SSH
pt: Depurar problemas no SSH

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you have problems, check the permissions of configuration files and run <literal>ssh</literal> with the "<literal>-v</literal>" option.
pt: Se estiver com problemas, verifique as permissões dos ficheiros de configuração e corra o <literal>ssh</literal> com a opção "<literal>-v</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Use the "<literal>-p</literal>" option if you are root and have trouble with a firewall; this avoids the use of server ports 1 — 1023.
pt: Use a opção "<literal>-p</literal>" se for o root e esteja a ter problemas com a firewall; isto evita o uso dos portos de servidor 1 -- 1023.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If <literal>ssh</literal> connections to a remote site suddenly stop working, it may be the result of tinkering by the sysadmin, most likely a change in "<literal>host_key</literal>" during system maintenance.  After making sure this is the case and nobody is trying to fake the remote host by some clever hack, one can regain a connection by removing the "<literal>host_key</literal>" entry from "<literal>~/.ssh/known_hosts</literal>" on the local host.
pt: Se as ligações <literal>ssh</literal> a um site remoto subitamente deixarem de funcionar, pode ser o resultado de reparações pelo administrador do sistema, mais provável uma alteração na "<literal>chave_da_máquina</literal>" durante a manutenção do sistema. Após certificar-se que é este o caso e ninguém está a tentar falsificar a máquina remota com algum hack inteligente, pode-se recuperar a ligação ao remover a entrada "<literal>host_key</literal>" de "<literal>~/.ssh/known_hosts</literal>" na máquina local.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: The print server and utilities
pt: O servidor de impressão e utilitários

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: In the old Unix-like system, the BSD <ulink url="&lineprinterdaemonlpd;">Line printer daemon (lpd)</ulink> was the standard and the standard print out format of the classic free software was <ulink url="&postscriptps;">PostScript (PS)</ulink>.  Some filter system was used along with <ulink url="&ghostscript;">Ghostscript</ulink> to enable printing to the non-PostScript printer.  See <xref linkend="_ghostscript"/>.
pt: No antigo sistema do tipo Unix, o <ulink url="&lineprinterdaemonlpd;">daemon de impressão em linha (lpd)</ulink> BSD era o padrão e o formato de impressão padrão do software livre clássico era o <ulink url="&postscriptps;">PostScript (PS)</ulink>.  Era utilizado um sistema de filtros juntamente com o <ulink url="&ghostscript;">Ghostscript</ulink> para permitir a impressão numa impressora não-PostScript.  Ver <xref linkend="_ghostscript"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: In the modern Debian system, the <ulink url="&commonunixprintingsystem;">Common UNIX Printing System</ulink> (CUPS) is the de facto standard and the standard print out format of the modern free software is <ulink url="&portabledocumentformatpdf;">Portable Document Format (PDF)</ulink>.
pt: No sistema Debian moderno, o <ulink url="&commonunixprintingsystem;">Common UNIX Printing System</ulink> (CUPS) é de facto o padrão e o formato padrão obtido na saída é o livre e moderno <ulink url="&portabledocumentformatpdf;">Portable Document Format (PDF)</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The CUPS uses <ulink url="&internetprintingprotocol;">Internet Printing Protocol</ulink> (IPP). The IPP is now supported by other OSs such as Windows XP and Mac OS X and has became new cross-platform de facto standard for remote printing with bi-directional communication capability.
pt: O CUPS utiliza o <ulink url="&internetprintingprotocol;">Protocolo de Impressão Internet</ulink> (IPP). O IPP é agora suportado por outros sistemas operativos, como o Windows XP e o Mac OS X, e tornou-se a nova norma de facto multiplataforma para impressão remota com capacidade de comunicação bidirecional.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Thanks to the file format dependent auto-conversion feature of the CUPS system, simply feeding any data to the <literal>lpr</literal> command should generate the expected print output. (In CUPS, <literal>lpr</literal> can be enabled by installing the <literal>cups-bsd</literal> package.)
pt: Graças à funcionalidade de auto-conversão dependente do formato de ficheiro do sistema CUPS, simplesmente fornecer quaisquer dados ao comando <literal>lpr</literal> deverá gerar a saída de impressão esperada. (No CUPS, o <literal>lpr</literal> pode ser activado ao instalar o pacote <literal>cups-bsd</literal>.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The Debian system has some notable packages for the print servers and utilities.
pt: O sistema Debian tem alguns pacotes notáveis para os servidores e utilitários de impressão.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of print servers and utilities
pt: Lista de servidores de impressoras e utilitários

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: printer (515)
pt: impressora (515)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: BSD lpr/lpd (<ulink url="&lineprinterdaemon;">Line printer daemon</ulink>)
pt: BSD lpr/lpd (<ulink url="&lineprinterdaemon;">daemon de impressora de linha</ulink>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: , , (Enhanced)
pt: , , (Avançado)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Internet Printing CUPS server
pt: Servidor CUPS de Impressão em Internet

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&systemvprintercommands;">System V printer commands</ulink> for CUPS: <literal>lp</literal>(1), <literal>lpstat</literal>(1), <literal>lpoptions</literal>(1), <literal>cancel</literal>(1), <literal>lpmove</literal>(8), <literal>lpinfo</literal>(8), <literal>lpadmin</literal>(8), …
pt: <ulink url="&systemvprintercommands;">Comandos de impressão do System V</ulink> para o CUPS: <literal>lp</literal>(1), <literal>lpstat</literal>(1), <literal>lpoptions</literal>(1), <literal>cancel</literal>(1), <literal>lpmove</literal>(8), <literal>lpinfo</literal>(8), <literal>lpadmin</literal>(8), …

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&bsdprintercommands;">BSD printer commands</ulink> for CUPS: <literal>lpr</literal>(1), <literal>lpq</literal>(1), <literal>lprm</literal>(1), <literal>lpc</literal>(8)
pt: <ulink url="&bsdprintercommands;">comandos de impressão BSD</ulink> para o CUPS: <literal>lpr</literal>(1), <literal>lpq</literal>(1), <literal>lprm</literal>(1), <literal>lpc</literal>(8)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Not applicable
pt: Não aplicável

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: printer drivers for CUPS
pt: Drivers de impressoras para o CUPS

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
en: You can configure CUPS system by pointing your web browser to "<ulink url="&httplocalhostgdb;">http://localhost:631/</ulink>" .
pt: Pode configurar o sistema CUPS ao apontar o seu explorador web para "<ulink url="&httplocalhostgdb;">http://localhost:631/</ulink>" .

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Other network application servers
pt: Outras aplicações de servidor de rede

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Here are other network application servers.
pt: Aqui estão outras aplicações de servidor de rede.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of other network application servers
pt: Lista de outras aplicações de servidor de rede

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: protocol
pt: protocolo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: TELNET server
pt: Servidor TELNET

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: , , (SSL support)
pt: . . (suporte a SSL)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Unix file sharing
pt: Partilha de ficheiros do Unix

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Windows file and printer sharing
pt: Partilha de ficheiros e impressoras do Windows

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Apple/Mac file and printer sharing (AppleTalk)
pt: Partilha de ficheiros e impressoras do Apple/Mac (AppleTalk)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: General file download
pt: Descarrega de ficheiros geral

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: General web server
pt: Servidor web geral

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: General web <ulink url="&proxyserver;">proxy server</ulink>
pt: <ulink url="&proxyserver;">servidor proxy</ulink> web geral

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: IP address for other hosts
pt: Endereço IP para outras máquinas

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: IP address of client itself
pt: Endereço IP do próprio cliente

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Common Internet File System Protocol (CIFS) is the same protocol as <ulink url="&servermessageblocksmb;">Server Message Block (SMB)</ulink> and is used widely by Microsoft Windows.
pt: Common Internet File System Protocol (CIFS) é o mesmo protocolo que <ulink url="&servermessageblocksmb;">Server Message Block (SMB)</ulink> e é bastante usado pelo Microsoft Windows.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
en: See <xref linkend="_the_modern_centralized_system_management"/> for integration of server systems.
pt: Veja <xref linkend="_the_modern_centralized_system_management"/> para integração de sistemas servidor.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
en: The hostname resolution is usually provided by the <ulink url="&dns;">DNS</ulink> server.  For the host IP address dynamically assigned by <ulink url="&dhcp;">DHCP</ulink>, <ulink url="&dynamicdns;">Dynamic DNS</ulink> can be set up for the hostname resolution using <literal>bind9</literal> and <literal>isc-dhcp-server</literal> as described in the <ulink url="&ddnspageonthedebianwiki;">DDNS page on the Debian wiki</ulink>.
pt: A resolução do nome de máquinas é normalmente disponibilizada pelo servidor de <ulink url="&dns;">DNS</ulink>. Para o endereço IP atribuído dinamicamente à máquina por <ulink url="&dhcp;">DHCP</ulink>, pode ser definido <ulink url="&dynamicdns;">DNS Dinâmico</ulink> para a resolução do nome de máquina a utilizar o <literal>bind9</literal> e o <literal>isc-dhcp-server</literal> conforme é descrito na <ulink url="&ddnspageonthedebianwiki;">página DDNS no wiki Debian</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
en: Use of proxy server such as <literal>squid</literal> is much more efficient for saving bandwidth than use of local mirror server with the full Debian archive contents.
pt: O uso de servidor proxy como o <literal>squid</literal> é muito mais eficiente para poupar largura de banda que o uso de servidor mirror local com o conteúdo completo do arquivo Debian.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Other network application clients
pt: Outros clientes de aplicação de rede

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Here are other network application clients.
pt: Aqui estão outros clientes de aplicação de rede.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of network application clients
pt: Lista de clientes de aplicação de rede

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: TCP/IP swiss army knife
pt: Canivete suíço do TCP/IP

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: TCP/IP swiss army knife with support for IPv6, proxies, and Unix sockets
pt: Canivete suíço TCP/IP com suporte para IPv6, proxies e sockets Unix

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Secure Socket Layer (SSL) binary and related cryptographic tools
pt: Binário Secure Socket Layer (SSL) e ferramentas criptográficas relacionadas

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: universal SSL Wrapper
pt: revestimento SSL universal

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: TELNET client
pt: Cliente TELNET

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: MS Windows file and printer sharing client
pt: Cliente de partilha de ficheiros e impressoras do MS Windows

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: mount and umount commands for remote MS Windows file
pt: Comandos de montar e desmontar para ficheiros remotos do MS Windows

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: FTP client
pt: Cliente FTP

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: full screen FTP client
pt: Cliente FTP de écran completo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&http;">HTTP</ulink> and <ulink url="&ftp;">FTP</ulink>
pt: <ulink url="&http;">HTTP</ulink> e <ulink url="&ftp;">FTP</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: web downloader
pt: descarregador de web

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: accelerated downloader
pt: acelerador de descarregas

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: accelerated downloader with <ulink url="&bittorrent;">BitTorrent</ulink> and <ulink url="&metalink;">Metalink</ulink> supports
pt: acelerador de descarregas com suporte de <ulink url="&bittorrent;">BitTorrent</ulink> e <ulink url="&metalink;">Metalink</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>host</literal>(1) from bind9, "<literal>Priority: standard</literal>"
pt: <literal>host</literal>(1) do bind9, "<literal>Prioridade: standard</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>dig</literal>(1) from bind, "<literal>Priority: standard</literal>"
pt: <literal>dig</literal>(1) do bind, "<literal>Prioridade: standard</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: obtain IP address
pt: obter endereço IP

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: obtain data from LDAP server
pt: obter dados de um servidor LDAP

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: The diagnosis of the system daemons
pt: Os diagnósticos dos daemons do sistema

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The <literal>telnet</literal> program enables manual connection to the system daemons and its diagnosis.
pt: O programa <literal>telnet</literal> activa ligação manual aos daemons do sistema e aos seus diagnósticos.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: For testing plain <ulink url="&popd;">POP3</ulink> service, try the following
pt: Para testar o serviço <ulink url="&popd;">POP3</ulink> simples, tente o seguinte:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: For testing the <ulink url="&tls;">TLS</ulink>/SSL enabled <ulink url="&popd;">POP3</ulink> service by some ISPs, you need TLS/SSL enabled <literal>telnet</literal> client by the <literal>telnet-ssl</literal> or <literal>openssl</literal> packages.
pt: Para testar o serviço <ulink url="&popd;">POP3</ulink> com <ulink url="&tls;">TLS</ulink>/SSL ativo de alguns ISPs, precisa do cliente <literal>telnet</literal> com TLS/SSL ativo pelos pacotes <literal>telnet-ssl</literal> or <literal>openssl</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The following <ulink url="&rfcs;">RFCs</ulink> provide required knowledge to each system daemon.
pt: Os seguintes <ulink url="&rfcs;">RFCs</ulink> disponibilizam o conhecimento necessário para cada daemon de sistema.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of popular RFCs
pt: Lista de RFCs populares

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&rfcbjdj;">rfc1939</ulink> and <ulink url="&rfcceej;">rfc2449</ulink>
pt: <ulink url="&rfcbjdj;">rfc1939</ulink> e <ulink url="&rfcceej;">rfc2449</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&popd;">POP3</ulink> service
pt: serviço <ulink url="&popd;">POP3</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&imape;">IMAP4</ulink> service
pt: serviço <ulink url="&imape;">IMAP4</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&smtp;">SMTP</ulink> service
pt: serviço <ulink url="&smtp;">SMTP</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Mail file format
pt: Formato de ficheiro de mail

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&multipurposeinteilextensionsmime;">Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME)</ulink>
pt: <ulink url="&multipurposeinteilextensionsmime;">Extensões de correio de Internet multiuso(MIME)</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&dns;">DNS</ulink> service
pt: serviço <ulink url="&dns;">DNS</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&http;">HTTP</ulink> service
pt: serviço <ulink url="&http;">HTTP</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&uri;">URI</ulink> definition
pt: definição <ulink url="&uri;">URI</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The port usage is described in "<literal>/etc/services</literal>".
pt: A utilização de portos é descrita em "<literal>/etc/services</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
en: GUI System
pt: Sistema GUI (interface gráfica de utilizador)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: GUI desktop environment
pt: Ambiente de trabalho GUI

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: There are several choices for the full featured <ulink url="&gui;">GUI</ulink> desktop environment on the Debian system.
pt: Existem várias escolhas para o ambiente de trabalho <ulink url="&gui;">GUI</ulink> completo no sistema Debian.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of desktop environment
pt: Lista de ambientes de trabalho

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: task package
pt: pacote de tarefas

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&gnome;">GNOME</ulink> desktop environment
pt: Ambiente de trabalho <ulink url="&gnome;">GNOME</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&xfce;">Xfce</ulink> desktop environment
pt: Ambiente de trabalho <ulink url="&xfce;">Xfce</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&kdeplasma;">KDE Plasma</ulink> desktop environment
pt: Ambiente de trabalho <ulink url="&kdeplasma;">KDE Plasma</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&mate;">MATE</ulink> desktop environment
pt: Ambiente de trabalho <ulink url="&mate;">MATE</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&cinnamon;">Cinnamon</ulink> desktop environment
pt: Ambiente de trabalho <ulink url="&cinnamon;">Cinnamon</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&lxde;">LXDE</ulink> desktop environment
pt: Ambiente de trabalho <ulink url="&lxde;">LXDE</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&lxqt;">LXQt</ulink> desktop environment
pt: Ambiente de trabalho <ulink url="&lxqt;">LXQt</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&gnomeflashback;">GNOME Flashback</ulink> desktop environment
pt: Ambiente de trabalho <ulink url="&gnomeflashback;">GNOME Flashback</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
en: Dependency packages selected by a task metapackage may be out of sync with the latest package transition state under the Debian <literal>unstable</literal>/<literal>testing</literal> environment. For <literal>task-gnome-desktop</literal>, you may need to adjust package selections as follows:
pt: Os pacotes de dependências selecionados por um meta-pacote de tarefas podem estar fora de sincronia com o último estado de transição de pacotes sob o ambiente Debian <literal>unstable</literal>/<literal>/testing</literal>. Para <literal>task-gnome-desktop</literal>, pode ser necessário ajustar as seleções de pacotes como se segue:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Start <literal>aptitude</literal>(8) as <literal>sudo aptitude -u</literal>.
pt: Inicie <literal>aptitude</literal>(8) como <literal>sudo aptitude -u</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Move cursor to "Tasks" and press "Enter".
pt: Mova o cursor para "Tarefas" e prima "Enter".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Move cursor to "End-user" press "Enter".
pt: Mova o cursor para "Utilizador final" e prima "Enter".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Move cursor to "GNOME" press "Enter".
pt: Mova o cursor para "GNOME" e prima "Enter".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Move cursor to <literal>task-gnome-desktop</literal> and press "Enter".
pt: Mova o cursor para <literal>task-gnome-desktop</literal> e prima "Enter".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Move cursor to "Depends" and press "m" (manually selected).
pt: Mova o cursor para "Dependências" e prima "m" (selecionado manualmente).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Move cursor to "Recommends" and press "m" (manually selected).
pt: Mova o cursor para "Recomendado" e prima "m" (seleção manual).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Move cursor to "<literal>task-gnome-desktop</literal> and press "-". (drop)
pt: Mova o cursor para<literal>"task-gnome-desktop</literal> " e prima "-". (excluir)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Adjust selected packages while dropping problematic ones causing package conflicts.
pt: Ajusta os pacotes selecionados e elimina os pacotes problemáticos que causam conflitos de pacotes.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Press "g" to start install.
pt: Prima "g" para iniciar a instalação.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: This chapter will focus mostly on the default desktop environment of Debian: <literal>task-gnome-desktop</literal> offering <ulink url="&gnome;">GNOME</ulink> on <ulink url="&wayland;">wayland</ulink>.
pt: Este capítulo irá focar-se principalmente no ambiente de trabalho predefinido de Debian: <literal>task-gnome-desktop</literal> que oferece o <ulink url="&gnome;">GNOME</ulink> em <ulink url="&wayland;">wayland</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: GUI communication protocol
pt: Protocolo de comunicação GUI

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: GUI communication protocol used on the GNOME desktop can be:
pt: O protocolo de comunicação GUI utilizado no ambiente de trabalho GNOME pode ser:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&waylanddisplayserverprotocol;">Wayland (display server protocol)</ulink> (native)
pt: <ulink url="&waylanddisplayserverprotocol;">Wayland (protocolo de servidor de ecrã)</ulink> (nativo)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&xwindowsystemcoreprotocol;">X Window System core protocol</ulink> (via <literal>xwayland</literal>)
pt: <ulink url="&xwindowsystemcoreprotocol;">Protocolo central do sistema X Window</ulink> (via <literal>xwayland</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Please check <ulink url="&freedesktoporgsindowarchitecture;">freedesktop.org site for how Wayland architecture is different from X Window architecture</ulink>.
pt: Consulte <ulink url="&freedesktoporgsindowarchitecture;">o site freedesktop.org para saber como a arquitetura Wayland é diferente da arquitetura X Window</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: From user's perspective, differences can be colloquially summarized as:
pt: Do ponto de vista do utilizador, as diferenças podem ser resumidas coloquialmente como:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Wayland is a same-host GUI communication protocol: new, simpler, faster, no setuid root binary
pt: Wayland é um protocolo de comunicação GUI para o mesmo host: novo, mais simples, mais rápido, sem binário raiz setuid

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: X Window is a network-capable GUI communication protocol: traditional, complex, slower, setuid root binary
pt: X Window é um protocolo de comunicação GUI com capacidade de rede: tradicional, complexo, mais lento, binário de raiz setuid

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: For applications using Wayland protocol, the access to their display contents from a remote host is supported by the <ulink url="&vnc;">VNC</ulink> or <ulink url="&rdp;">RDP</ulink>.  See <xref linkend="_remote_desktop"/>
pt: Para as aplicações que utilizam o protocolo Wayland, o acesso ao seu conteúdo de visualização a partir de um anfitrião remoto é suportado pelo <ulink url="&vnc;">VNC</ulink> ou <ulink url="&rdp;">RDP</ulink>.  Ver <xref linkend="_remote_desktop"/>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Modern X servers have <ulink url="&themitsharedmemoryextension;">the MIT Shared Memory Extension</ulink> and communicate with their local X clients using the local shared memory.  This bypasses the network transparent <ulink url="&xlib;">Xlib</ulink> interprocess communication channel and gains performance.  This situation was the <ulink url="&background;">background</ulink> of creating Wayland as a local-only GUI communication protocol.
pt: Os servidores X modernos têm a <ulink url="&themitsharedmemoryextension;">Extensão de Memória Partilhada do MIT</ulink> e comunicam com os seus clientes X locais utilizando a memória partilhada local.  Isso contorna o canal de comunicação interprocessos <ulink url="&xlib;">Xlib</ulink> transparente da rede e ganha desempenho.  Esta situação foi o <ulink url="&background;">antecedente</ulink> da criação do Wayland como um protocolo de comunicação GUI apenas local.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Using the <literal>xeyes</literal> program started from the GNOME terminal, you can check GUI communication protocol used by each GUI application.
pt: Utilizando o programa <literal>xeyes</literal> iniciado a partir do terminal GNOME, pode verificar o protocolo de comunicação GUI utilizado por cada aplicação GUI.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: If the mouse cursor is on an application such as "GNOME terminal" which uses Wayland display server protocol, eyes don't move with the mouse cursor.
pt: Se o cursor do rato estiver numa aplicação como o "terminal GNOME", que utiliza o protocolo de servidor de visualização Wayland, os olhos não se movem com o cursor do rato.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: If the mouse cursor is on an application such as "xterm" which uses X Window System core protocol, eyes move with the mouse cursor exposing not-so-isolated nature of X Window architecture.
pt: Se o cursor do rato estiver numa aplicação como o "xterm", que utiliza o protocolo central do sistema X Window, os olhos movem-se com o cursor do rato, expondo a natureza não tão isolada da arquitetura do X Window.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: As of April 2021, many popular GUI applications such as GNOME and <ulink url="&libreofficelo;">LibreOffice (LO)</ulink> applications have been migrated to the Wayland display server protocol.  I see <literal>xterm</literal>, <literal>gitk</literal>, <literal>chromium</literal>, <literal>firefox</literal>, <literal>gimp</literal>, <literal>dia</literal>, and KDE applications still use X Window System core protocol.
pt: A partir de abril de 2021, muitos aplicativos GUI populares, como os aplicativos GNOME e <ulink url="&libreofficelo;">LibreOffice (LO)</ulink>, foram migrados para o protocolo de servidor de exibição Wayland.  Vejo que as aplicações <literal>xterm</literal>, <literal>gitk</literal>, <literal>chromium</literal>, <literal>firefox</literal>, <literal>gimp</literal>, <literal>dia</literal>, e KDE ainda utilizam o protocolo central do X Window System.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><note><para>
en: For both the xwayland on Wayland or the native X Window System, the old X server configuration file "<literal>/etc/X11/xorg.conf</literal>" shouldn't exist on the system. The graphics and input devices are now configured by the kernel with <ulink url="&drm;">DRM</ulink>, <ulink url="&kms;">KMS</ulink>, and <ulink url="&udev;">udev</ulink>.  The native X server has been rewritten to use them.  See "<ulink url="&modedbdefaultvideomodesupport;">modedb default video mode support</ulink>" in the Linux kernel documentation.
pt: Tanto para o xwayland no Wayland como para o X Window System nativo, o antigo ficheiro de configuração do servidor X "<literal>/etc/X11/xorg.conf</literal>" não deve existir no sistema. Os dispositivos gráficos e de entrada são agora configurados pelo kernel com <ulink url="&drm;">DRM</ulink>, <ulink url="&kms;">KMS</ulink>, e <ulink url="&udev;">udev</ulink>.  O servidor X nativo foi reescrito para os utilizar.  Veja<ulink url="&modedbdefaultvideomodesupport;">"modedb default video mode support</ulink>" na documentação do kernel Linux.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: GUI infrastructure
pt: Infraestrutura GUI

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Here are notable GUI infrastructure packages for the GNOME on Wayland environment.
pt: Aqui estão os pacotes de infraestrutura GUI notáveis para o ambiente GNOME em Wayland.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of notable GUI infrastructure packages
pt: Lista de pacotes de infra-estruturas GUI notáveis

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: package size
pt: tamanho do pacote

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: GNOME's <ulink url="&mutter;">mutter</ulink> window manager <emphasis role="strong">[auto]</emphasis>
pt: O gerenciador de janelas <ulink url="&mutter;">mutter</ulink> do GNOME <emphasis role="strong">[auto]</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: An X server running on top of <ulink url="&wayland;">wayland</ulink> <emphasis role="strong">[auto]</emphasis>
pt: Um servidor X a correr em cima do <ulink url="&wayland;">wayland</ulink> <emphasis role="strong">[auto]</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Remote desktop daemon for GNOME using PipeWire <emphasis role="strong">[auto]</emphasis>
pt: Daemon de desktop remoto para GNOME usando PipeWire <emphasis role="strong">[auto]</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Advanced configuration settings for GNOME
pt: Definições de configuração avançadas para o GNOME

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Tool to enable / disable GNOME Shell extensions
pt: Ferramenta para ativar / desativar extensões do GNOME Shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Here, "<emphasis role="strong">[auto]</emphasis>" means that these packages are automatically installed when <literal>task-gnome-desktop</literal> is installed.
pt: Aqui, "<emphasis role="strong">[auto]</emphasis>" significa que estes pacotes são instalados automaticamente quando <literal>task-gnome-desktop</literal> é instalado.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
en: <literal>gnome-tweaks</literal> is the indispensable configuration utility.  For example:
pt: <literal>O gnome-tweaks</literal> é o utilitário de configuração indispensável.  Por exemplo:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: You can force "Over-Amplification" of sound volume from "General".
pt: Pode forçar a "Sobre-amplificação" do volume do som a partir de "Geral".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: You can force "Caps" to become "Esc" from "Keyboard &amp; Mouse" -&gt; "Keyboard" -&gt; "Additional Layout Option".
pt: Pode forçar "Caps" a tornar-se "Esc" em "Teclado e rato" -&gt; "Teclado" -&gt; "Opção de esquema adicional".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
en: Detail features of GNOME desktop environment can be configured with utilities started by typing "<literal>settings</literal>", "<literal>tweaks</literal>", or "<literal>extensions</literal>" after pressing <literal>Super</literal>-key.
pt: As caraterísticas detalhadas do ambiente de trabalho GNOME podem ser configuradas com utilitários iniciados escrevendo "<literal>settings</literal>", "<literal>tweaks</literal>", ou "<literal>extensions</literal>" depois de premir a tecla <literal>Super</literal>-.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: GUI applications
pt: Aplicações GUI

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Many useful GUI applications are available on Debian now.  Installing software packages such as <literal>scribus</literal> (KDE) on GNOME desktop environment are quite acceptable since corresponding functionality is not available under GNOME desktop environment.  But installing too many packages with duplicated functionalities may clutter your system.
pt: Muitas aplicações GUI úteis estão agora disponíveis em Debian.  Instalar pacotes de software como o <literal>scribus</literal> (KDE) no ambiente de desktop GNOME é bastante aceitável dado que a funcionalidade correspondente não está disponível no ambiente de desktop GNOME.  Mas a instalação de demasiados pacotes com funcionalidades duplicadas pode sobrecarregar o seu sistema.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Here is a list of GUI applications which caught my eyes.
pt: Aqui está uma lista de aplicações que me chamaram a atenção.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of notable GUI applications
pt: Lista de aplicações GUI notáveis

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Personal information Management (groupware and email)
pt: Gestor de Informações Pessoais (groupware e email)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Email client (<ulink url="&mozillathunderbird;">Mozilla Thunderbird</ulink>)
pt: Cliente de correio eletrónico (<ulink url="&mozillathunderbird;">Mozilla Thunderbird</ulink>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: word processor
pt: processador de texto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&desktoppublishing;">desktop publishing</ulink> editor to edit <ulink url="&pdf;">PDF</ulink> files
pt: <ulink url="&desktoppublishing;">desktop publishing</ulink> editor para editar ficheiros <ulink url="&pdf;">PDF</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: label editor
pt: editor de etiquetas

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: spreadsheet
pt: folha de cálculo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: presentation
pt: apresentação

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: database management
pt: gestão de base de dados

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: vector graphics editor (draw)
pt: editor de gráficos vectoriais (desenho)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: flowchart and diagram editor
pt: editor de fluxogramas e diagramas

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: bitmap graphics editor (paint)
pt: editor de gráficos bitmap (pintura)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: digital photo organizer
pt: organizador de fotos digitais

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: lighttable and darkroom for photographers
pt: mesa de luz e câmara escura para fotógrafos

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: project management
pt: gestão de projectos

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: personal accounting
pt: contas pessoais

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: music typesetter
pt: Máquina de compor música

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Qt-app
pt: Aplicação Qt

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: computer-aided design (CAD) system (2D)
pt: sistema de desenho assistido por computador (CAD) (2D)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: computer-aided design (CAD) system (3D)
pt: sistema de conceção assistida por computador (CAD) (3D)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: electronic schematic and PCB design software
pt: software de desenho de esquemas electrónicos e PCB

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: scanner frontend
pt: frontend para digitalizador (scanner)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: mathematical equation/formula editor
pt: editor de fórmulas/equações matemáticas

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: e-book converter and library management
pt: conversor de e-books e gestor de biblioteca

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: e-book reader
pt: leitor de e-book

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: document(pdf) viewer
pt: visualizador de documentos (pdf)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: pure X-app
pt: Aplicação X pura

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: User directories
pt: Diretórios de utilizador

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Default names for user directories such as "<literal>~/Desktop</literal>", "<literal>~/Documents</literal>", ..., used by the Desktop environment depend on the locale used for the system installation.  You can reset them to the English ones by:
pt: Os nomes predefinidos para as diretorias de utilizador, tais como "<literal>~/Desktop</literal>", "<literal>~/Documents</literal>", ..., utilizados pelo ambiente de trabalho dependem da configuração regional utilizada para a instalação do sistema.  Pode redefini-los para os nomes ingleses através de:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Then you manually move all the data to the newer directories.  See <literal>xdg-user-dirs-update</literal>(1).
pt: Depois mova manualmente todos os dados para os diretórios mais recentes.  Veja <literal>xdg-user-dirs-update</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: You can also set them to any names by editing "<literal>~/.config/user-dirs.dirs</literal>".  See <literal>user-dirs.dirs</literal>(5).
pt: Pode também defini-los com qualquer nome editando "<literal>~/.config/user-dirs.dirs</literal>".  Veja <literal>user-dirs.dirs</literal>(5).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Fonts
pt: Fontes

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Many useful scalable fonts are available for users on Debian.  User's concern is how to avoid redundancy and how to configure parts of installed fonts to be disabled.  Otherwise, useless font choices may clutter your GUI application menus.
pt: Muitas fontes escaláveis úteis estão disponíveis para os utilizadores em Debian.  A preocupação do utilizador é como evitar a redundância e como configurar partes das fontes instaladas para serem desativadas.  Caso contrário, as opções de tipos de letra inúteis podem sobrecarregar os menus das aplicações GUI.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Debian system uses <ulink url="&freetype;">FreeType</ulink> 2.0 library to rasterise many scalable font formats for screen and print:
pt: O sistema Debian usa a biblioteca <ulink url="&freetype;">FreeType</ulink> 2.0 para rasterizar muitos formatos de fontes escaláveis para ecrã e impressão:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&typebpostscriptfonts;">Type 1 (PostScript) fonts</ulink> which use cubic <ulink url="&bziercurves;">Bézier curves</ulink> (almost obsolete format)
pt: <ulink url="&typebpostscriptfonts;">Tipos de letra Tipo 1 (PostScript)</ulink> que utilizam <ulink url="&bziercurves;">curvas cúbicas de Bézier</ulink> (formato quase obsoleto)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&truetypefonts;">TrueType fonts</ulink> which use quadratic <ulink url="&bziercurves;">Bézier curves</ulink> (good choice format)
pt: <ulink url="&truetypefonts;">Tipos de letra TrueType</ulink> que utilizam <ulink url="&bziercurves;">curvas Bézier</ulink> quadráticas (formato de boa escolha)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&opentypefonts;">OpenType fonts</ulink> which use cubic <ulink url="&bziercurves;">Bézier curves</ulink> (best choice format)
pt: <ulink url="&opentypefonts;">Tipos de letra OpenType</ulink> que utilizam <ulink url="&bziercurves;">curvas Bézier</ulink> cúbicas (formato de melhor escolha)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Basic fonts
pt: Fontes (tipos de letra) básicas

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The following table is compiled in the hope to help users to chose appropriate scalable fonts with clear understanding of the metric compatibility and the glyph coverage.  Most fonts cover all Latin, Greek, and Cyril characters.  The final choice of activated fonts can also be affected by your aesthetics.  These fonts can be used for the screen display or for the paper printing.
pt: A tabela que se segue foi compilada na esperança de ajudar os utilizadores a escolherem fontes escaláveis adequadas com uma compreensão clara da compatibilidade métrica e da cobertura de glifos.  A maioria das fontes cobre todos os caracteres latinos, gregos e cirílicos.  A escolha final das fontes ativadas também pode ser afetada pela sua estética.  Estas fontes podem ser utilizadas para a visualização no ecrã ou para a impressão em papel.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of notable <ulink url="&truetype;">TrueType</ulink> and <ulink url="&opentype;">OpenType</ulink> fonts
pt: Lista de tipos de letra notáveis <ulink url="&truetype;">TrueType</ulink> e <ulink url="&opentype;">OpenType</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: note on font
pt: nota sobre o tipo de letra

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&cantarell;">Cantarell</ulink> (GNOME 3, display)
pt: <ulink url="&cantarell;">Cantarell</ulink> (GNOME 3, ecrã)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&notofonts;">Noto fonts</ulink> (Google, multi-lingual with CJK)
pt: <ulink url="&notofonts;">Noto fonts</ulink> (Google, multilingue com CJK)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&dejavu;">DejaVu</ulink> (GNOME 2, MCM:<ulink url="&verdana;">Verdana</ulink>, extended <ulink url="&bitstreamvera;">Bitstream Vera</ulink>)
pt: <ulink url="&dejavu;">DejaVu</ulink> (GNOME 2, MCM:<ulink url="&verdana;">Verdana</ulink>, estendida <ulink url="&bitstreamvera;">Bitstream Vera</ulink>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&liberationfonts;">Liberation fonts</ulink> for <ulink url="&libreoffice;">LibreOffice</ulink> (Red Hat, MCMATC)
pt: <ulink url="&liberationfonts;">Liberation fonts</ulink> para <ulink url="&libreoffice;">LibreOffice</ulink> (Red Hat, MCMATC)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&chromeosarimotinosandcousine;">Chrome OS: Arimo, Tinos and Cousine</ulink> (Google, MCMATC)
pt: <ulink url="&chromeosarimotinosandcousine;">Chrome OS: Arimo, Tinos e Cousine</ulink> (Google, MCMATC)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&gnufreefont;">GNU FreeFont</ulink> (extended <ulink url="&urwnimbus;">URW Nimbus</ulink>)
pt: <ulink url="&gnufreefont;">GNU FreeFont</ulink> (estendida <ulink url="&urwnimbus;">URW Nimbus</ulink>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Debian task-desktop, <ulink url="&quicksand;">Quicksand</ulink> (display, Latin only)
pt: Debian task-desktop, <ulink url="&quicksand;">Quicksand</ulink> (ecrã, apenas Latin)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: A typeface designed for source code <ulink url="&hack;">Hack</ulink> (Facebook)
pt: Um tipo de letra concebido para o código fonte <ulink url="&hack;">Hack</ulink> (Facebook)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&ubuntufonts;">Ubuntu fonts</ulink> (display)
pt: <ulink url="&ubuntufonts;">Ubuntu fonts</ulink> (ecrã)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&coolretroterminalfonts;">Cool retro terminal fonts</ulink>
pt: <ulink url="&coolretroterminalfonts;">Tipos de letra para terminais retro</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Downloader of Microsoft non-free fonts (see below)
pt: Descarregador de tipos de letra não gratuitos da Microsoft (ver abaixo)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "MCM" stands for "metric compatible with fonts provided by Microsoft"
pt: "MCM" significa "métrica compatível com os tipos de letra fornecidos pela Microsoft"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "MCMATC" stands for "metric compatible with fonts provided by Microsoft: <ulink url="&arial;">Arial</ulink>, <ulink url="&timesnewroman;">Times New Roman</ulink>, <ulink url="&couriernew;">Courier New</ulink>"
pt: "MCMATC" significa "métrica compatível com os tipos de letra fornecidos pela Microsoft: <ulink url="&arial;">Arial</ulink>, <ulink url="&timesnewroman;">Times New Roman</ulink>, <ulink url="&couriernew;">Courier New</ulink>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "MCAHTC" stands for "metric compatible with fonts provided by <ulink url="&adobe;">Adobe</ulink>: Helvetica, Times, Courier"
pt: "MCAHTC" significa "métrica compatível com os tipos de letra fornecidos pela <ulink url="&adobe;">Adobe</ulink>: Helvética, Times, Courier"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Numbers in font type columns stands for the rough relative "M" width for the same point size font.
pt: Os números nas colunas de tipo de letra representam a largura "M" relativa aproximada para o mesmo tamanho de letra.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "P" in mono font type columns stands for its usability for programming having clearly distinguishable "0"/"O" and "1"/"I"/"l".
pt: O "P" em colunas de tipo de letra mono representa a sua facilidade de utilização para a programação, com "0"/"O" e "1"/"I"/"l" claramente distinguíveis.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The <literal>ttf-mscorefonts-installer</literal> package downloads Microsoft's "<ulink url="&corefontsfortheweb;">Core fonts for the Web</ulink>" and installs <ulink url="&arial;">Arial</ulink>, <ulink url="&timesnewroman;">Times New Roman</ulink>, <ulink url="&couriernew;">Courier New</ulink>, <ulink url="&verdana;">Verdana</ulink>, ... . These installed font data are non-free data.
pt: O pacote <literal>ttf-mscorefonts-installer</literal> descarrega as<ulink url="&corefontsfortheweb;">"Core fonts for the Web</ulink>" da Microsoft e instala <ulink url="&arial;">Arial</ulink>, <ulink url="&timesnewroman;">Times New Roman</ulink>, <ulink url="&couriernew;">Courier New</ulink>, <ulink url="&verdana;">Verdana</ulink>, ... . Estes dados de fontes instalados são dados não livres.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Many free Latin fonts have their lineage traced to <ulink url="&urwnimbus;">URW Nimbus</ulink> family or <ulink url="&bitstreamvera;">Bitstream Vera</ulink>.
pt: Muitos tipos de letra latinos gratuitos têm a sua linhagem na família <ulink url="&urwnimbus;">URW Nimbus</ulink> ou <ulink url="&bitstreamvera;">Bitstream Vera</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: If your locale needs fonts not covered well by the above fonts, please use aptitude to check under task packages listed under "Tasks" -&gt; "Localization".  The font packages listed as "Depends:" or "Recommends:" in the localization task packages are the primary candidates.
pt: Se a sua localidade precisa de tipos de letra que não estão bem cobertos pelos tipos de letra acima, por favor utilize o aptitude para verificar os pacotes de tarefas listados em "Tarefas" -&gt; "Localização".  Os pacotes de fontes listados como "Dependências:" ou "Recomendados:" nos pacotes de tarefas de localização são os principais candidatos.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Font rasterization
pt: Rasterização de tipos de letra

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Debian uses <ulink url="&freetype;">FreeType</ulink> to rasterize fonts. Its font choice infrastructure is provided by the <ulink url="&fontconfig;">Fontconfig</ulink> font configuration library.
pt: Debian usa <ulink url="&freetype;">FreeType</ulink> para rasterizar as fontes. A sua infraestrutura de escolha de fontes é fornecida pela biblioteca de configuração de fontes <ulink url="&fontconfig;">Fontconfig</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of notable font environment and related packages
pt: Lista de fontes ambiente notáveis e pacotes relacionados

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&freetype;">FreeType</ulink> font rasterization library
pt: <ulink url="&freetype;">FreeType</ulink> biblioteca de rasterização de tipos de letra

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&fontconfig;">Fontconfig</ulink> font configuration library
pt: <ulink url="&fontconfig;">Fontconfig</ulink>, uma biblioteca de configuração de tipos de letra genérica -- binários de suporte

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>fc-*</literal>: CLI commands for <ulink url="&fontconfig;">Fontconfig</ulink>
pt: <literal>fc-*</literal>: comandos CLI para <ulink url="&fontconfig;">Fontconfig</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&fontmanager;">Font Manager</ulink>: GUI command for <ulink url="&fontconfig;">Fontconfig</ulink>
pt: <ulink url="&fontmanager;">Gestor de Tipos de Letra</ulink>: comando para GUI <ulink url="&fontconfig;">Fontconfig</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Nautilus extension for <ulink url="&fontmanager;">Font Manager</ulink>
pt: Extensão Nautilus para o <ulink url="&fontmanager;">Gestor de Tipos de Letra</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Some font packages such as <literal>fonts-noto*</literal> install too many fonts. You may also want to keep some font packages installed but disabled under the normal use situation.  The multiple <ulink url="&glyphs;">glyphs</ulink> are expected for some <ulink url="&unicode;">Unicode</ulink> code points due to <ulink url="&hanunification;">Han unification</ulink> and unwanted gliphs may be chosen by the unconfigured Fontconfig library.  One of the most annoying case is "U+3001 IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA" and "U+3002 IDEOGRAPHIC FULL STOP" among CJK countries.  You can avoid this problematic situation easily by configuring font availability using Font Manager GUI (<ulink url="&fontmanager;">font-manager</ulink>).
pt: Alguns pacotes de tipos de letra, como o <literal>fonts-noto*</literal>, instalam demasiados tipos de letra. Poderá também querer manter alguns pacotes de tipos de letra instalados mas desactivados numa situação de utilização normal.  Os <ulink url="&glyphs;">glifos</ulink> múltiplos são esperados para alguns pontos de código <ulink url="&unicode;">Unicode</ulink> devido à <ulink url="&hanunification;">unificação Han</ulink> e os glifos indesejados podem ser escolhidos pela biblioteca Fontconfig não configurada.  Um dos casos mais incómodos é "U+3001 IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA" e "U+3002 IDEOGRAPHIC FULL STOP" entre os países CJK.  Pode evitar facilmente esta situação problemática configurando a disponibilidade dos tipos de letra utilizando a GUI do gestor de tipos de<ulink url="&fontmanager;">letra (font-manager</ulink>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can list font configuration state from the command line, too.
pt: Pode verificar informação de configuração de tipos de letra pelo seguinte.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>fc-match(1)</literal>" for fontconfig font default
pt: "<literal>fc-match</literal>" para o tipo de letra predefinido do fontconfig

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>fc-list(1)</literal>" for available fontconfig fonts
pt: "<literal>fc-list(1)</literal>" para tipos de letra disponíveis fontconfig

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can configure font configuration state from the text editor but this is non-trivial.  See <literal>fonts.conf</literal>(5).
pt: Pode configurar o estado de configuração da fonte a partir do editor de texto mas isto não é trivial.  Veja <literal>fonts.conf</literal>(5).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Many mostly GUI applications on Linux are available in binary formats from non-Debian sources.
pt: Muitas das aplicações GUI em Linux estão disponíveis em formatos binários a partir de fontes não-Debian.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&appimagelinuxappsthatrunanywhere;"> AppImage -- Linux apps that run anywhere </ulink>
pt: <ulink url="&appimagelinuxappsthatrunanywhere;"> AppImage -- Aplicações Linux que correm em qualquer lugar </ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&flathubappsforlinuxrighthere;"> FLATHUB -- Apps for Linux, right here </ulink>
pt: <ulink url="&flathubappsforlinuxrighthere;"> FLATHUB -- Aplicações para Linux, aqui mesmo </ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&snapcrafttheappstoreforlinux;"> snapcraft -- The app store for Linux </ulink>
pt: <ulink url="&snapcrafttheappstoreforlinux;"> snapcraft -- A loja de aplicações para Linux </ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><warning><para>
en: Binaries from these sites may include proprietary non-free software packages.
pt: Os binários destes sítios podem incluir pacotes de software proprietário não-livre.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: There is some raison d'être for these binary format distributions for Free Software aficionados using Debian since these can accommodate clean set of libraries used for each application by the respective upstream developer independent of the ones provided by Debian.
pt: Existe alguma razão de ser para estas distribuições em formato binário para os aficionados do Software Livre que usam Debian, uma vez que estas podem acomodar um conjunto limpo de bibliotecas usadas para cada aplicação pelo respetivo programador original, independentemente das fornecidas por Debian.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The inherent risk of running external binaries can be reduced by using the <ulink url="&sandboxenvironment;">sandbox environment</ulink> which leverages modern Linux security features (see <xref linkend="_linux_security_features"/>).
pt: O risco inerente de executar binários externos pode ser reduzido usando o <ulink url="&sandboxenvironment;">ambiente sandbox</ulink> que aproveita os recursos modernos de segurança do Linux (veja <xref linkend="_linux_security_features"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: For binaries from AppImage and some upstream sites, run them in <ulink url="&firejail;"> firejail </ulink> with <ulink url="&manualconfiguration;">manual configuration</ulink>.
pt: Para binários do AppImage e de alguns sites upstream, execute-os no <ulink url="&firejail;"> firejail </ulink> com <ulink url="&manualconfiguration;">configuração manual</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: For binaries from FLATHUB, run them in <ulink url="&flatpak;"> Flatpak </ulink>. (No manual configuration required.)
pt: Para binários do FLATHUB, execute-os no <ulink url="&flatpak;"> Flatpak </ulink>. (Não é necessária nenhuma configuração manual.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: For binaries from snapcraft, run them in <ulink url="&snap;"> Snap </ulink>. (No manual configuration required. Compatible with daemon programs.)
pt: Para binários do snapcraft, execute-os no <ulink url="&snap;"> Snap </ulink>. (Não é necessária configuração manual. Compatível com programas daemon.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The <literal>xdg-desktop-portal</literal> package provides a standardized API to common desktop features.  See <ulink url="&xdgdesktopportalflatpak;"> xdg-desktop-portal (flatpak) </ulink> and <ulink url="&xdgdesktopportalsnap;"> xdg-desktop-portal (snap) </ulink>.
pt: O pacote <literal>xdg-desktop-portal</literal> fornece uma API padronizada para recursos comuns de desktop.  Veja <ulink url="&xdgdesktopportalflatpak;"> xdg-desktop-portal (flatpak) </ulink> e <ulink url="&xdgdesktopportalsnap;"> xdg-desktop-portal (snap) </ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of notable sandbox environment and related packages
pt: Lista de ambientes sandbox notáveis e pacotes relacionados

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&flatpak;">Flatpak</ulink> application deployment framework for desktop apps
pt: Estrutura de implantação de aplicações <ulink url="&flatpak;">Flatpak</ulink> para aplicações de ambiente de trabalho

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Flatpak support for GNOME Software
pt: Suporte Flatpak para o software GNOME

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Daemon and tooling that enable <ulink url="&snap;">snap</ulink> packages
pt: Daemon e ferramentas que habilitam pacotes <ulink url="&snap;">snap</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Snap support for GNOME Software
pt: Suporte Snap para o software GNOME

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: desktop integration portal for Flatpak and Snap
pt: portal de integração no ambiente de trabalho para Flatpak e Snap

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&xdgdesktopportalckendforgtkgnome;"> xdg-desktop-portal backend for gtk (GNOME) </ulink>
pt: <ulink url="&xdgdesktopportalckendforgtkgnome;"> backend xdg-desktop-portal para gtk (GNOME) </ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&xdgdesktopportalbackendforqtkde;"> xdg-desktop-portal backend for Qt (KDE) </ulink>
pt: <ulink url="&xdgdesktopportalbackendforqtkde;"> backend do xdg-desktop-portal para Qt (KDE) </ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&xdgdesktopportalorwlrootswayland;"> xdg-desktop-portal backend for wlroots (Wayland) </ulink>
pt: <ulink url="&xdgdesktopportalorwlrootswayland;"> backend do xdg-desktop-portal para wlroots (Wayland) </ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: a SUID security sandbox program <ulink url="&firejail;">firejail</ulink> for use with <ulink url="&appimage;">AppImage</ulink>
pt: um programa de segurança sandbox SUID <ulink url="&firejail;">firejail</ulink> para uso com o <ulink url="&appimage;">AppImage</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: This sandbox environment technology is very much like apps on smart phone OS where apps are executed under controlled resource accesses.
pt: Esta tecnologia de espaço isolado "sandbox" é muito semelhante às aplicações no sistema operativo dos telefones inteligentes, em que as aplicações são executadas com acessos controlados aos recursos.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Some large GUI applications such as web browsers on Debian also use sandbox environment technology internally to make them more secure.
pt: Algumas aplicações GUI grandes tais como navegadores web em Debian também usam a tecnologia de ambiente sandbox internamente para torná-los mais seguros.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Remote desktop
pt: Área de trabalho remota

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><para>
en: Access to the desktop and applications which use Wayland protocol and run on the remote host is supported by the <ulink url="&gnomeremotedesktop;">GNOME Remote Desktop</ulink> on the remote host through <ulink url="&vnc;">VNC</ulink> or <ulink url="&rdp;">RDP</ulink> to the local client.
pt: O acesso ao ambiente de trabalho e às aplicações que utilizam o protocolo Wayland e são executadas no anfitrião remoto é suportado pelo <ulink url="&gnomeremotedesktop;">Ambiente de Trabalho Remoto GNOME</ulink> no anfitrião remoto através de <ulink url="&vnc;">VNC</ulink> ou <ulink url="&rdp;">RDP</ulink> para o cliente local.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><para>
en: Access to the desktop capabilities of all QEMU virtual machines is supported by the <ulink url="&spicethesimpleprtingenvironments;">SPICE (the Simple Protocol for Independent Computing Environments)</ulink> protocol.
pt: O acesso às capacidades de ambiente de trabalho de todas as máquinas virtuais QEMU é suportado pelo protocolo <ulink url="&spicethesimpleprtingenvironments;">SPICE (Simple Protocol for Independent Computing Environments)</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of notable remote access server
pt: Lista de servidores de acesso remoto notáveis

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: protocols
pt: protocolos

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&gnomeremotedesktop;">GNOME Remote Desktop</ulink> server
pt: Servidor de <ulink url="&gnomeremotedesktop;">Ambiente de Trabalho Remoto GNOME</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&xrdp;">xrdp</ulink>, Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) server
pt: <ulink url="&xrdp;">xrdp</ulink>, servidor de Protocolo de Ambiente de Trabalho Remoto (RDP)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&xbbvnc;">x11vnc</ulink>, Remote Framebuffer Protocol (VNC) server
pt: <ulink url="&xbbvnc;">x11vnc</ulink>, servidor VNC (Remote Framebuffer Protocol)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&tigervnc;">TigerVNC</ulink>, Remote Framebuffer Protocol (VNC) server
pt: <ulink url="&tigervnc;">TigerVNC</ulink>, servidor VNC (Remote Framebuffer Protocol)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&gnomeremotedesktopclient;">GNOME remote desktop client</ulink>
pt: <ulink url="&gnomeremotedesktopclient;">Cliente de ambiente de trabalho remoto GNOME</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&vinagregnomeremotedesktopclient;">Vinagre: GNOME remote desktop client</ulink>
pt: <ulink url="&vinagregnomeremotedesktopclient;">Vinagre: cliente de área de trabalho remota GNOME</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&remminagtkremotedesktopclient;">Remmina: GTK remote desktop client</ulink>
pt: <ulink url="&remminagtkremotedesktopclient;">Remmina: cliente de ambiente de trabalho remoto GTK</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&krdckderemotedesktopclient;">KRDC: KDE remote desktop client</ulink>
pt: <ulink url="&krdckderemotedesktopclient;">KRDC: cliente de área de trabalho remota do KDE</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&virtualmachinemanager;">Virtual Machine Manager</ulink>'s GUI display client of guest OS
pt: Cliente de visualização GUI do <ulink url="&virtualmachinemanager;">Gestor de Máquina Virtual</ulink> do SO convidado

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: X server connection
pt: Ligação ao servidor X

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: There are several ways to connect from an application on a remote host to the X server including <literal>xwayland</literal> on the local host.
pt: Existem várias formas de ligar uma aplicação num anfitrião remoto ao servidor X, incluindo o <literal>xwayland</literal> no anfitrião local.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of connection methods to the X server
pt: Lista de métodos de ligação ao servidor X

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>sshd</literal> with option <literal>X11-forwarding</literal>
pt: <literal>sshd</literal> com a opção <literal>X11-forwarding</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&ssh;">SSH</ulink> server (secure)
pt: <ulink url="&ssh;">SSH</ulink> servidor (seguro)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&ssh;">SSH</ulink> client (secure)
pt: <ulink url="&ssh;">SSH</ulink> cliente (seguro)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: X authority file utility
pt: Utilitário de ficheiro de autoridade X

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: server access control for X
pt: controlo de acesso do servidor para X

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: X server local connection
pt: Ligação local do servidor X

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Access to the local X server by the local applications which use X core protocol can be locally connected through a local UNIX domain socket.  This can be authorized by the authority file holding <ulink url="&accesscookie;">access cookie</ulink>. The authority file location is identified by the "<literal>$XAUTHORITY</literal>" environment variable and X display is identified by the "<literal>$DISPLAY</literal>" environment variable.  Since these are normally set automatically, no special action is needed, e.g. "<literal>gitk</literal>" as the following.
pt: O acesso ao servidor X local por parte das aplicações locais que utilizam o protocolo X core pode ser ligado localmente através de um socket de domínio UNIX local.  Isto pode ser autorizado pelo ficheiro de autoridade que contém o <ulink url="&accesscookie;">cookie de acesso</ulink>. A localização do ficheiro de autoridade é identificada pela variável de ambiente "<literal>$XAUTHORITY</literal>" e o ecrã X é identificado pela variável de ambiente "<literal>$DISPLAY</literal>".  Uma vez que estas são normalmente definidas automaticamente, não é necessária nenhuma ação especial, e.g. "<literal>gitk</literal>" como o seguinte.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: For <literal>xwayland</literal>, <literal>XAUTHORITY</literal> holds value like "<literal>/run/user/1000/.mutter-Xwaylandauth.YVSU30</literal>".
pt: Para <literal>xwayland</literal>, <literal>XAUTHORITY</literal> tem um valor como "<literal>/run/user/1000/.mutter-Xwaylandauth.YVSU30</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: X server remote connection
pt: Ligação remota ao servidor X

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Access to the local X server display from the remote applications which use X core protocol is supported by using the X11 forwarding feature.
pt: O acesso ao ecrã do servidor X local a partir das aplicações remotas que utilizam o protocolo central X é suportado através da utilização da funcionalidade de reencaminhamento X11.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Open an <literal>gnome-terminal</literal> on the local host.
pt: Abrir um <literal>gnome-terminal</literal> na máquina local.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Run <literal>ssh</literal>(1) with <literal>-X</literal> option to establish a connection with the remote site as the following.
pt: Execute <literal>ssh</literal>(1) com a opção <literal>-X</literal> para estabelecer uma ligação com o sítio remoto, como se segue.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Run an X application command, e.g. "<literal>gitk</literal>", on the remote site as the following.
pt: Execute um comando de aplicação X, ex. "<literal>gitk</literal>", no site remoto com o seguinte.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This method can display the output from a remote X client as if it were locally connected through a local UNIX domain socket.
pt: Este método pode mostrar o resultado de um cliente X remoto como se ele estivesse ligado localmente através de um socket de domínio UNIX local.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See <xref linkend="_the_remote_access_server_and_utilities_ssh"/> for SSH/SSHD.
pt: Veja <xref linkend="_the_remote_access_server_and_utilities_ssh"/> para SSH/SSHD.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
en: A remote <ulink url="&tcp;">TCP</ulink>/<ulink url="&ip;">IP</ulink> connection to the X server is disabled by default on the Debian system for security reasons.  Don't enable them by simply setting "<literal>xhost +</literal>" nor by enabling <ulink url="&xdmcpconnection;">XDMCP connection</ulink>, if you can avoid it.
pt: Uma ligação <ulink url="&tcp;">TCP</ulink><ulink url="&ip;">/IP</ulink> remota ao servidor X está desativada por omissão no sistema Debian por razões de segurança.  Não as ative definindo simplesmente "<literal>xhost +</literal>" nem ativando <ulink url="&xdmcpconnection;">a ligação XDMCP</ulink>, se o puder evitar.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: X server chroot connection
pt: Ligação chroot do servidor X

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Access to the X server by the applications which use X core protocol and run on the same host but in an environment such as chroot where the authority file is not accessible, can be authorized securely with <literal>xhost</literal> by using the <ulink url="&userbasedaccess;">User-based access</ulink>, e.g. "<literal>gitk</literal>" as the following.
pt: O acesso ao servidor X por parte das aplicações que utilizam o protocolo central X e que são executadas no mesmo anfitrião, mas num ambiente como o chroot, onde o ficheiro de autoridade não está acessível, pode ser autorizado de forma segura com o <literal>xhost</literal>, utilizando o <ulink url="&userbasedaccess;">acesso baseado no utilizador</ulink>, por exemplo, "<literal>gitk</literal>" como o seguinte.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Clipboard
pt: Área de transferência (Clipboard)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: For clipping text to clipboard, see <xref linkend="_mouse_operations"/>.
pt: Para recortar texto para a área de transferência, ver <xref linkend="_mouse_operations"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: For clipping graphics to clipboard, see <xref linkend="_graphic_data_tools"/>.
pt: Para recortar gráficos para a área de transferência, consulte <xref linkend="_graphic_data_tools"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Some CLI commands can manipulate character clipboard (PRIMARY and CLIPBOARD), too.
pt: Alguns comandos CLI também podem manipular a área de transferência de caracteres (PRIMARY e CLIPBOARD).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of programs related to manipulating character clipboard
pt: Lista de programas relacionados com a manipulação da área de transferência de caracteres

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: target
pt: alvo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: command line interface to X selections (clipboard)
pt: interface de linha de comandos para seleções X (área de transferência)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>wl-copy</literal> <literal>wl-paste</literal>: command line interface to <ulink url="&waylandclipboard;">Wayland clipboard</ulink>
pt: <literal>wl-copy</literal> <literal>wl-paste</literal>: interface de linha de comando para a <ulink url="&waylandclipboard;">área de transferência do Wayland</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Linux console
pt: Consola do Linux

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: a daemon that captures mouse events on Linux console
pt: um daemon que captura eventos do rato na consola Linux

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
en: I18N and L10N
pt: I18N e L10N

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
en: <ulink url="&multilingualizatelanguagesupport;">Multilingualization (M17N) or Native Language Support</ulink> for an application software is done in 2 steps.
pt: O <ulink url="&multilingualizatelanguagesupport;">Multilingualization (M17N) ou Suporte de Linguagem Nativa</ulink> para um software de aplicação é feito em 2 passos.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Internationalization (I18N): To make a software potentially handle multiple locales.
pt: Internationalization (I18N): Para fazer com que o software lide potencialmente com múltiplos locales.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Localization (L10N): To make a software handle an specific locale.
pt: Localization (L10N): Tornar o software útil num locale específico.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><tip><para>
en: There are 17, 18, or 10 letters between "m" and "n", "i" and "n", or "l" and "n" in multilingualization, internationalization, and localization which correspond to M17N, I18N, and L10N. See <ulink url="&internationalizanandlocalization;">Internationalization and localization</ulink> for details.
pt: Existem 17, 18 ou 10 letras entre "m" e "n", "i" e "n", ou "l" e "n" na multi-linguagem, internacionalização e localização, que correspondem a M17N, I18N e L10N. Consulte <ulink url="&internationalizanandlocalization;">Internacionalização e localização</ulink> para obter detalhes.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: The locale
pt: O locale

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The behavior of programs supporting internationalization are configured by the environment variable "<literal>$LANG</literal>" to support localization.  Actual support of locale dependent features by the <literal>libc</literal> library requires to install <literal>locales</literal> or <literal>locales-all</literal> packages.  The <literal>locales</literal> package requires to be initialized properly.
pt: O comportamento dos programas que suportam a internacionalização é configurado pela variável de ambiente "<literal>$LANG</literal>" para suportar a localização.  O suporte de funcionalidades dependentes da configuração regional pela biblioteca <literal>libc</literal> requer a instalação dos pacotes <literal>locales</literal> ou <literal>locales-all</literal>.  O pacote <literal>locales</literal> necessita de ser inicializado corretamente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: If neither <literal>locales</literal> or <literal>locales-all</literal> package are installed, support of locale features are lost and system uses US English messages and handles data as <emphasis role="strong">ASCII</emphasis>.  This behavior is the same way as "<literal>$LANG</literal>" is set by "<literal>LANG=</literal>", "<literal>LANG=C</literal>", or "<literal>LANG=POSIX</literal>".
pt: Se nem o pacote <literal>locales</literal> nem o pacote <literal>locales-all</literal> estiverem instalados, o suporte a funcionalidades regionais perde-se e o sistema utiliza mensagens em inglês dos EUA e trata os dados como <emphasis role="strong">ASCII</emphasis>.  Este comportamento é o mesmo que "<literal>$LANG</literal>" é definido por "<literal>LANG=</literal>", "<literal>LANG=C</literal>", ou "<literal>LANG=POSIX</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The modern software such as GNOME and KDE are multilingualized.  They are internationalized by making them handle <ulink url="&utfi;">UTF-8</ulink> data and localized by providing their translated messages through the <literal>gettext</literal>(1) infrastructure.  Translated messages may be provided as separate localization packages.
pt: O software moderno como o GNOME e o KDE são multilingue. Eles são internacionalizados ao fazê-los lidar com dados <ulink url="&utfi;">UTF-8</ulink> e localizados ao disponibilizar as suas mensagens traduzidas através da infraestrutura <literal>gettext</literal>(1). As mensagens traduzidas podem ser disponibilizadas em pacotes de configuração local independentes.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The current Debian desktop GUI system normally sets the locale under GUI environment as "<literal>LANG=xx_YY.UTF-8</literal>".  Here, "<literal>xx</literal>" is <ulink url="&isogdjlanguagecodes;">ISO 639 language codes</ulink> and "<literal>YY</literal>" is <ulink url="&isodbggcountrycodes;">ISO 3166 country codes</ulink>.  These values are set by the desktop configuration GUI dialogue and change the program behavior.  See <xref linkend="_the_literal_lang_literal_variable"/>
pt: O atual sistema GUI de área de trabalho Debian normalmente define a configuração regional sob o ambiente GUI como "<literal>LANG=xx_YY.UTF-8</literal>".  Aqui, "<literal>xx</literal>" são <ulink url="&isogdjlanguagecodes;">códigos de idioma ISO 639</ulink> e "<literal>YY</literal>" são <ulink url="&isodbggcountrycodes;">códigos de país ISO 3166</ulink>.  Estes valores são definidos pela caixa de diálogo GUI de configuração do ambiente de trabalho e alteram o comportamento do programa.  Veja <xref linkend="_the_literal_lang_literal_variable"/>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Rationale for UTF-8 locale
pt: Fundamentos para o locale UTF-8

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The simplest representation of the text data is <emphasis role="strong">ASCII</emphasis> which is sufficient for English and uses less than 127 characters (representable with 7 bits).
pt: A representação mais simples dos dados de texto é o <emphasis role="strong">ASCII</emphasis>, que é suficiente para o inglês e utiliza menos de 127 caracteres (representáveis com 7 bits).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Even plain English text may contain non-ASCII characters, e.g. slightly curly left and right quotation marks are not available in ASCII.
pt: Mesmo o Inglês simples pode conter caracteres não-ASCII, ex. as marcas de citação esquerda e direita ligeiramente curvas não estão disponíveis em ASCII.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: In order to support more characters, many character sets and encoding systems have been used to support many languages (see <xref linkend="list-of-encoding-values"/>).
pt: A fim de suportar mais caracteres, foram utilizados muitos conjuntos de caracteres e sistemas de codificação para suportar muitas línguas (ver <xref linkend="list-of-encoding-values"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <ulink url="&unicode;">Unicode</ulink> character set can represent practically all characters known to human with 21 bit code point range (i.e., 0 to 10FFFF in hexadecimal notation).
pt: O conjunto de caracteres <ulink url="&unicode;">Unicode</ulink> pode representar praticamente todos os caracteres conhecidos pelo ser humano com uma gama de pontos de código de 21 bits (ou seja, de 0 a 10FFFF em notação hexadecimal).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Text encoding system <ulink url="&utfi;">UTF-8</ulink> fits Unicode code points into a sensible 8 bit data stream mostly compatible with the ASCII data processing system.  This makes <emphasis role="strong">UTF-8</emphasis> the modern preferred choice.  <emphasis role="strong">UTF</emphasis> stands for Unicode Transformation Format.  When <ulink url="&ascii;">ASCII</ulink> plain text data is converted to <ulink url="&utfi;">UTF-8</ulink> one, it has exactly the same content and size as the original ASCII one.  So you loose nothing by deploying UTF-8 locale.
pt: O sistema de codificação de texto <ulink url="&utfi;">UTF-8</ulink> adapta os pontos de código Unicode a um fluxo de dados de 8 bits sensato, compatível sobretudo com o sistema de processamento de dados ASCII.  Este facto torna o <emphasis role="strong">UTF-8</emphasis> a escolha mais moderna e preferida.  <emphasis role="strong">UTF</emphasis> significa Unicode Transformation Format (Formato de Transformação Unicode).  Quando os dados de texto simples <ulink url="&ascii;">ASCII</ulink> são convertidos para <ulink url="&utfi;">UTF-8</ulink>, têm exatamente o mesmo conteúdo e tamanho que o ASCII original.  Por isso, não perde nada ao implementar a configuração regional UTF-8.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Under <ulink url="&utfi;">UTF-8</ulink> locale with the compatible application program, you can display and edit any foreign language text data as long as required fonts and input methods are installed and enabled.  For example under "<literal>LANG=fr_FR.UTF-8</literal>" locale, <literal>gedit</literal>(1) (text editor for the GNOME desktop) can display and edit Chinese character text data while presenting menus in French.
pt: Sob a configurações regionais <ulink url="&utfi;">UTF-8</ulink> com programa de aplicação compatível, pode apresentar e editar dados de texto em qualquer língua estrangeira desde que as fontes e os métodos de introdução necessários estejam instalados e ativados.  Por exemplo, sob a configuração regional "<literal>LANG=fr_FR.UTF-8</literal>", o <literal>gedit</literal>(1) (editor de texto para o ambiente de trabalho GNOME) pode mostrar e editar dados de texto em caracteres chineses enquanto apresenta menus em francês.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Both the new standard "<literal>en_US.UTF-8</literal>" locale and the old standard "<literal>C</literal>"/"<literal>POSIX</literal>" locale use the standard US English message, they have subtle differences in sorting order etc.  If you want to handle not only ASCII characters but also handle all UTF-8 encoded characters gracefully while maintaining the old "<literal>C</literal>" local behavior, use the non-standard "<literal>C.UTF-8</literal>" locale on Debian.
pt: Tanto a nova configuração regional padrão "<literal>en_US.UTF-8</literal>" como a antiga configuração regional padrão "<literal>C</literal>"/"<literal>POSIX</literal>" utilizam a mensagem padrão do Inglês dos EUA, têm diferenças subtis na ordem de ordenação, etc.  Se quiser lidar não só com caracteres ASCII mas também com todos os caracteres codificados em UTF-8 graciosamente enquanto mantém o antigo comportamento local "<literal>C</literal>", use em Debian a configuração regional não-padrão "<literal>C.UTF-8</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: Some programs consume more memory after supporting I18N.  This is because they are coded to use <ulink url="&utfdcucse;">UTF-32(UCS4)</ulink> internally to support Unicode for speed optimization and consume 4 bytes per each ASCII character data independent of locale selected.  Again, you loose nothing by deploying UTF-8 locale.
pt: Alguns programas consomem mais memória após suportarem I18N. Isto é porque estão codificados para usar <ulink url="&utfdcucse;">UTF-32(UCS4)</ulink> internamente para suportar Unicode para optimização de velocidade e consomem 4 bytes por cada caractere ASCII independentemente do locale selcionado. Mais uma vez, não perde nada ao implantar o locale UTF-8.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The reconfiguration of the locale
pt: A reconfiguração do locale

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: In order for the system to access a particular locale, the locale data must be compiled from the locale database.
pt: Para que o sistema aceda a uma determinada configuração regional, os dados dessa localização devem ser compilados a partir da base de dados das configurações regionais.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <literal>locales</literal> package does <emphasis role="strong">not</emphasis> come with pre-compiled locale data.  You need to configure it as:
pt: O pacote <literal>locales</literal> <emphasis role="strong">não</emphasis> vem com dados de localidade pré-compilados.  É necessário configurá-lo como:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This process involves 2 steps.
pt: Este processo involve 2 passos.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Select all required locale data to be compiled into the binary form. (Please make sure to include at least one UTF-8 locale)
pt: Selecione todas as configurações regionais necessárias para serem compiladas no formato binário. (Certifique-se de que inclui pelo menos uma configuração UTF-8)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Set the system wide default locale value by creating "<literal>/etc/default/locale</literal>" for use by PAM (see <xref linkend="_pam_and_nss"/>).
pt: Definir a configuração regional predefinida de todo o sistema em "<literal>/etc/default/locale</literal>" para usar com o PAM (veja <xref linkend="_pam_and_nss"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The system wide default locale value set in "<literal>/etc/default/locale</literal>" may be overridden by the GUI configuration for GUI applications.
pt: O valor da configuração regional por defeito do sistema definido em "<literal>/etc/default/locale</literal>" pode ser substituído pela configuração GUI para aplicações GUI.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: Actual traditional encoding system can be identified by "<literal>/usr/share/i18n/SUPPORTED</literal>".  Thus, the "<literal>LANG=en_US</literal>" is "<literal>LANG=en_US.ISO-8859-1</literal>".
pt: O sistema de codificação tradicional atual pode ser identificado por "<literal>/usr/share/i18n/SUPPORTED</literal>".  Assim, "<literal>LANG=pt_US</literal>" é "<literal>LANG=pt_US.ISO-8859-1</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <literal>locales-all</literal> package comes with pre-compiled locale data for all locale data.  Since it doesn't create "<literal>/etc/default/locale</literal>", you may still need to install the <literal>locales</literal> package, too.
pt: O pacote <literal>locales-all</literal> vem com dados de regionais pré-compilados para todos os dados de região.  Uma vez que não cria o ficheiro "<literal>/etc/default/locale</literal>", poderá ter de instalar também o pacote <literal>locales</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: The <literal>locales</literal> package of some Debian derivative distributions come with pre-compiled locale data for all locale data. You need to install both <literal>locales</literal> and <literal>locales-all</literal> packages on Debian to emulate such system environment.
pt: O pacote <literal>locales</literal> de algumas distribuições derivadas de Debian vêm com dados da configuração de região pré-compilados para todos os dados regionais. Você precisa de instalar ambos os pacotes <literal>locales</literal> e <literal>locales-all</literal> em Debian para emular esse ambiente de sistema.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Filename encoding
pt: Codificação de nomes de ficheiros

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For cross platform data exchanges (see <xref linkend="_removable_storage_device"/>), you may need to mount some filesystem with particular encodings.  For example, <literal>mount</literal>(8) for <ulink url="&vfatfilesystem;">vfat filesystem</ulink> assumes <ulink url="&cpedh;">CP437</ulink> if used without option.  You need to provide explicit mount option to use <ulink url="&utfi;">UTF-8</ulink> or <ulink url="&cpjdc;">CP932</ulink> for filenames.
pt: Para troca de dados entre plataformas (veja <xref linkend="_removable_storage_device"/>), pode precisar de montar algum sistema de ficheiros com codificações particulares. por exemplo, o <literal>mount</literal>(8) para <ulink url="&vfatfilesystem;">sistema de ficheiros vfat</ulink> assume <ulink url="&cpedh;">CP437</ulink> se usado sem opção. Precisa de fornecer uma opção explícita de montagem para usar <ulink url="&utfi;">UTF-8</ulink> ou <ulink url="&cpjdc;">CP932</ulink> para os nomes dos ficheiros.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: When auto-mounting a hot-pluggable USB memory stick under modern desktop environment such as GNOME, you may provide such mount option by right clicking the icon on the desktop, click "Drive" tab, click to expand "Setting", and entering "utf8" to "Mount options:".  The next time this memory stick is mounted, mount with UTF-8 is enabled.
pt: Quando se monta automaticamente uma caneta de memória USB sob ambientes de trabalho modernos como o GNOME, pode fornecer tal opção de montagem ao clicar com o botão direito no ícone no ambiente de trabalho, clique no separador "Drive", clique para expandir "Definições" e insira "utf8" nas "Opções de montagem:". Não próxima vez que esta caneta de memória for montada, está activa a montagem com UTF-8.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: If you are upgrading system or moving disk drives from older non-UTF-8 system, file names with non-ASCII characters may be encoded in the historic and deprecated encodings such as <ulink url="&isoiifjb;">ISO-8859-1</ulink> or <ulink url="&eucjp;">eucJP</ulink>.  Please seek help of text conversion tools to convert them to <ulink url="&utfi;">UTF-8</ulink>. See <xref linkend="_text_data_conversion_tools"/>.
pt: Se está a atualizar o sistema ou a mover os discos de um sistema antigo não-UTF-8, os nomes de ficheiros com caracteres não-ASCII podem ser codificados com as codificações históricas e obsoletas como a <ulink url="&isoiifjb;">ISO-8859-1</ulink> ou <ulink url="&eucjp;">eucJP</ulink>. por favor procure a ajuda de ferramentas de conversão de texto para convertê-los para <ulink url="&utfi;">UTF-8</ulink>. Veja <xref linkend="_text_data_conversion_tools"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <ulink url="&samba;">Samba</ulink> uses Unicode for newer clients (Windows NT, 200x, XP) but uses <ulink url="&cpifa;">CP850</ulink> for older clients (DOS and Windows 9x/Me) as default.  This default for older clients can be changed using "<literal>dos charset</literal>" in the "<literal>/etc/samba/smb.conf</literal>" file, e.g., to <ulink url="&cpjdc;">CP932</ulink> for Japanese.
pt: O <ulink url="&samba;">Samba</ulink> usa Unicode para os clientes mais recentes (Windows NT, 200x, XP) mas usa <ulink url="&cpifa;">CP850</ulink> para os clientes mais antigos (DOS e Windows 9x/Me) por predefinição. Esta predefinição para os clientes mais antigos pode ser alterada a usar "<literal>dos charset</literal>" no ficheiro "<literal>/etc/samba/smb.conf</literal>" por exemplo para <ulink url="&cpjdc;">CP932</ulink> para Japonês.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Localized messages and translated documentation
pt: Mensagens localizadas e documentação traduzida

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Translations exist for many of the text messages and documents that are displayed in the Debian system, such as error messages, standard program output, menus, and manual pages.  <ulink url="&gnugettextbcommandtoolchain;">GNU gettext(1) command tool chain</ulink> is used as the backend tool for most translation activities.
pt: Existem traduções para muitas das mensagens de texto e documentos que são mostrados no sistema Debian, tais como as mensagens de erro, as saídas normais dos programas, os menus e os manuais. A <ulink url="&gnugettextbcommandtoolchain;">cadeia de ferramentas de comandos gettext(1) do GNU</ulink> é usada como a ferramenta backend para a maioria das atividades de tradução.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Under "Tasks" → "Localization" <literal>aptitude</literal>(8) provides an extensive list of useful binary packages which add localized messages to applications and provide translated documentation.
pt: Sob "Tarefas" → "Localização" o <literal>aptitude</literal>(8) disponibiliza uma lista extensa de pacotes binários úteis que adicionam mensagens localizadas às aplicações e fornecem documentação traduzida.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For example, you can obtain the localized message for manpage by installing the <literal>manpages-<emphasis>LANG</emphasis></literal> package. To read the Italian-language manpage for <emphasis>programname</emphasis> from "<literal>/usr/share/man/it/</literal>", execute as the following.
pt: Por exemplo, pode obter as mensagens localizadas para os manuais ao instalar o pacote <literal>manpages-<emphasis>LANG</emphasis></literal>. Para ler o manual em linguagem Italiana para o <emphasis>nome_do_programa</emphasis> a partir de "<literal>/usr/share/man/it/</literal>", execute o seguinte.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: GNU gettext can accommodate priority list of translation languages with <literal>$LANGUAGE</literal> environment variable. For example:
pt: O GNU gettext pode acomodar uma lista prioritária de idiomas de tradução com a variável de ambiente <literal>$LANGUAGE</literal>. Por exemplo:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For more, see <literal>info gettext</literal> and read the section "The LANGUAGE variable".
pt: Para mais informações, consulte <literal>info gettext</literal> e leia a secção "A variável LANGUAGE".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Effects of the locale
pt: Efeitos do locale

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The sort order of characters with <literal>sort</literal>(1) and <literal>ls</literal>(1) are affected by the locale. Exporting <literal>LANG=en_US.UTF-8</literal> sorts in the dictionary <literal>A-&gt;a-&gt;B-&gt;b...-&gt;Z-&gt;z</literal> order, while exporting <literal>LANG=C.UTF-8</literal> sorts in ASCII binary <literal>A-&gt;B-&gt;...-&gt;Z-&gt;a-&gt;b...</literal> order.
pt: A ordem de ordenação dos caracteres com <literal>sort</literal>(1) e <literal>ls</literal>(1) é afetada pelas configurações regionais. Exportando <literal>LANG=en_US.UTF-8</literal> ordena pelo dicionário <literal>A-&gt;a-&gt;B-&gt;b...-&gt;Z-&gt;z</literal>, enquanto a exportação de <literal>LANG=C.UTF-8</literal> ordena na ordem binária <literal>A-&gt;B-&gt;...-&gt;Z-&gt;a-&gt;b...</literal> do dicionário.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The date format of <literal>ls</literal>(1) is affected by the locale (see <xref linkend="_customized_display_of_time_and_date"/>).
pt: O formato de data de <literal>ls</literal>(1) é afetado pela configuração regional (ver <xref linkend="_customized_display_of_time_and_date"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The date format of <literal>date</literal>(1) is affected by the locale.  For example:
pt: O formato de data de <literal>date</literal>(1) é afetado pela configuração regional.  Por exemplo:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Number punctuation are different for locales.  For example, in English locale, one thousand point one is displayed as "<literal>1,000.1</literal>" while in German locale, it is displayed as "<literal>1.000,1</literal>".  You may see this difference in spreadsheet program.
pt: As pontuações numéricas são diferentes consoante as configurações locais. Por exemplo, na configuração regional Inglês, mil virgula um é mostrado como "<literal>1,000.1</literal>" enquanto na configuração regional Alemão é mostrado como <literal>1.000,1</literal>". Pode ver esta diferença num programa de folha de cálculo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Each detail feature of "<literal>$LANG</literal>" environment variable may be overridden by setting "<literal>$LC_*</literal>" variables.  These environment variables can be overridden again by setting "<literal>$LC_ALL</literal>" variable.  See <literal>locale</literal>(7) manpage for the details.  Unless you have strong reason to create complicated configuration, please stay away from them and use only "<literal>$LANG</literal>" variable set to one of the UTF-8 locales.
pt: Cada caraterística pormenorizada da variável de ambiente "<literal>$LANG</literal>" pode ser substituída pela definição das variáveis "<literal>$LC_*</literal>".  Estas variáveis de ambiente podem ser substituídas novamente pela definição da variável "<literal>$LC_ALL</literal>".  Veja a página de manual do <literal>locale</literal>(7) para mais detalhes.  A não ser que tenha uma razão forte para criar configurações complicadas, por favor mantenha-se afastado delas e use apenas a variável "<literal>$LANG</literal>" definida para uma das configurações regionais UTF-8.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: The keyboard input
pt: A entrada do teclado

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The keyboard input for Linux console and X Window
pt: A entrada de teclado para a consola Linux e o X Window

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The Debian system can be configured to work with many international keyboard arrangements using the <literal>keyboard-configuration</literal> and <literal>console-setup</literal> packages.
pt: O sistema Debian pode ser configurado para funcionar com muitas disposições internacionais de teclado a usar os pacotes <literal>keyboard-configuration</literal> e <literal>console-setup</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For the Linux console and the X Window system, this updates configuration parameters in "<literal>/etc/default/keyboard</literal>" and "<literal>/etc/default/console-setup</literal>". This also configures the Linux console font.  Many non-ASCII characters including accented characters used by many European languages can be made available with <ulink url="&deadkey;">dead key</ulink>, <ulink url="&altgrkey;">AltGr key</ulink>, and <ulink url="&composekey;">compose key</ulink>.
pt: Para a consola Linux e o sistema X Window, isto atualiza os parâmetros de configuração em "<literal>/etc/default/keyboard</literal>" e "<literal>/etc/default/console-setup</literal>". Isto também configura a fonte da consola Linux.  Muitos caracteres não-ASCII incluindo caracteres acentuados usados por muitas línguas europeias podem ser disponibilizados com a <ulink url="&deadkey;">tecla dead</ulink>, a <ulink url="&altgrkey;">tecla AltGr</ulink>, e a <ulink url="&composekey;">tecla compose</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The keyboard input for Wayland
pt: A entrada de teclado para o Wayland

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For GNOME on Wayland desktop system, <xref linkend="_the_keyboard_input_for_linux_console_and_x_window"/> can't support non-English European languages.  <ulink url="&ibus;">IBus</ulink> was made to support not only Asian languages but also European languages.  The package dependency of GNOME desktop Environment recommends "<literal>ibus</literal>" via "<literal>gnome-shell</literal>".  The code of "<literal>ibus</literal>" has been updated to integrate <literal>setxkbmap</literal> and XKB option functionalities.  You need to configure <literal>ibus</literal> from "GNOME Settings" or "GNOME Tweaks" for the multilingualized keyboard input.
pt: Para o GNOME no sistema de ambiente de trabalho Wayland, o <xref linkend="_the_keyboard_input_for_linux_console_and_x_window"/> não suporta idiomas europeus que não sejam ingleses.  <ulink url="&ibus;">O IBus</ulink> foi criado para suportar não apenas idiomas asiáticos, mas também idiomas europeus.  A dependência de pacotes do Ambiente de Trabalho GNOME recomenda o "<literal>ibus</literal>" através do "<literal>gnome-shell</literal>".  O código do "<literal>ibus</literal>" foi atualizado para integrar as funcionalidades das opções <literal>setxkbmap</literal> e XKB.  É necessário configurar o <literal>ibus</literal> em "Configurações do GNOME" ou "Ajustes do GNOME" para a entrada de teclado multilíngua.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: If ibus is active, your classic X keyboard configuration by the <literal>setxkbmap</literal> may be overridden by <literal>ibus</literal> even under classic X-based desktop environment.  You can disable installed <literal>ibus</literal> using <literal>im-config</literal> to set input method to "None".  For more, see <ulink url="&debianwikionkeyboard;">Debian Wiki on keyboard</ulink>.
pt: Se o ibus estiver ativo, a sua configuração clássica do teclado X através do <literal>setxkbmap</literal> pode ser sobreposta pelo <literal>ibus</literal> mesmo sob o ambiente de trabalho clássico baseado no X.  Pode desativar o <literal>ibus</literal> instalado utilizando o <literal>im-config</literal> para definir o método de entrada para "None".  Para mais, veja <ulink url="&debianwikionkeyboard;">Debian Wiki sobre teclado</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The input method support with IBus
pt: O suporte a método de entrada com IBus

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Since GNOME desktop Environment recommends "<literal>ibus</literal>" via "<literal>gnome-shell</literal>", "<literal>ibus</literal>" is the good choice for input method.
pt: Uma vez que o ambiente de trabalho GNOME recomenda "<literal>ibus</literal>" através de "<literal>gnome-shell</literal>", "<literal>ibus</literal>" é a melhor escolha para o método de entrada.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Multilingual input to the application is processed as:
pt: Entrada multilingue para a aplicação é processada como:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The list of IBus and its engine packages are the following.
pt: A lista do IBus e dos seus pacotes de motores é a seguinte.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of IBus and its engine packages
pt: Lista do IBus e dos seus pacotes de motores

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: supported locale
pt: locale suportado

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: input method framework using dbus
pt: estrutura de método de entrada que usa dbus

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Japanese
pt: Japonês

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Chinese (for zh_CN)
pt: Chinês (para zh_CN)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: , , (for zh_TW)
pt: , , (para zh_TW)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Korean
pt: Coreano

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Vietnamese
pt: Vietnamita

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Multilingual: <ulink url="&keyman;">Keyman</ulink> engine for over 2000 languages
pt: Multilingue: motor <ulink url="&keyman;">Keyman</ulink> para mais de 2000 idiomas

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: table engine for IBus
pt: motor de tabela para IBus

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Multilingual: Indic, Arabic and others
pt: Multilingue: Indiano, Árabe e outros

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: additional widgets for Plasma 5 containing Keyboard Indicator
pt: widgets adicionais para o Plasma 5 que contêm o indicador de teclado

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: For Chinese, "<literal>fcitx5</literal>" may be an alternative input method framework.  For Emacs aficionados, "<literal>uim</literal>" may be an alternative.  Either cases, you may need to do extra manual configuration with <literal>im-config</literal>.  Some old classic <ulink url="&inputmethods;">input methods</ulink> such as "<literal>kinput2</literal>" may still exist in Debian repository but are not recommended for the modern environment.
pt: Para os chineses, "<literal>fcitx5</literal>" pode ser uma estrutura de método de entrada alternativa.  Para os aficionados do Emacs, "<literal>uim</literal>" pode ser uma alternativa.  Em ambos os casos, pode ser necessário fazer uma configuração manual extra com o <literal>im-config</literal>.  Alguns <ulink url="&inputmethods;">métodos de entrada</ulink> clássicos antigos tais como "<literal>kinput2</literal>" podem ainda existir no repositório Debian mas não são recomendados para o ambiente moderno.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: An example for Japanese
pt: Um exemplo para Japonês

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: I find the Japanese input method started under English environment ("<literal>en_US.UTF-8</literal>") very useful.  Here is how I did this with IBus for GNOME on Wayland:
pt: Acho muito útil o método de entrada de Japonês começado sob ambiente Inglês "<literal>en_US.UTF-8</literal>"). Aqui está como fiz isto com o IBus para GNOME em Wayland:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Install the Japanese input tool package <literal>ibus-mozc</literal> (or <literal>ibus-anthy</literal>) with its recommended packages such as <literal>im-config</literal>.
pt: Instale o pacote de ferramentas de entrada em japonês <literal>ibus-mozc</literal> (ou <literal>ibus-anthy</literal>) com os seus pacotes recomendados, como o <literal>im-config</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Select "Settings" → "Keyboard" → "Input Sources" → click "<literal>+</literal>" in "Input Sources" → "Japanese" → "Japanese mozc (or anthy)" and click "Add" if it hasn't been activated.
pt: Selecione "Definições" → "Teclado" → "Fontes de Introdução" → clique em "<literal>+</literal>" em "..." → "Outro" → "Japonês" e clique "Adicionar".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: You may chose as many input sources.
pt: Pode escolher tantas fontes de entrada quantas desejar.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Relogin to user's account.
pt: Voltar a fazer login na conta do utilizador.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Setup each input source by right clicking the GUI toolbar icon.
pt: Configure cada fonte de entrada clicando com o botão direito do rato no ícone da barra de ferramentas GUI.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Switch among installed input sources by SUPER-SPACE. (SUPER is normally the Windows key.)
pt: Alterne entre as fontes de entrada instaladas com SUPER-ESPAÇO. (SUPER é normalmente a Tecla Windows.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: If you wish to have access to alphabet only keyboard environment with the physical Japanese keyboard on which shift-<literal>2</literal> has <literal>"</literal> (double quotation mark) engraved, you select "Japanese" in the above procedure.  You can enter Japanese using "Japanese mozc (or anthy)" with physical "US" keyboard on which shift-<literal>2</literal> has <literal>@</literal> (at mark) engraved.
pt: Se pretender aceder ao ambiente de teclado só com o alfabeto com o teclado físico japonês no qual o <literal>shift-2</literal> tem gravado <literal>"</literal> (aspas duplas), selecione "Japonês" no procedimento acima.  Pode introduzir a língua japonesa utilizando "Japanese mozc (ou anthy)" com o teclado físico "US" no qual o shift-<literal>2</literal> tem gravado <literal>@</literal> (arroba).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The GUI menu entry for <literal>im-config</literal>(8) is "Input method".
pt: A entrada do menu GUI para <literal>im-config</literal>(8) é "Input method" (Método de entrada).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Alternatively, execute "<literal>im-config</literal>" from user's shell.
pt: Em alternativa, execute "<literal>"im-config</literal>" a partir da shell do utilizador.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>im-config</literal>(8) behaves differently if command is executed from root or not.
pt: O <literal>im-config</literal>(8) comporta-se de modo diferente se o comando for executado pelo root ou não.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>im-config</literal>(8) enables the best input method on the system as default without any user actions.
pt: <literal>im-config</literal>(8) activa o melhor método de entrada do sistema e é predefinido sem qualquer acção do utilizador.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: The display output
pt: O ecrã de resultados

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Linux console can only display limited characters.  (You need to use special terminal program such as <literal>jfbterm</literal>(1) to display non-European languages on the non-GUI console.)
pt: A consola do Linux apenas pode mostrar caracteres limitados. (Precisa usar programas de terminal especiais como o <literal>jfbterm</literal>(1) para mostrar linguagens não-Europeias numa consola não GUI.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: GUI environment (<xref linkend="_gui_system"/>) can display any characters in the UTF-8 as long as required fonts are installed and enabled. (The encoding of the original font data is taken care and transparent to the user.)
pt: O ambiente GUI (<xref linkend="_gui_system"/>) pode apresentar quaisquer caracteres em UTF-8, desde que as fontes necessárias estejam instaladas e ativadas. (A codificação dos dados originais do tipo de letra é tratada e transparente para o utilizador.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: East Asian Ambiguous Character Width Characters
pt: Caracteres Asiáticos de Leste de Altura Ambígua

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Under the East Asian locale, the box drawing, Greek, and Cyrillic characters may be displayed wider than your desired width to cause the unaligned terminal output (see <ulink url="&unicodestandardannexbb;">Unicode Standard Annex #11</ulink>).
pt: Em localizações ao leste da Asia, o desenhar de caixa, os caracteres Gregos e Cirílicos podem aparecer mais largos que o desejado e causarem o desalinhamento da saída do terminal (veja <ulink url="&unicodestandardannexbb;">Unicode Standard Annex #11</ulink>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: You can work around this problem:
pt: Pode contornar este problema:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>gnome-terminal</literal>: Preferences → Profiles → <emphasis>Profile name</emphasis> → Compatibility → Ambiguous-wide characters → Narrow
pt: <literal>gnome-terminal</literal>: Preferências → Perfis → <emphasis>nome do perfil</emphasis> → Compatibilidade → Caracteres de Largura Ambígua → Estreito

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>ncurses</literal>: Set environment <literal>export NCURSES_NO_UTF8_ACS=0</literal>.
pt: <literal>ncurses</literal>: Define ambiente <literal>export NCURSES_NO_UTF8_ACS=0</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
en: System tips
pt: Dicas do sistema

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
en: Here, I describe basic tips to configure and manage systems, mostly from the console.
pt: Aqui, descrevo dicas básicas para configurar e gerir sistemas, a maioria a partir da consola.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: The console tips
pt: As dicas da consola

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: There are some utility programs to help your console activities.
pt: Existem alguns programas utilitários para ajudar as atividades da consola.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of programs to support console activities
pt: Lista de programas de apoio às atividades da consola

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: See <xref linkend="_midnight_commander_mc"/>
pt: Veja <xref linkend="_midnight_commander_mc"/>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>script</literal>(1) command to make a record of terminal session
pt: <literal>script</literal>(1) comando para fazer um registo da sessão de terminal

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: terminal multiplexer with VT100/ANSI terminal emulation
pt: terminal multiplexador com emulação de terminal VT100/ANSI

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: terminal multiplexer alternative (Use "Control-B" instead)
pt: multiplexador alternativo de terminal (Use "Control-B" em vez disto)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: fuzzy text finder
pt: localizador de texto difuso

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: readline feature command line wrapper
pt: funcionalidade de revestimento e histórico da linha de comando

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: fast recursive string search in the source code tree with automatic filtering
pt: pesquisa rápida e recursiva de cadeias de caracteres na árvore de código-fonte com filtragem automática

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Recording the shell activities cleanly
pt: Gravar as atividades da shell de modo limpo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The simple use of <literal>script</literal>(1) (see <xref linkend="_recording_the_shell_activities"/>) to record shell activity produces a file with control characters.  This can be avoided by using <literal>col</literal>(1) as the following.
pt: O uso simples de <literal>script</literal>(1) (veja <xref linkend="_recording_the_shell_activities"/>) para gravar a atividade da shell produz um ficheiro com caracteres de controle. Isto pode ser evitado ao usar o <literal>col</literal>(1) como o seguinte.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Do whatever … and press <literal>Ctrl-D</literal> to exit <literal>script</literal>.
pt: Faça o que tem a fazer ... e carregue em <literal>Ctrl-D</literal> para terminar o <literal>script</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There are alternative methods to record the shell activities:
pt: Existem métodos alternativos para registar as atividades da shell:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Use <literal>tee</literal> (usable during the boot process in the initramfs):
pt: Use <literal>tee</literal> (utilizável durante o processo de arranque no initramfs):

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Use <literal>gnome-terminal</literal> with the extend line buffer for scrollback.
pt: Use o <literal>gnome-terminal</literal> com a memória intermédia de linha estendida para conseguir rolar para trás.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Use <literal>screen</literal> with "<literal>^A H</literal>" (see <xref linkend="_the_screen_program"/>) to perform recording of console.
pt: Utilize o <literal>ecrã</literal> com "<literal>^A H</literal>" (ver <xref linkend="_the_screen_program"/>) para efetuar a gravação da consola.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Use <literal>vim</literal> with "<literal>:terminal</literal>" to enter the terminal mode.  Use "<literal>Ctrl-W N</literal>" to exit from terminal mode to normal mode.  Use "<literal>:w typescript</literal>" to write the buffer to a file.
pt: Utilize o <literal>vim</literal> com "<literal>:terminal</literal>" para entrar no modo de terminal.  Use "<literal>Ctrl-W N</literal>" para sair do modo terminal para o modo normal.  Utilize "<literal>:w typescript</literal>" para escrever a memória intermédia num ficheiro.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Use <literal>emacs</literal> with "<literal>M-x shell</literal>", "<literal>M-x eshell</literal>", or "<literal>M-x term</literal>" to enter recording console.  Use "<literal>C-x C-w</literal>" to write the buffer to a file.
pt: Use o <literal>emacs</literal> com "<literal>M-x shell</literal>", "<literal>M-x eshell</literal>", ou "<literal>M-x term</literal>" para entrar na consola de gravação.  Use"<literal>C-x C-w</literal>" para escrever a memória intermédia para um ficheiro.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The screen program
pt: O programa screen

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <literal>screen</literal>(1) not only allows one terminal window to work with multiple processes, but also allows <emphasis role="strong">remote shell process to survive interrupted connections</emphasis>.  Here is a typical use scenario of <literal>screen</literal>(1).
pt: O <literal>screen</literal>(1) não apenas permite que uma janela terminal funcione com múltiplos processos, mas também permite que os <emphasis role="strong">processos de shell remota sobrevivam a ligações interrompidas</emphasis>. Aqui está um cenário típico de utilização do <literal>screen</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: You login to a remote machine.
pt: Faz login numa máquina remota.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: You start <literal>screen</literal> on a single console.
pt: Arranca o <literal>screen</literal> numa consola única.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: You execute multiple programs in <literal>screen</literal> windows created with <literal>^A c</literal> ("Control-A" followed by "c").
pt: Executa múltiplos programas na janela criada do <literal>screen</literal> com <literal>^A c</literal> ("Ctrl-A" seguido de "c").

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: You switch among the multiple <literal>screen</literal> windows by <literal>^A n</literal> ("Control-A" followed by "n").
pt: Muda entre as múltiplas janelas do <literal>screen</literal> com <literal>^A n</literal> ("Ctrl-A" seguido de "n").

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Suddenly you need to leave your terminal, but you don't want to lose your active work by keeping the connection.
pt: Subitamente precisa de abandonar o seu terminal, mas não quer perder o seu trabalho ativo a manter a ligação.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: You may <emphasis role="strong">detach</emphasis> the <literal>screen</literal> session by any methods.
pt: Pode <emphasis role="strong">separar</emphasis> a sessão do <literal>screen</literal> por quaisquer métodos.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Brutally unplug your network connection
pt: Desligar a sua ligação de rede à bruta

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Type <literal>^A d</literal> ("Control-A" followed by "d") and manually logging out from the remote connection
pt: Escrever <literal>^A d</literal> ("Ctrl-A" seguido de "d") e manualmente terminar a sessão da ligação remota

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Type <literal>^A DD</literal> ("Control-A" followed by "DD") to have <literal>screen</literal> detach and log you out
pt: Escrever <literal>^A DD</literal> ("Ctrl-A" seguido de "DD") para separar o <literal>screen</literal> e terminar a sua sessão

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: You log in again to the same remote machine (even from a different terminal).
pt: Faz login de novo à mesma máquina remota (mesmo a partir de um terminal diferente).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: You start <literal>screen</literal> as "<literal>screen -r</literal>".
pt: Inicia o <literal>screen</literal> como "<literal>screen -r</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>screen</literal> magically <emphasis role="strong">reattaches</emphasis> all previous <literal>screen</literal> windows with all actively running programs.
pt: O <literal>screen</literal> magicamente <emphasis role="strong">reagrupa</emphasis> todas as janelas <literal>screen</literal> anteriores com todos os programas a funcionar activamente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: You can save connection fees with <literal>screen</literal> for metered network connections such as dial-up and packet ones, because you can leave a process active while disconnected, and then re-attach it later when you connect again.
pt: Pode poupar despesas de ligação com o <literal>screen</literal> em ligações de rede medidas 'a metro' como as dial-up, porque pode deixar um processo ativo enquanto desligado e depois lhe re-ligar-se mais tarde quando ligar de novo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: In a <literal>screen</literal> session, all keyboard inputs are sent to your current window except for the command keystroke.  All <literal>screen</literal> command keystrokes are entered by typing <literal>^A</literal> ("Control-A") plus a single key [plus any parameters].  Here are important ones to remember.
pt: Numa sessão do <literal>screen</literal>, todas as entradas do teclado são enviadas à sua janela atual excepto as teclas de comandos. Todas as teclas de comando do <literal>screen</literal> são inseridas ao escrever <literal>^A</literal> ("Control-A") mais uma única tecla [mais quaisquer parâmetros]. Aqui estão alguns importantes para fazer lembrar.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of key bindings for screen
pt: Lista de ligações de teclas para o screen

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: show a help screen (display key bindings)
pt: mostra um écran de ajuda (mostra as teclas de atalho)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: create a new window and switch to it
pt: cria uma nova janela e muda para lá

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: go to next window
pt: vai à janela seguinte

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: go to previous window
pt: vai à janela anterior

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: go to window number 0
pt: vaia à janela número 0

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: go to window number 1
pt: vai à janela número 1

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: show a list of windows
pt: mostra uma lista de janelas

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: send a Ctrl-A to current window as keyboard input
pt: envia Ctrl-A à janela atual como entrada do teclado

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: write a hardcopy of current window to file
pt: escreve uma cópia física da janela atual para um ficheiro

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: begin/end logging current window to file
pt: inicia/termina o registo da janela atual para um ficheiro

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: lock the terminal (password protected)
pt: bloqueia o terminal (protegido por palavra-passe)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: detach screen session from the terminal
pt: separa a sessão do ecrã do terminal

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: detach screen session and log out
pt: separa a sessão do ecrã e termina a sessão

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See <literal>screen</literal>(1) for details.
pt: Veja <literal>screen</literal>(1) para detalhes.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See <literal>tmux</literal>(1) for functionalities of the alternative command.
pt: Veja <literal>tmux</literal>(1) para as funcionalidades do comando alternativo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Navigating around directories
pt: Navegando nos diretórios

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: In <xref linkend="_customizing_bash"/>, 2 tips to allow quick navigation around directories are described: <literal>$CDPATH</literal> and <literal>mc</literal>.
pt: Em <xref linkend="_customizing_bash"/>, são descritas 2 dicas para permitir uma navegação rápida pelos diretórios: <literal>$CDPATH</literal> e <literal>mc</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you use fuzzy text filter program, you can do without typing the exact path.  For <literal>fzf</literal>, include following in <literal>~/.bashrc</literal>.
pt: Se utilizar o programa de filtragem de texto fuzzy, pode fazê-lo sem escrever o caminho exato.  Para o <literal>fzf</literal>, inclua o seguinte em <literal>~/.bashrc</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For example:
pt: Por exemplo:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: You can jump to a very deep subdirectory with minimal efforts.  You first type "<literal>cd **</literal>" and press <literal>Tab</literal>.  Then you will be prompted with candidate paths.  Typing in partial path strings, e.g., <literal>s/d/b foo</literal>, will narrow down candidate paths.  You select the path to be used by <literal>cd</literal> with cursor and return keys.
pt: Pode saltar para um sub-diretório muito profundo com esforço mínimo.  Primeiro, escreva<literal>"cd **</literal>" e prima <literal>Tab</literal>.  Em seguida, ser-lhe-ão solicitados os caminhos candidatos.  Escrever uma sequência de caminhos parciais, e.g., <literal>s/d/b foo</literal>, irá reduzir os caminhos candidatos.  Você seleciona o caminho a ser utilizado por <literal>cd</literal> com o cursor e as teclas de retorno.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: You can select a command from the command history more efficiently with minimal efforts.  You press <literal>Ctrl-R</literal> at the command prompt.  Then you will be prompted with candidate commands.  Typing in partial command strings, e.g., <literal>vim d</literal>, will narrow down candidates.  You select the one to be used with cursor and return keys.
pt: É possível selecionar um comando do histórico de comandos de forma mais eficiente e com o mínimo de esforço.  Prima <literal>Ctrl-R</literal> na linha de comandos.  Em seguida, ser-lhe-ão apresentados os comandos candidatos.  Escrever cadeias de comandos parciais, e.g., <literal>vim d</literal>, irá reduzir os candidatos.  Seleciona o comando a ser utilizado com as teclas de cursor e de retorno.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Readline wrapper
pt: Revestimento da linha de leitura

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Some commands such as <literal>/usr/bin/dash</literal> which lacks command line history editing capability can add such functionality transparently by running under <literal>rlwrap</literal> or its equivalents.
pt: Alguns comandos, como o <literal>/usr/bin/dash</literal>, que não tem capacidade de edição do histórico da linha de comandos, podem adicionar essa funcionalidade de forma transparente ao serem executados sob o <literal>rlwrap</literal> ou seus equivalentes.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This provides convenient platform to test subtle points for <literal>dash</literal> with friendly <literal>bash</literal>-like environment.
pt: Isto fornece uma plataforma conveniente para testar pontos subtis para <literal>dash</literal> com um ambiente amigável semelhante ao <literal>bash</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Scanning the source code tree
pt: Verificação da árvore de código-fonte

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <literal>rg</literal>(1) command in the <literal>ripgrep</literal> package offers a faster alternative to the <literal>grep</literal>(1) command for scanning the source code tree for typical situation.  It takes advantage of modern multi-core CPUs and automatically applies reasonable filters to skip some files.
pt: O comando <literal>rg</literal>(1) do pacote <literal>ripgrep</literal> oferece uma alternativa mais rápida ao comando <literal>grep</literal>(1) para varrer a árvore de código-fonte em situações típicas.  Ele tira vantagem das modernas CPUs multi-core e automaticamente aplica filtros razoáveis para pular alguns arquivos.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Customizing vim
pt: Personalizar o vim

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: After you learn basics of <literal>vim</literal>(1) through <xref linkend="_using_vim"/>, please read Bram Moolenaar's "<ulink url="&sevenhabitsofeffetexteditingcaaa;">Seven habits of effective text editing (2000)</ulink>" to understand how <literal>vim</literal> should be used.
pt: Depois de aprender as noções básicas do <literal>vim</literal>(1) através do <xref linkend="_using_vim"/>, por favor leia o livro de Bram Moolenaar "<ulink url="&sevenhabitsofeffetexteditingcaaa;">Seven habits of effective text editing (2000)</ulink>" para compreender como o <literal>vim</literal> deve ser utilizado.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Customizing vim with internal features
pt: Personalizando o vim com recursos internos

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The behavior of <literal>vim</literal> can be changed significantly by enabling its internal features through the <literal>Ex</literal>-mode commands such as "<literal>set ...</literal>" to set vim options.
pt: O comportamento do <literal>vim</literal> pode ser alterado significativamente ativando as suas caraterísticas internas através dos comandos do modo <literal>Ex</literal> tais como "<literal>set ...</literal>" para definir as opções do vim.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
en: More elaborate customization examples: "<ulink url="&vimgalore;">Vim Galore</ulink>", "<ulink url="&sensiblevim;">sensible.vim</ulink>", ...
pt: Exemplos de personalização mais elaborados: "<ulink url="&vimgalore;">Vim Galore</ulink>",<ulink url="&sensiblevim;">"sensible.vim</ulink>", ...

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: These <literal>Ex</literal>-mode commands can be included in user's vimrc file, traditional "<literal>~/.vimrc</literal>" or git-friendly "<literal>~/.vim/vimrc</literal>".  Here is a very simple example <placeholder type="footnote" id="0"/>:
pt: Estes comandos em modo <literal>Ex</literal> podem ser incluídos no ficheiro vimrc do utilizador, no tradicional "<literal>~/.vimrc</literal>" ou no git-friendly "<literal>~/.vim/vimrc</literal>".  Aqui está um exemplo muito simples <placeholder type="footnote" id="0"/>:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The keymap of <literal>vim</literal> can be changed in user's vimrc file.  E.g.:
pt: O mapa de teclas do <literal>vim</literal> pode ser alterado no ficheiro vimrc do utilizador.  Por exemplo:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: Don't try to change the default key bindings without very good reasons.
pt: Não tente alterar os atalhos de teclas predefinidos sem ter boas razões para o fazer.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: In order for the above keybindings to function properly, the terminal program needs to be configured to generate "ASCII DEL" for <literal>Backspace</literal>-key and "Escape sequence" for <literal>Delete</literal>-key.
pt: Para que as combinações de teclas acima funcionem corretamente, o programa do terminal tem de ser configurado para gerar "ASCII DEL" para a tecla <literal>Backspace</literal> e "Escape sequence" para a tecla <literal>Delete</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Other miscellaneous configuration can be changed in user's vimrc file.  E.g.:
pt: Outras configurações diversas podem ser alteradas no ficheiro vimrc do utilizador.  Por exemplo:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Customizing vim with external packages
pt: Personalizando o vim com pacotes externos

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Interesting external plugin packages can be found:
pt: Podem ser encontrados pacotes de plug-ins externos interessantes:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&vimtheubiquitoustexteditor;"> Vim - the ubiquitous text editor </ulink> -- The official upstream site of Vim and vim scripts
pt: <ulink url="&vimtheubiquitoustexteditor;"> Vim - o editor de texto ubíquo </ulink> -- O site oficial do Vim e dos scripts vim

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&vimawsome;"> VimAwsome </ulink> -- The listing of Vim plugins
pt: <ulink url="&vimawsome;"> VimAwsome </ulink> -- A listagem de plugins Vim

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&vimscripts;">vim-scripts</ulink> -- Debian package: a collection of vim scripts
pt: <ulink url="&vimscripts;">vim-scripts</ulink> -- Pacote Debian: uma coleção de scripts vim

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Plugin packages in the <ulink url="&vimscripts;">vim-scripts</ulink> package can be enabled using user's vimrc file.  E.g.:
pt: Os pacotes de plugins no pacote <ulink url="&vimscripts;">vim-scripts</ulink> podem ser ativados usando o ficheiro vimrc do utilizador.  Por exemplo:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The new native Vim package system works nicely with "<literal>git</literal>" and "<literal>git submodule</literal>".  One such example configuration can be found at <ulink url="&mygitrepositorydotvim;">my git repository: dot-vim</ulink>.  This does essentially:
pt: O novo sistema de pacotes nativo do Vim funciona muito bem com "<literal>git</literal>" e "<literal>git submodule</literal>".  Um exemplo de configuração pode ser encontrado no <ulink url="&mygitrepositorydotvim;">meu repositório git: dot-vim</ulink>.  Isto faz essencialmente o seguinte:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: By using "<literal>git</literal>" and "<literal>git submodule</literal>", latest external packages, such as "<literal><emphasis>name</emphasis></literal>", are placed into <literal>~/.vim/pack/*/opt/<emphasis>name</emphasis></literal> and similar.
pt: Ao utilizar "<literal>git</literal>" e "<literal>git submodule</literal>", os pacotes externos mais recentes, tais como "<literal><emphasis>name</emphasis></literal>", são colocados em <literal>~/.vim/pack/*/opt/<emphasis>name</emphasis></literal> e similares.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: By adding <literal>:packadd! <emphasis>name</emphasis></literal> line to user's vimrc file, these packages are placed on <literal>runtimepath</literal>.
pt: Ao adicionar <literal>:packadd! <emphasis>name</emphasis></literal> ao ficheiro vimrc do utilizador, estes pacotes são colocados no <literal>runtimepath</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Vim loads these packages on <literal>runtimepath</literal> during its initialization.
pt: O Vim carrega estes pacotes no <literal>runtimepath</literal> durante a sua inicialização.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: At the end of its initialization, tags for the installed documents are updated with "<literal>helptags ALL</literal>".
pt: No final da sua inicialização, as etiquetas dos documentos instalados são atualizadas com "<literal>helptags ALL</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For more, please start <literal>vim</literal> with "<literal>vim --startuptime vimstart.log</literal>" to check actual execution sequence and time spent for each step.
pt: Para mais, por favor inicie o <literal>vim</literal> com<literal>"vim --startuptime vimstart.log</literal>" para verificar a sequência de execução atual e o tempo gasto em cada passo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
en: <ulink url="&vimpathogen;">vim-pathogen</ulink> was popular.
pt: <ulink url="&vimpathogen;">vim-pathogen</ulink> foi popular.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: It is quite confusing to see too many ways<placeholder type="footnote" id="0"/> to manage and load these external packages to <literal>vim</literal>.  Checking the original information is the best cure.
pt: É bastante confuso ver demasiadas formas<placeholder type="footnote" id="0"/> de gerir e carregar estes pacotes externos para o <literal>vim</literal>.  Verificar a informação original é a melhor solução.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: Information on the initialization of <literal>vim</literal>
pt: Informações sobre a inicialização do <literal>vim</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: information
pt: informação

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: explanation on the vim package mechanism
pt: explicação sobre o mecanismo de pacotes do vim

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: explanation on the <literal>runtimepath</literal> mechanism
pt: explicação sobre o mecanismo de <literal>runtimepath</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: internal states including candidates for the vimrc file
pt: estados internos incluindo candidatos para o ficheiro vimrc

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: the environment variable "<literal>$VIM</literal>" used to locate the vimrc file
pt: a variável de ambiente "<literal>$VIM</literal>" utilizada para localizar o ficheiro vimrc

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: list of directories which will be searched for all runtime support files
pt: lista de diretórios que serão pesquisados para todos os ficheiros de suporte de tempo de execução

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: the environment variable "<literal>$VIMRUNTIME</literal>" used to locate various system provided runtime support files
pt: a variável de ambiente "<literal>$VIMRUNTIME</literal>" utilizada para localizar vários ficheiros de suporte de tempo de execução fornecidos pelo sistema

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Data recording and presentation
pt: Gravação de dados e apresentação

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The log daemon
pt: O daemon de log

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Many traditional programs record their activities in the text file format under the "<literal>/var/log/</literal>" directory.
pt: Muitos programas tradicionais registam as suas atividades no formato de ficheiro de texto no diretório "<literal>/var/log/</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <literal>logrotate</literal>(8) is used to simplify the administration of log files on a system which generates a lot of log files.
pt: <literal>logrotate</literal>(8) é utilizado para simplificar a administração de ficheiros de registo num sistema que gera muitos ficheiros de registo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Many new programs record their activities in the binary file format using <literal>systemd-journald</literal>(8) Journal service under the "<literal>/var/log/journal</literal>" directory.
pt: Muitos programas novos registam as suas atividades no formato de ficheiro binário utilizando o serviço de diário <literal>systemd-journald</literal>(8) no diretório "<literal>/var/log/journal</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can log data to the <literal>systemd-journald</literal>(8) Journal from a shell script by using the <literal>systemd-cat</literal>(1) command.
pt: É possível registar dados no diário <literal>systemd-journald</literal>(8) a partir de um script shell utilizando o comando <literal>systemd-cat</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See <xref linkend="_the_system_message"/> and <xref linkend="_the_kernel_message"/>.
pt: Veja <xref linkend="_the_system_message"/> e <xref linkend="_the_kernel_message"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Log analyzer
pt: Analisador de relatório (Log)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here are notable log analyzers ("<literal>~Gsecurity::log-analyzer</literal>" in <literal>aptitude</literal>(8)).
pt: Aqui estão analisadores de relatórios notáveis ("<literal>~Gsecurity::log-analyzer</literal>" no <literal>aptitude</literal>(8)).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of system log analyzers
pt: Lista de analisadores de log do sistema

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: log analyzer with nice output written in Perl
pt: analisador de log com saída bonita escrito em Perl

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: web server log analyzer
pt: analisador de log do servidor web

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: powerful and featureful web server log analyzer
pt: analisador de logs de servidor web poderoso e cheio de funcionalidades

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: squid analysis report generator
pt: gerador de relatórios de análises do squid

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Postfix log entry summarizer
pt: resumidor de entradas do relatório do Postfix

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: firewall log analyzer
pt: analisador de log da firewall

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: monitor and analyze squid access.log files
pt: monitoriza e analisa ficheiros access.log do squid

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: log file viewer with regexp matching, highlighting, and hooks
pt: visualizador de ficheiros de registo com correspondência de expressões regulares, destaque e hooks

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Controllable Regex Mutilator and Spam Filter (CRM114)
pt: Mutilador de Expressões Regulares Controlável e Filtro de Spam (CRM114)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: interpret ICMP messages
pt: interpretar mensagens ICMP

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: <ulink url="&crmbbe;">CRM114</ulink> provides language infrastructure to write <emphasis role="strong">fuzzy</emphasis> filters with the <ulink url="&treregexlibrary;">TRE regex library</ulink>.  Its popular use is spam mail filter but it can be used as log analyzer.
pt: <ulink url="&crmbbe;">CRM114</ulink> disponibiliza uma infraestrutura de linguagem para escrever filtros <emphasis role="strong">fuzzy</emphasis> com a <ulink url="&treregexlibrary;">biblioteca de expressões regulares TRE</ulink>. O uso popular dela é o filtro de spam de mail, mas pode ser usado como um analisador de registos.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Customized display of text data
pt: Amostragem personalizada de dados em texto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Although pager tools such as <literal>more</literal>(1) and <literal>less</literal>(1) (see <xref linkend="_the_pager"/>) and custom tools for highlighting and formatting (see <xref linkend="_highlighting_and_formatting_plain_text_data"/>) can display text data nicely, general purpose editors (see <xref linkend="_the_text_editor"/>) are most versatile and customizable.
pt: Apesar de ferramentas paginadoras com o <literal>more</literal>(1) e <literal>less</literal>(1) (veja <xref linkend="_the_pager"/>) e ferramentas personalizadas para destaque e formatação (veja <xref linkend="_highlighting_and_formatting_plain_text_data"/>) poderem mostrar dados de texto muito bem, os editores de objetivos gerais (veja <xref linkend="_the_text_editor"/>) são mais versáteis e personalizáveis.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: For <literal>vim</literal>(1) and its pager mode alias <literal>view</literal>(1), "<literal>:set hls</literal>" enables highlighted search.
pt: Para o <literal>vim</literal>(1) e o aliás de modo paginador dele <literal>view</literal>(1), "<literal>:set hls</literal>" ativa pesquisas destacadas.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Customized display of time and date
pt: Amostragem personalizada de hora e data

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The default display format of time and date by the "<literal>ls -l</literal>" command depends on the <emphasis role="strong">locale</emphasis> (see <xref linkend="_timestamps"/> for value).  The "<literal>$LANG</literal>" variable is referred first and it can be overridden by the "<literal>$LC_TIME</literal>" or "<literal>$LC_ALL</literal>" exported environment variables.
pt: O formato de apresentação predefinido da hora e da data pelo comando "<literal>ls -l</literal>" depende do <emphasis role="strong">configuração regional</emphasis> (consulte <xref linkend="_timestamps"/> para obter o valor).  A variável "<literal>$LANG</literal>" é referida em primeiro lugar e pode ser substituída pelas variáveis de ambiente exportadas "<literal>$LC_TIME</literal>" ou "<literal>$LC_ALL</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The actual default display format for each locale depends on the version of the standard C library (the <literal>libc6</literal> package) used.  I.e., different releases of Debian had different defaults.  For iso-formats, see <ulink url="&isoigab;">ISO 8601</ulink>.
pt: O atual formato de apresentação por omissão para cada configuração regional depende da versão da biblioteca C standard (o pacote <literal>libc6</literal> ) utilizada.  Isto é, diferentes lançamentos Debian têm diferentes predefinições.  Para formatos iso, veja <ulink url="&isoigab;">ISO 8601</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you really wish to customize this display format of time and date beyond the <emphasis role="strong">locale</emphasis>, you should set the <emphasis role="strong">time style value</emphasis> by the "<literal>--time-style</literal>" argument or by the "<literal>$TIME_STYLE</literal>" value (see <literal>ls</literal>(1), <literal>date</literal>(1), "<literal>info coreutils 'ls invocation'</literal>").
pt: Se deseja realmente personalizar este formato de amostragem da hora e data para além do <emphasis role="strong">locale</emphasis>, deve definir o <emphasis role="strong">valor de estilo de hora</emphasis> com o argumento "<literal>--time-style</literal>" ou com o valor "<literal>$TIME_STYLE</literal>" (veja <literal>ls</literal>(1), <literal>date</literal>(1), "<literal>info coreutils 'ls invocation'</literal>").

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: Display examples of time and date for the "<literal>ls -l</literal>" command with the <emphasis role="strong">time style value</emphasis>
pt: Mostrar exemplos de hora e data para o comando "<literal>ls -l</literal>" com o valor de <emphasis role="strong">estilo de hora</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: time style value
pt: valor do estilo de hora

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: locale
pt: localização

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: display of time and date
pt: mostra a hora e data

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: any
pt: qualquer

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>C</literal> or <literal>en_US.UTF-8</literal>
pt: <literal>C</literal> ou <literal>en_US.UTF-8</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: You can eliminate typing long option on commandline using command alias (see <xref linkend="_command_alias"/>):
pt: Pode eliminar a digitação de uma opção longa na linha de comando utilizando um alias de comando (ver <xref linkend="_command_alias"/>):

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Colorized shell echo
pt: Echo de shell colorido

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Shell echo to most modern terminals can be colorized using <ulink url="&ansiescapecode;">ANSI escape code</ulink> (see "<literal>/usr/share/doc/xterm/ctlseqs.txt.gz</literal>").
pt: A escrita da shell nos terminais mais modernos pode ser colorida a usar <ulink url="&ansiescapecode;">código de escape de ANSI</ulink> (veja "<literal>/usr/share/doc/xterm/ctlseqs.txt.gz</literal>").

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Colorized commands
pt: Comandos coloridos

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Colorized commands are handy for inspecting their output in the interactive environment.  I include the following in my "<literal>~/.bashrc</literal>".
pt: Comandos coloridos são úteis para inspeccionar os seus resultados no ambiente interativo. Incluí o seguinte no meu "<literal>~/.bashrc</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The use of alias limits color effects to the interactive command usage.  It has advantage over exporting environment variable "<literal>export GREP_OPTIONS='--color=auto'</literal>" since color can be seen under pager programs such as <literal>less</literal>(1).  If you wish to suppress color when piping to other programs, use "<literal>--color=auto</literal>" instead in the above example for "<literal>~/.bashrc</literal>".
pt: O uso de alias limita os efeitos coloridos da utilização interactiva do comando. Tem vantagem sobre exportar a variável de ambiente "<literal>export GREP_OPTIONS='--color=auto'</literal>" porque a cor pode ser vista sob programas paginadores como o <literal>less</literal>(1). Se deseja suprimir a cor quando canaliza (pipe) para outros programas, use antes "<literal>--color=auto</literal>" no exemplo em cima para "<literal>~/.bashrc</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: You can turn off these colorizing aliases in the interactive environment by invoking shell with "<literal>TERM=dumb bash</literal>".
pt: Pode desligar estes nomes alternativos coloridos no ambiente interativo ao invocar a shell com "<literal>TERM=dumb bash</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Recording the editor activities for complex repeats
pt: Recordar as atividades do editor para repetições complexas

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can record the editor activities for complex repeats.
pt: Pode recordar as atividades do editor para repetições complexas.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For <ulink url="&vim;">Vim</ulink>, as follows.
pt: Para o <ulink url="&vim;">Vim</ulink>, como a seguir.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>qa</literal>": start recording typed characters into named register "<literal>a</literal>".
pt: "<literal>qa</literal>": inicia a gravação de caracteres teclados no registo nomeado "<literal>a</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: … editor activities
pt: ... atividades do editor

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>q</literal>": end recording typed characters.
pt: "<literal>q</literal>": termina a gravação de caracteres escritos.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>@a</literal>": execute the contents of register "<literal>a</literal>".
pt: "<literal>@a</literal>": executa o conteúdo do registo "<literal>a</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For <ulink url="&emacs;">Emacs</ulink>, as follows.
pt: Para <ulink url="&emacs;">Emacs</ulink>, como a seguir.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>C-x (</literal>": start defining a keyboard macro.
pt: "<literal>C-x (</literal>": começa a definir uma macro de teclado.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>C-x )</literal>": end defining a keyboard macro.
pt: "<literal>C-x )</literal>": termina de definir uma macro de teclado.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>C-x e</literal>": execute a keyboard macro.
pt: "<literal>C-x e</literal>": executa uma macro de teclado.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Recording the graphics image of an X application
pt: Gravar a imagem gráfica de uma aplicação X

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There are few ways to record the graphics image of an X application, including an <literal>xterm</literal> display.
pt: Existem algumas maneiras de gravar a imagem gráfica de uma aplicação X, a incluir um ecrã <literal>xterm</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of graphics image manipulation tools
pt: Lista de ferramentas gráficas de manipulação de imagens

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: screen
pt: ecrã

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: screenshot application for GNOME
pt: aplicação de captura de ecrã para GNOME

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: screenshot application on steroid
pt: aplicação de captura de ecrã com esteróides

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: screenshot in GUI menu
pt: captura de ecrã no menu GUI

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Recording changes in configuration files
pt: Gravar alterações em ficheiros de configuração

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There are specialized tools to record changes in configuration files with help of DVCS and to make system snapshots on <ulink url="&btrfs;">Btrfs</ulink>.
pt: Existem ferramentas especializadas para registar alterações nos ficheiros de configuração com a ajuda do DVCS e para criar instantâneos do sistema no <ulink url="&btrfs;">Btrfs</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of packages which can record configuration history
pt: Lista de pacotes que podem registar o histórico de configuração

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: store configuration files and their metadata with <ulink url="&git;">Git</ulink> (default), <ulink url="&mercurial;">Mercurial</ulink>, or <ulink url="&gnubazaar;">GNU Bazaar</ulink>
pt: armazenar ficheiros de configuração e os seus metadados com o <ulink url="&git;">Git</ulink> (predefinição), <ulink url="&mercurial;">Mercurial</ulink> ou <ulink url="&gnubazaar;">GNU Bazaar</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: system restore utility using rsync or BTRFS snapshots
pt: utilitário de restauração do sistema usando rsync ou instantâneos BTRFS

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Linux filesystem snapshot management tool
pt: Ferramenta de gestão de instantâneos do sistema de ficheiros Linux

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You may also think about local script <xref linkend="_backup_tips"/> approach.
pt: Também pode pensar em usar scripts locais <xref linkend="_backup_tips"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Monitoring, controlling, and starting program activities
pt: Monitorizar, controlar e iniciar as atividades de programas

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Program activities can be monitored and controlled using specialized tools.
pt: As atividades de programas podem ser monitorizadas e controladas a usar ferramentas especiais.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of tools for monitoring and controlling program activities
pt: Lista de ferramentas para monitorizar e controlar as atividades de programas

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>nice</literal>(1): run a program with modified scheduling priority
pt: <literal>nice</literal>(1): correr um programa com prioridade de agendamento modificada

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>renice</literal>(1): modify the scheduling priority of a running process
pt: <literal>renice</literal>(1): modifica a prioridade de agendamento de um processo em execução

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: "<literal>/proc</literal>" filesystem utilities: <literal>ps</literal>(1), <literal>top</literal>(1), <literal>kill</literal>(1), <literal>watch</literal>(1), …
pt: "<literal>/proc</literal>" utilitários de sistema de ficheiros: <literal>ps</literal>(1), <literal>top</literal>(1), <literal>kill</literal>(1) , <literal>watch</literal>(1), …

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: "<literal>/proc</literal>" filesystem utilities: <literal>killall</literal>(1), <literal>fuser</literal>(1), <literal>peekfd</literal>(1), <literal>pstree</literal>(1)
pt: "<literal>/proc</literal>" utilitários de sistema de ficheiros: <literal>killall</literal>(1), <literal>fuser</literal>(1), <literal>peekfd</literal>(1), <literal>pstree</literal>(1)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>time</literal>(1): run a program to report system resource usages with respect to time
pt: <literal>time</literal>(1): corre um programa para reportar as utilizações de recursos do sistema no que respeita a tempo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>sar</literal>(1), <literal>iostat</literal>(1), <literal>mpstat</literal>(1), …: system performance tools for Linux
pt: <literal>sar</literal>(1), <literal>iostat</literal>(1), <literal>mpstat</literal>(1), …: ferramentas de performance do sistema para Linux

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Interactive System Activity Grapher for sysstat
pt: Interactive System Activity Grapher para sysstat

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>lsof</literal>(8): list files opened by a running process using "<literal>-p</literal>" option
pt: <literal>lsof</literal>(8): lista os ficheiro abertos por um processo em execução a usar a opção "<literal>-p</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>strace</literal>(1): trace system calls and signals
pt: <literal>strace</literal>(1): rastreia chamadas e sinais do sistema

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>ltrace</literal>(1): trace library calls
pt: <literal>ltrace</literal>(1): rastreia chamadas de bibliotecas

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>xtrace</literal>(1): trace communication between X11 client and server
pt: <literal>xtrace</literal>(1): rastreia a comunicação entre cliente X11 e servidor

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>powertop</literal>(1): information about system power use
pt: <literal>powertop</literal>(1): informação sobre a utilização do sistema de energia

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: run processes according to a schedule in background from <literal>cron</literal>(8) daemon
pt: corre processos de acordo com uma agenda nos bastidores a partir do daemon <literal>cron</literal>(8)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: cron-like command scheduler for systems that don't run 24 hours a day
pt: agenda de comandos tipo cron para sistemas que não funcionam 24 horas por dia

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>at</literal>(1) or <literal>batch</literal>(1): run a job at a specified time or below certain load level
pt: <literal>at</literal>(1) ou <literal>batch</literal>(1): executam um trabalho a uma hora especificada ou abaixo de um certo nível de carga

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
en: The <literal>procps</literal> packages provide very basics of monitoring, controlling, and starting program activities.  You should learn all of them.
pt: Os pacotes <literal>procps</literal> disponibilizam as bases de monitorizar, controlar e iniciar atividades de programas. Deve aprendê-las todas.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Timing a process
pt: Temporizar um processo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Display time used by the process invoked by the command.
pt: Mostrar o tempo usado pelo processo invocado pelo comando.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The scheduling priority
pt: A prioridade de agendamento

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: A nice value is used to control the scheduling priority for the process.
pt: Um valor nice é usado para controlar a prioridade de agendamento para o processo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of nice values for the scheduling priority
pt: Lista de valores nice para a prioridade de agendamento

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: nice value
pt: o valor nice

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: scheduling priority
pt: prioridade de agendamento

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: lowest priority process (nice)
pt: processo de prioridade menor (nice)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: very high priority process for user
pt: processo de prioridade muito alta para o utilizador

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: very high priority process for root (not-nice)
pt: processo de prioridade muito alta para o root (não-nice)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Sometimes an extreme nice value does more harm than good to the system.  Use this command carefully.
pt: Por vezes um valor nice extremo faz mais danos que benefícios ao sistema. Use este comando com cuidado.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The ps command
pt: O comando ps

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <literal>ps</literal>(1) command on a Debian system support both BSD and SystemV features and helps to identify the process activity statically.
pt: O comando <literal>ps</literal>(1) num sistema Debian suporta ambas funcionalidades do BSD e SystemV e ajuda-o a identificar estaticamente a atividade do processo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of ps command styles
pt: Lista dos estilos do comando ps

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: style
pt: estilo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: typical command
pt: comando típico

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: feature
pt: funcionalidade

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display %CPU %MEM
pt: mostrar %CPU %MEM

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display PPID
pt: mostra PPID

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For the zombie (defunct) children process, you can kill them by the parent process ID identified in the "<literal>PPID</literal>" field.
pt: Para o processo filho zombie (defunto), pode matá-lo pelo ID do processo pai identificado no campo "<literal>PPID</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <literal>pstree</literal>(1) command display a tree of processes.
pt: O comando <literal>pstree</literal>(1) mostra uma árvore de processos.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The top command
pt: O comando top

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <literal>top</literal>(1) on the Debian system has rich features and helps to identify what process is acting funny dynamically.
pt: O <literal>top</literal>(1) no sistema Debian tem funcionalidades ricas e ajuda-o a identificar dinamicamente que processo está a actuar de modo esquisito.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: It is an interactive full screen program.  You can get its usage help press by pressing the "h"-key and terminate it by pressing the "q"-key.
pt: É um programa interativo de ecrã total. Pode obter a ajuda de utilização dele ao pressionar a tecla "h" e terminá-lo ao pressionar a tecla "q".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Listing files opened by a process
pt: Listar ficheiros abertos por um processo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can list all files opened by a process with a process ID (PID), e.g. 1, by the following.
pt: Pode listar todos os ficheiros abertos por um processo com o ID do processo (PID), ex. 1, com o seguinte.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: PID=1 is usually the <literal>init</literal> program.
pt: PID=1 é geralmente o programa de <literal>init</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Tracing program activities
pt: Rastear as atividades de programas

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can trace program activity with <literal>strace</literal>(1), <literal>ltrace</literal>(1), or <literal>xtrace</literal>(1) for system calls and signals, library calls, or communication between X11 client and server.
pt: Pode rastrear a atividade do programa com o <literal>strace</literal>(1), <literal>ltrace</literal>(1), ou <literal>xtrace</literal>(1) para chamadas de sistema e sinais, chamadas de bibliotecas, ou comunicação entre cliente e servidor do X11.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can trace system calls of the <literal>ls</literal> command as the following.
pt: Pode rastrear as chamadas do sistema do comando <literal>ls</literal> como a seguir.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Use <emphasis role="strong">strace-graph</emphasis> script found in <emphasis role="strong">/usr/share/doc/strace/examples/</emphasis> to make a nice tree view
pt: Utilize o script <emphasis role="strong">strace-graph</emphasis> que se encontra em <emphasis role="strong">/usr/share/doc/strace/examples/</emphasis> para fazer uma boa visualização em árvore

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Identification of processes using files or sockets
pt: Identificação de um processo a usar ficheiros ou sockets

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can also identify processes using files by <literal>fuser</literal>(1), e.g. for "<literal>/var/log/mail.log</literal>" by the following.
pt: Também pode identificar processos que usam ficheiros pelo <literal>fuser</literal>(1), ex. para "<literal>/var/log/mail.log</literal>" com o seguinte.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You see that file "<literal>/var/log/mail.log</literal>" is open for writing by the <literal>rsyslogd</literal>(8) command.
pt: Vê que o ficheiro "<literal>/var/log/mail.log</literal>" está aberto para escrita pelo comando <literal>rsyslogd</literal>(8).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can also identify processes using sockets by <literal>fuser</literal>(1), e.g. for "<literal>smtp/tcp</literal>" by the following.
pt: Também pode identificar processos que usam sockets pelo <literal>fuser</literal>(1), ex. para "<literal>smtp/tcp</literal>" com o seguinte.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Now you know your system runs <literal>exim4</literal>(8) to handle <ulink url="&tcp;">TCP</ulink> connections to <ulink url="&smtp;">SMTP</ulink> port (25).
pt: Agora sabe que o seu sistema executa o <literal>exim4</literal>(8) para lidar com as ligações <ulink url="&tcp;">TCP</ulink> para a porta <ulink url="&smtp;">SMTP</ulink> (25).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Repeating a command with a constant interval
pt: Repetir um comando com um intervalo constante

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <literal>watch</literal>(1) executes a program repeatedly with a constant interval while showing its output in fullscreen.
pt: O <literal>watch</literal>(1) executa um programa repetidamente num intervalo constante enquanto mostra os seus resultados em ecrã completo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This displays who is logged on to the system updated every 2 seconds.
pt: Isto mostra quem tem sessão iniciada (logged) no sistema e é atualizado a cada 2 segundos.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Repeating a command looping over files
pt: Repetir um ciclo de comandos sobre ficheiros

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There are several ways to repeat a command looping over files matching some condition, e.g. matching glob pattern "<literal>*.ext</literal>".
pt: Existem várias maneiras de repetir um ciclo de comandos sobre ficheiros que correspondem a alguma condição, ex. que correspondem ao modelo glob "<literal>*.ext</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Shell for-loop method (see <xref linkend="_shell_loops"/>):
pt: Método for-loop da shell (veja <xref linkend="_shell_loops"/>):

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>find</literal>(1) and <literal>xargs</literal>(1) combination:
pt: combinação do <literal>find</literal>(1) e do <literal>xargs</literal>(1):

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>find</literal>(1) with "<literal>-exec</literal>" option with a command:
pt: <literal>find</literal>(1) com a opção "<literal>-exec</literal>" com um comando:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>find</literal>(1) with "<literal>-exec</literal>" option with a short shell script:
pt: <literal>find</literal>(1) com a opção "<literal>-exec</literal>" com um script de shell curto:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The above examples are written to ensure proper handling of funny file names such as ones containing spaces.  See <xref linkend="_idioms_for_the_selection_of_files"/> for more advance uses of <literal>find</literal>(1).
pt: Os exemplos em cima foram escritos para assegurar o lidar apropriado dos nomes de ficheiros esquisitos como os que contêm espaços. Veja <xref linkend="_idioms_for_the_selection_of_files"/> para utilizações mais avançadas do <literal>find</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Starting a program from GUI
pt: Arrancar um programa a partir da GUI

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For the <ulink url="&commandlineinterfacecli;">command-line interface (CLI)</ulink>, the first program with the matching name found in the directories specified in the <literal>$PATH</literal> environment variable is executed. See <xref linkend="_the_literal_path_literal_variable"/>.
pt: Para a <ulink url="&commandlineinterfacecli;">interface de linha de comandos (CLI)</ulink>, é executado o primeiro programa com o nome correspondente encontrado nos diretórios especificados na variável de ambiente <literal>$PATH</literal>. Veja <xref linkend="_the_literal_path_literal_variable"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For the <ulink url="&graphicaluserinterfacegui;">graphical user interface (GUI)</ulink> compliant to the <ulink url="&freedesktoporg;">freedesktop.org</ulink> standards, the <literal>*.desktop</literal> files in the <literal>/usr/share/applications/</literal> directory provide necessary attributes for the GUI menu display of each program.  Each package which is compliant to Freedesktop.org's xdg menu system installs its menu data provided by "*.desktop" under "/usr/share/applications/". Modern desktop environments which are compliant to Freedesktop.org standard use these data to generate their menu using the xdg-utils package. See "/usr/share/doc/xdg-utils/README".
pt: Para a <ulink url="&graphicaluserinterfacegui;">interface gráfica do utilizador (GUI)</ulink> compatível com as normas <ulink url="&freedesktoporg;">freedesktop.org</ulink>, os ficheiros <literal>*.desktop</literal> no diretório <literal>/usr/share/applications/</literal> fornecem os atributos necessários para a apresentação do menu GUI de cada programa.  Cada pacote que é compatível com o sistema de menu xdg do Freedesktop.org instala os seus dados de menu fornecidos por "*.desktop" em "/usr/share/applications/". Os ambientes de trabalho modernos que são compatíveis com a norma Freedesktop.org utilizam estes dados para gerar o seu menu utilizando o pacote xdg-utils. Veja "/usr/share/doc/xdg-utils/README".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For example, the <literal>chromium.desktop</literal> file defines attributes for the "Chromium Web Browser" such as "Name" for the program name, "Exec" for the program execution path and arguments, "Icon" for the icon used, etc. (see the <ulink url="&desktopentryspecification;">Desktop Entry Specification</ulink>) as follows:
pt: Por exemplo, os atributos do ficheiro <literal>chromium.desktop</literal> para o "Navegador Web Chromium" tais como "Nome" para o nome do programa, "Exec" para o caminho de execução do programa e argumentos, "Icon" para o ícone usado, etc. (veja <ulink url="&desktopentryspecification;">Desktop Entry Specification</ulink>) como a seguir:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This is an oversimplified description. The <literal>*.desktop</literal> files are scanned as follows.
pt: Esta é uma descrição muito simplificada. Os ficheiros <literal>*.desktop</literal> são examinados como a seguir:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The desktop environment sets <literal>$XDG_DATA_HOME</literal> and <literal>$XDG_DATA_DIR</literal> environment variables.  For example, under the GNOME 3:
pt: O ambiente de trabalho define as variáveis de ambiente <literal>$XDG_DATA_HOME</literal> e <literal>$XDG_DATA_DIR</literal>. Por exemplo, sob o GNOME 3:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>$XDG_DATA_HOME</literal> is unset. (The default value of <literal>$HOME/.local/share</literal> is used.)
pt: <literal>$XDG_DATA_HOME</literal> é desconfigurada. (É usado o valor predefinido de <literal>$HOME/.local/share</literal>.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>$XDG_DATA_DIRS</literal> is set to <literal>/usr/share/gnome:/usr/local/share/:/usr/share/</literal>.
pt: <literal>$XDG_DATA_DIRS</literal> é definida para <literal>/usr/share/gnome:/usr/local/share/:/usr/share/</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: So the base directories (see <ulink url="&xdgbasedirectoryspecification;">XDG Base Directory Specification</ulink>) and the <literal>applications</literal> directories are as follows.
pt: Para que os diretórios base (veja <ulink url="&xdgbasedirectoryspecification;">Especificação de Diretório Base XDG</ulink>) e os diretórios <literal>applications</literal> sejam como a seguir:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <literal>*.desktop</literal> files are scanned in these <literal>applications</literal> directories in this order.
pt: Os ficheiros <literal>*.desktop</literal> são examinados nestes diretórios <literal>applications</literal> por esta ordem.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: A user custom GUI menu entry can be created by adding a <literal>*.desktop</literal> file in the <literal>$HOME/.local/share/applications/</literal> directory.
pt: Pode ser criada uma entrada personalizada no menu da GUI ao adicionar um ficheiro <literal>*.desktop</literal> no diretório <literal>$HOME/.local/share/applications/</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: The "<literal>Exec=...</literal>" line isn't parsed by the shell.  Use the <literal>env</literal>(1) command if environment variables need to be set.
pt: A linha "<literal>Exec=...</literal>" não é analisada pela shell.  Utilize o comando <literal>env</literal>(1) se for necessário definir variáveis de ambiente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Similarly, if a <literal>*.desktop</literal> file is created in the <literal>autostart</literal> directory under these base directories, the specified program in the <literal>*.desktop</literal> file is executed automatically when the desktop environment is started. See <ulink url="&desktopapplicatiartspecification;">Desktop Application Autostart Specification</ulink>.
pt: Se modo semelhante, se um ficheiro <literal>*.desktop</literal> for criado no diretório <literal>autostart</literal> sob esses diretórios base, o programa especificado no ficheiro <literal>*.desktop</literal> é executado automaticamente quando o ambiente de trabalho é iniciado. Veja <ulink url="&desktopapplicatiartspecification;">Especificação de Arranque Automático de Aplicações do Ambiente de Trabalho</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Similarly, if a <literal>*.desktop</literal> file is created in the <literal>$HOME/Desktop</literal> directory and the Desktop environment is configured to support the desktop icon launcher feature, the specified program in it is executed upon clicking the icon. Please note that the actual name of the <literal>$HOME/Desktop</literal> directory is locale dependent.  See <literal>xdg-user-dirs-update</literal>(1).
pt: De modo semelhante, se um ficheiro <literal>*.desktop</literal> for criado no diretório <literal>$HOME/Desktop</literal> e o ambiente de trabalho estiver configurado para suportar  funcionalidade de lançamento por ícones do ambiente de trabalho, o programa especificado nele é executado ao se clicar no ícone. Por favor note que o nome real do diretório <literal>$HOME/Desktop</literal> é dependente da localização. Veja <literal>xdg-user-dirs-update</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Customizing program to be started
pt: Personalizar o programa a ser iniciado

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Some programs start another program automatically.  Here are check points for customizing this process.
pt: Alguns programas iniciam outros programas automaticamente. Aqui estão alguns pontos de controle para personalizar este processo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Application configuration menu:
pt: Menu de configuração da aplicação:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: GNOME3 desktop: "Settings" → "System" → "Details" → "Default Applications"
pt: Ambiente GNOME3: "Definições" → "Sistema" → "Detalhes" → "Aplicações Predefinidas"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: KDE desktop: "K" → "Control Center" → "KDE Components" → "Component Chooser"
pt: Ambiente KDE: "K" → "Centro de Controle" → "Componentes do KDE" → "selcionar Componente"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Iceweasel browser: "Edit" → "Preferences" → "Applications"
pt: Navegador Iceweasel: "Editar" → "Preferências" → "Aplicações"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Environment variables such as "<literal>$BROWSER</literal>", "<literal>$EDITOR</literal>", "<literal>$VISUAL</literal>", and "<literal>$PAGER</literal>" (see <literal>environ</literal>(7))
pt: Variáveis de ambiente como a "<literal>$BROWSER</literal>", "<literal>$EDITOR</literal>", "<literal>$VISUAL</literal>", and "<literal>$PAGER</literal>" (see <literal>environ</literal>(7))

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The <literal>update-alternatives</literal>(1) system for programs such as "<literal>editor</literal>", "<literal>view</literal>", "<literal>x-www-browser</literal>", "<literal>gnome-www-browser</literal>", and "<literal>www-browser</literal>" (see <xref linkend="_setting_a_default_text_editor"/>)
pt: O sistema <literal>update-alternatives</literal>(1) para programas como o "<literal>editor</literal>", "<literal>view</literal>", "<literal>x-www-browser</literal>", "<literal>gnome-www-browser</literal>" e "<literal>www-browser</literal>" (veja <xref linkend="_setting_a_default_text_editor"/>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: the "<literal>~/.mailcap</literal>" and "<literal>/etc/mailcap</literal>" file contents which associate <ulink url="&mime;">MIME</ulink> type with program (see <literal>mailcap</literal>(5))
pt: os conteúdos dos ficheiros "<literal>~/.mailcap</literal>" e "<literal>/etc/mailcap</literal>" com a associação do tipo <ulink url="&mime;">MIME</ulink> com o programa (veja <literal>mailcap</literal>(5))

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The "<literal>~/.mime.types</literal>" and "<literal>/etc/mime.types</literal>" file contents which associate file name extension with <ulink url="&mime;">MIME</ulink> type (see <literal>run-mailcap</literal>(1))
pt: Os conteúdos dos ficheiros "<literal>~/.mime.types</literal>" e "<literal>/etc/mime.types</literal>" que associam a extensão do nome do ficheiro com o tipo <ulink url="&mime;">MIME</ulink> (veja <literal>run-mailcap</literal>(1))

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: <literal>update-mime</literal>(8) updates the "<literal>/etc/mailcap</literal>" file using "<literal>/etc/mailcap.order</literal>" file (see <literal>mailcap.order</literal>(5)).
pt: <literal>update-mime</literal>(8) atualiza o ficheiro "<literal>/etc/mailcap</literal>" a usar o ficheiro "<literal>/etc/mailcap.order</literal>" (veja <literal>mailcap.order</literal>(5)).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: The <literal>debianutils</literal> package provides <literal>sensible-browser</literal>(1), <literal>sensible-editor</literal>(1), and <literal>sensible-pager</literal>(1) which make sensible decisions on which editor, pager, and web browser to call, respectively.  I recommend you to read these shell scripts.
pt: O pacote <literal>debianutils</literal> disponibiliza <literal>sensible-browser</literal>(1), <literal>sensible-editor</literal>(1) e <literal>sensible-pager</literal>(1) que fazem decisões sensíveis sobre qual editor, paginador e explorador web chamar, respectivamente. Recomendo-lhe a leitura destes scripts de shell.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: In order to run a console application such as <literal>mutt</literal> under GUI as your preferred application, you should create an GUI application as following and set "<literal>/usr/local/bin/mutt-term</literal>" as your preferred application to be started as described.
pt: De modo a correr uma aplicação de consola como o <literal>mutt</literal> sob o GUI como a sua aplicação preferida, deve criar uma aplicação GUI como a seguir e definir "<literal>/usr/local/bin/mutt-term</literal>" como a sua aplicação preferida a ser iniciada como descrito.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Killing a process
pt: Matar um processo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Use <literal>kill</literal>(1) to kill (or send a signal to) a process by the process ID.
pt: Use <literal>kill</literal>(1) para matar (ou enviar um sinal para) um processo pelo ID do processo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Use <literal>killall</literal>(1) or <literal>pkill</literal>(1) to do the same by the process command name and other attributes.
pt: Use <literal>killall</literal>(1) ou <literal>pkill</literal>(1) para fazer o mesmo pelo nome do comando do processo ou outro atributo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of frequently used signals for kill command
pt: Lista dos sinais frequentemente usados para o comando kill

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: signal value
pt: valor do sinal

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: signal name
pt: nome do sinal

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: note
pt: nota

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: no signal is sent (see <literal>kill</literal>(2))
pt: nenhum sinal é enviado (ver <literal>kill</literal>(2))

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: check if process is running
pt: verificar se o processo está em execução

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: terminate the process
pt: Terminar o processo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: disconnected terminal (signal hang up)
pt: terminal desligado (sinal perdido)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: interrupt from keyboard (<literal>CTRL-C</literal>)
pt: interrupção do teclado<literal>(CTRL-C</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: terminate the process and <ulink url="&dumpcore;">dump core</ulink>
pt: terminar o processo e <ulink url="&dumpcore;">despejar o núcleo</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: quit from keyboard (<literal>CTRL-\</literal>)
pt: sair a partir do teclado<literal>(CTRL-\</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: unblockable kill signal
pt: sinal de paragem forçada não bloqueável

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: blockable termination signal
pt: sinal de término bloqueável

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Scheduling tasks once
pt: Agendar tarefas uma vez

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Run the <literal>at</literal>(1) command to schedule a one-time job by the following.
pt: Corra o comando <literal>at</literal>(1) para agendar uma tarefa de uma-vez com o seguinte.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Scheduling tasks regularly
pt: Agendar tarefas regularmente

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Use <literal>cron</literal>(8) to schedule tasks regularly.  See <literal>crontab</literal>(1) and <literal>crontab</literal>(5).
pt: Use <literal>cron</literal>(8) para agendar tarefas regularmente. Veja <literal>crontab</literal>(1) e <literal>crontab</literal>(5).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can schedule to run processes as a normal user, e.g. <literal>foo</literal> by creating a <literal>crontab</literal>(5) file as "<literal>/var/spool/cron/crontabs/foo</literal>" with "<literal>crontab -e</literal>" command.
pt: Pode agendar a execução de processos como um utilizador normal, ex. <literal>foo</literal> ao criar um ficheiro <literal>crontab</literal>(5) como "<literal>/var/spool/cron/crontabs/foo</literal>" com o comando "<literal>crontab -e</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here is an example of a <literal>crontab</literal>(5) file.
pt: Aqui está um exemplo de um ficheiro <literal>crontab</literal>(5).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: For the system not running continuously, install the <literal>anacron</literal> package to schedule periodic commands at the specified intervals as closely as machine-uptime permits.  See <literal>anacron</literal>(8) and <literal>anacrontab</literal>(5).
pt: Para o sistema que não corre continuamente, instale o pacote <literal>anacron</literal> para agendar comandos periódicos a intervalos especificados o mais próximo que os tempos de ligação de máquina permitem. Veja <literal>anacron</literal>(8) e <literal>anacrontab</literal>(5).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: For scheduled system maintenance scripts, you can run them periodically from root account by placing such scripts in "<literal>/etc/cron.hourly/</literal>", "<literal>/etc/cron.daily/</literal>", "<literal>/etc/cron.weekly/</literal>", or "<literal>/etc/cron.monthly/</literal>".  Execution timings of these scripts can be customized by "<literal>/etc/crontab</literal>" and "<literal>/etc/anacrontab</literal>".
pt: Para scripts agendados de manutenção do sistema, pode executá-los periodicamente a partir da conta root ao pôr tais scripts em "<literal>/etc/cron.hourly/</literal>", "<literal>/etc/cron.daily/</literal>", "<literal>/etc/cron.weekly/</literal>", ou "<literal>/etc/cron.monthly/</literal>". Os tempos de execução destes scripts podem ser personalizados pelo "<literal>/etc/crontab</literal>" e "<literal>/etc/anacrontab</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <ulink url="&systemd;">Systemd</ulink> has low level capability to schedule programs to run without <literal>cron</literal> daemon.  For example, <literal>/lib/systemd/system/apt-daily.timer</literal> and <literal>/lib/systemd/system/apt-daily.service</literal> set up daily apt download activities.  See <literal>systemd.timer</literal>(5) .
pt: <ulink url="&systemd;">O Systemd</ulink> tem capacidade de baixo nível para agendar programas para correr sem o daemon <literal>cron</literal>.  Por exemplo, <literal>/lib/systemd/system/apt-daily.timer</literal> e <literal>/lib/systemd/system/apt-daily.service</literal> configuram actividades diárias de download do apt.  Veja <literal>systemd.timer</literal>(5) .

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Scheduling tasks on event
pt: Programação de tarefas em eventos

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <ulink url="&systemd;">Systemd</ulink> can schedule program not only on the timer event but also on the mount event.  See <xref linkend="_timer_event_triggered_backup"/> and <xref linkend="_mount_event_triggered_backup"/> for examples.
pt: O <ulink url="&systemd;">Systemd</ulink> pode agendar programas não só em eventos temporais, mas também em eventos de montagem.  Veja <xref linkend="_timer_event_triggered_backup"/> e <xref linkend="_mount_event_triggered_backup"/> para exemplos.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Alt-SysRq key
pt: Tecla Alt-SysRq

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Pressing Alt-SysRq (PrtScr) followed by one keys does the magic of rescuing control of the system.
pt: Premir Alt-SysRq (PrtScr) seguido de uma tecla faz a magia de recuperar o controlo do sistema.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of notable SAK command keys
pt: Lista de teclas de comando SAK notáveis

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: key following Alt-SysRq
pt: tecla que segue a Alt-SysRq

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: description of action
pt: descrição da acção

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <emphasis role="strong">k</emphasis>ill all processes on the <emphasis role="strong">current virtual console</emphasis> (<ulink url="&sak;">SAK</ulink>)
pt: <emphasis role="strong">k</emphasis>ill (mata) todos os processos na <emphasis role="strong">consola virtual atual</emphasis> (<ulink url="&sak;">SAK</ulink>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <emphasis role="strong">s</emphasis>ync all mounted filesystems to avoid data corruption
pt: <emphasis role="strong">s</emphasis>incroniza todos os sistemas de ficheiros montados para evitar corrupção de dados

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: remount all mounted filesystems read-only (<emphasis role="strong">u</emphasis>mount)
pt: remontar todos os sistemas de ficheiros montados em modo de apenas-leitura (<emphasis role="strong">u</emphasis>mount)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: restore the keyboard from <emphasis role="strong">r</emphasis>aw mode after X crashes
pt: restaura o teclado a partir do modo <emphasis role="strong">r</emphasis>aw após colapso do X

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See more on <ulink url="&linuxkernelusersmrequestkeyhacks;">Linux kernel user’s and administrator’s guide » Linux Magic System Request Key Hacks</ulink>
pt: Veja mais em <ulink url="&linuxkernelusersmrequestkeyhacks;">Guia do utilizador e do administrador do kernel Linux » Linux Magic System Request Key Hacks</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: From SSH terminal etc., you can use the Alt-SysRq feature by writing to the "<literal>/proc/sysrq-trigger</literal>". For example, "<literal>echo s &gt; /proc/sysrq-trigger; echo u &gt; /proc/sysrq-trigger</literal>" from the root shell prompt <emphasis role="strong">s</emphasis>yncs and <emphasis role="strong">u</emphasis>mounts all mounted filesystems.
pt: A partir de um terminal SSH etc., pode usar a funcionalidade Alt-SysRq ao escrever para o "<literal>/proc/sysrq-trigger</literal>". Por exemplo, "<literal>echo s &gt; /proc/sysrq-trigger; echo u &gt; /proc/sysrq-trigger</literal>" a partir do aviso da shell de root <emphasis role="strong">s</emphasis>sincroniza e <emphasis role="strong">u</emphasis>mounts (desmonta) todos os sistemas de ficheiros montados.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The current (2021) Debian amd64 Linux kernel has <literal>/proc/sys/kernel/sysrq=438=0b110110110</literal>:
pt: O kernel Linux Debian amd64 atual (2021) tem <literal>/proc/sys/kernel/sysrq=438=0b110110110</literal>:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: 2 = 0x2 - enable control of console logging level (ON)
pt: 2 = 0x2 - permite o controlo do nível de registo da consola (ON)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: 4 = 0x4 - enable control of keyboard (SAK, unraw) (ON)
pt: 4 = 0x4 - ativar o controlo do teclado (SAK, unraw) (ON)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: 8 = 0x8 - enable debugging dumps of processes etc. (OFF)
pt: 8 = 0x8 - ativar depuração de processos, etc. (OFF)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: 16 = 0x10 - enable sync command (ON)
pt: 16 = 0x10 - ativar comando de sincronização (ON)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: 32 = 0x20 - enable remount read-only (ON)
pt: 32 = 0x20 - ativar remontagem só de leitura (ON)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: 64 = 0x40 - enable signaling of processes (term, kill, oom-kill) (OFF)
pt: 64 = 0x40 - ativa a sinalização de processos (term, kill, oom-kill) (OFF)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: 128 = 0x80 - allow reboot/poweroff (ON)
pt: 128 = 0x80 - permitir o reinício/desligar(ON)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: 256 = 0x100 - allow nicing of all RT tasks (ON)
pt: 256 = 0x100 - permite iniciar todas as tarefas RT (ON)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: System maintenance tips
pt: Dicas de manutenção do sistema

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Who is on the system?
pt: Quem está no sistema?

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can check who is on the system by the following.
pt: Pode verificar quem está no sistema com o seguinte.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>who</literal>(1) shows who is logged on.
pt: <literal>who</literal>(1) mostra quem tem sessão iniciada.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>w</literal>(1) shows who is logged on and what they are doing.
pt: <literal>w</literal>(1) mostra quem tem sessão iniciada e o que estão a fazer.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>last</literal>(1) shows listing of last logged in user.
pt: <literal>last</literal>(1) mostra a listagem do último utilizador a iniciar sessão.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>lastb</literal>(1) shows listing of last bad logged in users.
pt: <literal>lastb</literal>(1 )mostra a listagem dos últimos utilizadores a falharem o inicio de sessão.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: "<literal>/var/run/utmp</literal>", and "<literal>/var/log/wtmp</literal>" hold such user information.  See <literal>login</literal>(1) and <literal>utmp</literal>(5).
pt: "<literal>/var/run/utmp</literal>" e "<literal>/var/log/wtmp</literal>" detém tal informação do utilizador. Veja <literal>login</literal>(1) e <literal>utmp</literal>(5).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Warning everyone
pt: Avisar todos

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can send message to everyone who is logged on to the system with <literal>wall</literal>(1) by the following.
pt: Pode mandar uma mensagem para todos os que têm sessão iniciada no sistema com <literal>wall</literal>(1) com o seguinte.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Hardware identification
pt: Identificação do hardware

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For the <ulink url="&pci;">PCI</ulink>-like devices (<ulink url="&agp;">AGP</ulink>, <ulink url="&pciexpress;">PCI-Express</ulink>, <ulink url="&cardbus;">CardBus</ulink>, <ulink url="&expresscard;">ExpressCard</ulink>, etc.), <literal>lspci</literal>(8) (probably with "<literal>-nn</literal>" option) is a good start for the hardware identification.
pt: Para os aparelhos tipo <ulink url="&pci;">PCI</ulink> (<ulink url="&agp;">AGP</ulink>, <ulink url="&pciexpress;">PCI-Express</ulink>, <ulink url="&cardbus;">CardBus</ulink>, <ulink url="&expresscard;">ExpressCard</ulink>, etc.), o <literal>lspci</literal>(8) (provavelmente com a opção "<literal>-nn</literal>") é um bom inicio para a identificação do hardware.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Alternatively, you can identify the hardware by reading contents of "<literal>/proc/bus/pci/devices</literal>" or browsing directory tree under "<literal>/sys/bus/pci</literal>" (see <xref linkend="_procfs_and_sysfs"/>).
pt: Alternativamente, pode identificar o hardware ao ler os conteúdos de "<literal>/proc/bus/pci/devices</literal>" ou explorar a árvore de diretórios sob "<literal>/sys/bus/pci</literal>" (veja <xref linkend="_procfs_and_sysfs"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of hardware identification tools
pt: Lista de ferramenta de identificação de hardware

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Linux PCI Utilities: <literal>lspci</literal>(8)
pt: Utilitários PCI do Linux: <literal>lspci</literal>(8)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Linux USB utilities: <literal>lsusb</literal>(8)
pt: Utilitários USB do Linux: <literal>lsusb</literal>(8)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: NVMe utilities for Linux: <literal>nvme</literal>(1)
pt: Utilitários NVMe para Linux: <literal>nvme</literal>(1)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: PCMCIA utilities for Linux: <literal>pccardctl</literal>(8)
pt: Utilitários PCMCIA par Linux: <literal>pccardctl</literal>(8)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: collection of tools for SCSI hardware management: <literal>lsscsi</literal>(8)
pt: colecção de ferramentas para gestão de hardware SCSI: <literal>lsscsi</literal>(8)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: system information obtained from "<literal>/proc</literal>": <literal>lsdev</literal>(8)
pt: informação do sistema obtida de "<literal>/proc</literal>": <literal>lsdev</literal>(8)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: information about hardware configuration: <literal>lshw</literal>(1)
pt: informação acerca da configuração do hardware: <literal>lshw</literal>(1)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: hardware identification system: <literal>discover</literal>(8)
pt: sistema de identificação de hardware: <literal>discover</literal>(8)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Hardware configuration
pt: Configuração do hardware

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Although most of the hardware configuration on modern GUI desktop systems such as GNOME and KDE can be managed through accompanying GUI configuration tools, it is a good idea to know some basics methods to configure them.
pt: Apesar da maioria da configuração de hardware nos sistemas de ambiente de trabalho GUI modernos como o GNOME e KDE poder ser gerida através de acompanhamento por ferramentas de configuração com GUI, é uma boa ideia conhecer alguns métodos básicos de o configurar.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of hardware configuration tools
pt: Lista de ferramentas de configuração do hardware

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Linux console font and keytable utilities
pt: tipo de letra da consola Linux e utilitários da tabela de teclas

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: X server utilities: <literal>xset</literal>(1), <literal>xmodmap</literal>(1)
pt: Utilitários do servidor X: <literal>xset</literal>(1), <literal>xmodmap</literal>(1)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: daemon to manage events delivered by the Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI)
pt: daemon para gerir eventos entregues pelo Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: utility to display information on ACPI devices
pt: utilitário para mostrar informação em aparelhos ACPI

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: daemon to put a laptop to sleep during inactivity
pt: daemon para pôr um portátil em modo de adormecimento durante a inatividade

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: hard disk access optimization (see <xref linkend="_optimization_of_hard_disk"/>)
pt: optimização do acesso ao disco rígido (veja <xref linkend="_optimization_of_hard_disk"/>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: control and monitor storage systems using <ulink url="&smart;">S.M.A.R.T.</ulink>
pt: controlar e monitorizar sistemas de armazenamento a usar <ulink url="&smart;">S.M.A.R.T.</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: collection of tools for serial port management
pt: colecção de ferramentas para gestão de portas série

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: collection of tools for memory hardware management
pt: colecção de ferramentas para gestão de hardware de memória

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: collection of tools for <ulink url="&scsi;">SCSI</ulink> hardware management
pt: colecção de ferramentas para gestão de hardware <ulink url="&scsi;">SCSI</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: compact disc drive access optimization
pt: optimização de acesso a drives de discos compactos

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: larger mouse cursors for X
pt: cursores de rato maiores para o X

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here, <ulink url="&acpi;">ACPI</ulink> is a newer framework for the power management system than <ulink url="&apm;">APM</ulink>.
pt: Aqui, o <ulink url="&acpi;">ACPI</ulink> é uma estrutura mais recente para o sistema de gestão de energia que o <ulink url="&apm;">APM</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: CPU frequency scaling on modern system is governed by kernel modules such as <literal>acpi_cpufreq</literal>.
pt: O escalar de frequências da CPU em sistemas modernos é governado por módulos do kernel como o <literal>acpi_cpufreq</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: System and hardware time
pt: Hora do sistema e do hardware

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The following sets system and hardware time to MM/DD hh:mm, CCYY.
pt: O seguinte define a hora do sistema e hardware para MM/DD hh:mm, AAAA.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Times are normally displayed in the local time on the Debian system but the hardware and system time usually use <ulink url="&utcgmt;">UTC(GMT)</ulink>.
pt: A horas são mostradas normalmente na hora local no sistema Debian mas o hardware e a hora do sistema geralmente usam <ulink url="&utcgmt;">UTC(GMT)</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If the hardware time is set to UTC, change the setting to "<literal>UTC=yes</literal>" in the "<literal>/etc/default/rcS</literal>".
pt: Se a hora do hardware estiver definida para UTC, mude a definição para "<literal>UTC=yes</literal>" em "<literal>/etc/default/rcS</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The following reconfigure the timezone used by the Debian system.
pt: O seguinte reconfigura a zona horária usada pelo sistema Debian.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you wish to update system time via network, consider to use the <ulink url="&ntp;">NTP</ulink> service with the packages such as <literal>ntp</literal>, <literal>ntpdate</literal>, and <literal>chrony</literal>.
pt: Se desejar atualizar a hora do sistema através da rede, considere usar o serviço <ulink url="&ntp;">NTP</ulink> como pacotes como os <literal>ntp</literal>, <literal>ntpdate</literal> e <literal>chrony</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Under <ulink url="&systemd;">systemd</ulink>, use <literal>systemd-timesyncd</literal> for the network time synchronization instead.  See <literal>systemd-timesyncd</literal>(8).
pt: Sob <ulink url="&systemd;">systemd</ulink>, use <literal>systemd-timesyncd</literal> para a sincronização da hora com a rede.  Veja <literal>systemd-timesyncd</literal>(8).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See the following.
pt: Veja o seguinte.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&managingaccuratedateandtimehowto;">Managing Accurate Date and Time HOWTO</ulink>
pt: <ulink url="&managingaccuratedateandtimehowto;">Como Gerir a Data e Hora com Precisão</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&ntppublicservicesproject;">NTP Public Services Project</ulink>
pt: <ulink url="&ntppublicservicesproject;">NTP Projeto de Serviços Públicos</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The <literal>ntp-doc</literal> package
pt: O pacote <literal>ntp-doc</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: <literal>ntptrace</literal>(8) in the <literal>ntp</literal> package can trace a chain of NTP servers back to the primary source.
pt: O <literal>ntptrace</literal>(8) no pacote <literal>ntp</literal> pode rastrear uma cadeia de servidores NTP até à sua fonte principal.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The terminal configuration
pt: A configuração do terminal

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There are several components to configure character console and <literal>ncurses</literal>(3) system features.
pt: Existem vários componentes para configurar a consola de caracteres e as funcionalidades do sistema <literal>ncurses</literal>(3).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The "<literal>/etc/terminfo/*/*</literal>" file (<literal>terminfo</literal>(5))
pt: O ficheiro "<literal>/etc/terminfo/*/*</literal>" (<literal>terminfo</literal>(5))

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The "<literal>$TERM</literal>" environment variable (<literal>term</literal>(7))
pt: A variável de ambiente "<literal>$TERM</literal>" (<literal>term</literal>(7))

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>setterm</literal>(1), <literal>stty</literal>(1), <literal>tic</literal>(1), and <literal>toe</literal>(1)
pt: <literal>setterm</literal>(1), <literal>stty</literal>(1), <literal>tic</literal>(1) e <literal>toe</literal>(1)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If the <literal>terminfo</literal> entry for <literal>xterm</literal> doesn't work with a non-Debian <literal>xterm</literal>, change your terminal type, "<literal>$TERM</literal>", from "<literal>xterm</literal>" to one of the feature-limited versions such as "<literal>xterm-r6</literal>" when you log in to a Debian system remotely.  See "<literal>/usr/share/doc/libncurses5/FAQ</literal>" for more.  "<literal>dumb</literal>" is the lowest common denominator for "<literal>$TERM</literal>".
pt: Se a entrada <literal>terminfo</literal> para o <literal>xterm</literal> não funcionar com um <literal>xterm</literal> não Debian, mude o seu tipo e terminal, "<literal>$TERM</literal>", de "<literal>xterm</literal>" para uma das versões de funcionalidades limitadas como o "<literal>xterm-r6</literal>" quando iniciar sessão num sistema Debian remotamente. Veja "<literal>/usr/share/doc/libncurses5/FAQ</literal>" para mais. O "<literal>dumb</literal>" é o denominador comum mais baixo para "<literal>$TERM</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The sound infrastructure
pt: A infraestrutura de som

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Device drivers for sound cards for current Linux are provided by <ulink url="&advancedlinuxsouarchitecturealsa;">Advanced Linux Sound Architecture (ALSA)</ulink>.  ALSA provides emulation mode for previous <ulink url="&opensoundsystemoss;">Open Sound System (OSS)</ulink> for compatibility.
pt: As drivers para placas de som para o Linux atual são disponibilizadas pelo <ulink url="&advancedlinuxsouarchitecturealsa;">Advanced Linux Sound Architecture (ALSA)</ulink>. ALSA disponibiliza um modo de emulação para o anterior <ulink url="&opensoundsystemoss;">Open Sound System (OSS)</ulink> para compatibilidade.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Application softwares may be configured not only to access sound devices directly but also to access them via some standardized sound server system.  Currently, PulseAudio, JACK, and PipeWire are used as sound server system.  See <ulink url="&debianwikipageonsound;">Debian wiki page on Sound</ulink> for the latest situation.
pt: Os softwares aplicativos podem ser configurados não apenas para acessar dispositivos de som diretamente, mas também para acessá-los através de algum sistema de servidor de som padronizado.  Atualmente, PulseAudio, JACK, e PipeWire são usados como sistemas de servidores de som.  Veja a <ulink url="&debianwikipageonsound;">página wiki do Debian sobre Som</ulink> para a situação mais recente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There is usually a common sound engine for each popular desktop environment. Each sound engine used by the application can choose to connect to different sound servers.
pt: Existe normalmente um motor de som comum para cada ambiente de trabalho popular. Cada motor de som usado pela aplicação pode escolher ligar a diferentes servidores de som.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Use "<literal>cat /dev/urandom &gt; /dev/audio</literal>" or <literal>speaker-test</literal>(1) to test speaker (^C to stop).
pt: Use "<literal>cat /dev/urandom &gt; /dev/audio</literal>" ou <literal>speaker-test</literal>(1) para testar os altifalantes (^C para parar).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: If you can not get sound, your speaker may be connected to a muted output.  Modern sound system has many outputs.  <literal>alsamixer</literal>(1) in the <literal>alsa-utils</literal> package is useful to configure volume and mute settings.
pt: Se não conseguir obter som, os seus altifalantes podem estar ligados a uma saída silenciada (mute). Os sistemas de som modernos têm muitas saídas. O <literal>alsamixer</literal>(1) no pacote <literal>alsa-utils</literal> é útil para configurar as definições de volume e mute.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of sound packages
pt: Lista de pacotes de som

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: utilities for configuring and using ALSA
pt: utilitários para configurar e utilizar ALSA

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: OSS compatibility under ALSA preventing "<literal>/dev/dsp not found</literal>" errors
pt: compatibilidade de OSS sob ALSA para prevenir erros de "<literal>/dev/dsp não encontrado</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&audioandvideopromultimediaserver;">audio and video processing engine multimedia server</ulink> - metapackage
pt: <ulink url="&audioandvideopromultimediaserver;">motor de processamento de áudio e vídeo servidor multimédia</ulink> - meta-pacote

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&audioandvideopromultimediaserver;">audio and video processing engine multimedia server</ulink> - audio server and CLI programs
pt: <ulink url="&audioandvideopromultimediaserver;">motor de processamento de áudio e vídeo servidor multimédia</ulink> - servidor de áudio e programas CLI

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&audioandvideopromultimediaserver;">audio and video processing engine multimedia server</ulink> - audio server to replace ALSA
pt: <ulink url="&audioandvideopromultimediaserver;">motor de processamento de áudio e vídeo servidor multimédia</ulink> - servidor de áudio para substituir o ALSA

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&audioandvideopromultimediaserver;">audio and video processing engine multimedia server</ulink> - audio server to replace PulseAudio
pt: <ulink url="&audioandvideopromultimediaserver;">motor de processamento de áudio e vídeo servidor multimédia</ulink> - servidor de áudio para substituir o PulseAudio

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&pulseaudio;">PulseAudio</ulink> server
pt: servidor <ulink url="&pulseaudio;">PulseAudio</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&pulseaudio;">PulseAudio</ulink> client library
pt: biblioteca cliente <ulink url="&pulseaudio;">PulseAudio</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&jackaudioconnectionkitjack;">JACK Audio Connection Kit. (JACK)</ulink> server (low latency)
pt: servidor (baixa latência) <ulink url="&jackaudioconnectionkitjack;">JACK Audio Connection Kit. (JACK)</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&jackaudioconnectionkitjack;">JACK Audio Connection Kit. (JACK)</ulink> library (low latency)
pt: biblioteca (baixa latência) <ulink url="&jackaudioconnectionkitjack;">JACK Audio Connection Kit. (JACK)</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&gstreamer;">GStreamer</ulink>: GNOME sound engine
pt: <ulink url="&gstreamer;">GStreamer</ulink>: motor de som do GNOME

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&phonon;">Phonon</ulink>: KDE sound engine
pt: <ulink url="&phonon;">Phonon</ulink>: motor de som do KDE

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Disabling the screen saver
pt: desativar o protector de ecrã (screensaver)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For disabling the screen saver, use following commands.
pt: Para desativar o protector de ecrã, utilize os seguintes comandos.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of commands for disabling the screen saver
pt: Lista de comandos para desativar o protector de ecrã

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: The Linux console
pt: A consola do Linux

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: The X Window (turning off screensaver)
pt: O X Window (desativar o protector de ecrã)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: The X Window (disabling dpms)
pt: O X Window (desativar o dpms)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: The X Window (GUI configuration of screen saver)
pt: O X Window (GUI de configuração do protector de ecrã)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Disabling beep sounds
pt: desativar os sons de beep

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: One can always unplug the PC speaker to disable beep sounds.  Removing <literal>pcspkr</literal> kernel module does this for you.
pt: Pode-se sempre desligar o altifalante do PC para desativar os apitos. Remover o módulo de kernel <literal>pcspkr</literal> faz isso por si.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The following prevents the <literal>readline</literal>(3) program used by <literal>bash</literal>(1) to beep when encountering an alert character (ASCII=7).
pt: O seguinte previne o programa <literal>readline</literal>(3) usado pelo <literal>bash</literal>(1) de apitar quando encontra um caractere de alerta (ASCII=7).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Memory usage
pt: Utilização da memória

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There are 2 resources available for you to get the memory usage situation.
pt: Existem 2 recursos disponíveis para obter o estado da utilização de memória.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The kernel boot message in the "<literal>/var/log/dmesg</literal>" contains the total exact size of available memory.
pt: A mensagem de arranque do kernel em "<literal>/var/log/dmesg</literal>" contém o tamanho total exacto da memória disponível.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>free</literal>(1) and <literal>top</literal>(1) display information on memory resources on the running system.
pt: <literal>free</literal>(1) e <literal>top</literal>(1) mostram informação sobre os recursos de memória no sistema em execução.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here is an example.
pt: Aqui está um exemplo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You may be wondering "dmesg tells me a free of 990 MB, and free -k says 320 MB is free. More than 600 MB missing …".
pt: Pode estar a pensar "o dmesg fala-me em 990 MB livres e o free -k diz 320 MB livres. Faltam mais de 600 MB ...".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Do not worry about the large size of "<literal>used</literal>" and the small size of "<literal>free</literal>" in the "<literal>Mem:</literal>" line, but read the one under them (675404 and 321780 in the example above) and relax.
pt: Não se preocupe com o grande tamanho de "<literal>used</literal>" e o pequeno tamanho de "<literal>free</literal>" na linha "<literal>Mem:</literal>", mas leia a que está sob elas (675404 e 321780 no exemplo em cima) e relaxe.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For my MacBook with 1GB=1048576k DRAM (video system steals some of this), I see the following.
pt: Para o meu MacBook com 1GB=1048576k de DRAM (o sistema de vídeo rouba alguma), vejo o seguinte.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of memory sizes reported
pt: Lista dos tamanhos de memória reportados

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: report
pt: relatório

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Total size in dmesg
pt: Tamanho total no dmesg

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Free in dmesg
pt: Livre no dmesg

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Total under shell
pt: Total sob a shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Free under shell
pt: Livre sob a shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: 20256k (but effectively 321780k)
pt: 20256k (mas efectivamente 321780k)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: System security and integrity check
pt: Segurança do sistema e verificação de integridade

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Poor system maintenance may expose your system to external exploitation.
pt: Uma manutenção pobre do sistema pode expor o seu sistema à exploração externa.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For system security and integrity check, you should start with the following.
pt: Para segurança do sistema e verificação de integridade, deve começar com o seguinte.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The <literal>debsums</literal> package, see <literal>debsums</literal>(1) and <xref linkend="_top_level_release_file_and_authenticity"/>.
pt: O pacote <literal>debsums</literal>, veja <literal>debsums</literal>(1) e <xref linkend="_top_level_release_file_and_authenticity"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The <literal>chkrootkit</literal> package, see <literal>chkrootkit</literal>(1).
pt: O pacote <literal>chkrootkit</literal>, veja <literal>chkrootkit</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The <literal>clamav</literal> package family, see <literal>clamscan</literal>(1) and <literal>freshclam</literal>(1).
pt: A família de pacotes <literal>clamav</literal>, veja <literal>clamscan</literal>(1) e <literal>freshclam</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&debiansecurityfaq;">Debian security FAQ</ulink>.
pt: <ulink url="&debiansecurityfaq;">FAQ de Segurança Debian</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&securingdebianmanual;">Securing Debian Manual</ulink>.
pt: <ulink url="&securingdebianmanual;">Manual de Segurança Debian</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of tools for system security and integrity check
pt: Lista de ferramentas para segurança do sistema e verificação de integridade

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: daemon to mail anomalies in the system logfiles to the administrator
pt: daemon para enviar as anomalias nos ficheiros de log do sistema ao administrador por mail

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: utility to verify installed package files against MD5 checksums
pt: utilitário para verificar os pacotes instalados contra chaves de verificação MD5

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&rootkit;">rootkit</ulink> detector
pt: detector de <ulink url="&rootkit;">rootkit</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: anti-virus utility for Unix - command-line interface
pt: utilitário de anti-vírus para Unix - interface de linha de comandos

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: report system security vulnerabilities
pt: relatar vulnerabilidades de segurança do sistema

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: file and directory integrity checker
pt: verificador de integridade de ficheiros e diretórios

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: active password cracking tool
pt: ferramenta activa de crack de palavras-passe

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Advanced Intrusion Detection Environment - static binary
pt: Ambiente de Detecção de Intrusão Avançado - binário estático

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: file integrity verification program
pt: programa de verificação de integridade de ficheiros

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: password guessing program
pt: programa de adivinhação de palavra-passe

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here is a simple script to check for typical world writable incorrect file permissions.
pt: Aqui está um script simples para verificar as típicas permissões de ficheiros escritas incorrectamente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: Since the <literal>debsums</literal> package uses <ulink url="&mdf;">MD5</ulink> checksums stored locally, it can not be fully trusted as the system security audit tool against malicious attacks.
pt: Como o pacote <literal>debsums</literal> usa sumários de verificação <ulink url="&mdf;">MD5</ulink> armazenados localmente, não pode ser de total confiança como ferramenta de auditoria à segurança do sistema contra ataques maliciosos.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Data storage tips
pt: Dicas de armazenamento de dados

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Booting your system with Linux <ulink url="&livecds;">live CDs</ulink> or <ulink url="&debianinstallercds;">debian-installer CDs</ulink> in rescue mode makes it easy for you to reconfigure data storage on your boot device.
pt: Arrancar o seu sistema com <ulink url="&livecds;">live CDs</ulink> de Linux ou <ulink url="&debianinstallercds;">CDs de instalação de debian</ulink> em modo de recuperação torna fácil para si reconfigurar o armazenamento de dados no seu aparelho de arranque.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: You may need to <literal>umount</literal>(8) some devices manually from the command line before operating on them if they are automatically mounted by the GUI desktop system.
pt: Poderá ser necessário <literal>desmontar</literal>(8) alguns dispositivos manualmente a partir da linha de comandos antes de os operar, caso sejam montados automaticamente pelo sistema de ambiente de trabalho GUI.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Disk space usage
pt: Utilização do espaço em disco

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The disk space usage can be evaluated by programs provided by the <literal>mount</literal>, <literal>coreutils</literal>, and <literal>xdu</literal> packages:
pt: A utilização do espaço em disco pode ser avaliada por programas disponibilizados pelos pacotes <literal>mount</literal>, <literal>coreutils</literal> e <literal>xdu</literal>:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>mount</literal>(8) reports all mounted filesystems (= disks).
pt: <literal>mount</literal>(8) reporta todos os sistemas de ficheiros montados (= discos).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>df</literal>(1) reports the disk space usage for the file system.
pt: <literal>df</literal>(1) reporta a utilização do espaço em disco para o sistema de ficheiros.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>du</literal>(1) reports the disk space usage for the directory tree.
pt: <literal>du</literal>(1) reporta a utilização do espaço em disco para a árvore do diretório.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: You can feed the output of <literal>du</literal>(8) to <literal>xdu</literal>(1x) to produce its graphical and interactive presentation with "<literal>du -k . |xdu</literal>", "<literal>sudo du -k -x / |xdu</literal>", etc.
pt: Pode alimentar a saída de <literal>du</literal>(8) a <literal>xdu</literal>(1x) para produzir a apresentação gráfica dele e interactiva com "<literal>du -k . |xdu</literal>", "<literal>sudo du -k -x / |xdu</literal>", etc.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Disk partition configuration
pt: Configuração das partições do disco

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For <ulink url="&diskpartition;">disk partition</ulink> configuration, although <literal>fdisk</literal>(8) has been considered standard, <literal>parted</literal>(8) deserves some attention.  "Disk partitioning data", "partition table", "partition map", and "disk label" are all synonyms.
pt: Para configuração de <ulink url="&diskpartition;">partições de disco</ulink>, apesar do <literal>fdisk</literal>(8) ser considerado o standard, o <literal>parted</literal>(8) merece alguma atenção. "Dados de particionamento do disco", "Tabela de partições", "Mapa de partições" e "Etiqueta do disco" são todos sinónimos.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Older PCs use the classic <ulink url="&masterbootrecordmbr;">Master Boot Record (MBR)</ulink> scheme to hold <ulink url="&diskpartitioning;">disk partitioning</ulink> data in the first sector, i.e., <ulink url="&lba;">LBA</ulink> sector 0 (512 bytes).
pt: PCs antigos usam o esquema clássico do <ulink url="&masterbootrecordmbr;">Master Boot Record (MBR)</ulink> para manter os dados de <ulink url="&diskpartitioning;">partições do disco</ulink> no primeiro sector, isto é, <ulink url="&lba;">LBA</ulink> sector 0 (512 bytes).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Recent PCs with <ulink url="&unifiedextensiblareinterfaceuefi;">Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI)</ulink>, including Intel-based Macs, use <ulink url="&guidpartitiontablegpt;">GUID Partition Table (GPT)</ulink> scheme to hold <ulink url="&diskpartitioning;">disk partitioning</ulink> data not in the first sector.
pt: PCs novos com <ulink url="&unifiedextensiblareinterfaceuefi;">Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI)</ulink>, incluindo os Macs baseados em Intel, usam o esquema <ulink url="&guidpartitiontablegpt;">GUID Partition Table (GPT)</ulink> para manter os dados de <ulink url="&diskpartitioning;">partições do disco</ulink> não no primeiro sector.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Although <literal>fdisk</literal>(8) has been standard for the disk partitioning tool, <literal>parted</literal>(8) is replacing it.
pt: Apesar do <literal>fdisk</literal>(8) ter sido o standard como ferramenta de particionamento de disco, o <literal>parted</literal>(8) está a substituí-lo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of disk partition management packages
pt: Lista de pacotes de gestão de partições do disco

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: miscellaneous system utilities including <literal>fdisk</literal>(8) and <literal>cfdisk</literal>(8)
pt: vários utilitários de sistema incluindo <literal>fdisk</literal>(8) e <literal>cfdisk</literal>(8)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: GNU Parted disk partition resizing program
pt: GNU Parted programa de redimensionamento de partições do disco

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: GNOME partition editor based on <literal>libparted</literal>
pt: Editor de partições do GNOME baseado na <literal>libparted</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: partition editor for the GPT/MBR hybrid disk
pt: editor de partições para o disco híbrido GPT/MBR

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: program to create device mappings for partitions
pt: programa para criar mapeamentos de aparelho para partições

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: Although <literal>parted</literal>(8) claims to create and to resize filesystem too, it is safer to do such things using best maintained specialized tools such as <literal>mkfs</literal>(8) (<literal>mkfs.msdos</literal>(8), <literal>mkfs.ext2</literal>(8), <literal>mkfs.ext3</literal>(8), <literal>mkfs.ext4</literal>(8), …) and <literal>resize2fs</literal>(8).
pt: Apesar do <literal>parted</literal>(8) afirmar também criar e redimensionar sistemas de ficheiros, é mais seguro fazer tais coisas a usar ferramentas especializadas e com melhor manutenção como as ferramentas <literal>mkfs</literal>(8) (<literal>mkfs.msdos</literal>(8), <literal>mkfs.ext2</literal>(8), <literal>mkfs.ext3</literal>(8), <literal>mkfs.ext4</literal>(8), …) e <literal>resize2fs</literal>(8).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: In order to switch between <ulink url="&gpt;">GPT</ulink> and <ulink url="&mbr;">MBR</ulink>, you need to erase first few blocks of disk contents directly (see <xref linkend="_clearing_file_contents"/>) and use "<literal>parted /dev/sdx mklabel gpt</literal>" or "<literal>parted /dev/sdx mklabel msdos</literal>" to set it.  Please note "<literal>msdos</literal>" is use here for <ulink url="&mbr;">MBR</ulink>.
pt: De modo a mudar entre <ulink url="&gpt;">GPT</ulink> e <ulink url="&mbr;">MBR</ulink>, precisa de apagar os primeiros blocos de conteúdo do disco directamente (veja <xref linkend="_clearing_file_contents"/>) e usar "<literal>parted /dev/sdx mklabel gpt</literal>" ou "<literal>parted /dev/sdx mklabel msdos</literal>" para o definir. Por favor note que "<literal>msdos</literal>" é usado aqui para o <ulink url="&mbr;">MBR</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Accessing partition using UUID
pt: Aceder a partição a usar UUID

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Although reconfiguration of your partition or activation order of removable storage media may yield different names for partitions, you can access them consistently. This is also helpful if you have multiple disks and your BIOS/UEFI doesn't give them consistent device names.
pt: Apesar da reconfiguração da sua partição ou ordem de ativação de medias de armazenamento amovíveis poder apresentar nomes diferentes para as partições, pode aceder-lhes de modo consistente. Isto é também útil se tem múltiplos discos e a sua BIOS/UEFI não lhes fornecer nomes de dispositivo consistentes.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>mount</literal>(8) with "<literal>-U</literal>" option can mount a block device using <ulink url="&uuid;">UUID</ulink>, instead of using its file name such as "<literal>/dev/sda3</literal>".
pt: <literal>mount</literal>(8) com a opção "<literal>-U</literal>" pode montar um aparelho de bloco a usar o <ulink url="&uuid;">UUID</ulink>, em vez de usar o nome de ficheiro dele tal como "<literal>/dev/sda3</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/etc/fstab</literal>" (see <literal>fstab</literal>(5)) can use <ulink url="&uuid;">UUID</ulink>.
pt: "<literal>/etc/fstab</literal>" (veja <literal>fstab</literal>(5)) pode usar <ulink url="&uuid;">UUID</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Boot loaders (<xref linkend="_stage_2_the_boot_loader"/>) may use <ulink url="&uuid;">UUID</ulink> too.
pt: Os gestores de arranque (<xref linkend="_stage_2_the_boot_loader"/>) também podem usar <ulink url="&uuid;">UUID</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: You can probe <ulink url="&uuid;">UUID</ulink> of a block special device with <literal>blkid</literal>(8).
pt: Pode testar o <ulink url="&uuid;">UUID</ulink> de um aparelho especial de bloco com <literal>blkid</literal>(8).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: You can also probe UUID and other information with "<literal>lsblk -f</literal>".
pt: Também pode sondar o UUID e outras informações com "<literal>lsblk -f</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: LVM2 is a <ulink url="&logicalvolumemanager;">logical volume manager</ulink> for the Linux kernel.  With LVM2, disk partitions can be created on logical volumes instead of the physical harddisks.
pt: LVM2 é um <ulink url="&logicalvolumemanager;">gestor de volumes lógicos</ulink> para o kernel Linux. Com o LVM2, podem ser criadas partições de disco em volumes lógicos em vez de discos rijos físicos.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: LVM requires the following.
pt: O LVM requer o seguinte.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: device-mapper support in the Linux kernel (default for Debian kernels)
pt: suporte a device-mapper no kernel Linux (predefinido para os kernels Debian)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: the userspace device-mapper support library (<literal>libdevmapper*</literal> package)
pt: a biblioteca de suporte a device-mapper no espaço de utilizador (pacote (<literal>libdevmapper*</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: the userspace LVM2 tools (<literal>lvm2</literal> package)
pt: as ferramentas LVM2 do espaço de utilizador (pacote <literal>lvm2</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Please start learning LVM2 from the following manpages.
pt: Por favor comece a aprender LVM2 a partir dos seguintes manuais.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>lvm</literal>(8): Basics of LVM2 mechanism (list of all LVM2 commands)
pt: <literal>lvm</literal>(8): Bases do mecanismo LVM2 (lista de todos os comandos LVM2)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>lvm.conf</literal>(5): Configuration file for LVM2
pt: <literal>lvm.conf</literal>(5): Ficheiro de configuração para LVM2

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>lvs</literal>(8): Report information about logical volumes
pt: <literal>lvs</literal>(8): Reporta informação acerca de volumes lógicos

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>vgs</literal>(8): Report information about volume groups
pt: <literal>vgs</literal>(8): Reporta informação acerca de grupos de volumes

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>pvs</literal>(8): Report information about physical volumes
pt: <literal>pvs</literal>(8): Reporta informação acerca de volumes físicos

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Filesystem configuration
pt: Configuração do sistema de ficheiros

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For <ulink url="&exte;">ext4</ulink> filesystem, the <literal>e2fsprogs</literal> package provides the following.
pt: Para o sistema de ficheiro <ulink url="&exte;">ext4</ulink>, o pacote <literal>e2fsprogs</literal> disponibiliza o seguinte.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>mkfs.ext4</literal>(8) to create new <ulink url="&exte;">ext4</ulink> filesystem
pt: <literal>mkfs.ext4</literal>(8) para criar um novo sistema de ficheiros <ulink url="&exte;">ext4</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>fsck.ext4</literal>(8) to check and to repair existing <ulink url="&exte;">ext4</ulink> filesystem
pt: <literal>fsck.ext4</literal>(8) para verificar e reparar um sistema de ficheiros <ulink url="&exte;">ext4</ulink> existente

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>tune2fs</literal>(8) to configure superblock of <ulink url="&exte;">ext4</ulink> filesystem
pt: <literal>tune2fs</literal>(8) para configurar o super-bloco do sistema de ficheiros <ulink url="&exte;">ext4</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>debugfs</literal>(8) to debug <ulink url="&exte;">ext4</ulink> filesystem interactively. (It has <literal>undel</literal> command to recover deleted files.)
pt: <literal>debugfs</literal>(8) para depurar um sistema de ficheiros <ulink url="&exte;">ext4</ulink> interativamente. (Era o comando <literal>undel</literal> para recuperar ficheiros apagados.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <literal>mkfs</literal>(8) and <literal>fsck</literal>(8) commands are provided by the <literal>e2fsprogs</literal> package as front-ends to various filesystem dependent programs (<literal>mkfs.fstype</literal> and <literal>fsck.fstype</literal>). For <ulink url="&exte;">ext4</ulink> filesystem, they are <literal>mkfs.ext4</literal>(8) and <literal>fsck.ext4</literal>(8) (they are symlinked to <literal>mke2fs</literal>(8) and <literal>e2fsck</literal>(8)).
pt: Os comandos <literal>mkfs</literal>(8) e <literal>fsck</literal>(8) são disponibilizados pelo pacote <literal>e2fsprogs</literal> como frontends para vários programas dependentes do sistema de ficheiros (<literal>mkfs.fstype</literal> e <literal>fsck.fstype</literal>). Para o sistema de ficheiros <ulink url="&exte;">ext4</ulink> existem os <literal>mkfs.ext4</literal>(8) e o <literal>fsck.ext4</literal>(8) (estão ligados simbolicamente ao <literal>mke2fs</literal>(8) and <literal>e2fsck</literal>(8)).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Similar commands are available for each filesystem supported by Linux.
pt: Estão disponíveis comandos semelhantes para cada sistema de ficheiros suportado pelo Linux.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of filesystem management packages
pt: Lista de pacotes de gestão de sistemas de ficheiros

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: utilities for the <ulink url="&extc;">ext2</ulink>/<ulink url="&extd;">ext3</ulink>/<ulink url="&exte;">ext4</ulink> filesystems
pt: utilitários para os sistemas de ficheiros <ulink url="&extc;">ext2</ulink>/<ulink url="&extd;">ext3</ulink>/<ulink url="&exte;">ext4</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: utilities for the <ulink url="&btrfs;">Btrfs</ulink> filesystem
pt: utilitários para o sistema de ficheiros <ulink url="&btrfs;">btrfs</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: utilities for the <ulink url="&reiserfs;">Reiserfs</ulink> filesystem
pt: utilitários para o sistema de ficheiros <ulink url="&reiserfs;">Reiserfs</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: utilities for the <ulink url="&openzfs;">OpenZFS</ulink> filesystem
pt: utilitários para o sistema de ficheiros <ulink url="&openzfs;">OpenZFS</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: utilities for the <ulink url="&fat;">FAT</ulink> filesystem. (Microsoft: MS-DOS, Windows)
pt: utilitários para o sistema de ficheiros <ulink url="&fat;">FAT</ulink>. (Microsoft: MS-DOS, Windows)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: utilities for the <ulink url="&exfat;">exFAT</ulink> filesystem maintained by Samsung.
pt: para o sistema de ficheiros <ulink url="&exfat;">exFAT</ulink> mantido pela Samsung.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: read/write <ulink url="&exfat;">exFAT</ulink> filesystem (Microsoft) driver for FUSE.
pt: controlador de leitura/gravação de sistema de arquivos <ulink url="&exfat;">exFAT</ulink> (Microsoft) para FUSE.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: utilities for the <ulink url="&xfs;">XFS</ulink> filesystem. (SGI: IRIX)
pt: utilitários para o sistema de ficheiros <ulink url="&xfs;">XFS</ulink>. (SGI: IRIX)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: read/write <ulink url="&ntfs;">NTFS</ulink> filesystem (Microsoft: Windows NT, …) driver for FUSE.
pt: controlador de leitura/gravação do sistema de arquivos <ulink url="&ntfs;">NTFS</ulink> (Microsoft: Windows NT, ...) para FUSE.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: utilities for the <ulink url="&jfs;">JFS</ulink> filesystem. (IBM: AIX, OS/2)
pt: utilitários para o sistema de ficheiros <ulink url="&jfs;">JFS</ulink>. (IBM: AIX, OS/2)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: utilities for the <ulink url="&reisere;">Reiser4</ulink> filesystem
pt: utilitários para o sistema de ficheiros <ulink url="&reisere;">Reiser4</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: utilities for <ulink url="&hfs;">HFS</ulink> and <ulink url="&hfsplus;">HFS Plus</ulink> filesystem. (Apple: Mac OS)
pt: utilitários para os sistemas de ficheiros <ulink url="&hfs;">HFS</ulink> e <ulink url="&hfsplus;">HFS Plus</ulink>. (Apple: Mac OS)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: program to zero free blocks from ext2/3/4 filesystems
pt: programa para zerar blocos livres de sistemas de ficheiros ext2/3/4

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: <ulink url="&exte;">Ext4</ulink> filesystem is the default filesystem for the Linux system and strongly recommended to use it unless you have some specific reasons not to.
pt: O sistema de ficheiros <ulink url="&exte;">Ext4</ulink> é o sistema de ficheiros predefinido para o sistema Linux e a utilização é fortemente recomendada a menos que tenha razões especificas para não o fazer.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: <ulink url="&btrfs;">Btrfs</ulink> status can be found at <ulink url="&debianwikionbtrfs;">Debian wiki on btrfs</ulink> and <ulink url="&kernelorgwikionbtrfs;">kernel.org wiki on btrfs</ulink>.  It is expected to be the next default filesystem after the ext4 filesystem.
pt: O estado do <ulink url="&btrfs;">Btrfs</ulink> pode ser encontrado em <ulink url="&debianwikionbtrfs;">Debian wiki on btrfs</ulink> e <ulink url="&kernelorgwikionbtrfs;">kernel.org wiki on btrfs</ulink>.  Espera-se que seja o próximo sistema de ficheiros padrão depois do sistema de ficheiros ext4.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Some tools allow access to filesystem without Linux kernel support (see <xref linkend="_manipulating_files_without_mounting_disk"/>).
pt: Algumas ferramentas permitem acesso a sistemas de ficheiros sem suporte do kernel do Linux (veja <xref linkend="_manipulating_files_without_mounting_disk"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Filesystem creation and integrity check
pt: Criação do sistema de ficheiros e verificação de integridade

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <literal>mkfs</literal>(8) command creates the filesystem on a Linux system. The <literal>fsck</literal>(8) command provides the filesystem integrity check and repair on a Linux system.
pt: O comando <literal>mkfs</literal>(8) cria o sistema de ficheiros num sistema Linux. O comando <literal>fsck</literal>(8) disponibiliza a verificação de integridade e reparação do sistema de ficheiros num sistema Linux.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Debian now defaults to no periodic <literal>fsck</literal> after filesystem creation.
pt: Debian agora, por predefinição, não faz <literal>fsck</literal> periódicos após a criação do sistema de ficheiros.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: It is generally not safe to run <literal>fsck</literal> on <emphasis role="strong">mounted filesystems</emphasis>.
pt: Geralmente não é seguro correr o <literal>fsck</literal> em <emphasis role="strong">sistemas de ficheiros montados</emphasis>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: You can run the <literal>fsck</literal>(8) command safely on all filesystems including root filesystem on reboot by setting "<literal>enable_periodic_fsck</literal>" in "<literal>/etc/mke2fs.conf</literal>" and the max mount count to 0 using "<literal>tune2fs -c0 /dev/<emphasis>partition_name</emphasis></literal>".  See <literal>mke2fs.conf</literal>(5) and <literal>tune2fs</literal>(8).
pt: Pode executar o comando <literal>fsck</literal>(8) com segurança em todos os sistemas de ficheiros incluindo o sistema raiz durante o arranque da máquina ao definir "<literal>enable_periodic_fsck</literal>" em "<literal>/etc/mke2fs.conf</literal>" e a contagem máxima de montagens para 0 a usar "<literal>tune2fs -c0 /dev/<emphasis>partition_name</emphasis></literal>".  Veja <literal>mke2fs.conf</literal>(5) e <literal>tune2fs</literal>(8).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Check files in "<literal>/var/log/fsck/</literal>" for the result of the <literal>fsck</literal>(8) command run from the boot script.
pt: Verifique os ficheiros em "<literal>/var/log/fsck/</literal>" pelos resultados do comando <literal>fsck</literal>(8) executado do script de arranque.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Optimization of filesystem by mount options
pt: Optimização do sistema de ficheiros por opções de montagem

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The basic static filesystem configuration is given by "<literal>/etc/fstab</literal>".  For example,
pt: A configuração estática básica dos sistemas de ficheiros é dada por "<literal>/etc/fstab</literal>". Por exemplo,

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: <ulink url="&uuid;">UUID</ulink> (see <xref linkend="_accessing_partition_using_uuid"/>) may be used to identify a block device instead of normal block device names such as "<literal>/dev/sda1</literal>", "<literal>/dev/sda2</literal>", …
pt: O <ulink url="&uuid;">UUID</ulink> (veja <xref linkend="_accessing_partition_using_uuid"/>) pode ser utilizado para identificar um aparelho de bloco em vez de nomes vulgares de aparelhos de bloco, tal como "<literal>/dev/sda1</literal>", "<literal>/dev/sda2</literal>",…

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Since Linux 2.6.30, the kernel defaults to the behavior provided by "<literal>relatime</literal>" option.
pt: Desde o Linux 2.6.30, o kernel adota por defeito o comportamento fornecido pela opção "<literal>relatime</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See <literal>fstab</literal>(5) and <literal>mount</literal>(8).
pt: Veja <literal>fstab</literal>(5) e <literal>mount</literal>(8).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Optimization of filesystem via superblock
pt: Optimização do sistema de ficheiros através do superblock

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Characteristics of a filesystem can be optimized via its superblock using the <literal>tune2fs</literal>(8) command.
pt: As características de um sistema de ficheiros podem ser optimizadas via o super-bloco dele a usar o comando <literal>tune2fs</literal>(8).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Execution of "<literal>sudo tune2fs -l /dev/hda1</literal>" displays the contents of the filesystem superblock on "<literal>/dev/hda1</literal>".
pt: A execução de "<literal>sudo tune2fs -l /dev/hda1</literal>" mostra o conteúdo do super-bloco do sistema de ficheiros em "<literal>/dev/hda1</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Execution of "<literal>sudo tune2fs -c 50 /dev/hda1</literal>" changes frequency of filesystem checks (<literal>fsck</literal> execution during boot-up) to every 50 boots on "<literal>/dev/hda1</literal>".
pt: A execução de "<literal>sudo tune2fs -c 50 /dev/hda1</literal>" muda a frequência das verificações do sistema de ficheiros (execução do <literal>fsck</literal> durante o arranque) para cada 50 arranques em "<literal>/dev/hda1</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Execution of "<literal>sudo tune2fs -j /dev/hda1</literal>" adds journaling capability to the filesystem, i.e. filesystem conversion from <ulink url="&extc;">ext2</ulink> to <ulink url="&extd;">ext3</ulink> on "<literal>/dev/hda1</literal>".  (Do this on the unmounted filesystem.)
pt: A execução de "<literal>sudo tune2fs -j /dev/hda1</literal>" adiciona capacidade de journal ao sistema de ficheiros, isto é, conversão de <ulink url="&extc;">ext2</ulink> para <ulink url="&extd;">ext3</ulink> em "<literal>/dev/hda1</literal>". (Faça isto no sistema de ficheiros desmontado.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Execution of "<literal>sudo tune2fs -O extents,uninit_bg,dir_index /dev/hda1 &amp;&amp; fsck -pf /dev/hda1</literal>" converts it from <ulink url="&extd;">ext3</ulink> to <ulink url="&exte;">ext4</ulink> on "<literal>/dev/hda1</literal>".  (Do this on the unmounted filesystem.)
pt: A execução de "<literal>sudo tune2fs -O extents,uninit_bg,dir_index /dev/hda1 &amp;&amp; fsck -pf /dev/hda1</literal>" converte-o de <ulink url="&extd;">ext3</ulink> para <ulink url="&exte;">ext4</ulink> em "<literal>/dev/hda1</literal>". (Faça isto no sistema de ficheiros desmontado.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Despite its name, <literal>tune2fs</literal>(8) works not only on the <ulink url="&extc;">ext2</ulink> filesystem but also on the <ulink url="&extd;">ext3</ulink> and <ulink url="&exte;">ext4</ulink> filesystems.
pt: Apesar do nome dele, o <literal>tune2fs</literal>(8) não funciona apenas no sistema de ficheiros <ulink url="&extc;">ext2</ulink>, mas também nos sistemas de ficheiros <ulink url="&extd;">ext3</ulink> e <ulink url="&exte;">ext4</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Optimization of hard disk
pt: Optimização do disco rígido

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
en: Please check your hardware and read manpage of <literal>hdparm</literal>(8) before playing with hard disk configuration because this may be quite dangerous for the data integrity.
pt: Por favor verifique o seu hardware e leia o manual do <literal>hdparm</literal>(8) antes de brincar com a configuração do disco rígido porque isto pode ser bastante perigoso para a integridade dos dados.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can test disk access speed of a hard disk, e.g. "<literal>/dev/hda</literal>", by "<literal>hdparm -tT /dev/hda</literal>". For some hard disk connected with (E)IDE, you can speed it up with "<literal>hdparm -q -c3 -d1 -u1 -m16 /dev/hda</literal>" by enabling the "(E)IDE 32-bit I/O support", enabling the "using_dma flag", setting "interrupt-unmask flag", and setting the "multiple 16 sector I/O" (dangerous!).
pt: Pode testar a velocidade de acesso ao disco de um disco rígido, p.e. "<literal>/dev/hda</literal>", por "<literal>hdparm -tT /dev/hda</literal>". Para algum disco rígido ligado com (E)IDE, pode acelerá-lo com "<literal>hdparm -q -c3 -d1 -u1 -m16 /dev/hda</literal>" ao ativar o suporte a "(E)IDE 32-bit I/O", a ativar a flag "using_dma", a definir a flag "interrupt-unmask" e a definir o "multiple 16 sector I/O" (perigoso!).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can test write cache feature of a hard disk, e.g. "<literal>/dev/sda</literal>", by "<literal>hdparm -W /dev/sda</literal>". You can disable its write cache feature with "<literal>hdparm -W 0 /dev/sda</literal>".
pt: Pode testar a funcionalidade de cache de escrita de um disco rígido, por exemplo "<literal>/dev/sda</literal>", com "<literal>hdparm -W /dev/sda</literal>". Pode desativar a funcionalidade de cache de escrita dele com "<literal>hdparm -W 0 /dev/sda</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You may be able to read badly pressed CDROMs on modern high speed CD-ROM drive by slowing it down with "<literal>setcd -x 2</literal>".
pt: Pode ser capaz de ler CDROMs muito pressionados em drives de CDROM modernas de alta velocidade ao abrandá-la com "<literal>setcd -x 2</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Optimization of solid state drive
pt: Optimização de disco de estado sólido (SSD)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <ulink url="&solidstatedrivessd;">Solid state drive (SSD)</ulink> is auto detected now.
pt: A <ulink url="&solidstatedrivessd;">unidade de estado sólido (SSD)</ulink> é agora automaticamente detetada.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Reduce unnecessary disk accesses to prevent disk wear out by mounting "<literal>tmpfs</literal>" on volatile data path in <literal>/etc/fstab</literal>.
pt: Reduza os acessos desnecessários ao disco para evitar o desgaste do disco, montando "<literal>tmpfs</literal>" no caminho de dados volátil em <literal>/etc/fstab</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Using SMART to predict hard disk failure
pt: Usar SMART para prever falhas no disco rígido

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can monitor and log your hard disk which is compliant to <ulink url="&smart;">SMART</ulink> with the <literal>smartd</literal>(8) daemon.
pt: Pode monitorizar e registar em log o seu disco rígido que é compatível com <ulink url="&smart;">SMART</ulink> com o daemon <literal>smartd</literal>(8).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Enable <ulink url="&smart;">SMART</ulink> feature in <ulink url="&bios;">BIOS</ulink>.
pt: ativar a função <ulink url="&smart;">SMART</ulink> na <ulink url="&bios;">BIOS</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Install the <literal>smartmontools</literal> package.
pt: Instalar o pacote <literal>smartmontools</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Identify your hard disk drives by listing them with <literal>df</literal>(1).
pt: Identificar os seus discos rígidos ao listá-los com <literal>df</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Let's assume a hard disk drive to be monitored as "<literal>/dev/hda</literal>".
pt: Vamos assumir uma drive de disco rígido a ser monitorizada como "<literal>/dev/hda</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Check the output of "<literal>smartctl -a /dev/hda</literal>" to see if <ulink url="&smart;">SMART</ulink> feature is actually enabled.
pt: Verifique o resultado de "<literal>smartctl -a /dev/hda</literal>" para ver se a funcionalidade <ulink url="&smart;">SMART</ulink> está atualmente ligada.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: If not, enable it by "<literal>smartctl -s on -a /dev/hda</literal>".
pt: Se não, active-o com "<literal>smartctl -s on -a /dev/hda</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Enable <literal>smartd</literal>(8) daemon to run by the following.
pt: Active o daemon <literal>smartd</literal>(8) ao correr o seguinte.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: uncomment "<literal>start_smartd=yes</literal>" in the "<literal>/etc/default/smartmontools</literal>" file.
pt: retire a marca de comentário na linha "<literal>start_smartd=yes</literal>" no ficheiro "<literal>/etc/default/smartmontools</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: restart the <literal>smartd</literal>(8) daemon by "<literal>sudo systemctl restart smartmontools</literal>".
pt: reiniciar o daemon <literal>smartd</literal>(8) com "<literal>sudo systemctl restart smartmontools</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: The <literal>smartd</literal>(8) daemon can be customized with the <literal>/etc/smartd.conf</literal> file including how to be notified of warnings.
pt: O daemon <literal>smartd</literal>(8) pode ser personalizado com o ficheiro <literal>/etc/smartd.conf</literal> incluindo em como ser notificado dos avisos.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Specify temporary storage directory via $TMPDIR
pt: Especifique o diretório de armazenamento temporário através de $TMPDIR

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Applications create temporary files normally under the temporary storage directory "<literal>/tmp</literal>".  If "<literal>/tmp</literal>" does not provide enough space, you can specify such temporary storage directory via the <literal>$TMPDIR</literal> variable for well-behaving programs.
pt: As aplicações criam ficheiros temporários normalmente sob o diretório de armazenamento temporário "<literal>/tmp</literal>". Se "<literal>/tmp</literal>" não disponibilizar espaço suficiente, pode especificar um diretório de espaço temporário, a programas bem-comportados, através da variável <literal>$TMPDIR</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Expansion of usable storage space via LVM
pt: Expandir o espaço de armazenamento utilizável via LVM

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For partitions created on <ulink url="&logicalvolumemanagerlvm;">Logical Volume Manager (LVM)</ulink> (Linux feature) at install time, they can be resized easily by concatenating extents onto them or truncating extents from them over multiple storage devices without major system reconfiguration.
pt: Para partições criadas em <ulink url="&logicalvolumemanagerlvm;">Logical Volume Manager (LVM)</ulink> (funcionalidade do Linux) durante a instalação, elas podem ser redimensionadas facilmente ao concatenar extensões nelas ou ao truncar extensões delas sobre múltiplos aparelhos de armazenamento sem grandes reconfigurações do sistema.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Expansion of usable storage space by mounting another partition
pt: Expandir o espaço de armazenamento utilizável ao montar outra partição

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you have an empty partition (e.g., "<literal>/dev/sdx</literal>"), you can format it with <literal>mkfs.ext4</literal>(1) and <literal>mount</literal>(8) it to a directory where you need more space. (You need to copy original data contents.)
pt: Se tiver uma partição vazia (ex. "<literal>/dev/sdx</literal>"), pode formatá-la com <literal>mkfs.ext4</literal>(1) e <literal>mount</literal>(8) para um diretório onde precise de mais espaço. (necessita copiar os conteúdos originais.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: You may alternatively mount an empty disk image file (see <xref linkend="_making_the_empty_disk_image_file"/>) as a loop device (see <xref linkend="_mounting_the_disk_image_file"/>).  The actual disk usage grows with the actual data stored.
pt: Pode em alternativa montar um ficheiro de imagem de disco vazio (veja <xref linkend="_making_the_empty_disk_image_file"/>) como um aparelho de loop (veja <xref linkend="_mounting_the_disk_image_file"/>). A utilização real do disco cresce com os dados reais armazenados.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Expansion of usable storage space by bind-mounting another directory
pt: Expandir o espaço de armazenamento utilizável ao fazer bind-mount para outro diretório

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you have an empty directory (e.g., "<literal>/path/to/emp-dir</literal>") on another partition with usable space, you can mount(8) it with "<literal>--bind</literal>" option to a directory (e.g., "<literal>work-dir</literal>") where you need more space.
pt: Se tiver um diretório vazio (p.e. "<literal>/caminho/para/diretório-vazio</literal>") com espaço utilizável noutra partição, pode fazer mount(8) ao mesmo com a opção "<literal>--bind</literal> para um diretório (p.e., "<literal>diretório-de-trabalho</literal>") onde necessite de mais espaço.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Expansion of usable storage space by overlay-mounting another directory
pt: Expansão do espaço de armazenamento utilizável ao fazer overlay-mounting para outro diretório

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you have usable space in another partition (e.g., "<literal>/path/to/empty</literal>" and "<literal>/path/to/work</literal>"), you can create a directory in it and stack that on to an old directory (e.g., "<literal>/path/to/old</literal>") where you need space using the <ulink url="&overlayfs;">OverlayFS</ulink> for Linux kernel 3.18 or newer (Debian Stretch 9.0 or newer).
pt: Se tem espaço utilizável noutra partição (ex. "<literal>/path/to/empty</literal>") e "<literal>/path/to/work</literal>"), pode criar um diretório nela e empilhá-lo no diretório antigo (ex, "<literal>/path/to/old</literal>") onde precisa de espaço a usar o <ulink url="&overlayfs;">OverlayFS</ulink> para Linux kernel 3.18 ou mais recente (Debian Stretch 9.0 ou posterior).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here, "<literal>/path/to/empty</literal>" and "<literal>/path/to/work</literal>" should be on the RW-enabled partition to write on "<literal>/path/to/old</literal>".
pt: Aqui, "<literal>/path/to/empty</literal>" e "<literal>/path/to/work</literal>" devem estar na partição com Escrita-Leitura activa a escrever em "<literal>/path/to/old</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Expansion of usable storage space using symlink
pt: Expandir o espaço de armazenamento utilizável a usar ligações simbólicas

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: This is a deprecated method.  Some software may not function well with "symlink to a directory".  Instead, use the "mounting" approaches described in the above.
pt: Este é um método descontinuado. Alguns programas podem não funcionar bem com uma "ligação simbólica a um diretório". Em vez disso, use as opções de "montagem" descritas em cima.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you have an empty directory (e.g., "<literal>/path/to/emp-dir</literal>") in another partition with usable space, you can create a symlink to the directory with <literal>ln</literal>(8).
pt: Se tem um diretório vazio (ex. "<literal>/caminho/para/diretório-vazio</literal>") noutra partição com espaço utilizável, pode criar uma ligação simbólica ao diretório com o <literal>ln</literal>(8).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
en: Do not use "symlink to a directory" for directories managed by the system such as "<literal>/opt</literal>".  Such a symlink may be overwritten when the system is upgraded.
pt: Não utilize uma "ligação simbólica para um diretório" para diretórios geridos pelo sistema, tais como o "<literal>/opt</literal>". Tal ligação simbólica poderá ser sobrescrita quando o sistema for atualizado.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: The disk image
pt: A imagem de disco

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Here, we discuss manipulations of the disk image.
pt: Aqui discutimos manipulações da imagem do disco.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Making the disk image file
pt: Criar o ficheiro de imagem de disco

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The disk image file, "<literal>disk.img</literal>", of an unmounted device, e.g., the second SCSI or serial ATA drive "<literal>/dev/sdb</literal>", can be made using <literal>cp</literal>(1) or <literal>dd</literal>(1) by the following.
pt: O ficheiro de imagem de disco, "<literal>disco.img</literal>", de um aparelho não montado, ex., a segunda drive SCSI ou serial ATA "<literal>/dev/sdb</literal>", pode ser feito a usar o <literal>cp</literal>(1) ou o <literal>dd</literal>(1) com o seguinte.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The disk image of the traditional PC's <ulink url="&masterbootrecordmbr;">master boot record (MBR)</ulink> (see <xref linkend="_disk_partition_configuration"/>) which reside on the first sector on the primary IDE disk can be made by using <literal>dd</literal>(1) by the following.
pt: O <ulink url="&masterbootrecordmbr;">master boot record (MBR)</ulink> da imagem de disco dos PC's tradicionais (veja <xref linkend="_disk_partition_configuration"/>) que reside no primeiro sector no disco IDE primário pode ser feito a usar o <literal>dd</literal>(1) com o seguinte.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>mbr.img</literal>": The MBR with the partition table
pt: "<literal>mbr.img</literal>": O MBR com a tabela de partições

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>mbr-nopart.img</literal>": The MBR without the partition table
pt: "<literal>mbr-nopart.img</literal>": O MBR sem a tabela de partições

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>mbr-part.img</literal>": The partition table of the MBR only
pt: "<literal>mbr-part.img</literal>": A tabela de partições apenas do MBR

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you have an SCSI or serial ATA device as the boot disk, substitute "<literal>/dev/hda</literal>" with "<literal>/dev/sda</literal>".
pt: Se tem um aparelho SCSI ou serial ATA como disco de arranque, substitua "<literal>/dev/hda</literal>" por "<literal>/dev/sda</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you are making an image of a disk partition of the original disk, substitute "<literal>/dev/hda</literal>" with "<literal>/dev/hda1</literal>" etc.
pt: Se está a criar uma imagem de uma partição de disco do disco original, substitua "<literal>/dev/hda</literal>" por "<literal>/dev/hda1</literal>" etc.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Writing directly to the disk
pt: Escrever directamente no disco

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The disk image file, "<literal>disk.img</literal>" can be written to an unmounted device, e.g., the second SCSI drive "<literal>/dev/sdb</literal>" with matching size, by the following.
pt: O ficheiro de imagem de disco "<literal>disk.img</literal>" pode ser escrito para um aparelho desmontado, ex. a segunda drive SCSI "<literal>/dev/sdb</literal>" como tamanho correspondente, com o seguinte.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Similarly, the disk partition image file, "<literal>partition.img</literal>" can be written to an unmounted partition, e.g., the first partition of the second SCSI drive "<literal>/dev/sdb1</literal>" with matching size, by the following.
pt: Se modo semelhante, o ficheiro de imagem de partição de disco, "<literal>partition.img</literal>" pode ser escrito para uma partição desmontada, ex., a primeira partição do segundo disco SCSI "<literal>/dev/sdb1</literal>" com tamanho correspondente, com o seguinte.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Mounting the disk image file
pt: Montar o ficheiro de imagem de disco

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The disk image "<literal>partition.img</literal>" containing a single partition image can be mounted and unmounted by using the <ulink url="&loopdevice;">loop device</ulink> as follows.
pt: A imagem de disco "<literal>partition.img</literal>" que contém uma partição única pode ser montada e desmontada ao usar o <ulink url="&loopdevice;">aparelho loop</ulink> como a seguir.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This can be simplified as follows.
pt: Isto pode ser simplificado como a seguir.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Each partition of the disk image "<literal>disk.img</literal>" containing multiple partitions can be mounted by using the <ulink url="&loopdevice;">loop device</ulink>.
pt: Cada partição da imagem de disco "<literal>disk.img</literal>" que contém múltiplas partições pode ser montada a usar o <ulink url="&loopdevice;">aparelho loop</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Alternatively, similar effects can be done by using the <ulink url="&devicemapper;">device mapper</ulink> devices created by <literal>kpartx</literal>(8) from the <literal>kpartx</literal> package as follows.
pt: Alternativamente, podem-se fazer efeitos semelhantes ao usar os aparelhos <ulink url="&devicemapper;">device mapper</ulink> criados pelo <literal>kpartx</literal>(8) do pacote <literal>kpartx</literal> como a seguir.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Cleaning a disk image file
pt: Limpar um ficheiro de imagem de disco

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: A disk image file, "<literal>disk.img</literal>" can be cleaned of all removed files into clean sparse image "<literal>new.img</literal>" by the following.
pt: Um ficheiro de imagem de disco, "<literal>disk.img</literal>" pode ser limpo de todos os ficheiros removidos numa imagem limpa "<literal>new.img</literal>" com o seguinte.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If "<literal>disk.img</literal>" is in ext2, ext3 or ext4, you can also use <literal>zerofree</literal>(8) from the <literal>zerofree</literal> package as follows.
pt: Se o "<literal>disk.img</literal>" está em ext2, ext3 ou ext4, você também pode usar o <literal>zerofree</literal>(8) do pacote <literal>zerofree</literal> como a seguir.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Making the empty disk image file
pt: Criar um ficheiro de imagem de disco vazio

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The empty disk image "<literal>disk.img</literal>" which can grow up to 5GiB can be made using <literal>dd</literal>(1) as follows.
pt: A imagem de disco vazia "<literal>disk.img</literal>" que pode crescer até aos 5GiB pode ser feita a usar o <literal>dd</literal>(1) como a seguir.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Instead of using <literal>dd</literal>(1), specialized <literal>fallocate</literal>(8) may be used here.
pt: Em vez de utilizar <literal>dd</literal>(1), pode ser utilizado aqui o <literal>fallocate</literal> especializado (8).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can create an ext4 filesystem on this disk image "<literal>disk.img</literal>" using the <ulink url="&loopdevice;">loop device</ulink> as follows.
pt: Pode criar um sistema de ficheiros ext4 nesta imagem de disco "<literal>disk.img</literal>" a usar o <ulink url="&loopdevice;">aparelho loop</ulink> como a seguir.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For "<literal>disk.img</literal>", its file size is 5.0 GiB and its actual disk usage is mere 83MiB.  This discrepancy is possible since <ulink url="&exte;">ext4</ulink> can hold <ulink url="&sparsefile;">sparse file</ulink>.
pt: Para "<literal>disk.img</literal>", o tamanho de ficheiro dele é 5.0 Gb e a utilização real do disco dele é apenas 83 Mb. Esta discrepância é possível porque o <ulink url="&exte;">ext4</ulink> pode manter o <ulink url="&sparsefile;">ficheiro sparse</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: The actual disk usage of <ulink url="&sparsefile;">sparse file</ulink> grows with data which are written to it.
pt: A utilização de disco real do <ulink url="&sparsefile;">ficheiro sparse</ulink> cresce com os dados que são escritos nele.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Using similar operation on devices created by the <ulink url="&loopdevice;">loop device</ulink> or the <ulink url="&devicemapper;">device mapper</ulink> devices as <xref linkend="_mounting_the_disk_image_file"/>, you can partition this disk image "<literal>disk.img</literal>" using <literal>parted</literal>(8) or <literal>fdisk</literal>(8), and can create filesystem on it using <literal>mkfs.ext4</literal>(8), <literal>mkswap</literal>(8), etc.
pt: A usar uma operação semelhante em aparelhos criados pelo <ulink url="&loopdevice;">aparelho loop</ulink> ou o <ulink url="&devicemapper;">mapeador de aparelhos</ulink> como <xref linkend="_mounting_the_disk_image_file"/>, pode particionar esta imagem de disco "<literal>disk.img</literal>" a usar o <literal>parted</literal>(8) ou o <literal>fdisk</literal>(8) e pode criar um sistema de ficheiros nela a usar <literal>mkfs.ext4</literal>(8), <literal>mkswap</literal>(8), etc.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Making the ISO9660 image file
pt: Criar o ficheiro de imagem ISO9660

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <ulink url="&isojgga;">ISO9660</ulink> image file, "<literal>cd.iso</literal>", from the source directory tree at "<literal>source_directory</literal>" can be made using <literal>genisoimage</literal>(1) provided by <ulink url="&cdrkit;">cdrkit</ulink> by the following.
pt: O ficheiro de imagem <ulink url="&isojgga;">ISO9660</ulink>, "<literal>cd.iso</literal>", a partir da árvore de diretórios fonte em "<literal>source_diretory</literal>" pode ser feito a usar o <literal>genisoimage</literal>(1) disponibilizado pelo <ulink url="&cdrkit;">cdrkit</ulink> com o seguinte.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Similarly, the bootable ISO9660 image file, "<literal>cdboot.iso</literal>", can be made from <literal>debian-installer</literal> like directory tree at "<literal>source_directory</literal>" by the following.
pt: De modo semelhante, o ficheiro de imagem ISO9660 de arranque, "<literal>cdboot.iso</literal>", pode ser feito a partir do <literal>instalador-debian</literal> como árvore de diretórios em "<literal>source_diretory</literal>" com o seguinte.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here <ulink url="&isolinuxbootloader;">Isolinux boot loader</ulink> (see <xref linkend="_stage_2_the_boot_loader"/>) is used for booting.
pt: Aqui é usado para arranque o <ulink url="&isolinuxbootloader;">boot loader Isolinux</ulink> (veja <xref linkend="_stage_2_the_boot_loader"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can calculate the md5sum value and make the ISO9660 image directly from the CD-ROM device as follows.
pt: Pode calcular o valor md5sum e fazer a imagem ISO9660 directamente a partir do aparelho CD-ROM como a seguir.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
en: You must carefully avoid ISO9660 filesystem read ahead bug of Linux as above to get the right result.
pt: Tem de ter o cuidado de evitar o bug de leitura antecipada do sistema de ficheiros ISO9660 do Linux como em cima para obter o resultado correcto.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Writing directly to the CD/DVD-R/RW
pt: Escrever directamente ao CD/DVD-R/RW

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: DVD is only a large CD to <literal>wodim</literal>(1) provided by <ulink url="&cdrkit;">cdrkit</ulink>.
pt: Um DVD é apenas um CD grande para o <literal>wodim</literal>(1) disponibilizado pelo <ulink url="&cdrkit;">cdrkit</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can find a usable device by the following.
pt: Pode procurar um aparelho utilizável com o seguinte.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Then the blank CD-R is inserted to the CD drive, and the ISO9660 image file, "<literal>cd.iso</literal>" is written to this device, e.g., "<literal>/dev/hda</literal>", using <literal>wodim</literal>(1) by the following.
pt: Então o CD-R vazio é inserido na drive de CD e o ficheiro de imagem ISO9660, "<literal>cd.iso</literal>" é escrito neste aparelho, ex. "<literal>/dev/hda</literal>", a usar o <literal>wodim</literal>(1) com o seguinte.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If CD-RW is used instead of CD-R, do this instead by the following.
pt: Se for usado um CD-RW em vez de um CD-R, faça antes o seguinte.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: If your desktop system mounts CDs automatically, unmount it by "<literal>sudo umount /dev/hda</literal>" from console before using <literal>wodim</literal>(1).
pt: Se o seu ambiente montar CDs automaticamente, desmonte-o com "<literal>sudo umount /dev/hda</literal>" a partir da consola antes de usar o <literal>wodim</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Mounting the ISO9660 image file
pt: Montar o ficheiro de imagem ISO9660

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If "<literal>cd.iso</literal>" contains an ISO9660 image, then the following manually mounts it to "<literal>/cdrom</literal>".
pt: Se "<literal>cd.iso</literal>" conter uma imagem ISO9660, então o seguinte monta-o manualmente em "<literal>/cdrom</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Modern desktop system may mount removable media such as ISO9660 formatted CD automatically (see <xref linkend="_removable_storage_device"/>).
pt: Os sistemas de ambiente de trabalho modernos podem montar medias amovíveis, tais como um CD formatado em ISO9660, automaticamente (veja <xref linkend="_removable_storage_device"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: The binary data
pt: Os dados binários

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Here, we discuss direct manipulations of the binary data on storage media.
pt: Aqui, discutimos manipulação directa de dados binários em meios de armazenamento.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Viewing and editing binary data
pt: Ver e editar dados binários

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The most basic viewing method of binary data is to use "<literal>od -t x1</literal>" command.
pt: o método de visualização mais básico de dados binários é usar o comando "<literal>od -t x1</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of packages which view and edit binary data
pt: Lista de pacote para ver e editar dados binários

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: basic package which has <literal>od</literal>(1) to dump files (HEX, ASCII, OCTAL, …)
pt: pacote básico que tem <literal>od</literal>(1) para despejar ficheiros (HEX, ASCII, OCTAL, …)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: utility package which has <literal>hd</literal>(1) to dump files (HEX, ASCII, OCTAL, …)
pt: pacote utilitário que tem <literal>hd</literal>(1) para despejar ficheiros (HEX, ASCII, OCTAL, …)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: binary editor and viewer (HEX, ASCII)
pt: editor binário e visualizador (HEX, ASCII)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: full featured hexadecimal editor (GNOME)
pt: editor hexadecimal cheiro de funcionalidades (GNOME)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: full featured hexadecimal editor (KDE4)
pt: editor hexadecimal cheiro de funcionalidades (KDE4)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: binary editor and viewer (HEX, ASCII, EBCDIC)
pt: editor binário e visualizador (HEX, ASCII, EBCDIC)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: binary editor and viewer (HEX, ASCII, EBCDIC, OCTAL, …)
pt: editor binário e visualizador (HEX, ASCII, EBCDIC, OCTAL, …)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: HEX is used as an acronym for <ulink url="&hexadecimal;">hexadecimal</ulink> format with <ulink url="&radix;">radix</ulink> 16.  OCTAL is for <ulink url="&octal;">octal</ulink> format with <ulink url="&radix;">radix</ulink> 8.  ASCII is for <ulink url="&americanstandardationinterchange;">American Standard Code for Information Interchange</ulink>, i.e., normal English text code.  EBCDIC is for <ulink url="&extendedbinarycolinterchangecode;">Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code</ulink> used on <ulink url="&ibmmainframe;">IBM mainframe</ulink> operating systems.
pt: HEX é usado como um acrónimo para o formato <ulink url="&hexadecimal;">hexadecimal</ulink> com <ulink url="&radix;">radix</ulink> 16. OCTAL é para formato <ulink url="&octal;">octal</ulink> com <ulink url="&radix;">radix</ulink> 8. ASCII é para <ulink url="&americanstandardationinterchange;">American Standard Code for Information Interchange</ulink>, isto é, código de texto Inglês normal. EBCDIC é para <ulink url="&extendedbinarycolinterchangecode;">Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code</ulink> usado em sistemas operativos com <ulink url="&ibmmainframe;">infraestrutura da IBM</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Manipulating files without mounting disk
pt: Manipular ficheiros sem montar o disco

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There are tools to read and write files without mounting disk.
pt: Existem ferramentas para ler e escrever ficheiros sem montar o disco.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of packages to manipulate files without mounting disk
pt: Lista de pacotes para ler e escrever ficheiros sem montar o disco

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: utilities for MSDOS files without mounting them
pt: utilitários para sistemas de ficheiros MSDOS sem os montar

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: utilities for HFS and HFS+ files without mounting them
pt: utilitários para sistemas de ficheiros HFS e HFS+ sem os montar

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Data redundancy
pt: Redundância de dados

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Software <ulink url="&raid;">RAID</ulink> systems offered by the Linux kernel provide data redundancy in the kernel filesystem level to achieve high levels of storage reliability.
pt: Os sistemas <ulink url="&raid;">RAID</ulink> por software oferecidos pelo kernel Linux oferecem redundância de dados ao nível do sistema de ficheiros do kernel, para se conseguir altos níveis de fiabilidade de armazenamento.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There are tools to add data redundancy to files in application program level to achieve high levels of storage reliability, too.
pt: Também existem ferramentas para adicionar redundância a ficheiros ao nível de programa aplicação, para se conseguir altos níveis de fiabilidade de armazenamento.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of tools to add data redundancy to files
pt: Lista de ferramentas para adicionar redundância de dados a ficheiros

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Parity Archive Volume Set, for checking and repair of files
pt: Parity Archive Volume Set, para verificação e reparação de ficheiros

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: data loss/scratch/aging protection for CD/DVD media
pt: protecção de dados contra percas/riscos/envelhecimento para medias CD/DVD

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: backup tool using MiniDV camcorders (providing <literal>rsbep</literal>(1))
pt: ferramenta de backup que usa câmaras de filmar MiniDV (a disponibilizar <literal>rsbep</literal>(1))

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Data file recovery and forensic analysis
pt: Recuperação de ficheiros e dados e análise forense

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There are tools for data file recovery and forensic analysis.
pt: Existem ferramentas para recuperação de ficheiros e dados e análise forense.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of packages for data file recovery and forensic analysis
pt: Lista de pacotes para recuperação de ficheiros e dados e análise forense

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: utilities for partition scan and disk recovery
pt: utilitários para sondagem de partições e recuperação de discos

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: utility to recover files by looking for magic bytes
pt: utilitário para recuperar ficheiros ao procurar por bytes mágicos

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: frugal, high performance file carver
pt: frugal, entalhador de ficheiros de alta performance

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: rescue data from damaged harddisks
pt: recuperar dados de discos rígidos danificados

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: utility to undelete files on the ext3/4 filesystem
pt: utilitários para recuperar ficheiros apagados no sistema de ficheiros ext3/4

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: tool to help recover deleted files on the ext3 filesystem
pt: ferramenta para ajudar a recuperar ficheiros apagados no sistema de ficheiros ext3

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: data recovery program for NTFS filesystems
pt: programa de recuperação de dados para sistemas de ficheiros NTFS

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: gzip recovery toolkit
pt: conjunto de ferramentas de recuperação gzip

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: tools for forensics analysis. (Sleuthkit)
pt: ferramentas para análise forense. (Sleuthkit)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: graphical interface to SleuthKit
pt: interface gráfica para o SleuthKit

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: forensics application to recover data
pt: aplicação forense para recuperar dados

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: forensic imaging tool based on Qt
pt: ferramenta de imagem forense baseada em Qt

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: enhanced version of <literal>dd</literal> for forensics and security
pt: versão melhorada do <literal>dd</literal> para forenses e segurança

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: You can undelete files on the ext2 filesystem using <literal>list_deleted_inodes</literal> and <literal>undel</literal> commands of <literal>debugfs</literal>(8) in the <literal>e2fsprogs</literal> package.
pt: Pode recuperar ficheiros apagados no sistema de ficheiros ext2 a usar os comandos <literal>list_deleted_inodes</literal> e <literal>undel</literal> de <literal>debugfs</literal>(8) no pacote <literal>e2fsprogs</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Splitting a large file into small files
pt: Dividir um ficheiro grande em ficheiros pequenos

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: When a data is too big to backup as a single file, you can backup its content after splitting it into, e.g. 2000MiB chunks and merge those chunks back into the original file later.
pt: Quando os dados são muito grandes para fazer backup num ficheiro único, pode fazer backup ao conteúdo dele após dividi-lo em fatias de, por exemplo, 2000Mb e mais tarde fundir essas fatias de volta para o ficheiro original.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: Please make sure you do not have any files starting with "<literal>x</literal>" to avoid name crashes.
pt: Por favor certifique-se que não tem nenhuns ficheiros que começam com "<literal>x</literal>" para evitar falhas com nomes.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Clearing file contents
pt: Limpar conteúdo de ficheiro

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: In order to clear the contents of a file such as a log file, do not use <literal>rm</literal>(1) to delete the file and then create a new empty file, because the file may still be accessed in the interval between commands.  The following is the safe way to clear the contents of the file.
pt: De modo a limpar o conteúdo de um ficheiro como um ficheiro log, não use o <literal>rm</literal>(1) para apagar o ficheiro e depois crie um ficheiro vazio, porque o ficheiro pode ainda estar a ser acedido no intervalo entre comandos. O seguinte é o modo seguro de limpar o conteúdo do ficheiro.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Dummy files
pt: Ficheiros dummy

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The following commands create dummy or empty files.
pt: Os seguintes comandos criam ficheiros dummy ou vazios.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You should find following files.
pt: Deve encontrar os seguintes ficheiros.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>5kb.file</literal>" is 5KB of zeros.
pt: "<literal>5kb.file</literal>" é 5KB de zeros.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>7mb.file</literal>" is 7MB of random data.
pt: "<literal>7mb.file</literal>" são 7MB de dados aleatórios.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>zero.file</literal>" may be a 0 byte file.  If it existed, its <literal>mtime</literal> is updated while its content and its length are kept.
pt: "<literal>zero.file</literal>" pode ser um ficheiro de 0 bytes. Se existir, o <literal>mtime</literal> dele é atualizado enquanto o conteúdo e tamanho dele são mantidos.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>alwayszero.file</literal>" is always a 0 byte file.  If it existed, its <literal>mtime</literal> is updated and its content is reset.
pt: "<literal>alwayszero.file</literal>" é sempre um ficheiro de 0 bytes. Se existir, o <literal>mtime</literal> dele é atualizado e o conteúdo dele é reposto.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Erasing an entire hard disk
pt: apagar um disco rígido inteiro

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There are several ways to completely erase data from an entire hard disk like device, e.g., USB memory stick at "<literal>/dev/sda</literal>".
pt: Existem várias maneiras de apagar completamente os dados de um aparelho inteiro tipo disco rígido, ex., pen de memória USB em "<literal>/dev/sda</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: Check your USB memory stick location with <literal>mount</literal>(8) first before executing commands here.  The device pointed by "<literal>/dev/sda</literal>" may be SCSI hard disk or serial-ATA hard disk where your entire system resides.
pt: Primeiro verifique a localização da sua pen de memória USB com o <literal>mount</literal>(8) antes de executar os comandos aqui. O aparelho apontado por "<literal>/dev/sda</literal>" pode ser um disco rígido SCSI ou SATA onde pode residir todo o seu sistema.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Erase all the disk content by resetting data to 0 with the following.
pt: Apagar todo o conteúdo do disco ao repor os dados a 0 com o seguinte.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Erase everything by overwriting with random data as follows.
pt: Apagar tudo ao sobrescrever com dados aleatórios como a seguir.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Erase everything by overwriting with random data very efficiently as follows.
pt: Apagar tudo muito eficientemente ao sobrescrever com dados aleatórios como a seguir.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You may alternatively use <literal>badblocks</literal>(8) with <literal>-t random</literal> option.
pt: Em alternativa, pode utilizar <literal>badblocks</literal>(8) com a opção <literal>-t random</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Since <literal>dd</literal>(1) is available from the shell of many bootable Linux CDs such as Debian installer CD, you can erase your installed system completely by running an erase command from such media on the system hard disk, e.g., "<literal>/dev/hda</literal>", "<literal>/dev/sda</literal>", etc.
pt: Como o <literal>dd</literal>(1) está disponível a partir da shell de muitos CDs de arranque de Linux como o CD de instalação de Debian, pode apagar completamente o seu sistema instalado no disco rígido, por exemplo, "<literal>/dev/hda</literal>", "<literal>/dev/sda</literal>", etc., ao correr um comando de limpeza a partir de tal media de arranque.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Erasing unused area of an hard disk
pt: Apagar uma área não utilizada do disco rígido

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Unused area on an hard disk (or USB memory stick), e.g. "<literal>/dev/sdb1</literal>" may still contain erased data themselves since they are only unlinked from the filesystem.  These can be cleaned by overwriting them.
pt: A área não utilizada de um disco rígido (ou duma pen USB ), por exemplo "<literal>/dev/sdb1</literal>" pode ainda conter os próprios dados apagados pois eles são apenas 'desligados' do sistema de ficheiros. Estes podem ser limpos ao sobrescrever a área onde estão.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
en: This is usually good enough for your USB memory stick.  But this is not perfect.  Most parts of erased filenames and their attributes may be hidden and remain in the filesystem.
pt: Normalmente isto é suficientemente bom para a sua pen de memória USB. Mas não é perfeito. A maioria das partes dos nomes de ficheiros apagados e os atributos deles podem ficar escondidos e permanecerem no sistema de ficheiros.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Undeleting deleted but still open files
pt: Recuperar ficheiros apagados mas ainda abertos

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Even if you have accidentally deleted a file, as long as that file is still being used by some application (read or write mode), it is possible to recover such a file.
pt: Mesmo que tenha acidentalmente apagado um ficheiro, desde que esse ficheiro esteja ainda a ser usado por alguma aplicação (em modo de leitura ou escrita), é possível recuperar tal ficheiro.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Execute on another terminal (when you have the <literal>lsof</literal> package installed) as follows.
pt: Execute em outro terminal (quando tem o pacote <literal>lsof</literal> instalado) o seguinte.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Searching all hardlinks
pt: Procurar todas as ligações rígidas

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Files with hardlinks can be identified by "<literal>ls -li</literal>".
pt: Os ficheiros com ligações rígidas podem ser identificados com "<literal>ls -li</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Both "<literal>baz</literal>" and "<literal>foo</literal>" have link counts of "2" (&gt;1) showing them to have hardlinks.  Their <ulink url="&inode;">inode</ulink> numbers are common "2738404".  This means they are the same hardlinked file.  If you do not happen to find all hardlinked files by chance, you can search it by the <ulink url="&inode;">inode</ulink>, e.g., "2738404" as the following.
pt: Ambos "<literal>baz</literal>" e "<literal>foo</literal>" têm contagens de ligações de "2" (&gt;1) a mostrar que têm ligaçõesrígidas.  Os números de <ulink url="&inode;">inode</ulink> deles são comuns "2738404".  Isto significa que são o mesmo ficheiro em ligação rígida.  Se não encontrar todos os ficheiros em ligação rígida por acaso, pode procurá-los pelo <ulink url="&inode;">inode</ulink>, ex., "2738404" com o seguinte.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Invisible disk space consumption
pt: Consumo invisível do espaço do disco

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: All deleted but open files consume disk space although they are not visible from normal <literal>du</literal>(1).  They can be listed with their size by the following.
pt: Todos os ficheiros apagadas mas abertos consomem espaço no disco apesar de não estarem visíveis ao <literal>du</literal>(1) normal. Eles podem ser listados com o tamanho deles com o seguinte.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Data encryption tips
pt: Dicas de encriptação de dados

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: With physical access to your PC, anyone can easily gain root privilege and access all the files on your PC (see <xref linkend="_securing_the_root_password"/>).  This means that login password system can not secure your private and sensitive data against possible theft of your PC.  You must deploy data encryption technology to do it.  Although <ulink url="&gnuprivacyguard;">GNU privacy guard</ulink> (see <xref linkend="_data_security_infrastructure"/>) can encrypt files, it takes some user efforts.
pt: Com acesso físico ao seu PC, qualquer um pode facilmente ganhar privilégios de root e aceder a todos os ficheiros no seu PC (veja <xref linkend="_securing_the_root_password"/>). Isto significa que o sistema de palavra passe no login não pode proteger os seus dados privados e sensíveis contra um possível roubo do seu PC. Tem que implementar uma tecnologia de encriptação de dados para o fazer. Apesar do <ulink url="&gnuprivacyguard;">GNU privacy guard</ulink> (veja <xref linkend="_data_security_infrastructure"/>) poder encriptar ficheiro,consome alguns esforços do utilizador.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: <ulink url="&dmcrypt;">Dm-crypt</ulink> facilitates automatic data encryption via native Linux kernel modules with minimal user efforts using <ulink url="&devicemapper;">device-mapper</ulink>.
pt: <ulink url="&dmcrypt;">Dm-crypt</ulink> facilitam a encriptação de dados automática nativamente através de módulos do kernel Linux com o mínimo de esforço do utilizador utilizando <ulink url="&devicemapper;">device-mapper</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of data encryption utilities
pt: Lista de utilitários de encriptação de dados

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: utilities for encrypted block device (<ulink url="&dmcrypt;">dm-crypt</ulink> / <ulink url="&luks;">LUKS</ulink>)
pt: utilitários para aparelhos de bloco encriptados (<ulink url="&dmcrypt;">dm-crypt</ulink> / <ulink url="&luks;">LUKS</ulink>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: utilities for encrypted block device (<ulink url="&dmcrypt;">dm-crypt</ulink> / <ulink url="&luks;">LUKS</ulink>) with focus on mount/unmount by normal users
pt: utilitários para aparelhos de bloco encriptados (<ulink url="&dmcrypt;">dm-crypt</ulink> / <ulink url="&luks;">LUKS</ulink>) com focagem na montagem/desmontagem por utilizadores normais

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: utilities for Linux filesystem encryption (<ulink url="&fscrypt;">fscrypt</ulink>)
pt: utilitários para a encriptação do sistema de ficheiros Linux (<ulink url="&fscrypt;">fscrypt</ulink>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: PAM module for Linux filesystem encryption (<ulink url="&fscrypt;">fscrypt</ulink>)
pt: Módulo PAM para encriptação do sistema de ficheiros Linux(<ulink url="&fscrypt;">fscrypt</ulink>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><caution><para>
en: Data encryption costs CPU time etc.  Encrypted data becomes inaccessible if its password is lost.  Please weigh its benefits and costs.
pt: A encriptação de dados custa tempo de CPU, etc.  Os dados encriptados ficam inacessíveis se a palavra-passe for perdida.  Pondere as suas vantagens e custos.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><note><para>
en: Entire Debian system can be installed on a encrypted disk by the <ulink url="&debianinstaller;">debian-installer</ulink> (lenny or newer) using <ulink url="&dmcrypt;">dm-crypt</ulink>/<ulink url="&luks;">LUKS</ulink> and initramfs.
pt: O sistema Debian inteiro pode ser instalado num disco encriptado pelo <ulink url="&debianinstaller;">instalador debian</ulink> (lenny ou mais recente) a usar <ulink url="&dmcrypt;">dm-crypt</ulink>/<ulink url="&luks;">LUKS</ulink> e initramfs.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
en: See <xref linkend="_data_security_infrastructure"/> for user space encryption utility: <ulink url="&gnuprivacyguard;">GNU Privacy Guard</ulink>.
pt: Veja <xref linkend="_data_security_infrastructure"/> para utilitário de encriptação do espaço de utilizador: <ulink url="&gnuprivacyguard;">GNU Privacy Guard</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Removable disk encryption with dm-crypt/LUKS
pt: Encriptação de discos amovíveis com dm-crypt/LUKS

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can encrypt contents of removable mass devices, e.g. USB memory stick on "<literal>/dev/sdx</literal>", using <ulink url="&dmcrypt;">dm-crypt</ulink>/<ulink url="&luks;">LUKS</ulink>.  You simply format it as the following.
pt: Pode encriptar o conteúdo de aparelhos de massa amovíveis, por exemplo, uma pen USB em "<literal>/dev/sdx</literal>", a usar <ulink url="&dmcrypt;">dm-crypt</ulink>/<ulink url="&luks;">LUKS</ulink>. Simplesmente formate-a como a seguir.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Then, it can be mounted just like normal one on to "<literal>/media/<emphasis>username/disk_label</emphasis></literal>", except for asking password (see <xref linkend="_removable_storage_device"/>) under modern desktop environment using the <literal>udisks2</literal> package.  The difference is that every data written to it is encrypted.  The password entry may be automated using keyring (see <xref linkend="_password_keyring"/>).
pt: Depois, pode ser montado normalmente em "<literal>/media/<emphasis>username/disk_label</emphasis></literal>", exceto para pedir a password (veja <xref linkend="_removable_storage_device"/>) no ambiente de trabalho moderno utilizando o pacote <literal>udisks2</literal>.  A diferença é que todos os dados escritos nele são encriptados.  A introdução da palavra-passe pode ser automatizada utilizando um porta-chaves (ver <xref linkend="_password_keyring"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You may alternatively format media in different filesystem, e.g., ext4 with "<literal>mkfs.ext4 /dev/mapper/sdx1</literal>".  If btrfs is used instead, the <literal>udisks2-btrfs</literal> package needs to be installed.  For these filesystems, the file ownership and permissions may need to be configured.
pt: Pode, em alternativa, formatar os media num sistema de ficheiros diferente, por exemplo, ext4 com "<literal>mkfs.ext4 /dev/mapper/sdx1</literal>".  Se em vez disso for utilizado o btrfs, o pacote <literal>udisks2-btrfs</literal> precisa de ser instalado.  Para estes sistemas de ficheiros, a propriedade do ficheiro e as permissões podem ter de ser configuradas.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Mounting encrypted disk with dm-crypt/LUKS
pt: Montar discos encriptados com dm-crypt/LUKS

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For example, an encrypted disk partition created with dm-crypt/LUKS on "<literal>/dev/sdc5</literal>" by Debian Installer can be mounted onto "<literal>/mnt</literal>" as follows:
pt: Por exemplo, uma partição de disco criada com dm-crypt/LUKS em "<literal>/dev/sdc5</literal>" pelo instalador Debian pode ser montada em <literal>/mnt</literal>" como a seguir:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: The kernel
pt: O kernel

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Debian distributes modularized <ulink url="&linuxkernel;">Linux kernel</ulink> as packages for supported architectures.
pt: Debian distribui o <ulink url="&linuxkernel;">kernel Linux</ulink> organizado em módulos como pacotes para as arquitecturas suportadas.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: If you are reading this documentation, you probably don't need to compile Linux kernel by yourself.
pt: Se está a ler esta documentação, provavelmente não precisa de compilar o kernel Linux por si próprio.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Kernel parameters
pt: Parâmetros do kernel

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Many Linux features are configurable via kernel parameters as follows.
pt: Muitas funcionalidades do Linux são configuráveis via parâmetros de kernel como a seguir.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Kernel parameters initialized by the bootloader (see <xref linkend="_stage_2_the_boot_loader"/>)
pt: Parâmetros de kernel iniciados pelo gestor de arranque (veja <xref linkend="_stage_2_the_boot_loader"/>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Kernel parameters changed by <literal>sysctl</literal>(8) at runtime for ones accessible via sysfs (see <xref linkend="_procfs_and_sysfs"/>)
pt: Parâmetros de kernel alterados pelo <literal>sysctl</literal>(8) durante a execução para os acessíveis via sysfs (veja <xref linkend="_procfs_and_sysfs"/>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Module parameters set by arguments of <literal>modprobe</literal>(8) when a module is activated (see <xref linkend="_mounting_the_disk_image_file"/>)
pt: Parâmetros de módulos definidos por argumentos do <literal>modprobe</literal>(8) quando um módulo é activado (veja <xref linkend="_mounting_the_disk_image_file"/>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See "<ulink url="&thelinuxkernelusinistratorsguide;">The Linux kernel user’s and administrator’s guide</ulink> » <ulink url="&thekernelscommandlineparameters;">The kernel’s command-line parameters</ulink>" for the detail.
pt: Ver "<ulink url="&thelinuxkernelusinistratorsguide;">Guia do utilizador e do administrador do kernel Linux</ulink> » <ulink url="&thekernelscommandlineparameters;">Os parâmetros da linha de comandos do kernel</ulink>" para mais detalhes.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Kernel headers
pt: Cabeçalhos do kernel

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Most <emphasis role="strong">normal programs</emphasis> don't need kernel headers and in fact may break if you use them directly for compiling. They should be compiled against the headers in "<literal>/usr/include/linux</literal>" and "<literal>/usr/include/asm</literal>" provided by the <literal>libc6-dev</literal> package (created from the <literal>glibc</literal> source package) on the Debian system.
pt: A maioria dos <emphasis role="strong">programas normais</emphasis> não precisa dos cabeçalhos do kernel e na verdade podem bloquear se os usar directamente para compilação. Eles devem ser compilados contra os cabeçalhos em "<literal>/usr/include/linux</literal>" e "<literal>/usr/include/asm</literal>" disponibilizado pelo pacote <literal>libc6-dev</literal> (criado a partir do pacote fonte <literal>glibc</literal>) no sistema Debian.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: For compiling some kernel-specific programs such as the kernel modules from the external source and the automounter daemon (<literal>amd</literal>), you must include path to the corresponding kernel headers, e.g. "<literal>-I/usr/src/linux-particular-version/include/</literal>", to your command line.
pt: Para compilar alguns programas específicos do kernel, tais como os módulos do kernel a partir da fonte externa e o daemon automounter (<literal>amd</literal>), tem de incluir o caminho para os cabeçalhos correspondentes do kernel, e.g. "<literal>-I/usr/src/linux-particular-version/include/</literal>", na sua linha de comandos.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Compiling the kernel and related modules
pt: Compilar o kernel e módulos relacionados

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Debian has its own method of compiling the kernel and related modules.
pt: O Debian tem método próprio dele para compilar o kernel e os módulos relacionados.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of key packages to be installed for the kernel recompilation on the Debian system
pt: Lista de pacotes chave a serem instalados para a recompilação do kernel no sistema Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: essential packages for building Debian packages: <literal>make</literal>, <literal>gcc</literal>, …
pt: pacotes essenciais para construir pacotes Debian: <literal>make</literal>, <literal>gcc</literal>, …

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: compress and decompress utilities for bz2 files
pt: utilitários de compressão e descompressão para ficheiros bz2

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: developer's libraries and docs for ncurses
pt: bibliotecas de programadores e documentos para ncurses

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: git: distributed revision control system used by the Linux kernel
pt: git: sistema de controle de versão distribuído usado pelo kernel Linux

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: provide fakeroot environment for building package as non-root
pt: disponibiliza um ambiente de falso-root para construção de pacotes como não-root

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: tool to build an initramfs (Debian specific)
pt: ferramenta para construir uma initramfs (específico de Debian)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&dynamickernelmodulesupportdkms;">dynamic kernel module support (DKMS)</ulink> (generic)
pt: <ulink url="&dynamickernelmodulesupportdkms;">suporte de módulos de kernel dinâmicos (DKMS)</ulink> (genérico)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: helper tool to make module package (Debian specific)
pt: ferramenta auxiliar para fazer pacotes de módulos (específico para Debian)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: helper scripts for a Debian Package maintainer (Debian specific)
pt: scripts de ajuda para um responsável de pacote Debian (específico de Debian)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you use <literal>initrd</literal> in <xref linkend="_stage_2_the_boot_loader"/>, make sure to read the related information in <literal>initramfs-tools</literal>(8), <literal>update-initramfs</literal>(8), <literal>mkinitramfs</literal>(8) and <literal>initramfs.conf</literal>(5).
pt: Se usa <literal>initrd</literal> em <xref linkend="_stage_2_the_boot_loader"/>, certifique-se de ler a informação relacionada em <literal>initramfs-tools</literal>(8), <literal>update-initramfs</literal>(8), <literal>mkinitramfs</literal>(8) e <literal>initramfs.conf</literal>(5).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
en: Do not put symlinks to the directories in the source tree (e.g. "<literal>/usr/src/linux*</literal>") from "<literal>/usr/include/linux</literal>" and "<literal>/usr/include/asm</literal>" when compiling the Linux kernel source. (Some outdated documents suggest this.)
pt: Não ponha ligações simbólicas aos diretórios na árvore fonte (ex. "<literal>/usr/src/linux*</literal>") a partir de "<literal>/usr/include/linux</literal>" e "<literal>/usr/include/asm</literal>" quando compilar a fonte do kernel Linux. (Alguns documentos antigos sugerem isto.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: When compiling the latest Linux kernel on the Debian <literal>stable</literal> system, the use of backported latest tools from the Debian <literal>unstable</literal> may be needed.
pt: Quando compilar o kernel Linux mais recente no sistema Debian <literal>stable</literal>, pode ser necessário o uso das ferramentas backport mais recentes do Debian <literal>unstable</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: <literal>module-assistant</literal>(8) (or its short form <literal>m-a</literal>) helps users to build and install module package(s) easily for one or more custom kernels.
pt: <literal>module-assistant</literal>(8) (ou a sua forma curta <literal>m-a</literal>) ajuda os utilizadores a construir e instalar facilmente pacote(s) de módulos para um ou mais kernels personalizados.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: The <ulink url="&dynamickernelmodulesupportdkms;">dynamic kernel module support (DKMS)</ulink> is a new distribution independent framework designed to allow individual kernel modules to be upgraded without changing the whole kernel. This is used for the maintenance of out-of-tree modules.  This also makes it very easy to rebuild modules as you upgrade kernels.
pt: O <ulink url="&dynamickernelmodulesupportdkms;">suporte dinâmico a módulos do kernel (DKMS)</ulink> é uma nova infraestrutura independente da distribuição desenhada para permitir que módulos de kernel individuais sejam atualizados sem se alterar todo o kernel. Isto é usado para a manutenção de módulos de fora-da-árvore. Isto também facilita a reconstrução de módulos quando se atualiza os kernels.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Compiling the kernel source: Debian Kernel Team recommendation
pt: Compilar código-fonte do kernel: a recomendação da equipa do kernel de Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For building custom kernel binary packages from the upstream kernel source, you should use the "<literal>deb-pkg</literal>" target provided by it.
pt: Para compilar pacotes binários de kernels personalizados a partir do código-fonte original, deve utilizar o alvo disponibilizado por "<literal>deb-pkg</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: The linux-source-<emphasis>version</emphasis> package provides the Linux kernel source with Debian patches as "<literal>/usr/src/linux-<emphasis>version</emphasis>.tar.bz2</literal>".
pt: O pacote linux-source-<emphasis>version</emphasis> disponibiliza o código-fonte do kernel Linux com os patches Debian como "<literal>/usr/src/linux-<emphasis>version</emphasis>.tar.bz2</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For building specific binary packages from the Debian kernel source package, you should use the "<literal>binary-arch_<emphasis>architecture</emphasis>_<emphasis>featureset</emphasis>_<emphasis>flavour</emphasis></literal>" targets in "<literal>debian/rules.gen</literal>".
pt: Para construir pacotes binários específicos a partir do pacote de código-fonte do kernel Debian, deve utilizar os alvos "<literal>binary-arch_<emphasis>architecture</emphasis>_<emphasis>featureset</emphasis>_<emphasis>flavour</emphasis></literal>"em "<literal>debian/rules.gen</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See further information:
pt: Veja mais informação:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Debian Wiki: <ulink url="&kernelfaq;">KernelFAQ</ulink>
pt: Wiki Debian: <ulink url="&kernelfaq;">KernelFAQ</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Debian Wiki: <ulink url="&debiankernel;">DebianKernel</ulink>
pt: Wiki Debian: <ulink url="&debiankernel;">DebianKernel</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Debian Linux Kernel Handbook: <ulink url="&httpskernelhandbookdebiannet;">https://kernel-handbook.debian.net</ulink>
pt: Manual Debian do Kernel Linux: <ulink url="&httpskernelhandbookdebiannet;">https://kernel-handbook.debian.net</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Hardware drivers and firmware
pt: Controladores de hardware e firmware

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The hardware driver is the code running on the main CPUs of the target system. Most hardware drivers are available as free software now and are included in the normal Debian kernel packages in the <literal>main</literal> area.
pt: O driver de hardware é o código que corre nos CPUs principais do sistema alvo. A maioria dos drivers de hardware estão agora disponíveis como software livre e estão incluídos nos pacotes normais do kernel Debian na área <literal>main</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&gpu;">GPU</ulink> driver
pt: Controlador de <ulink url="&gpu;">GPU</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Intel GPU driver (<literal>main</literal>)
pt: Controlador de GPU Intel (<literal>main</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: AMD/ATI GPU driver (<literal>main</literal>)
pt: Controlador de GPU AMD/ATI (<literal>main</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: NVIDIA GPU driver (<literal>main</literal> for <ulink url="&nouveau;">nouveau</ulink> driver, and <literal>non-free</literal> for binary-only drivers supported by the vendor.)
pt: Controlador de GPU NVIDIA (<literal>main</literal> <ulink url="&nouveau;">nouveau</ulink> e em <literal>non-free</literal> controladores binários, sem código fonte, suportados pelo fabricante.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The firmware is the code or data loaded on the device attach to the target system (e.g., CPU <ulink url="&microcode;">microcode</ulink>, rendering code running on GPU, or <ulink url="&fpga;">FPGA</ulink> / <ulink url="&cpld;">CPLD</ulink> data, …).  Some firmware packages are available as free software but many firmware packages are not available as free software since they contain sourceless binary data.  Installing these firmware data is essential for the device to function as expected.
pt: O firmware é o código ou os dados carregados no dispositivo ligado ao sistema de destino (por exemplo, <ulink url="&microcode;">micro-código</ulink> da CPU, código de renderização executado na GPU, ou dados <ulink url="&fpga;">FPGA</ulink> / <ulink url="&cpld;">CPLD</ulink>, ...).  Alguns pacotes de firmware estão disponíveis como software livre, mas muitos pacotes de firmware não estão disponíveis como software livre, uma vez que contêm dados binários sem fonte.  A instalação destes dados de firmware é essencial para que o dispositivo funcione como esperado.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The firmware data packages containing data loaded to the volatile memory on the target device.
pt: Os pacotes de dados do firmware que contêm dados carregados na memória volátil do dispositivo de destino.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The firmware update program packages which update data on the non-volatile memory on the target device.
pt: Os pacotes de programas de atualização do firmware que actualizam os dados na memória não volátil do dispositivo alvo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&fwupd;">fwupd</ulink> (<literal>main</literal>): Firmware update daemon which downloads firmware data from <ulink url="&linuxvendorfirmwareservice;">Linux Vendor Firmware Service</ulink>.
pt: <ulink url="&fwupd;">fwupd</ulink> (<literal>principal</literal>): Daemon de atualização de firmware que descarrega dados de firmware do <ulink url="&linuxvendorfirmwareservice;">Linux Vendor Firmware Service</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: gnome-firmware (<literal>main</literal>): GTK front end for fwupd
pt: gnome-firmware (<literal>main</literal>): Interface GTK para o fwupd

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: plasma-discover-backend-fwupd (<literal>main</literal>): Qt front end for fwupd
pt: plasma-discover-backend-fwupd (<literal>main</literal>): Interface Qt para fwupd

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Please note that access to <literal>non-free-firmware</literal> packages are provided by the official installation media to offer functional installation experience to the user since Debian 12 Bookworm.  The <literal>non-free-firmware</literal> area is described in <xref linkend="_debian_archive_basics"/>.
pt: Por favor note que o acesso aos pacotes <literal>non-free-firmware</literal> são disponibilizados pelo meio de instalação oficial para oferecer uma experiência de instalação funcional ao utilizador desde Debian 12 Bookworm.  A área <literal>non-free-firmware</literal> é descrita em <xref linkend="_debian_archive_basics"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Please also note that the firmware data downloaded by <ulink url="&fwupd;">fwupd</ulink> from <ulink url="&linuxvendorfirmwareservice;">Linux Vendor Firmware Service</ulink> and loaded to the running Linux kernel may be <literal>non-free</literal>.
pt: Tenha também em atenção que os dados de firmware descarregados pelo <ulink url="&fwupd;">fwupd</ulink> a partir do <ulink url="&linuxvendorfirmwareservice;">Linux Vendor Firmware Service</ulink> e carregados para o kernel Linux em execução podem não ser <literal>livres</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Virtualized system
pt: Sistema virtualizado

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Use of virtualized system enables us to run multiple instances of system simultaneously on a single hardware.
pt: O uso de sistema virtualizado permite-nos correr várias instâncias do sistema simultâneamente num único hardware.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
en: See <ulink url="&debianwikionsystemvirtualization;">Debian wiki on SystemVirtualization</ulink>.
pt: Veja o <ulink url="&debianwikionsystemvirtualization;">wiki Debian sobre SystemVirtualization</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Virtualization and emulation tools
pt: Ferramentas de virtualização e emulação

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There are several <ulink url="&virtualization;">virtualization</ulink> and emulation tool platforms.
pt: Existem várias plataformas de ferramentas de <ulink url="&virtualization;">virtualização</ulink> e emulação.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Complete <ulink url="&hardwareemulation;">hardware emulation</ulink> packages such as ones installed by the <ulink url="&gamesemulator;">games-emulator</ulink> metapackage
pt: Pacotes completos <ulink url="&hardwareemulation;">de emulação de hardware</ulink>, como os instalados pelo meta-pacote <ulink url="&gamesemulator;">games-emulator</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Mostly CPU level emulation with some I/O device emulations such as <ulink url="&qemu;">QEMU</ulink>
pt: Principalmente emulação de nível de CPU com algumas emulações de dispositivos de E/S, como o <ulink url="&qemu;">QEMU</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Mostly CPU level virtualization with some I/O device emulations such as <ulink url="&kernelbasedvirtualmachinekvm;">Kernel-based Virtual Machine (KVM)</ulink>
pt: Principalmente virtualização no nível da CPU com algumas emulações de dispositivos de E/S, como a <ulink url="&kernelbasedvirtualmachinekvm;">Máquina Virtual baseada em Kernel (KVM)</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: OS level container virtualization with the kernel level support such as <ulink url="&lxclinuxcontainers;">LXC (Linux Containers)</ulink>, <ulink url="&docker;">Docker</ulink>, <literal>systemd-nspawn</literal>(1), ...
pt: Virtualização de contentores ao nível do SO com suporte ao nível do kernel, como <ulink url="&lxclinuxcontainers;">LXC (Linux Containers)</ulink>, <ulink url="&docker;">Docker</ulink>, <literal>systemd-nspawn</literal>(1), ...

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: OS level filesystem access virtualization with the system library call override on the file path such as <ulink url="&chroot;">chroot</ulink>
pt: Virtualização do acesso ao sistema de ficheiros ao nível do SO com a substituição da chamada da biblioteca do sistema no caminho do ficheiro, como o <ulink url="&chroot;">chroot</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: OS level filesystem access virtualization with the system library call override on the file ownership such as <ulink url="&fakeroot;">fakeroot</ulink>
pt: Virtualização do acesso ao sistema de ficheiros ao nível do SO com a substituição da chamada da biblioteca do sistema sobre a propriedade do ficheiro, como o <ulink url="&fakeroot;">fakeroot</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: OS API emulation such as <ulink url="&wine;">Wine</ulink>
pt: Emulação da API do SO, como o <ulink url="&wine;">Wine</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Interpreter level virtualization with its executable selection and run-time library overrides such as <ulink url="&virtualenv;">virtualenv</ulink> and <ulink url="&venv;">venv</ulink> for Python
pt: Virtualização ao nível do interpretador com a sua seleção de executáveis e substituições de bibliotecas em tempo de execução, tais como <ulink url="&virtualenv;">virtualenv</ulink> e <ulink url="&venv;">venv</ulink> para Python

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The container virtualization uses <xref linkend="_linux_security_features"/> and is the backend technology of <xref linkend="_sandbox"/>.
pt: A virtualização de contentores utiliza <xref linkend="_linux_security_features"/> e é a tecnologia por trás de <xref linkend="_sandbox"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here are some packages to help you to setup the virtualized system.
pt: Aqui estão alguns pacotes para o ajudar a configurar o sistema virtualizado.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of virtualization tools
pt: Lista de ferramentas de virtualização

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: GNU core utilities which contain <literal>chroot</literal>(8)
pt: Utilitários do núcleo GNU que contêm <literal>chroot</literal>(8)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: systemd container/nspawn tools which contain <literal>systemd-nspawn</literal>(1)
pt: ferramentas de contentor/nspawn do systemd que contêm <literal>systemd-nspawn</literal>(1)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: specialized tool for executing Debian binary packages in chroot
pt: ferramenta especializada para executar pacotes binários Debian em chroot

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: tool for building Debian binary packages from Debian sources
pt: ferramenta para construir pacotes binários Debian a partir de fontes Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: bootstrap a basic Debian system (written in sh)
pt: bootstrap um sistema Debian básico (escrito em sh)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: bootstrap a Debian system (written in C)
pt: bootstrap um sistema Debian (escrito em C)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: cloud image management utilities
pt: utilitários de gestão de imagens na nuvem

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: cloud guest utilities
pt: utilitários para hóspedes na nuvem

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&virtualmachinemanager;">Virtual Machine Manager</ulink>: desktop application for managing virtual machines
pt: <ulink url="&virtualmachinemanager;">Virtual Machine Manager</ulink>: aplicação de ambiente de trabalho para gerir máquinas virtuais

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: programs for the <ulink url="&libvirt;">libvirt</ulink> library
pt: programas para a biblioteca <ulink url="&libvirt;">libvirt</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&incus;">Incus</ulink>: system container and virtual machine manager (for Debian 13 "Trixie")
pt: <ulink url="&incus;">Incus</ulink>: contentor de sistema e gestor de máquinas virtuais (para Debian 13 "Trixie")

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&lxd;">LXD</ulink>: system container and virtual machine manager (for Debian 12 "Bookworm")
pt: <ulink url="&lxd;">LXD</ulink>: contentor de sistema e gestor de máquinas virtuais (para Debian 12 "Bookworm")

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&podman;">podman</ulink>: engine to run OCI-based containers in Pods
pt: <ulink url="&podman;">podman</ulink>: motor para executar contentores baseados em OCI em Pods

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: engine to run OCI-based containers in Pods - wrapper for docker
pt: motor para executar contentores baseados em OCI em Pods - revestimento para docker

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&docker;">docker</ulink>: Linux container runtime
pt: <ulink url="&docker;">docker</ulink>: tempo de execução do contentor Linux

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&gamesemulator;">games-emulator</ulink>: Debian's emulators for games
pt: <ulink url="&gamesemulator;">emulador de jogos</ulink>: Emuladores Debian para jogos

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&bochs;">Bochs</ulink>: IA-32 PC emulator
pt: <ulink url="&bochs;">Bochs</ulink>: emulador PC IA-32

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&qemu;">QEMU</ulink>: full system emulation binaries
pt: <ulink url="&qemu;">QEMU</ulink>: binários de emulação de sistema completo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&qemu;">QEMU</ulink>: user mode emulation binaries
pt: <ulink url="&qemu;">QEMU</ulink>: binários de emulação em modo de utilizador

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&qemu;">QEMU</ulink>: utilities
pt: <ulink url="&qemu;">QEMU</ulink>: utilitários

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&kvm;">KVM</ulink>: full virtualization on x86 hardware with the <ulink url="&hardwareassistedvirtualization;">hardware-assisted virtualization</ulink>
pt: <ulink url="&kvm;">KVM</ulink>: virtualização completa em hardware x86 com <ulink url="&hardwareassistedvirtualization;">virtualização assistida por hardware</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&virtualbox;">VirtualBox</ulink>: x86 virtualization solution on i386 and amd64
pt: <ulink url="&virtualbox;">VirtualBox</ulink>: solução de virtualização x86 em i386 e amd64

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&boxes;">Boxes</ulink>: Simple GNOME app to access virtual systems
pt: <ulink url="&boxes;">Boxes</ulink>: Aplicativo GNOME simples para acessar sistemas virtuais

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: tools to manage debian <ulink url="&xen;">XEN</ulink> virtual server
pt: ferramentas para gerir o servidor virtual <ulink url="&xen;">XEN</ulink> do debian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&wine;">Wine</ulink>: Windows API Implementation (standard suite)
pt: <ulink url="&wine;">Wine</ulink>: Windows API Implementation (suite standard)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&dosbox;">DOSBox</ulink>: x86 emulator with Tandy/Herc/CGA/EGA/VGA/SVGA graphics, sound and DOS
pt: <ulink url="&dosbox;">DOSBox</ulink>: emulador x86 com gráficos Tandy/Herc/CGA/EGA/VGA/SVGA, som e DOS

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&linuxcontainersuserspacetools;">Linux containers user space tools</ulink>
pt: <ulink url="&linuxcontainersuserspacetools;">Ferramentas de espaço do utilizador de contentores Linux</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&venv;">venv</ulink> for creating virtual python environments (system library)
pt: <ulink url="&venv;">venv</ulink> para criar ambientes virtuais python (biblioteca de sistema)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&virtualenv;">virtualenv</ulink> for creating isolated virtual python environments
pt: <ulink url="&virtualenv;">virtualenv</ulink> para criar ambientes python virtuais isolados

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&pipx;">pipx</ulink> for installing python applications in isolated environments
pt: <ulink url="&pipx;">pipx</ulink> para instalar aplicações python em ambientes isolados

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See Wikipedia article <ulink url="&comparisonofplatmvirtualmachines;">Comparison of platform virtual machines</ulink> for detail comparison of different platform virtualization solutions.
pt: Veja o artigo da Wikipedia <ulink url="&comparisonofplatmvirtualmachines;">Comparação de plataformas de máquinas virtuais</ulink> para uma comparação detalhada das diferentes soluções de plataformas de virtualização.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Virtualization work flow
pt: Fluxo de trabalho da virtualização

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: Default Debian kernels support <ulink url="&kvm;">KVM</ulink> since <literal>lenny</literal>.
pt: Os kernels predefinidos de Debian suportam <ulink url="&kvm;">KVM</ulink> desde <literal>lenny</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Typical work flow for <ulink url="&virtualization;">virtualization</ulink> involves several steps.
pt: O fluxo e trabalho típico para <ulink url="&virtualization;">virtualização</ulink> envolve vários passos.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Create an empty filesystem (a file tree or a disk image).
pt: Criar um sistema de ficheiros vazio (uma árvore de ficheiros ou uma imagem de disco).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The file tree can be created by "<literal>mkdir -p /path/to/chroot</literal>".
pt: A árvore de ficheiros pode ser criada por "<literal>mkdir -p /path/to/chroot</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The raw disk image file can be created with <literal>dd</literal>(1) (see <xref linkend="_making_the_disk_image_file"/> and <xref linkend="_making_the_empty_disk_image_file"/>).
pt: A imagem de disco crua pode ser criada com o <literal>dd</literal>(1) (veja <xref linkend="_making_the_disk_image_file"/> e <xref linkend="_making_the_empty_disk_image_file"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>qemu-img</literal>(1) can be used to create and convert disk image files supported by <ulink url="&qemu;">QEMU</ulink>.
pt: <literal>qemu-img</literal>(1) pode ser usado para criar e converter ficheiros de imagem de disco suportados pelo <ulink url="&qemu;">QEMU</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The raw and <ulink url="&vmdk;">VMDK</ulink> file format can be used as common format among virtualization tools.
pt: Os formatos de ficheiro cru e <ulink url="&vmdk;">VMDK</ulink> podem ser usados como formatos comuns entre ferramentas de virtualização.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Mount the disk image with <literal>mount</literal>(8) to the filesystem (optional).
pt: Montar a imagem de disco com <literal>mount</literal>(8) no sistema de ficheiros (opcional).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: For the raw disk image file, mount it as <ulink url="&loopdevice;">loop device</ulink> or <ulink url="&devicemapper;">device mapper</ulink> devices (see <xref linkend="_mounting_the_disk_image_file"/>).
pt: Para o ficheiro de imagem de disco cru, monte-o como <ulink url="&loopdevice;">aparelho loop</ulink> ou aparelho do <ulink url="&devicemapper;">device mapper</ulink> (veja <xref linkend="_mounting_the_disk_image_file"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: For disk images supported by <ulink url="&qemu;">QEMU</ulink>, mount them as <ulink url="&networkblockdevice;">network block device</ulink> (see <xref linkend="_mounting_the_virtual_disk_image_file"/>).
pt: Para imagens de disco suportadas pelo <ulink url="&qemu;">QEMU</ulink>, monte-as como <ulink url="&networkblockdevice;">aparelhos de bloco de rede</ulink> (veja <xref linkend="_mounting_the_virtual_disk_image_file"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Populate the target filesystem with required system data.
pt: Povoar o sistema de ficheiros alvo com os dados de sistema necessários.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The use of programs such as <literal>debootstrap</literal> and <literal>cdebootstrap</literal> helps with this process (see <xref linkend="_chroot_system"/>).
pt: O uso de programas como o <literal>debootstrap</literal> e o <literal>cdebootstrap</literal> ajudam com este processo (veja <xref linkend="_chroot_system"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Use installers of OSs under the full system emulation.
pt: Use instaladores de SOs sob o emulador de sistema completo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Run a program under a virtualized environment.
pt: Correr um programa sob um ambiente virtualizado.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&chroot;">chroot</ulink> provides basic virtualized environment enough to compile programs, run console applications, and run daemons in it.
pt: <ulink url="&chroot;">chroot</ulink> disponibiliza um ambiente virtualizado básico suficiente para compilar programas, correr aplicações de consola e correr daemons nele.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&qemu;">QEMU</ulink> provides cross-platform CPU emulation.
pt: <ulink url="&qemu;">QEMU</ulink> oferece emulação de CPU de várias plataformas.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&qemu;">QEMU</ulink> with <ulink url="&kvm;">KVM</ulink> provides full system emulation by the <ulink url="&hardwareassistedvirtualization;">hardware-assisted virtualization</ulink>.
pt: <ulink url="&qemu;">QEMU</ulink> com <ulink url="&kvm;">KVM</ulink> oferece emulação de sistema completo pela <ulink url="&hardwareassistedvirtualization;">virtualização assistida a hardware</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&virtualbox;">VirtualBox</ulink> provides full system emulation on i386 and amd64 with or without the <ulink url="&hardwareassistedvirtualization;">hardware-assisted virtualization</ulink>.
pt: <ulink url="&virtualbox;">VirtualBox</ulink> oferece emulação de sistema completo em i386 ou amd64 com ou sem a <ulink url="&hardwareassistedvirtualization;">virtualização assistida a hardware</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Mounting the virtual disk image file
pt: Montar o ficheiro de imagem de disco virtual

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For the raw disk image file, see <xref linkend="_the_disk_image"/>.
pt: Para o ficheiro de imagem de disco raw, veja <xref linkend="_the_disk_image"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For other virtual disk image files, you can use <literal>qemu-nbd</literal>(8) to export them using <ulink url="&networkblockdevice;">network block device</ulink> protocol and mount them using the <literal>nbd</literal> kernel module.
pt: Para outros ficheiros de imagem de disco virtual, pode usar o <literal>qemu-nbd</literal> para exportá-los pelo protocolo <ulink url="&networkblockdevice;">aparelho de bloco de rede</ulink> e montá-los a usar o módulo de kernel <literal>nbd</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <literal>qemu-nbd</literal>(8) supports disk formats supported by <ulink url="&qemu;">QEMU</ulink>: raw, <ulink url="&qcowcqcow;">qcow2, qcow</ulink>, <ulink url="&vmdk;">vmdk</ulink>, <ulink url="&vdi;">vdi</ulink>, <ulink url="&bochs;">bochs</ulink>, cow (user-mode Linux copy-on-write), <ulink url="&parallels;">parallels</ulink>, <ulink url="&dmg;">dmg</ulink>, <ulink url="&cloop;">cloop</ulink>, <ulink url="&vpc;">vpc</ulink>, vvfat (virtual VFAT), and host_device.
pt: O <literal>qemu-nbd</literal>(8) suporta os formatos de disco suportados pelo <ulink url="&qemu;">QEMU</ulink>: raw, <ulink url="&qcowcqcow;">qcow2, qcow</ulink>, <ulink url="&vmdk;">vmdk</ulink>, <ulink url="&vdi;">vdi</ulink>, <ulink url="&bochs;">bochs</ulink>, cow (modo-de-utilizador de Linux de copiar-ao-escrever), <ulink url="&parallels;">parallels</ulink>, <ulink url="&dmg;">dmg</ulink>, <ulink url="&cloop;">cloop</ulink>, <ulink url="&vpc;">vpc</ulink>, vvfat (VFAT virtual) e aparelho_máquina.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <ulink url="&networkblockdevice;">network block device</ulink> can support partitions in the same way as the <ulink url="&loopdevice;">loop device</ulink> (see <xref linkend="_mounting_the_disk_image_file"/>).  You can mount the first partition of "<literal>disk.img</literal>" as follows.
pt: O <ulink url="&networkblockdevice;">aparelho de bloco em rede</ulink> pode suportar partições do mesmo modo que o <ulink url="&loopdevice;">aparelho de loop</ulink> (veja <xref linkend="_mounting_the_disk_image_file"/>).  Pode montar a primeira partição de "<literal>disk.img</literal>" como a seguir.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: You may export only the first partition of "<literal>disk.img</literal>" using "<literal>-P 1</literal>" option to <literal>qemu-nbd</literal>(8).
pt: Pode exportar apenas a primeira partição de "<literal>disk.img</literal>" a usar a opção "<literal>-P 1</literal>" para <literal>qemu-nbd</literal>(8).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Chroot system
pt: Sistema chroot

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you wish to try a new Debian environment from a terminal console, I recommend you to use <ulink url="&chroot;">chroot</ulink>.  This enables you to run console applications of Debian <literal>unstable</literal> and <literal>testing</literal> without usual risks associated and without rebooting.  <literal>chroot</literal>(8) is the most basic way.
pt: Se deseja experimentar um novo ambiente Debian a partir de uma consola terminal, eu recomendo que use <ulink url="&chroot;">chroot</ulink>.  Isto permite-lhe correr aplicações de consola em Debian <literal>unstable</literal> e <literal>testing</literal> sem os riscos habituais associados e sem reiniciar.  <literal>chroot</literal>(8) é a forma mais básica.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: Examples below assumes both parent system and chroot system share the same <literal>amd64</literal> CPU architecture.
pt: Os exemplos abaixo assumem que tanto o sistema base como o sistema chroot partilham a mesma arquitetura de CPU <literal>amd64</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Although you can manually create a <literal>chroot</literal>(8) environment using <literal>debootstrap</literal>(1), this requires non-trivial efforts.
pt: Embora possa criar manualmente um ambiente <literal>chroot</literal>(8) utilizando o <literal>debootstrap</literal>(1), isto requer esforços não triviais.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <ulink url="&sbuild;">sbuild</ulink> package to build Debian packages from source uses the chroot environment managed by the <ulink url="&schroot;">schroot</ulink> package.  It comes with helper script <literal>sbuild-createchroot</literal>(1).  Let's learn how it works by running it as follows.
pt: O pacote <ulink url="&sbuild;">sbuild</ulink> para construir pacotes Debian a partir da fonte usa o ambiente chroot gerido pelo pacote <ulink url="&schroot;">schroot</ulink>.  Vem com o script auxiliar <literal>sbuild-createchroot</literal>(1).  Vamos aprender como ele funciona, executando-o da seguinte forma.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You see how <literal>debootstrap</literal>(8) populates system data for <literal>unstable</literal> environment under "<literal>/srv/chroot/unstable-amd64-sbuild</literal>" for a minimal build system.
pt: Pode ver como <literal>debootstrap</literal>(8) preenche os dados do sistema para o ambiente <literal>unstable</literal> em "<literal>/srv/chroot/unstable-amd64-sbuild</literal>" para um sistema de compilação mínimo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can login to this environment using <literal>schroot</literal>(1).
pt: Pode iniciar sessão neste ambiente utilizando <literal>schroot</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You see how a system shell running under <literal>unstable</literal> environment is created.
pt: Veja como é criada uma shell de sistema a correr num ambiente <literal>unstable</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: The "<literal>/usr/sbin/policy-rc.d</literal>" file which always exits with 101 prevents daemon programs to be started automatically on the Debian system.  See "<literal>/usr/share/doc/init-system-helpers/README.policy-rc.d.gz</literal>".
pt: O ficheiro "<literal>/usr/sbin/policy-rc.d</literal>" que sai sempre com 101 impede que os programas daemon sejam iniciados automaticamente no sistema Debian.  Veja "<literal>/usr/share/doc/init-system-helpers/README.policy-rc.d.gz</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: Some programs under chroot may require access to more files from the parent system to function than <literal>sbuild-createchroot</literal> provides as above.  For example, "<literal>/sys</literal>", "<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>", "<literal>/etc/group</literal>", "<literal>/var/run/utmp</literal>", "<literal>/var/log/wtmp</literal>", etc. may need to be bind-mounted or copied.
pt: Alguns programas sob chroot podem requerer acesso a mais ficheiros do sistema pai para funcionarem do que o <literal>sbuild-createchroot</literal> disponibiliza como acima. Por exemplo, "<literal>/sys</literal>", "<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>", "<literal>/etc/group</literal>", "<literal>/var/run/utmp</literal>", "<literal>/var/log/wtmp</literal>", etc. podem precisar de ser montados em união ou copiados.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: The <literal>sbuild</literal> package helps to construct a chroot system and builds a package inside the chroot using <literal>schroot</literal> as its backend.  It is an ideal system to check build-dependencies.  See more on <ulink url="&sbuildatdebianwiki;">sbuild at Debian wiki</ulink> and <ulink url="&sbuildconfiguratebianmaintainers;">sbuild configuration example in "Guide for Debian Maintainers"</ulink>.
pt: O pacote <literal>sbuild</literal> ajuda a construir um sistema chroot e constrói um pacote dentro do chroot usando <literal>schroot</literal> como seu backend.  É um sistema ideal para verificar dependências de construção.  Veja mais sobre o <ulink url="&sbuildatdebianwiki;">sbuild na wiki Debian</ulink> e <ulink url="&sbuildconfiguratebianmaintainers;">um exemplo de configuração do sbuild em "Guia para administradores Debian"</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: The <literal>systemd-nspawn</literal>(1) command helps to run a command or OS in a light-weight container in similar ways to <literal>chroot</literal>.  It is more powerful since it uses namespaces to fully virtualize the the process tree, IPC, hostname, domain name and, optionally, networking and user databases.  See <ulink url="&systemdnspawn;">systemd-nspawn</ulink>.
pt: O comando <literal>systemd-nspawn</literal>(1) ajuda a executar um comando ou SO num contentor leve de forma semelhante ao <literal>chroot</literal>.  Ele é mais poderoso, pois usa namespaces para virtualizar completamente a árvore de processos, IPC, nome de host, nome de domínio e, opcionalmente, rede e bancos de dados de usuários.  Veja <ulink url="&systemdnspawn;">systemd-nspawn</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Multiple desktop systems
pt: Sistemas de vários ambientes de trabalho

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you wish to try a new GUI Desktop environment of any OS, I recommend you to use <ulink url="&qemu;">QEMU</ulink> or <ulink url="&kvm;">KVM</ulink> on a Debian <literal>stable</literal> system to run multiple desktop systems safely using <ulink url="&virtualization;">virtualization</ulink>.  These enable you to run any desktop applications including ones of Debian <literal>unstable</literal> and <literal>testing</literal> without usual risks associated with them and without rebooting.
pt: Se deseja experimentar um novo ambiente de trabalho GUI de qualquer SO, eu recomendo que use <ulink url="&qemu;">QEMU</ulink> ou <ulink url="&kvm;">KVM</ulink> num sistema Debian <literal>stable</literal> para correr múltiplos sistemas de desktop de forma segura usando <ulink url="&virtualization;">virtualização</ulink>.  Estes permitem-lhe correr quaisquer aplicações de área de trabalho incluindo as da Debian <literal>unstable</literal> e <literal>testing</literal> sem os riscos habituais associados a elas e sem reiniciar.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Since pure <ulink url="&qemu;">QEMU</ulink> is very slow, it is recommended to accelerate it with <ulink url="&kvm;">KVM</ulink> when the host system supports it.
pt: Como o <ulink url="&qemu;">QEMU</ulink> puro é muito lento, é recomendado acelerá-lo com <ulink url="&kvm;">KVM</ulink> quando o sistema da máquina o suporta.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <ulink url="&virtualmachinemanager;">Virtual Machine Manager</ulink> also known as <literal>virt-manager</literal> is a convenient GUI tool for managing KVM virtual machines via <ulink url="&libvirt;">libvirt</ulink>.
pt: <ulink url="&virtualmachinemanager;">Virtual Machine Manager</ulink>, também conhecido como <literal>virt-manager</literal>, é uma ferramenta GUI conveniente para gerir máquinas virtuais KVM através da <ulink url="&libvirt;">libvirt</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The virtual disk image "<literal>virtdisk.qcow2</literal>" containing a Debian system for <ulink url="&qemu;">QEMU</ulink> can be created using <ulink url="&debianinstallersmallcds;">debian-installer: Small CDs</ulink> as follows.
pt: A imagem de disco virtual "<literal>virtdisk.qcow2</literal>" que contem um sistema Debian para o <ulink url="&qemu;">QEMU</ulink> pode ser criada a usar o <ulink url="&debianinstallersmallcds;">instalador de debian em pequenos CDs</ulink> como a seguir.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Running other GNU/Linux distributions such as <ulink url="&ubuntu;">Ubuntu</ulink> and <ulink url="&fedora;">Fedora</ulink> under <ulink url="&virtualization;">virtualization</ulink> is a great way to learn configuration tips.  Other proprietary OSs may be run nicely under this GNU/Linux <ulink url="&virtualization;">virtualization</ulink>, too.
pt: Correr outras distribuições de GNU/Linux como o <ulink url="&ubuntu;">Ubuntu</ulink> e o <ulink url="&fedora;">Fedora</ulink> sob <ulink url="&virtualization;">virtualização</ulink> é um bom modo de aprender dicas de configuração. Também outros SOs proprietários podem correr muito bem sob esta <ulink url="&virtualization;">virtualização</ulink> do GNU/Linux.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See more tips at <ulink url="&debianwikisystemvirtualization;">Debian wiki: SystemVirtualization</ulink>.
pt: Veja mais dicas em <ulink url="&debianwikisystemvirtualization;">Debian wiki: SystemVirtualization</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
en: Data management
pt: Gestão de dados

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
en: Tools and tips for managing binary and text data on the Debian system are described.
pt: São descritas ferramentas e dicas para gerir dados binários e de texto no sistema Debian.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Sharing, copying, and archiving
pt: Partilhar, copiar e arquivar

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><warning><para>
en: The uncoordinated write access to actively accessed devices and files from multiple processes must not be done to avoid the <ulink url="&racecondition;">race condition</ulink>.  <ulink url="&filelocking;">File locking</ulink> mechanisms using <literal>flock</literal>(1) may be used to avoid it.
pt: O acesso de escrita descoordenado a aparelhos acedidos activamente e a ficheiros a partir de múltiplos processos não deve ser feito para evitar a <ulink url="&racecondition;">condição de competição</ulink>. Devem ser usados mecanismos de <ulink url="&filelocking;">bloqueio de ficheiro</ulink> que usem o <literal>flock</literal>(1) para o evitar.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The security of the data and its controlled sharing have several aspects.
pt: A segurança dos dados e a partilha controlada dele têm vários aspectos.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The creation of data archive
pt: A criação de um arquivo de dados

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The remote storage access
pt: O acesso a armazenamento remoto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The duplication
pt: A duplicação

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The tracking of the modification history
pt: O acompanhar do histórico de modificação

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The facilitation of data sharing
pt: A facilitação da partilha de dados

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The prevention of unauthorized file access
pt: A prevenção de acessos não autorizados a ficheiros

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The detection of unauthorized file modification
pt: A detecção de modificação não autorizada de ficheiros

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: These can be realized by using some combination of tools.
pt: Estas podem ser realizadas a usar a combinação de algumas ferramentas.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Archive and compression tools
pt: Ferramentas de arquivo e compressão

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Copy and synchronization tools
pt: Ferramentas de cópia de sincronização

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Network filesystems
pt: Sistemas de ficheiros de rede

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Removable storage media
pt: Media de armazenamento amovível

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The secure shell
pt: A shell segura

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The authentication system
pt: O sistema de autenticação

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Version control system tools
pt: Ferramentas de sistema de controle de versão

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Hash and cryptographic encryption tools
pt: Ferramentas de hash e encriptação criptográfica

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here is a summary of archive and compression tools available on the Debian system.
pt: Aqui está um sumário das ferramentas de arquivo e compressão disponíveis no sistema Debian.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of archive and compression tools
pt: Lista de ferramentas de arquivo e compressão

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: extension
pt: extensão

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: comment
pt: comentário

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: the standard archiver (de facto standard)
pt: o arquivador standard (de facto standard)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Unix System V style archiver, use with <literal>find</literal>(1)
pt: arquivador estilo Unix System V, usar com o <literal>find</literal>(1)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: archiver for the creation of static libraries
pt: arquivador para a criação de bibliotecas estáticas

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: archiver for Java (zip like)
pt: arquivador para Java (estilo zip)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: new POSIX standard archiver, compromise between <literal>tar</literal> and <literal>cpio</literal>
pt: novo arquivador standard do POSIX, um compromisso entre <literal>tar</literal> e <literal>cpio</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: GNU <ulink url="&lzhh;">LZ77</ulink> compression utility (de facto standard)
pt: <ulink url="&lzhh;">LZ77</ulink> utilitário de compressão do GNU (o standard de facto)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&burrowswheelerblrtingcompression;">Burrows-Wheeler block-sorting compression</ulink> utility with higher compression ratio than <literal>gzip</literal>(1) (slower than <literal>gzip</literal> with similar syntax)
pt: <ulink url="&burrowswheelerblrtingcompression;">Compressão de organização de blocos de Burrows-Wheeler</ulink> utilitário com um rácio de compressão mais alto que o <literal>gzip</literal>(1) (mais lento que o <literal>gzip</literal> com sintaxe semelhante)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&lzma;">LZMA</ulink> compression utility with higher compression ratio than <literal>gzip</literal>(1)  (deprecated)
pt: <ulink url="&lzma;">LZMA</ulink> utilitário de compressão com rácio de compressão mais alto que o <literal>gzip</literal>(1)  (descontinuado)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&xz;">XZ</ulink> compression utility with higher compression ratio than <literal>bzip2</literal>(1) (slower than <literal>gzip</literal> but faster than <literal>bzip2</literal>; replacement for <ulink url="&lzma;">LZMA</ulink> compression utility)
pt: <ulink url="&xz;">XZ</ulink> utilitário de compressão com rácio de compressão mais alto que o <literal>bzip2</literal>(1) (mais lento que o <literal>gzip</literal> mas mais rápido que o <literal>bzip2</literal>; substituto para o utilitário de compressão <ulink url="&lzma;">LZMA</ulink>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&zstandard;">Zstandard</ulink> fast lossless compression utility
pt: Utilitário de compressão rápida sem perdas <ulink url="&zstandard;">Zstandard</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&hzip;">7-Zip</ulink> file archiver with high compression ratio (<ulink url="&lzma;">LZMA</ulink> compression)
pt: <ulink url="&hzip;">7-Zip</ulink> arquivador de arquivos com alta taxa de compressão (<ulink url="&lzma;">LZMA</ulink>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&hzip;">7-Zip</ulink> file archiver with high compression ratio (<ulink url="&lzma;">LZMA</ulink> compression and others)
pt: <ulink url="&hzip;">7-Zip</ulink> arquivador de ficheiros com rácio de compressão alto (<ulink url="&lzma;">LZMA</ulink> compressão e outros)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&lzo;">LZO</ulink> compression utility with higher compression and decompression speed than <literal>gzip</literal>(1) (lower compression ratio than <literal>gzip</literal> with similar syntax)
pt: <ulink url="&lzo;">LZO</ulink> utilitário de compressão com mais alta compressão e mais rápida descompressão que o <literal>gzip</literal>(1) (rácio de compressão mais baixo que o <literal>gzip</literal> com sintaxe semelhante)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&infozip;">InfoZIP</ulink>: DOS archive and compression tool
pt: <ulink url="&infozip;">InfoZIP</ulink>: ferramenta de compressão e arquivo do DOS

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&infozip;">InfoZIP</ulink>: DOS unarchive and decompression tool
pt: <ulink url="&infozip;">InfoZIP</ulink>: ferramenta de descompressão e de de-arquivar do DOS

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
en: Do not set the "<literal>$TAPE</literal>" variable unless you know what to expect.  It changes <literal>tar</literal>(1) behavior.
pt: Não defina a variável "<literal>$TAPE</literal>" a menos que saiba com o que esperar. Altera o comportamento do <literal>tar</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The gzipped <literal>tar</literal>(1) archive uses the file extension "<literal>.tgz</literal>" or "<literal>.tar.gz</literal>".
pt: O arquivo <literal>tar</literal>(1) gzipado usa a extensão de ficheiro "<literal>.tgz</literal>" ou "<literal>.tar.gz</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The xz-compressed <literal>tar</literal>(1) archive uses the file extension "<literal>.txz</literal>" or "<literal>.tar.xz</literal>".
pt: O arquivo <literal>tar</literal>(1) comprimido em xz usa a extensão de ficheiro "<literal>.txz</literal>" ou "<literal>.tar.xz</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Popular compression method in <ulink url="&foss;">FOSS</ulink> tools such as <literal>tar</literal>(1) has been moving as follows: <literal>gzip</literal> → <literal>bzip2</literal> → <literal>xz</literal>
pt: Método de compressão popular em ferramentas <ulink url="&foss;">FOSS</ulink> tal como o <literal>tar</literal>(1) têm se movido como a seguir: <literal>gzip</literal> → <literal>bzip2</literal> → <literal>xz</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>cp</literal>(1), <literal>scp</literal>(1) and <literal>tar</literal>(1) may have some limitation for special files.  <literal>cpio</literal>(1) is most versatile.
pt: <literal>cp</literal>(1), <literal>scp</literal>(1) e <literal>tar</literal>(1) podem ter algumas limitações para ficheiros especiais.  <literal>cpio</literal>(1) é o mais versátil.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>cpio</literal>(1) is designed to be used with <literal>find</literal>(1) and other commands and suitable for creating backup scripts since the file selection part of the script can be tested independently.
pt: O <literal>cpio</literal>(1) é desenhado para ser utilizado com o <literal>find</literal>(1) e outros comandos e apropriado para criar scripts de backup pois a parte de seleção de ficheiros do script pode ser testada independentemente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Internal structure of Libreoffice data files are "<literal>.jar</literal>" file which can be opened also by <literal>unzip</literal>.
pt: A estrutura interna dos ficheiros de dados do Libreoffice são ficheiros "<literal>.jar</literal>" que também podem ser abertos pelo <literal>unzip</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The de-facto cross platform archive tool is <literal>zip</literal>.  Use it as "<literal>zip -rX</literal>" to attain the maximum compatibility.  Use also the "<literal>-s</literal>" option, if the maximum file size matters.
pt: A ferramenta de arquivo que é "de-facto" multi-plataforma é o <literal>zip</literal>. Use-o como "<literal>zip -rX</literal>" para obter o máximo de compatibilidade. Use também a opção "<literal>-s</literal>", se o tamanho máximo de ficheiro for importante.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here is a summary of simple copy and backup tools available on the Debian system.
pt: Aqui está um sumário de ferramentas de cópia simples e salvaguarda disponíveis no sistema Debian.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of copy and synchronization tools
pt: Lista de ferramentas de cópia e sincronização

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: locally copy files and directories ("-a" for recursive)
pt: copia localmente ficheiros e diretórios ("-a" para ser recursivo)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: remotely copy files and directories (client, "<literal>-r</literal>" for recursive)
pt: copia remotamente ficheiros e diretórios (cliente, "<literal>-r</literal>" para ser recursivo)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: remotely copy files and directories (remote server)
pt: copia ficheiros e diretórios remotamente (servidor remoto)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: 1-way remote synchronization and backup
pt: sincronização remota a salvaguarda de 1 via

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: 2-way remote synchronization and backup
pt: sincronização remota a salvaguarda de 2 vias

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Copying files with <literal>rsync</literal>(8) offers richer features than others.
pt: Copiar ficheiros com o <literal>rsync</literal>(8) oferece funcionalidades mais ricas que os outros.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: delta-transfer algorithm that sends only the differences between the source files and the existing files in the destination
pt: algoritmo de transferência delta que envia apenas as diferenças entre os ficheiros da fonte e os ficheiros existentes no destino

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: quick check algorithm (by default) that looks for files that have changed in size or in last-modified time
pt: algoritmo de verificação rápida (predefinido) que procura ficheiros que alteraram no tamanho ou hora da última modificação

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>--exclude</literal>" and "<literal>--exclude-from</literal>" options similar to <literal>tar</literal>(1)
pt: opções "<literal>--exclude</literal>" e "<literal>--exclude-from</literal>" semelhantes ao <literal>tar</literal>(1)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "a trailing slash on the source directory" syntax that avoids creating an additional directory level at the destination.
pt: sintaxe de "uma barra final no diretório fonte" que evita a criação de um nível de diretório adicional no destino.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Version control system (VCS) tools in <xref linkend="list-of-vcs"/> can function as the multi-way copy and synchronization tools.
pt: Ferramentas de sistema de controlo de versão (VCS) em <xref linkend="list-of-vcs"/> podem funcionar como a copia de multi-modos e ferramentas de sincronização.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Idioms for the archive
pt: Idiomas para o arquivo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here are several ways to archive and unarchive the entire content of the directory "<literal>./source</literal>" using different tools.
pt: Aqui estão várias maneiras de arquivar e "desarquivar" o conteúdo completo do diretório "<literal>./source</literal>" a usar diferentes ferramentas.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Alternatively, by the following.
pt: Alternativamente, pelo seguinte.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Idioms for the copy
pt: Idiomas para a cópia

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here are several ways to copy the entire content of the directory "<literal>./source</literal>" using different tools.
pt: Aqui estão algumas maneiras de copiar o conteúdo inteiro do diretório "<literal>./source</literal>" a usar diferentes ferramentas.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Local copy: "<literal>./source</literal>" directory → "<literal>/dest</literal>" directory
pt: Cópia local: diretório "<literal>./source</literal>" → diretório "<literal>/dest</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Remote copy: "<literal>./source</literal>" directory at local host → "<literal>/dest</literal>" directory at "<literal>user@host.dom</literal>" host
pt: Cópia remota: diretório "<literal>./source</literal>" em máquina local → diretório "<literal>/dest</literal>" na máquina "<literal>utilizador@máquina.domínio</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can alternatively use "a trailing slash on the source directory" syntax.
pt: Pode alternativamente usar a sintaxe de "uma barra à direita no diretório fonte".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: GNU <literal>cp</literal>(1) and openSSH <literal>scp</literal>(1):
pt: <literal>cp</literal>(1) de GNU e <literal>scp</literal>(1) de openSSH:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can substitute "<literal>.</literal>" with "<literal>foo</literal>" for all examples containing "<literal>.</literal>" to copy files from "<literal>./source/foo</literal>" directory to "<literal>/dest/foo</literal>" directory.
pt: Pode substituir "<literal>.</literal>" por "<literal>foo</literal>" para todos os exemplos que contenham "<literal>.</literal>" para copiar ficheiros do diretório "<literal>./source/foo</literal>" ao diretório "<literal>/dest/foo</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can substitute "<literal>.</literal>" with the absolute path "<literal>/path/to/source/foo</literal>" for all examples containing "<literal>.</literal>" to drop "<literal>cd ./source;</literal>".  These copy files to different locations depending on tools used as follows.
pt: Pode substituir "<literal>.</literal>" pelo caminho absoluto "<literal>/caminho/para/fonte/foo</literal>" para todos os exemplos que contenham "<literal>.</literal>" para abandonar "<literal>cd ./source;</literal>". Estes copiam ficheiros para localizações diferentes a depender das ferramentas utilizadas conforme a seguir.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/dest/foo</literal>": <literal>rsync</literal>(8), GNU <literal>cp</literal>(1), and <literal>scp</literal>(1)
pt: "<literal>/dest/foo</literal>": <literal>rsync</literal>(8), <literal>cp</literal>(1) do GNU e <literal>scp</literal>(1)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/dest/path/to/source/foo</literal>": GNU <literal>tar</literal>(1), and <literal>cpio</literal>(1)
pt: "<literal>/dest/path/to/source/foo</literal>": GNU <literal>tar</literal>(1) e <literal>cpio</literal>(1)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: <literal>rsync</literal>(8) and GNU <literal>cp</literal>(1) have option "<literal>-u</literal>" to skip files that are newer on the receiver.
pt: <literal>rsync</literal>(8) e <literal>cp</literal>(1) do GNU têm a opção "<literal>-u</literal>" para saltar ficheiros que são mais recentes no receptor.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Idioms for the selection of files
pt: Idiomas para a seleção de ficheiros

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <literal>find</literal>(1) is used to select files for archive and copy commands (see <xref linkend="_idioms_for_the_archive"/> and <xref linkend="_idioms_for_the_copy"/>) or for <literal>xargs</literal>(1) (see <xref linkend="_repeating_a_command_looping_over_files"/>).  This can be enhanced by using its command arguments.
pt: O <literal>find</literal>(1) é usado para selecionar ficheiros para o arquivo e copiar comandos (veja <xref linkend="_idioms_for_the_archive"/> e <xref linkend="_idioms_for_the_copy"/>) ou para <literal>xargs</literal>(1) (veja <xref linkend="_repeating_a_command_looping_over_files"/>). Isto pode ser melhorado ao usar os seus argumentos de comando.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Basic syntax of <literal>find</literal>(1) can be summarized as the following.
pt: A sintaxe básica de <literal>find</literal>(1) pode ser sumariada no seguinte.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Its conditional arguments are evaluated from left to right.
pt: Os seus argumentos condicionais são avaliados da esquerda à direita.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: This evaluation stops once its outcome is determined.
pt: Esta avaliação pára assim que o resultado dele é determinado.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "Logical <emphasis role="strong">OR</emphasis>" (specified by "<literal>-o</literal>" between conditionals) has lower precedence than "logical <emphasis role="strong">AND</emphasis>" (specified by "<literal>-a</literal>" or nothing between conditionals).
pt: O "<emphasis role="strong">OU</emphasis> lógico" (especificado por "<literal>-o</literal>" entre condicionais) tem precedência mais baixa que o "<emphasis role="strong">E</emphasis> lógico" (especificado por "<literal>-a</literal>" ou nada entre condicionais).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "Logical <emphasis role="strong">NOT</emphasis>" (specified by "<literal>!</literal>" before a conditional) has higher precedence than "logical <emphasis role="strong">AND</emphasis>".
pt: O "<emphasis role="strong">NÃO</emphasis> lógico" (especificado por "<literal>!</literal>" antes duma condicional) tem precedência mas alta que o "<emphasis role="strong">E</emphasis> lógico".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>-prune</literal>" always returns logical <emphasis role="strong">TRUE</emphasis> and, if it is a directory, searching of file is stopped beyond this point.
pt: "<literal>-prune</literal>" retorna sempre o <emphasis role="strong">VERDADEIRO</emphasis> lógico e, se for um diretório, a busca de ficheiro é parada para além deste ponto.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>-name</literal>" matches the base of the filename with shell glob (see <xref linkend="_shell_glob"/>) but it also matches its initial "<literal>.</literal>" with metacharacters such as "<literal>*</literal>" and "<literal>?</literal>". (New <ulink url="&posix;">POSIX</ulink> feature)
pt: "<literal>-name</literal>" corresponde à base do nome de ficheiro com glob de shell (veja <xref linkend="_shell_glob"/>) mas também corresponde ao "<literal>.</literal>" inicial dele com meta-caracteres como o "<literal>*</literal>" e o "<literal>?</literal>". (Nova funcionalidade do <ulink url="&posix;">POSIX</ulink>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>-regex</literal>" matches the full path with emacs style <emphasis role="strong">BRE</emphasis> (see <xref linkend="_regular_expressions"/>) as default.
pt: "<literal>-regex</literal>" corresponde ao caminho completo com estilo emacs <emphasis role="strong">BRE</emphasis> (veja <xref linkend="_regular_expressions"/>) como predefinição.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>-size</literal>" matches the file based on the file size (value precedented with "<literal>+</literal>" for larger, precedented with "<literal>-</literal>" for smaller)
pt: "<literal>-size</literal>" corresponde ao ficheiro baseado no tamanho do ficheiro (valor precedido de "<literal>+</literal>" para maior, precedido de "<literal>-</literal>" para menor)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>-newer</literal>" matches the file newer than the one specified in its argument.
pt: "<literal>-newer</literal>" corresponde ao ficheiro mais recente que aquele especificado no argumento dele.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>-print0</literal>" always returns logical <emphasis role="strong">TRUE</emphasis> and print the full filename (<ulink url="&nullterminated;">null terminated</ulink>) on the standard output.
pt: "<literal>-print0</literal>" retorna sempre o <emphasis role="strong">TRUE</emphasis> lógico e escreve o nome de ficheiro completo (<ulink url="&nullterminated;">terminado em nulo</ulink>) na saída standard.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <literal>find</literal>(1) is often used with an idiomatic style as the following.
pt: O <literal>find</literal>(1) é usado geralmente com um estilo idiomático como a seguir.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This means to do following actions.
pt: Isto significa fazer as seguintes acções.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Search all files starting from "<literal>/path/to</literal>"
pt: Procurar todos os ficheiros que começam por "<literal>/caminho/para</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Globally limit its search within its starting filesystem and uses <emphasis role="strong">ERE</emphasis> (see <xref linkend="_regular_expressions"/>) instead
pt: Limitar globalmente a busca para dentro do sistema de ficheiros inicial e usa <emphasis role="strong">ERE</emphasis> (ao inves veja <xref linkend="_regular_expressions"/>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Exclude files matching regex of "<literal>.*\.cpio</literal>" or "<literal>.*~</literal>" from search by stop processing
pt: Excluir da busca os ficheiros que correspondem à expressão regular "<literal>.*\.cpio</literal>" ou "<literal>.*~</literal>" ao parar o processamento

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Exclude directories matching regex of "<literal>.*/\.git</literal>" from search by stop processing
pt: Excluir da busca os diretórios que correspondem à expressão regular "<literal>.*/\.git</literal>" ao parar o processamento

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Exclude files larger than 99 Megabytes (units of 1048576 bytes) from search by stop processing
pt: Exclui da busca os ficheiros maiores que 99 Mb (unidades de 1048576 bytes) ao parar o processamento

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Print filenames which satisfy above search conditions and are newer than "<literal>/path/to/timestamp</literal>"
pt: Escrever os nomes de ficheiros que satisfazem as condições de busca em cima e são mais recentes que "<literal>/caminho/para/timestamp</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Please note the idiomatic use of "<literal>-prune -o</literal>" to exclude files in the above example.
pt: Por favor note a utilização idiomática de "<literal>-prune -o</literal>" para excluir ficheiros no exemplo em cima.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: For non-Debian <ulink url="&unixlike;">Unix-like</ulink> system, some options may not be supported by <literal>find</literal>(1). In such a case, please consider to adjust matching methods and replace "<literal>-print0</literal>" with "<literal>-print</literal>".  You may need to adjust related commands too.
pt: Para um sistema não-Debian <ulink url="&unixlike;">tipo Unix</ulink>, algumas opções podem não ser suportadas pelo <literal>find</literal>(1). Em tal caso, por favor considere ajustar os métodos de correspondência e substitua "<literal>-print0</literal>" por "<literal>-print</literal>". Poderá ter que ajustar também os comandos relacionados.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Archive media
pt: Meio de arquivo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: When choosing <ulink url="&computerdatastoragemedia;">computer data storage media</ulink> for important data archive, you should be careful about their limitations.  For small personal data backup, I use CD-R and DVD-R by the brand name company and store in a cool, shaded, dry, clean environment.  (Tape archive media seem to be popular for professional use.)
pt: Quando escolher o <ulink url="&computerdatastoragemedia;">meio de armazenamento de dados de computador</ulink> para arquivar dados importantes, deverá ter cuidado com as suas limitações. Para os pequenos backups de dados pessoais uso CD-Rs e DVD-Rs de uma boa marca e guardo-os num ambiente fresco, à sombra, seco e limpo. (O meio de cassete de fita magnética parece ser popular para uso profissional.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: <ulink url="&afireresistantsafe;">A fire-resistant safe</ulink> are meant for paper documents.  Most of the computer data storage media have less temperature tolerance than paper. I usually rely on multiple secure encrypted copies stored in multiple secure locations.
pt: A <ulink url="&afireresistantsafe;">segurança de resistência ao fogo</ulink> destina-se a documentos de papel. A maioria dos meios de armazenamento de dados de computador têm menos tolerância à temperatura que o papel. Geralmente Confio em múltiplas cópias de segurança encriptadas em múltiplas localizações seguras.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Optimistic storage life of archive media seen on the net (mostly from vendor info).
pt: A duração de vida optimista de meios de arquivo vista na net (a maioria é informação do fabricante).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: 100+ years : Acid free paper with ink
pt: + de 100 anos : Papel livre de ácidos com tinta

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: 100 years : Optical storage (CD/DVD, CD/DVD-R)
pt: 100 anos : Armazenamento óptico (CD/DVD, CD/DVD-R)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: 30 years : Magnetic storage (tape, floppy)
pt: 30 anos : Armazenamento magnético (fita, disquete)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: 20 years : Phase change optical storage (CD-RW)
pt: 20 anos : Armazenamento óptico de mudança de fase (CD-RW)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: These do not count on the mechanical failures due to handling etc.
pt: Estes não contam com falhas mecânicas devido a manuseamento e etc.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Optimistic write cycle of archive media seen on the net (mostly from vendor info).
pt: Ciclos de escrita optimistas dos meios de arquivo vistos na net (a maioria é informação do fabricante).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: 250,000+ cycles : Harddisk drive
pt: + de 250,000 ciclos : Disco rígido

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: 10,000+ cycles : Flash memory
pt: + de 10,000 ciclos : Memória Flash

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: 1,000 cycles : CD/DVD-RW
pt: 1,000 ciclos : CD/DVD-RW

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: 1 cycles : CD/DVD-R, paper
pt: 1 ciclo : CD/DVD-R, papel

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: Figures of storage life and write cycle here should not be used for decisions on any critical data storage.  Please consult the specific product information provided by the manufacture.
pt: As figuras de vida de armazenamento e ciclos de escrita mostradas aqui não devem ser usadas para decisões em qualquer armazenamento de dados crítico. Por favor consulte a informação específica do produto disponibilizada pelo fabricante.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Since CD/DVD-R and paper have only 1 write cycle, they inherently prevent accidental data loss by overwriting.  This is advantage!
pt: Como os CD/DVD-R e o papel têm apenas 1 ciclo de escrita, eles previnem perdas de dados acidentais ao sobrescrever. Isto é uma vantagem!

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: If you need fast and frequent backup of large amount of data, a hard disk on a remote host linked by a fast network connection, may be the only realistic option.
pt: Se precisa de um backup rápido e frequente de grandes quantidades de dados, um disco rígido numa máquina remota ligada por uma ligação de rede rápida, pode ser a única opção realista.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: If you use re-writable media for your backups, use of filesystem such as <ulink url="&btrfs;">btrfs</ulink> or <ulink url="&zfs;">zfs</ulink> which supports read-only snapshots may be a good idea.
pt: Se utilizar suportes regraváveis para as suas cópias de segurança, a utilização de um sistema de ficheiros como o <ulink url="&btrfs;">btrfs</ulink> ou <ulink url="&zfs;">zfs</ulink>, que suportam instantâneos apenas de leitura, pode ser uma boa ideia.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Removable storage device
pt: Aparelho de armazenamento amovível

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Removable storage devices may be any one of the following.
pt: Aparelhos de armazenamento amovível podem ser qualquer um dos seguintes.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&usbflashdrive;">USB flash drive</ulink>
pt: <ulink url="&usbflashdrive;">Pen USB</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&harddiskdrive;">Hard disk drive</ulink>
pt: <ulink url="&harddiskdrive;">Disco Rígido</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&opticaldiscdrive;">Optical disc drive</ulink>
pt: <ulink url="&opticaldiscdrive;">Leitor de disco óptico</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Digital camera
pt: Câmara digital

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Digital music player
pt: Leitor digital de música

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: They may be connected via any one of the following.
pt: Podem ser ligados por qualquer um dos seguintes:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Modern desktop environments such as GNOME and KDE can mount these removable devices automatically without a matching "<literal>/etc/fstab</literal>" entry.
pt: Os ambientes de trabalho modernos tais como o GNOME e KDE podem montar automaticamente estes aparelhos amovíveis sem uma entrada correspondente no "<literal>/etc/fstab</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>udisks2</literal> package provides a daemon and associated utilities to mount and unmount these devices.
pt: O pacote <literal>udisks2</literal> disponibiliza um daemon e utilitários associados para (des)montar esses aparelhos.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&dbus;">D-bus</ulink> creates events to initiate automatic processes.
pt: <ulink url="&dbus;">D-bus</ulink> cria eventos para iniciar processos automáticos.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&policykit;">PolicyKit</ulink> provides required privileges.
pt: <ulink url="&policykit;">PolicyKit</ulink> disponibiliza os privilégios necessários.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Automounted devices may have the "<literal>uhelper=</literal>" mount option which is used by <literal>umount</literal>(8).
pt: Os aparelhos auto-montados podem ter a opção de montagem "<literal>uhelper=</literal>" que é utilizada por <literal>umount</literal>(8).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Automounting under modern desktop environment happens only when those removable media devices are not listed in "<literal>/etc/fstab</literal>".
pt: A auto-montagem em ambientes de trabalho modernos apenas acontece quando esses aparelhos amovíveis não estão listados em "<literal>/etc/fstab</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Mount point under modern desktop environment is chosen as "<literal>/media/<emphasis>username/disk_label</emphasis></literal>" which can be customized by the following.
pt: O ponto de montagem no ambiente de trabalho moderno é escolhido como "<literal><emphasis>/media/username/disk_label</emphasis></literal>" que pode ser personalizado da seguinte forma.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>mlabel</literal>(1) for FAT filesystem
pt: <literal>mlabel</literal>(1) para o sistema de ficheiros FAT

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>genisoimage</literal>(1) with "<literal>-V</literal>" option for ISO9660 filesystem
pt: <literal>genisoimage</literal>(1) com a opção "<literal>-V</literal>" para o sistema de ficheiros ISO9660

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>tune2fs</literal>(1) with "<literal>-L</literal>" option for ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem
pt: <literal>tune2fs</literal>(1) com a opção "<literal>-L</literal>" para sistemas de ficheiros ext2/ext3/ext4

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: The choice of encoding may need to be provided as mount option (see <xref linkend="_filename_encoding"/>).
pt: A escolha de codificação pode necessitar de ser disponibilizada como opção de montagem (veja <xref linkend="_filename_encoding"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: The use of the GUI menu to unmount a filesystem may remove its dynamically generated device node such as "<literal>/dev/sdc</literal>".  If you wish to keep its device node, unmount it with the <literal>umount</literal>(8) command from the shell prompt.
pt: A utilização do menu da GUI para desmontar um sistema de ficheiros pode remover o nó de aparelho dele gerado dinamicamente tal como "<literal>/dev/sdc</literal>". Se desejar manter o nó de aparelho dele, desmonte-o com o comando <literal>umount</literal>(8) na linha de comandos da shell.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Filesystem choice for sharing data
pt: Escolha de sistema de ficheiros para partilhar dados

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: When sharing data with other system via removable storage device, you should format it with common <ulink url="&filesystem;">filesystem</ulink> supported by both systems. Here is a list of filesystem choices.
pt: Quando partilha dados com outros sistemas via aparelhos de armazenamento amovível, deve formatá-lo num <ulink url="&filesystem;">sistema de ficheiros</ulink> comum que seja suportado pelos dois sistemas. Aqui está uma lista de escolhas de sistemas de ficheiros.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of filesystem choices for removable storage devices with typical usage scenarios
pt: Lista de hipóteses de sistemas de ficheiros para aparelhos de armazenamento amovíveis com cenários de utilização típica

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: filesystem name
pt: nome do sistema de ficheiros

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: typical usage scenario
pt: cenário de utilização típico

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: cross platform sharing of data on the floppy disk (&lt;32MiB)
pt: partilha de dados em várias plataformas em disquetes (&lt;32MiB)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: cross platform sharing of data on the small hard disk like device (&lt;2GiB)
pt: partilha de dados em várias plataformas em aparelhos como pequenos discos rígidos (&lt;2GiB)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: cross platform sharing of data on the large hard disk like device (&lt;8TiB, supported by newer than MS Windows95 OSR2)
pt: partilha de dados em várias plataformas em aparelhos como grandes discos rígidos (&lt;8TiB, suportado por mais recente que MS Windows95 OSR2)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: cross platform sharing of data on the large hard disk like device (&lt;512TiB, supported by WindowsXP, Mac OS X Snow Leopard 10.6.5, and Linux kernel since 5.4 release)
pt: partilha de dados entre plataformas no dispositivo semelhante a um disco rígido de grandes dimensões (&lt;512TiB, suportado pelo WindowsXP, Mac OS X Snow Leopard 10.6.5 e kernel Linux desde a versão 5.4)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: cross platform sharing of data on the large hard disk like device (supported natively on <ulink url="&mswindowsnt;">MS Windows NT</ulink> and later version, and supported by <ulink url="&ntfsdg;">NTFS-3G</ulink> via <ulink url="&fuse;">FUSE</ulink> on Linux)
pt: partilha de dados em várias plataformas em aparelhos como grandes discos rígidos (suportado nativamente no <ulink url="&mswindowsnt;">MS Windows NT</ulink> e versões posteriores e suportado pelo <ulink url="&ntfsdg;">NTFS-3G</ulink> via <ulink url="&fuse;">FUSE</ulink> em Linux)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: cross platform sharing of static data on CD-R and DVD+/-R
pt: partilha de dados estáticos em várias plataformas em CD-R e DVD+/-R

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: incremental data writing on CD-R and DVD+/-R (new)
pt: escrita de dados incremental em CD-R e DVD+/-R (novo)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: space efficient unix file data storage on the floppy disk
pt: armazenamento de dados em ficheiros unix eficiente em espaço em disquetes

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: sharing of data on the hard disk like device with older Linux systems
pt: partilha de dados em aparelhos tipo disco rígido com sistemas Linux mais antigos

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: sharing of data on the hard disk like device with current Linux systems
pt: partilha de dados em aparelhos de tipo disco rígido com sistemas Linux atuais

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: sharing of data on the hard disk like device with current Linux systems with read-only snapshots
pt: partilha de dados em aparelhos de tipo disco rígido com sistemas Linux atuais com instantâneos só de leitura

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: See <xref linkend="_removable_disk_encryption_with_dm_crypt_luks"/> for cross platform sharing of data using device level encryption.
pt: Veja <xref linkend="_removable_disk_encryption_with_dm_crypt_luks"/> para partilha de dados em várias plataformas a usar encriptação ao nível do aparelho.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The FAT filesystem is supported by almost all modern operating systems and is quite useful for the data exchange purpose via removable hard disk like media.
pt: O sistema de ficheiros FAT é suportado pela maioria dos sistemas operativos modernos e é bastante útil para objetivos de trocas de dados via aparelhos tipo disco rígido.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: When formatting removable hard disk like devices for cross platform sharing of data with the FAT filesystem, the following should be safe choices.
pt: Quando formatar aparelhos tipo disco rígido amovíveis para partilha de dados em multi-plataformas com o sistema de ficheiros FAT, as seguintes deverão ser escolhas seguras.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Partitioning them with <literal>fdisk</literal>(8), <literal>cfdisk</literal>(8) or <literal>parted</literal>(8) (see <xref linkend="_disk_partition_configuration"/>) into a single primary partition and to mark it as the following.
pt: Particioná-los com o <literal>fdisk</literal>(8), <literal>cfdisk</literal>(8) ou <literal>parted</literal>(8) (veja <xref linkend="_disk_partition_configuration"/>) numa única partição primária e marcá-la como a seguir.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Type "6" for FAT16 for media smaller than 2GB.
pt: Tipo "6" para FAT16 para médias inferiores a 2GB.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Type "c" for FAT32 (LBA) for larger media.
pt: Tipo "c" para FAT32 (LBA) para médias maiores.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Formatting the primary partition with <literal>mkfs.vfat</literal>(8) with the following.
pt: Formatar a partição primária com o <literal>mkfs.vfat</literal>(8) com o seguinte.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Just its device name, e.g. "<literal>/dev/sda1</literal>" for FAT16
pt: Apenas o nome de aparelho dele, ex. "<literal>/dev/sda1</literal>" para FAT16

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The explicit option and its device name, e.g. "<literal>-F 32 /dev/sda1</literal>" for FAT32
pt: A opção explícita e o nome de aparelho dela, ex. "<literal>-F 32 /dev/sda1</literal>" para FAT32

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: When using the FAT or ISO9660 filesystems for sharing data, the following should be the safe considerations.
pt: Quando se usa sistemas de ficheiros FAT ou ISO9660 para partilhar dados, as considerações de segurança deverão ser as seguintes.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Archiving files into an archive file first using <literal>tar</literal>(1), or <literal>cpio</literal>(1) to retain the long filename, the symbolic link, the original Unix file permission and the owner information.
pt: Arquivar ficheiros para um ficheiro de arquivo primeiro a utilizar o <literal>tar</literal>(1), ou <literal>cpio</literal>(1) para reter o nome longo do ficheiro, a ligação simbólica, as permissões originais de ficheiro Unix e a informação do dono.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Splitting the archive file into less than 2 GiB chunks with the <literal>split</literal>(1) command to protect it from the file size limitation.
pt: Dividir o ficheiro de arquivo em fatias com menos de 2 GiB com o comando <literal>split</literal>(1) para o proteger contra limites de tamanho de ficheiro.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Encrypting the archive file to secure its contents from the unauthorized access.
pt: Encriptar o ficheiro de arquivo para segurar o conteúdo dele contra acesso não autorizado.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: For FAT filesystems by its design, the maximum file size is <literal>(2^32 - 1) bytes = (4GiB - 1 byte)</literal>. For some applications on the older 32 bit OS, the maximum file size was even smaller <literal>(2^31 - 1) bytes = (2GiB - 1 byte)</literal>.  Debian does not suffer the latter problem.
pt: Para o sistema de ficheiros FAT pelo seu desenho, o tamanho máximo de ficheiro é <literal>(2^32 - 1) bytes = (4GiB - 1 byte)</literal>. Para algumas aplicações do antigo SO de 32 bits, o tamanho máximo de ficheiro é mais pequeno <literal>(2^31 - 1) bytes = (2GiB - 1 byte)</literal>. O Debian não sofre do segundo problema.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: Microsoft itself does not recommend to use FAT for drives or partitions of over 200 MB.  Microsoft highlights its short comings such as inefficient disk space usage in their "<ulink url="&overviewoffathpfdntfsfilesystems;">Overview of FAT, HPFS, and NTFS File Systems</ulink>".  Of course, we should normally use the ext4 filesystem for Linux.
pt: A própria Microsoft não recomenda o uso de FAT para discos ou partições maiores que 200 MB. A Microsoft destaca as suas deficiências como a ser a utilização ineficiente do espaço do disco na  "<ulink url="&overviewoffathpfdntfsfilesystems;">Visão geral dos sistemas de ficheiros FAT, HPFS e NTFS</ulink>" dele. Claro que devemos normalmente usar o sistema de ficheiros ext4 para Linux.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: For more on filesystems and accessing filesystems, please read "<ulink url="&filesystemshowto;">Filesystems HOWTO</ulink>".
pt: Para mais sistemas de ficheiros e acesso a sistemas de ficheiros, por favor leia "<ulink url="&filesystemshowto;">HOWTO dos Sistemas de Ficheiros</ulink>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Sharing data via network
pt: Partilhar dados via a rede

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: When sharing data with other system via network, you should use common service. Here are some hints.
pt: Quando se partilha dados com outro sistema via rede, deve usar serviços comuns. Aqui estão algumas dicas.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of the network service to chose with the typical usage scenario
pt: Lista de serviços de rede para escolher com o cenário de utilização típico

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: network service
pt: serviço de rede

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: description of typical usage scenario
pt: descrição do cenário de utilização típico

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&smbcifs;">SMB/CIFS</ulink> network mounted filesystem with <ulink url="&samba;">Samba</ulink>
pt: <ulink url="&smbcifs;">SMB/CIFS</ulink> sistema de ficheiros montado em rede com o <ulink url="&samba;">Samba</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: sharing files via "Microsoft Windows Network", see <literal>smb.conf</literal>(5) and <ulink url="&theofficialsambandreferenceguide;">The Official Samba 3.x.x HOWTO and Reference Guide</ulink> or the <literal>samba-doc</literal> package
pt: partilha ficheiros via "Rede Microsoft Windows", veja <literal>smb.conf</literal>(5) e <ulink url="&theofficialsambandreferenceguide;">O HOWTO Oficial do Samba 3.x.x e Guia de Referência</ulink> ou o pacote <literal>samba-doc</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&nfs;">NFS</ulink> network mounted filesystem with the Linux kernel
pt: <ulink url="&nfs;">NFS</ulink> sistema de ficheiros montado em rede com o kernel do Linux

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: sharing files via "Unix/Linux Network", see <literal>exports</literal>(5) and <ulink url="&linuxnfshowto;">Linux NFS-HOWTO</ulink>
pt: partilhar ficheiros via "Rede Unix/Linux", veja <literal>exports</literal>(5) e <ulink url="&linuxnfshowto;">Linux NFS-HOWTO</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: sharing file between the web server/client
pt: a partilhar ficheiros entre o servidor/cliente web

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&https;">HTTPS</ulink> service
pt: serviço <ulink url="&https;">HTTPS</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: sharing file between the web server/client with encrypted Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) or <ulink url="&transportlayersecurity;">Transport Layer Security</ulink> (TLS)
pt: partilhar ficheiros entre o servidor/cliente web com Secure Sockets Layer encriptado (SSL) ou <ulink url="&transportlayersecurity;">Transport Layer Security</ulink> (TLS)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&ftp;">FTP</ulink> service
pt: serviço <ulink url="&ftp;">FTP</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: sharing file between the FTP server/client
pt: a partilhar ficheiros entre o servidor/cliente FTP

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Although these filesystems mounted over network and file transfer methods over network are quite convenient for sharing data, these may be insecure.  Their network connection must be secured by the following.
pt: Apesar de estes sistemas de ficheiros montados sobre rede e métodos de transferência de ficheiros em rede serem bastante convenientes para partilhar dados, estes podem ser inseguros. A ligação de rede deles tem de ser segurada com o seguinte.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Encrypt it with <ulink url="&ssltls;">SSL/TLS</ulink>
pt: Encriptar com <ulink url="&ssltls;">SSL/TLS</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Tunnel it via <ulink url="&ssh;">SSH</ulink>
pt: Ligue-o em túnel via <ulink url="&ssh;">SSH</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Tunnel it via <ulink url="&vpn;">VPN</ulink>
pt: Ligue-o em túnel via <ulink url="&vpn;">VPN</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Limit it behind the secure firewall
pt: Limitar por detrás da firewall segura

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See also <xref linkend="_other_network_application_servers"/> and <xref linkend="_other_network_application_clients"/>.
pt: Veja também <xref linkend="_other_network_application_servers"/> e <xref linkend="_other_network_application_clients"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Backup and recovery
pt: Salvaguarda (backup) e recuperação

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: We all know that computers fail sometime or human errors cause system and data damages.  Backup and recovery operations are the essential part of successful system administration.  All possible failure modes hit you some day.
pt: Todos sabemos que os computadores avariam ou que erros humanos causam danos no sistema e nos dados. As operações de salvaguarda e recuperação são a parte essencial sucesso do administrador de sistemas. Todos os modos de falha possíveis irão atingi-lo um dia.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
en: Keep your backup system simple and backup your system often.  Having backup data is more important than how technically good your backup method is.
pt: Mantenha o seu sistema de backup simples e faça backups periódicos. Ter cópias de segurança dos dados é mais importante do que quão bom é tecnicamente o seu método de backup.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Backup and recovery policy
pt: Política de cópia de segurança e recuperação

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There are 3 key factors which determine actual backup and recovery policy.
pt: Existem 3 factores chave que determinam a política atual de salvaguarda e recuperação.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Knowing what to backup and recover.
pt: Saber o que salvaguardar e recuperar.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Data files directly created by you: data in "<literal>~/</literal>"
pt: Ficheiros de dados criados directamente por si: dados em "<literal>~/</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Data files created by applications used by you: data in "<literal>/var/</literal>" (except "<literal>/var/cache/</literal>", "<literal>/var/run/</literal>", and "<literal>/var/tmp/</literal>")
pt: Ficheiros de dados criados por aplicações usadas por si: dados em "<literal>/var/</literal>" (excepto "<literal>/var/cache/</literal>", "<literal>/var/run/</literal>" e "<literal>/var/tmp/</literal>")

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: System configuration files: data in "<literal>/etc/</literal>"
pt: Ficheiros de configuração do sistema: dados em "<literal>/etc/</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Local programs: data in "<literal>/usr/local/</literal>" or "<literal>/opt/</literal>"
pt: Programas locais: dados em "<literal>/usr/local/</literal>" ou "<literal>/opt/</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: System installation information: a memo in plain text on key steps (partition, …)
pt: Informação da instalação do sistema: um memo em texto simples em passos chave (partição, ...)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Proven set of data: confirmed by experimental recovery operations in advance
pt: Conjunto de dados de prova: confirmado com antecedência por operações de recuperação experimentais

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Cron job as a user process: files in "<literal>/var/spool/cron/crontabs</literal>" directory and restart <literal>cron</literal>(8).  See <xref linkend="_scheduling_tasks_regularly"/> for <literal>cron</literal>(8) and <literal>crontab</literal>(1).
pt: Tarefa cron como um processo de utilizador: ficheiros no diretório "<literal>/var/spool/cron/crontabs</literal>" e reiniciar o <literal>cron</literal>(8). Veja <xref linkend="_scheduling_tasks_regularly"/> para <literal>cron</literal>(8) e <literal>crontab</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Systemd timer jobs as user processes: files in "<literal>~/.config/systemd/user</literal>" directory.  See <literal>systemd.timer</literal>(5) and <literal>systemd.service</literal>(5).
pt: Tarefas de temporizador do Systemd como processos de utilizador: ficheiros no diretório "<literal>~/.config/systemd/user</literal>".  Veja <literal>systemd.timer</literal>(5) e <literal>systemd.service</literal>(5).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Autostart jobs as user processes: files in "<literal>~/.config/autostart</literal>" directory.  See <ulink url="&desktopapplicatiartspecification;">Desktop Application Autostart Specification</ulink>.
pt: Trabalhos de arranque automático como processos do utilizador: ficheiros no diretório "<literal>~/.config/autostart</literal>".  Consulte <ulink url="&desktopapplicatiartspecification;">Especificação de início automático de aplicativos de desktop</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Knowing how to backup and recover.
pt: Saber como salvaguardar e recuperar.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Secure storage of data: protection from overwrite and system failure
pt: Armazenamento de dados seguro: protecção contra reescrita e falha do sistema

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Frequent backup: scheduled backup
pt: Salvaguarda frequente: salvaguarda agendada

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Redundant backup: data mirroring
pt: Backup redundante: usar mirror de dados

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Fool proof process: easy single command backup
pt: Processo à prova de tolos: backup fácil de comando único

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Assessing risks and costs involved.
pt: Avaliar os riscos e custos envolvidos.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Risk of data when lost
pt: Risco de perda de dados

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para>
en: A write-once media such as CD/DVD-R can prevent overwrite accidents.  (See <xref linkend="_the_binary_data"/> for how to write to the storage media from the shell commandline.  GNOME desktop GUI environment gives you easy access via menu: "Places→CD/DVD Creator".)
pt: Uma média de escrita única como o CD/DVD-R pode evitar acidentes de sobreescrita.  (Veja <xref linkend="_the_binary_data"/> para saber como escrever para o suporte de armazenamento a partir da linha de comandos da shell.  O ambiente GUI do ambiente de trabalho GNOME dá-lhe acesso fácil através do menu: "Locais→Criador de CD/DVD".)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Data should be at least on different disk partitions preferably on different disks and machines to withstand the filesystem corruption.  Important data are best stored on a read-only filesystem.  <placeholder type="footnote" id="0"/>
pt: Os dados devem estar, pelo menos, em partições de disco diferentes, de preferência em discos e máquinas diferentes, para resistir à corrupção do sistema de ficheiros.  É preferível armazenar os dados importantes num sistema de ficheiros só de leitura.  <placeholder type="footnote" id="0"/>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Risk of data when breached
pt: Risco de violação de dados

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para>
en: Some of these data can not be regenerated by entering the same input string to the system.
pt: Alguns destes dados não podem ser gerados de novo introduzindo a mesma cadeia de entrada no sistema.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Sensitive identity data such as "<literal>/etc/ssh/ssh_host_*_key</literal>", "<literal>~/.gnupg/*</literal>", "<literal>~/.ssh/*</literal>", "<literal>~/.local/share/keyrings/*</literal>", "<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>", "<literal>/etc/shadow</literal>", "<literal>popularity-contest.conf</literal>", "<literal>/etc/ppp/pap-secrets</literal>", and "<literal>/etc/exim4/passwd.client</literal>" should be backed up as encrypted.  <placeholder type="footnote" id="0"/> (See <xref linkend="_data_encryption_tips"/>.)
pt: Dados de identidade sensíveis, como "<literal>/etc/ssh/ssh_host_*_key</literal>", "<literal>~/.gnupg/*</literal>", "<literal>~/.ssh/*</literal>", "<literal>~/.local/share/keyrings/*</literal>", "<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>", "<literal>/etc/shadow</literal>", "<literal>popularity-contest.conf</literal>", "<literal>/etc/ppp/pap-secrets</literal>", e "<literal>/etc/exim4/passwd.client</literal>" devem ser copiados como encriptados.  <placeholder type="footnote" id="0"/> (Ver <xref linkend="_data_encryption_tips"/>.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Never hard code system login password nor decryption passphrase in any script even on any trusted system.  (See <xref linkend="_password_keyring"/>.)
pt: Nunca codifique a palavra-passe de início de sessão do sistema nem a frase-passe de desencriptação em qualquer script, mesmo em qualquer sistema fiável.  (Ver <xref linkend="_password_keyring"/>.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Failure mode and their possibility
pt: Modo de falha e a possibilidade dele

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Hardware (especially HDD) will break
pt: O hardware (especialmente o disco rígido) avaria-se

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Filesystem may be corrupted and data in it may be lost
pt: O sistema de ficheiros pode estar corrompido e os dados nele contidos podem perder-se

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Remote storage system can't be trusted for security breaches
pt: O sistema de armazenamento remoto não é fiável em termos de violações de segurança

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Weak password protection can be easily compromised
pt: Uma proteção por palavra-passe fraca pode ser facilmente comprometida

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: File permission system may be compromised
pt: O sistema de permissão de ficheiros pode estar comprometido

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Required resources for backup: human, hardware, software, …
pt: Recursos necessários para o backup: humano, hardware, software,…

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Automatic scheduled backup with cron job or systemd timer job
pt: Cópia de segurança automática agendada com a tarefa cron ou a tarefa de temporizador systemd

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: You can recover debconf configuration data with "<literal>debconf-set-selections debconf-selections</literal>" and dpkg selection data with "<literal>dpkg --set-selection &lt;dpkg-selections.list</literal>".
pt: Pode recuperar dados configuração debconf com "<literal>debconf-set-selections debconf-selections</literal>" e dados de seleção do dpkg com "<literal>dpkg --set-selection &lt;dpkg-selections.list</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: Do not back up the pseudo-filesystem contents found on <literal>/proc</literal>, <literal>/sys</literal>, <literal>/tmp</literal>, and <literal>/run</literal> (see <xref linkend="_procfs_and_sysfs"/> and <xref linkend="_tmpfs"/>).  Unless you know exactly what you are doing, they are huge useless data.
pt: Não faça salvaguarda aos conteúdos dos pseudo-sistemas de ficheiros encontrados em <literal>/proc</literal>, <literal>/sys</literal>, <literal>/tmp</literal> e <literal>/run</literal> (veja <xref linkend="_procfs_and_sysfs"/> e <xref linkend="_tmpfs"/>).  A menos que saiba exatamente o que está a fazer, eles são enormes quantidades de dados desnecessários.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: You may wish to stop some application daemons such as MTA (see <xref linkend="_mail_transport_agent_mta"/>) while backing up data.
pt: Pode desejar parar alguns daemons de aplicação como o MTA (veja <xref linkend="_mail_transport_agent_mta"/>) enquanto faz cópias de segurança (backups) dos dados.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Backup utility suites
pt: Suites de utilitários de backup

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here is a select list of notable backup utility suites available on the Debian system.
pt: Aqui está uma lista selcionada de suites de utilitários de backup notáveis disponíveis no sistema Debian.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of backup suite utilities
pt: Lista de suites utilitárias de salvaguarda

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&bacula;">Bacula</ulink>: network backup, recovery and verification - common support files
pt: <ulink url="&bacula;">Bacula</ulink>: salvaguarda, recuperação e verificação em rede - ficheiros de suporte comum

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&bacula;">Bacula</ulink>: network backup, recovery and verification - client meta-package
pt: <ulink url="&bacula;">Bacula</ulink>: salvaguarda, recuperação e verificação em rede - meta-pacote cliente

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&bacula;">Bacula</ulink>: network backup, recovery and verification - text console
pt: <ulink url="&bacula;">Bacula</ulink>: salvaguarda, recuperação e verificação em rede - consola de texto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&bacula;">Bacula</ulink>: network backup, recovery and verification - server meta-package
pt: <ulink url="&bacula;">Bacula</ulink>: salvaguarda, recuperação e verificação em rede - meta-pacote servidor

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&amanda;">Amanda</ulink>: Advanced Maryland Automatic Network Disk Archiver (Libs)
pt: <ulink url="&amanda;">Amanda</ulink>: Advanced Maryland Automatic Network Disk Archiver (Bibliotecas)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&amanda;">Amanda</ulink>: Advanced Maryland Automatic Network Disk Archiver (Client)
pt: <ulink url="&amanda;">Amanda</ulink>: Advanced Maryland Automatic Network Disk Archiver (Cliente)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&amanda;">Amanda</ulink>: Advanced Maryland Automatic Network Disk Archiver (Server)
pt: <ulink url="&amanda;">Amanda</ulink>: Advanced Maryland Automatic Network Disk Archiver (Servidor)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&backuppc;">BackupPC</ulink> is a high-performance, enterprise-grade system for backing up PCs (disk based)
pt: <ulink url="&backuppc;">BackupPC</ulink> é um sistema de grau empresarial de alta performance para fazer salvaguardas a PCs (baseado em disco)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: (remote) incremental backup
pt: salvaguarda incremental (remoto)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: GUI frontend for duplicity
pt: Interface gráfica para duplicidade

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: (remote) deduplicating backup
pt: Cópia de segurança com desduplicação (remota)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: borgbackup helper
pt: auxiliar borgbackup

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: lightweight, extensible <emphasis role="strong">meta-backup</emphasis> system
pt: sistema de <emphasis role="strong">meta-backup</emphasis> leve e extensível

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: command-line backup tool
pt: ferramenta de salvaguarda de linha de comandos

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: low-maintenance backup/restore tool for mountable media (disk based)
pt: ferramenta de baixa manutenção para salvaguarda/restauro para medias montáveis (baseado em disco)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Backup tools have their specialized focuses.
pt: As ferramentas de salvaguarda têm os seus objetivos especializados.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&mondorescue;">Mondo Rescue</ulink> is a backup system to facilitate restoration of complete system quickly from backup CD/DVD etc. without going through normal system installation processes.
pt: <ulink url="&mondorescue;">Mondo Rescue</ulink> é um sistema de backup para facilitar o restauro de um sistema completo rapidamente a partir de CD/DVD, etc de backup, sem se passar por todo o processo normal de instalação do sistema.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&bacula;">Bacula</ulink>, <ulink url="&amanda;">Amanda</ulink>, and <ulink url="&backuppc;">BackupPC</ulink> are full featured backup suite utilities which are focused on regular backups over network.
pt: <ulink url="&bacula;">Bacula</ulink>, <ulink url="&amanda;">Amanda</ulink> e <ulink url="&backuppc;">BackupPC</ulink> são suites utilitárias de salvaguarda cheias de funcionalidades que se destinam a salvaguardas regulares em rede.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&duplicity;">Duplicity</ulink>, and <ulink url="&borg;">Borg</ulink> are simpler backup utilities for typical workstations.
pt: <ulink url="&duplicity;">Duplicity</ulink>, e <ulink url="&borg;">Borg</ulink> são utilitários de backup mais simples para estações de trabalho típicas.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Backup tips
pt: Sugestões de cópia de segurança

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For a personal workstation, full featured backup suite utilities designed for the server environment may not serve well.  At the same time, existing backup utilities for workstations may have some shortcomings.
pt: Para uma estação de trabalho pessoal, os utilitários de backup completos concebidos para o ambiente de servidor podem não ser úteis.  Ao mesmo tempo, os utilitários de backup existentes para estações de trabalho podem ter algumas deficiências.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here are some tips to make backup easier with minimal user efforts.  These techniques may be used with any backup utilities.
pt: Seguem-se algumas sugestões para facilitar a cópia de segurança com o mínimo de esforço do utilizador.  Estas técnicas podem ser utilizadas com qualquer utilitário de cópia de segurança.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For demonstration purpose, let's assume the primary user and group name to be <literal>penguin</literal> and create a backup and snapshot script example "<literal>/usr/local/bin/bkss.sh</literal>" as:
pt: Para fins de demonstração, vamos assumir que o utilizador principal e o nome do grupo são <literal>pinguim</literal> e criar um exemplo de script de cópia de segurança e instantâneo "<literal>/usr/local/bin/bkss.sh</literal>" como:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here, only the basic tool <literal>rsync</literal>(1) is used to facilitate system backup and the storage space is efficiently used by <ulink url="&btrfs;">Btrfs</ulink>.
pt: Aqui, apenas a ferramenta básica <literal>rsync</literal>(1) é utilizada para facilitar a cópia de segurança do sistema e o espaço de armazenamento é utilizado de forma eficiente pelo <ulink url="&btrfs;">Btrfs</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: FYI: This author uses his own similar shell script "<ulink url="&bssbtrfssubvolumesnapshotutility;">bss: Btrfs Subvolume Snapshot Utility</ulink>" for his workstation.
pt: Para sua informação: Este autor utiliza o seu próprio script de shell semelhante "<ulink url="&bssbtrfssubvolumesnapshotutility;">bss: Btrfs Subvolume Snapshot Utility</ulink>" para a sua estação de trabalho.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title>
en: GUI backup
pt: Cópia de segurança GUI

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: Here is an example to setup the single GUI click backup.
pt: Aqui está um exemplo para configurar a cópia de segurança de um único clique da GUI.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Prepare a USB storage device to be used for backup.
pt: Preparar um dispositivo de armazenamento USB para ser utilizado como cópia de segurança.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Format a USB storage device with one partition in btrfs with its label name as "<literal>BKUP</literal>".  This can be encrypted (see <xref linkend="_removable_disk_encryption_with_dm_crypt_luks"/>).
pt: Formate um dispositivo de armazenamento USB com uma partição em btrfs com o seu nome de etiqueta como "<literal>BKUP</literal>".  Isto pode ser encriptado (ver <xref linkend="_removable_disk_encryption_with_dm_crypt_luks"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Plug this in to your system.  The desktop system should automatically mount it as "<literal>/media/penguin/BKUP</literal>".
pt: Ligue-o ao seu sistema.  O sistema da área de trabalho deve montá-lo automaticamente como "<literal>/media/penguin/BKUP</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Execute "<literal>sudo chown penguin:penguin /media/penguin/BKUP</literal>" to make it writable by the user.
pt: Execute "<literal>sudo chown penguin:penguin /media/penguin/BKUP</literal>" para que o utilizador possa escrever nele.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Create "<literal>~/.local/share/applications/BKUP.desktop</literal>" following techniques written in <xref linkend="_starting_a_program_from_gui"/> as:
pt: Crie "<literal>~/.local/share/applications/BKUP.desktop</literal>" seguindo as técnicas escritas <xref linkend="_starting_a_program_from_gui"/> como:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: For each GUI click, your data is backed up from "<literal>~/Documents</literal>" to a USB storage device and a read-only snapshot is created.
pt: Para cada clique na GUI, é feita uma cópia de segurança dos seus dados de "<literal>~/Documents</literal>" para um dispositivo de armazenamento USB e é criada uma imagem só de leitura.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title>
en: Mount event triggered backup
pt: Cópia de segurança acionada por evento de montagem

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: Here is an example to setup for the automatic backup triggered by the mount event.
pt: Eis um exemplo de configuração para a cópia de segurança automática acionada pelo evento de montagem.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Prepare a USB storage device to be used for backup as in <xref linkend="_gui_backup"/>.
pt: Prepare um dispositivo de armazenamento USB para ser utilizado para a cópia de segurança, como em <xref linkend="_gui_backup"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Create a systemd service unit file "<literal>~/.config/systemd/user/back-BKUP.service</literal>" as:
pt: Crie um ficheiro de unidade de serviço systemd "<literal>~/.config/systemd/user/back-BKUP.service</literal>" como:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Enable this systemd unit configuration with the following:
pt: Ativar esta configuração da unidade systemd com o seguinte:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: For each mount event, your data is backed up from "<literal>~/Documents</literal>" to a USB storage device and a read-only snapshot is created.
pt: Para cada evento de montagem, é feita uma cópia de segurança dos seus dados de "<literal>~/Documents</literal>" para um dispositivo de armazenamento USB e é criada uma imagem só de leitura.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: Here, names of systemd mount units that systemd currently has in memory can be asked to the service manager of the calling user with "<literal>systemctl --user list-units --type=mount</literal>".
pt: Aqui, os nomes das unidades montadas systemd, que o systemd tem atualmente em memória podem ser pedidos ao gestor de serviços do utilizador que os chama com "<literal>systemctl --user list-units --type=mount</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title>
en: Timer event triggered backup
pt: Cópia de segurança acionada por um evento de temporizador

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: Here is an example to setup for the automatic backup triggered by the timer event.
pt: Eis um exemplo de configuração da cópia de segurança automática acionada pelo evento do temporizador.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Create a systemd timer unit file "<literal>~/.config/systemd/user/snap-Documents.timer</literal>" as:
pt: Crie um ficheiro systemd de unidade temporizadora "<literal>~/.config/systemd/user/snap-Documents.timer</literal>" como:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Create a systemd service unit file "<literal>~/.config/systemd/user/snap-Documents.service</literal>" as:
pt: Crie um ficheiro systemd de unidade de serviço <literal>"~/.config/systemd/user/snap-Documents.service</literal>" como:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: For each timer event, your data is backed up from "<literal>~/Documents</literal>" to a USB storage device and a read-only snapshot is created.
pt: Para cada evento do temporizador, é feita uma cópia de segurança dos seus dados de "<literal>~/Documents</literal>" para um dispositivo de armazenamento USB e é criada uma imagem só de leitura.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: Here, names of systemd timer user units that systemd currently has in memory can be asked to the service manager of the calling user with "<literal>systemctl --user list-units --type=timer</literal>".
pt: Aqui, os nomes das unidades temporizadoras de utilizador do systemd, que o systemd tem atualmente em memória podem ser perguntados ao gestor de serviços do utilizador que os chama com "<literal>systemctl --user list-units --type=timer</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: For the modern desktop system, this systemd approach can offer more fine grained control than the traditional Unix ones using <literal>at</literal>(1), <literal>cron</literal>(8), or <literal>anacron</literal>(8).
pt: Para o sistema de área de trabalho moderna, esta abordagem do systemd pode oferecer um controlo mais fino do que os tradicionais sistemas Unix que utilizam <literal>at</literal>(1), <literal>cron</literal>(8), ou <literal>anacron</literal>(8).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Data security infrastructure
pt: Infraestrutura da segurança de dados

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The data security infrastructure is provided by the combination of data encryption tool, message digest tool, and signature tool.
pt: A infraestrutura de segurança dos dados é disponibilizada pela combinação de uma ferramenta de encriptação de dados, ferramenta de resumo de mensagens e ferramenta de assinaturas.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of data security infrastructure tools
pt: Lista de ferramentas de infraestrutura da segurança de dados

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&gnuprivacyguard;">GNU Privacy Guard</ulink> - OpenPGP encryption and signing tool
pt: <ulink url="&gnuprivacyguard;">GNU Privacy Guard</ulink> - ferramenta de encriptação e assinatura OpenPGP

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: GNU Privacy Guard - signature verification tool
pt: GNU Privacy Guard - ferramenta de verificação de assinaturas

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: extract just the secret information out of OpenPGP secret keys
pt: extrai apenas a informação secreta de chaves secretas OpenPGP

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: utilities for <ulink url="&dmcrypt;">dm-crypt</ulink> block device encryption supporting <ulink url="&luks;">LUKS</ulink>
pt: utilitários para encriptação de dispositivos de bloco <ulink url="&dmcrypt;">dm-crypt</ulink> com suporte de <ulink url="&luks;">LUKS</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: compute and check MD5 message digest
pt: computa e verifica o resumo da mensagem MD5

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: compute and check SHA1 message digest
pt: computa e verifica o resumo da mensagem SHA1

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: compute message digest with "<literal>openssl dgst</literal>" (OpenSSL)
pt: computa o resumo da mensagem com "<literal>openssl dgst</literal>" (OpenSSL)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: store and retrieve passwords (CLI)
pt: guardar e recuperar palavras-passe (CLI)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: key management tool (GNOME)
pt: ferramenta de gestão de chaves (GNOME)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: See <xref linkend="_data_encryption_tips"/> on <ulink url="&dmcrypt;">dm-crypt</ulink> and <ulink url="&fscrypt;">fscrypt</ulink> which implement automatic data encryption infrastructure via Linux kernel modules.
pt: Veja <xref linkend="_data_encryption_tips"/> em <ulink url="&dmcrypt;">dm-crypt</ulink> e <ulink url="&fscrypt;">fscrypt</ulink> os quais implementam infraestruturas de encriptação de dados automática via módulos do kernel Linux.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Key management for GnuPG
pt: Gestão de chaves para GnuPG

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here are <ulink url="&gnuprivacyguard;">GNU Privacy Guard</ulink> commands for the basic key management.
pt: Aqui estão comandos do <ulink url="&gnuprivacyguard;">GNU Privacy Guard</ulink> para gestão de chaves básica.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of GNU Privacy Guard commands for the key management
pt: Lista de comandos do GNU Privacy Guard para gestão de chaves

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: generate a new key
pt: gerar uma chave nova

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>gpg --gen-revoke my_user_ID</literal>
pt: <literal>gpg --gen-revoke meu_ID_utilizador</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: generate revoke key for my_user_ID
pt: gera chave de revogação para meu_ID_utilizador

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>gpg --edit-key user_ID</literal>
pt: <literal>gpg --edit-key ID_utilizador</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: edit key interactively, "help" for help
pt: edita chave interativamente, "help" para ajuda

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>gpg -o file --export</literal>
pt: <literal>gpg -o ficheiro --export</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: export all keys to file
pt: exporta todas as chaves para ficheiro

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>gpg --import file</literal>
pt: <literal>gpg --import ficheiro</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: import all keys from file
pt: importa todas as chaves de ficheiro

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>gpg --send-keys user_ID</literal>
pt: <literal>gpg --send-keys ID_utilizador</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: send key of user_ID to keyserver
pt: envia chave de ID_utilizador para servidor de chaves

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>gpg --recv-keys user_ID</literal>
pt: <literal>gpg --recv-keys ID_utilizador</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: recv. key of user_ID from keyserver
pt: recupera chave de ID_utilizador do servidor de chaves

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>gpg --list-keys user_ID</literal>
pt: <literal>gpg --list-keys ID_utilizador</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: list keys of user_ID
pt: lista chaves de ID_utilizador

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>gpg --list-sigs user_ID</literal>
pt: <literal>gpg --list-sigs ID_utilizador</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: list sig. of user_ID
pt: lista assinaturas de ID_utilizador

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>gpg --check-sigs user_ID</literal>
pt: <literal>gpg --check-sigs ID_utilizador</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: check sig. of user_ID
pt: verifica assinaturas de ID_utilizador

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>gpg --fingerprint user_ID</literal>
pt: <literal>gpg --fingerprint ID_utilizador</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: check fingerprint of user_ID
pt: verifica a impressão digital de ID_utilizador

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: update local keyring
pt: atualiza o chaveiro local

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here is the meaning of the trust code.
pt: Aqui está o significado do código de confiança.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of the meaning of the trust code
pt: Lista do significado do código de confiança

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: code
pt: código

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: description of trust
pt: descrição de confiança

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: no owner trust assigned / not yet calculated
pt: nenhuma confiança de dono atribuída / ainda não calculado

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: trust calculation failed
pt: falha no cálculo da confiança

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: not enough information for calculation
pt: não existe informação suficiente para o cálculo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: never trust this key
pt: nunca confiar nesta chave

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: marginally trusted
pt: marginalmente confiável

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: fully trusted
pt: totalmente confiável

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: ultimately trusted
pt: de confiança absoluta

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The following uploads my key "<literal>1DD8D791</literal>" to the popular keyserver "<literal>hkp://keys.gnupg.net</literal>".
pt: O seguinte envia a minha chave "<literal>1DD8D791</literal>" para o popular servidor de chaves "<literal>hkp://keys.gnupg.net</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: A good default keyserver set up in "<literal>~/.gnupg/gpg.conf</literal>" (or old location "<literal>~/.gnupg/options</literal>") contains the following.
pt: Um bom servidor de chaves predefinido configurado em "<literal>~/.gnupg/gpg.conf</literal>" (ou na antiga localização "<literal>~/.gnupg/options</literal>") contém o seguinte.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The following obtains unknown keys from the keyserver.
pt: O seguinte obtém chaves desconhecidas do servidor de chaves.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There was a bug in <ulink url="&openpgppublickeyserver;">OpenPGP Public Key Server</ulink> (pre version 0.9.6) which corrupted key with more than 2 sub-keys.  The newer <literal>gnupg</literal> (&gt;1.2.1-2) package can handle these corrupted subkeys.  See <literal>gpg</literal>(1) under "<literal>--repair-pks-subkey-bug</literal>" option.
pt: Existiu um bug no <ulink url="&openpgppublickeyserver;">OpenPGP Public Key Server</ulink> (versão anterior a 0.9.6) que corrompeu as chaves com mais de 2 sub-chaves. O novo pacote <literal>gnupg</literal> (&gt;1.2.1-2) consegue lidar com estas chaves corrompidas. Veja <literal>gpg</literal>(1) sob a opção "<literal>--repair-pks-subkey-bug</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Using GnuPG on files
pt: Usa GnuPG em ficheiros

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here are examples for using <ulink url="&gnuprivacyguard;">GNU Privacy Guard</ulink> commands on files.
pt: Aqui estão exemplos para usar comandos do <ulink url="&gnuprivacyguard;">GNU Privacy Guard</ulink> em ficheiros.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of GNU Privacy Guard commands on files
pt: Lista de comandos do GNU Privacy Guard em ficheiros

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>gpg -a -s file</literal>
pt: <literal>gpg -a -s ficheiro</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: sign file into <ulink url="&ascii;">ASCII</ulink> armored file.asc
pt: assina ficheiro em ficheiro.asc blindado de <ulink url="&ascii;">ASCII</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>gpg --armor --sign file</literal>
pt: <literal>gpg --armor --sign ficheiro</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>gpg --clearsign file</literal>
pt: <literal>gpg --clearsign ficheiro</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: clear-sign message
pt: mensagem com assinatura clara

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: mail a clear-signed message to <literal>foo@example.org</literal>
pt: envia por mail uma mensagem com assinatura clara para <literal>foo@example.org</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: clear-sign patchfile
pt: ficheiro patch com assinatura clara

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>gpg --verify file</literal>
pt: <literal>gpg --verify ficheiro</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: verify clear-signed file
pt: verifica ficheiro com assinatura clara

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>gpg -o file.sig -b file</literal>
pt: <literal>gpg -o ficheiro.sig -b ficheiro</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: create detached signature
pt: cria assinatura separada

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>gpg --verify file.sig file</literal>
pt: <literal>gpg --verify ficheiro.sig ficheiro</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: verify file with file.sig
pt: verifica ficheiro com file.sig

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>gpg -o crypt_file.gpg -r name -e file</literal>
pt: <literal>gpg -o crypt_file.gpg -r nome -e ficheiro</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: public-key encryption intended for name from file to binary crypt_file.gpg
pt: encriptação de chave pública destinada a nome a partir de ficheiro para crypt_file.gpg binário

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>gpg -o crypt_file.gpg --recipient name --encrypt file</literal>
pt: <literal>gpg -o crypt_file.gpg --recipient nome --encrypt ficheiro</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>gpg -o crypt_file.asc -a -r name -e file</literal>
pt: <literal>gpg -o crypt_file.asc -a -r nome -e ficheiro</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: public-key encryption intended for name from file to <ulink url="&ascii;">ASCII</ulink> armored crypt_file.asc
pt: encriptação de chave pública destinada a nome a partir de ficheiro para crypt_file.asc blindado de <ulink url="&ascii;">ASCII</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>gpg -o crypt_file.gpg -c file</literal>
pt: <literal>gpg -o crypt_file.gpg -c ficheiro</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: symmetric encryption from file to crypt_file.gpg
pt: encriptação simétrica a partir de ficheiro para crypt_file.gpg

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>gpg -o crypt_file.gpg --symmetric file</literal>
pt: <literal>gpg -o crypt_file.gpg --symmetric ficheiro</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>gpg -o crypt_file.asc -a -c file</literal>
pt: <literal>gpg -o crypt_file.asc -a -c ficheiro</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: symmetric encryption intended for name from file to <ulink url="&ascii;">ASCII</ulink> armored crypt_file.asc
pt: encriptação simétrica destinada a nome a partir de ficheiro para crypt_file.asc blindado de <ulink url="&ascii;">ASCII</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>gpg -o file -d crypt_file.gpg -r name</literal>
pt: <literal>gpg -o ficheiro -d crypt_file.gpg -r nome</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: decryption
pt: desencriptação

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>gpg -o file --decrypt crypt_file.gpg</literal>
pt: <literal>gpg -o ficheiro --decrypt crypt_file.gpg</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Using GnuPG with Mutt
pt: Usar GnuPG com o Mutt

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Add the following to "<literal>~/.muttrc</literal>" to keep a slow GnuPG from automatically starting, while allowing it to be used by typing "<literal>S</literal>" at the index menu.
pt: Adicione o seguinte a "<literal>~/.muttrc</literal>" para impedir o GnuPG lento de arrancar automaticamente, enquanto permite que seja usado ao escrever "<literal>S</literal>" no menu de índice.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Using GnuPG with Vim
pt: Usar GnuPG com o Vim

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
en: If you use "<literal>~/.vimrc</literal>" instead of "<literal>~/.vim/vimrc</literal>", please substitute accordingly.
pt: Se utilizar "<literal>~/.vimrc</literal>" em vez de "<literal>~/.vim/vimrc</literal>", substitua-o em conformidade.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <literal>gnupg</literal> plugin let you run GnuPG transparently for files with extension "<literal>.gpg</literal>", "<literal>.asc</literal>", and "<literal>.pgp</literal>".<placeholder type="footnote" id="0"/>
pt: O plugin <literal>gnupg</literal> permite correr GnuPG de forma transparente para ficheiros com extensão "<literal>.gpg</literal>", "<literal>.asc</literal>" e "<literal>.pgp</literal>".<placeholder type="footnote" id="0"/>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The MD5 sum
pt: O valor de controlo MD5

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <literal>md5sum</literal>(1) provides utility to make a digest file using the method in <ulink url="&rfcbdcb;">rfc1321</ulink> and verifying each file with it.
pt: O <literal>md5sum</literal>(1) disponibiliza um utilitário para fazer um ficheiro de sumário a usar o método em <ulink url="&rfcbdcb;">rfc1321</ulink> e verificar cada ficheiro com ele.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: The computation for the <ulink url="&mdf;">MD5</ulink> sum is less CPU intensive than the one for the cryptographic signature by <ulink url="&gnuprivacyguardgnupg;">GNU Privacy Guard (GnuPG)</ulink>. Usually, only the top level digest file is cryptographically signed to ensure data integrity.
pt: O cálculo do sumário <ulink url="&mdf;">MD5</ulink> é menos intensivo para a CPU que o da assinatura criptográfica do <ulink url="&gnuprivacyguardgnupg;">GNU Privacy Guard (GnuPG)</ulink>. Normalmente, apenas o ficheiro de digestão do nível de topo é assinado criptograficamente para assegurar a integridade dos dados.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Password keyring
pt: Gestor de palavras-passe

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: On GNOME system, the GUI tool <literal>seahorse</literal>(1) manages passwords and stores them securely in the keyring <literal>~/.local/share/keyrings/*</literal>.
pt: No sistema GNOME, a ferramenta GUI <literal>seahorse</literal>(1) gere as palavras-passe e guarda-as de forma segura no chaveiro <literal>~/.local/share/keyrings/*</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <literal>secret-tool</literal>(1) can store password to the keyring from the command line.
pt: <literal>secret-tool</literal>(1) pode armazenar a palavra-passe no chaveiro a partir da linha de comandos.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Let's store passphrase used for LUKS/dm-crypt encrypted disk image
pt: Vamos armazenar a frase-chave utilizada para a imagem de disco encriptada LUKS/dm-crypt

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This stored password can be retrieved and fed to other programs, e.g., <literal>cryptsetup</literal>(8).
pt: Esta palavra-passe armazenada pode ser recuperada e fornecida a outros programas, por exemplo, <literal>cryptsetup</literal>(8).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Whenever you need to provide password in a script, use <literal>secret-tool</literal> and avoid directly hardcoding the passphrase in it.
pt: Sempre que precisar de fornecer uma palavra-passe num script, utilize a <literal>ferramenta secreta</literal> e evite codificar diretamente a palavra-passe no script.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Source code merge tools
pt: Ferramentas de fusão de código fonte

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: There are many merge tools for the source code.  Following commands caught my eyes.
pt: Existem muitas ferramentas de fusão para código fonte. Os seguinte comandos chamaram a minha atenção.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of source code merge tools
pt: Lista de ferramentas de fusão de código fonte

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: apply a diff file to an original
pt: aplica ficheiro diff a um original

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: compare 2 files side by side in vim
pt: compara dois ficheiros lado a lado no vim

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: interactive full screen 2/3-way merge tool
pt: ferramenta de fusão de 2 ou 3 vias interactiva de écran completo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: compare and merge files (GTK)
pt: compara e funde ficheiros (GTK)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: apply rejected patches
pt: aplica patches rejeitadas

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: compare files line by line
pt: compara ficheiros linha a linha

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: compare and merges three files line by line
pt: compara e junta três ficheiros linha a linha

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: manage series of patches
pt: gere séries de patches

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display word differences between text files
pt: mostra diferenças de palavras entre ficheiros de texto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: produce a histogram of changes by the diff
pt: produz um histograma de alterações feitas pelo diff

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: create a cumulative patch from two incremental patches
pt: cria uma patch cumulativa de duas patches incrementais

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: extract a diff from an HTML page
pt: extrai um diff de uma página HTML

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: extract or excludes diffs from a diff file
pt: extrai ou executa diffs de um ficheiro diff

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: fix diff files created by CVS that <literal>patch</literal>(1) mis-interprets
pt: corrige ficheiros diff criados pelo CVS que o <literal>patch</literal>(1) interpreta mal

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: exchange the order of two patches
pt: troca a ordem de duas patches

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: show which files are modified by a patch matching a regex
pt: mostra que ficheiros são modificados por uma patch que corresponde a um regex

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: show differences between two unified diff files
pt: mostra as diferenças entre dois ficheiros diff unificados

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: show which files are modified by a patch
pt: mostra quais ficheiros são modificados por uma patch

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: recompute counts and offsets in unified context diffs
pt: recalcula contagens e offsets em diffs de contexto unificado

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: fix offsets and counts of a hand-edited diff
pt: corrige os offsets e as contagens de um diff editado manualmente

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: separate out incremental patches
pt: separa patches incrementais

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: demangle patches that have been word-wrapped
pt: desembaralha patches cujas linhas foram alteradas para arrumação de palavras

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display differences and merge changes between directory trees
pt: mostra diferenças e funde alterações entre árvores de diretórios

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: compare two files word by word / char by char
pt: compara dois ficheiros palavra a palavra / caractere a caractere

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: generate extended patch files
pt: gera ficheiros de patch extensos

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: apply extended patch files
pt: aplica ficheiros de patch extensos

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Extracting differences for source files
pt: Extrair as diferenças para ficheiros fonte

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The following procedures extract differences between two source files and create unified diff files "<literal>file.patch0</literal>" or "<literal>file.patch1</literal>" depending on the file location.
pt: Os seguintes procedimentos extraem as diferenças entre dois ficheiros de fonte e cria os ficheiros diff unificados "<literal>file.patch0</literal>" ou "<literal>file.patch1</literal>" a depender da localização do ficheiro.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Merging updates for source files
pt: Fundir atualizações para ficheiros de fonte

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The diff file (alternatively called patch file) is used to send a program update.  The receiving party applies this update to another file by the following.
pt: O ficheiro diff (alternativamente chamado ficheiro patch) é usado para enviar uma atualização de um programa. A parte receptora aplica esta atualização a outro ficheiro com o seguinte.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Interactive merge
pt: Integração interativa

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you have two versions of a source code, you can perform 2-way merge interactively using <literal>imediff</literal>(1) by the following.
pt: Se tiver duas versões de um código fonte, pode executar uma fusão-de-2-vias efetiva a usar o <literal>imediff</literal>(1) com o seguinte.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you have three versions of a source code, you can perform 3-way merge interactively using <literal>imediff</literal>(1) by the following.
pt: Se tiver três versões de um código fonte, pode executar uma fusão de 3-vias efetiva ao usar o <literal>imediff</literal>(1) com o seguinte.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Git is the tool of choice these days for the <ulink url="&versioncontrolsystemvcs;">version control system (VCS)</ulink> since Git can do everything for both local and remote source code management.
pt: Atualmente, o Git é a ferramenta de eleição para o <ulink url="&versioncontrolsystemvcs;">sistema de controlo de versões (VCS)</ulink>, uma vez que o Git pode fazer tudo para a gestão local e remota do código-fonte.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Debian provides free Git services via <ulink url="&debiansalsaservice;">Debian Salsa service</ulink>.  Its documentation can be found at <ulink url="&httpswikidebianorgsalsa;">https://wiki.debian.org/Salsa</ulink> .
pt: O Debian disponibiliza serviços Git livres via <ulink url="&debiansalsaservice;">Serviço Debian Salsa</ulink>.. A sua documentação encontra-se em <ulink url="&httpswikidebianorgsalsa;">https://wiki.debian.org/Salsa</ulink> .

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Here are some Git related packages.
pt: Aqui estão alguns pacotes relacionados com o Git.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of git related packages and commands
pt: Lista de pacotes e comandos relacionados com o git

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Git, the fast, scalable, distributed revision control system
pt: Git, o sistema de controlo de revisão distribuído, rápido e escalável

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: GUI Git repository browser with history
pt: explorador GUI de repositórios Git com histórico

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: GUI for Git (No history)
pt: GUI para Git (Nenhum histórico)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: send a collection of patches as email from the Git
pt: envia uma colecção de patches como email a partir do Git

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: automate the Debian packaging with the Git
pt: automatiza o empacotamento Debian com o Git

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: git interoperability with the Debian archive
pt: interoperabilidade do git com o repositório Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: interactive git commit split helper tool
pt: ferramenta auxiliar interativa de divisão de commits do git

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: quilt on top of git (Python)
pt: quilt no topo do git (Python)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: official documentation for Git
pt: documentação oficial para o Git

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: "Git Magic", easier to understand guide for Git
pt: "Magia do Git", guia fácil de compreender para o Git

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Configuration of Git client
pt: Configuração do cliente Git

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You may wish to set several global configuration in "<literal>~/.gitconfig</literal>" such as your name and email address used by Git by the following.
pt: Pode desejar definir várias configurações globais em "<literal>~/.gitconfig</literal>" como o seu nome e endereço de mail usado pelo Git com o seguinte.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You may also customize the Git default behavior by the following.
pt: Também pode personalizar o comportamento predefinido do Git da seguinte forma.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you are too used to CVS or Subversion commands, you may wish to set several command aliases by the following.
pt: Se está muito acostumado aos comandos do CVS ou Subversion, pode desejar definir nomes alternativos a vários comandos com o seguinte.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can check your global configuration by the following.
pt: Pode verificar a sua configuração global com o seguinte.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Basic Git commands
pt: Comandos básicos do Git

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Git operation involves several data.
pt: A operação Git envolve vários dados.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The working tree which holds user facing files and to which you make changes.
pt: A árvore de trabalho que contém os ficheiros que o utilizador enfrenta e nos quais faz alterações.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The changes to be recorded must be explicitly selected and staged to the index.  This is <literal>git add</literal> and <literal>git rm</literal> commands.
pt: As alterações a serem registadas devem ser explicitamente selecionadas e colocadas no índice.  Estes são os comandos <literal>git add</literal> e <literal>git rm</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The index which holds staged files.
pt: O índice que contém os ficheiros preparados.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Staged files will be committed to the local repository upon the subsequent request.  This is <literal>git commit</literal> command.
pt: Os ficheiros preparados serão confirmados para o repositório local após o pedido subsequente.  Este é o comando <literal>git commit</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The local repository which holds committed files.
pt: O repositório local que contém os ficheiros confirmados.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Git records the linked history of the committed data and organizes them as branches in the repository.
pt: O Git regista o histórico ligado dos dados confirmados e organiza-os como ramos no repositório.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The local repository can send data to the remote repository by <literal>git push</literal> command.
pt: O repositório local pode enviar dados para o repositório remoto através do comando <literal>git push</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The local repository can receive data from the remote repository by <literal>git fetch</literal> and <literal>git pull</literal> commands.
pt: O repositório local pode receber dados do repositório remoto através dos comandos <literal>git fetch</literal> e <literal>git pull</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The <literal>git pull</literal> command performs <literal>git merge</literal> or <literal>git rebase</literal> command after <literal>git fetch</literal> command.
pt: O comando <literal>git pull</literal> executa o comando <literal>git merge</literal> ou <literal>git rebase</literal> após o comando <literal>git fetch</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Here, <literal>git merge</literal> combines two separate branches of history at the end to a point.  (This is default of <literal>git pull</literal> without customization and may be good for upstream people who publish branch to many people.)
pt: Aqui, <literal>git merge</literal> combina dois ramos separados do histórico no final para um ponto.  (Este é o padrão do <literal>git pull</literal> sem personalização e pode ser bom para as pessoas que publicam o ramo para muitas pessoas.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Here, <literal>git rebase</literal> creates one single branch of sequential history of the remote branch one followed by the local branch one.  (This is <literal>pull.rebase true</literal> customization case and may be good for rest of us.)
pt: Aqui, <literal>git rebase</literal> cria um único ramo do histórico sequencial do ramo remoto seguido pelo ramo local.  (Este é o caso de personalização <literal>pull.rebase true</literal> e pode ser bom para o resto de nós.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The remote repository which holds committed files.
pt: O repositório remoto que contém os ficheiros confirmados.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The communication to the remote repository uses secure communication protocols such as SSH or HTTPS.
pt: A comunicação com o repositório remoto utiliza protocolos de comunicação seguros, como SSH ou HTTPS.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The working tree is files outside of the <literal>.git/</literal> directory.  Files inside of the <literal>.git/</literal> directory hold the index, the local repository data, and some git configuration text files.
pt: A árvore de trabalho são os arquivos fora do diretório <literal>.git/</literal>.  Os ficheiros dentro do diretório <literal>.git/</literal> contêm o índice, os dados do repositório local e alguns ficheiros de texto de configuração do git.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here is an overview of main Git commands.
pt: Aqui está uma visão geral dos principais comandos do Git.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: Main Git commands
pt: Principais comandos do Git

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: Git command
pt: Comando Git

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: create the (local) repository
pt: cria o repositório (local)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: clone the remote repository to a local repository with the working tree
pt: clonar o repositório remoto para um repositório local com a árvore de trabalho

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: update the local <literal>main</literal> branch by the remote repository <literal>origin</literal>
pt: atualizar o ramo <literal>main</literal> local pela <literal>origin</literal> do repositório remoto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: add file(s) in the working tree to the index for pre-existing files in index only
pt: adicionar ficheiro(s) na árvore de trabalho ao índice para ficheiros pré-existentes apenas no índice

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: add file(s) in the working tree to the index for all files including removals
pt: adicionar ficheiro(s) na árvore de trabalho ao índice para todos os ficheiros, incluindo remoções

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: remove file(s) from the working tree and the index
pt: remover ficheiro(s) da árvore de trabalho e do índice

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: commit staged changes in the index to the local repository
pt: confirmar as alterações preparadas no índice para o repositório local

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: add all changes in the working tree to the index and commit them to the local repository (add + commit)
pt: adicionar todas as alterações da árvore de trabalho ao índice e submetê-las ao repositório local (adicionar + submeter)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: update the remote repository <literal>origin</literal> by the local <literal>branch_name</literal> branch (initial invocation)
pt: atualizar a <literal>origem</literal> do repositório remoto pelo ramo local <literal>branch_name</literal> (invocação inicial)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: update the remote repository <literal>origin</literal> by the local <literal>branch_name</literal> branch (subsequent invocation)
pt: atualizar a <literal>origem</literal> do repositório remoto pelo ramo local <literal>branch_name</literal> (invocação subsequente)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: show difference between <emphasis>treeish1</emphasis> commit and <emphasis>treeish2</emphasis> commit
pt: mostrar a diferença entre o envio <emphasis>treeish1</emphasis> e o envio <emphasis>treeish2</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: GUI display of VCS repository branch history tree
pt: Exibição GUI da árvore de histórico de ramificações do repositório VCS

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: Git tips
pt: Dicas do Git

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here are some Git tips.
pt: Eis algumas dicas do Git.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: Git command line
pt: Linha de comando do Git

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: see complete Git history and operate on them such as resetting HEAD to another commit, cheery-picking patches, creating tags and branches ...
pt: ver o histórico completo do Git e operar sobre ele, como redefinir o HEAD para outro commit, escolher patches, criar tags e branches ...

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: get the clean working tree without loosing data
pt: obter a árvore de trabalho limpa sem perder dados

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: check settings for remote
pt: verificar as definições do controlo remoto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: check settings for branch
pt: verificar definições para o seu ramo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: show working tree status
pt: mostrar o estado da árvore de trabalho

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: list git settings
pt: listar definições git

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: revert all working tree changes and clean them up completely
pt: reverter todas as alterações da árvore de trabalho e limpá-las completamente

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: revert staged index changed by <literal>git add filename</literal>
pt: reverte o índice de fases alterado pelo <literal>git add filename</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: get reference log (useful for recovering commits from the removed branch)
pt: obter registo de referência (útil para recuperar commits do ramo removido)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: create a new branch from reflog information
pt: criar um novo ramo a partir da informação do reflog

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: add a <literal>new_remote</literal> remote repository pointed by URL
pt: adicionar um repositório remoto <literal>new_remote</literal> apontado pelo URL

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: rename the remote repository name from <literal>origin</literal> to <literal>upstream</literal>
pt: renomear o nome do repositório remoto de <literal>origin</literal> para <literal>upstream</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: set the remote tracking to the remote repository <literal>upstream</literal> and its branch name <literal>branch_name</literal>.
pt: defina o rastreio remoto para o repositório remoto <literal>upstream</literal> e o seu nome de ramo <literal>branch_name</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: change URL of <literal>origin</literal>
pt: alterar URL de <literal>origin</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: disable push to <literal>upstream</literal> (Edit <literal>.git/config</literal> to re-enable)
pt: desativar o envio para <literal>upstream</literal> (Editar <literal>.git/config</literal> para voltar a ativar)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: fetch updates of all remote branches in the <literal>upstream</literal> repository
pt: obter atualizações de todos os ramos remotos no repositório "<literal>upstream</literal>" a montante

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: create a local (possibly orphan) <literal>upstream-foo</literal> branch as a copy of <literal>foo</literal> branch in the <literal>upstream</literal> repository
pt: criar um ramo <literal>upstream-foo</literal> local (possivelmente órfão) como uma cópia do ramo <literal>foo</literal> no repositório <literal>upstream</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: make a new <literal>topic_branch</literal> and push it to <literal>origin</literal>
pt: criar um novo <literal>topic_branch</literal> e enviá-lo para a <literal>origem</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: rename local branch name
pt: renomear o nome do ramo local

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: remove remote branch (new method)
pt: remover o ramo remoto (novo método)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: remove remote branch (old method)
pt: remover o ramo remoto (método antigo)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: create a new <literal>unconnected</literal> branch
pt: criar um novo ramo <literal>unconnected</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: reorder/drop/squish commits from <literal>origin/main</literal> to clean branch history
pt: reorder/drop/squish commits de <literal>origin/main</literal> para limpar o histórico do ramo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: squash last 2 commits into one
pt: squash os últimos 2 commits num só

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: squash entire <literal>topic_branch</literal> into a commit
pt: squash todo o <literal>topic_branch</literal> num commit

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: convert a shallow clone to the full clone of all branches
pt: converter um clone superficial num clone completo de todos os ramos

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: split the last commit into a series of file-by-file smaller commits etc. (<literal>imediff</literal> package required)
pt: divide o último commit numa série de commits mais pequenos, ficheiro a ficheiro, etc. (é necessário o pacote <literal>imediff</literal> )

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: repack the local repository into single pack (this may limit chance of lost data recovery from erased branch etc.)
pt: reempacotar o repositório local num único pacote (isto pode limitar a possibilidade de recuperação de dados perdidos a partir de um ramo apagado, etc.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
en: Do not use the tag string with spaces in it even if some tools such as <literal>gitk</literal>(1) allow you to use it.  It may choke some other <literal>git</literal> commands.
pt: Não use a string de etiqueta (tag) com espaços nela, mesmo que algumas ferramentas como o <literal>gitk</literal>(1) o permitam. Pode estrangular outros comandos do <literal>git</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: If a local branch which has been pushed to remote repository is rebased or squashed, pushing this branch has risks and requires <literal>--force</literal> option.  This is usually not an acceptable for <literal>main</literal> branch but may be acceptable for a topic branch before merging to <literal>main</literal> branch.
pt: Se um ramo local que foi enviado para o repositório remoto for rebaseado ou squashed, o envio deste ramo tem riscos e requer a opção <literal>--force</literal>.  Isso geralmente não é aceitável para o ramo <literal>principal</literal>, mas pode ser aceitável para um ramo tópico antes de mesclar com o ramo <literal>principal</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: Invoking a <literal>git</literal> subcommand directly as "<literal>git-xyz</literal>" from the command line has been deprecated since early 2006.
pt: Invocar um sub-comando <literal>git</literal> directamente como "<literal>git-xyz</literal>" a partir da linha de comandos foi descontinuado desde o inicio de 2006.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: If there is a executable file <literal>git-foo</literal> in the path specified by <literal>$PATH</literal>, entering "<literal>git foo</literal>" without hyphen to the command line invokes this <literal>git-foo</literal>.  This is a feature of the <literal>git</literal> command.
pt: Se existir um ficheiro executável <literal>git-foo</literal> no caminho especificado por <literal>$PATH</literal>, inserir "<literal>git foo</literal>" sem hífen na linha de comandos invoca este <literal>git-foo</literal>.  Isto é uma característica do comando <literal>git</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Git references
pt: Referências do Git

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&manpagegitb;">manpage: git(1)</ulink> (<literal>/usr/share/doc/git-doc/git.html</literal>)
pt: <ulink url="&manpagegitb;">manual: git(1)</ulink> (<literal>/usr/share/doc/git-doc/git.html</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&gitusersmanual;">Git User's Manual</ulink> (<literal>/usr/share/doc/git-doc/user-manual.html</literal>)
pt: <ulink url="&gitusersmanual;">Manual do Utilizador do Git</ulink> (<literal>/usr/share/doc/git-doc/user-manual.html</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&atutorialintroductiontogit;">A tutorial introduction to git</ulink> (<literal>/usr/share/doc/git-doc/gittutorial.html</literal>)
pt: <ulink url="&atutorialintroductiontogit;">Um tutorial de introdução ao git</ulink> (<literal>/usr/share/doc/git-doc/gittutorial.html</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&atutorialintrodutiontogitparttwo;">A tutorial introduction to git: part two</ulink> (<literal>/usr/share/doc/git-doc/gittutorial-2.html</literal>)
pt: <ulink url="&atutorialintrodutiontogitparttwo;">Um tutorial de introdução ao git: parte dois</ulink> (<literal>/usr/share/doc/git-doc/gittutorial-2.html</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&everydaygitwithcacommandsorso;">Everyday GIT With 20 Commands Or So</ulink> (<literal>/usr/share/doc/git-doc/giteveryday.html</literal>)
pt: <ulink url="&everydaygitwithcacommandsorso;">GIT do Dia-a-Dia com cerca de 20 comandos</ulink> (<literal>/usr/share/doc/git-doc/giteveryday.html</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&gitmagic;">Git Magic</ulink> (<literal>/usr/share/doc/gitmagic/html/index.html</literal>)
pt: <ulink url="&gitmagic;">Magia do Git</ulink> (<literal>/usr/share/doc/gitmagic/html/index.html</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Other version control systems
pt: Outros sistemas de controlo de versões

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <ulink url="&versioncontrolsystemsvcs;">version control systems (VCS)</ulink> is sometimes known as the revision control system (RCS), or the software configuration management (SCM).
pt: O sistema <ulink url="&versioncontrolsystemsvcs;">de controlo de versões (VCS)</ulink> é por vezes conhecido como sistema de controlo de revisões (RCS) ou gestão da configuração do software (SCM).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here is a summary of the notable other non-Git VCS on the Debian system.
pt: Aqui está um sumário dos outros VCS não-Git notáveis no sistema Debian.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of other version control system tools
pt: Lista de outras ferramentas de sistemas de controlo de versões

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: VCS type
pt: Tipo VCS

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: distributed
pt: distribuído

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: DVCS in Python and some C
pt: DVCS em Python e algum C

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: DVCS with smart algebra of patches (slow)
pt: DVCS com álgebra inteligente de patches (lento)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: DVCS influenced by <literal>tla</literal> written in Python (<ulink url="&historic;">historic</ulink>)
pt: DVCS influenciado pelo <literal>tla</literal> escrito em Python (<ulink url="&historic;">histórico</ulink>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: DVCS mainly by Tom Lord (historic)
pt: DVCS principalmente por Tom Lord (histórico)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&subversion;">Subversion</ulink>
pt: <ulink url="&subversion;">Subversão</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: remote
pt: remoto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: "CVS done right", newer standard remote VCS (historic)
pt: "CVS feito corretamente", o mais recente VCS remoto padrão (histórico)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: previous standard remote VCS (historic)
pt: VCS remoto padrão anterior (histórico)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: GUI display of VCS (CVS, Subversion, RCS) repository tree
pt: ecrã GUI de árvores de repositório VCS (CVS, Subversion, RCS)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: "<ulink url="&unixsccs;">Unix SCCS</ulink> done right" (historic)
pt: "<ulink url="&unixsccs;">SCCS Unix</ulink> bem feito" (histórico)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: clone of the <ulink url="&unixsccs;">Unix SCCS</ulink> (historic)
pt: clone do <ulink url="&unixsccs;">SCCS Unix</ulink> (histórico)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
en: Data conversion
pt: Conversão de dados

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
en: Tools and tips for converting data formats on the Debian system are described.
pt: São descritas ferramentas e dicas para converter formatos de dados no sistema Debian.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
en: Standard based tools are in very good shape but support for proprietary data formats are limited.
pt: As ferramentas baseadas em standards são muitos boas mas o suporte para formatos proprietários de dados é limitado.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Text data conversion tools
pt: Ferramentas de conversão de dados em texto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Following packages for the text data conversion caught my eyes.
pt: Os seguintes pacotes para a conversão de dados de texto saltaram-me à vista.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of text data conversion tools
pt: Lista de ferramentas de conversão de dados em texto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: keyword
pt: palavra chave

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: charset
pt: conjunto e caracteres (charset)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: text encoding converter between locales by <literal>iconv</literal>(1) (fundamental)
pt: converter codificação de texto entre locales por <literal>iconv</literal>(1) (fundamental)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: charset+eol
pt: conjunto de caracteres+eol

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: text encoding converter between locales (versatile, more aliases and features)
pt: conversor de codificação de texto entre locales (versátil, com mais nomes alternativos (alias) e funcionalidades)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: text encoding converter between locales (fancy)
pt: conversor de codificação de texto entre locales (imaginativo)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: character set translator for Japanese
pt: tradutor de conjunto de caracteres para Japonês

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: character set translator
pt: tradutor de conjunto de caracteres

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: replace accented letters by their unaccented equivalent
pt: substitui letras acentuadas pelo seu equivalente não acentuado

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: text format converter between DOS and Unix: <literal>fromdos</literal>(1) and <literal>todos</literal>(1)
pt: conversor de formato de texto entre DOS e Unix: <literal>de dos</literal>(1) e <literal>para dos</literal>(1)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: text format converter between Macintosh and Unix: <literal>frommac</literal>(1) and <literal>tomac</literal>(1)
pt: conversor de formato de texto entre Macintosh e Unix: <literal>de mac</literal>(1) e <literal>para mac</literal>(1)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Converting a text file with iconv
pt: Converter um ficheiro de texto com o iconv

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: <literal>iconv</literal>(1) is provided as a part of the <literal>libc6</literal> package and it is always available on practically all Unix-like systems to convert the encoding of characters.
pt: <literal>iconv</literal>(1) é disponibilizado como parte do pacote <literal>libc6</literal> e está sempre disponível em praticamente todos os sistemas tipo Unix para converter a codificação de caracteres.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can convert encodings of a text file with <literal>iconv</literal>(1) by the following.
pt: Pode converter a codificação de um ficheiro de texto com o <literal>iconv</literal>(1) com o seguinte.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Encoding values are case insensitive and ignore "<literal>-</literal>" and "<literal>_</literal>" for matching.  Supported encodings can be checked by the "<literal>iconv -l</literal>" command.
pt: Os valores de codificação são sensíveis a maiúsculas/minúsculas e ignoram "<literal>-</literal>" e "<literal>_</literal>" para correspondência. As codificações suportadas podem ser verificadas pelo comando "<literal>iconv -l</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of encoding values and their usage
pt: Lista de valores de codificação e a utilização deles

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: encoding value
pt: valor de codificação

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&americanstandardationinterchange;">American Standard Code for Information Interchange</ulink>, 7 bit code w/o accented characters
pt: <ulink url="&americanstandardationinterchange;">American Standard Code for Information Interchange</ulink>, código de 7 bits sem caracteres acentuados

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: current multilingual standard for all modern OSs
pt: standard multilingue atual para todos os sistemas operativos modernos

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: old standard for western European languages, ASCII + accented characters
pt: antigo standard para linguagens da Europa ocidental, ASCII + caracteres acentuados

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: old standard for eastern European languages, ASCII + accented characters
pt: antigo standard para linguagens da Europa oriental, ASCII + caracteres acentuados

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: old standard for western European languages, <ulink url="&isoiifjb;">ISO-8859-1</ulink> with euro sign
pt: antigo standard para linguagens da Europa ocidental, o <ulink url="&isoiifjb;">ISO-8859-1</ulink> com o símbolo do euro

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: code page 850, Microsoft DOS characters with graphics for western European languages, <ulink url="&isoiifjb;">ISO-8859-1</ulink> variant
pt: página de código 850, caracteres DOS da Microsoft com gráficos para linguagens da Europa ocidental, variante <ulink url="&isoiifjb;">ISO-8859-1</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: code page 932, Microsoft Windows style <ulink url="&shiftjis;">Shift-JIS</ulink> variant for Japanese
pt: página de código 932, variante <ulink url="&shiftjis;">Shift-JIS</ulink> do estilo Microsoft Windows para Japonês

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: code page 936, Microsoft Windows style <ulink url="&gbcdbc;">GB2312</ulink>, <ulink url="&gbk;">GBK</ulink> or <ulink url="&gbbiada;">GB18030</ulink> variant for Simplified Chinese
pt: página de código 936, variantes <ulink url="&gbcdbc;">GB2312</ulink>, <ulink url="&gbk;">GBK</ulink> ou <ulink url="&gbbiada;">GB18030</ulink> do estilo Microsoft Windows para Chinês Simplificado

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: code page 949, Microsoft Windows style <ulink url="&euckr;">EUC-KR</ulink> or Unified Hangul Code variant for Korean
pt: página de código 949, variante <ulink url="&euckr;">EUC-KR</ulink> ou or Unified Hangul Code de estilo Microsoft Windows para Coreano

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: code page 950, Microsoft Windows style <ulink url="&bigf;">Big5</ulink> variant for Traditional Chinese
pt: página de código 950, variante <ulink url="&bigf;">Big5</ulink> de estilo Microsoft Windows para Chinês Tradicional

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: code page 1251, Microsoft Windows style encoding for the Cyrillic alphabet
pt: página de código 1251, codificação estilo Microsoft Windows para o alfabeto Cirílico

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: code page 1252, Microsoft Windows style <ulink url="&isoiifjbf;">ISO-8859-15</ulink> variant for western European languages
pt: página de código 1252, variante <ulink url="&isoiifjbf;">ISO-8859-15</ulink> de estilo Microsoft Windows para linguagens de Europeu ocidental

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: old Russian UNIX standard for the Cyrillic alphabet
pt: antigo standard Russo de UNIX para o alfabeto Cirílico

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: standard encoding for Japanese email which uses only 7 bit codes
pt: codificação standard para email Japonês que usar apenas códigos de 7 bits

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: old Japanese UNIX standard 8 bit code and completely different from <ulink url="&shiftjis;">Shift-JIS</ulink>
pt: antigo standard Unix de Japonês de código de 8 bits e completamente diferente do <ulink url="&shiftjis;">Shift-JIS</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: JIS X 0208 Appendix 1 standard for Japanese (see <ulink url="&cpjdc;">CP932</ulink>)
pt: JIS X 0208 Appendix 1 standard para Japonês (veja <ulink url="&cpjdc;">CP932</ulink>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: Some encodings are only supported for the data conversion and are not used as locale values (<xref linkend="_the_locale"/>).
pt: Algumas codificações são apenas suportadas para conversão de dados e não são usados como valores do regionais (<xref linkend="_the_locale"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For character sets which fit in single byte such as <ulink url="&ascii;">ASCII</ulink> and <ulink url="&isoiifj;">ISO-8859</ulink> character sets, the <ulink url="&characterencoding;">character encoding</ulink> means almost the same thing as the character set.
pt: Para os conjuntos de caracteres que cabem num byte único como os conjuntos de caracteres <ulink url="&ascii;">ASCII</ulink> e <ulink url="&isoiifj;">ISO-8859</ulink>, a <ulink url="&characterencoding;">codificação de caracteres</ulink> significa quase o mesmo que o conjunto de caracteres.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For character sets with many characters such as <ulink url="&jisxacbd;">JIS X 0213</ulink> for Japanese or <ulink url="&universalcharactunicodeisobagegb;">Universal Character Set (UCS, Unicode, ISO-10646-1)</ulink> for practically all languages, there are many encoding schemes to fit them into the sequence of the byte data.
pt: Para conjuntos de caracteres com muitos caracteres como o <ulink url="&jisxacbd;">JIS X 0213</ulink> para Japonês ou <ulink url="&universalcharactunicodeisobagegb;">Universal Character Set (UCS, Unicode, ISO-10646-1)</ulink> para praticamente todas as linguagens, existem muitos esquemas de codificação para os pôr na sequência dos dados do byte.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&euc;">EUC</ulink> and <ulink url="&isoieccaccalsoknownasjisxacac;">ISO/IEC 2022 (also known as JIS X 0202)</ulink> for Japanese
pt: <ulink url="&euc;">EUC</ulink> e <ulink url="&isoieccaccalsoknownasjisxacac;">ISO/IEC 2022 (também conhecido como JIS X 0202)</ulink> para Japonês

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&utfi;">UTF-8</ulink>, <ulink url="&utfbgucsc;">UTF-16/UCS-2</ulink> and <ulink url="&utfdcucse;">UTF-32/UCS-4</ulink> for Unicode
pt: <ulink url="&utfi;">UTF-8</ulink>, <ulink url="&utfbgucsc;">UTF-16/UCS-2</ulink> e <ulink url="&utfdcucse;">UTF-32/UCS-4</ulink> para Unicode

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For these, there are clear differentiations between the character set and the character encoding.
pt: Para estes, existem diferenciações claras entre o conjunto de caracteres e a codificação de caracteres.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <ulink url="&codepage;">code page</ulink> is used as the synonym to the character encoding tables for some vendor specific ones.
pt: A <ulink url="&codepage;">página de código</ulink> é usada como o sinónimo para as tabelas de codificação de caracteres para alguns específicos de marcas.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: Please note most encoding systems share the same code with ASCII for the 7 bit characters.  But there are some exceptions. If you are converting old Japanese C programs and URLs data from the casually-called shift-JIS encoding format to UTF-8 format, use "<literal>CP932</literal>" as the encoding name instead of "<literal>shift-JIS</literal>" to get the expected results: <literal>0x5C</literal> → "<literal>\</literal>" and <literal>0x7E</literal> → "<literal>~</literal>".  Otherwise, these are converted to wrong characters.
pt: Por favor note que a maioria dos sistemas de codificação partilham o mesmo código com o ASCII para caracteres de 7 bits. Mas há algumas exceções. Se está a converter programas C antigos Japoneses e dados de URLs a partir do casualmente chamado formato de codificação shift-JIS no formato UTF-8, use "<literal>CP932</literal>" como o nome de codificação em vez de "<literal>shift-JIS</literal>" para obter os resultados esperados: <literal>0x5C</literal> → "<literal>\</literal>" e <literal>0x7E</literal> → "<literal>~</literal>". Caso contrário, estes são convertidos para caracteres errados.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: <literal>recode</literal>(1) may be used too and offers more than the combined functionality of <literal>iconv</literal>(1), <literal>fromdos</literal>(1), <literal>todos</literal>(1), <literal>frommac</literal>(1), and <literal>tomac</literal>(1).  For more, see "<literal>info recode</literal>".
pt: O <literal>recode</literal>(1) também pode ser usado e oferece mais do que as funcionalidades combinadas do <literal>iconv</literal>(1), <literal>fromdos</literal>(1), <literal>todos</literal>(1), <literal>frommac</literal>(1) e <literal>tomac</literal>(1). Para mais, veja "<literal>info recode</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Checking file to be UTF-8 with iconv
pt: Verifica ficheiro se é UTF-8 com o iconv

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can check if a text file is encoded in UTF-8 with <literal>iconv</literal>(1) by the following.
pt: Pode verificar se um ficheiro de texto está codificado em UTF-8 com o <literal>iconv</literal>(1) com o seguinte.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Use "<literal>--verbose</literal>" option in the above example to find the first non-UTF-8 character.
pt: Use a opção "<literal>--verbose</literal>" no exemplo em cima para encontrar o primeiro caractere não-UTF-8.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Converting file names with iconv
pt: Converter os nomes dos ficheiros com o iconv

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here is an example script to convert encoding of file names from ones created under older OS to modern UTF-8 ones in a single directory.
pt: Aqui está um script de exemplo para converter a codificação dos nomes de ficheiros daqueles criados sob sistemas operativos antigos para os modernos de UTF-8 num único diretório.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The "<literal>$ENCDN</literal>" variable specifies the original encoding used for file names under older OS as in <xref linkend="list-of-encoding-values"/>.
pt: A variável "<literal>$ENCDN</literal>" especifica a codificação original usada para nomes de ficheiros sob SOs mais antigos em <xref linkend="list-of-encoding-values"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For more complicated case, please mount a filesystem (e.g. a partition on a disk drive) containing such file names with proper encoding as the <literal>mount</literal>(8) option (see <xref linkend="_filename_encoding"/>) and copy its entire contents to another filesystem mounted as UTF-8 with "<literal>cp -a</literal>" command.
pt: Para um caso mais complicado, por favor monte um sistema de ficheiros (ex. uma partição de uma unidade de disco) que contenha tais nomes de ficheiros com a codificação apropriada como opção do <literal>mount</literal>(8) (veja <xref linkend="_filename_encoding"/>) e copie o conteúdo dele inteiro para outro sistema de ficheiros montado como UTF-8 com o comando "<literal>cp -a</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: EOL conversion
pt: conversão EOL

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The text file format, specifically the end-of-line (EOL) code, is dependent on the platform.
pt: O formato de ficheiro de texto, especificamente o código de fim de linha (EOL), é dependente da plataforma.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of EOL styles for different platforms
pt: Lista de estilos EOL para diferentes plataformas

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: platform
pt: plataforma

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: EOL code
pt: código EOL

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: control
pt: controle

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: MSDOS and Windows
pt: MSDOS e Windows

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Apple's Macintosh
pt: Macintosh da Apple

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The EOL format conversion programs, <literal>fromdos</literal>(1), <literal>todos</literal>(1), <literal>frommac</literal>(1), and <literal>tomac</literal>(1), are quite handy.  <literal>recode</literal>(1) is also useful.
pt: Os programas de conversão de formato EOL, <literal>fromdos</literal>(1), <literal>todos</literal>(1), <literal>frommac</literal>(1), e <literal>tomac</literal>(1), são muito úteis. O <literal>recode</literal>(1) também é útil.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: Some data on the Debian system, such as the wiki page data for the <literal>python-moinmoin</literal> package, use MSDOS style CR-LF as the EOL code.  So the above rule is just a general rule.
pt: Alguns dados no sistema Debian, como os dados da página wiki para o pacote <literal>python-moinmoin</literal>, usam o estilo MSDOS (CR-LF) como o código de EOL. Então a regra em cima é apenas uma regra geral.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: Most editors (eg. <literal>vim</literal>, <literal>emacs</literal>, <literal>gedit</literal>, …) can handle files in MSDOS style EOL transparently.
pt: A maioria dos editores (ex. <literal>vim</literal>, <literal>emacs</literal>, <literal>gedit</literal>, …) podem lidar com ficheiros em estilo EOL de MSDOS transparentemente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: The use of "<literal>sed -e '/\r$/!s/$/\r/'</literal>" instead of <literal>todos</literal>(1) is better when you want to unify the EOL style to the MSDOS style from the mixed MSDOS and Unix style.  (e.g., after merging 2 MSDOS style files with <literal>diff3</literal>(1).)  This is because <literal>todos</literal> adds CR to all lines.
pt: O uso de "<literal>sed -e '/\r$/!s/$/\r/'</literal>" em vez de <literal>todos</literal>(1) é melhor quando pretende unificar o estilo de EOL para o estilo do MSDOS a partir da mistura de estilos de MSDOS e Unix. (ex. após fundir 2 ficheiros de estilo MSDOS com o <literal>diff3</literal>(1).) Isto porque o <literal>todos</literal> adiciona CR a todas as linhas.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: TAB conversion
pt: Conversão de TAB

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There are few popular specialized programs to convert the tab codes.
pt: Existem alguns programas populares especializados para converter os códigos de tab.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of TAB conversion commands from <literal>bsdmainutils</literal> and <literal>coreutils</literal> packages
pt: Lista de comandos de conversão de TAB dos pacotes <literal>bsdmainutils</literal> e <literal>coreutils</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: expand tab to spaces
pt: expande tab para espaços

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: unexpand tab from spaces
pt: contrai tab a partir de espaços

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <literal>indent</literal>(1) from the <literal>indent</literal> package completely reformats whitespaces in the C program.
pt: <literal>indent</literal>(1) do pacote <literal>indent</literal> reformata completamente os espaços em branco no programa C.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Editor programs such as <literal>vim</literal> and <literal>emacs</literal> can be used for TAB conversion, too.  For example with <literal>vim</literal>, you can expand TAB with "<literal>:set expandtab</literal>" and "<literal>:%retab</literal>" command sequence.  You can revert this with "<literal>:set noexpandtab</literal>" and "<literal>:%retab!</literal>" command sequence.
pt: Os programas editores como o <literal>vim</literal> e o <literal>emacs</literal> também podem ser usados para conversão de TAB. Por exemplo com o <literal>vim</literal>, pode expandir a TAB com a sequência de comandos "<literal>:set expandtab</literal>" e "<literal>:%retab</literal>". Pode reverter isto com a sequência de comandos "<literal>:set noexpandtab</literal>" e "<literal>:%retab!</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Editors with auto-conversion
pt: Editores com auto-conversão

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Intelligent modern editors such as the <literal>vim</literal> program are quite smart and copes well with any encoding systems and any file formats.  You should use these editors under the UTF-8 locale in the UTF-8 capable console for the best compatibility.
pt: Os editores modernos inteligentes como o programa <literal>vim</literal> são bastante inteligentes e lidam bem com quaisquer sistemas de codificação e quaisquer formatos de ficheiro. Deve usar estes editores sob o locale UTF-8 numa consola com capacidades de UTF-8 para melhor compatibilidade.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: An old western European Unix text file, "<literal>u-file.txt</literal>", stored in the latin1 (iso-8859-1) encoding can be edited simply with <literal>vim</literal> by the following.
pt: Um antigo ficheiro de texto Unix em Europeu ocidental, "<literal>u-file.txt</literal>", armazenado com a codificação latin1 (iso-8859-1) pode ser editado com o <literal>vim</literal> com o seguinte.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This is possible since the auto detection mechanism of the file encoding in <literal>vim</literal> assumes the UTF-8 encoding first and, if it fails, assumes it to be latin1.
pt: Isto é possível porque o mecanismo de auto detecção da codificação do ficheiro no <literal>vim</literal> assume primeiro a codificação UTF-8 e, se falhar, assume que é latin1.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: An old Polish Unix text file, "<literal>pu-file.txt</literal>", stored in the latin2 (iso-8859-2) encoding can be edited with <literal>vim</literal> by the following.
pt: Um antigo ficheiro de texto Unix em Polaco, "<literal>pu-file.txt</literal>", armazenado com a codificação latin2 (iso-8859-2) pode ser editado com o <literal>vim</literal> com o seguinte.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: An old Japanese unix text file, "<literal>ju-file.txt</literal>", stored in the eucJP encoding can be edited with <literal>vim</literal> by the following.
pt: Um antigo ficheiro de texto unix em Japonês, "<literal>ju-file.txt</literal>", armazenado com a codificação eucJP pode ser editado com o <literal>vim</literal> com o seguinte.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: An old Japanese MS-Windows text file, "<literal>jw-file.txt</literal>", stored in the so called shift-JIS encoding (more precisely: CP932) can be edited with <literal>vim</literal> by the following.
pt: Um antigo ficheiro de texto do MS Windows em Japonês, "<literal>jw-file.txt</literal>", armazenado na chamada codificação shift-JIS (mais precisamente: CP932) pode ser editado com o <literal>vim</literal> com o seguinte.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: When a file is opened with "<literal>++enc</literal>" and "<literal>++ff</literal>" options, "<literal>:w</literal>" in the Vim command line stores it in the original format and overwrite the original file.  You can also specify the saving format and the file name in the Vim command line, e.g., "<literal>:w ++enc=utf8 new.txt</literal>".
pt: Quando um ficheiro é aberto com as opções "<literal>++enc</literal>" e "<literal>++ff</literal>", o "<literal>:w</literal>" na linha de comandos do Vim guarda-o no formato original e sobrescreve o ficheiro original. Também pode especificar o formato de gravação e o nome do ficheiro na linha de comandos do Vim, ex., "<literal>:w ++enc=utf8 new.txt</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Please refer to the mbyte.txt "multi-byte text support" in <literal>vim</literal> on-line help and <xref linkend="list-of-encoding-values"/> for locale values used with "<literal>++enc</literal>".
pt: Por favor consulte o mbyte.txt "suporte a texto multi-byte" na ajuda on-line do <literal>vim</literal> e <xref linkend="list-of-encoding-values"/> para os valores de locale usados com "<literal>++enc</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <literal>emacs</literal> family of programs can perform the equivalent functions.
pt: A família de programas <literal>emacs</literal> pode executar as funções equivalentes.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Plain text extraction
pt: Extracção de texto simples

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The following reads a web page into a text file.  This is very useful when copying configurations off the Web or applying basic Unix text tools such as <literal>grep</literal>(1) on the web page.
pt: O seguinte lê uma página web para um ficheiro de texto. Isto é muito útil quando se copia as configurações da Web ou se aplica ferramentas de texto básicas do Unix como o <literal>grep</literal>(1) numa página web.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Similarly, you can extract plain text data from other formats using the following.
pt: De modo semelhante, pode extrair dados de texto simples a partir de outros formatos a usar o seguinte.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of tools to extract plain text data
pt: Lista de ferramentas para extracção de dados de texto simples

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: html→text
pt: html→texto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: HTML to text converter with the "<literal>w3m -dump</literal>" command
pt: Conversor de HTML para texto com o comando "<literal>w3m -dump</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: advanced HTML to text converter (ISO 8859-1)
pt: Conversor de HTML para texto avançado (ISO 8859-1)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: HTML to text converter with the "<literal>lynx -dump</literal>" command
pt: Conversor de HTML para texto com o comando "<literal>lynx -dump</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: HTML to text converter with the "<literal>elinks -dump</literal>" command
pt: Conversor de HTML para texto com o comando "<literal>elinks -dump</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: HTML to text converter with the "<literal>links -dump</literal>" command
pt: Conversor de HTML para texto com o comando "<literal>links -dump</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: HTML to text converter with the "<literal>links2 -dump</literal>" command
pt: Conversor de HTML para texto com o comando "<literal>links2 -dump</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: MSWord→text,TeX
pt: MSWord→texto,TeX

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: convert MSWord files to plain text or TeX
pt: converte ficheiros do MSWord para texto simples ou TeX

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: MSWord→text,ps
pt: MSWord→texto,ps

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: convert MSWord files to plain text or ps
pt: converte ficheiros do MSWord para texto simples ou ps

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: remove the markup tags from an HTML file
pt: remove as etiquetas de marcas de um ficheiro HTML

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: odt→text
pt: odt→texto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: converter from OpenDocument Text to text
pt: conversor de texto do OpenDocument para texto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Highlighting and formatting plain text data
pt: Destacar e formatar dados de texto simples

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can highlight and format plain text data by the following.
pt: Pode destacar e formatar dados de texto simples com o seguinte.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of tools to highlight plain text data
pt: Lista de ferramentas para destacar dados em texto simples

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: highlight
pt: destaque

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Vim MACRO to convert source code to HTML with "<literal>:source $VIMRUNTIME/syntax/html.vim</literal>"
pt: MACRO do Vim para converter código fonte em HTML com "<literal>:source $VIMRUNTIME/syntax/html.vim</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: converter for the C program to latex and HTML (C language)
pt: conversor de programa C para latex e HTML (linguagem C)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: convert many source codes to TeX (C language)
pt: converte muitos códigos fonte para TeX (linguagem C)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: convert many source codes to HTML, XHTML, LaTeX, Texinfo, ANSI color escape sequences and DocBook files with highlight (C++)
pt: converte muitos códigos fonte para HTML, XHTML, LaTeX, Texinfo, sequências de escape do cores ANSI e ficheiros do DocBook com destaques (C++)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: convert many source codes to HTML, XHTML, RTF, LaTeX, TeX or XSL-FO files with highlight (C++)
pt: converte muitos códigos fonte para HTML, XHTML, RTF, LaTeX, TeX ou ficheiros XSL-FO com destaques (C++)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: text→color
pt: texto→cor

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: generic colouriser for everything (Python)
pt: colorizador genérico para tudo (Python)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: text→any
pt: texto→qualquer

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: general markup converter (Haskell)
pt: conversor geral de markup (Haskell)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: ReStructured Text document formatter to XML (Python)
pt: Formatador de documento de Texto Re-Estruturado para XML (Python)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: text→html
pt: texto→html

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Markdown text document formatter to (X)HTML (Perl)
pt: Formatador de documentos de texto Markdown para (X)HTML (Perl)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: AsciiDoc text document formatter to XML/HTML (Ruby)
pt: Formatador de documentos de texto AsciiDoc para XML/HTML (Ruby)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: ReStructured Text based document publication system (Python)
pt: Sistema de publicação de documentos baseado em texto reestruturado (Python)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Markdown based static site publication system (Go)
pt: Sistema de publicação de sites estáticos baseado em Markdown (Go)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: XML data
pt: Dados XML

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: <ulink url="&theextensiblemarkuplanguagexml;">The Extensible Markup Language (XML)</ulink> is a markup language for documents containing structured information.
pt: A <ulink url="&theextensiblemarkuplanguagexml;">The Extensible Markup Language (XML)</ulink> é uma linguagem de marcação para documentos que contêm informação estruturada.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: See introductory information at <ulink url="&xmlcom;">XML.COM</ulink>.
pt: Veja informação de introdução em <ulink url="&xmlcom;">XML.COM</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&whatisxml;">"What is XML?"</ulink>
pt: <ulink url="&whatisxml;">"O que é XML?"</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&whatisxslt;">"What Is XSLT?"</ulink>
pt: <ulink url="&whatisxslt;">"O que é XSLT?"</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&whatisxslfo;">"What Is XSL-FO?"</ulink>
pt: <ulink url="&whatisxslfo;">"O que é XSL-FO?"</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&whatisxlink;">"What Is XLink?"</ulink>
pt: <ulink url="&whatisxlink;">"O que é XLink?"</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Basic hints for XML
pt: Dicas básicas para XML

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: XML text looks somewhat like <ulink url="&html;">HTML</ulink>.  It enables us to manage multiple formats of output for a document.  One easy XML system is the <literal>docbook-xsl</literal> package, which is used here.
pt: O texto em XML parece-se com <ulink url="&html;">HTML</ulink>. Permite-nos gerir múltiplos formatos de saída de um documento. Um sistema XML fácil é o pacote <literal>docbook-xsl</literal>, o qual é usado aqui.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Each XML file starts with standard XML declaration as the following.
pt: Cada ficheiro XML começa com a declaração XML standard como o seguinte.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The basic syntax for one XML element is marked up as the following.
pt: A sintaxe básica para um elemento XML é marcado como a seguir.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: XML element with empty content is marked up in the following short form.
pt: O elemento XML com conteúdo vazio é marcado no seguinte formato curto.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The "<literal>attribute="value"</literal>" in the above examples are optional.
pt: O "<literal>atributo="valor"</literal>" nos exemplos em cima é opcional.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The comment section in XML is marked up as the following.
pt: A secção de comentários em XML está marcada como a seguir.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Other than adding markups, XML requires minor conversion to the content using predefined entities for following characters.
pt: Em vez de adicionar marcações, o XML requer conversão menor ao conteúdo a usar entidades predefinidas para os seguintes caracteres.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of predefined entities for XML
pt: Lista de entidades predefinidas para XML

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: predefined entity
pt: entidade predefinida

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: character to be converted into
pt: caractere a ser convertido em

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>"</literal> : quote
pt: <literal>"</literal> : cotação

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>'</literal> : apostrophe
pt: <literal>'</literal> : apóstrofo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>&lt;</literal> : less-than
pt: <literal>&lt;</literal> : menor-que

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>&gt;</literal> : greater-than
pt: <literal>&gt;</literal> : maior-que

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>&amp;</literal> : ampersand
pt: <literal>&amp;</literal> : E comercial

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: "<literal>&lt;</literal>" or "<literal>&amp;</literal>" can not be used in attributes or elements.
pt: "<literal>&lt;</literal>" ou "<literal>&amp;</literal>" não podem ser usados em atributos ou elementos.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: When SGML style user defined entities, e.g. "<literal>&amp;some-tag;</literal>", are used, the first definition wins over others.  The entity definition is expressed in "<literal>&lt;!ENTITY some-tag "entity value"&gt;</literal>".
pt: Quando são utilizadas entidades definidas pelo utilizador ao estilo SGML, por exemplo,"<literal>&amp;some-tag;</literal>", a primeira definição ganha às outras.  A definição da entidade é expressa em "<literal>&lt;!ENTITY some-tag "entity value"&gt;</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: As long as the XML markup are done consistently with certain set of the tag name (either some data as content or attribute value), conversion to another XML is trivial task using <ulink url="&extensiblestylesnsformationsxslt;">Extensible Stylesheet Language Transformations (XSLT)</ulink>.
pt: Desde que as marcações de XML sejam feitas de modo consistente com um certo conjunto de nomes de etiquetas (em vez de alguns dados como conteúdo ou valor de atributo), a conversão para outro XML é uma tarefa trivial a usar <ulink url="&extensiblestylesnsformationsxslt;">Extensible Stylesheet Language Transformations (XSLT)</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: XML processing
pt: Processamento de XML

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There are many tools available to process XML files such as <ulink url="&theextensiblestysheetlanguagexsl;">the Extensible Stylesheet Language (XSL)</ulink>.
pt: Existem muitas ferramentas disponíveis para processar ficheiros XML como o <ulink url="&theextensiblestysheetlanguagexsl;">Extensible Stylesheet Language (XSL)</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Basically, once you create well formed XML file, you can convert it to any format using <ulink url="&extensiblestylesnsformationsxslt;">Extensible Stylesheet Language Transformations (XSLT)</ulink>.
pt: Basicamente, após criar um ficheiro XML bem formado, pode convertê-lo para qualquer formato a usar o <ulink url="&extensiblestylesnsformationsxslt;">Extensible Stylesheet Language Transformations (XSLT)</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <ulink url="&extensiblestylestingobjectsxslfo;">Extensible Stylesheet Language for Formatting Objects (XSL-FO)</ulink> is supposed to be solution for formatting. The <literal>fop</literal> package is new to the Debian <literal>main</literal> archive due to its dependence to the <ulink url="&javaprograminglanguage;">Java programing language</ulink>. So the LaTeX code is usually generated from XML using XSLT and the LaTeX system is used to create printable file such as DVI, PostScript, and PDF.
pt: A <ulink url="&extensiblestylestingobjectsxslfo;">Extensible Stylesheet Language for Formatting Objects (XSL-FO)</ulink> é suposto ser a solução para a formatação. O pacote <literal>fop</literal> é novo no arquivo <literal>main</literal> de Debian devido à sua dependência da <ulink url= "&javaprograminglanguage;">linguagem de programação Java</ulink>. Por isso o código LaTeX é normalmente gerado a partir de XML a utilizar XSLT e o sistema LaTeX é utilizado para criar ficheiros imprimíveis tais como DVI, PostScript e PDF.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of XML tools
pt: Lista de ferramentas XML

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: XML document type definition (DTD) for DocBook
pt: definição de tipo de documento XML (DTD) para DocBook

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: XSL stylesheets for processing DocBook XML to various output formats with XSLT
pt: folhas de estilo XSL para processar XML do DocBook para vários formatos de saída com XSLT

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: XSLT command line processor (XML→ XML, HTML, plain text, etc.)
pt: processador de linha de comandos XSLT (XML→ XML, HTML, texto simples, etc.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: XML-to-any converter with XSLT
pt: conversor de XML-para-qualquer com XSLT

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: convert Docbook XML files to PDF
pt: converter ficheiros Docbook XML para PDF

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: convert Docbook files to DVI, PostScript, PDF documents with XSLT
pt: converte ficheiros do Docbook para documentos DVI, PostScript, PDF com o XSLT

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: DocBook XML to .epub converter
pt: conversor de XML DocBook para .epub

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Since XML is subset of <ulink url="&standardgeneralirkuplanguagesgml;">Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML)</ulink>, it can be processed by the extensive tools available for SGML, such as <ulink url="&documentstylesemionlanguagedsssl;">Document Style Semantics and Specification Language (DSSSL)</ulink>.
pt: Como o XML é um sub-conjunto da <ulink url="&standardgeneralirkuplanguagesgml;">Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML)</ulink>, pode ser processado pelas ferramentas extensivas disponíveis para SGML, como o <ulink url="&documentstylesemionlanguagedsssl;">Document Style Semantics and Specification Language (DSSSL)</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of DSSSL tools
pt: Lista de ferramentas DSSSL

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: ISO/IEC 10179:1996 standard DSSSL processor (latest)
pt: ISO/IEC 10179:1996 processador DSSSL standard (mais recente)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: DSSSL stylesheets for processing DocBook XML to various output formats with DSSSL
pt: folhas de estilo DSSSL para processar XML do DocBook para vários formatos de saída com DSSSL

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: utilities for DocBook files including conversion to other formats (HTML, RTF, PS, man, PDF) with <literal>docbook2*</literal> commands with DSSSL
pt: utilitários para ficheiros do DocBook incluindo a conversão para outros formatos (HTML, RTF, PS, man, PDF) com comandos <literal>docbook2*</literal> com DSSSL

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: <ulink url="&gnome;">GNOME</ulink>'s <literal>yelp</literal> is sometimes handy to read <ulink url="&docbook;">DocBook</ulink> XML files directly since it renders decently on X.
pt: No <ulink url="&gnome;">GNOME</ulink> o <literal>yelp</literal> é por vezes, útil para ler ficheiros <ulink url="&docbook;">DocBook</ulink> XML diretamente, uma vez que é renderizado decentemente no X.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The XML data extraction
pt: A extracção de dados de XML

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can extract HTML or XML data from other formats using followings.
pt: Pode extrair dados de HTML ou XML a partir de outros formatos a usar os seguintes.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of XML data extraction tools
pt: Lista de ferramentas de extracção de dados de XML

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: converter from manpage to HTML (CGI support)
pt: conversor de manual (manpage) para HTML (suporte a CGI)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: converter from troff to DocBook XML
pt: conversor de troff para DocBook XML

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: converter from Texinfo to HTML
pt: conversor de Texinfo para HTML

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: converter from GNU info to HTML (CGI support)
pt: conversor de info do GNU para HTML (suporte a CGI)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: MSWord→any
pt: MSWord→qualquer

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: document converter from Microsoft Word to HTML, LaTeX, etc.
pt: conversor de documentos Microsoft Word para HTML, LaTeX, etc.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: document converter from RTF to HTML, etc
pt: conversor de documentos de RTF para HTML, etc

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: WordPerfect→any
pt: WordPerfect→qualquer

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: WordPerfect 5.0 and 5.1 files to TeX, LaTeX, troff, GML and HTML
pt: Ficheiros do WordPerfect 5.0 e 5.1 para TeX, LaTeX, troff, GML e HTML

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The XML data lint
pt: O lint de dados XML

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For non-XML HTML files, you can convert them to XHTML which is an instance of well formed XML.  XHTML can be processed by XML tools.
pt: Para ficheiros HTML não-XML, pode convertê-los para XHTML o que é uma instância de XML bem formado. O XHTML pode ser processado por ferramentas de XML.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Syntax of XML files and goodness of URLs found in them may be checked.
pt: É possível verificar a sintaxe dos ficheiros XML e a qualidade dos URLs neles contidos.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of XML pretty print tools
pt: Lista de ferramentas de impressão bonita de XML

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: command line XML tool with <literal>xmllint</literal>(1) (syntax check, reformat, lint, …)
pt: ferramenta de XML de linha de comandos com <literal>xmllint</literal>(1) (verificação de sintaxe, reformatação, lint, …)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: HTML syntax checker and reformatter
pt: Verificador e reformatador de sintaxe HTML

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: syntax and minimal style checker for HTML
pt: Verificado de sintaxe e estilo mínimo para HTML

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: link check
pt: verificação da ligação

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: fast link checker and web site maintenance tool
pt: verificador de ligações rápido e ferramenta de manutenção de sites web

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Once proper XML is generated, you can use XSLT technology to extract data based on the mark-up context etc.
pt: Após o XML apropriado ser gerado, pode usar a tecnologia XSLT para extrair dados baseados no contexto de marcações e etc.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Type setting
pt: Formatação de texto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The Unix <ulink url="&troff;">troff</ulink> program originally developed by AT&amp;T can be used for simple typesetting.  It is usually used to create manpages.
pt: O programa <ulink url="&troff;">troff</ulink> do Unix desenvolvido originalmente pela AT&amp;T pode ser usado para formatação de texto simples. É geralmente usado para criar as páginas de manual (manpages).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: <ulink url="&tex;">TeX</ulink> created by Donald Knuth is a very powerful type setting tool and is the de facto standard. <ulink url="&latex;">LaTeX</ulink> originally written by Leslie Lamport enables a high-level access to the power of TeX.
pt: O <ulink url="&tex;">TeX</ulink> criado por Donald Knuth é uma ferramenta de formatação de texto muito poderosa e é o standard de facto. O <ulink url="&latex;">LaTeX</ulink> originalmente escrito por Leslie Lamport permite um acesso de alto nível ao poder do TeX.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of type setting tools
pt: Lista de ferramentas de formatação de texto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: TeX system for typesetting, previewing and printing
pt: sistema TeX para formatação de texto, pre-visualização e impressão

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: GNU troff text-formatting system
pt: O sistema de formato de texto troff do GNU

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: roff typesetting
pt: formatação de texto roff

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Traditionally, <ulink url="&roff;">roff</ulink> is the main Unix text processing system.  See <literal>roff</literal>(7), <literal>groff</literal>(7), <literal>groff</literal>(1), <literal>grotty</literal>(1), <literal>troff</literal>(1), <literal>groff_mdoc</literal>(7), <literal>groff_man</literal>(7), <literal>groff_ms</literal>(7), <literal>groff_me</literal>(7), <literal>groff_mm</literal>(7), and "<literal>info groff</literal>".
pt: Tradicionalmente, o <ulink url="&roff;">roff</ulink> é o sistema de processamento de texto principal do Unix. Veja <literal>roff</literal>(7), <literal>groff</literal>(7), <literal>groff</literal>(1), <literal>grotty</literal>(1), <literal>troff</literal>(1), <literal>groff_mdoc</literal>(7), <literal>groff_man</literal>(7), <literal>groff_ms</literal>(7), <literal>groff_me</literal>(7), <literal>groff_mm</literal>(7) e "<literal>info groff</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can read or print a good tutorial and reference on "<literal>-me</literal>" <ulink url="&macro;">macro</ulink> in "<literal>/usr/share/doc/groff/</literal>" by installing the <literal>groff</literal> package.
pt: Pode ler ou imprimir um bom tutorial e referência em "<literal>-me</literal>" <ulink url="&macro;">macro</ulink> em "<literal>/usr/share/doc/groff/</literal>" instalando o pacote <literal>groff</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: "<literal>groff -Tascii -me -</literal>" produces plain text output with <ulink url="&ansiescapecode;">ANSI escape code</ulink>.  If you wish to get manpage like output with many "^H" and "_", use "<literal>GROFF_NO_SGR=1 groff -Tascii -me -</literal>" instead.
pt: "<literal>groff -Tascii -me -</literal>" produz resultados em texto simples com <ulink url="&ansiescapecode;">código de escape ANSI</ulink>. Se deseja obter resultados tipo manpage com muitos "^H" e "_", então use "<literal>GROFF_NO_SGR=1 groff -Tascii -me -</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: To remove "^H" and "_" from a text file generated by <literal>groff</literal>, filter it by "<literal>col -b -x</literal>".
pt: Para remover "^H" e "_" de um ficheiro de texto gerado pelo <literal>groff</literal>, filtre-o com "<literal>col -b -x</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <ulink url="&texlive;">TeX Live</ulink> software distribution offers a complete TeX system.  The <literal>texlive</literal> metapackage provides a decent selection of the <ulink url="&texlive;">TeX Live</ulink> packages which should suffice for the most common tasks.
pt: A distribuição de software <ulink url="&texlive;">TeX Live</ulink> oferece um sistema TeX completo. O meta-pacote <literal>texlive</literal> disponibiliza uma seleção decente dos pacotes <ulink url="&texlive;">TeX Live</ulink> que deverão ser suficientes para as tarefas mais comuns.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There are many references available for <ulink url="&tex;">TeX</ulink> and <ulink url="&latex;">LaTeX</ulink>.
pt: Existem muitas referências disponíveis para <ulink url="&tex;">TeX</ulink> e <ulink url="&latex;">LaTeX</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&thetetexhowtothextetexlocalguide;">The teTeX HOWTO: The Linux-teTeX Local Guide</ulink>
pt: <ulink url="&thetetexhowtothextetexlocalguide;">O HOWTO do The teTeX: O Guia Local de Linux-teTeX</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "The TeXbook", by Donald E. Knuth, (Addison-Wesley)
pt: "The TeXbook", por Donald E. Knuth, (Addison-Wesley)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "LaTeX - A Document Preparation System", by Leslie Lamport, (Addison-Wesley)
pt: "LaTeX - A Document Preparation System", por Leslie Lamport, (Addison-Wesley)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "The LaTeX Companion", by Goossens, Mittelbach, Samarin, (Addison-Wesley)
pt: "The LaTeX Companion", por Goossens, Mittelbach, Samarin, (Addison-Wesley)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This is the most powerful typesetting environment.  Many <ulink url="&sgml;">SGML</ulink> processors use this as their back end text processor.  <ulink url="&lyx;">Lyx</ulink> provided by the <literal>lyx</literal> package and <ulink url="&gnutexmacs;">GNU TeXmacs</ulink> provided by the <literal>texmacs</literal> package offer nice <ulink url="&wysiwyg;">WYSIWYG</ulink> editing environment for <ulink url="&latex;">LaTeX</ulink> while many use <ulink url="&emacs;">Emacs</ulink> and <ulink url="&vim;">Vim</ulink> as the choice for the source editor.
pt: Este é o ambiente de formatação de texto mais poderoso. Muitos processadores <ulink url="&sgml;">SGML</ulink> usam isto como processador de texto em backend. O <ulink url="&lyx;">Lyx</ulink> disponibilizado pelo pacote <literal>lyx</literal> e o <ulink url="&gnutexmacs;">GNU TeXmacs</ulink> disponibilizado pelo pacote <literal>texmacs</literal> oferecem um bom ambiente de edição <ulink url="&wysiwyg;">OQVEOQT</ulink> para o <ulink url="&latex;">LaTeX</ulink> enquanto muitos usam o <ulink url="&emacs;">Emacs</ulink> e o <ulink url="&vim;">Vim</ulink> como a sua escolha para editor de código fonte.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There are many online resources available.
pt: Existem muitos recursos online disponíveis.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The TEX Live Guide - TEX Live 2007 ("<literal>/usr/share/doc/texlive-doc-base/english/texlive-en/live.html</literal>") (<literal>texlive-doc-base</literal> package)
pt: O Guia TEX Live - TEX Live 2007 ("<literal>/usr/share/doc/texlive-doc-base/english/texlive-en/live.html</literal>") (pacote <literal>texlive-doc-base</literal> package)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&asimpleguidetolatexlyx;">A Simple Guide to Latex/Lyx</ulink>
pt: <ulink url="&asimpleguidetolatexlyx;">Um Guia Simples para o Latex/Lyx</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&wordprocessingusinglatex;">Word Processing Using LaTeX</ulink>
pt: <ulink url="&wordprocessingusinglatex;">Processamento de Texto a Usar o LaTeX</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: When documents become bigger, sometimes TeX may cause errors.  You must increase pool size in "<literal>/etc/texmf/texmf.cnf</literal>" (or more appropriately edit "<literal>/etc/texmf/texmf.d/95NonPath</literal>" and run <literal>update-texmf</literal>(8)) to fix this.
pt: Quando os documentos ficam maiores, por vezes o TeX pode causar erros. tem de aumentar o tamanho do pool em "<literal>/etc/texmf/texmf.cnf</literal>" (ou mais apropriadamente editar o "<literal>/etc/texmf/texmf.d/95NonPath</literal>" e correr <literal>update-texmf</literal>(8)) para corrigir isto.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: The TeX source of "The TeXbook" is available at <ulink url="&wwwctanorgtexarcitefortexbooktex;">www.ctan.org tex-archive site for texbook.tex</ulink>. This file contains most of the required macros.  I heard that you can process this document with <literal>tex</literal>(1) after commenting lines 7 to 10 and adding "<literal>\input manmac \proofmodefalse</literal>". It's strongly recommended to buy this book (and all other books from Donald E. Knuth) instead of using the online version but the source is a great example of TeX input!
pt: A fonte TeX do "The TeXbook" está disponível em <ulink url="&wwwctanorgtexarcitefortexbooktex;">www.ctan.org tex-archive site for texbook.tex</ulink>. Este ficheiro contém a maior parte das macros necessárias.  Ouvi dizer que pode processar este documento com o <literal>tex</literal>(1) depois de comentar as linhas 7 a 10 e adicionar<literal>"\input manmac \proofmodefalse</literal>". Recomenda-se vivamente a compra deste livro (e de todos os outros livros de Donald E. Knuth) em vez de usar a versão online, mas a fonte é um ótimo exemplo de entrada TeX!

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Pretty print a manual page
pt: Impressão bonita de um manual

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can print a manual page in PostScript nicely by one of the following commands.
pt: Consegue uma impressão bonita dum manual em PostScript com um dos seguintes comandos.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Creating a manual page
pt: Criar um manual

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Although writing a manual page (manpage) in the plain <ulink url="&troff;">troff</ulink> format is possible, there are few helper packages to create it.
pt: Apesar de escrever um manual (manpage) no formato <ulink url="&troff;">troff</ulink> simples ser possível, existem alguns programas que ajudam a criá-lo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of packages to help creating the manpage
pt: Lista de pacotes para ajudar a criar o manual (manpage)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: converter from DocBook SGML into roff man macros
pt: conversor de DocBook SGML para macros roff man

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: text→manpage
pt: texto→manpage

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: automatic manpage generator from --help
pt: geração automática de manual a partir do --help

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: converter from GNU info to POD or man pages
pt: conversor de info do GNU para POD ou páginas man

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: convert flat ASCII text to man page format
pt: converte texto ASCII simples para o formato de página man

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Printable data
pt: Dados imprimíveis

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Printable data is expressed in the <ulink url="&postscript;">PostScript</ulink> format on the Debian system.  <ulink url="&commonunixprintingsystemcups;">Common Unix Printing System (CUPS)</ulink> uses Ghostscript as its rasterizer backend program for non-PostScript printers.
pt: Os dados imprimíveis são expressos no formato <ulink url="&postscript;">PostScript</ulink> no sistema Debian. O  <ulink url="&commonunixprintingsystemcups;">Common Unix Printing System (CUPS)</ulink> usa o Ghostscript como o programa backend de rasterização dele para as impressoras não-PostScript.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Printable data may also be expressed in the <ulink url="&pdf;">PDF</ulink> format on the recent Debian system.
pt: Os dados imprimíveis também podem ser expressos no formato <ulink url="&pdf;">PDF</ulink> no recente sistema Debian.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: PDF files can displayed and its form entries may be filled using GUI viewer tools such as <ulink url="&evince;">Evince</ulink> and <ulink url="&okular;">Okular</ulink> (see <xref linkend="_gui_applications"/>); and modern browsers such as <ulink url="&chromium;">Chromium</ulink>.
pt: Os ficheiros PDF podem ser visualizados e as suas entradas de formulário podem ser preenchidas utilizando ferramentas de visualização GUI como o <ulink url="&evince;">Evince</ulink> e o <ulink url="&okular;">Okular</ulink> (ver <xref linkend="_gui_applications"/>); e navegadores modernos como o <ulink url="&chromium;">Chromium</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: PDF files can be edited using some graphics tools such as <ulink url="&libreoffice;">LibreOffice</ulink>, <ulink url="&scribus;">Scribus</ulink>, and <ulink url="&inkscape;">Inkscape</ulink> (see <xref linkend="_graphic_data_tools"/>).
pt: Os ficheiros PDF podem ser editados utilizando algumas ferramentas gráficas como o <ulink url="&libreoffice;">LibreOffice</ulink>, <ulink url="&scribus;">o Scribus</ulink> e o <ulink url="&inkscape;">Inkscape</ulink> (ver <xref linkend="_graphic_data_tools"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
en: You can read a PDF file with <ulink url="&gimp;">GIMP</ulink> and convert it into <ulink url="&png;">PNG</ulink> format using higher than 300 dpi resolution.  This may be used as a background image for <ulink url="&libreoffice;">LibreOffice</ulink> to produce a desirable altered printout with minimum efforts.
pt: É possível ler um ficheiro PDF com o <ulink url="&gimp;">GIMP</ulink> e convertê-lo para o formato <ulink url="&png;">PNG</ulink> com uma resolução superior a 300 dpi.  Esta pode ser utilizada como imagem de fundo para o <ulink url="&libreoffice;">LibreOffice</ulink> para produzir uma impressão alterada desejável com o mínimo de esforço.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The core of printable data manipulation is the <ulink url="&ghostscript;">Ghostscript</ulink> <ulink url="&postscriptps;">PostScript (PS)</ulink> interpreter which generates raster image.
pt: O núcleo da manipulação de dados imprimíveis é o interpretador <ulink url="&postscriptps;">PostScript (PS)</ulink> <ulink url="&ghostscript;">Ghostscript</ulink> o qual gera imagem em rasterização.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of Ghostscript PostScript interpreters
pt: Lista de interpretadores PostScript Ghostscript

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&thegplghostscripptpdfinterpreter;">The GPL Ghostscript PostScript/PDF interpreter</ulink>
pt: <ulink url="&thegplghostscripptpdfinterpreter;">O interpretador de PostScript/PDF Ghostscript GPL</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: GPL Ghostscript PostScript/PDF interpreter - X display support
pt: Interpretador de PostScript/PDF Ghostscript GPL - suporte a ecrã X

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: PDF rendering library forked from the xpdf PDF viewer
pt: Biblioteca de renderização de PDF que é um fork do visualizador de PDF xpdf

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: PDF rendering library (GLib-based shared library)
pt: Biblioteca de renderização de PDF (biblioteca de partilha baseada em GLib)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: CMaps for PDF rendering library (for <ulink url="&cjk;">CJK</ulink> support: Adobe-*)
pt: CMaps para suporte à biblioteca de renderização de PDF (para <ulink url="&cjk;">CJK</ulink>: Adobe-*)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: "<literal>gs -h</literal>" can display the configuration of Ghostscript.
pt: "<literal>gs -h</literal>" pode mostrar a configuração do Ghostscript.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Merge two PS or PDF files
pt: Juntar dois ficheiros PS ou PDF

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can merge two <ulink url="&postscriptps;">PostScript (PS)</ulink> or <ulink url="&portabledocumentformatpdf;">Portable Document Format (PDF)</ulink> files using <literal>gs</literal>(1) of Ghostscript.
pt: Pode unir dois ficheiros <ulink url="&postscriptps;">PostScript (PS)</ulink> ou <ulink url="&portabledocumentformatpdf;">Portable Document Format (PDF)</ulink> a usar o <literal>gs</literal>(1) do Ghostscript.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: The <ulink url="&pdf;">PDF</ulink>, which is a widely used cross-platform printable data format, is essentially the compressed <ulink url="&ps;">PS</ulink> format with few additional features and extensions.
pt: O <ulink url="&pdf;">PDF</ulink>, que é um formato de dados imprimíveis amplamente usado em várias plataformas, é essencialmente o formato <ulink url="&ps;">PS</ulink> comprimido com algumas funcionalidades e extensões adicionais.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: For command line, <literal>psmerge</literal>(1) and other commands from the <literal>psutils</literal> package are useful for manipulating PostScript documents.  <literal>pdftk</literal>(1) from the <literal>pdftk</literal> package is useful for manipulating PDF documents, too.
pt: Para a linha de comandos, o <literal>psmerge</literal>(1) e outros comandos do pacote <literal>psutils</literal> são úteis para manipular documentos em PostScript. O <literal>pdftk</literal>(1) do pacote <literal>pdftk</literal> também é útil para manipular documentos em PDF.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Printable data utilities
pt: Utilitários de dados imprimíveis

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The following packages for the printable data utilities caught my eyes.
pt: Os seguintes pacotes para utilitários de dados imprimíveis chamaram a minha atenção.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of printable data utilities
pt: Lista de utilitários de dados imprimíveis

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: PDF utilities: <literal>pdftops</literal>, <literal>pdfinfo</literal>, <literal>pdfimages</literal>, <literal>pdftotext</literal>, <literal>pdffonts</literal>
pt: Utilitários de PDF: <literal>pdftops</literal>, <literal>pdfinfo</literal>, <literal>pdfimages</literal>, <literal>pdftotext</literal>, <literal>pdffonts</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: PostScript document conversion tools
pt: Ferramentas de conversão de documentos PostScript

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: create large posters out of PostScript pages
pt: criar grandes posters de páginas PostScript

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: convert ASCII text to PostScript, HTML, RTF or Pretty-Print
pt: converter texto ASCII para PostScript, HTML, RTF ou Pretty-Print

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: 'Anything to PostScript' converter and pretty-printer
pt: Conversor de 'Qualquer coisa para PostScript' e pretty-printer

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: PDF document conversion tool: <literal>pdftk</literal>
pt: Ferramenta de conversão de documentos PDF: <literal>pdftk</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: converter from HTML to PostScript
pt: conversor de HTML para PostScript

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: converter from html to latex
pt: conversor de html para latex

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: convert documents from LaTeX to RTF which can be read by MS Word
pt: conversor de documentos LaTeX para RTF que podem ser lidos pelo MS Word

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: converter from PostScript to EPS (Encapsulated PostScript)
pt: conversor de PostScript para EPS (PostScript Encapsulado)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Text to PostScript converter with Japanese encoding support
pt: Conversor de texto para PostScript com suporte a codificação Japonesa

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: PostScript utilities
pt: Utilitários do PostScript

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: pretty print many source codes (C, C++, Java, Pascal, Perl, Pike, Sh, and Verilog) to PostScript. (C language)
pt: impressão bonita de muitos códigos fonte (C, C++, Java, Pascal, Perl, Pike, Sh e Verilog) para PostScript. (linguagem C)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: converter from PDF to <ulink url="&scalablevectorgraphics;">Scalable vector graphics</ulink> format
pt: conversor de PDF para formato <ulink url="&scalablevectorgraphics;">Gráficos vectoriais escaláveis</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: pdf→ipe
pt: ps→ipe

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: converter from PDF to IPE's XML format
pt: conversor de PDF para formato XML de IPE

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Printing with CUPS
pt: Imprimir com o CUPS

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Both <literal>lp</literal>(1) and <literal>lpr</literal>(1) commands offered by <ulink url="&commonunixprintingsystemcups;">Common Unix Printing System (CUPS)</ulink> provides options for customized printing the printable data.
pt: Ambos comandos <literal>lp</literal>(1) e <literal>lpr</literal>(1) oferecidos pelo <ulink url="&commonunixprintingsystemcups;">Common Unix Printing System (CUPS)</ulink> disponibilizam opções para impressão personalizada dos dados a imprimir.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can print 3 copies of a file collated using one of the following commands.
pt: Pode imprimir 3 cópias coligidas de um ficheiro a usar um dos seguintes comandos.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can further customize printer operation by using printer option such as "<literal>-o number-up=2</literal>", "<literal>-o page-set=even</literal>", "<literal>-o page-set=odd</literal>", "<literal>-o scaling=200</literal>", "<literal>-o natural-scaling=200</literal>", etc., documented at <ulink url="&commandlineprintingandoptions;">Command-Line Printing and Options</ulink>.
pt: Pode personalizar ainda mais as operações da impressora ao usar opções da impressão como "<literal>-o number-up=2</literal>", "<literal>-o page-set=even</literal>", "<literal>-o page-set=odd</literal>", "<literal>-o scaling=200</literal>", "<literal>-o natural-scaling=200</literal>", etc., documentadas em <ulink url="&commandlineprintingandoptions;">Impressão em Linha de Comandos e Opções</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: The mail data conversion
pt: A conversão de dados de mail

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The following packages for the mail data conversion caught my eyes.
pt: Os seguintes pacotes para conversão de dados de mail chamaram a minha atenção.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of packages to help mail data conversion
pt: Lista de pacotes para ajudar na conversão de dados de mail

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: encoding and decoding of <ulink url="&mime;">MIME</ulink> messages: <literal>mpack</literal>(1) and <literal>munpack</literal>(1)
pt: codificação e descodificação de mensagens <ulink url="&mime;">MIME</ulink>: <literal>mpack</literal>(1) e <literal>munpack</literal>(1)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: unpacking <ulink url="&mime;">MIME</ulink> attachments of type "application/ms-tnef" which is a Microsoft only format
pt: descompactar anexos <ulink url="&mime;">MIME</ulink> do tipo "application/ms-tnef" o qual é um formato apenas da Microsoft

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: encoder and decoder for the following formats: <ulink url="&uuencode;">uuencode</ulink>, <ulink url="&xxencode;">xxencode</ulink>, <ulink url="&basege;">BASE64</ulink>, <ulink url="&quotedprintable;">quoted printable</ulink>, and <ulink url="&binhex;">BinHex</ulink>
pt: codificador e descodificador dos seguintes formatos: <ulink url="&uuencode;">uuencode</ulink>, <ulink url="&xxencode;">xxencode</ulink>, <ulink url="&basege;">BASE64</ulink>, <ulink url="&quotedprintable;">quoted printable</ulink> e <ulink url="&binhex;">BinHex</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
en: The <ulink url="&internetmessageaccessprotocol;">Internet Message Access Protocol</ulink> version 4 (IMAP4) server may be used to move mails out from proprietary mail systems if the mail client software can be configured to use IMAP4 server too.
pt: O servidor IMAP4 ( <ulink url="&internetmessageaccessprotocol;">Internet Message Access Protocol</ulink> versão 4) pode ser utilizado para transferir correio eletrónico de sistemas de correio proprietários se o software cliente de correio puder ser configurado para utilizar também o servidor IMAP4.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Mail data basics
pt: Noções básicas de dados de mail

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Mail (<ulink url="&smtp;">SMTP</ulink>) data should be limited to series of 7 bit data.  So binary data and 8 bit text data are encoded into 7 bit format with the <ulink url="&multipurposeinteilextensionsmime;">Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME)</ulink> and the selection of the charset (see <xref linkend="list-of-encoding-values"/>).
pt: Os dados do correio eletrónico (<ulink url="&smtp;">SMTP</ulink>) devem limitar-se a séries de dados de 7 bits.  Assim, os dados binários e os dados de texto de 8 bits são codificados em formato de 7 bits com as <ulink url="&multipurposeinteilextensionsmime;">Extensões de Correio da Internet para Fins Múltiplos (MIME)</ulink> e a seleção do conjunto de caracteres (ver <xref linkend="list-of-encoding-values"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The standard mail storage format is mbox formatted according to <ulink url="&rfcciccupdatedrfcicc;">RFC2822 (updated RFC822)</ulink>.  See <literal>mbox</literal>(5) (provided by the <literal>mutt</literal> package).
pt: O formato de armazenamento de mail standard é mbox de acordo com <ulink url="&rfcciccupdatedrfcicc;">RFC2822 (RFC822 atualizado)</ulink>. Veja <literal>mbox</literal>(5) (disponibilizado pelo pacote <literal>mutt</literal>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For European languages, "<literal>Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable</literal>" with the ISO-8859-1 charset is usually used for mail since there are not much 8 bit characters. If European text is encoded in UTF-8, "<literal>Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable</literal>" is likely to be used since it is mostly 7 bit data.
pt: Para as linguagens Europeias, "<literal>Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable</literal>" com o junto de caracteres ISO-8859-1 é geralmente usado para mail porque não existem muitos caracteres de 8 bits. Se o texto Europeu estiver codificado em UTF-8, é provável que seja usado o "<literal>Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable</literal>" pois é maioritariamente dados de 7 bits.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For Japanese, traditionally "<literal>Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-2022-JP</literal>" is usually used for mail to keep text in 7 bits.  But older Microsoft systems may send mail data in Shift-JIS without proper declaration.  If Japanese text is encoded in UTF-8, <ulink url="&basege;">Base64</ulink> is likely to be used since it contains many 8 bit data.  The situation of other Asian languages is similar.
pt: Para Japonês, tradicionalmente usa-se "<literal>Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-2022-JP</literal>" para o mail para manter o texto em 7 bits. Mas os sistemas mais antigos da Microsoft podem enviar dados de mail em Shift-JIS sem a declaração apropriada. Se o testo Japonês for codificado em UTF-8, é provável que se use <ulink url="&basege;">Base64</ulink> pois contém muitos dados de 8 bits. A situação de outras linguagens Asiáticas é semelhante.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: If your non-Unix mail data is accessible by a non-Debian client software which can talk to the IMAP4 server, you may be able to move them out by running your own IMAP4 server.
pt: Se os seus dados de correio não-Unix são acessíveis por um software cliente não-Debian que pode falar com o servidor IMAP4, pode ser capaz de os mover executando o seu próprio servidor IMAP4.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: If you use other mail storage formats, moving them to mbox format is the good first step.  The versatile client program such as <literal>mutt</literal>(1) may be handy for this.
pt: Se usa outros formatos de armazenamento de mail, movê-los para o formato mbox é um bom primeiro passo. Um programa cliente versátil como o <literal>mutt</literal>(1) pode dar jeito para isto.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can split mailbox contents to each message using <literal>procmail</literal>(1) and <literal>formail</literal>(1).
pt: Pode dividir os conteúdos da mailbox para cada mensagem a usar o <literal>procmail</literal>(1) e o <literal>formail</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Each mail message can be unpacked using <literal>munpack</literal>(1) from the <literal>mpack</literal> package (or other specialized tools) to obtain the MIME encoded contents.
pt: Cada mensagem de mail pode ser desempacotada a usar o <literal>munpack</literal>(1) do pacote <literal>mpack</literal> (ou outras ferramentas especializadas) para obter os conteúdos codificados em MIME.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Graphic data tools
pt: Ferramentas de dados gráficos

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Although GUI programs such as <literal>gimp</literal>(1) are very powerful, command line tools such as <literal>imagemagick</literal>(1) are quite useful for automating image manipulation via scripts.
pt: Apesar dos programas com GUI como o <literal>gimp</literal>(1) serem muito poderosos, as ferramentas de linha de comandos como o <literal>imagemagick</literal>(1) são bastante úteis para automatizar a manipulação de imagens via scripts.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The de facto image file format of the digital camera is the <ulink url="&exchangeableimagefileformat;">Exchangeable Image File Format</ulink> (EXIF) which is the <ulink url="&jpeg;">JPEG</ulink> image file format with additional metadata tags.  It can hold information such as date, time, and camera settings.
pt: O formato de facto de ficheiros de imagem das câmaras digitais é o <ulink url="&exchangeableimagefileformat;">Exchangeable Image File Format</ulink> (EXIF) o qual é o formato de ficheiros de imagem <ulink url="&jpeg;">JPEG</ulink> com etiquetas de meta-dados adicionais. Pode conter informações como a data, hora e definições da camera.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: <ulink url="&thelempelzivwelcsdatacompression;">The Lempel-Ziv-Welch (LZW) lossless data compression</ulink> patent has been expired.  <ulink url="&graphicsinterchangeformatgif;">Graphics Interchange Format (GIF)</ulink> utilities which use the LZW compression method are now freely available on the Debian system.
pt: A patente <ulink url="&thelempelzivwelcsdatacompression;">de compressão de dados sem perdas de Lempel-Ziv-Welch (LZW)</ulink> expirou. Os utilitários de <ulink url="&graphicsinterchangeformatgif;">Graphics Interchange Format (GIF)</ulink> que usam o método de compressão LZW estão agora livremente disponíveis no sistema Debian.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
en: Any digital camera or scanner with removable recording media works with Linux through <ulink url="&usbstorage;">USB storage</ulink> readers since it follows the <ulink url="&designruleforcamerafilesystem;">Design rule for Camera Filesystem</ulink> and uses <ulink url="&fat;">FAT</ulink> filesystem. See <xref linkend="_removable_storage_device"/>.
pt: Qualquer câmara digital ou scanner com meio de gravação amovível funciona em Linux através de leitores de <ulink url="&usbstorage;">armazenamento USB</ulink> desde que sigam as <ulink url="&designruleforcamerafilesystem;">Regras de Desenho para Sistemas de Ficheiros de Câmaras</ulink> e usem o sistema de ficheiros <ulink url="&fat;">FAT</ulink>. Veja <xref linkend="_removable_storage_device"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Graphic data tools (metapackage)
pt: Ferramentas de dados gráficos (meta-pacote)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The following metapackages are good starting points for searching graphics data tools using <literal>aptitude</literal>(8).  "<ulink url="&packagesoverviewtoolsmaintainers;">Packages overview for Debian PhotoTools Maintainers</ulink>" can be another starting point.
pt: Os seguintes meta-pacotes são bons pontos de partida para procurar ferramentas de dados gráficos usando o <literal>aptitude</literal>(8).  <ulink url="&packagesoverviewtoolsmaintainers;">"Packages overview for Debian PhotoTools Maintainers</ulink>" pode ser outro ponto de partida.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of graphics data tools (metapackage)
pt: Lista de ferramentas de dados gráficos (meta-pacote)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: metapackage for teaching graphics and pictural art.
pt: meta-pacote para o ensino do grafismo e da arte pictórica.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: metapackage for open font design
pt: meta pacote para desenho de font aberta

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Search more image tools using regex "<literal>~Gworks-with::image</literal>" in <literal>aptitude</literal>(8) (see <xref linkend="_search_method_options_with_aptitude"/>).
pt: Procure mais ferramentas de imagem com a expressão regular "<literal>~Gworks-with::image</literal>" no <literal>aptitude</literal>(8) (veja <xref linkend="_search_method_options_with_aptitude"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Graphic data tools (GUI)
pt: Ferramentas gráficas de dados (GUI)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The following packages for the GUI graphics data conversion, editing, and organization tools caught my eyes.
pt: Os seguintes pacotes para as ferramentas de conversão, edição e organização de dados gráficos GUI chamaram a minha atenção.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of graphics data tools (GUI)
pt: Lista de ferramentas de dados gráficos (GUI)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: image(bitmap)
pt: imagem(bitmap)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: GNU Image Manipulation Program
pt: GNU Image Manipulation Program - GIMP

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: GTK-based X11 frontend for SANE (Scanner Access Now Easy)
pt: Frontend X11 baseado em GTK para o SANE (Scanner Access Now Easy)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&scribus;">Scribus</ulink> DTP editor
pt: editor de DTP do <ulink url="&scribus;">Scribus</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: image(vector)
pt: imagem(vector)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: LibreOffice office suite - drawing
pt: suite de escritório do LibreOffice - desenho

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&svgscalablevectorgraphics;">SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics)</ulink> editor
pt: editor de <ulink url="&svgscalablevectorgraphics;">SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics)</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: diagram editor (Gtk)
pt: editor de diagramas (Gtk)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Facility for Interactive Generation of figures under X11
pt: Habilidade para Geração interactiva de figuras sob X11

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: image→text
pt: imagem→texto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: free OCR software
pt: software de OCR livre

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: image(Exif)
pt: imagem(Exif)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Eye of GNOME graphics viewer program
pt: Programa de visualização de gráficos Olho do GNOME

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: image viewer and browser (GNOME)
pt: visualizador e navegador de imagens (GNOME)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: image viewer using GTK
pt: Visualizador de imagens que usa GTK

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: digital photo organizer (GNOME)
pt: organizador de fotos digitais (GNOME)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: image viewer (KDE)
pt: visualizador de imagens (KDE)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: digital camera support for KDE applications
pt: Suporte para cameras digitais para aplicações do KDE

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: digital photo management application for KDE
pt: aplicação de gestão de fotos digitais para KDE

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: virtual lighttable and darkroom for photographers
pt: mesa de luz virtual e câmara escura para fotógrafos

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: panorama photo stitcher
pt: fotomontagem de fotografias panorâmicas

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: 2D CAD data editor
pt: Editor de dados CAD 2D

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: 3D CAD data editor
pt: Editor de dados CAD 3D

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: 3D content editor for animation etc
pt: editor de conteúdos 3D para animação e etc

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: OpenGL based 3D model editor
pt: editor de modelos 3D baseado em OpenGL

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: font editor for PS, TrueType and OpenType fonts
pt: editor de tipo de letra para fonts PS, TrueType e OpenType

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: program for <ulink url="&gridfittingandhinting;">gridfitting and hinting</ulink> TrueType fonts
pt: programa para <ulink url="&gridfittingandhinting;">ajustes e alinhamento em grelha</ulink> de tipos de letra TrueType

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Graphic data tools (CLI)
pt: Ferramentas de dados gráficos (CLI)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The following packages for the CLI graphics data conversion, editing, and organization tools caught my eyes.
pt: Os seguintes pacotes para as ferramentas de conversão, edição e organização de dados gráficos CLI chamaram a minha atenção.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of graphics data tools (CLI)
pt: Lista de ferramentas de dados gráficos (CLI)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: image manipulation programs
pt: programas de manipulação de imagens

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: image manipulation programs (fork of <literal>imagemagick</literal>)
pt: programas de manipulação de imagens (fork do <literal>imagemagick</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: graphics conversion tools
pt: ferramentas de conversão de gráficos

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: convert <ulink url="&highefficiencyimgefileformatheif;">High Efficiency Image File Format (HEIF)</ulink> to JPEG, PNG, or Y4M formats with <literal>heif-convert</literal>(1) command
pt: converter <ulink url="&highefficiencyimgefileformatheif;">o formato de ficheiro de imagem de alta eficiência (HEIF)</ulink> para os formatos JPEG, PNG ou Y4M com o comando <literal>heif-convert</literal>(1)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: convert <ulink url="&mswindowsiconsanndfrompngformats;">MS Windows icons and cursors to and from PNG formats</ulink> (<ulink url="&faviconico;">favicon.ico</ulink>)
pt: converte <ulink url="&mswindowsiconsanndfrompngformats;">ícones e cursores do MS Windows de e para formatos PNG</ulink> (<ulink url="&faviconico;">favicon.ico</ulink>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: ps/pdf→image(vector)
pt: ps/pdf→imagem(vector)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: PostScript and PDF files to editable vector graphics converter (SVG)
pt: conversor de ficheiro PostScript e PDF para gráficos vectoriais editáveis (SVG)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Windows/image(vector)
pt: Windows/imagem(vector)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Windows metafile (vector graphics data) conversion tools
pt: ferramentas de conversão de meta-ficheiros do Windows (dados de gráficos vectoriais)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: convert XFig files to OpenOffice.org Draw format
pt: converte ficheiros XFig ao formato do OpenOffice.org Draw

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: image→image
pt: imagem→imagem

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: post-processing tool for scanned pages for <ulink url="&ocr;">OCR</ulink>
pt: ferramenta de pós-processamento para páginas digitalizadas em scanner para <ulink url="&ocr;">OCR</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: free <ulink url="&ocr;">OCR</ulink> software based on the HP's commercial OCR engine
pt: software livre de <ulink url="&ocr;">OCR</ulink> baseado no motor de OCR comercial da HP

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: OCR engine data: tesseract-ocr language files for English text
pt: Dados de motor OCR: ficheiros de linguagem tesseract-ocr para texto Inglês

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: command-line utility to show EXIF information in JPEG files
pt: utilitário de linha de comandos para mostrar informação EXIF nos ficheiros JPEG

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: EXIF/IPTC metadata manipulation tool
pt: ferramenta de manipulação de meta-dados EXIF/IPTC

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: transform digital camera jpeg images
pt: transformar imagens jpeg de câmaras digitais

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: utility to read Exif tags from a digital camera JPEG file
pt: utilitário para ler etiquetas Exif de ficheiros JPEG de câmaras digitais

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: read metadata from digital pictures
pt: ler meta-dados de imagens digitais

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: image(Raw)→ppm
pt: imagem(Raw)→ppm

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: decode raw digital camera images
pt: descodifica imagens cruas de câmaras digitais

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: find visually similar or duplicate images
pt: encontra imagens visualmente semelhantes ou duplicadas

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: merge images to increase fidelity or create mosaics
pt: junta imagens para aumentar a fidelidade ou criar mosaicos

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: image(Exif)→html
pt: imagem(Exif)→html

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: generate static HTML galleries from images
pt: gera galerias HTML estáticas a partir de imagens

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: universal <ulink url="&steganographic;">Steganographic</ulink> tool
pt: ferramenta de <ulink url="&steganographic;">Esteganografia</ulink> universal

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: optimize <ulink url="&jpeg;">JPEG</ulink> files
pt: otimize ficheiros <ulink url="&jpeg;">JPEG</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: optimize <ulink url="&png;">PNG</ulink> files, lossless compression
pt: otimize ficheiros <ulink url="&png;">PNG</ulink>, compressão sem perdas

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: optimize <ulink url="&png;">PNG</ulink> files, lossy compression
pt: otimize ficheiros <ulink url="&png;">PNG</ulink>, compressão com perdas

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Miscellaneous data conversion
pt: Conversão de dados variados

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: There are many other programs for converting data. Following packages caught my eyes using regex "<literal>~Guse::converting</literal>" in <literal>aptitude</literal>(8) (see <xref linkend="_search_method_options_with_aptitude"/>).
pt: Existem muitos outros programas para converter dados. Os pacotes seguintes chamaram a minha atenção a usar a expressão regular "<literal>~Guse::converting</literal>" no <literal>aptitude</literal>(8) (veja <xref linkend="_search_method_options_with_aptitude"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of miscellaneous data conversion tools
pt: Lista de ferramentas de conversão de dados variados

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: converter for the foreign package into the Debian package
pt: conversor para pacotes alienígenas num pacote Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: converter from "Electric Book" (popular in Japan) to a single <ulink url="&jisxeaib;">JIS X 4081</ulink> format (a subset of the <ulink url="&epwing;">EPWING</ulink> V1)
pt: conversor de "Electric Book" (popular no Japão) para um formato <ulink url="&jisxeaib;">JIS X 4081</ulink> único (um subconjunto de <ulink url="&epwing;">EPWING</ulink> V1)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: any→EPUB
pt: qualquer→EPUB

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: You can also extract data from RPM format with the following.
pt: Também pode extrair dados do formato RPM com o seguinte.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
en: Programming
pt: Programação

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
en: I provide some pointers for people to learn programming on the Debian system enough to trace the packaged source code.  Here are notable packages and corresponding documentation packages for programming.
pt: Disponibilizo algumas dicas para as pessoas aprenderem programação no sistema Debian o suficiente para rastrear o código fonte do pacote. Aqui estão pacotes notáveis e pacotes de documentação correspondentes para programação.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
en: Online references are available by typing "<literal>man name</literal>" after installing <literal>manpages</literal> and <literal>manpages-dev</literal> packages. Online references for the GNU tools are available by typing "<literal>info program_name</literal>" after installing the pertinent documentation packages.  You may need to include the <literal>contrib</literal> and <literal>non-free</literal> archives in addition to the <literal>main</literal> archive since some GFDL documentations are not considered to be DFSG compliant.
pt: Estão disponíveis referências online ao escrever "<literal>man nome</literal>" após instalar os pacotes <literal>manpages</literal> e <literal>manpages-dev</literal>. As referências online ás ferramentas GNU está disponíveis ao escrever "<literal>info nome_do_programa</literal>" após instalar os pacotes de documentação pertinentes. Poderá ter de incluir os arquivos <literal>contrib</literal> e <literal>non-free</literal> adicionalmente ao arquivo <literal>main</literal> pois algumas documentações GFDL não são consideradas compatíveis com DFSG.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
en: Please consider to use version control system tools.  See <xref linkend="_git"/>.
pt: Considere a possibilidade de utilizar ferramentas do sistema de controlo de versões.  Ver <xref linkend="_git"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><warning><para>
en: Do not use "<literal>test</literal>" as the name of an executable test file.  "<literal>test</literal>" is a shell builtin.
pt: Não use "<literal>test</literal>" como o nome de um ficheiro de teste executável. "<literal>test</literal>" é um comando embutido na shell.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><caution><para>
en: You should install software programs directly compiled from source into "<literal>/usr/local</literal>" or "<literal>/opt</literal>" to avoid collision with system programs.
pt: Deve instalar os programas compilados directamente a partir da fonte em "<literal>/usr/local</literal>" ou "<literal>/opt</literal>" para evitar colisões com os programas do sistema.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><tip><para>
en: <ulink url="&codeexamplesofcrgjjbottlesofbeer;">Code examples of creating "Song 99 Bottles of Beer"</ulink> should give you good ideas of practically all the programming languages.
pt: Os <ulink url="&codeexamplesofcrgjjbottlesofbeer;">Exemplos de código da criação de "Song 99 Bottles of Beer"</ulink> devem dar-lhe uma boa ideia de praticamente todas as linguagens de programação.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: The shell script
pt: O script de shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The <ulink url="&shellscript;">shell script</ulink> is a text file with the execution bit set and contains the commands in the following format.
pt: O <ulink url="&shellscript;">script de shell</ulink> é um ficheiro de texto com o bit de execução definido e contém os comandos no seguinte formato.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The first line specifies the shell interpreter which read and execute this file contents.
pt: A primeira linha especifica o interpretador shell que lê e executa o conteúdo deste ficheiro.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Reading shell scripts is the <emphasis role="strong">best</emphasis> way to understand how a Unix-like system works.  Here, I give some pointers and reminders for shell programming. See "Shell Mistakes" (<ulink url="&httpswwwgreenendkcaabaeshellhtml;">https://www.greenend.org.uk/rjk/2001/04/shell.html</ulink>) to learn from mistakes.
pt: Ler scripts de shell é a <emphasis role="strong">melhor</emphasis> maneira de compreender como um sistema tipo Unix funciona. Aqui, Dou alguns apontamentos e lembranças para programação de shell. Veja "Erros de Shell" (<ulink url="&httpswwwgreenendkcaabaeshellhtml;">https://www.greenend.org.uk/rjk/2001/04/shell.html</ulink>) para aprender a partir de erros.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Unlike shell interactive mode (see <xref linkend="_the_simple_shell_command"/> and <xref linkend="_unix_like_text_processing"/>), shell scripts frequently use parameters, conditionals, and loops.
pt: Ao contrário do modo interativo de shell (veja <xref linkend="_the_simple_shell_command"/> e <xref linkend="_unix_like_text_processing"/>), os scripts de shell usam frequentemente parâmetros, condicionais e ciclos.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: POSIX shell compatibility
pt: Compatibilidade da shell do POSIX

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Many system scripts may be interpreted by any one of <ulink url="&posix;">POSIX</ulink> shells (see <xref linkend="list-of-shell-programs"/>).
pt: Muitos scripts de sistema podem ser interpretados por qualquer uma das shells <ulink url="&posix;">POSIX</ulink> (ver <xref linkend="list-of-shell-programs"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The default non-interactive POSIX shell "<literal>/usr/bin/sh</literal>" is a symlink pointing to <literal>/usr/bin/dash</literal> and used by many system programs.
pt: A shell POSIX não-interactiva predefinida "<literal>/usr/bin/sh</literal>" é uma ligação simbólica que aponta para <literal>/usr/bin/dash</literal> e é utilizada por muitos programas de sistema.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The default interactive POSIX shell is <literal>/usr/bin/bash</literal>.
pt: A shell POSIX interactiva predefinida é <literal>/usr/bin/bash</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Avoid writing a shell script with <emphasis role="strong">bashisms</emphasis> or <emphasis role="strong">zshisms</emphasis> to make it portable among all POSIX shells.  You can check it using <literal>checkbashisms</literal>(1).
pt: Evite escrever um script de shell com <emphasis role="strong">bashisms</emphasis> ou <emphasis role="strong">zshisms</emphasis> para fazê-loportável entre todas as shells do POSIX. Pode verificar isto a usar o <literal>checkbashisms</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of typical bashisms
pt: Lista dos 'bashisms' típicos

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: Good: POSIX
pt: Bom: POSIX

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: Avoid: bashism
pt: Evitar: 'bashism'

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: octal format: "<literal>\377</literal>"
pt: formato octal: "<literal>\377</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: hexadecimal format: "<literal>\xff</literal>"
pt: formato hexadecimal: "<literal>\xff</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The "<literal>echo</literal>" command must be used with following cares since its implementation differs among shell builtin and external commands.
pt: O comando "<literal>echo</literal>" tem de ser usado com os seguintes cuidados porque a implementação dele difere entre o integrado na shell e os comandos externos.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Avoid using any command options except "<literal>-n</literal>".
pt: Evite usar quaisquer opções de comando excepto "<literal>-n</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Avoid using escape sequences in the string since their handling varies.
pt: Evite usar sequências de escape na cadeia porque o manuseamento dele varia.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: Although "<literal>-n</literal>" option is <emphasis role="strong">not</emphasis> really POSIX syntax, it is generally accepted.
pt: Apesar da opção "<literal>-n</literal>" <emphasis role="strong">não</emphasis> ser realmente sintaxe POSIX, geralmente é aceite.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Use the "<literal>printf</literal>" command instead of the "<literal>echo</literal>" command if you need to embed escape sequences in the output string.
pt: Use o comando "<literal>printf</literal>" em vez do comando "<literal>echo</literal>" se precisar de embeber sequências de escape na cadeia de saída.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Shell parameters
pt: Parâmetros da shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Special shell parameters are frequently used in the shell script.
pt: Parâmetros de shell especiais são frequentemente usados no script shell.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of shell parameters
pt: Lista de parâmetros da shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: shell parameter
pt: parâmetro da shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: name of the shell or shell script
pt: nome da shell ou script de shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: first (1st) shell argument
pt: primeiro(1) argumento shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: ninth (9th) shell argument
pt: nono(9) argumento shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: number of positional parameters
pt: quantidade de parâmetros de posição

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: exit status of the most recent command
pt: estado de saída do comando mais recente

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: PID of this shell script
pt: PID deste script shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: PID of most recently started background job
pt: PID da tarefa de fundo iniciada mais recentemente

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Basic <emphasis role="strong">parameter expansions</emphasis> to remember are as follows.
pt: As <emphasis role="strong">expansões de parâmetro</emphasis> básicas a lembrar são as seguintes.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of shell parameter expansions
pt: Lista de expansões de parâmetros de shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: parameter expression form
pt: formato da expressão do parâmetro

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: value if <literal>var</literal> is set
pt: valor se <literal>var</literal> estiver definido

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: value if <literal>var</literal> is not set
pt: valor se <literal>var</literal> não estiver definido

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>${var:-string}</literal>
pt: <literal>${var:-cadeia}</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: "<literal>string</literal>"
pt: "<literal>cadeia</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>${var:+string}</literal>
pt: <literal>${var:+cadeia}</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>${var:=string}</literal>
pt: <literal>${var:=cadeia}</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: "<literal>string</literal>" (and run "<literal>var=string</literal>")
pt: "<literal>cadeia</literal>" (e corra "<literal>var=cadeia</literal>")

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>${var:?string}</literal>
pt: <literal>${var:?cadeia}</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: echo "<literal>string</literal>" to <emphasis role="strong">stderr</emphasis> (and exit with error)
pt: echo "<literal>cadeia</literal>" para <emphasis role="strong">stderr</emphasis> (e termina com erro)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here, the colon "<literal>:</literal>" in all of these operators is actually optional.
pt: Aqui, o símbolo ortográfico dois pontos "<literal>:</literal>" em todas estas operações é na realidade opcional.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">with</emphasis> "<literal>:</literal>" = operator test for <emphasis role="strong">exist</emphasis> and <emphasis role="strong">not null</emphasis>
pt: <emphasis role="strong">com</emphasis> "<literal>:</literal>" = teste de operador para <emphasis role="strong">existe</emphasis> e <emphasis role="strong">não nulo</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">without</emphasis> "<literal>:</literal>" = operator test for <emphasis role="strong">exist</emphasis> only
pt: <emphasis role="strong">sem</emphasis> "<literal>:</literal>" = teste de operador para apenas <emphasis role="strong">existe</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of key shell parameter substitutions
pt: Lista de substituições de parâmetros de shell chave

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: parameter substitution form
pt: formato de substituição de parâmetro

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: result
pt: resultado

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: remove smallest suffix pattern
pt: remover o modelo de sufixo menor

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: remove largest suffix pattern
pt: remover o modelo de sufixo maior

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: remove smallest prefix pattern
pt: remover o modelo de prefixo menor

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: remove largest prefix pattern
pt: remover o modelo de prefixo maior

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Shell conditionals
pt: Condicionais da shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Each command returns an <emphasis role="strong">exit status</emphasis> which can be used for conditional expressions.
pt: Cada comando retorna um <emphasis role="strong">estado de saída</emphasis> que pode ser usado para expressões condicionais.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Success: 0 ("True")
pt: Sucesso: 0 ("True")

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Error: non 0 ("False")
pt: Erro: não 0 ("False")

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: "0" in the shell conditional context means "True", while "0" in the C conditional context means "False".
pt: "0" no contexto condicional da shell significa "Verdadeiro", enquanto "0" no contexto condicional de C significa "Falso".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: "<literal>[</literal>" is the equivalent of the <literal>test</literal> command, which evaluates its arguments up to "<literal>]</literal>" as a conditional expression.
pt: "<literal>[</literal>" é o equivalente do comando <literal>test</literal>, o qual avalia os seus argumentos até ao "<literal>]</literal>" como uma expressão condicional.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Basic <emphasis role="strong">conditional idioms</emphasis> to remember are the following.
pt: Os <emphasis role="strong">idiomas condicionais</emphasis> básicos a lembrar são os seguintes.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal><emphasis>command</emphasis> &amp;&amp; <emphasis>if_success_run_this_command_too</emphasis> || true</literal>"
pt: "<literal><emphasis>comando</emphasis> &amp;&amp; <emphasis>se_sucesso_corre_também_este_comando</emphasis> || true</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal><emphasis>command</emphasis> || <emphasis>if_not_success_run_this_command_too</emphasis> || true</literal>"
pt: "<literal><emphasis>comando</emphasis> || <emphasis>se_não_sucesso_corre_também_este_comando</emphasis> || true</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: A multi-line script snippet as the following
pt: Um fragmento de script de multi-linhas como o seguinte

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here trailing "<literal>|| true</literal>" was needed to ensure this shell script does not exit at this line accidentally when shell is invoked with "<literal>-e</literal>" flag.
pt: Aqui o "<literal>|| true</literal>" final foi necessário para assegurar que estes script de shell não termina acidentalmente nesta linha quando a shell é invocada com a flag "<literal>-e</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of file comparison operators in the conditional expression
pt: Lista de operadores de comparação de ficheiros na expressão condicional

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: equation
pt: equação

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: condition to return logical true
pt: condição para retornar o verdadeiro lógico

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>-e <emphasis>file</emphasis></literal>
pt: <literal>-e <emphasis>ficheiro</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <emphasis>file</emphasis> exists
pt: <emphasis>ficheiro</emphasis> existe

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>-d <emphasis>file</emphasis></literal>
pt: <literal>-d <emphasis>ficheiro</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <emphasis>file</emphasis> exists and is a directory
pt: <emphasis>ficheiro</emphasis> existe e é um diretório

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>-f <emphasis>file</emphasis></literal>
pt: <literal>-f <emphasis>ficheiro</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <emphasis>file</emphasis> exists and is a regular file
pt: <emphasis>ficheiro</emphasis> existe e é um ficheiro normal

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>-w <emphasis>file</emphasis></literal>
pt: <literal>-w <emphasis>ficheiro</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <emphasis>file</emphasis> exists and is writable
pt: <emphasis>ficheiro</emphasis> existe e pode-se escrever nele

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>-x <emphasis>file</emphasis></literal>
pt: <literal>-x <emphasis>ficheiro</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <emphasis>file</emphasis> exists and is executable
pt: <emphasis>ficheiro</emphasis> existe e é executável

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal><emphasis>file1</emphasis> -nt <emphasis>file2</emphasis></literal>
pt: <literal><emphasis>ficheiro1</emphasis> -nt <emphasis>ficheiro2</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <emphasis>file1</emphasis> is newer than <emphasis>file2</emphasis> (modification)
pt: <emphasis>ficheiro1</emphasis> é mais recente que <emphasis>ficheiro2</emphasis> (modificação)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal><emphasis>file1</emphasis> -ot <emphasis>file2</emphasis></literal>
pt: <literal><emphasis>ficheiro1</emphasis> -ot <emphasis>ficheiro2</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <emphasis>file1</emphasis> is older than <emphasis>file2</emphasis> (modification)
pt: <emphasis>ficheiro1</emphasis> é mais antigo que <emphasis>ficheiro2</emphasis> (modificação)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal><emphasis>file1</emphasis> -ef <emphasis>file2</emphasis></literal>
pt: <literal><emphasis>ficheiro1</emphasis> -ef <emphasis>ficheiro2</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <emphasis>file1</emphasis> and <emphasis>file2</emphasis> are on the same device and the same inode number
pt: <emphasis>ficheiro1</emphasis> e <emphasis>ficheiro2</emphasis> estão no mesmo aparelho e no mesmo número de inode

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of string comparison operators in the conditional expression
pt: Lista de operadores de comparação de cadeias na expressão condicional

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: the length of <emphasis>str</emphasis> is zero
pt: o comprimento de <emphasis>str</emphasis> é zero

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: the length of <emphasis>str</emphasis> is non-zero
pt: o comprimento de <emphasis>str</emphasis> não é zero

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <emphasis>str1</emphasis> and <emphasis>str2</emphasis> are equal
pt: <emphasis>str1</emphasis> and <emphasis>str2</emphasis> são iguais

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <emphasis>str1</emphasis> and <emphasis>str2</emphasis> are not equal
pt: <emphasis>str1</emphasis> and <emphasis>str2</emphasis> não são iguais

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <emphasis>str1</emphasis> sorts before <emphasis>str2</emphasis> (locale dependent)
pt: <emphasis>str1</emphasis> ordena antes de <emphasis>str2</emphasis> (dependente do locale)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <emphasis>str1</emphasis> sorts after <emphasis>str2</emphasis> (locale dependent)
pt: <emphasis>str1</emphasis> ordena após <emphasis>str2</emphasis> (dependente do locale)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">Arithmetic</emphasis> integer comparison operators in the conditional expression are "<literal>-eq</literal>", "<literal>-ne</literal>", "<literal>-lt</literal>", "<literal>-le</literal>", "<literal>-gt</literal>", and "<literal>-ge</literal>".
pt: Os operadores de comparação <emphasis role="strong">Aritmética</emphasis> de inteiros na expressão regular são "<literal>-eq</literal>", "<literal>-ne</literal>", "<literal>-lt</literal>", "<literal>-le</literal>", "<literal>-gt</literal>" e "<literal>-ge</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Shell loops
pt: Ciclos (loops) da shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There are several loop idioms to use in POSIX shell.
pt: Existem vários idiomas de ciclo para usar na shell POSIX.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>for x in foo1 foo2 … ; do command ; done</literal>" loops by assigning items from the list "<literal>foo1 foo2 …</literal>" to variable "<literal>x</literal>" and executing "<literal>command</literal>".
pt: "<literal>for x in foo1 foo2 … ; do command ; done</literal>" faz ciclos ao atribuir itens da lista "<literal>foo1 foo2 …</literal>" à variável "<literal>x</literal>" e a executar o "<literal>comando</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>while condition ; do command ; done</literal>" repeats "<literal>command</literal>" while "<literal>condition</literal>" is true.
pt: "<literal>while condition ; do command ; done</literal>" repete o "<literal>comando</literal>" enquanto a "<literal>condição</literal>" for verdadeira.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>until condition ; do command ; done</literal>" repeats "<literal>command</literal>" while "<literal>condition</literal>" is not true.
pt: "<literal>until condition ; do command ; done</literal>" repete o "<literal>comando</literal>" enquanto a "<literal>condição</literal>" não for verdadeira.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>break</literal>" enables to exit from the loop.
pt: "<literal>break</literal>" permite sair do ciclo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>continue</literal>" enables to resume the next iteration of the loop.
pt: "<literal>continue</literal>" permite resumir a próxima interacção do ciclo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: The <ulink url="&c;">C</ulink>-language like numeric iteration can be realized by using <literal>seq</literal>(1) as the "<literal>foo1 foo2 …</literal>" generator.
pt: A interacção numérica tipo linguagem <ulink url="&c;">C</ulink> pode ser realizada a usar <literal>seq</literal>(1) como o gerador de "<literal>foo1 foo2 …</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: See <xref linkend="_repeating_a_command_looping_over_files"/>.
pt: Veja <xref linkend="_repeating_a_command_looping_over_files"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Shell environment variables
pt: Variáveis de ambiente do shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Some popular environment variables for the normal shell command prompt may not be available under the execution environment of your script.
pt: Algumas variáveis de ambiente populares para a linha de comandos normal da shell podem não estar disponíveis no ambiente de execução do seu script.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: For "<literal>$USER</literal>", use "<literal>$(id -un)</literal>"
pt: Para "<literal>$USER</literal>", use "<literal>$(id -un)</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: For "<literal>$UID</literal>", use "<literal>$(id -u)</literal>"
pt: Para "<literal>$UID</literal>", use "<literal>$(id -u)</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: For "<literal>$HOME</literal>", use "<literal>$(getent passwd "$(id -u)"|cut -d ":" -f 6)</literal>" (this works also on <xref linkend="_the_modern_centralized_system_management"/>)
pt: Para "<literal>$HOME</literal>", use "<literal>$(getent passwd "$(id -u)"|cut -d ":" -f 6)</literal>" (isto também funciona em <xref linkend="_the_modern_centralized_system_management"/>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The shell command-line processing sequence
pt: A sequência de processamento da linha de comandos da shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The shell processes a script roughly as the following sequence.
pt: A shell processa um script rudemente como a seguinte sequência.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The shell reads a line.
pt: A shell lê uma linha.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The shell groups a part of the line as <emphasis role="strong">one token</emphasis> if it is within <literal>"…"</literal> or <literal>'…'</literal>.
pt: A shell agrupa uma parte de uma linha como <emphasis role="strong">um testemunho</emphasis> se estiver dentro de <literal>"…"</literal> ou <literal>'…'</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The shell splits other part of a line into <emphasis role="strong">tokens</emphasis> by the following.
pt: A shell divide a outra parte de uma linha em <emphasis role="strong">testemunhos</emphasis> como o seguinte.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Whitespaces: <literal><emphasis>space</emphasis> <emphasis>tab</emphasis> <emphasis>newline</emphasis></literal>
pt: Espaços em branco: <literal><emphasis>espaço</emphasis> <emphasis>tab</emphasis> <emphasis>nova-linha</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Metacharacters: <literal>&lt; &gt; | ; &amp; ( )</literal>
pt: Meta-caracteres: <literal>&lt; &gt; | ; &amp; ( )</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The shell checks the <emphasis role="strong">reserved word</emphasis> for each token to adjust its behavior if not within <literal>"…"</literal> or <literal>'…'</literal>.
pt: A shell verifica a <emphasis role="strong">palavra reservada</emphasis> para cada testemunho para ajustar o comportamento dele se não dentro de <literal>"…"</literal> ou <literal>'…'</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">reserved word</emphasis>: <literal>if then elif else fi for in while unless do done case esac</literal>
pt: <emphasis role="strong">palavra reservada</emphasis>: <literal>if then elif else fi for in while unless do done case esac</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The shell expands <emphasis role="strong">alias</emphasis> if not within <literal>"…"</literal> or <literal>'…'</literal>.
pt: A shell expande o <emphasis role="strong">alias</emphasis> se não estiver dentro de <literal>"…"</literal> ou <literal>'…'</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The shell expands <emphasis role="strong">tilde</emphasis> if not within <literal>"…"</literal> or <literal>'…'</literal>.
pt: A shell expande o <emphasis role="strong">til</emphasis> se não dentro de <literal>"…"</literal> ou <literal>'…'</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>~</literal>" → current user's home directory
pt: "<literal>~</literal>" → diretório home do utilizador atual

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>~<emphasis>user</emphasis></literal>" → <literal><emphasis>user</emphasis></literal>'s home directory
pt: "<literal>~<emphasis>utilizador</emphasis></literal>" → diretório home do <literal><emphasis>utilizador</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The shell expands <emphasis role="strong">parameter</emphasis> to its value if not within <literal>'…'</literal>.
pt: A shell expande o <emphasis role="strong">parâmetro</emphasis> ao seu valor se não dentro de <literal>'…'</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">parameter</emphasis>: "<literal>$PARAMETER</literal>" or "<literal>${PARAMETER}</literal>"
pt: <emphasis role="strong">parâmetro</emphasis>: "<literal>$PARAMETER</literal>" ou "<literal>${PARAMETER}</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The shell expands <emphasis role="strong">command substitution</emphasis> if not within <literal>'…'</literal>.
pt: A shell expande a <emphasis role="strong">substituição do comando</emphasis> se não dentro de <literal>'…'</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>$( command )</literal>" → the output of "<literal>command</literal>"
pt: "<literal>$( comando )</literal>" → o resultado do "<literal>comando</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>` command `</literal>" → the output of "<literal>command</literal>"
pt: "<literal>` comando `</literal>" → o resultado do "<literal>comando</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The shell expands <emphasis role="strong">pathname glob</emphasis> to matching file names if not within <literal>"…"</literal> or <literal>'…'</literal>.
pt: A shell expande o <emphasis role="strong">glob nome_de-caminho</emphasis> aos nomes de ficheiros correspondentes se não dentro de <literal>"…"</literal> ou <literal>'…'</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>*</literal> → any characters
pt: <literal>*</literal> → quaisquer caracteres

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>?</literal> → one character
pt: <literal>?</literal> → um caractere

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>[…]</literal> → any one of the characters in "<literal>…</literal>"
pt: <literal>[…]</literal> → qualquer um dos caracteres em "<literal>…</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The shell looks up <emphasis role="strong">command</emphasis> from the following and execute it.
pt: A shell procura o <emphasis role="strong">comando</emphasis> a partir do seguinte e executa-o.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">function</emphasis> definition
pt: definição de <emphasis role="strong">função</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">builtin</emphasis> command
pt: comando <emphasis role="strong">builtin</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">executable file</emphasis> in "<literal>$PATH</literal>"
pt: <emphasis role="strong">ficheiro executável</emphasis> em "<literal>$PATH</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The shell goes to the next line and repeats this process again from the top of this sequence.
pt: A shell vai à próxima linha e repete este processo outra vez a partir do topo desta sequência.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Single quotes within double quotes have no effect.
pt: Citações singulares (') dentro de aspas não têm efeito.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Executing "<literal>set -x</literal>" in the shell or invoking the shell with "<literal>-x</literal>" option make the shell to print all of commands executed.  This is quite handy for debugging.
pt: Executar "<literal>set -x</literal>" na shell ou invocar a shell com a opção "<literal>-x</literal>" faz a shell escrever todos os comandos executados. Isto é muito útil para depuração.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Utility programs for shell script
pt: Programas utilitários para script de shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: In order to make your shell program as portable as possible across Debian systems, it is a good idea to limit utility programs to ones provided by <emphasis role="strong">essential</emphasis> packages.
pt: De modo a tornar o seu programa de shell o mais portável possível entre os sistemas Debian, é uma boa ideia limitar os programas utilitários àqueles disponibilizados pelos pacotes <emphasis role="strong">essenciais</emphasis>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>aptitude search ~E</literal>" lists <emphasis role="strong">essential</emphasis> packages.
pt: "<literal>aptitude search ~E</literal>" lista os pacotes <emphasis role="strong">essenciais</emphasis>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>dpkg -L <emphasis>package_name</emphasis> |grep '/man/man.*/'</literal>" lists manpages for commands offered by <literal><emphasis>package_name</emphasis></literal> package.
pt: "<literal>dpkg -L <emphasis>nome_do-pacote</emphasis> |grep '/man/man.*/'</literal>" lista as manpages (manuais) para comandos oferecidos pelo pacote <literal><emphasis>nome_do_pacote</emphasis></literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of packages containing small utility programs for shell scripts
pt: Lista de pacotes que contém programas utilitários pequenos para scripts de shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: small and fast POSIX-compliant shell for <literal>sh</literal>
pt: shell pequeno e rápido compatível com POSIX para <literal>sh</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: GNU core utilities
pt: utilitários de núcleo GNU

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: GNU <literal>grep</literal>, <literal>egrep</literal> and <literal>fgrep</literal>
pt: GNU <literal>grep</literal>, <literal>egrep</literal> e <literal>fgrep</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: small and fast <literal>awk</literal>
pt: <literal>awk</literal> pequeno e rápido

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: miscellaneous utilities specific to Debian
pt: utilitários variados específicos do Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: basic utilities from 4.4BSD-Lite
pt: utilitários básicos do 4.4BSD-Lite

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: extra utilities from 4.4BSD-Lite
pt: utilitários extras do 4.4BSD-Lite

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: additional Unix utilities
pt: utilitários Unix adicionais

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Although <literal>moreutils</literal> may not exist outside of Debian, it offers interesting small programs.  Most notable one is <literal>sponge</literal>(8) which is quite useful when you wish to overwrite original file.
pt: Apesar de <literal>moreutils</literal> poder não existir fora de Debian, oferece pequenos programas interessantes. O mais notável é o <literal>sponge</literal>(8) que é bastante útil quando desejar sobrescrever o ficheiro original.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See <xref linkend="_unix_like_text_processing"/> for examples.
pt: Ver <xref linkend="_unix_like_text_processing"/> exemplos.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Scripting in interpreted languages
pt: Programação em linguagens interpretadas

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of interpreter related packages
pt: Lista de pacotes relacionados com o interpretador

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: documentation
pt: documentação

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&sh;">sh</ulink>: small and fast POSIX-compliant shell for <literal>sh</literal>
pt: <ulink url="&sh;">sh</ulink>: shell pequena e rápida compatível com POSIX para <literal>sh</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&sh;">sh</ulink>: "<literal>info bash</literal>" provided by <literal>bash-doc</literal>
pt: <ulink url="&sh;">sh</ulink>: "<literal>info bash</literal>" fornecido por <literal>bash-doc</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&awk;">AWK</ulink>: small and fast <literal>awk</literal>
pt: <ulink url="&awk;">AWK</ulink>: <literal>awk</literal> pequeno e rápido

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&awk;">AWK</ulink>: "<literal>info gawk</literal>" provided by <literal>gawk-doc</literal>
pt: <ulink url="&awk;">AWK</ulink>: "<literal>info gawk</literal>" proporcionado por <literal>gawk-doc</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&perl;">Perl</ulink>: <literal>perl</literal>(1) and html pages provided by <literal>perl-doc</literal> and <literal>perl-doc-html</literal>
pt: <ulink url="&perl;">Perl</ulink>: <literal>perl</literal>(1) e páginas html fornecidas por <literal>perl-doc</literal> e <literal>perl-doc-html</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Perl extension for the GNU ReadLine/History Library: <literal>perlsh</literal>(1)
pt: Extensão Perl para a Biblioteca GNU ReadLine/History: <literal>perlsh</literal>(1)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: REPL for Perl: <literal>reply</literal>(1)
pt: REPL para Perl: <literal>reply</literal>(1)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: REPL for Perl: <literal>re.pl</literal>(1)
pt: REPL para Perl: <literal>re.pl</literal>(1)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&python;">Python</ulink>: <literal>python3</literal>(1) and html pages provided by <literal>python3-doc</literal>
pt: <ulink url="&python;">Python</ulink>: <literal>python3</literal>(1) e páginas html fornecidas por <literal>python3-doc</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&tcl;">Tcl</ulink>: <literal>tcl</literal>(3) and detail manual pages provided by <literal>tcl-doc</literal>
pt: <ulink url="&tcl;">Tcl</ulink>: <literal>tcl</literal>(3) e páginas de manual detalhadas fornecidas por <literal>tcl-doc</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&tk;">Tk</ulink>: <literal>tk</literal>(3) and detail manual pages provided by <literal>tk-doc</literal>
pt: <ulink url="&tk;">Tk</ulink>: <literal>tk</literal>(3) e páginas de manual detalhadas fornecidas por <literal>tk-doc</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: When you wish to automate a task on Debian, you should script it with an interpreted language first.  The guide line for the choice of the interpreted language is:
pt: Quando deseja automatizar uma tarefa em Debian, deve primeiro fazer o script com uma linguagem interpretada.  A linha de orientação para a escolha da linguagem interpretada é:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Use <literal>dash</literal>, if the task is a simple one which combines CLI programs with a shell program.
pt: Utilize <literal>dash</literal>, se a tarefa for simples e combinar programas CLI com um programa shell.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Use <literal>python3</literal>, if the task isn't a simple one and you are writing it from scratch.
pt: Utilize <literal>python3</literal>, se a tarefa não for simples e se a estiver a escrever de raiz.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Use <literal>perl</literal>, <literal>tcl</literal>, <literal>ruby</literal>, ... if there is an existing code using one of these languages on Debian which needs to be touched up to do the task.
pt: Use <literal>perl</literal>, <literal>tcl</literal>, <literal>ruby</literal>, ... se houver um código existente usando uma dessas linguagens no Debian que precisa ser retocado para fazer a tarefa.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: If the resulting code is too slow, you can rewrite only the critical portion for the execution speed in a compiled language and call it from the interpreted language.
pt: Se o código resultante for demasiado lento, pode reescrever apenas a parte crítica para a velocidade de execução numa linguagem compilada e chamá-la a partir da linguagem interpretada.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Debugging interpreted language codes
pt: Depuração de códigos de linguagem interpretada

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Most interpreters offer basic syntax check and code tracing functionalities.
pt: A maioria dos intérpretes oferece funcionalidades básicas de verificação da sintaxe e de rastreio do código.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: “<emphasis role="strong">dash -n</emphasis> <emphasis>script.sh</emphasis>” - Syntax check of a Shell script
pt: "<emphasis role="strong">dash -n</emphasis> <emphasis>script.sh</emphasis>" - Verificação da sintaxe de um script Shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: “<emphasis role="strong">dash -x</emphasis> <emphasis>script.sh</emphasis>” - Trace a Shell script
pt: "<emphasis role="strong">dash -x</emphasis> <emphasis>script.sh</emphasis>" - Rastreia um script de shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: “<emphasis role="strong">python -m py_compile</emphasis> <emphasis>script.py</emphasis>” - Syntax check of a Python script
pt: "<emphasis role="strong">python -m py_compile</emphasis> <emphasis>script.py</emphasis>" - Verificação da sintaxe de um script Python

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: “<emphasis role="strong">python -mtrace --trace</emphasis> <emphasis>script.py</emphasis>” - Trace a Python script
pt: <emphasis role="strong">"python -mtrace --trace</emphasis> <emphasis>script.py</emphasis>" - Rastreia um script Python

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: “<emphasis role="strong">perl -I ../libpath -c</emphasis> <emphasis>script.pl</emphasis>” - Syntax check of a Perl script
pt: "<emphasis role="strong">perl -I ../libpath -c</emphasis> <emphasis>script.pl</emphasis>" - Verificação da sintaxe de um script Perl

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: “<emphasis role="strong">perl -d:Trace</emphasis> <emphasis>script.pl</emphasis>” - Trace a Perl script
pt: "<emphasis role="strong">perl -d:Trace</emphasis> <emphasis>script.pl</emphasis>" - Traça um script Perl

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For testing code for <literal>dash</literal>, try <xref linkend="_readline_wrapper"/> which accommodates <literal>bash</literal>-like interactive environment.
pt: Para testar o código para <literal>dash</literal>, tente <xref linkend="_readline_wrapper"/> o que acomoda o ambiente interativo semelhante ao <literal>bash</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For testing code for <literal>perl</literal>, try REPL environment for Perl which accommodates <ulink url="&python;">Python</ulink>-like <ulink url="&replreadevalprintloop;">REPL (=READ + EVAL + PRINT + LOOP)</ulink> environment for <ulink url="&perl;">Perl</ulink>.
pt: Para testar código para <literal>perl</literal>, tente o ambiente REPL para Perl que acomoda o ambiente <ulink url="&replreadevalprintloop;">REPL (=READ + EVAL + PRINT + LOOP)</ulink> semelhante ao <ulink url="&python;">Python</ulink> para <ulink url="&perl;">Perl</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: GUI program with the shell script
pt: Programa GUI com o script de shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The shell script can be improved to create an attractive GUI program.  The trick is to use one of so-called dialog programs instead of dull interaction using <literal>echo</literal> and <literal>read</literal> commands.
pt: O script shell pode ser melhorado para criar um programa GUI atrativo.  O truque é usar um dos chamados programas de diálogo em vez de uma interação monótona usando comandos <literal>echo</literal> e <literal>read</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of dialog programs
pt: Lista de programas de diálogo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>xmessage</literal>(1): display a message or query in a window (X)
pt: <literal>xmessage</literal>(1): mostra uma mensagem ou questão numa janela (X)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: displays user-friendly dialog boxes from shell scripts (newt)
pt: mostra caixas de diálogo amigas do utilizador a partir de scripts de shell (newt)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: displays user-friendly dialog boxes from shell scripts (ncurses)
pt: mostra caixas de diálogo amigas do utilizador a partir de scripts de shell (ncurses)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display graphical dialog boxes from shell scripts (GTK)
pt: exibir caixas de diálogo gráficas a partir de scripts de shell (GTK)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Shell Scripts Frontend Tool (wrapper for zenity, kdialog, and dialog with gettext)
pt: Ferramenta Frontend de Scripts de Shell (revestimento para o zenity, kdialog e dialog com o gettext)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: "<literal>/usr/bin/gettext.sh</literal>": translate message
pt: "<literal>/usr/bin/gettext.sh</literal>": traduz mensagem

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here is an example of GUI program to demonstrate how easy it is just with a shell script.
pt: Aqui está um exemplo de um programa GUI para demonstrar como é fácil apenas com um script de shell.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This script uses <literal>zenity</literal> to select a file (default <literal>/etc/motd</literal>) and display it.
pt: Este script usa <literal>zenity</literal> para selecionar um ficheiro (por defeito <literal>/etc/motd</literal>) e mostrá-lo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: GUI launcher for this script can be created following <xref linkend="_starting_a_program_from_gui"/>.
pt: O lançador GUI para este script pode ser criado da seguinte forma <xref linkend="_starting_a_program_from_gui"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This kind of approach to GUI program with the shell script is useful only for simple choice cases.  If you are to write any program with complexities, please consider writing it on more capable platform.
pt: Este tipo de abordagem ao programa GUI com o script de shell é útil apenas para casos de escolha simples.  Se for escrever qualquer programa com complexidades, por favor considere escrevê-lo numa plataforma mais capaz.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Custom actions for GUI filer
pt: Ações personalizadas para o arquivador GUI

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: GUI filer programs can be extended to perform some popular actions on selected files using additional extension packages.  They can also made to perform very specific custom actions by adding your specific scripts.
pt: Os programas de arquivamento GUI podem ser alargados para executar algumas ações populares em ficheiros selecionados utilizando pacotes de extensão adicionais.  Também podem ser feitos para executar ações personalizadas muito específicas, adicionando os seus scripts específicos.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: For GNOME, see <ulink url="&nautilusscriptshowto;">NautilusScriptsHowto</ulink>.
pt: Para o GNOME, consulte <ulink url="&nautilusscriptshowto;">NautilusScriptsHowto</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: For KDE, see <ulink url="&creatingdolphinservicemenus;">Creating Dolphin Service Menus</ulink>.
pt: Para o KDE, veja <ulink url="&creatingdolphinservicemenus;">Criando menus de serviço do Dolphin</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: For Xfce, see <ulink url="&thunarcustomactions;">Thunar - Custom Actions</ulink> and <ulink url="&httpshelpubuntucnarcustomactions;">https://help.ubuntu.com/community/ThunarCustomActions</ulink>.
pt: Para o Xfce, consulte <ulink url="&thunarcustomactions;">Thunar - Acções personalizadas</ulink> e <ulink url="&httpshelpubuntucnarcustomactions;">https://help.ubuntu.com/community/ThunarCustomActions</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: For LXDE, see <ulink url="&customactions;">Custom Actions</ulink>.
pt: Para LXDE, consulte <ulink url="&customactions;">Ações personalizadas</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Perl short script madness
pt: A loucura dos scripts curtos de Perl

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: In order to process data, <literal>sh</literal> needs to spawn sub-process running <literal>cut</literal>, <literal>grep</literal>, <literal>sed</literal>, etc., and is slow.  On the other hand, <literal>perl</literal> has internal capabilities to process data, and is fast.  So many system maintenance scripts on Debian use <literal>perl</literal>.
pt: Para processar dados, <literal>sh</literal> precisa gerar sub-processos executando <literal>cut</literal>, <literal>grep</literal>, <literal>sed</literal>, etc., e é lento.  Por outro lado, o <literal>perl</literal> tem capacidades internas para processar dados, e é rápido.  Por isso muitos scripts de manutenção do sistema na Debian usam <literal>perl</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Let's think following one-liner AWK script snippet and its equivalents in Perl.
pt: Vamos pensar no seguinte trecho de script AWK de uma linha e seus equivalentes em Perl.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This is equivalent to any one of the following lines.
pt: Isto é equivalente a qualquer uma das seguintes linhas.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The last one is a riddle.  It took advantage of following Perl features.
pt: Este último é um enigma. Aproveitei-me das seguintes funcionalidades do Perl.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The whitespace is optional.
pt: O espaço em branco é opcional.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The automatic conversion exists from number to the string.
pt: Existe a conversão automática de números para cadeia.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Perl execution tricks via command line options: <literal>perlrun</literal>(1)
pt: Truques de execução do Perl através de opções de linha de comando: <literal>perlrun</literal>(1)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Perl special variables: <literal>perlvar</literal>(1)
pt: Variáveis especiais do Perl: <literal>perlvar</literal>(1)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This flexibility is the strength of Perl.  At the same time, this allows us to create cryptic and tangled codes.  So be careful.
pt: Esta flexibilidade é o ponto forte do Perl.  Ao mesmo tempo, isto permite-nos criar códigos crípticos e emaranhados.  Por isso, é preciso ter cuidado.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Coding in compiled languages
pt: Codificação em linguagens compiladas

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of compiler related packages
pt: Lista de pacotes relacionados com o compilador

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: GNU C compiler
pt: Compilador GNU C

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: GNU C Library: Development Libraries and Header Files
pt: Biblioteca GNU C: Bibliotecas de desenvolvimento e ficheiros de cabeçalho

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: GNU C++ compiler
pt: Compilador GNU C++

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: GNU Standard C++ Library v3 (development files)
pt: GNU Standard C++ Library v3 (ficheiros de desenvolvimento)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: GNU C preprocessor
pt: Pré-processador GNU C

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: GNU Internationalization utilities
pt: Utilitários de internacionalização GNU

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: GTK User Interface Builder
pt: Construtor de interfaces de utilizador GTK

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: C# like language for the GObject system
pt: Linguagem semelhante ao C# para o sistema GObject

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&lex;">LEX</ulink>-compatible <ulink url="&fastlexicalanalyzergenerator;">fast lexical analyzer generator</ulink>
pt: <ulink url="&fastlexicalanalyzergenerator;">Gerador de analisador léxico rápido</ulink> compatível com <ulink url="&lex;">LEX</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&yacc;">YACC</ulink>-compatible <ulink url="&parsergenerator;">parser generator</ulink>
pt: <ulink url="&yacc;">YACC</ulink>-compatible <ulink url="&parsergenerator;">gerador de análise</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: fetch "<ulink url="&thesingleunixspecificationsvc;">The Single UNIX Specifications v2</ulink>"
pt: buscar "<ulink url="&thesingleunixspecificationsvc;">The Single UNIX Specifications v2</ulink>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: fetch "<ulink url="&thesingleunixspecificationsvd;">The Single UNIX Specifications v3</ulink>"
pt: buscar "<ulink url="&thesingleunixspecificationsvd;">The Single UNIX Specifications v3</ulink>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: fetch "<ulink url="&thesingleunixspecificationsve;">The Single UNIX Specifications v4</ulink>"
pt: baixar "<ulink url="&thesingleunixspecificationsve;">As especificações únicas UNIX v4</ulink>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Go programming language compiler
pt: Compilador de linguagem de programação Go

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Rust systems programming language
pt: Linguagem de programação de sistemas Rust

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: GNU Fortran 95 compiler
pt: Compilador GNU Fortran 95

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Free Pascal
pt: Pascal livre

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Here, <xref linkend="_flex_a_better_lex"/> and <xref linkend="_bison_a_better_yacc"/> are included to indicate how compiler-like program can be written in C language by compiling higher level description into C language.
pt: Aqui, <xref linkend="_flex_a_better_lex"/> e <xref linkend="_bison_a_better_yacc"/> são incluídos para indicar como um programa semelhante a um compilador pode ser escrito em linguagem C, compilando uma descrição de nível superior em linguagem C.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can set up proper environment to compile programs written in the <ulink url="&cprogramminglanguage;">C programming language</ulink> by the following.
pt: Pode configurar um ambiente apropriado para compilar programas escritos na <ulink url="&cprogramminglanguage;">linguagem de programação C</ulink> com o seguinte.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <literal>libc6-dev</literal> package, i.e., GNU C Library, provides <ulink url="&cstandardlibrary;">C standard library</ulink> which is collection of header files and library routines used by the C programming language.
pt: O pacote <literal>libc6-dev</literal>, isto é, a biblioteca C GNU, disponibiliza uma <ulink url="&cstandardlibrary;">biblioteca standard C</ulink> a qual é uma colecção de ficheiros cabeçalho e rotinas de biblioteca usadas pela linguagem de programação C.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See references for C as the following.
pt: Veja referências para C nos seguintes.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>info libc</literal>" (C library function reference)
pt: "<literal>info libc</literal>" (Referência de funções da biblioteca C)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>gcc</literal>(1) and "<literal>info gcc</literal>"
pt: <literal>gcc</literal>(1) e "<literal>info gcc</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>each_C_library_function_name</literal>(3)
pt: <literal>cada-nome_de_função_da_biblioteca_C</literal>(3)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Kernighan &amp; Ritchie, "The C Programming Language", 2nd edition (Prentice Hall)
pt: Kernighan &amp; Ritchie, "A Linguagem de Programação C", 2ª edição (Prentice Hall)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Simple C program (gcc)
pt: Programa C simples (gcc)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: A simple example "<literal>example.c</literal>" can compiled with a library "<literal>libm</literal>" into an executable "<literal>run_example</literal>" by the following.
pt: Um simples exemplo, "<literal>example.c</literal>" pode ser compilado com uma biblioteca "<literal>libm</literal>" num executável "<literal>run_example</literal>" com o seguinte.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here, "<literal>-lm</literal>" is needed to link library "<literal>/usr/lib/libm.so</literal>" from the <literal>libc6</literal> package for <literal>sqrt</literal>(3).  The actual library is in "<literal>/lib/</literal>" with filename "<literal>libm.so.6</literal>", which is a symlink to "<literal>libm-2.7.so</literal>".
pt: Aqui, o "<literal>-lm</literal>" é necessário para ligar a biblioteca "<literal>/usr/lib/libm.so</literal>" do pacote <literal>libc6</literal> para o <literal>sqrt</literal>(3). A biblioteca real está em "<literal>/lib/</literal>" com o nome de ficheiro "<literal>libm.so.6</literal>", o qual é uma ligação simbólica para "<literal>libm-2.7.so</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Look at the last parameter in the output text.  There are more than 10 characters even though "<literal>%10s</literal>" is specified.
pt: Olhe ao último parâmetro no texto resultante. Existem mais de 10 caracteres mesmo com "<literal>%10s</literal>" especificado.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The use of pointer memory operation functions without boundary checks, such as <literal>sprintf</literal>(3) and <literal>strcpy</literal>(3), is deprecated to prevent buffer overflow exploits that leverage the above overrun effects.  Instead, use <literal>snprintf</literal>(3) and <literal>strncpy</literal>(3).
pt: O uso de funções de operação de memória de ponteiro sem verificações de limites como em <literal>sprintf</literal>(3) e <literal>strcpy</literal>(3), está descontinuado para prevenir exploits de sobrelotação do buffer que influenciam os efeitos de transbordo em cima. Em vez disso, use <literal>snprintf</literal>(3) e <literal>strncpy</literal>(3).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Flex — a better Lex
pt: Flex — um Lex melhor

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <ulink url="&flex;">Flex</ulink> is a <ulink url="&lex;">Lex</ulink>-compatible fast <ulink url="&lexicalanalyzer;">lexical analyzer</ulink> generator.
pt: O <ulink url="&flex;">Flex</ulink> é um gerador rápido de <ulink url="&lexicalanalyzer;">análise léxica</ulink> compatível com o <ulink url="&lex;">Lex</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Tutorial for <literal>flex</literal>(1) can be found in "<literal>info flex</literal>".
pt: O tutorial do <literal>flex</literal>(1) encontra-se em "<literal>info flex</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
en: Some <ulink url="&tweaks;">tweaks</ulink> may be required to get them work under the current system.
pt: Poderão ser necessárias algumas <ulink url="&tweaks;">adaptações</ulink> para que funcionem com o sistema atual.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Many simple examples can be found under "<literal>/usr/share/doc/flex/examples/</literal>".  <placeholder type="footnote" id="0"/>
pt: Muitos exemplos simples podem ser encontrados em "<literal>/usr/share/doc/flex/examples/</literal>".  <placeholder type="footnote" id="0"/>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Bison — a better Yacc
pt: Bison — um Yacc melhor

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Several packages provide a <ulink url="&yacc;">Yacc</ulink>-compatible lookahead <ulink url="&lrparser;">LR parser</ulink> or <ulink url="&lalrparser;">LALR parser</ulink> generator in Debian.
pt: Vários pacotes disponibilizam um gerador <ulink url="&lrparser;">LR parser</ulink> ou <ulink url="&lalrparser;">LALR parser</ulink> compatível em frente com o <ulink url="&yacc;">Yacc</ulink> em Debian.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of Yacc-compatible LALR parser generators
pt: Lista de geradores de análise LALR compatíveis com Yacc

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&gnulalrparsergenerator;">GNU LALR parser generator</ulink>
pt: <ulink url="&gnulalrparsergenerator;">gerador de análise GNU LALR</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Berkeley LALR parser generator
pt: Gerador de análise Berkeley LALR

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: backtracking parser generator based on <literal>byacc</literal>
pt: gerador de análises de retrocesso baseado no <literal>byacc</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Tutorial for <literal>bison</literal>(1) can be found in "<literal>info bison</literal>".
pt: O tutorial para o <literal>bison</literal>(1) encontra-se em "<literal>info bison</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You need to provide your own "<literal>main()</literal>" and "<literal>yyerror()</literal>".  "<literal>main()</literal>" calls "<literal>yyparse()</literal>" which calls "<literal>yylex()</literal>", usually created with Flex.
pt: Tem de disponibilizar as suas próprias chamadas "<literal>main()</literal>" e "<literal>yyerror()</literal>". "<literal>main()</literal>" chama "<literal>yyparse()</literal>" que chama "<literal>yylex()</literal>", geralmente criada com Flex.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here is an example to create a simple terminal calculator program.
pt: Aqui está um exemplo para criar um programa simples de calculadora de terminal.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Let's create <literal>example.y</literal>:
pt: Vamos criar <literal>example.y</literal>:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Let's create, <literal>example.l</literal>:
pt: Vamos criar, <literal>example.l</literal>:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Then execute as follows from the shell prompt to try this:
pt: Em seguida, execute o seguinte a partir do prompt do shell para tentar isso:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Static code analysis tools
pt: Ferramentas de análise de código estático

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: <ulink url="&lint;">Lint</ulink> like tools can help automatic <ulink url="&staticcodeanalysis;">static code analysis</ulink>.
pt: As ferramentas do tipo <ulink url="&lint;">Lint</ulink> podem ajudar automaticamente a <ulink url="&staticcodeanalysis;">análise de código estático</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: <ulink url="&indent;">Indent</ulink> like tools can help human code reviews by reformatting source codes consistently.
pt: As ferramentas do tipo <ulink url="&indent;">indentação</ulink> podem ajudar as revisões de código humano, reformatando os códigos-fonte de forma consistente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: <ulink url="&ctags;">Ctags</ulink> like tools can help human code reviews by generating an index (or tag) file of names found in source codes.
pt: As ferramentas do tipo <ulink url="&ctags;">Ctags</ulink> podem ajudar nas revisões humanas de código, gerando um ficheiro de índice (ou tag) de nomes encontrados nos códigos fonte.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
en: Configuring your favorite editor (<literal>emacs</literal> or <literal>vim</literal>) to use asynchronous lint engine plugins helps your code writing.  These plugins are getting very powerful by taking advantage of <ulink url="&languageserverprotocol;">Language Server Protocol</ulink>.  Since they are moving fast, using their upstream code instead of Debian package may be a good option.
pt: Configurar o seu editor favorito<literal>(emacs</literal> ou <literal>vim</literal>) para usar plugins assíncronos do motor lint, ajuda a escrever o seu código.  Estes plugins estão a ficar muito poderosos tirando partido do <ulink url="&languageserverprotocol;">Protocolo do servidor de idiomas</ulink>.  Como eles estão evoluindo rapidamente, usar o seu código original ao invés do pacote Debian pode ser uma boa opção.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of tools for static code analysis
pt: Lista de ferramentas para análise de código estático

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Asynchronous Lint Engine for Vim 8 and NeoVim
pt: Mecanismo assíncrono Lint para Vim 8 e NeoVim

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Syntax checking hacks for vim
pt: Truques de verificação de sintaxe para o vim

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: modern on-the-fly syntax checking for Emacs
pt: verificação de sintaxe moderna em tempo real para o Emacs

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Emacs Lisp regexp mistake finder
pt: Localizador de erros de regexp do Emacs Lisp

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: tool for static C/C++ code analysis (GUI)
pt: ferramenta para análise estática de código C/C++ (GUI)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: lint tool for shell scripts
pt: ferramenta lint para scripts shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: passive checker of Python 3 programs
pt: verificador passivo de programas Python 3

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Python code static checker
pt: Verificador estático de código Python

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: interpreter with internal static code checker: <literal>B::Lint</literal>(3perl)
pt: interpretador com verificador de código estático interno: <literal>B::Lint</literal>(3perl)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Ruby static code analyzer
pt: Analisador de código estático Ruby

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: clang-based C++ linter tool
pt: ferramenta de verificação de formato de regras C++ baseada em Clang

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: tool for statically checking C programs for bugs
pt: ferramenta para verificação estática de programas C por bugs

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: tool to examine C/C++ source code and looks for security weaknesses
pt: ferramenta para examinar código fonte C/C++ e procurar por fraquezas na segurança

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: uncompromising Python code formatter
pt: formatador de código Python sem compromissos

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Perl script indenter and reformatter
pt: Indentador e reformatador de scripts Perl

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: C language source code formatting program
pt: Programa de formatação de código fonte em linguagem C

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Source code indenter for C, C++, Objective-C, C#, and Java
pt: Indentador de código-fonte para C, C++, Objective-C, C# e Java

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: C(++) beautifier
pt: Embelezador C(++)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: XML stream reformatter
pt: Reformatador de fluxo XML

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Source code search and browse tools
pt: Ferramentas de pesquisa e navegação de código-fonte

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: build tag file indexes of source code definitions
pt: criar índices de ficheiros de etiquetas de definições de código-fonte

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Debug
pt: Depuração

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Debug is important part of programming activities.  Knowing how to debug programs makes you a good Debian user who can produce meaningful bug reports.
pt: A depuração é uma parte importante das atividades de programação. Saber como depurar programas faz de si um bom utilizador de Debian capaz de produzir relatórios de bugs significantes.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of debug packages
pt: Lista de pacotes de depuração

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: "<literal>info gdb</literal>" provided by <literal>gdb-doc</literal>
pt: "<literal>info gdb</literal>" disponibilizado por <literal>gdb-doc</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: "<literal>info ddd</literal>" provided by <literal>ddd-doc</literal>
pt: "<literal>info ddd</literal>" disponibilizado por <literal>ddd-doc</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Basic gdb execution
pt: Execução gdb básica

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Primary <ulink url="&debugger;">debugger</ulink> on Debian is <literal>gdb</literal>(1) which enables you to inspect a program while it executes.
pt: O <ulink url="&debugger;">depurador</ulink> principal em Debian é o <literal>gdb</literal>(1) que lhe permite inspeccionar um programa enquanto ele é executado.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Let's install <literal>gdb</literal> and related programs by the following.
pt: Vamos instalar o <literal>gdb</literal> e programas relacionados com o seguinte.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Good tutorial of <literal>gdb</literal> can be found:
pt: Pode ser encontrado um bom tutorial do <literal>gdb</literal>:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: “Debugging with GDB” in <literal>/usr/share/doc/gdb-doc/html/gdb/index.html</literal>
pt: "Depurando com GDB" em <literal>/usr/share/doc/gdb-doc/html/gdb/index.html</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: “<ulink url="&tutorialontheweb;">tutorial on the web</ulink>”
pt: "<ulink url="&tutorialontheweb;">tutorial na web</ulink>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here is a simple example of using <literal>gdb</literal>(1) on a "<literal>program</literal>" compiled with the "<literal>-g</literal>" option to produce debugging information.
pt: Aqui está um exemplo simples de utilização do <literal>gdb</literal>(1) num "<literal>program</literal>" compilado com a opção "<literal>-g</literal>" para produzir informação de depuração.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Many <literal>gdb</literal>(1) commands can be abbreviated.  Tab expansion works as in the shell.
pt: Muitos comandos do <literal>gdb</literal>(1) podem ser abreviados. A expansão da Tab funciona como na shell.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Debugging the Debian package
pt: Depurar o pacote Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Since all installed binaries should be stripped on the Debian system by default, most debugging symbols are removed in the normal package.  In order to debug Debian packages with <literal>gdb</literal>(1), <literal>*-dbgsym</literal> packages need to be installed (e.g. <literal>coreutils-dbgsym</literal> in the case of <literal>coreutils</literal>).  The source packages generate <literal>*-dbgsym</literal> packages automatically along with normal binary packages and those debug packages are placed separately in <ulink url="&debiandebug;">debian-debug</ulink> archive. Please refer to <ulink url="&articlesondebianwiki;">articles on Debian Wiki</ulink> for more information.
pt: Uma vez que todos os binários instalados devem ser despojados no sistema Debian por defeito, a maioria dos símbolos de depuração são removidos no pacote normal.  De modo a depurar pacotes Debian com <literal>gdb</literal>(1), os pacotes <literal>*-dbgsym</literal> precisam de ser instalados (e.g. <literal>coreutils-dbgsym</literal> no caso do <literal>coreutils</literal>).  Os pacotes fonte geram pacotes <literal>*-dbgsym</literal> automaticamente juntamente com os pacotes binários normais e esses pacotes de depuração são colocados separadamente no arquivo <ulink url="&debiandebug;">debian-debug</ulink>. Por favor, consulte os artigos no <ulink url="&articlesondebianwiki;">Debian Wiki</ulink> para mais informações.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If a package to be debugged does not provide its <literal>*-dbgsym</literal> package, you need to install it after rebuilding it by the following.
pt: Se um pacote a ser depurado não fornecer o seu pacote <literal>*-dbgsym</literal>, é necessário instalá-lo depois de o reconstruir através do seguinte.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Fix bugs if needed.
pt: Corrigir bugs se necessário.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Bump package version to one which does not collide with official Debian versions, e.g. one appended with "<literal>+debug1</literal>" when recompiling existing package version, or one appended with "<literal>~pre1</literal>" when compiling unreleased package version by the following.
pt: Mude a versão de pacote para uma que não colida com as versões oficiais de Debian, por exemplo, uma adicionada com "<literal>+debug1</literal>" quando se recompila uma versão de pacote existente, ou uma adicionada com "<literal>~pre1</literal>" quando se compila uma versão de pacote ainda não lançada com o seguinte.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Compile and install packages with debug symbols by the following.
pt: Compilar e instalar pacotes com símbolos de depuração com o seguinte.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You need to check build scripts of the package and ensure to use "<literal>CFLAGS=-g -Wall</literal>" for compiling binaries.
pt: Necessita verificar os scripts de construção do pacote e assegurar o uso de "<literal>CFLAGS=-g -Wall</literal>" para compilar binários.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Obtaining backtrace
pt: Obter um backtrace

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: When you encounter program crash, reporting bug report with cut-and-pasted backtrace information is a good idea.
pt: Quando encontrar uma falha num programa, é uma boa ideia enviar um relatório de bug com informação de rastreio copiada-e-colada.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The backtrace can be obtained by <literal>gdb</literal>(1) using one of the following approaches:
pt: O backtrace pode ser obtido pelo <literal>gdb</literal>(1) utilizando uma das seguintes abordagens:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Crash-in-GDB approach:
pt: Abordagem às falhas em GDB:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Run the program from GDB.
pt: Execute o programa a partir do GDB.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Crash the program.
pt: Falha no programa.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Type "<literal>bt</literal>" at the GDB prompt.
pt: Digite "<literal>bt</literal>" no prompt da GDB.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Crash-first approach:
pt: Abordagem falhas primeiro:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Update the “<emphasis role="strong">/etc/security/limits.conf</emphasis>” file to include the following:
pt: Actualize o ficheiro "<emphasis role="strong">/etc/security/limits.conf</emphasis>" para incluir o seguinte:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Type "<literal>ulimit -c unlimited</literal>" to the shell prompt.
pt: Escreva "<literal>ulimit -c unlimited</literal>" na prompt da shell.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Run the program from this shell prompt.
pt: Execute o programa a partir desta janela de comandos.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Crash the program to produce a <ulink url="&coredump;">core dump</ulink> file.
pt: Colapsa o programa para produzir um ficheiro de <ulink url="&coredump;">despejo do núcleo</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Load the <ulink url="&coredump;">core dump</ulink> file to GDB as "<literal>gdb gdb ./program_binary core</literal>" .
pt: Carregar o ficheiro <ulink url="&coredump;">core dump</ulink> para GDB como "<literal>gdb gdb ./program_binary core</literal>" .

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For infinite loop or frozen keyboard situation, you can force to crash the program by pressing <literal>Ctrl-\</literal> or <literal>Ctrl-C</literal> or executing “<literal>kill -ABRT <emphasis>PID</emphasis></literal>”.  (See <xref linkend="_killing_a_process"/>)
pt: Para uma situação de loop infinito ou de teclado congelado, pode forçar o encerramento do programa premindo <literal>Ctrl-\</literal> ou <literal>Ctrl-C</literal> ou executando "<literal>kill -ABRT <emphasis>PID</emphasis></literal>". (Ver <xref linkend="_killing_a_process"/>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Often, you see a backtrace where one or more of the top lines are in "<literal>malloc()</literal>" or "<literal>g_malloc()</literal>". When this happens, chances are your backtrace isn't very useful. The easiest way to find some useful information is to set the environment variable "<literal>$MALLOC_CHECK_</literal>" to a value of 2 (<literal>malloc</literal>(3)). You can do this while running <literal>gdb</literal> by doing the following.
pt: Muitas vezes, vê um backtrace onde uma ou mais linhas do topo estão em "<literal>malloc()</literal>" ou "<literal>g_malloc()</literal>". Quando isto acontece, há grandes hipóteses do seu backtrace não ser muito útil. O modo mais fácil de encontrar alguma informação útil é definir a variável de ambiente "<literal>$MALLOC_CHECK_</literal>" para um valor de 2 (<literal>malloc</literal>(3)). Pode fazer isto enquanto corre o <literal>gdb</literal> ao fazer o seguinte.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Advanced gdb commands
pt: Comandos gdb avançados

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of advanced gdb commands
pt: Lista de comandos gdb avançados

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: description for command objectives
pt: descrição dos objetivos do comando

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: get a backtrace for all threads for multi-threaded program
pt: obter um backtrace para todos os processos de um programa de multi-processo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: get parameters came on the stack of function calls
pt: obter parâmetros que vêm na pilha das chamadas de função

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: get a backtrace and parameters as the combination of the preceding options
pt: obtém um backtrace e parâmetros como a combinação das opções precedentes

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: get a backtrace and parameters for top 10 calls to cut off irrelevant output
pt: obter um backtrace e parâmetros para as 10 chamadas do topo para cortar resultados irrelevantes

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: write log of <literal>gdb</literal> output to a file (the default is "<literal>gdb.txt</literal>")
pt: escreve um relatório dos resultados do <literal>gdb</literal> para um ficheiro (a predefinição é "<literal>gdb.txt</literal>")

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Check dependency on libraries
pt: Verificar a dependência em bibliotecas

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Use <literal>ldd</literal>(1) to find out a program's dependency on libraries by the followings.
pt: Use o <literal>ldd</literal>(1) para encontrar uma dependência de um programa em bibliotecas com o seguinte.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For <literal>ls</literal>(1) to work in a `chroot`ed environment, the above libraries must be available in your `chroot`ed environment.
pt: Para que o <literal>ls</literal>(1) funcione num ambiente 'chroot', as bibliotecas em cima têm de estar disponíveis no seu ambiente 'chroot'.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See <xref linkend="_tracing_program_activities"/>.
pt: Veja <xref linkend="_tracing_program_activities"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Dynamic call tracing tools
pt: Ferramentas dinâmicas de rastreio de chamadas

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There are several dynamic call tracing tools available in Debian.  See <xref linkend="_monitoring_controlling_and_starting_program_activities"/>.
pt: Existem várias ferramentas de rastreio de chamadas dinâmicas disponíveis em Debian.  Veja <xref linkend="_monitoring_controlling_and_starting_program_activities"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Debugging X Errors
pt: Depurar Erros do X

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If a GNOME program <literal>preview1</literal> has received an X error, you should see a message as follows.
pt: Se o programa do GNOME <literal>preview1</literal> recebeu um erro do X, deverá ver a mensagem que a seguir.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If this is the case, you can try running the program with "<literal>--sync</literal>", and break on the "<literal>gdk_x_error</literal>" function in order to obtain a backtrace.
pt: Neste caso, pode tentar correr o programa com "<literal>--sync</literal>" e quebrar a função "<literal>gdk_x_error</literal>" de modo a obter um backtrace.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Memory leak detection tools
pt: Ferramentas de detecção de fugas de memória

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There are several memory leak detection tools available in Debian.
pt: Aqui estão várias ferramentas de detecção de fugas de memória em Debian.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of memory leak detection tools
pt: Lista de ferramentas de detecção de fugas de memória

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>mtrace</literal>(1): malloc debugging functionality in glibc
pt: <literal>mtrace</literal>(1): funcionalidades de depuração do malloc em glibc

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: memory debugger and profiler
pt: depurador e perfilador de memória

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>malloc</literal>(3) debugger
pt: o depurador <literal>malloc</literal>(3)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: debug memory allocation library
pt: biblioteca de depuração de alocação de memória

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: library to detect buffer overruns and under-runs in C and C++ programs
pt: biblioteca para detetar "overruns" e "under-runs" de buffer em programas C e C++

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: memory-leak tracer for C++ programs
pt: rastreador de fugas de memória para programas C++

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Disassemble binary
pt: Desassemblar binário

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can disassemble binary code with <literal>objdump</literal>(1) by the following.
pt: Pode desassemblar código binário com o <literal>objdump</literal>(1) com o seguinte.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: <literal>gdb</literal>(1) may be used to disassemble code interactively.
pt: O <literal>gdb</literal>(1) pode ser usado para desmontar (desassemblar) código interativamente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Build tools
pt: Ferramentas de construção

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of build tool packages
pt: Lista de pacotes de ferramentas de compilação

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: "<literal>info make</literal>" provided by <literal>make-doc</literal>
pt: "<literal>info make</literal>" disponibilizado por <literal>make-doc</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: "<literal>info autoconf</literal>" provided by <literal>autoconf-doc</literal>
pt: "<literal>info autoconf</literal>" disponibilizado por <literal>autoconf-doc</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: "<literal>info automake</literal>" provided by <literal>automake1.10-doc</literal>
pt: "<literal>info automake</literal>" disponibilizado por <literal>automake1.10-doc</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: "<literal>info libtool</literal>" provided by <literal>libtool-doc</literal>
pt: "<literal>info libtool</literal>" fornecido por <literal>libtool-doc</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>cmake</literal>(1) cross-platform, open-source make system
pt: <literal>cmake</literal>(1) sistema make multiplataforma e de código aberto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>ninja</literal>(1) small build system closest in spirit to Make
pt: <literal>ninja</literal>(1) pequeno sistema de construção mais próximo em espírito do Make

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>meson</literal>(1) high productivity build system on top of <literal>ninja</literal>
pt: <literal>meson</literal>(1) sistema de construção de alta produtividade no topo do <literal>ninja</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <ulink url="&make;">Make</ulink> is a utility to maintain groups of programs. Upon execution of <literal>make</literal>(1), <literal>make</literal> read the rule file, "<literal>Makefile</literal>", and updates a target if it depends on prerequisite files that have been modified since the target was last modified, or if the target does not exist.  The execution of these updates may occur concurrently.
pt: O <ulink url="&make;">Make</ulink> é um utilitário para manutenção de grupos de programas Após a execução do <literal>make</literal>(1), o <literal>make</literal> lê o ficheiro de regras, "<literal>Makefile</literal>" e atualiza um alvo se depender de ficheiros pré-requisitados que foram modificados desde que o alvo foi modificado por último, ou se o alvo não existir. A execução destas atualizações pode ocorrer concorrentemente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The rule file syntax is the following.
pt: A regra de sintaxe do ficheiro é a seguinte.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here "<literal>[TAB]</literal>" is a TAB code.  Each line is interpreted by the shell after make variable substitution.  Use "<literal>\</literal>" at the end of a line to continue the script.  Use "<literal>$$</literal>" to enter "<literal>$</literal>" for environment values for a shell script.
pt: Aqui "<literal>[TAB]</literal>" é um código TAB. Cada linha é interpretada pela shell após fazer a substituição da variável. Utilize "<literal>\</literal>" no final de uma linha para continuar o script. Use "<literal>$$</literal>" para inserir "<literal>$</literal>" para valores de ambiente para um script de shell.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Implicit rules for the target and prerequisites can be written, for example, by the following.
pt: Podem ser escritas regras implícitas para o destino e pré-requisitos, por exemplo, com o seguinte.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here, the target contains the character "<literal>%</literal>" (exactly one of them). The "<literal>%</literal>" can match any nonempty substring in the actual target filenames. The prerequisites likewise use "<literal>%</literal>" to show how their names relate to the actual target name.
pt: Aqui, o alvo contém o caractere "<literal>%</literal>" (exatamente um deles). O "<literal>%</literal>" pode corresponder a qualquer subcadeia não vazia nos nomes de ficheiros do próprio alvo. Os pré-requisitos usam igualmente "<literal>%</literal>" para mostrar como os seus nomes estão relacionados ao próprio nome do alvo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of make automatic variables
pt: Lista de variáveis automáticas do make

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: automatic variable
pt: variável automática

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: first prerequisite
pt: primeiro pré-requisito

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: all newer prerequisites
pt: todos os novos pré-requisitos

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: all prerequisites
pt: todos os pré-requisitos

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: "<literal>%</literal>" matched stem in the target pattern
pt: "<literal>%</literal>" estaminal correspondente no modelo de destino

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of make variable expansions
pt: Lista de expansões da variável do make

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: variable expansion
pt: expansão da variável

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: one-time expansion
pt: expansão de uma vez

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: recursive expansion
pt: expansão recursiva

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: append
pt: acrescentar

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Run "<literal>make -p -f/dev/null</literal>" to see automatic internal rules.
pt: Corra "<literal>make -p -f/dev/null</literal>" para ver as regras internas automáticas.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <ulink url="&autotools;">Autotools</ulink> is a suite of programming tools designed to assist in making source code packages portable to many <ulink url="&unixlike;">Unix-like</ulink> systems.
pt: <ulink url="&autotools;">O Autotools</ulink> é um conjunto de ferramentas de programação concebido para ajudar a tornar os pacotes de código-fonte portáveis para muitos sistemas do <ulink url="&unixlike;">tipo Unix</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&autoconf;">Autoconf</ulink> is a tool to produce a shell script "<literal>configure</literal>" from "<literal>configure.ac</literal>".
pt: O <ulink url="&autoconf;">Autoconf</ulink> é uma ferramenta para produzir um script shell "<literal>configure</literal>" a partir de "<literal>configure.ac</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>configure</literal>" is used later to produce "<literal>Makefile</literal>" from "<literal>Makefile.in</literal>" template.
pt: O "<literal>configure</literal>" é utilizado mais tarde para produzir o"<literal>Makefile</literal>" a partir do modelo "<literal>Makefile.in</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&automake;">Automake</ulink> is a tool to produce "<literal>Makefile.in</literal>" from "<literal>Makefile.am</literal>".
pt: <ulink url="&automake;">Automake</ulink> é uma ferramenta para produzir "<literal>Makefile.in</literal>" a partir de "<literal>Makefile.am</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&libtool;">Libtool</ulink> is a shell script to address the software portability problem when compiling shared libraries from source code.
pt: <ulink url="&libtool;">Libtool</ulink> é um script shell para resolver o problema de portabilidade de software ao compilar bibliotecas partilhadas a partir do código fonte.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title>
en: Compile and install a program
pt: Compilar e instalar um programa

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><warning><para>
en: Do not overwrite system files with your compiled programs when installing them.
pt: Não substitua ficheiros do sistema com os seus programas compilados quando os instalar.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: Debian does not touch files in "<literal>/usr/local/</literal>" or "<literal>/opt</literal>".  So if you compile a program from source, install it into "<literal>/usr/local/</literal>" so it does not interfere with Debian.
pt: Debian não toca nos ficheiros em "<literal>/usr/local/</literal>" ou em "<literal>/opt</literal>". Portanto se compilar um programa a partir do código-fonte, instale-o em "<literal>/usr/local/</literal>" para que não interfira com o Debian.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title>
en: Uninstall program
pt: Desinstalar um programa

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: If you have the original source and if it uses <literal>autoconf</literal>(1)/<literal>automake</literal>(1) and if you can remember how you configured it, execute as follows to uninstall the program.
pt: Se tiver o código original, se ele utiliza <literal>autoconf</literal>(1)/<literal>automake</literal>(1) e se você lembrar como o configurou, execute como segue para desinstalar o programa.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: Alternatively, if you are absolutely sure that the install process puts files only under "<literal>/usr/local/</literal>" and there is nothing important there, you can erase all its contents by the following.
pt: Em alternativa, se tiver a absoluta certeza que o processo de instalação apenas coloca ficheiros sob "<literal>/usr/local/</literal>" e não há lá nada importante, pode apagar todos os seus conteúdos com o seguinte.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: If you are not sure where files are installed, you should consider using <literal>checkinstall</literal>(8) from the <literal>checkinstall</literal> package, which provides a clean path for the uninstall.  It now supports to create a Debian package with "<literal>-D</literal>" option.
pt: Se não tiver a certeza de onde os ficheiros estão instalados, deve considerar usar o <literal>checkinstall</literal>(8) do pacote <literal>checkinstall</literal>, que disponibiliza um caminho limpo para a desinstalação. Agora suporta criar um pacote Debian com a opção "<literal>-D</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The software build system has been evolving:
pt: O sistema de construção de software tem vindo a evoluir:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&autotools;">Autotools</ulink> on the top of <ulink url="&make;">Make</ulink> has been the de facto standard for the portable build infrastructure since 1990s.  This is extremely slow.
pt: <ulink url="&autotools;">Autotools</ulink> no topo do <ulink url="&make;">Make</ulink> tem sido o padrão de facto para a infraestrutura de compilação portátil desde os anos 1990.  Isso é extremamente lento.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&cmake;">CMake</ulink> initially released in 2000 improved speed significantly but was originally built on the top of inherently slow <ulink url="&make;">Make</ulink>.  (Now <ulink url="&ninja;">Ninja</ulink> can be its backend.)
pt: <ulink url="&cmake;">O CMake</ulink>, inicialmente lançado em 2000, melhorou significativamente a velocidade, mas foi originalmente construído sobre o inerentemente lento <ulink url="&make;">Make</ulink>.  (Agora <ulink url="&ninja;">Ninja</ulink> pode ser seu backend.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&ninja;">Ninja</ulink> initially released in 2012 is meant to replace Make for the further improved build speed and is designed to have its input files generated by a higher-level build system.
pt: <ulink url="&ninja;">O Ninja</ulink>, lançado inicialmente em 2012, destina-se a substituir o Make para melhorar a velocidade de construção e foi concebido para que os seus ficheiros de entrada sejam gerados por um sistema de construção de nível superior.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&meson;">Meson</ulink> initially released in 2013 is the new popular and fast higher-level build system which uses <ulink url="&ninja;">Ninja</ulink> as its backend.
pt: <ulink url="&meson;">O Meson</ulink>, lançado inicialmente em 2013, é o novo sistema de construção de nível superior popular e rápido que usa o <ulink url="&ninja;">Ninja</ulink> como backend.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See documents found at "<ulink url="&themesonbuildsystem;">The Meson Build system</ulink>" and "<ulink url="&theninjabuildsystem;">The Ninja build system</ulink>".
pt: Ver documentos encontrados em "<ulink url="&themesonbuildsystem;">O sistema de construção Meson</ulink>" e "<ulink url="&theninjabuildsystem;">O sistema de construção Ninja</ulink>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Basic interactive dynamic web pages can be made as follows.
pt: Páginas web dinâmicas interactivas podem ser feitas conforme a seguir.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Queries are presented to the browser user using <ulink url="&html;">HTML</ulink> forms.
pt: As questões são apresentadas ao explorador do utilizador a usar formulários <ulink url="&html;">HTML</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Filling and clicking on the form entries sends one of the following <ulink url="&url;">URL</ulink> string with encoded parameters from the browser to the web server.
pt: Preencher e clicar nas entradas do formulário envia uma das seguintes cadeias de <ulink url="&url;">URL</ulink> com parâmetros codificados do explorador para o servidor web.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>%nn</literal>" in URL is replaced with a character with hexadecimal <literal>nn</literal> value.
pt: O "<literal>%nn</literal>" no URL é substituído por um caractere com valor hexadecimal <literal>nn</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The environment variable is set as: "<literal>QUERY_STRING="VAR1=VAL1 VAR2=VAL2 VAR3=VAL3"</literal>".
pt: A variável de ambiente está definida como: "<literal>QUERY_STRING="VAR1=VAL1 VAR2=VAL2 VAR3=VAL3"</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&cgi;">CGI</ulink> program (any one of "<literal>program.*</literal>") on the web server executes itself with the environment variable "<literal>$QUERY_STRING</literal>".
pt: O programa <ulink url="&cgi;">CGI</ulink> (qualquer um de "<literal>program.*</literal>") no servidor web executa-se a si próprio com a variável de ambiente "<literal>$QUERY_STRING</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>stdout</literal> of CGI program is sent to the web browser and is presented as an interactive dynamic web page.
pt: O <literal>stdout</literal> do programa CGI é enviado ao explorador web e é apresentado como uma página web dinâmica e interactiva.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: For security reasons it is better not to hand craft new hacks for parsing CGI parameters.  There are established modules for them in Perl and Python.  <ulink url="&php;">PHP</ulink> comes with these functionalities.  When client data storage is needed, <ulink url="&httpcookies;">HTTP cookies</ulink> are used.  When client side data processing is needed, <ulink url="&javascript;">Javascript</ulink> is frequently used.
pt: Por razões de segurança é melhor não embarcar em novos hacks para analisar parâmetros CGI. Existem módulos definidos para eles em Perl e Python. O <ulink url="&php;">PHP</ulink> vem com estas funcionalidades. Quando é necessário o armazenamento de dados no cliente, usam-se <ulink url="&httpcookies;">cookies HTTP</ulink>. Quando é necessário o processamento de dados no lado do cliente, usa-se frequentemente <ulink url="&javascript;">Javascript</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: For more, see the <ulink url="&commongatewayinterface;">Common Gateway Interface</ulink>, <ulink url="&theapachesoftwarefoundation;">The Apache Software Foundation</ulink>, and <ulink url="&javascript;">JavaScript</ulink>.
pt: Para mais, veja <ulink url="&commongatewayinterface;">Common Gateway Interface</ulink>, <ulink url="&theapachesoftwarefoundation;">The Apache Software Foundation</ulink> e <ulink url="&javascript;">JavaScript</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Searching "CGI tutorial" on Google by typing encoded URL <ulink url="&httpswwwgooglecoutfiqcgitutorial;">https://www.google.com/search?hl=en&amp;ie=UTF-8&amp;q=CGI+tutorial</ulink> directly to the browser address is a good way to see the CGI script in action on the Google server.
pt: Procurar "CGI tutorial" no Google ao escrever diretamente o URL codificado <ulink url="&httpswwwgooglecoutfiqcgitutorial;">https://www.google.com/search?hl=en&amp;ie=UTF-8&amp;q=CGI+tutorial</ulink> no endereço do explorador é uma boa maneira de ver o script CGI em acção no servidor da Google.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: The source code translation
pt: A tradução do código-fonte

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: There are programs to convert source codes.
pt: Existem programas para converter código-fonte.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of source code translation tools
pt: Lista de ferramentas de tradução de código-fonte

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: convert source codes from AWK to PERL: <literal>a2p</literal>(1)
pt: converter código-fonte de AWK para PERL: <literal>a2p</literal>(1)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: convert source codes from FORTRAN 77 to C/C++: <literal>f2c</literal>(1)
pt: converter código-fonte de FORTRAN 77 para C/C++: <literal>f2c</literal>(1)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: converter from NASM (Intel format) to the GNU Assembler (GAS)
pt: conversor de NASM (formato Intel) ao GNU Assembler (GAS)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Making Debian package
pt: Criar um pacote Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: If you want to make a Debian package, read followings.
pt: Se desejar criar um pacote Debian, leia o seguinte.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <xref linkend="_debian_package_management"/> to understand the basic package system
pt: <xref linkend="_debian_package_management"/> para compreender o sistema básico de pacotes

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <xref linkend="_porting_a_package_to_the_stable_system"/> to understand basic porting process
pt: <xref linkend="_porting_a_package_to_the_stable_system"/> para compreender o processo básico de portar

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <xref linkend="_chroot_system"/> to understand basic chroot techniques
pt: <xref linkend="_chroot_system"/> para compreender as técnicas de chroot básicas

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>debuild</literal>(1), and <literal>sbuild</literal>(1)
pt: <literal>debuild</literal>(1), e <literal>sbuild</literal>(1)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <xref linkend="_debugging_the_debian_package"/> for recompiling for debugging
pt: <xref linkend="_debugging_the_debian_package"/> para recompilar para depuração

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&guidefordebianmaintainers;">Guide for Debian Maintainers</ulink> (the <literal>debmake-doc</literal> package)
pt: <ulink url="&guidefordebianmaintainers;">Guia dos Novos Maintainers da Debian</ulink> (o pacote <literal>debmake-doc</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&debiandevelopersreference;">Debian Developer's Reference</ulink> (the <literal>developers-reference</literal> package)
pt: <ulink url="&debiandevelopersreference;">Referência de Programadores da Debian</ulink> (o pacote <literal>developers-reference</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&debianpolicymanual;">Debian Policy Manual</ulink> (the <literal>debian-policy</literal> package)
pt: <ulink url="&debianpolicymanual;">Manual de Políticas Debian</ulink> (o pacote <literal>debian-policy</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: There are packages such as <literal>debmake</literal>, <literal>dh-make</literal>, <literal>dh-make-perl</literal>, etc., which help packaging.
pt: Existem pacotes como os <literal>debmake</literal>, <literal>dh-make</literal>, <literal>dh-make-perl</literal>, etc., que auxiliam no processo em empacotamento.

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><title>
en: Appendix
pt: Apêndice

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><para>
en: Here are backgrounds of this document.
pt: Aqui estão as origens deste documento.

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><title>
en: The Debian maze
pt: o labirinto Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><para>
en: The Linux system is a very powerful computing platform for a networked computer.  However, learning how to use all its capabilities is not easy. Setting up the LPR printer queue with a non-PostScript printer was a good example of stumble points. (There are no issues anymore since newer installations use the new CUPS system.)
pt: O sistema Linux é uma plataforma de computação muito poderosa para um computador em rede. No entanto, aprender a usar todas as suas capacidades não é fácil. Configurar a lista de trabalhos de impressora LPR com uma impressora não-PostScript era um bom exemplo para tropeçar. (Não existe mais esse problema porque as instalações recentes usam o novo sistema CUPS.)

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><para>
en: There is a complete, detailed map called the "SOURCE CODE".  This is very accurate but very hard to understand.  There are also references called HOWTO and mini-HOWTO.  They are easier to understand but tend to give too much detail and lose the big picture.  I sometimes have a problem finding the right section in a long HOWTO when I need a few commands to invoke.
pt: Existe um mapa completo e detalhado chamado o "CÓDIGO FONTE". Este é muito preciso mas muito difícil de compreender. Existem também referências chamadas HOWTO e mini-HOWTO. São mais fáceis de compreender mas tendem a dar-lhe demasiados detalhes e a perder o objetivo principal. Por vezes tenho problemas a encontrar a secção correcta num HOWTO longo quando preciso de invocar alguns comandos.

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><para>
en: I hope this "Debian Reference (version &dr-version;)" (&build-date;) provides a good starting direction for people in the Debian maze.
pt: Espero que este "Debian Reference (versão &dr-version;)" (&build-date;) disponibilize um bom ponto de partida para pessoas no labirinto Debian.

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><title>
en: Copyright history
pt: História do Copyright

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><para>
en: The Debian Reference was initiated by me, Osamu Aoki &lt;osamu at debian dot org&gt;, as a personal system administration memo. Many contents came from the knowledge I gained from <ulink url="&thedebianusermailinglist;">the debian-user mailing list</ulink> and other Debian resources.
pt: O Debian Reference foi iniciado por mim, Osamu Aoki &lt;osamu at debian dot org&gt; como um memo pessoal de administração do sistema. Muitos conteúdos vieram do conhecimento que ganhei a partir da <ulink url="&thedebianusermailinglist;">lista de email debian-user</ulink> e de outros recursos Debian.

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><para>
en: Following a suggestion from Josip Rodin, who was very active with the <ulink url="&debiandocumentationprojectddp;">Debian Documentation Project (DDP)</ulink>, "Debian Reference (version 1, 2001-2007)" was created as a part of DDP documents.
pt: A seguir uma sugestão de Josip Rodin, que estava muito ativo com o <ulink url="&debiandocumentationprojectddp;">Projecto de Documentação de Debian (DDP)</ulink>, o "Debian Reference (versão 1, 2001-2007)" foi criado como parte dos documentos DDP.

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><para>
en: After 6 years, I realized that the original "Debian Reference (version 1)" was outdated and started to rewrite many contents.  New "Debian Reference (version 2)" is released in 2008.
pt: Após 6 anos, percebi que a "Debian Reference (versão 1)" estava ultrapassada e comecei a reescrever muitos dos seus conteúdos. A nova "Debian Reference (versão 2)" é lançada em 2008.

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><para>
en: I have updated "Debian Reference (version 2)" to address new topics (Systemd, Wayland, IMAP, PipeWire, Linux kernel 5.10) and removed outdated topics (SysV init, CVS, Subversion, SSH protocol 1, Linux kernels before 2.5).  References to &release-outdated; release situation or older are mostly removed.
pt: Eu atualizei a "Referência Debian (versão 2)" para abordar novos tópicos (Systemd, Wayland, IMAP, PipeWire, kernel Linux 5.10) e removi tópicos desatualizados (SysV init, CVS, Subversion, protocolo SSH 1, kernels Linux antes do 2.5).  Referências a &release-outdated; situações de lançamento ou mais antigas são na sua maioria removidas.

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><para>
en: This "Debian Reference (version &dr-version;)" (&build-date;) covers mostly &Codename-doc-1; and &Codename-doc-2; Debian releases.
pt: Esta "Referência Debian (versão &dr-version;)" (&build-date;) cobre maioritariamente os lançamentos Debian &Codename-doc-1; e &Codename-doc-2;.

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><para>
en: The tutorial contents can trace its origin and its inspiration in followings.
pt: Os conteúdos do tutorial pode ser rastreados até à sua origem e inspiração com o seguinte.

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<ulink url="&linuxusersguide;">Linux User's Guide</ulink>" by Larry Greenfield (December 1996)
pt: "<ulink url="&linuxusersguide;">Guia do Utilizador de Linux</ulink>" por Larry Greenfield (Dezembro 1996)

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: obsoleted by "Debian Tutorial"
pt: tornado obsoleto pelo "Debian Tutorial"

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "Debian Tutorial" by Havoc Pennington. (11 December, 1998)
pt: "Tutorial Debian" por Havoc Pennington. (11 de Dezembro, 1998)

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: partially written by Oliver Elphick, Ole Tetlie, James Treacy, Craig Sawyer, and Ivan E. Moore II
pt: parcialmente escrito por Oliver Elphick, Ole Tetlie, James Treacy, Craig Sawyer e Ivan E. Moore II

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: obsoleted by "Debian GNU/Linux: Guide to Installation and Usage"
pt: tornado obsoleto por "Debian GNU/Linux: Guia de Instalação e Utilização"

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<ulink url="&debiangnulinuxguallationandusage;">Debian GNU/Linux: Guide to Installation and Usage</ulink>" by John Goerzen and Ossama Othman (1999)
pt: "<ulink url="&debiangnulinuxguallationandusage;">Debian GNU/Linux: Guia de Instalação e Utilização</ulink>" por John Goerzen e Ossama Othman (1999)

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: obsoleted by "Debian Reference (version 1)"
pt: tornado obsoleto pela "Debian Reference (versão 1)"

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><para>
en: The package and archive description can trace some of their origin and their inspiration in following.
pt: A descrição do pacote e do arquivo podem rastrear alguma da origem e inspiração dele no seguinte.

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<ulink url="&debianfaq;">Debian FAQ</ulink>" (March 2002 version, when this was maintained by Josip Rodin)
pt: "<ulink url="&debianfaq;">FAQ do Debian</ulink>" (versão de Março 2002, quando era mantido por Josip Rodin)

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><para>
en: The other contents can trace some of their origin and their inspiration in following.
pt: Os outros conteúdos podem rastrear alguma da origem e inspiração deles no seguinte.

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "Debian Reference (version 1)" by Osamu Aoki (2001–2007)
pt: "Referência Debian (versão 1)" por Osamu Aoki (2001–2007)

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: obsoleted by the newer "Debian Reference (version 2)" in 2008.
pt: tornado obsoleto pela nova "Debian Reference (versão 2)" em 2008.

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><para>
en: The previous "Debian Reference (version 1)" was created with many contributors.
pt: A "Debian Reference (versão 1)" anterior foi criada com muitos contribuidores.

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: the major contents contribution on network configuration topics by Thomas Hood
pt: a maior contribuição de conteúdo de tópicos de configuração de rede por Thomas Hood

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: significant contents contribution on X and VCS related topics by Brian Nelson
pt: contribuição significativa de conteúdos em tópicos relacionados com X e VCS por Brian Nelson

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: the help on the build scripts and many content corrections by Jens Seidel
pt: a ajuda na construção de scripts de compilação e muitas correcções no conteúdo por Jens Seidel

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: extensive proofreading by David Sewell
pt: revisão extensiva por David Sewell

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: many contributions by the translators, contributors, and bug reporters
pt: muitas contribuições pelos tradutores, contribuidores e relatórios de bugs

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><para>
en: Many manual pages and info pages on the Debian system as well as upstream web pages and <ulink url="&wikipedia;">Wikipedia</ulink> documents were used as the primary references to write this document.  To the extent Osamu Aoki considered within the <ulink url="&fairuse;">fair use</ulink>, many parts of them, especially command definitions, were used as phrase pieces after careful editorial efforts to fit them into the style and the objective of this document.
pt: Muitas páginas de manual e páginas de informação sobre o sistema Debian, assim como páginas web a montante e documentos da <ulink url="&wikipedia;">Wikipedia</ulink> foram usados como referências primárias para escrever este documento.  Na medida em que Osamu Aoki considerou dentro do uso <ulink url="&fairuse;">justo</ulink>, muitas partes delas, especialmente definições de comandos, foram usadas como peças de frase após cuidadosos esforços editoriais para encaixá-las no estilo e no objetivo deste documento.

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><para>
en: The gdb debugger description was expanded using <ulink url="&debianwikicontentsonbacktrace;">Debian wiki contents on backtrace</ulink> with consent by Ari Pollak, Loïc Minier, and Dafydd Harries.
pt: A descrição do depurador gdb foi expandida a usar <ulink url="&debianwikicontentsonbacktrace;">Conteúdos wiki Debian de backtrace</ulink> com consentimento de Ari Pollak, Loïc Minier e Dafydd Harries.

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><para>
en: Contents of the current "Debian Reference (version &dr-version;)" (&build-date;) are mostly my own work except as mentioned above.  These has been updated by the contributors too.
pt: O conteúdo do "Debian Reference (versão &dr-version;)" (&build-date;) é maioritariamente trabalho meu com excepção do descrito acima. Este foi também atualizado pelos contribuidores.

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><para>
en: The author, Osamu Aoki, thanks all those who helped make this document possible.
pt: O autor, Osamu Aoki, agradece a todos os que ajudaram a tornar possível este documento.

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><title>
en: Document format
pt: Formato do documento

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><para>
en: The source of the English original document is currently written in <ulink url="&docbook;">DocBook</ulink> XML files.  This Docbook XML source are converted to HTML, plain text, PostScript, and PDF. (Some formats may be skipped for distribution.)
pt: A fonte do documento original em inglês está atualmente escrita em ficheiros <ulink url="&docbook;">DocBook</ulink> XML.  Esta fonte Docbook XML é convertida em HTML, texto simples, PostScript e PDF. (Alguns formatos podem ser ignorados para distribuição.)
