Debian Reference 2 - en to it translation catalogue (5585 entries)

note: type: Content of the timesnewroman entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_New_Roman
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_New_Roman

note: type: Content of the acpi entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Configuration_and_Power_Interface
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACPI

note: type: Content of the advancedpackagingtoolapt entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APT_(software)
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Packaging_Tool

note: type: Content of the afireresistantsafe entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safe
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassaforte

note: type: Content of the agp entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerated_Graphics_Port
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerated_Graphics_Port

note: type: Content of the altgrkey entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AltGr_key
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alt_Gr

note: type: Content of the ascii entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascii

note: type: Content of the amigaos entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AmigaOS
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/AmigaOS

note: type: Content of the theapachesoftwarefoundation entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_Software_Foundation
it: https//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_Software_Foundation

note: type: Content of the apm entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Power_Management
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Power_Management

note: type: Content of the applebonjourapplerendezvous entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonjour_(software)
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonjour

note: type: Content of the arial entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arial
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arial

note: type: Content of the arp entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Address_Resolution_Protocol
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Address_Resolution_Protocol

note: type: Content of the atp entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AppleTalk
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/AppleTalk

note: type: Content of the bash entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bash_(Unix_shell)
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bash

note: type: Content of the berkeleydb entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_DB
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_DB

note: type: Content of the bigf entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big5
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big5

note: type: Content of the bind entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BIND
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/BIND

note: type: Content of the bios entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BIOS
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bios

note: type: Content of the bochs entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bochs
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bochs

note: type: Content of the bootloader entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boot_loader
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boot_loader

note: type: Content of the bootstrapprocesses entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booting
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boot

note: type: Content of the bsdlike entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_Software_Distribution
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_Software_Distribution

note: type: Content of the btrfs entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Btrfs
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Btrfs

note: type: Content of the burrowswheelerblrtingcompression entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burrows-Wheeler_transform
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trasformata_di_Burrows-Wheeler

note: type: Content of the bziercurves entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bézier_curve
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curva_di_Bézier

note: type: Content of the cprogramminglanguage entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language)
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(linguaggio)

note: type: Content of the cachingdata entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cache
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cache

note: type: Content of the calibri entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calibri
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calibri_(carattere)

note: type: Content of the cambria entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambria_(typeface)
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambria_(carattere)

note: type: Content of the cardbus entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Card#CardBus
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Card#CardBus

note: type: Content of the commongatewayinterface entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Gateway_Interface
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Gateway_Interface

note: type: Content of the characterencoding entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Character_encoding
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codifica_di_caratteri

note: type: Content of the chromium entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromium_(web_browser)
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromium

note: type: Content of the chroot entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chroot
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chroot

note: type: Content of the cinnamon entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinnamon_(desktop_environment)
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinnamon_(interfaccia_grafica)

note: type: Content of the cjk entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CJK_characters
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caratteri_CJK

note: type: Content of the cmake entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cmake
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMake

note: type: Content of the commandlineinterfacecli entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command-line_interface
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interfaccia_a_riga_di_comando

note: type: Content of the commonunixprintingsystemcups entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Unix_Printing_System
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Unix_Printing_System

note: type: Content of the computerdatastoragemedia entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_data_storage
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memoria_(informatica)

note: type: Content of the couriernew entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courier_(typeface)
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courier

note: type: Content of the cpld entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_programmable_logic_device
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPLD

note: type: Content of the cpm entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP/M
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP/M

note: type: Content of the cstandardlibrary entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_standard_library
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libreria_standard_del_C

note: type: Content of the cvs entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrent_Versions_System
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrent_Versions_System

note: type: Content of the daemon entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daemon_(computer_software)
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demone_(informatica)

note: type: Content of the dbus entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-Bus
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-Bus

note: type: Content of the debugger entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debugger
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debugger

note: type: Content of the dejavu entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DejaVu_fonts
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/DejaVu

note: type: Content of the desktoppublishing entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desktop_publishing
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desktop_publishing

note: type: Content of the dhcp entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_Host_Configuration_Protocol
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_Host_Configuration_Protocol

note: type: Content of the dillo entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dillo
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dillo

note: type: Content of the directories entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directory_(file_systems)
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directory

note: type: Content of the internetdomainnamesystemdns entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_System
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_System

note: type: Content of the docker entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docker_(software)
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Docker

note: type: Content of the dosbox entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOSBox
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOSBox

note: type: Content of the drm entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_Rendering_Manager
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_Rendering_Manager

note: type: Content of the dynamicdns entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_DNS
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_DNS

note: type: Content of the elinks entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ELinks
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/ELinks

note: type: Content of the emacs entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emacs
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emacs

note: type: Content of the email entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-mail

note: type: Content of the emailclients entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email_client
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Client_di_posta

note: type: Content of the enlightenment entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhi
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhi

note: type: Content of the epiphany entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiphany_(browser)
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiphany_(browser)

note: type: Content of the eucjp entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_Unix_Code
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_Unix_Code

note: type: Content of the exchangeableimagefileformat entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exchangeable_image_file_format
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exchangeable_image_file_format

note: type: Content of the extc entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ext2
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ext2

note: type: Content of the extd entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ext3
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ext3

note: type: Content of the exte entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ext4
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ext4

note: type: Content of the extendedattributes entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_file_attributes
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attributi_estesi

note: type: Content of the extendedbinarycolinterchangecode entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_Binary_Coded_Decimal_Interchange_Code
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/EBCDIC

note: type: Content of the extensiblestylesnsformationsxslt entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XSL_Transformations
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/XSL_Transformations

note: type: Content of the extensiblestylestingobjectsxslfo entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XSL_Formatting_Objects
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/XSL-FO

note: type: Content of the fairuse entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_use
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_use

note: type: Content of the fakeroot entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/

note: type: Content of the vfatfilesystem entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_Allocation_Table
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_Allocation_Table

note: type: Content of the faviconico entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Favicon
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Favicon

note: type: Content of the files entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_file
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/File

note: type: Content of the filesystem entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_system
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_system

note: type: Content of the filesystemhierarchystandard entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filesystem_Hierarchy_Standard
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filesystem_Hierarchy_Standard

note: type: Content of the filesystempermissions entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_system_permissions
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permessi_(Unix)

note: type: Content of the firefox entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firefox
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/FreeBSD

note: type: Content of the firefoxesr entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firefox#Extended_Support_Release
it: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mondo_Rescue

note: type: Content of the flatpak entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatpak
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatpak

note: type: Content of the foss entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_and_open_source_software
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_and_Open_Source_Software

note: type: Content of the fpga entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FPGA
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/FPGA

note: type: Content of the freebsd entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FreeBSD
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/FreeBSD

note: type: Content of the ftp entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_Transfer_Protocol
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_Transfer_Protocol

note: type: Content of the fullyqualifieddomainnamefqdn entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FQDN
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/FQDN

note: type: Content of the fuse entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filesystem_in_Userspace
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/FUSE

note: type: Content of the generateencrypteasswordswithsalt entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_(cryptography)
it: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_(cifratura)

note: type: Content of the thegplghostscripptpdfinterpreter entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghostscript
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghostscript

note: type: Content of the git entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Git_(software)
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Git_(software)

note: type: Content of the gnome entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNOME
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNOME

note: type: Content of the gnubazaar entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Bazaar
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazaar_(software)

note: type: Content of the gnufreedocumentationlicense entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Free_Documentation_License
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Free_Documentation_License

note: type: Content of the gnufreefont entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_FreeFont
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_FreeFont/GNU_FreeFont

note: type: Content of the gnugettextbcommandtoolchain entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gettext
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gettext

note: type: Content of the gnuprivacyguardgnupg entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Privacy_Guard
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Privacy_Guard

note: type: Content of the gpu entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_Processing_Unit

note: type: Content of the gui entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_user_interface
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interfaccia_grafica

note: type: Content of the graphicsinterchangeformatgif entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_Interchange_Format
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_Interchange_Format

note: type: Content of the grubuefi entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_GRUB
it: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRUB

note: type: Content of the gstreamer entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GStreamer
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/GStreamer

note: type: Content of the hardlink entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_link
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collegamento_fisico

note: type: Content of the hexadecimal entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexadecimal
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esadecimale

note: type: Content of the hfs entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchical_File_System
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchical_File_System

note: type: Content of the hfsplus entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HFS_Plus
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/HFS_Plus

note: type: Content of the hig entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_interface_guidelines
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Interface_Guidelines

note: type: Content of the html entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Html

note: type: Content of the hypertexttransferprotocol entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol

note: type: Content of the httpcookies entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP_cookie
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cookie

note: type: Content of the https entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Https
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Https

note: type: Content of the hzip entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7-Zip
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/7-Zip

note: type: Content of the internetmessageaccessprotocol entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Message_Access_Protocol
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Message_Access_Protocol

note: type: Content of the init entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Init
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Init

note: type: Content of the initrd entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initrd
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initrd

note: type: Content of the inode entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inode
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inode

note: type: Content of the multilingualizatelanguagesupport entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationalization_and_localization
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internazionalizzazione_e_localizzazione

note: type: Content of the ip entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol

note: type: Content of the ipaddress entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_address
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indirizzo_ip

note: type: Content of the isc entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Systems_Consortium
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Systems_Consortium

note: type: Content of the isogdjlanguagecoowercasesuchasen entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639

note: type: Content of the isoigab entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_8601
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_8601

note: type: Content of the isoiifj entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859

note: type: Content of the isojgga entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_9660
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_9660

note: type: Content of the jackaudioconnectionkitjack entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JACK_Audio_Connection_Kit
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/JACK_Audio_Connection_Kit

note: type: Content of the javaprograminglanguage entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(programming_language)
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(linguaggio)

note: type: Content of the javascript entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript

note: type: Content of the jfs entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JFS_(file_system)
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journaled_File_System

note: type: Content of the jpeg entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEG
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEG

note: type: Content of the karmic entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karma
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karma

note: type: Content of the kde entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KDE
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/KDE

note: type: Content of the kdeplasma entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KDE_Plasma_5
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/KDE_Plasma_5

note: type: Content of the kvm entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel-based_Virtual_Machine
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel-based_Virtual_Machine

note: type: Content of the kibibyte entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kibibyte
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kibibyte

note: type: Content of the kisskeepitsimplestupid entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KISS_principle
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/KISS_(principio)

note: type: Content of the konqueror entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konqueror
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konqueror

note: type: Content of the kornshell entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korn_shell
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korn_shell

note: type: Content of the localareanetworkslans entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_area_network
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Area_Network

note: type: Content of the latex entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaTeX
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaTeX

note: type: Content of the lba entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_block_addressing
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_block_addressing

note: type: Content of the lightweightdireccessprotocolldap entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightweight_Directory_Access_Protocol
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightweight_Directory_Access_Protocol

note: type: Content of the lexicalanalyzer entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexical_analysis
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analisi_lessicale_(informatica)

note: type: Content of the liberationfonts entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberation_fonts
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberation_(font)

note: type: Content of the library entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_(computing)
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libreria_software

note: type: Content of the libreofficelo entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LibreOffice
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/LibreOffice

note: type: Content of the linux entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux

note: type: Content of the lxclinuxcontainers entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LXC
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/LXC

note: type: Content of the linuxkernel entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_kernel
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_(kernel)

note: type: Content of the linuxstandardbase entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_Standard_Base
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_Standard_Base

note: type: Content of the local entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.local
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/.local

note: type: Content of the locale entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locale
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Localizzazione#Il_concetto_di_Locale

note: type: Content of the lrparser entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LR_parser
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parser_LR

note: type: Content of the lxde entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LXDE
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/LXDE

note: type: Content of the lxqt entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LXQt
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/LXQt

note: type: Content of the lynx entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynx_(web_browser)
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynx_(software)

note: type: Content of the lyx entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyx
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyx

note: type: Content of the lzhh entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LZ77_and_LZ78
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/LZ77_e_LZ78

note: type: Content of the lzma entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lempel-Ziv-Markov_chain_algorithm
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algoritmo_Lempel-Ziv-Markov

note: type: Content of the macro entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macro_(computer_science)
it: https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macro

note: type: Content of the make entity
en: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Make_(software)
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note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: en
it: it

note: type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><abstract><para>
en: This book is free; you may redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License of any version compliant to the Debian Free Software Guidelines (DFSG).
it: Questo testo è libero; lo si può ridistribuire e/o modificare nei termini della GNU General Public License in qualsiasi versione aderente alle Linee guida Debian per il Software Libero (DFSG).

note: type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><legalnotice><para>
en: This Debian Reference (version &dr-version;) (&build-date;) is intended to provide a broad overview of the Debian system as a post-installation user's guide. It covers many aspects of system administration through shell-command examples for non-developers.
it: Questa guida di riferimento Debian, Debian Reference (versione &dr-version;) (&build-date;) è pensata per fornire un'ampia panoramica del sistema Debian in qualità di guida post-installazione per l'utente. Copre molti aspetti dell'amministrazione di sistema attraverso esempi di uso di comandi di shell, pensati per chi non è sviluppatore.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><title>
en: Preface
it: Prefazione

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><para>
en: This <ulink url="&debianreferenceversiondrversion;">Debian Reference (version &dr-version;)</ulink> (&build-date;) is intended to provide a broad overview of the Debian system administration as a post-installation user guide.
it: Questa guida di riferimento <ulink url="&debianreferenceversiondrversion;">Debian Reference (versione &dr-version;)</ulink> (&build-date;) è pensata per fornire un'ampia panoramica dell'amministrazione di un sistema Debian in qualità di guida post-installazione per l'utente.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><para>
en: The target reader is someone who is willing to learn shell scripts but who is not ready to read all the C sources to figure out how the <ulink url="&gnu;">GNU</ulink>/<ulink url="&linux;">Linux</ulink> system works.
it: Si rivolge ad un lettore che abbia voglia di imparare gli script di shell, ma che non è pronto a leggere tutti i sorgenti C per scoprire come funzioni il sistema <ulink url="&gnu;">GNU</ulink>/<ulink url="&linux;">Linux</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><para>
en: For installation instructions, see:
it: Per istruzioni sull'installazione, vedere:

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&debiangnulinuxinrentstablesystem;">Debian GNU/Linux Installation Guide for current stable system</ulink>
it: <ulink url="&debiangnulinuxinrentstablesystem;">Guida all'installazione di Debian GNU/Linux per l'attuale sistema stable</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&debiangnulinuxinenttestingsystem;">Debian GNU/Linux Installation Guide for current testing system</ulink>
it: <ulink url="&debiangnulinuxinrentstablesystem;">Guida all'installazione di Debian GNU/Linux per l'attuale sistema testing</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><title>
en: Disclaimer
it: Note legali

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><para>
en: All warranties are disclaimed.  All trademarks are property of their respective trademark owners.
it: Non viene fornita alcuna garanzia. Tutti i marchi registrati appartengono ai rispettivi proprietari.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><para>
en: The Debian system itself is a moving target.  This makes its documentation difficult to be current and correct.  Although the current <literal>testing</literal> version of the Debian system was used as the basis for writing this, some contents may be already outdated by the time you read this.
it: Il sistema Debian è, di per sé, un'entità in continuo movimento; ciò rende difficile alla sua documentazione essere aggiornata e corretta. Sebbene come base per questo testo sia stata usata la versione <literal>testing</literal> al momento della sua stesura, alcuni contenuti potrebbero essere obsoleti al momento della sua lettura.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><para>
en: Please treat this document as the secondary reference. This document does not replace any authoritative guides. The author and contributors do not take responsibility for consequences of errors, omissions or ambiguity in this document.
it: Si consideri questo documento come un riferimento secondario. Esso non sostituisce nessuna guida autorevole. L'autore e i collaboratori non si assumono responsabilità per le conseguenze di errori, omissioni o ambiguità presenti in questo documento.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><title>
en: What is Debian
it: Cosa è Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><para>
en: The <ulink url="&debianproject;">Debian Project</ulink> is an association of individuals who have made common cause to create a free operating system.  It's distribution is characterized by the following.
it: Il <ulink url="&debianproject;">Progetto Debian</ulink> è un'associazione di individui che hanno fatto causa comune per creare un sistema operativo libero. La sua distribuzione è caratterizzata dai seguenti aspetti.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Commitment to the software freedom: <ulink url="&debiansocialcontreguidelinesdfsg;">Debian Social Contract and Debian Free Software Guidelines (DFSG)</ulink>
it: Impegno per la libertà del software: <ulink url="&debiansocialcontreguidelinesdfsg;">Il Contratto sociale Debian e le Linee Guida Debian per il Software Libero (DFSG).</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Internet based distributed unpaid volunteer effort: <ulink url="&httpswwwdebianorg;">https://www.debian.org</ulink>
it: Sforzo volontario non pagato, distribuito, basato su Internet <ulink url="&httpswwwdebianorg;">https://www.debian.org</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Large number of pre-compiled high quality software packages
it: Vasto numero di pacchetti software di alta qualità pre-compilati.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Focus on stability and security with easy access to the security updates
it: Attenzione alla stabilità e alla sicurezza, con facile accesso agli aggiornamenti di sicurezza.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Focus on smooth upgrade to the latest software packages in the <literal>testing</literal> archives
it: Attenzione ad aggiornamenti senza problemi ai pacchetti più recenti dei software negli archivi <literal>testing</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Large number of supported hardware architectures
it: Vasto numero di architetture hardware supportate.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><para>
en: Free Software pieces in Debian come from <ulink url="&gnu;">GNU</ulink>, <ulink url="&linux;">Linux</ulink>, <ulink url="&bsd;">BSD</ulink>, <ulink url="&x;">X</ulink>, <ulink url="&isc;">ISC</ulink>, <ulink url="&apache;">Apache</ulink>, <ulink url="&ghostscript;">Ghostscript</ulink>, <ulink url="&commonunixprintingsystem;">Common Unix Printing System </ulink>, <ulink url="&samba;">Samba</ulink>, <ulink url="&gnome;">GNOME</ulink>, <ulink url="&kde;">KDE</ulink>, <ulink url="&mozilla;">Mozilla</ulink>, <ulink url="&libreoffice;">LibreOffice</ulink>, <ulink url="&vim;">Vim</ulink>, <ulink url="&tex;">TeX</ulink>, <ulink url="&latex;">LaTeX</ulink>, <ulink url="&docbook;">DocBook</ulink>, <ulink url="&perl;">Perl</ulink>, <ulink url="&python;">Python</ulink>, <ulink url="&tcl;">Tcl</ulink>, <ulink url="&java;">Java</ulink>, <ulink url="&ruby;">Ruby</ulink>, <ulink url="&php;">PHP</ulink>, <ulink url="&berkeleydb;">Berkeley DB</ulink>, <ulink url="&mariadb;">MariaDB</ulink>, <ulink url="&postgresql;">PostgreSQL</ulink>, <ulink url="&sqlite;">SQLite</ulink>, <ulink url="&exim;">Exim</ulink>, <ulink url="&postfix;">Postfix</ulink>, <ulink url="&mutt;">Mutt</ulink>, <ulink url="&freebsd;">FreeBSD</ulink>, <ulink url="&openbsd;">OpenBSD</ulink>, <ulink url="&planj;">Plan 9</ulink> and many more independent free software projects.  Debian integrates this diversity of Free Software into one system.
it: I vari pezzi di Software Libero in Debian provengono da <ulink url="&gnu;">GNU</ulink>, <ulink url="&linux;">Linux</ulink>, <ulink url="&bsd;">BSD</ulink>, <ulink url="&x;">X</ulink>, <ulink url="&isc;">ISC</ulink>, <ulink url="&apache;">Apache</ulink>, <ulink url="&ghostscript;">Ghostscript</ulink>, <ulink url="&commonunixprintingsystem;">Common Unix Printing System </ulink>, <ulink url="&samba;">Samba</ulink>, <ulink url="&gnome;">GNOME</ulink>, <ulink url="&kde;">KDE</ulink>, <ulink url="&mozilla;">Mozilla</ulink>, <ulink url="&libreoffice;">LibreOffice</ulink>, <ulink url="&vim;">Vim</ulink>, <ulink url="&tex;">TeX</ulink>, <ulink url="&latex;">LaTeX</ulink>, <ulink url="&docbook;">DocBook</ulink>, <ulink url="&perl;">Perl</ulink>, <ulink url="&python;">Python</ulink>, <ulink url="&tcl;">Tcl</ulink>, <ulink url="&java;">Java</ulink>, <ulink url="&ruby;">Ruby</ulink>, <ulink url="&php;">PHP</ulink>, <ulink url="&berkeleydb;">Berkeley DB</ulink>, <ulink url="&mariadb;">MariaDB</ulink>, <ulink url="&postgresql;">PostgreSQL</ulink>, <ulink url="&sqlite;">SQLite</ulink>, <ulink url="&exim;">Exim</ulink>, <ulink url="&postfix;">Postfix</ulink>, <ulink url="&mutt;">Mutt</ulink>, <ulink url="&freebsd;">FreeBSD</ulink>, <ulink url="&openbsd;">OpenBSD</ulink>, <ulink url="&planj;">Plan 9</ulink> e molti altri progetti software liberi indipendenti. Debian integra questa diversità del Software Libero in un unico sistema.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><title>
en: About this document
it: Informazioni su questo documento

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><title>
en: Guiding rules
it: Linee guida

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
en: Following guiding rules are followed while compiling this document.
it: Nella stesura di questo documento sono state seguite le seguenti linee guida.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Provide overview and skip corner cases. (<emphasis role="strong">Big Picture</emphasis>)
it: Fornire una panoramica ed evitare casi particolari. (<emphasis role="strong">Vista d'insieme</emphasis>.)

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Keep It Short and Simple. (<emphasis role="strong">KISS</emphasis>)
it: Mantenere il testo <emphasis role="strong">conciso e semplice</emphasis>.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Do not reinvent the wheel. (Use pointers to <emphasis role="strong">the existing references</emphasis>)
it: Non reinventare la ruota. (Usare rimandi alle <emphasis role="strong">risorse esistenti</emphasis>.)

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Focus on non-GUI tools and consoles. (Use <emphasis role="strong">shell examples</emphasis>)
it: Concentrarsi sugli strumenti senza interfaccia utente grafica e sulla console. (Usare <emphasis role="strong">esempi shell</emphasis>.)

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Be objective. (Use <ulink url="&popcon;">popcon</ulink> etc.)
it: Essere obiettivi. (Usare <ulink url="&popcon;">popcon</ulink>, ecc.)

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><tip><para>
en: I tried to elucidate hierarchical aspects and lower levels of the system.
it: Si è cercato di spiegare aspetti gerarchici e i più bassi livelli di funzionamento del sistema.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><title>
en: Prerequisites
it: Prerequisiti

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><warning><para>
en: You are expected to make good efforts to seek answers by yourself beyond this documentation.  This document only gives efficient starting points.
it: Il lettore deve fare lo sforzo di cercare risposte da solo andando oltre questa documentazione. Questo documento fornisce solo degli efficaci punti di partenza.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
en: You must seek solution by yourself from primary sources.
it: Il lettore deve cercare le soluzioni da solo dalle fonti primarie.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The Debian site at <ulink url="&httpswwwdebianorg;">https://www.debian.org</ulink> for the general information
it: Il sito Debian all'indirizzo <ulink url="&httpswwwdebianorg;">https://www.debian.org</ulink> per le informazioni generiche.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The documentation under the "<literal>/usr/share/doc/<emphasis>package_name</emphasis></literal>" directory
it: La documentazione nella directory "<literal>/usr/share/doc/<emphasis>nome_pacchetto</emphasis></literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The Unix style <emphasis role="strong">manpage</emphasis>: "<literal>dpkg -L <emphasis>package_name</emphasis> |grep '/man/man.*/'</literal>"
it: La <emphasis role="strong">pagina man</emphasis> in stile Unix: "<literal>dpkg -L <emphasis>nome_pacchetto</emphasis> |grep '/man/man.*/'</literal>" .

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The GNU style <emphasis role="strong">info page</emphasis>: "<literal>dpkg -L <emphasis>package_name</emphasis> |grep '/info/'</literal>"
it: La <emphasis role="strong">pagina info</emphasis> in stile GNU: "<literal>dpkg -L <emphasis>nome_pacchetto</emphasis> |grep '/info/'</literal>" .

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The bug report: <ulink url="&httpsbugsdebianorgpackage_name;">https://bugs.debian.org/<emphasis>package_name</emphasis></ulink>
it: Le segnalazioni di bug: <ulink url="&httpsbugsdebianorgpackage_name;">https://bugs.debian.org/<emphasis>nome_pacchetto</emphasis></ulink> .

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The Debian Wiki at <ulink url="&httpswikidebianorg;">https://wiki.debian.org/</ulink> for the moving and specific topics
it: Il Debian Wiki all'indirizzo <ulink url="&httpswikidebianorg;">https://wiki.debian.org/</ulink> per gli aspetti mutevoli e gli argomenti specifici.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The Single UNIX Specification from the Open Group's <ulink url="&theunixsystemhomepage;">The UNIX System Home Page</ulink>
it: Le specifiche Single UNIX Specification dalla <ulink url="&theunixsystemhomepage;">Pagina web di The UNIX System</ulink> dell'Open Group.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The free encyclopedia from Wikipedia at <ulink url="&httpswwwwikipediaorg;">https://www.wikipedia.org/</ulink>
it: L'enciclopedia libera Wikipedia all'indirizzo <ulink url="&httpswwwwikipediaorg;">https://www.wikipedia.org/</ulink> .

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The HOWTOs from <ulink url="&thelinuxdocumentationprojecttldp;">The Linux Documentation Project (TLDP)</ulink>
it: Gli HOWTO dal <ulink url="&thelinuxdocumentationprojecttldp;">The Linux Documentation Project (TLDP)</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><note><para>
en: For detailed documentation, you may need to install the corresponding documentation package named with "<literal>-doc</literal>" as its suffix.
it: Per una documentazione dettagliata può essere necessario installare il corrispondente pacchetto di documentazione il cui nome ha il suffisso "<literal>-doc</literal>" .

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><title>
en: Conventions
it: Convenzioni

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
en: This document provides information through the following simplified presentation style with <literal>bash</literal>(1) shell command examples.
it: Questo documento fornisce informazioni attraverso il seguente stile semplificato di rappresentazione con esempi di comandi per la shell <literal>bash</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
en: These shell prompts distinguish account used and correspond to set environment variables as: "<literal>PS1='\$'</literal>" and "<literal>PS2=' '</literal>".  These values are chosen for the sake of readability of this document and are not typical on actual installed system.
it: Questi prompt di shell distinguono gli account usati e corrispondono a ciò che si ottiene impostando le variabili d'ambiente in questo modo: "<literal>PS1='\$'</literal>" e "<literal>PS2=' '</literal>". Questi valori sono stati scelti per aumentare la leggibilità del documento e non sono quelli tipici di una reale installazione del sistema.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
en: All command examples are run under the English locale "<literal>LANG=en_US.UTF8</literal>". Please don't expect the placeholder strings such as <literal><emphasis>command-in-root-account</emphasis></literal> and <literal><emphasis>command-in-user-account</emphasis></literal> to be translated in command examples.  This is an intentional choice to keep all translated examples to be up-to-date.
it: Tutti gli esempi di comandi sono nella localizzazione inglese "<literal>LANG=en_US.UTF8</literal>". Non aspettarsi che negli esempi siano tradotte le stringhe segnaposto come <literal><emphasis>command-in-root-account</emphasis></literal> e <literal><emphasis>command-in-user-account</emphasis></literal>. Questa è una scelta intenzionale per mantenere tutti gli esempi tradotti aggiornati.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><note><para>
en: See the meaning of the "<literal>$PS1</literal>" and "<literal>$PS2</literal>" environment variables in <literal>bash</literal>(1).
it: Si veda il significato delle variabili d'ambiente "<literal>$PS1</literal>" e "<literal>$PS2</literal>" in <literal>bash</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">Action</emphasis> required by the system administrator is written in the imperative sentence, e.g. "Type Enter-key after typing each command string to the shell."
it: Le <emphasis role="strong">azioni</emphasis> che gli amministratori di sistema devono eseguire sono scritte all'infinito, ad esempio "Premere il tasto Invio dopo ogni stringa di comando digitata nella shell."

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
en: The <emphasis role="strong">description</emphasis> column and similar ones in the table may contain a <emphasis role="strong">noun phrase</emphasis> following <ulink url="&thepackageshortdiptionconvention;">the package short description convention</ulink> which drops leading articles such as "a" and "the".  They may alternatively contain an infinitive phrase as a <emphasis role="strong">noun phrase</emphasis> without leading "to" following the short command description convention in manpages.  These may look funny to some people but are my intentional choices of style to keep this documentation as simple as possible.  These <emphasis role="strong">Noun phrases</emphasis> do not capitalize their starting nor end with periods following these short description convention.
it: La colonna <emphasis role="strong">descrizione</emphasis> ed altre simili in tabelle possono contenere un <emphasis role="strong">sintagma nominale</emphasis> che segue le <ulink url="&thepackageshortdiptionconvention;">convenzioni per le descrizioni brevi dei pacchetti</ulink> e che perde l'articolo iniziale quali "un" ed "il". Le colonne possono, in alternativa, contenere un <emphasis role="strong">verbo al presente</emphasis> seguendo la convenzione usata nella descrizione breve dei comandi nelle pagine man. Questa scelta potrà apparire strana per qualcuno, ma fa parte della scelta deliberata dell'autore di mantenere più semplice possibile lo stile di questa documentazione. In entrambi i casi l'iniziale non è maiuscola e manca il punto finale seguendo le dette convenzioni per le descrizioni brevi.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><note><para>
en: Proper nouns including command names keeps their case irrespective of their location.
it: I nomi propri, inclusi i nomi dei comandi mantengono la corretta iniziale maiuscola/minuscola indipendentemente dalla loro posizione.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
en: A <emphasis role="strong">command snippet</emphasis> quoted in a text paragraph is referred by the typewriter font between double quotation marks, such as "<literal>aptitude safe-upgrade</literal>".
it: Un <emphasis role="strong">breve comando</emphasis> citato all'interno di un paragrafo di testo viene reso dal carattere a spaziatura fissa racchiuso tra virgolette doppie come in "<literal>aptitude safe-upgrade</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
en: A <emphasis role="strong">text data</emphasis> from a configuration file quoted in a text paragraph is referred by the typewriter font between double quotation marks, such as "<literal>deb-src</literal>".
it: <emphasis role="strong">Dati testuali</emphasis> da un file di configurazione citati all'interno di un paragrafo di testo vengono resi ‪dal carattere a spaziatura fissa racchiuso tra virgolette doppie come in "<literal>deb-src</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
en: A <emphasis role="strong">command</emphasis> is referred by its name in the typewriter font optionally followed by its manpage section number in parenthesis, such as <literal>bash</literal>(1).  You are encouraged to obtain information by typing the following.
it: Un <emphasis role="strong">comando</emphasis> viene reso dall'uso del carattere a spaziatura fissa per il suo nome, seguito eventualmente dal numero di sezione della sua pagina man tra parentesi, come in <literal>bash</literal>(1). Ci si senta incoraggiati ad ottenere ulteriori informazioni digitando quanto segue.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
en: A <emphasis role="strong">manpage</emphasis> is referred by its name in the typewriter font followed by its manpage section number in parenthesis, such as <literal>sources.list</literal>(5).  You are encouraged to obtain information by typing the following.
it: Una <emphasis role="strong">pagina man</emphasis> viene resa dall'uso del carattere a spaziatura fissa per il suo nome seguito dal numero della sua sezione nelle pagine man racchiuso tra parentesi, come in <literal>sources.list</literal>(5). Ci si senta incoraggiati ad ottenere ulteriori informazioni digitando quanto segue.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
en: An <emphasis role="strong">info page</emphasis> is referred by its command snippet in the typewriter font between double quotation marks, such as "<literal>info make</literal>".  You are encouraged to obtain information by typing the following.
it: Una <emphasis role="strong">pagina info</emphasis> viene resa dal suo comando corrispondente in carattere a spaziatura fissa racchiuso tra virgolette doppie, come in "<literal>info make</literal>". Ci si senta incoraggiati ad ottenere ulteriori informazioni digitando quanto segue.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
en: A <emphasis role="strong">filename</emphasis> is referred by the typewriter font between double quotation marks, such as "<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>".  For configuration files, you are encouraged to obtain information by typing the following.
it: Un <emphasis role="strong">nome di file</emphasis> viene reso dal carattere a spaziatura fissa tra virgolette doppie, come in "<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>". Per quanto riguarda i file di configurazione ci si senta incoraggiati ad ottenere ulteriori informazioni digitando quanto segue.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
en: A <emphasis role="strong">directory name</emphasis> is referred by the typewriter font between double quotation marks, such as "<literal>/etc/apt/</literal>".  You are encouraged to explore its contents by typing the following.
it: Un <emphasis role="strong">nome di directory</emphasis> viene reso dal carattere a spaziatura fissa tra virgolette doppie, come in «<literal>/etc/apt/</literal>». Ci si senta incoraggiati ad esplorare il suo contenuto digitando quanto segue.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
en: A <emphasis role="strong">package name</emphasis> is referred by its name in the typewriter font, such as <literal>vim</literal>.  You are encouraged to obtain information by typing the following.
it: Un <emphasis role="strong">nome di pacchetto</emphasis> viene reso dal carattere a spaziatura fissa, come in <literal>vim</literal>. Ci si senta incoraggiati ad ottenere ulteriori informazioni digitando quanto segue.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
en: A <emphasis role="strong">documentation</emphasis> may indicate its location by the filename in the typewriter font between double quotation marks, such as "<literal>/usr/share/doc/base-passwd/users-and-groups.txt.gz</literal>" and "<literal>/usr/share/doc/base-passwd/users-and-groups.html</literal>"; or by its <ulink url="&url;">URL</ulink>, such as <ulink url="&httpswwwdebianorg;">https://www.debian.org</ulink>.  You are encouraged to read the documentation by typing the following.
it: La posizione di una <emphasis role="strong">documentazione</emphasis> può essere indicata con il nome di file in carattere a spaziatura fissa tra virgolette doppie, come in "<literal>/usr/share/doc/base-passwd/users-and-groups.txt.gz</literal>" e "<literal>/usr/share/doc/base-passwd/users-and-groups.html</literal>", oppure dal suo <ulink url="&url;">URL</ulink>, come in <ulink url="&httpswwwdebianorg;">https://www.debian.org</ulink>. Ci si senta incoraggiati a leggere la documentazione digitando quanto segue.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
en: An <emphasis role="strong">environment variable</emphasis> is referred by its name with leading "<literal>$</literal>" in the typewriter font between double quotation marks, such as "<literal>$TERM</literal>".  You are encouraged to obtain its current value by typing the following.
it: Una <emphasis role="strong">variabile d'ambiente</emphasis> viene resa dal suo nome preceduto dal segno "<literal>$</literal>" in carattere a spaziatura fissa tra virgolette doppie, come in "<literal>$TERM</literal>". Ci si senta incoraggiati ad ottenere il suo valore attuale digitando quanto segue.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><title>
en: The popcon
it: Popcon

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
en: The <ulink url="&popcon;">popcon</ulink> data is presented as the objective measure for the popularity of each package.  It was downloaded on &pop-date; and contains the total submission of &pop-submissions; reports over &pop-packages; binary packages and &pop-architectures; architectures.
it: I dati da <ulink url="&popcon;">popcon</ulink> sono usati come misura oggettiva della popolarità di ciascun pacchetto. Sono stati scaricati il &pop-date; e contengono i dati totali inviati da &pop-submissions; rapporti su &pop-packages; pacchetti binari e &pop-architectures; architetture.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><note><para>
en: Please note that the <literal>&arch;</literal> <literal>unstable</literal> archive contains only &all-packages; packages currently.  The popcon data contains reports from many old system installations.
it: Notare che l'archivio <literal>&arch;</literal> <literal>unstable</literal> contiene attualmente solo &all-packages; pacchetti. I dati di popcon contengono rapporti inviati da molte installazioni su sistemi vecchi.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
en: The popcon number preceded with "V:" for "votes" is calculated by "1000 * (the popcon submissions for the package executed recently on the PC)/(the total popcon submissions)".
it: Il numero popcon, preceduto da "V:" che sta per "voti", è calcolato così: "1000 * (rapporti popcon inviati con il pacchetto eseguito di recente sul PC)/(numero totale di rapporti popcon inviati)".

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
en: The popcon number preceded with "I:" for "installs" is calculated by "1000 * (the popcon submissions for the package installed on the PC)/(the total popcon submissions)".
it: Il numero popcon, preceduto da "I:" che sta per "installazioni", è calcolato così: "1000 * (rapporti popcon inviati con il pacchetto installato sul PC)/(numero totale di rapporti popcon inviati)".

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><note><para>
en: The popcon figures should not be considered as absolute measures of the importance of packages.  There are many factors which can skew statistics.  For example, some system participating popcon may have mounted directories such as "<literal>/usr/bin</literal>" with "<literal>noatime</literal>" option for system performance improvement and effectively disabled "vote" from such system.
it: I numeri popcon non dovrebbero essere considerati una misura assoluta dell'importanza dei pacchetti. Ci sono molti fattori che possono influenzare le statistiche. Per esempio, alcuni sistemi che partecipano a popcon possono avere montato directory quali "<literal>/usr/bin</literal>" con l'opzione "<literal>noatime</literal>" per migliorare le prestazioni di sistema, influenzando di fatto negativamente i "voti" per quel sistema.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><title>
en: The package size
it: La dimensione dei pacchetti

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
en: The package size data is also presented as the objective measure for each package.  It is based on the "<literal>Installed-Size:</literal>" reported by "<literal>apt-cache show</literal>" or "<literal>aptitude show</literal>" command (currently on <literal>&arch;</literal> architecture for the <literal>unstable</literal> release).  The reported size is in KiB (<ulink url="&kibibyte;">Kibibyte</ulink> = unit for 1024 bytes).
it: Anche i dati sulla dimensione dei pacchetti sono usati come misura oggettiva per ciascun pacchetto. Sono basati sulla "<literal>Installed-Size:</literal>" riportata dal comando "<literal>apt-cache show</literal>" o "<literal>aptitude show</literal>" (attualmente sull'architettura <literal>&arch;</literal> per la versione <literal>unstable</literal>). La dimensione è riportata in KiB (<ulink url="&kibibyte;">Kibibyte</ulink> = unità di 1024 byte).

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><note><para>
en: A package with a small numerical package size may indicate that the package in the <literal>unstable</literal> release is a dummy package which installs other packages with significant contents by the dependency.  The dummy package enables a smooth transition or split of the package.
it: Una piccola dimensione per un pacchetto può indicare che esso è, nella versione <literal>unstable</literal> un pacchetto fittizio che installa, attraverso le dipendenze, altri pacchetti con contenuti sostanziosi. Il pacchetto fittizio permette una transizione facile o una suddivisione di pacchetto.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><note><para>
en: A package size followed by "(*)" indicates that the package in the <literal>unstable</literal> release is missing and the package size for the <literal>experimental</literal> release is used instead.
it: Una dimensione di pacchetto seguita da "(*)" indica che il pacchetto non è presente nella versione <literal>unstable</literal> ed è stata quindi usata la dimensione del pacchetto in <literal>experimental</literal> al suo posto.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><title>
en: Bug reports on this document
it: Segnalazioni di bug in questo documento

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
en: Please file bug reports on the <literal>debian-reference</literal> package using <literal>reportbug</literal>(1) if you find any issues on this document. Please include correction suggestion by "<literal>diff -u</literal>" to the plain text version or to the source.
it: Se si trovano errori in questo documento segnalare i bug nel pacchetto <literal>debian-reference</literal> usando <literal>reportbug</literal>(1). Se possibile, includere i suggerimenti di correzione come "<literal>diff -u</literal> alla versione in puro testo o ai sorgenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><title>
en: Reminders for new users
it: Alcuni promemoria per i nuovi utenti

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><para>
en: Here are some reminders for new users:
it: Alcuni promemoria per i nuovi utenti:

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Backup your data
it: Fare il backup dei propri dati

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: See <xref linkend="_backup_and_recovery"/>.
it: Vedere <xref linkend="_backup_and_recovery"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Secure your password and security keys
it: Mantenere sicure le proprie password e chiavi di sicurezza

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&kisskeepitsimplestupid;">KISS (keep it simple stupid)</ulink>
it: <ulink url="&kisskeepitsimplestupid;">KISS (keep it simple stupid)</ulink>, cioè mantenere le cose semplici

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Don't over-engineer your system
it: Non iper-progettare il proprio sistema

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Read your log files
it: Leggere i propri file di log

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The <emphasis role="strong">FIRST</emphasis> error is the one that counts
it: Il <emphasis role="strong">PRIMO</emphasis> errore è quello che conta

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&rtfmreadthefinemanual;">RTFM (read the fine manual)</ulink>
it: <ulink url="&rtfmreadthefinemanual;">RTFM (read the fine manual)</ulink>, cioè leggere il manuale

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Search the Internet before asking questions
it: Cercare in Internet prima di fare domande

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Don't be root when you don't have to be
it: Non lavorare come root quando non è necessario

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Don't mess with the package management system
it: Non manomettere il sistema di gestione dei pacchetti

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Don't type anything you don't understand
it: Non digitare nulla di cui non si capisce il significato

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Don't change the file permissions (before the full security review)
it: Non cambiare i permessi dei file (prima di una completa revisione della sicurezza)

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Don't leave your root shell until you <emphasis role="strong">TEST</emphasis> your changes
it: Non lasciare la shell di root fino a che non si sono <emphasis role="strong">TESTATE</emphasis> le proprie modifiche

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><title>
en: Some quotes for new users
it: Alcune citazioni per i nuovi utenti

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><para>
en: Here are some interesting quotes from the Debian mailing list which may help enlighten new users.
it: Ecco alcune interessanti citazioni dalla mailing list di Debian che potrebbero illuminare i nuovi utenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "This is Unix.  It gives you enough rope to hang yourself." --- Miquel van Smoorenburg <literal>&lt;miquels at cistron.nl&gt;</literal>
it: "Questo è Unix. Ti dà abbastanza corda da impiccarti." --- Miquel van Smoorenburg <literal>&lt;miquels at cistron.nl&gt;</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "Unix IS user friendly… It's just selective about who its friends are." --- Tollef Fog Heen <literal>&lt;tollef at add.no&gt;</literal>
it: "Unix È amichevole... è solo molto selettivo riguardo i suoi amici." --- Tollef Fog Heen <literal>&lt;tollef at add.no&gt;</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><para>
en: Wikipedia has article "<ulink url="&unixphilosophy;">Unix philosophy</ulink>" which lists interesting quotes.
it: Wikipedia ha un articolo (in inglese) sulla "<ulink url="&unixphilosophy;">Filosofia Unix</ulink>" che elenca citazioni interessanti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
en: GNU/Linux tutorials
it: Tutorial GNU/Linux

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
en: I think learning a computer system is like learning a new foreign language.  Although tutorial books and documentation are helpful, you have to practice it yourself.  In order to help you get started smoothly, I elaborate a few basic points.
it: Penso che imparare un sistema informatico sia come imparare una lingua straniera. Anche se le guide e la documentazione sono utili, si deve fare pratica diretta. Per aiutare il lettore a iniziare dolcemente, ho elaborato alcuni punti base.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
en: The powerful design of <ulink url="&debian;">Debian</ulink> <ulink url="&gnu;">GNU</ulink>/<ulink url="&linux;">Linux</ulink> comes from the <ulink url="&unix;">Unix</ulink> operating system, i.e., a <ulink url="&multiuser;">multiuser</ulink>, <ulink url="&multitasking;">multitasking</ulink> operating system.  You must learn to take advantage of the power of these features and similarities between Unix and GNU/Linux.
it: Il potente design di <ulink url="&debian;">Debian</ulink> <ulink url="&gnu;">GNU</ulink>/<ulink url="&linux;">Linux</ulink> deriva dal sistema operativo <ulink url="&unix;">Unix</ulink>, cioè un sistema operativo <ulink url="&multiuser;">multiutente</ulink> e <ulink url="&multitasking;">multitasking</ulink>. Bisogna imparare a sfruttare la potenza di queste caratteristiche e le somiglianze tra Unix e GNU/Linux.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
en: Don't shy away from Unix oriented texts and don't rely solely on GNU/Linux texts, as this robs you of much useful information.
it: Non bisogna scappare dai testi pensati per Unix e affidarsi solamente a testi su GNU/Linux dato che in questo modo ci si priva di molte informazioni utili.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><note><para>
en: If you have been using any <ulink url="&unixlike;">Unix-like</ulink> system for a while with command line tools, you probably know everything I explain here.  Please use this as a reality check and refresher.
it: Se si è usato tramite strumenti a riga di comando un sistema <ulink url="&unixlike;">*nix</ulink> per un certo tempo, probabilmente si sa già tutto ciò che viene spiegato qui. Si usi questa sezione come un ripasso e per consultazioni.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Console basics
it: Nozioni di base sulla console

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The shell prompt
it: Il prompt di shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Upon starting the system, you are presented with the character based login screen if you did not install any <ulink url="&gui;">GUI</ulink> environment such as <ulink url="&gnome;">GNOME</ulink> or <ulink url="&kde;">KDE</ulink> desktop system. Suppose your hostname is <literal>foo</literal>, the login prompt looks as follows.
it: All'avvio del sistema, se non è stata installato alcun ambiente con <ulink url="&gui;">GUI</ulink> come il sistema desktop <ulink url="&gnome;">GNOME</ulink> o <ulink url="&kde;">KDE</ulink>. Supponiamo che il proprio nome host sia <literal>pippo</literal>, il prompt di login apparirà come segue.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you installed a <ulink url="&gui;">GUI</ulink> environment, then you can still get to the character based login prompt by Ctrl-Alt-F3, and you can return to the GUI environment via Ctrl-Alt-F2 (see <xref linkend="_virtual_consoles"/> below for more).
it: Se è stato installato un ambiente <ulink url="&gui;">GUI</ulink>, allora ci si può comunque spostare ad un prompt di login a caratteri premendo Ctrl-Alt-F3 e si può ritornare alla GUI con Ctrl-Alt-F2 (vedere <xref linkend="_virtual_consoles"/> in seguito per maggiori informazioni).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: At the login prompt, you type your username, e.g. <literal>penguin</literal>, and press the Enter-key, then type your password and press the Enter-key again.
it: Al prompt di login digitare il proprio nome utente, ad esempio <literal>pinguino</literal> e premere il tasto Invio, poi digitare la propria password e premere di nuovo Invio.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: Following the Unix tradition, the username and password of the Debian system are case sensitive.  The username is usually chosen only from the lowercase.  The first user account is usually created during the installation.  Additional user accounts can be created with <literal>adduser</literal>(8) by root.
it: Nella tradizione Unix, il nome utente e la password di un sistema Debian distinguono le lettere maiuscole dalle minuscole. Il nome utente di solito viene scelto usando solo lettere minuscole. Il primo account utente viene normalmente creato durante l'installazione. Account utente aggiuntivi possono essere creati da root con <literal>adduser</literal>(8).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The system starts with the greeting message stored in "<literal>/etc/motd</literal>" (Message Of The Day) and presents a command prompt.
it: Il sistema si presenta con il messaggio di benvenuto memorizzato in "<literal>/etc/motd</literal>" (Message Of The Day, messaggio del giorno) e fornisce un prompt dei comandi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Now you are in the <ulink url="&shell;">shell</ulink>. The shell interprets your commands.
it: Si è ora nella <ulink url="&shell;">shell</ulink>. La shell interpreta i comandi dell'utente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The shell prompt under GUI
it: Il prompt di shell in una GUI

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you installed a <ulink url="&gui;">GUI</ulink> environment during the installation, you are presented with the graphical login screen upon starting your system.  You type your username and your password to login to the non-privileged user account.  Use tab to navigate between username and password, or use the primary click of the mouse.
it: Se è stato installato un ambiente con <ulink url="&gui;">GUI</ulink> durante l'installazione, all'avvio del sistema viene presentata una schermata grafica di login. Si inseriscono il nome utente e la password per fare il login come utente non privilegiato. Usare il tasto Tab per spostarsi dal campo del nome utente a quello della password e viceversa, oppure usare il mouse e il clic principale.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can gain the shell prompt under GUI environment by starting a <literal>x-terminal-emulator</literal> program such as <literal>gnome-terminal</literal>(1), <literal>rxvt</literal>(1) or <literal>xterm</literal>(1).  Under the GNOME desktop environment, press SUPER-key (Windows-key) and typing in "terminal" to the search prompt does the trick.
it: Si può ottenere il prompt di shell in un ambiente GUI avviando un programma <literal>emulatore di terminale X</literal> come <literal>gnome-terminal</literal>(1), <literal>rxvt</literal>(1) o <literal>xterm</literal>(1). Nell'ambiente desktop GNOME può essere fatto premendo il tasto SUPER (tasto Windows) e digitando "terminal" per cercare il prompt.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Under some other Desktop systems (like <literal>fluxbox</literal>), there may be no obvious starting point for the menu.  If this happens, just try (right) clicking the background of the desktop screen and hope for a menu to pop-up.
it: In altri sistemi Desktop (come <literal>fluxbox</literal>), potrebbe non esserci un punto evidente per l'apertura del menu. Se si è in questa condizione, provare a fare clic, con il tasto destro, sullo sfondo della schermata del desktop e sperare che appaia un menu.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The root account
it: L'account root

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The root account is also called <ulink url="&superuser;">superuser</ulink> or privileged user.  From this account, you can perform the following system administration tasks.
it: L'account root viene anche indicato come <ulink url="&superuser;">superutente</ulink> o utente privilegiato. Da questo account si possono eseguire i seguenti compiti amministrativi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Read, write, and remove any files on the system irrespective of their file permissions
it: Leggere, scrivere e cancellare qualsiasi file sul sistema indipendentemente dai suoi permessi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Set file ownership and permissions of any files on the system
it: Impostare il proprietario e i permessi di qualunque file sul sistema.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Set the password of any non-privileged users on the system
it: Impostare la password di qualsiasi utente non privilegiato nel sistema.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Login to any accounts without their passwords
it: Fare il login in qualsiasi account senza la password.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This unlimited power of root account requires you to be considerate and responsible when using it.
it: Questi poteri illimitati dell'account root rendono necessario essere prudenti e responsabili nel loro uso.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
en: Never share the root password with others.
it: Non comunicare mai la password di root ad altri.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: File permissions of a file (including hardware devices such as CD-ROM etc. which are just another file for the Debian system) may render it unusable or inaccessible by non-root users.  Although the use of root account is a quick way to test this kind of situation, its resolution should be done through proper setting of file permissions and user's group membership (see <xref linkend="_filesystem_permissions"/>).
it: I permessi di un file (inclusi i device hardware come CD-ROM, ecc. che sono nient'altro che un altro file per il sistema Debian) lo possono rendere inutilizzabile o inaccessibile per gli utenti non root. Benché usare l'account root sia un metodo veloce per affrontare questo tipo di situazione, la sua soluzione dovrebbe essere l'impostazione degli appropriati permessi e gruppi proprietari per il file (vedere <xref linkend="_filesystem_permissions"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The root shell prompt
it: Il prompt di shell di root

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here are a few basic methods to gain the root shell prompt by using the root password.
it: Ecco alcuni metodi di base per ottenere il prompt di shell per root usando la password di root.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Type <literal>root</literal> at the character based login prompt.
it: Inserire <literal>root</literal> al prompt di login a caratteri.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Type "<literal>su -l</literal>" from any user shell prompt.
it: Digitare "<literal>su -l</literal>" al prompt di shell di un utente qualsiasi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: This does not preserve the environment of the current user.
it: L'ambiente dell'utente attuale non viene in questo caso preservato.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Type "<literal>su</literal>" from any user shell prompt.
it: Digitare "<literal>su</literal>" al prompt di shell di un utente qualsiasi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: This preserves some of the environment of the current user.
it: L'ambiente dell'utente attuale viene in questo caso parzialmente preservato.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: GUI system administration tools
it: Strumenti di amministrazione del sistema con interfaccia utente grafica

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: When your desktop menu does not start GUI system administration tools automatically with the appropriate privilege, you can start them from the root shell prompt of the terminal emulator, such as <literal>gnome-terminal</literal>(1), <literal>rxvt</literal>(1), or <literal>xterm</literal>(1). See <xref linkend="_the_root_shell_prompt"/> and <xref linkend="_x_server_connection"/>.
it: Quando il menu del desktop non avvia gli strumenti con interfaccia grafica per l'amministrazione di sistema con i privilegi appropriati, si può avviarli dal prompt di shell di root degli emulatori di terminale, quali <literal>gnome-terminal</literal>(1), <literal>rxvt</literal>(1) o <literal>xterm</literal>(1). Vedere <xref linkend="_the_root_shell_prompt"/> e <xref linkend="_x_server_connection"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
en: Never start the GUI display/session manager under the root account by typing in <literal>root</literal> to the prompt of the display manager such as <literal>gdm3</literal>(1).
it: Non avviare mai il gestore di sessioni/display manager della GUI dall'account root inserendo <literal>root</literal> al prompt di un display manager come <literal>gdm3</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
en: Never run untrusted remote GUI program under X Window when critical information is displayed since it may eavesdrop your X screen.
it: Non eseguire mai in X Window programmi con interfaccia utente grafica non fidati da remoto quando sono visualizzate informazioni critiche, dato che potrebbero spiare lo schermo X.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Virtual consoles
it: Console virtuali

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: In the default Debian system, there are six switchable <ulink url="&vtbaalike;">VT100-like</ulink> character consoles available to start the command shell directly on the Linux host.  Unless you are in a GUI environment, you can switch between the virtual consoles by pressing the <literal>Left-Alt-key</literal> and one of the <literal>F1</literal> — <literal>F6</literal> keys simultaneously.  Each character console allows independent login to the account and offers the multiuser environment.  This multiuser environment is a great Unix feature, and very addictive.
it: Nel sistema Debian standard, ci sono sei console a caratteri <ulink url="&vtbaalike;">in stile VT100</ulink> disponibili tra cui ci si può spostare per avviare una shell di comando direttamente sull'host Linux. A meno che non si sia in un ambiente con interfaccia grafica, si può passare da una console virtuale all'altra usando simultaneamente il <literal>tasto_Alt_sinistro</literal> e uno dei tasti <literal>F1</literal> — <literal>F6</literal>. Ogni console a caratteri permette un login indipendente nell'account e offre un ambiente multiutente. L'ambiente multiutente è una bellissima caratteristica di Unix e ci si può abituare presto a dipendere da esso.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you are in the GUI environment, you gain access to the character console 3 by pressing <literal>Ctrl-Alt-F3</literal> key, i.e., the <literal>left-Ctrl-key</literal>, the <literal>left-Alt-key</literal>, and the <literal>F3-key</literal> are pressed together.  You can get back to the GUI environment, normally running on the virtual console 2, by pressing <literal>Alt-F2</literal>.
it: Se si è nell'ambiente con GUI, si accede alla console a caratteri 3 premendo i tasti <literal>Ctrl-Alt-F3</literal>, cioè premendo contemporaneamente il <literal>tasto_Ctrl_sinistro</literal>, il <literal>tasto_Alt_sinistro</literal> e il <literal>tasto_F3</literal>. Si può tornare all'ambiente GUI, che di solito è in esecuzione sulla console virtuale 2, premendo <literal>Alt-F2</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can alternatively change to another virtual console, e.g. to the console 3, from the commandline.
it: In alternativa ci si può spostare in un'altra console virtuale, per esempio la console 3, dalla riga di comando.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: How to leave the command prompt
it: Come uscire dal prompt dei comandi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You type <literal>Ctrl-D</literal>, i.e., the <literal>left-Ctrl-key</literal> and the <literal>d-key</literal> pressed together, at the command prompt to close the shell activity.  If you are at the character console, you return to the login prompt with this.  Even though these control characters are referred as "control D" with the upper case, you do not need to press the Shift-key. The short hand expression, <literal>^D</literal>, is also used for <literal>Ctrl-D</literal>.  Alternately, you can type "exit".
it: Si digita <literal>Ctrl-D</literal>, cioè il <literal>tasto_Ctrl_sinistro</literal> e il <literal>tasto_d</literal> vengono premuti contemporaneamente al prompt dei comandi per chiuderà l'attività della shell. Se si è nella console a caratteri, in questo modo si ritorna al prompt di login. Anche se questi caratteri di controllo vengono indicati con le lettere maiuscole, come "control D", non è necessario premere il tasto Maiusc. Per indicare <literal>Ctrl-D</literal> viene anche usata l'espressione abbreviata <literal>^D</literal>. In alternativa si può digitare "exit".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you are at <literal>x-terminal-emulator</literal>(1), you can close <literal>x-terminal-emulator</literal> window with this.
it: Se si sta usando <literal>x-terminal-emulator</literal>(1) , in questo modo si può chiudere la finestra dell'emulatore di terminale (<literal>x-terminal-emulator</literal>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: How to shutdown the system
it: Come spegnere il sistema

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Just like any other modern OS where the file operation involves <ulink url="&cachingdata;">caching data</ulink> in memory for improved performance, the Debian system needs the proper shutdown procedure before power can safely be turned off. This is to maintain the integrity of files, by forcing all changes in memory to be written to disk. If the software power control is available, the shutdown procedure automatically turns off power of the system. (Otherwise, you may have to press power button for few seconds after the shutdown procedure.)
it: Esattamente come ogni altro SO moderno in cui le operazioni su file comportano <ulink url="&cachingdata;">una cache dei dati</ulink> in memoria per migliorare le prestazioni, il sistema Debian ha bisogno della appropriata procedura di spegnimento prima che l'alimentazione possa essere staccata in modo sicuro. Questo serve a preservare l'integrità dei file, forzando la scrittura su disco di tutti i cambiamenti avvenuti in memoria. Se è disponibile il controllo software dell'alimentazione, la procedura di spegnimento automaticamente toglie l'alimentazione al sistema. (In caso contrario può essere necessario tener premuto per alcuni secondi il tasto di accensione/spegnimento.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can shutdown the system under the normal multiuser mode from the commandline.
it: Si può spegnere il sistema dalla riga di comando nella normale modalità multiutente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can shutdown the system under the single-user mode from the commandline.
it: Si può spegnere il sistema dalla riga di comando nella modalità single-user.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See <xref linkend="_how_to_shutdown_the_remote_system_on_ssh"/>.
it: Vedere <xref linkend="_how_to_shutdown_the_remote_system_on_ssh"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Recovering a sane console
it: Ripristinare una console funzionante

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: When the screen goes berserk after doing some funny things such as "<literal>cat <emphasis>some-binary-file</emphasis></literal>", type "<literal>reset</literal>" at the command prompt. You may not be able to see the command echoed as you type.  You may also issue "<literal>clear</literal>" to clean up the screen.
it: Quando, dopo aver fatto qualcosa di strano come "<literal>cat <emphasis>un-qualche-file-binario</emphasis></literal>", lo schermo impazzisce digitare "<literal>reset</literal>" al prompt dei comandi. Mentre lo si digita il comando potrebbe non essere visualizzato. Si può anche usare "<literal>clear</literal>" per pulire lo schermo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Additional package suggestions for the newbie
it: Suggerimenti per pacchetti aggiuntivi per i principianti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Although even the minimal installation of the Debian system without any desktop environment tasks provides the basic Unix functionality, it is a good idea to install few additional commandline and curses based character terminal packages such as <literal>mc</literal> and <literal>vim</literal> with <literal>apt-get</literal>(8) for beginners to get started by the following.
it: Sebbene anche l'installazione minima del sistema Debian, senza alcun ambiente desktop, fornisca le funzionalità Unix di base è una buona idea installare con <literal>apt-get</literal>(8) alcuni pacchetti aggiuntivi per la riga di comando e i terminali a caratteri basati su curses, come <literal>mc</literal> e <literal>vim</literal> con cui i principianti possono fare i primi passi. Eseguire i comandi seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you already had these packages installed, no new packages are installed.
it: Se questi pacchetti sono già installati, nessun nuovo pacchetto sarà installato.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of interesting text-mode program packages
it: Elenco di pacchetti con interessanti programmi in modalità testuale

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: package
it: pacchetto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: size
it: dimensione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: description
it: descrizione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: A text-mode full-screen file manager
it: Gestore di file testuale a tutto schermo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: A program to allow limited root privileges to users
it: Programma per garantire privilegi di root limitati agli utenti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Unix text editor Vi IMproved, a programmers text editor (standard version)
it: Editor di testi Unix Vi IMproved, un editor di testi per programmatori (versione standard)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Unix text editor Vi IMproved, a programmers text editor (compact version)
it: Editor di testi Unix Vi IMproved, un editor di testi per programmatori (versione compatta)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: GNU project Emacs, the Lisp based extensible text editor
it: Emacs dal progetto GNU, l'editor di testi estensibile basato su Lisp

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Text-mode WWW browsers
it: Browser Web testuali

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: The Unix style cut-and-paste on the text console (daemon)
it: Taglia e Incolla in stile Unix nella console testuale (demone)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: It may be a good idea to read some informative documentations.
it: Potrebbe essere una buona idea leggere un po' di documentazione.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of informative documentation packages
it: Elenco di pacchetti con documentazione interessante

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Debian Project documentation, (Debian FAQ) and other documents
it: Documentazione del Progetto Debian, (FAQ Debian) ed altri documenti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Debian Policy Manual and related documents
it: Manuale Debian Policy e documenti correlati

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Guidelines and information for Debian developers
it: Linee guida ed informazioni per gli sviluppatori Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Guide for Debian Maintainers
it: Guida Debian per il Manutentore

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: History of the Debian Project
it: Storia del Progetto Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Debian FAQ
it: FAQ Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can install some of these packages by the following.
it: Si possono installare alcuni di questi pacchetti usando i comandi seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: An extra user account
it: Un account utente extra

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you do not want to use your main user account for the following training activities, you can create a training user account, e.g. <literal>fish</literal> by the following.
it: Se non si vuole usare il proprio account utente principale per le esercitazioni descritte in seguito, si può creare un account utente per esercitarsi, ad esempio <literal>pesce</literal> con il comando seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Answer all questions.
it: Rispondere a tutte le domande.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This creates a new account named as <literal>fish</literal>.  After your practice, you can remove this user account and its home directory by the following.
it: In questo modo si crea un nuovo account chiamato <literal>pesce</literal>. Dopo aver fatto pratica si può rimuover questo account e la sua directory home digitando quanto segue.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: On non-Debian and specialized Debian systems, above activities need to use lower level <literal>useradd</literal>(8) and <literal>userdel</literal>(8) utilities, instead.
it: Nei sistemi non Debian e Debian specializzati, le attvità descritte sopra devono usare invece le utilità a basso livello <literal>useradd</literal>(8) e <literal>userdel</literal>(8).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: sudo configuration
it: Configurazione di sudo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For the typical single user workstation such as the desktop Debian system on the laptop PC, it is common to deploy simple configuration of <literal>sudo</literal>(8) as follows to let the non-privileged user, e.g. <literal>penguin</literal>, to gain administrative privilege just with his user password but without the root password.
it: Per la tipica postazione di lavoro di un unico utente, come il sistema desktop Debian su un PC portatile, è frequente l'uso di una semplice configurazione di <literal>sudo</literal>(8), come qui di seguito descritto, per permettere all'utente non privilegiato, ad esempio <literal>pinguino</literal>, di ottenere privilegi di amministratore con la sola propria password, senza quella dell'utente root.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Alternatively, it is also common to do as follows to let the non-privileged user, e.g. <literal>penguin</literal>, to gain administrative privilege without any password.
it: In alternativa è uso comune usare la configurazione seguente per permettere all'utente non privilegiato, ad esempio <literal>pinguino</literal>, di ottenere privilegi di amministratore senza alcuna password.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This trick should only be used for the single user workstation which you administer and where you are the only user.
it: Questo trucco dovrebbe essere usato esclusivamente per le postazioni di lavoro con un solo utente, in cui l'utente è anche l'amministratore.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
en: Do not set up accounts of regular users on multiuser workstation like this because it would be very bad for system security.
it: Non impostare account per utenti regolari su postazioni di lavoro multi-utente in questo modo perché ciò sarebbe un grosso problema per la sicurezza del sistema.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: The password and the account of the <literal>penguin</literal> in the above example requires as much protection as the root password and the root account.
it: Nell'esempio precedente la password e l'account di <literal>pinguino</literal> richiedono altrettanta protezione della password e account dell'utente root.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: Administrative privilege in this context belongs to someone authorized to perform the system administration task on the workstation.  Never give some manager in the Admin department of your company or your boss such privilege unless they are authorized and capable.
it: I privilegi di amministrazione in questo contesto sono forniti a qualcuno che è autorizzato ad eseguire i compiti di amministrazione del sistema sulla macchina. Non dare mai tali privilegi ad un manager del dipartimento di Amministrazione della propria azienda o al proprio capo, a meno che non siano autorizzati e capaci.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: For providing access privilege to limited devices and limited files, you should consider to use <emphasis role="strong">group</emphasis> to provide limited access instead of using the <literal>root</literal> privilege via <literal>sudo</literal>(8).
it: Per fornire privilegi di accesso a specifici device e file, si dovrebbe considerare l'uso dei <emphasis role="strong">gruppi</emphasis> per dare un accesso limitato, invece di usare i privilegi di <literal>root</literal> attraverso <literal>sudo</literal>(8).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: With more thoughtful and careful configuration, <literal>sudo</literal>(8) can grant limited administrative privileges to other users on a shared system without sharing the root password.  This can help with accountability with hosts with multiple administrators so you can tell who did what.  On the other hand, you might not want anyone else to have such privileges.
it: Con una configurazione più attenta e precisa, <literal>sudo</literal>(8) può garantire privilegi amministrativi limitati ad altri utenti in un sistema condiviso, senza rendere nota la password di root. Questo può aiutare la tracciabilità su host con più di un amministratore, in modo che si possa dire chi ha fatto cosa. D'altra parte si potrebbe anche volere che nessuno abbia tali privilegi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Play time
it: Tempo di giocare

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Now you are ready to play with the Debian system without risks as long as you use the non-privileged user account.
it: Si è ora pronti a giocare con il sistema Debian senza rischi fintanto che si usa l'account utente non privilegiato.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This is because the Debian system is, even after the default installation, configured with proper file permissions which prevent non-privileged users from damaging the system.  Of course, there may still be some holes which can be exploited but those who worry about these issues should not be reading this section but should be reading <ulink url="&securingdebianmanual;">Securing Debian Manual</ulink>.
it: Ciò è possibile perché il sistema Debian è, anche subito dopo l'installazione predefinita, configurato con i permessi dei file corretti che impediscono agli utenti non privilegiati di danneggiare il sistema. Ci possono essere naturalmente ancora dei punti deboli che possono essere sfruttati, ma chi si preoccupa di tali cose non dovrebbe leggere questa sezione ma piuttosto il manuale <ulink url="&securingdebianmanual;">Securing Debian</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: We learn the Debian system as a <ulink url="&unixlike;">Unix-like</ulink> system with the following.
it: Si può imparare il sistema Debian, come sistema <ulink url="&unixlike;">*nix</ulink> nelle sezioni seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <xref linkend="_unix_like_filesystem"/> (basic concept)
it: <xref linkend="_unix_like_filesystem"/> (concetti di base)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <xref linkend="_midnight_commander_mc"/> (survival method)
it: <xref linkend="_midnight_commander_mc"/> (sopravvivere)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <xref linkend="_the_basic_unix_like_work_environment"/> (basic method)
it: <xref linkend="_the_basic_unix_like_work_environment"/> (lavoro di base)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <xref linkend="_the_simple_shell_command"/> (shell mechanism)
it: <xref linkend="_the_simple_shell_command"/> (uso della shell)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <xref linkend="_unix_like_text_processing"/> (text processing method)
it: <xref linkend="_unix_like_text_processing"/> (elaborazione di testi)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Unix-like filesystem
it: File system stile Unix

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: In GNU/Linux and other <ulink url="&unixlike;">Unix-like</ulink> operating systems, <ulink url="&files;">files</ulink> are organized into <ulink url="&directories;">directories</ulink>.  All files and directories are arranged in one big tree rooted at "<literal>/</literal>". It's called a tree because if you draw the filesystem, it looks like a tree but it is upside down.
it: In GNU/Linux ed altri sistemi operativi <ulink url="&unixlike;">*nix</ulink>, i <ulink url="&files;">file</ulink> sono organizzati in <ulink url="&directories;">directory</ulink>. Tutti i file e le directory sono organizzati in un unico grande albero che ha la sua radice in "<literal>/</literal>". Viene chiamato albero perché il file system, se viene disegnato, ha l'aspetto di un albero messo però sottosopra.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: These files and directories can be spread out over several devices. <literal>mount</literal>(8) serves to attach the filesystem found on some device to the big file tree.  Conversely, <literal>umount</literal>(8) detaches it again.  On recent Linux kernels, <literal>mount</literal>(8) with some options can bind part of a file tree somewhere else or can mount filesystem as shared, private, slave, or unbindable.  Supported mount options for each filesystem are available in "<literal>/usr/share/doc/linux-doc-*/Documentation/filesystems/</literal>".
it: Questi file e directory possono essere sparsi su diversi dispositivi. <literal>mount</literal>(8) serve per attaccare il file system trovato su un qualche dispositivo al grande albero dei file. Al contrario, <literal>umount</literal>(8) lo stacca. Nei kernel Linux recenti <literal>mount</literal>(8) con alcune opzioni può collegare parte di un albero dei file in qualche altra posizione o può montare file system come condivisi, privati, slave o non-collegabili. Le opzioni di montaggio supportate per ciascun file system sono disponibili in "<literal>/usr/share/doc/linux-doc-*/Documentation/filesystems/</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">Directories</emphasis> on Unix systems are called <emphasis role="strong">folders</emphasis> on some other systems.  Please also note that there is no concept for <emphasis role="strong">drive</emphasis> such as "<literal>A:</literal>" on any Unix system.  There is one filesystem, and everything is included. This is a huge advantage compared to Windows.
it: Nei sistemi Unix vengono chiamate <emphasis role="strong">directory</emphasis> quelle che in altri sistemi sono chiamate <emphasis role="strong">cartelle</emphasis>. Notare anche che non esiste in nessun sistema Unix un concetto di <emphasis role="strong">unità</emphasis>, come "<literal>A:</literal>". C'è un solo unico file system e tutto vi è incluso. Questo è un grandissimo vantaggio rispetto a Windows.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Unix file basics
it: Nozioni di base sui file Unix

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here are some Unix file basics.
it: Ecco alcune nozioni di base sui file Unix.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Filenames are <emphasis role="strong">case sensitive</emphasis>.  That is, "<literal>MYFILE</literal>" and "<literal>MyFile</literal>" are different files.
it: Nei nomi dei file si distingue tra <emphasis role="strong">maiuscole e minuscole</emphasis>. I file "<literal>MIOFILE</literal>" e "<literal>MioFile</literal>" sono cioè file diversi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The <emphasis role="strong">root directory</emphasis> means root of the filesystem referred as simply "<literal>/</literal>".  Don't confuse this with the home directory for the root user: "<literal>/root</literal>".
it: La <emphasis role="strong">directory root</emphasis> indica la radice del file system, indicata semplicemente con "<literal>/</literal>". Non la si confonda con la directory home dell'utente root: "<literal>/root</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Every directory has a name which can contain any letters or symbols <emphasis role="strong">except "<literal>/</literal>"</emphasis>.  The root directory is an exception; its name is "<literal>/</literal>" (pronounced "slash" or "the root directory") and it cannot be renamed.
it: Ogni directory ha un nome che può contenere qualsiasi lettera o simbolo <emphasis role="strong">tranne"<literal>/</literal>"</emphasis>. La directory radice è un'eccezione; il suo nome è "<literal>/</literal>" (pronunciato "slash" o "directory root/radice") e il suo nome non può essere cambiato.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Each file or directory is designated by a <emphasis role="strong">fully-qualified filename</emphasis>, <emphasis role="strong">absolute filename</emphasis>, or <emphasis role="strong">path</emphasis>, giving the sequence of directories which must be passed through to reach it.  The three terms are synonymous.
it: Ogni file o directory è indicato da un <emphasis role="strong">nome di file pienamente qualificato</emphasis>, un <emphasis role="strong">nome file assoluto</emphasis> o un <emphasis role="strong">percorso</emphasis>, fornendo la sequenza di directory attraverso le quali si deve passare per raggiungerlo. I tre termini sono sinonimi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: All <emphasis role="strong">fully-qualified filenames</emphasis> begin with the "<literal>/</literal>" directory, and there's a "<literal>/</literal>" between each directory or file in the filename.  The first "<literal>/</literal>" is the top level directory, and the other "<literal>/</literal>"'s separate successive subdirectories, until we reach the last entry which is the name of the actual file.  The words used here can be confusing.  Take the following <emphasis role="strong">fully-qualified filename</emphasis> as an example: "<literal>/usr/share/keytables/us.map.gz</literal>".  However, people also refers to its basename "<literal>us.map.gz</literal>" alone as a filename.
it: Tutti i <emphasis role="strong">nomi di file pienamente qualificati</emphasis> iniziano con la directory "<literal>/</literal>" e c'è un carattere "<literal>/</literal>" tra ciascuna directory o file nel nome del file. Il primo carattere "<literal>/</literal>" è la directory di più alto livello e gli altri "<literal>/</literal>" separano le directory successive fino a che non si raggiunge l'ultima voce che è il nome del file stesso. I termini usati possono creare confusione. Prendere in considerazione come esempio il seguente <emphasis role="strong">nome file pienamente qualificato</emphasis> come esempio: "<literal>/usr/share/keytables/us.map.gz</literal>"; anche se ci si riferisce al solo nome base,  "<literal>us.map.gz</literal>" come al suo nome file.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The root directory has a number of branches, such as "<literal>/etc/</literal>" and "<literal>/usr/</literal>".  These subdirectories in turn branch into still more subdirectories, such as "<literal>/etc/systemd/</literal>" and "<literal>/usr/local/</literal>".  The whole thing viewed collectively is called the <emphasis role="strong">directory tree</emphasis>.  You can think of an absolute filename as a route from the base of the tree ("<literal>/</literal>") to the end of some branch (a file).  You also hear people talk about the directory tree as if it were a <emphasis role="strong">family</emphasis> tree encompassing all direct descendants of a single figure called the root directory ("<literal>/</literal>"): thus subdirectories have <emphasis role="strong">parents</emphasis>, and a path shows the complete ancestry of a file.  There are also relative paths that begin somewhere other than the root directory.  You should remember that the directory "<literal>../</literal>" refers to the parent directory.  This terminology also applies to other directory like structures, such as hierarchical data structures.
it: La directory radice ha un certo numero di rami, come "<literal>/etc/</literal>" e "<literal>/usr/</literal>". Queste sottodirectory a loro volta si diramano in ulteriori sottodirectory, come "<literal>/etc/systemd/</literal>" e "<literal>/usr/local/</literal>". Viste tutte insieme vengono chiamate <emphasis role="strong">albero delle directory</emphasis>. Si può pensare ad un nome file assoluto come ad un percorso dalla base dell'albero ("<literal>/</literal>") alla punta di un ramo (un file). Si può anche sentir parlare dell'albero delle directory come se fosse un albero <emphasis role="strong">genealogico</emphasis> che comprende tutti i discendenti di un'unica figura detta directory radice ("<literal>/</literal>): le sottodirectory hanno perciò dei <emphasis role="strong">genitori</emphasis> e un percorso mostra gli antenati completi di un file. Ci sono anche percorsi relativi che iniziano da una qualche posizione che non sia la directory radice. Si dovrebbe tenere a mente che la directory "<literal>../</literal>" si riferisce alla directory genitore. Questa terminologia si applica anche ad altre strutture simili a quella delle directory, come le strutture di dati gerarchici.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: There's no special directory path name component that corresponds to a physical device, such as your hard disk.  This differs from <ulink url="&rtbb;">RT-11</ulink>, <ulink url="&cpm;">CP/M</ulink>, <ulink url="&openvms;">OpenVMS</ulink>, <ulink url="&msdos;">MS-DOS</ulink>, <ulink url="&amigaos;">AmigaOS</ulink>, and <ulink url="&microsoftwindows;">Microsoft Windows</ulink>, where the path contains a device name such as "<literal>C:\</literal>".  (However, directory entries do exist that refer to physical devices as a part of the normal filesystem.  See <xref linkend="_filesystem_internals"/>.)
it: Non c'è alcun nome speciale di percorso di directory che corrisponda ad un dispositivo fisico, come il disco fisso. Questa è una differenza rispetto a <ulink url="&rtbb;">RT-11</ulink>, <ulink url="&cpm;">CP/M</ulink>, <ulink url="&openvms;">OpenVMS</ulink>, <ulink url="&msdos;">MS-DOS</ulink>, <ulink url="&amigaos;">AmigaOS</ulink> e <ulink url="&microsoftwindows;">Microsoft Windows</ulink>, in cui il percorso contiene una porzione con il nome di dispositivo come "<literal>C:\</literal>". (Esistono tuttavia directory che si riferiscono ai dispositivi fisici come a parte del file system normale. Vedere <xref linkend="_filesystem_internals"/>.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: While you <emphasis role="strong">can</emphasis> use almost any letters or symbols in a file name, in practice it is a bad idea to do so.  It is better to avoid any characters that often have special meanings on the command line, including spaces, tabs, newlines, and other special characters: <literal>{ } ( ) [ ] ' ` " \ / &gt; &lt; | ; ! # &amp; ^ * % @ $</literal> .  If you want to separate words in a name, good choices are the period, hyphen, and underscore.  You could also capitalize each word, "<literal>LikeThis</literal>". Experienced Linux users tend to avoid spaces in filenames.
it: Benché si <emphasis role="strong">possa</emphasis> usare quasi qualsiasi lettera o simbolo nel nome di un file, in pratica farlo non è una bella idea. È meglio evitare qualsiasi carattere che ha spesso un significato particolare sulla riga di comando, inclusi spazi, tabulazioni, a capo e altri caratteri speciali: <literal>{ } ( ) [ ] ' ` " \ / &gt; &lt; | ; ! # &amp; ^ * % @ $</literal>. Se si vuole separare delle parole all'interno di un nome file, buone alternative sono un punto, un trattino ed il segno di sottolineatura. Si può anche scrivere in maiuscolo ogni parola, "<literal>InQuestoModo</literal>". Gli utenti Linux esperti tendono ad evitare l'uso degli spazi nei nomi dei file.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: The word "root" can mean either "root user" or "root directory".  The context of their usage should make it clear.
it: La parola "root" può significare l'"utente root" o la "directory root". Il contesto in cui il termine viene usato dovrebbe rendere chiaro il suo significato.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: The word <emphasis role="strong">path</emphasis> is used not only for <emphasis role="strong">fully-qualified filename</emphasis> as above but also for the <emphasis role="strong">command search path</emphasis>.  The intended meaning is usually clear from the context.
it: La parola <emphasis role="strong">percorso</emphasis> non è usata solamente per un <emphasis role="strong">nome di file pienamente qualificato</emphasis> come descritto in precedenza, ma anche per il <emphasis role="strong">percorso di ricerca dei comandi</emphasis>. Il significato è di solito reso chiaro dal contesto.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The detailed best practices for the file hierarchy are described in the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard ("<literal>/usr/share/doc/debian-policy/fhs/fhs-2.3.txt.gz</literal>" and <literal>hier</literal>(7)).  You should remember the following facts as the starter.
it: Le linee guida raccomandate per la gerarchia dei file sono descritte in dettaglio nel Filesystem Hierarchy Standard ("<literal>/usr/share/doc/debian-policy/fhs/fhs-2.3.txt.gz</literal>" e in <literal>hier</literal>(7)). Come inizio si dovrebbe tenere a mente quanto segue.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of usage of key directories
it: Elenco degli usi delle directory principali

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: usage of the directory
it: uso della directory

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: the root directory
it: la directory root

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: system wide configuration files
it: file di configurazione a livello di sistema

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: system log files
it: file di registro del sistema

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: all the home directories for all non-privileged users
it: tutte le directory home degli utenti non privilegiati

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Filesystem internals
it: Aspetti tecnici del file system

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Following the <emphasis role="strong">Unix tradition</emphasis>, the Debian GNU/Linux system provides the <ulink url="&filesystem;">filesystem</ulink> under which physical data on hard disks and other storage devices reside, and the interaction with the hardware devices such as console screens and remote serial consoles are represented in an unified manner under "<literal>/dev/</literal>".
it: Nella scia della <emphasis role="strong">tradizione Unix</emphasis>, il sistema Debian GNU/Linux fornisce il <ulink url="&filesystem;">file system</ulink> in cui risiedono i dati fisici nel disco fisso e negli altri dispositivi di memorizzazione, ed inoltre le interazioni con i dispositivi hardware come gli schermi delle console e le console seriali remote vengono rappresentate in un modo unificato in "<literal>/dev/</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Each file, directory, named pipe (a way two programs can share data), or physical device on a Debian GNU/Linux system has a data structure called an <ulink url="&inode;">inode</ulink> which describes its associated attributes such as the user who owns it (owner), the group that it belongs to, the time last accessed, etc.  The idea of representing just about everything in the filesystem was a Unix innovation, and modern Linux kernels have developed this idea ever further. Now, even information about processes running in the computer can be found in the filesystem.
it: Ogni file, directory, pipe con nome (un modo per due programmi di scambiare dati) o dispositivo fisico presente in un sistema Debian GNU/Linux ha una struttura di dati chiamata <ulink url="&inode;">inode</ulink> che descrive gli attributi ad esso associati come l'utente che lo possiede (proprietario), il gruppo a cui appartiene, la data dell'ultimo accesso ad esso, ecc. L'idea di rappresentare praticamente tutto nel file system è stata un'innovazione di Unix e i kernel Linux moderni hanno sviluppato questa idea e sono andati oltre. Ora anche le informazioni sui processi in esecuzione sul computer possono essere trovate nel file system.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This abstract and unified representation of physical entities and internal processes is very powerful since this allows us to use the same command for the same kind of operation on many totally different devices. It is even possible to change the way the kernel works by writing data to special files that are linked to running processes.
it: La rappresentazione astratta e unificata di entità fisiche e di processi interni è molto potente dato che permette di usare lo stesso comando per lo stesso tipo di operazione su molti tipi di device completamente diversi l'uno dall'altro. È anche possibile cambiare il modo in cui il kernel funziona scrivendo dati in file speciali che sono collegati ai processi in esecuzione.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: If you need to identify the correspondence between the file tree and the physical entity, execute <literal>mount</literal>(8) with no arguments.
it: Per identificare la corrispondenza tra l'albero dei file e le entità fisiche, eseguire <literal>mount</literal>(8) senza opzioni.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Filesystem permissions
it: Permessi del file system

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <ulink url="&filesystempermissions;">Filesystem permissions</ulink> of <ulink url="&unixlike;">Unix-like</ulink> system are defined for three categories of affected users.
it: I <ulink url="&filesystempermissions;">permessi del file system</ulink> di sistemi <ulink url="&unixlike;">*nix</ulink> sono definiti e influenzano tre categorie di utenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The <emphasis role="strong">user</emphasis> who owns the file (<emphasis role="strong">u</emphasis>)
it: L'<emphasis role="strong">utente</emphasis> che è il proprietario del file (<emphasis role="strong">u</emphasis>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Other users in the <emphasis role="strong">group</emphasis> which the file belongs to (<emphasis role="strong">g</emphasis>)
it: Gli altri utenti del <emphasis role="strong">gruppo</emphasis> a cui appartiene il file (<emphasis role="strong">g</emphasis>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: All <emphasis role="strong">other</emphasis> users (<emphasis role="strong">o</emphasis>) also referred to as "world" and "everyone"
it: Tutti gli <emphasis role="strong">altri</emphasis>utenti (<emphasis role="strong">o</emphasis>) a cui ci si riferisce anche con i termini "mondo" e "tutti".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For the file, each corresponding permission allows following actions.
it: Per un file, a ciascun permesso corrispondono le seguenti azioni.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The <emphasis role="strong">read</emphasis> (<emphasis role="strong">r</emphasis>) permission allows owner to examine contents of the file.
it: Il permesso di <emphasis role="strong">lettura</emphasis> (<emphasis role="strong">r</emphasis>) permette al proprietario di esaminare il contenuto del file.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The <emphasis role="strong">write</emphasis> (<emphasis role="strong">w</emphasis>) permission allows owner to modify the file.
it: Il permesso di <emphasis role="strong">scrittura</emphasis> (<emphasis role="strong">w</emphasis>) permette al proprietario di modificare il file.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The <emphasis role="strong">execute</emphasis> (<emphasis role="strong">x</emphasis>) permission allows owner to run the file as a command.
it: Il permesso di <emphasis role="strong">esecuzione</emphasis> (<emphasis role="strong">x</emphasis>) permette al proprietario di eseguire il file come comando.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For the directory, each corresponding permission allows following actions.
it: Per una directory, a ciascun permesso corrispondono le seguenti azioni.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The <emphasis role="strong">read</emphasis> (<emphasis role="strong">r</emphasis>) permission allows owner to list contents of the directory.
it: Il permesso di <emphasis role="strong">lettura</emphasis> (<emphasis role="strong">r</emphasis>) permette al proprietario di elencare il contenuto della directory.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The <emphasis role="strong">write</emphasis> (<emphasis role="strong">w</emphasis>) permission allows owner to add or remove files in the directory.
it: Il permesso di <emphasis role="strong">scrittura</emphasis> (<emphasis role="strong">w</emphasis>) permette al proprietario di aggiungere o rimuovere file dalla directory.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The <emphasis role="strong">execute</emphasis> (<emphasis role="strong">x</emphasis>) permission allows owner to access files in the directory.
it: Il permesso di <emphasis role="strong">esecuzione</emphasis> (<emphasis role="strong">x</emphasis>) permette al proprietario di accedere ai file nella directory.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here, the <emphasis role="strong">execute</emphasis> permission on a directory means not only to allow reading of files in that directory but also to allow viewing their attributes, such as the size and the modification time.
it: In questo caso il permesso di <emphasis role="strong">esecuzione</emphasis> su una directory non solo significa poter leggere i file in quella directory ma anche poterne vedere gli attributi, come la dimensione e la data di modifica.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <literal>ls</literal>(1) is used to display permission information (and more) for files and directories.  When it is invoked with the "<literal>-l</literal>" option, it displays the following information in the order given.
it: Per visualizzare le informazioni sui permessi (ed altro) di file e directory si usa <literal>ls</literal>(1). Quando chiamato con l'opzione "<literal>-l</literal>" mostra, nell'ordine elencato in seguito, le seguenti informazioni.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">Type of file</emphasis> (first character)
it: <emphasis role="strong">Tipo di file</emphasis> (primo carattere).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Access <emphasis role="strong">permission</emphasis> of the file (nine characters, consisting of three characters each for user, group, and other in this order)
it: <emphasis role="strong">Permessi</emphasis> di accesso al file (nove caratteri, tre ciascuno per utente, gruppo e altri, in questo ordine).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">Number of hard links</emphasis> to the file
it: <emphasis role="strong">Numero di collegamenti fisici</emphasis> al file.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Name of the <emphasis role="strong">user</emphasis> who owns the file
it: Nome dell'<emphasis role="strong">utente</emphasis> proprietario del file.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Name of the <emphasis role="strong">group</emphasis> which the file belongs to
it: Nome del <emphasis role="strong">gruppo</emphasis> a cui il file appartiene.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">Size</emphasis> of the file in characters (bytes)
it: <emphasis role="strong">Dimensione</emphasis> in caratteri (byte) del file.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">Date and time</emphasis> of the file (mtime)
it: <emphasis role="strong">Data ed ora</emphasis> del file (mtime).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">Name</emphasis> of the file
it: <emphasis role="strong">Nome</emphasis> del file.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of the first character of "<literal>ls -l</literal>" output
it: Elenco dei valori possibili per il primo carattere nell'output di "<literal>ls -l</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: character
it: carattere

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: meaning
it: significato

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: normal file
it: file normale

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: symlink
it: collegamento simbolico

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: character device node
it: device a caratteri

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: block device node
it: device a blocchi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: named pipe
it: pipe con nome

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <literal>chown</literal>(1) is used from the root account to change the owner of the file.  <literal>chgrp</literal>(1) is used from the file's owner or root account to change the group of the file.  <literal>chmod</literal>(1) is used from the file's owner or root account to change file and directory access permissions.  Basic syntax to manipulate a <literal>foo</literal> file is the following.
it: Per cambiare il proprietario di un file da un account root si usa <literal>chown</literal>(1). Per cambiare il gruppo di un file dall'account del proprietario o da quello di root si usa <literal>chgrp</literal>(1). Per cambiare i permessi di accesso di file o directory dall'account del proprietario o da quello di root si usa <literal>chmod</literal>(1). La sintassi di base per manipolare un file <literal>pippo</literal> è la seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For example, you can make a directory tree to be owned by a user <literal>foo</literal> and shared by a group <literal>bar</literal> by the following.
it: Per esempio si può fare in modo che l'utente <literal>pippo</literal> sia il proprietario di un albero di directory condivisa dal gruppo <literal>pluto</literal> con i seguenti comandi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There are three more special permission bits.
it: Ci sono altri tre bit speciali di permessi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The <emphasis role="strong">set user ID</emphasis> bit (<emphasis role="strong">s</emphasis> or <emphasis role="strong">S</emphasis> instead of user's <emphasis role="strong">x</emphasis>)
it: Il bit <emphasis role="strong">set user ID</emphasis> (<emphasis role="strong">s</emphasis> o <emphasis role="strong">S</emphasis> al posto del permesso <emphasis role="strong">x</emphasis> dell'utente).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The <emphasis role="strong">set group ID</emphasis> bit (<emphasis role="strong">s</emphasis> or <emphasis role="strong">S</emphasis> instead of group's <emphasis role="strong">x</emphasis>)
it: Il bit <emphasis role="strong">set group ID</emphasis> (<emphasis role="strong">s</emphasis> o <emphasis role="strong">S</emphasis> al posto del permesso <emphasis role="strong">x</emphasis> del gruppo).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The <emphasis role="strong">sticky</emphasis> bit (<emphasis role="strong">t</emphasis> or <emphasis role="strong">T</emphasis> instead of other's <emphasis role="strong">x</emphasis>)
it: Il bit <emphasis role="strong">sticky</emphasis> (<emphasis role="strong">t</emphasis> o <emphasis role="strong">T</emphasis> al posto del permesso <emphasis role="strong">x</emphasis> degli altri).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here the output of "<literal>ls -l</literal>" for these bits is <emphasis role="strong">capitalized</emphasis> if execution bits hidden by these outputs are <emphasis role="strong">unset</emphasis>.
it: Nell'output di "<literal>ls -l</literal>" il valore di questi bit è <emphasis role="strong">maiuscolo</emphasis> se il bit di permesso di esecuzione nascosto da essi è <emphasis role="strong"> non impostato</emphasis>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Setting <emphasis role="strong">set user ID</emphasis> on an executable file allows a user to execute the executable file with the owner ID of the file (for example <emphasis role="strong">root</emphasis>).  Similarly, setting <emphasis role="strong">set group ID</emphasis> on an executable file allows a user to execute the executable file with the group ID of the file (for example <emphasis role="strong">root</emphasis>).  Because these settings can cause security risks, enabling them requires extra caution.
it: L'impostazione del bit <emphasis role="strong">set user ID</emphasis> per un file eseguibile permette ad un utente di eseguire quel file con l'ID del proprietario del file (per esempio <emphasis role="strong">root</emphasis>). In modo simile, l'impostazione del bit <emphasis role="strong">set group ID</emphasis> per un file eseguibile permette ad un utente di eseguire il file con l'ID del gruppo a cui appartiene il file (per esempio <emphasis role="strong">root</emphasis>). Poiché l'impostazione di questi bit può causare rischi in termini di sicurezza, il loro uso richiede una particolare cautela.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Setting <emphasis role="strong">set group ID</emphasis> on a directory enables the <ulink url="&bsdlike;">BSD-like</ulink> file creation scheme where all files created in the directory belong to the <emphasis role="strong">group</emphasis> of the directory.
it: L'impostazione del bit <emphasis role="strong">set group ID</emphasis> per una directory abilita lo schema di creazione di file in <ulink url="&bsdlike;">stile BSD</ulink>, in cui tutti i file creati nella directory appartengono al <emphasis role="strong">gruppo</emphasis> della directory.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Setting the <emphasis role="strong">sticky bit</emphasis> on a directory prevents a file in the directory from being removed by a user who is not the owner of the file.  In order to secure contents of a file in world-writable directories such as "<literal>/tmp</literal>" or in group-writable directories, one must not only reset the <emphasis role="strong">write</emphasis> permission for the file but also set the <emphasis role="strong">sticky bit</emphasis> on the directory.  Otherwise, the file can be removed and a new file can be created with the same name by any user who has write access to the directory.
it: L'impostazione dello <emphasis role="strong">sticky bit</emphasis> per una directory impedisce la rimozione di un file nella directory da parte dell'utente che non ne è il proprietario. Per preservare i contenuti di un file in directory con permessi di scrittura per tutti, come "<literal>/tmp</literal>" o in directory con permessi di scrittura per un gruppo, non solo si deve impostare il permesso di <emphasis role="strong">scrittura</emphasis> per il file, ma anche impostare lo <emphasis role="strong">sticky bit</emphasis> per la directory. In caso contrario, qualunque utente con i permessi di scrittura per la directory può rimuovere il file e crearne uno nuovo con lo stesso nome.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here are a few interesting examples of file permissions.
it: Ecco alcuni interessanti esempi di permessi dei file.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There is an alternative numeric mode to describe file permissions with <literal>chmod</literal>(1).  This numeric mode uses 3 to 4 digit wide octal (radix=8) numbers.
it: Esiste un metodo numerico alternativo per descrivere i permessi dei file con <literal>chmod</literal>(1); tale metodo numerico usa numeri ottali (base=8) di 3 o 4 cifre.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: The numeric mode for file permissions in <literal>chmod</literal>(1) commands
it: Permessi in notazione numerica per i comandi <literal>chmod</literal>(1)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: digit
it: cifra

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: 1st optional digit
it: 1ª cifra opzionale

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: sum of <emphasis role="strong">set user ID</emphasis> (=4), <emphasis role="strong">set group ID</emphasis> (=2), and <emphasis role="strong">sticky bit</emphasis> (=1)
it: somma di <emphasis role="strong">set user ID</emphasis> (=4), <emphasis role="strong">set group ID</emphasis> (=2) e <emphasis role="strong">sticky bit</emphasis> (=1)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: 2nd digit
it: 2ª cifra

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: sum of <emphasis role="strong">read</emphasis> (=4), <emphasis role="strong">write</emphasis> (=2), and <emphasis role="strong">execute</emphasis> (=1) permissions for <emphasis role="strong">user</emphasis>
it: somma dei permessi di <emphasis role="strong">lettura</emphasis> (=4), <emphasis role="strong">scrittura</emphasis> (=2) e <emphasis role="strong">esecuzione</emphasis> (=1) per l'<emphasis role="strong">utente</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: 3rd digit
it: 3ª cifra

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: ditto for <emphasis role="strong">group</emphasis>
it: come sopra, ma per il<emphasis role="strong">gruppo</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: 4th digit
it: 4ª cifra

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: ditto for <emphasis role="strong">other</emphasis>
it: come sopra, ma per gli <emphasis role="strong">altri</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This sounds complicated but it is actually quite simple.  If you look at the first few (2-10) columns from "<literal>ls -l</literal>" command output and read it as a binary (radix=2) representation of file permissions ("-" being "0" and "rwx" being "1"), the last 3 digit of the numeric mode value should make sense as an octal (radix=8) representation of file permissions to you.
it: Sembra complicato, ma è in realtà piuttosto semplice. Se si guardano le prime colonne (2-10) nell'output del comando "<literal>ls -l</literal>" e le si leggono come una rappresentazione binaria (base=2) dei permessi sui file (dove "-" equivale a "0" e "rwx" equivalgono a "1"), le ultime 3 cifre del valore numerico dei permessi dovrebbero apparire come la corretta rappresentazione dei permessi sui file in numerazione ottale (base=8).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For example, try the following
it: Per esempio, provare a fare quanto segue.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: If you need to access information displayed by "<literal>ls -l</literal>" in shell script, you should use pertinent commands such as <literal>test</literal>(1), <literal>stat</literal>(1) and <literal>readlink</literal>(1).  The shell builtin such as "<literal>[</literal>" or "<literal>test</literal>" may be used too.
it: Se si deve aver accesso alle informazioni visualizzate da "<literal>ls -l</literal>" in script di shell, si dovrebbero usare i comandi pertinenti, come <literal>test</literal>(1), <literal>stat</literal>(1) e <literal>readlink</literal>(1). Si possono usare anche i comandi interni della shell come "<literal>[</literal>" o "<literal>test</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Control of permissions for newly created files: umask
it: Controllo dei permessi per i file appena creati: umask

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: What permissions are applied to a newly created file or directory is restricted by the <literal>umask</literal> shell builtin command.  See <literal>dash</literal>(1), <literal>bash</literal>(1), and <literal>builtins</literal>(7).
it: I permessi che vengono applicati ad un file o una directory appena creati sono limitati dal comando interno della shell <literal>umask</literal>. Vedere <literal>dash</literal>(1), <literal>bash</literal>(1) e <literal>builtins</literal>(7).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: The <emphasis role="strong">umask</emphasis> value examples
it: Esempi di valori di <emphasis role="strong">umask</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: file permissions created
it: permessi dei file creati

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: directory permissions created
it: permessi delle directory create

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: usage
it: uso

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: writable only by the user
it: scrivibile solo dall'utente

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: writable by the group
it: scrivibile solo dal gruppo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The Debian system uses a user private group (UPG) scheme as its default. A UPG is created whenever a new user is added to the system. A UPG has the same name as the user for which it was created and that user is the only member of the UPG. UPG scheme makes it safe to set umask to <literal>0002</literal> since every user has their own private group.  (In some Unix variants, it is quite common to setup all normal users belonging to a single <emphasis role="strong"><literal>users</literal></emphasis> group and is a good idea to set umask to <literal>0022</literal> for security in such cases.)
it: Il sistema Debian usa, in modo predefinito, uno schema UPG (User Private Group, gruppo privato dell'utente). Ogni volta che viene aggiunto un nuovo utente al sistema, viene creato un UPG; questo ha lo stesso nome dell'utente per il quale è stato creato e quell'utente è l'unico membro dell'UPG. Lo schema UPG rende sicura l'impostazione della umask a <literal>0002</literal> dato che ogni utente ha il proprio gruppo privato. (In alcune varianti di Unix è abbastanza comune impostare tutti gli utenti normali come appartenenti ad un unico gruppo <emphasis role="strong"><literal>users</literal></emphasis> ed è in quel caso una buona idea impostare umask a <literal>0022</literal> per ragioni di sicurezza.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Enable UPG by putting "<literal>umask 002</literal>" in the <literal>~/.bashrc</literal> file.
it: Abilitare UPG inserendo "<literal>umask 002</literal>" nel file <literal>~/.bashrc</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Permissions for groups of users (group)
it: Permessi per gruppi di utenti (gruppi)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
en: Please make sure to save unsaved changes before doing reboot or similar actions.
it: Assicurarsi di salvare le modifiche non ancora salvate prima di fare il riavvio o azioni simili.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can add a user <literal>penguin</literal> to a group <literal>bird</literal> in two steps:
it: Si può aggiungere l'utente <literal>pinguino</literal> ad un gruppo <literal>uccelli</literal> in due passi:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Change group configuration using one of following:
it: Cambiare la configurazione del gruppo usando uno dei modi seguenti:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Execute "<literal>sudo usermod -aG bird penguin</literal>".
it: Eseguire "<literal>sudo usermod -aG uccelli pinguino</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Execute "<literal>sudo adduser penguin bird</literal>". (only on typical Debian systems)
it: Eseguire "<literal>sudo adduser pinguino uccelli</literal>" (solo in sistemi Debian tipici).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Execute "<literal>sudo vigr</literal>" for <literal>/etc/group</literal> and "<literal>sudo vigr -s</literal>" for <literal>/etc/gshadow</literal> to append <literal>penguin</literal> in the line for <literal>bird</literal>.
it: Eseguire "<literal>sudo vigr</literal>" per <literal>/etc/group</literal> e "<literal>sudo vigr -s</literal>" per <literal>/etc/gshadow</literal> per aggiungere <literal>pinguino</literal> alla fine della riga per <literal>uccelli</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Apply configuration using one of following:
it: Applicare la configurazione usando uno dei due modi seguenti:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Cold reboot and login. (Best option)
it: Spegnimento competo e riaccesso (opzione migliore).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can remove a user <literal>penguin</literal> from a group <literal>bird</literal> in two steps:
it: Si può rimuovere l'utente <literal>pinguino</literal> dal gruppo <literal>uccelli</literal> in due passi:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Execute "<literal>sudo usermod -rG bird penguin</literal>".
it: Eseguire "<literal>sudo usermod -rG uccelli pinguino</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Execute "<literal>sudo deluser penguin bird</literal>". (only on typical Debian systems)
it: Eseguire "<literal>sudo deluser pinguino uccelli</literal>" (solo in sistemi Debian tipici).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Execute "<literal>sudo vigr</literal>" for <literal>/etc/group</literal> and "<literal>sudo vigr -s</literal>" for <literal>/etc/gshadow</literal> to remove <literal>penguin</literal> in the line for <literal>bird</literal>.
it: Eseguire "<literal>sudo vigr</literal>" per <literal>/etc/group</literal> e "<literal>sudo vigr -s</literal>" per <literal>/etc/gshadow</literal> per rimuovere <literal>pinguino</literal> dalla riga per <literal>uccelli</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Execute "<literal>kill -TERM -1</literal>" and do some fix-up actions such as "<literal>systemctl restart NetworkManager.service</literal>".
it: Eseguire "<literal>kill -TERM -1</literal>" e fare alcune azioni di correzione, come "<literal>systemctl restart NetworkManager.service</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Logout via GUI menu is not an option for Gnome Desktop.
it: Fare il logout dal menu della GUI non è un'opzione per il desktop GNOME.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Any warm reboot attempts are fragile replacements of the real cold reboot under the modern desktop system.
it: Qualsiasi tentativo di riavvio a caldo è un fragile sostituto di un vero riavvio completo nei sistemi desktop moderni.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: Alternatively, you may dynamically add users to groups during the authentication process by adding "<literal>auth optional pam_group.so</literal>" line to "<literal>/etc/pam.d/common-auth</literal>" and setting "<literal>/etc/security/group.conf</literal>".  (See <xref linkend="_authentication"/>.)
it: In alternativa, si possono aggiungere dinamicamente gli utenti ai gruppi durante il processo di autenticazione aggiungendo la riga "<literal>auth optional pam_group.so</literal>" al file "<literal>/etc/pam.d/common-auth</literal>" e configurando "<literal>/etc/security/group.conf</literal>". (Vedere <xref linkend="_authentication"/>.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Some notable system-provided groups allow their members to access particular files and devices without <literal>root</literal> privilege.
it: Alcuni importanti gruppi pre-impostati dal sistema permettono ai loro membri l'accesso a file e device particolari senza i privilegi di <literal>root</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of notable system-provided groups for file access
it: Elenco dei principali gruppi forniti dal sistema per accesso ai file

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: group
it: gruppo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: description for accessible files and devices
it: descrizione dei file e device accessibili

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: full and direct access to serial ports ("<literal>/dev/ttyS[0-3]</literal>")
it: accesso diretto e completo alle porte seriali ("<literal>/dev/ttyS[0-3]</literal>")

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: limited access to serial ports for <emphasis role="strong">Dialup IP</emphasis> connection to trusted peers
it: accesso limitato alle porte seriali per connessione <emphasis role="strong">IP dialup</emphasis> a peer fidati

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: CD-ROM, DVD+/-RW drives
it: unità CD-ROM, DVD+/-RW

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: audio device
it: device audio

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: video device
it: device video

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: scanner(s)
it: scanner

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: system monitoring logs
it: registri di monitoraggio del sistema

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: some directories for junior administrative work: "<literal>/usr/local</literal>", "<literal>/home</literal>"
it: alcune directory per compiti minori di amministrazione: ""<literal>/usr/local</literal>", "<literal>/home</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: You need to belong to the <literal>dialout</literal> group to reconfigure modem, dial anywhere, etc.  But if <literal>root</literal> creates pre-defined configuration files for trusted peers in "<literal>/etc/ppp/peers/</literal>", you only need to belong to the <literal>dip</literal> group to create <emphasis role="strong">Dialup IP</emphasis> connection to those trusted peers using <literal>pppd</literal>(8), <literal>pon</literal>(1), and <literal>poff</literal>(1) commands.
it: È necessario far parte del gruppo <literal>dialout</literal> per riconfigurare il modem, comporre numeri, ecc. Se però <literal>root</literal> crea file di configurazione predefiniti per i peer fidati in "<literal>/etc/ppp/peers/</literal>", è necessario solamente far parte del grupo <literal>dip</literal> per creare una connessione <emphasis role="strong">IP dialup</emphasis> a tali peer fidati usando i comandi <literal>pppd</literal>(8), <literal>pon</literal>(1) e <literal>poff</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Some notable system-provided groups allow their members to execute particular commands without <literal>root</literal> privilege.
it: Alcuni importanti gruppi pre-impostati dal sistema permettono ai loro membri di eseguire particolari comandi senza i privilegi di <literal>root</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of notable system provided groups for particular command executions
it: Elenco dei principali gruppi forniti dal sistema per l'esecuzione di particolari comandi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: accessible commands
it: comandi accessibili

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: execute commands to add, modify, and remove printers from printer databases
it: eseguire comandi per aggiungere, modificare e rimuovere stampanti dal database delle stampanti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For the full listing of the system provided users and groups, see the recent version of the "Users and Groups" document in "<literal>/usr/share/doc/base-passwd/users-and-groups.html</literal>" provided by the <literal>base-passwd</literal> package.
it: Per l'elenco completo degli utenti e gruppi forniti dal sistema, vedere la recente versione del documento "Utenti e gruppi" in "<literal>/usr/share/doc/base-passwd/users-and-groups.html</literal>" fornito dal pacchetto <literal>base-passwd</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See <literal>passwd</literal>(5), <literal>group</literal>(5), <literal>shadow</literal>(5), <literal>newgrp</literal>(1), <literal>vipw</literal>(8), <literal>vigr</literal>(8), and <literal>pam_group</literal>(8) for management commands of the user and group system.
it: Vedere <literal>passwd</literal>(5), <literal>group</literal>(5), <literal>shadow</literal>(5), <literal>newgrp</literal>(1), <literal>vipw</literal>(8), <literal>vigr</literal>(8) e <literal>pam_group</literal>(8) per informazioni sui comandi di gestione di utenti e gruppi sul sistema.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Timestamps
it: Orari

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There are three types of timestamps for a GNU/Linux file.
it: Ci sono tre tipi di orari per un file GNU/Linux.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of types of timestamps
it: Elenco dei tipi di data

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: type
it: tipo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: meaning (historic Unix definition)
it: significato (definizione storica Unix)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: the file modification time (<literal>ls -l</literal>)
it: orario di modifica del file (<literal>ls -l</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: the file status change time (<literal>ls -lc</literal>)
it: orario di cambiamento di stato del file (<literal>ls -lc</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: the last file access time (<literal>ls -lu</literal>)
it: orario dell'ultimo accesso al file (<literal>ls -lu</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">ctime</emphasis> is not file creation time.
it: <emphasis role="strong">ctime</emphasis> non è l'orario di creazione del file.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: The actual value of <emphasis role="strong">atime</emphasis> on GNU/Linux system may be different from that of the historic Unix definition.
it: L'attuale significato di <emphasis role="strong">atime</emphasis> sui sistemi GNU/Linux potrebbe essere diverso dalla sua definizione storica in Unix.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Overwriting a file changes all of the <emphasis role="strong">mtime</emphasis>, <emphasis role="strong">ctime</emphasis>, and <emphasis role="strong">atime</emphasis> attributes of the file.
it: La sovrascrittura di un file cambia tutti gli attributi <emphasis role="strong">mtime</emphasis>, <emphasis role="strong">ctime</emphasis> e <emphasis role="strong">atime</emphasis> del file.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Changing ownership or permission of a file changes the <emphasis role="strong">ctime</emphasis> and <emphasis role="strong">atime</emphasis> attributes of the file.
it: Il cambiamento del proprietario o dei permessi di un file cambia gli attributi <emphasis role="strong">ctime</emphasis> e <emphasis role="strong">atime</emphasis> del file.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Reading a file changes the <emphasis role="strong">atime</emphasis> attribute of the file on the historic Unix system.
it: La lettura di un file cambia l'attributo <emphasis role="strong">atime</emphasis> di un file nei sistemi Unix storici.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Reading a file changes the <emphasis role="strong">atime</emphasis> attribute of the file on the GNU/Linux system if its filesystem is mounted with "<literal>strictatime</literal>".
it: La lettura di un file cambia l'attributo <emphasis role="strong">atime</emphasis> di un file in un sistema GNU/Linux se il file system è montato con "<literal>strictatime</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Reading a file for the first time or after one day changes the <emphasis role="strong">atime</emphasis> attribute of the file on the GNU/Linux system if its filesystem is mounted with "<literal>relatime</literal>". (default behavior since Linux 2.6.30)
it: Leggere un file per la prima volta o dopo un giorno modifica l'attributo <emphasis role="strong">atime</emphasis> del file stesso su sistemi GNU/Linux, se il filesystem è stato montato con "<literal>relatime</literal>". (comportamento di default da Linux 2.6.30)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Reading a file doesn't change the <emphasis role="strong">atime</emphasis> attribute of the file on the GNU/Linux system if its filesystem is mounted with "<literal>noatime</literal>".
it: Leggere un file non modifica l'attributo <emphasis role="strong">atime</emphasis> del file stesso su sistemi GNU/Linux se il filesystem è stato montato con "<literal>noatime</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: The "<literal>noatime</literal>" and "<literal>relatime</literal>" mount options are introduced to improve the filesystem read performance under the normal use cases.  Simple file read operation under the "<literal>strictatime</literal>" option accompanies the time-consuming write operation to update the <emphasis role="strong">atime</emphasis> attribute.  But the <emphasis role="strong">atime</emphasis> attribute is rarely used except for the <literal>mbox</literal>(5) file.  See <literal>mount</literal>(8).
it: Le opzioni di mount "<literal>noatime</literal>" e "<literal>relatime</literal>" sono introdotte per migliorare le prestazioni in lettura del file system nei normali casi d'uso.  Semplici operazioni di lettura dei file con l'opzione "<literal>strictatime</literal>" comportano lunghe operazioni di scrittura per aggiornare l'attributo <emphasis role="strong">atime</emphasis>. L'attributo <emphasis role="strong">atime</emphasis> però è raramente utilizzato, a parte per il file <literal>mbox</literal>(5). Vedere <literal>mount</literal>(8).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Use <literal>touch</literal>(1) command to change timestamps of existing files.
it: Usare il comando <literal>touch</literal>(1) per cambiare l'orario di file esistenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For timestamps, the <literal>ls</literal> command outputs localized strings under non-English locale ("<literal>fr_FR.UTF-8</literal>").
it: Per gli orari, il comando <literal>ls</literal> produce in output stringhe localizzate con la localizzazione non inglese ("<literal>it_IT.UTF-8</literal>").

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: See <xref linkend="_customized_display_of_time_and_date"/> to customize "<literal>ls -l</literal>" output.
it: Vedere <xref linkend="_customized_display_of_time_and_date"/> per personalizzare l'output di "<literal>ls -l</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Links
it: Collegamenti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There are two methods of associating a file "<literal>foo</literal>" with a different filename "<literal>bar</literal>".
it: Ci sono due metodi per associale un file "<literal>pippo</literal>" ad un diverso nome file "<literal>pluto</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&hardlink;">Hard link</ulink>
it: <ulink url="&hardlink;">Collegamento fisico</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Duplicate name for an existing file
it: Nome duplicato per un file esistente

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>ln foo bar</literal>"
it: "<literal>ln pippo pluto</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&symboliclinkorsymlink;">Symbolic link or symlink</ulink>
it: <ulink url="&symboliclinkorsymlink;">Collegamento simbolico o symlink</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Special file that points to another file by name
it: File speciale che punta ad un altro file in base al nome

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>ln -s foo bar</literal>"
it: "<literal>ln -s pippo pluto</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See the following example for changes in link counts and the subtle differences in the result of the <literal>rm</literal> command.
it: Vedere l'esempio seguente per notare i cambiamenti nel conteggio dei collegamenti e le sottili differenze tra i risultati del comando <literal>rm</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The hardlink can be made within the same filesystem and shares the same inode number which the "<literal>-i</literal>" option with <literal>ls</literal>(1)  reveals.
it: Il collegamento fisico può essere creato all'interno dello stesso file system e condivide lo stesso numero di inode, come rivela l'opzione "<literal>-i</literal>" di <literal>ls</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The symlink always has nominal file access permissions of "<literal>rwxrwxrwx</literal>", as shown in the above example, with the effective access permissions dictated by permissions of the file that it points to.
it: Il collegamento simbolico ha sempre permessi di accesso nominali "<literal>rwxrwxrwx</literal>, come mostrato nell'esempio precedente, ma con gli effettivi permessi di accesso stabiliti dai permessi del file a cui punta.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: It is generally a good idea not to create complicated symbolic links or hardlinks at all unless you have a very good reason.  It may cause nightmares where the logical combination of the symbolic links results in loops in the filesystem.
it: In generale è una buona idea non creare collegamenti simbolici complicati o non creare collegamenti fisici per nulla, a meno di non avere una ragione molto buona per farlo. Possono diventare degli incubi quando la combinazione logica dei collegamenti simbolici crea cicli ricorsivi nel file system.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: It is generally preferable to use symbolic links rather than hardlinks unless you have a good reason for using a hardlink.
it: È in generale preferibile usare collegamenti simbolici piuttosto che fisici, a meno che non sia abbia una buona ragione per usare un collegamento fisico.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The "<literal>.</literal>" directory links to the directory that it appears in, thus the link count of any new directory starts at 2.  The "<literal>..</literal>" directory links to the parent directory, thus the link count of the directory increases with the addition of new subdirectories.
it: La directory "<literal>.</literal>" punta alla directory in cui appare, perciò il conteggio dei collegamenti per ogni nuova directory inizia da 2. La directory "<literal>..</literal>" punta alla directory genitore, perciò il conteggio dei collegamenti di una directory aumenta con l'aggiunta di nuove sottodirectory.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you are just moving to Linux from Windows, it soon becomes clear how well-designed the filename linking of Unix is, compared with the nearest Windows equivalent of "shortcuts".  Because it is implemented in the filesystem, applications can't see any difference between a linked file and the original. In the case of hardlinks, there really is no difference.
it: Se si è appena passati da Windows a Linux, appare presto chiaro come sia ben progettato il collegamento dei nomi di file in Unix se paragonato con i collegamenti in ambiente Windows che sono l'equivalente più prossimo in quel sistema. Dato che sono implementati nel file system, le applicazioni non possono vedere alcuna differenza tra un file collegamento ed un originale. Nel caso di collegamenti fisici, non c'è realmente nessuna differenza.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Named pipes (FIFOs)
it: Pipe con nome (FIFO)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: A <ulink url="&namedpipe;">named pipe</ulink> is a file that acts like a pipe.  You put something into the file, and it comes out the other end.  Thus it's called a FIFO, or First-In-First-Out: the first thing you put in the pipe is the first thing to come out the other end.
it: Una <ulink url="&namedpipe;">pipe con nome</ulink> è un file che si comporta da pipe. Si mette qualcosa dentro il file e questa cosa esce dall'altra parte. Questa è chiamata una FIFO (First-In-First_Out, primo ad entrare-primo ad uscire): la prima cosa che viene immessa nella pipe è la prima ad uscire dall'altra estremità.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you write to a named pipe, the process which is writing to the pipe doesn't terminate until the information being written is read from the pipe.  If you read from a named pipe, the reading process waits until there is nothing to read before terminating.  The size of the pipe is always zero --- it does not store data, it just links two processes like the functionality offered by the shell "<literal>|</literal>" syntax.  However, since this pipe has a name, the two processes don't have to be on the same command line or even be run by the same user. Pipes were a very influential innovation of Unix.
it: Se si scrive su una pipe con nome, il processo che sta eseguendo la scrittura nella pipe non termina fino a che l'informazione scritta nella pipe non viene letta. Se si legge da una pipe con nome, il processo di lettura attende che non ci sia più nulla da leggere prima di terminare. La dimensione della pipe è sempre zero: non archivia dati, ma semplicemente collega due processi come fa la funzionalità fornita dalla sintassi per pipe "<literal>|</literal>" della shell. Tuttavia, dato che questa pipe ha un nome, i due processi non devono essere nella stessa riga di comando e nemmeno essere eseguiti dallo stesso utente. Le pipe sono un'innovazione di Unix di grandissimo impatto.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Sockets
it: Socket

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Sockets are used extensively by all the Internet communication, databases, and the operating system itself. It is similar to the named pipe (FIFO) and allows processes to exchange information even between different computers.  For the socket, those processes do not need to be running at the same time nor to be running as the children of the same ancestor process.  This is the endpoint for <ulink url="&theinterprocesscommunicationipc;">the inter process communication (IPC)</ulink>.  The exchange of information may occur over the network between different hosts.  The two most common ones are <ulink url="&theinternetsocket;">the Internet socket</ulink> and <ulink url="&theunixdomainsocket;">the Unix domain socket</ulink>.
it: I socket sono usati moltissimo da tutte le comunicazioni Internet, da database e dal sistema operativo stesso. Sono simili alle pipe con nome (FIFO) e permettono ai processi di scambiare informazioni anche tra computer diversi. Per un socket, non è necessario che questi processi siano in esecuzione contemporaneamente, né di essere eseguiti come processi figli di uno stesso processo antenato. Questo è il punto culminante della <ulink url="&theinterprocesscommunicationipc;">comunicazione tra processi (IPC)</ulink>. Lo scambio di informazioni può avvenire sulla rete tra host diversi. I due più comuni sono il <ulink url="&theinternetsocket;">socket Internet</ulink> e gli <ulink url="&theunixdomainsocket;">Unix domain socket</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: "<literal>netstat -an</literal>" provides a very useful overview of sockets that are open on a given system.
it: "<literal>netstat -an</literal>" fornisce una vista d'insieme molto utile dei socket aperti su un dato sistema.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Device files
it: File di device

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <ulink url="&devicefiles;">Device files</ulink> refer to physical or virtual devices on your system, such as your hard disk, video card, screen, or keyboard.  An example of a virtual device is the console, represented by "<literal>/dev/console</literal>".
it: I <ulink url="&devicefiles;">file di device</ulink> fanno riferimento a dispositivi fisici o virtuali sul sistema, come i dischi fissi, la scheda video, lo schermo o la tastiera. Un esempio di dispositivo virtuale è la console, rappresentata da "<literal>/dev/console</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There are 2 types of device files.
it: Ci sono 2 tipi di file di device.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">Character device</emphasis>
it: <emphasis role="strong">Device a caratteri</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Accessed one character at a time
it: Vi si accede un carattere alla volta.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: 1 character = 1 byte
it: 1 carattere = 1 byte

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: E.g. keyboard device, serial port, …
it: Es., device della tastiera, porta seriale, ...

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">Block device</emphasis>
it: <emphasis role="strong">Device a blocchi</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: accessed in larger units called blocks
it: Vi si accede in base a unità più grandi chiamate blocchi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: 1 block &gt; 1 byte
it: 1 blocco &gt; 1 byte

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: E.g. hard disk, …
it: Es., dischi fissi, ...

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can read and write device files, though the file may well contain binary data which may be an incomprehensible-to-humans gibberish.  Writing data directly to these files is sometimes useful for the troubleshooting of hardware connections.  For example, you can dump a text file to the printer device "<literal>/dev/lp0</literal>" or send modem commands to the appropriate serial port "<literal>/dev/ttyS0</literal>".  But, unless this is done carefully, it may cause a major disaster.  So be cautious.
it: I file di device possono essere letti e scritti, anche se è probabile che i file contengano dati binari che appaiono come farfuglii incomprensibili per le persone. La scrittura diretta di dati in questi file è utile a volte per trovare la soluzione a problemi con le connessioni hardware. Si può, per esempio, fare il dump di un file di testo in un device di stampa "<literal>/dev/lp0</literal>" o inviare comandi del modem alla porta seriale appropriata "<literal>/dev/ttyS0</literal>". Ma, a meno che ciò non venga fatto con cautela, può causare grandissimi disastri. Perciò, essere prudenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: For the normal access to a printer, use <literal>lp</literal>(1).
it: Per il normale accesso ad una stampante, usare <literal>lp</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The device node number are displayed by executing <literal>ls</literal>(1) as the following.
it: I numeri di nodo dei device sono visualizzati se si esegue <literal>ls</literal>(1) come nell'esempio seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/dev/sda</literal>" has the major device number 8 and the minor device number 0.  This is read/write accessible by users belonging to the <literal>disk</literal> group.
it: "<literal>/dev/sda</literal>" ha major number del device 8 e minor number del device 0. È accessibile in lettura e scrittura dagli utenti che appartengono al gruppo <literal>disk</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/dev/sr0</literal>" has the major device number 11 and the minor device number 0.  This is read/write accessible by users belonging to the <literal>cdrom</literal> group.
it: "<literal>/dev/sr0</literal>" ha major number del device 11 e minor number del device 0. È accessibile in lettura e scrittura dagli utenti che appartengono al gruppo <literal>cdrom</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/dev/ttyS0</literal>" has the major device number 4 and the minor device number 64.  This is read/write accessible by users belonging to the <literal>dialout</literal> group.
it: "<literal>/dev/ttyS0</literal>" ha major number del device 4 e minor number del device 64. È accessibile in lettura e scrittura dagli utenti che appartengono al gruppo <literal>dialout</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/dev/zero</literal>" has the major device number 1 and the minor device number 5.  This is read/write accessible by anyone.
it: "<literal>/dev/zero</literal>" ha major number del device 1 e minor number del device 5. È accessibile in lettura e scrittura da chiunque.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: On the modern Linux system, the filesystem under "<literal>/dev/</literal>" is automatically populated by the <literal>udev</literal>(7) mechanism.
it: Nei sistemi Linux moderni il file system sotto "<literal>/dev</literal>" viene popolato automaticamente dal meccanismo <literal>udev</literal>(7).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Special device files
it: File di device speciali

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There are some special device files.
it: Ci sono alcuni file di device speciali.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of special device files
it: Elenco di file dei device speciali

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: device file
it: file di device

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: action
it: azione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: description of response
it: descrizione della risposta

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: read
it: lettura

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: return "end-of-file (EOF) character"
it: restituisce il "carattere EOF (End of File, fine del file)"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: write
it: scrittura

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: return nothing (a bottomless data dump pit)
it: non ritorna nulla (un pozzo senza fondo in cui buttare via dati)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: return "the <literal>\0</literal> (NUL) character" (not the same as the number zero ASCII)
it: ritorna il "carattere <literal>\0</literal> (NUL)", diverso dal numero zero in ASCII

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: return random characters from a true random number generator, delivering real entropy (slow)
it: ritorna caratteri a caso da un vero generatore di numeri casuali che dà reale entropia (lento)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: return random characters from a cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator
it: ritorna caratteri casuali da un generatore di numeri pseudocasuali crittograficamente sicuro

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: return the disk-full (ENOSPC) error
it: ritorna l'errore di disco pieno (ENOSPC)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: These are frequently used in conjunction with the shell redirection (see <xref linkend="_typical_command_sequences_and_shell_redirection"/>).
it: Sono spesso usati insieme alla redirezione di shell (vedere <xref linkend="_typical_command_sequences_and_shell_redirection"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: procfs and sysfs
it: procfs e sysfs

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <ulink url="&procfs;">procfs</ulink> and <ulink url="&sysfs;">sysfs</ulink> mounted on "<literal>/proc</literal>" and "<literal>/sys</literal>" are the pseudo-filesystem and expose internal data structures of the kernel to the userspace.  In other word, these entries are virtual, meaning that they act as a convenient window into the operation of the operating system.
it: <ulink url="&procfs;">procfs</ulink> e <ulink url="&sysfs;">sysfs</ulink>, montati in "<literal>/proc</literal>" e "<literal>/sys</literal>" sono pseudo-file system ed espongono strutture interne di dati del kernel nello spazio utente. In altre parole, queste voci sono virtuali, funzionano cioè come una comoda finestra sul funzionamento del sistema operativo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The directory "<literal>/proc</literal>" contains (among other things) one subdirectory for each process running on the system, which is named after the process ID (PID). System utilities that access process information, such as <literal>ps</literal>(1), get their information from this directory structure.
it: La directory "<literal>/proc</literal>" contiene (tra le altre cose) una sottodirectory per ciascun processo in esecuzione sul sistema che prende nome dall'ID del processo (PID). Le utilità di sistema, come <literal>ps</literal>(1), che accedono alle informazioni sui processi, ottengono le loro informazioni da questa struttura di directory.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The directories under "<literal>/proc/sys/</literal>" contain interfaces to change certain kernel parameters at run time.  (You may do the same through the specialized <literal>sysctl</literal>(8) command or its preload/configuration file "<literal>/etc/sysctl.conf</literal>".)
it: Le directory in "<literal>/proc/sys/</literal>" contengono interfacce per cambiare certi parametri del kernel durante l'esecuzione. (Si può fare la stessa cosa tramite comandi <literal>sysctl</literal>(8) specifici o tramite il suo file di precaricamento/configurazione "<literal>/etc/sysctl.conf</literal>".)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: People frequently panic when they notice one file in particular - "<literal>/proc/kcore</literal>" - which is generally huge.  This is (more or less) a copy of the content of your computer's memory.  It's used to debug the kernel.  It is a virtual file that points to computer memory, so don't worry about its size.
it: Le persone spesso vanno in panico quando si accorgono di un file in particolare, "<literal>/proc/kcore</literal>" che è particolarmente enorme. È (più o meno) una copia del contenuto della memoria del computer ed è usato per fare il debug del kernel. È un file virtuale che punta alla memoria del computer perciò non ci si preoccupi della sua dimensione.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The directory under "<literal>/sys</literal>" contains exported kernel data structures, their attributes, and their linkages between them. It also contains interfaces to change certain kernel parameters at run time.
it: La directory "<literal>/sys</literal>" contiene strutture dati del kernel esportate, i loro attributi e i collegamenti tra di esse. Contiene anche interfacce per cambiare alcuni parametri del kernel durante l'esecuzione.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See "<literal>proc.txt(.gz)</literal>", "<literal>sysfs.txt(.gz)</literal>" and other related documents in the Linux kernel documentation ("<literal>/usr/share/doc/linux-doc-*/Documentation/filesystems/*</literal>") provided by the <literal>linux-doc-*</literal> package.
it: Vedere <literal>proc.txt(.gz)</literal>", "<literal>sysfs.txt(.gz)</literal>" e altri documenti correlati nella documentazione del kernel Linux ("<literal>/usr/share/doc/linux-doc-*/Documentation/filesystems/*</literal>") fornita dai pacchetti <literal>linux-doc-*</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <ulink url="&tmpfs;">tmpfs</ulink> is a temporary filesystem which keeps all files in the <ulink url="&virtualmemory;">virtual memory</ulink>.  The data of the tmpfs in the <ulink url="&pagecache;">page cache</ulink> on memory may be swapped out to the <ulink url="&swapspace;">swap space</ulink> on disk as needed.
it: <ulink url="&tmpfs;">tmpfs</ulink> è un file system temporaneo che contiene tutti i file nella <ulink url="&virtualmemory;">memoria virtuale</ulink>. I dati del tmpfs nella <ulink url="&pagecache;">page cache</ulink> in memoria possono essere spostati nello <ulink url="&swapspace;">spazio di swap</ulink> su disco quando necessario.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The directory "<literal>/run</literal>" is mounted as the tmpfs in the early boot process.  This enables writing to it even when the directory "<literal>/</literal>" is mounted as read-only.  This is the new location for the storage of transient state files and replaces several locations described in the <ulink url="&filesystemhierarchystandard;">Filesystem Hierarchy Standard</ulink> version 2.3:
it: La directory "<literal>/run</literal>" viene montata come il tmpfs nelle prime fasi del processo di avvio. Ciò vi permette la scrittura anche quando la directory "<literal>/</literal>" è montata in sola lettura. Questa è la nuova posizione per la memorizzazione dei file transitori e sostituisce diverse posizioni descritte nella versione 2.3 del <ulink url="&filesystemhierarchystandard;">Filesystem Hierarchy Standard</ulink>(Standard per la gerarchia del file system):

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See "<literal>tmpfs.txt(.gz)</literal>" in the Linux kernel documentation ("<literal>/usr/share/doc/linux-doc-*/Documentation/filesystems/*</literal>") provided by the <literal>linux-doc-*</literal> package.
it: Vedere "<literal>tmpfs.txt(.gz)</literal>" nella documentazione del kernel Linux ("<literal>/usr/share/doc/linux-doc-*/Documentation/filesystems/*</literal>") fornita dai pacchetti <literal>linux-doc-*</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: <ulink url="&midnightcommandermc;">Midnight Commander (MC)</ulink> is a GNU "Swiss army knife" for the Linux console and other terminal environments.  This gives newbie a menu driven console experience which is much easier to learn than standard Unix commands.
it: <ulink url="&midnightcommandermc;">Midnight Commander (MC)</ulink> è un "coltellino svizzero" GNU per la console Linux ed altri ambienti in terminale. Dà ai principianti la possibilità di usare una console comandata da menu che è molto più facile da imparare dei comandi Unix standard.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: You may need to install the Midnight Commander package which is titled "<literal>mc</literal>" by the following.
it: Potrebbe essere necessario installare il pacchetto di Midnight Commander che si chiama "<literal>mc</literal>" con il seguente comando.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Use the <literal>mc</literal>(1) command to explore the Debian system.  This is the best way to learn.  Please explore few interesting locations just using the cursor keys and Enter key.
it: Usare il comando <literal>mc</literal>(1) per esplorare il sistema Debian. È il modo migliore di imparare. Esplorare qualche posizione interessante usando semplicemente i tasti freccia e il tasto Invio.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/etc</literal>" and its subdirectories
it: "<literal>/etc</literal>" e le sue sottodirectory

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/var/log</literal>" and its subdirectories
it: "<literal>/var/log</literal>" e le sue sottodirectory

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/usr/share/doc</literal>" and its subdirectories
it: "<literal>/usr/share/doc</literal>" e le sue sottodirectory

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/usr/sbin</literal>" and "<literal>/usr/bin</literal>"
it: "<literal>/usr/sbin</literal>" e "<literal>/usr/bin</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Customization of MC
it: Personalizzazione di MC

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: In order to make MC to change working directory upon exit and <literal>cd</literal> to the directory, I suggest to modify "<literal>~/.bashrc</literal>" to include a script provided by the <literal>mc</literal> package.
it: Per far sì che MC cambi la directory di lavoro in uscita e si sposti con <literal>cd</literal> nella directory, suggerisco di modificare "<literal>~/.bashrc</literal>" per includere uno scipt fornito nel pacchetto <literal>mc</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See <literal>mc</literal>(1) (under the "<literal>-P</literal>" option) for the reason. (If you do not understand what exactly I am talking here, you can do this later.)
it: Vedere <literal>mc</literal>(1) (sotto l'opzione "<literal>-P</literal>") per capirne la ragione. (Se non è chiaro esattamento quello di cui sto parlando, si può tornare a questo più tardi.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Starting MC
it: Avvio di MC

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: MC can be started by the following.
it: MC può essere avviato nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: MC takes care of all file operations through its menu, requiring minimal user effort.  Just press F1 to get the help screen.  You can play with MC just by pressing cursor-keys and function-keys.
it: MC si prende cura di tutte le operazioni sui file attraverso i suoi menu, richiedendo perciò solo un minimo sforzo da parte dell'utente. Premere semplicemente F1 per ottenere la schermata di aiuto. Si può giocherellare con MC premendo semplicemente i tasti freccia e i tasti funzione.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: In some consoles such as <literal>gnome-terminal</literal>(1), key strokes of function-keys may be stolen by the console program.  You can disable these features in "Preferences" → "General" and "Shortcuts" menu for <literal>gnome-terminal</literal>.
it: In alcune console, come <literal>gnome-terminal</literal>(1), le pressioni dei tasti funzione potrebbero essere rubate dal programma di console. Si possono disabilitare queste funzionalità per <literal>gnome-terminal</literal> nei menu "Preferenze" → "Generale" e "Scorciatoie".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you encounter character encoding problem which displays garbage characters, adding "<literal>-a</literal>" to MC's command line may help prevent problems.
it: Se si incontrano problemi di codifica dei caratteri con visualizzazione di caratteri spazzatura, l'aggiunta dell'opzione "<literal>-a</literal>" alla riga di comando di MC può aiutare a prevenirli.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If this doesn't clear up your display problems with MC, see <xref linkend="_the_terminal_configuration"/>.
it: Se ciò non risolve i problemi di visualizzazione in MC, vedere <xref linkend="_the_terminal_configuration"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: File manager in MC
it: Gestore dei file in MC

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The default is two directory panels containing file lists.  Another useful mode is to set the right window to "information" to see file access privilege information, etc.  Following are some essential keystrokes.  With the <literal>gpm</literal>(8) daemon running, one can use a mouse on Linux character consoles, too.  (Make sure to press the shift-key to obtain the normal behavior of cut and paste in MC.)
it: L'impostazione predefinita è con due pannelli di directory contenenti gli elenchi dei file. Un'altra utile modalità è l'impostazione della finestra destra per contenere le "informazioni" per vedere informazioni sui privilegi di accesso dei file, ecc. Di seguito sono elencati alcuni tasti essenziali. Con il demone <literal>gpm</literal>(8) in esecuzione, si può anche usare il mouse in una console a caratteri Linux. (Assicurarsi di premeri il tasto Maiusc per ottenere il comportamento normale di taglia e incolla in MC.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: The key bindings of MC
it: Le associazioni dei tasti di MC

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: key
it: tasto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: key binding
it: azione associata

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: help menu
it: menu di aiuto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: internal file viewer
it: visualizzatore interno di file

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: internal editor
it: editor interno

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: activate pull down menu
it: attiva il menu a tendina

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: exit Midnight Commander
it: esce da Midnight Commander

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: move between two windows
it: sposta tra le due finestre

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>Insert</literal> or <literal>Ctrl-T</literal>
it: <literal>Insert</literal> o <literal>Ctrl-T</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: mark file for a multiple-file operation such as copy
it: segna il file per una operazione su più file, come la copia

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: delete file (be careful---set MC to safe delete mode)
it: cancella il file (essere prudenti: impostare MC per la modalità di cancellazione sicura)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Cursor keys
it: tasti freccia

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: self-explanatory
it: intuitivi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Command-line tricks in MC
it: Trucchetti per la riga di comando di MC

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>cd</literal> command changes the directory shown on the selected screen.
it: Il comando <literal>cd</literal> cambia la directory mostrata nel pannello selezionato.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>Ctrl-Enter</literal> or <literal>Alt-Enter</literal> copies a filename to the command line. Use this with <literal>cp</literal>(1) and <literal>mv</literal>(1) commands together with command-line editing.
it: <literal>Ctrl-Invio</literal> o <literal>Alt-Invio</literal> copia un nome di file nella riga di comando. Usarlo con i comandi <literal>cp</literal>(1) e <literal>mv</literal>(1) assieme alla modifica della riga di comando.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>Alt-Tab</literal> shows shell filename expansion choices.
it: <literal>Alt-Tab</literal> mostra le scelte date dall'espansione di shell dei nomi di file.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: One can specify the starting directory for both windows as arguments to MC; for example, "<literal>mc /etc /root</literal>".
it: Si possono specificare le directory iniziali per entrambe le finestre come argomenti per MC; per esempio, "<literal>mc /etc /root</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>Esc</literal> + <literal>n-key</literal> → <literal>Fn</literal> (i.e., <literal>Esc</literal> + <literal>1</literal> → <literal>F1</literal>, etc.; <literal>Esc</literal> + <literal>0</literal> → <literal>F10</literal>)
it: <literal>Esc</literal> + <literal>tasto n</literal> → <literal>Fn</literal> (cioè, <literal>Esc</literal> + <literal>1</literal> → <literal>F1</literal>, ecc.; <literal>Esc</literal> + <literal>0</literal> → <literal>F10</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Pressing <literal>Esc</literal> before the key has the same effect as pressing the <literal>Alt</literal> and the key together.; i.e., type <literal>Esc</literal> + <literal>c</literal> for <literal>Alt-C</literal>.  <literal>Esc</literal> is called meta-key and sometimes noted as "<literal>M-</literal>".
it: Premere <literal>Esc</literal> prima di un tasto ha lo stesso effetto di premere <literal>Alt</literal> ed il tasto contemporaneamente; premere cioè <literal>Esc</literal> + <literal>c</literal> per <literal>Alt-C</literal>. <literal>Esc</literal> è chiamato meta-tasto ed è a volte indicato con "<literal>M-</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The internal editor in MC
it: L'editor interno di MC

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The internal editor has an interesting cut-and-paste scheme.  Pressing <literal>F3</literal> marks the start of a selection, a second <literal>F3</literal> marks the end of selection and highlights the selection.  Then you can move your cursor.  If you press F6, the selected area is moved to the cursor location.  If you press F5, the selected area is copied and inserted at the cursor location.  <literal>F2</literal> saves the file.  <literal>F10</literal> gets you out.  Most cursor keys work intuitively.
it: L'editor interno ha un interessante schema per il taglia e incolla. La pressione di <literal>F3</literal> marca l'inizio di una selezione, una seconda pressione di <literal>F3</literal> marca la fine della selezione e la evidenzia. Si può poi muovere il cursore. Se si preme F6, l'area selezionata viene spostata nella posizione del cursore. Se si preme F5 l'area selezionata viene copiata ed inserita alla posizione del cursore. <literal>F2</literal> salva il file. <literal>F10</literal> fa uscire. La maggior parte dei tasti cursore funziona in modo intuitivo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This editor can be directly started on a file using one of the following commands.
it: Si può avviare direttamente questo editor su di un file usando uno dei comandi seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This is not a multi-window editor, but one can use multiple Linux consoles to achieve the same effect.  To copy between windows, use Alt-F<emphasis>n</emphasis> keys to switch virtual consoles and use "File→Insert file" or "File→Copy to file" to move a portion of a file to another file.
it: Questo non è un editor multi-finestra, ma si possono usare più console Linux per ottenere lo stesso effetto. Per copiare tra finestre, usare i tasti Alt-F<emphasis>n</emphasis> per cambiare console virtuale e usare "File→Insert file" o "File→Copy to file" per spostare una porzione di un file in un altro file.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This internal editor can be replaced with any external editor of choice.
it: Questo editor interno può essere rimpiazzato da qualsiasi editor esterno a propria scelta.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Also, many programs use the environment variables "<literal>$EDITOR</literal>" or "<literal>$VISUAL</literal>" to decide which editor to use.  If you are uncomfortable with <literal>vim</literal>(1) or <literal>nano</literal>(1) initially, you may set these to "<literal>mcedit</literal>" by adding the following lines to "<literal>~/.bashrc</literal>".
it: Inoltre molti programmi usano la variabile d'ambiente "<literal>$EDITOR</literal>" o "<literal>$VISUAL</literal>" per decidere quale editor usare. Se inizialmente non ci si trova a proprio agio con <literal>vim</literal>(1) o <literal>nano</literal>(1), si può impostare queste variabili a "<literal>mcedit</literal>" aggiungendo le righe seguenti al file "<literal>~/.bashrc</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: I do recommend setting these to "<literal>vim</literal>" if possible.
it: Io raccomando di impostarle a "<literal>vim</literal>", se possibile.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you are uncomfortable with <literal>vim</literal>(1), you can keep using <literal>mcedit</literal>(1) for most system maintenance tasks.
it: Se non ci si trova a proprio agio con <literal>vim</literal>(1), si può continuare ad usare <literal>mcedit</literal>(1) per la maggior parte dei compiti di manutenzione del sistema.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The internal viewer in MC
it: Il visualizzatore interno di MC

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: MC is a very smart viewer.  This is a great tool for searching words in documents.  I always use this for files in the "<literal>/usr/share/doc</literal>" directory.  This is the fastest way to browse through masses of Linux information.  This viewer can be directly started using one of the following commands.
it: MC è un visualizzatore molto intelligente. È un grande strumento per cercare parole in documenti. Lo uso sempre per i file nella directory "<literal>/usr/share/doc</literal>". È il metodo più veloce per navigare tra una massa di informazioni Linux. Questo visualizzatore può essere avviato direttamente usando uno dei comandi seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Auto-start features of MC
it: Funzionalità di avvio automatico di MC

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Press Enter on a file, and the appropriate program handles the content of the file (see <xref linkend="_customizing_program_to_be_started"/>).  This is a very convenient MC feature.
it: Se si preme Invio su di un file, un programma appropriato gestirà il contenuto del file (vedere <xref linkend="_customizing_program_to_be_started"/>). Questa è una funzionalità molto comoda di MC.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: The reaction to the enter key in MC
it: La reazione al tasto Invio in MC

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: file type
it: tipo di file

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: reaction to enter key
it: reazione al tasto Invio

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: executable file
it: file eseguibile

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: execute command
it: esegue comando

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: man file
it: file man

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: pipe content to viewer software
it: invia i contenuti tramite pipe al software di visualizzazione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: html file
it: file html

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: pipe content to web browser
it: invia i contenuti tramite pipe al browser web

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: "<literal>*.tar.gz</literal>" and "<literal>*.deb</literal>" file
it: file "<literal>*.tar.gz</literal>" e "<literal>*.deb</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: browse its contents as if subdirectory
it: naviga i suoi contenuti come se fosse una sottodirectory

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: In order to allow these viewer and virtual file features to function, viewable files should not be set as executable.  Change their status using <literal>chmod</literal>(1) or via the MC file menu.
it: Per far sì che queste funzionalità di visualizzazione dei file e di file virtuali funzionino, i file visualizzabili non dovrebbero essere impostati come eseguibili. Cambiare il loro stato usando <literal>chmod</literal>(1) o attraverso il menu file di MC.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Virtual filesystem of MC
it: File system virtuale di MC

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: MC can be used to access files over the Internet.  Go to the menu by pressing <literal>F9</literal>, "<literal>Enter</literal>" and "<literal>h</literal>" to activate the Shell filesystem.  Enter a URL in the form "<literal>sh://[user@]machine[:options]/[remote-dir]</literal>", which retrieves a remote directory that appears like a local one using <literal>ssh</literal>.
it: MC può essere usato per accedere a file in Internet. Premere <literal>F9</literal> per andare nel menu, usare "<literal>Invio</literal>" e "<literal>h</literal>" per attivare un file system Shell. Inserire un URL nella forma "<literal>sh://[utente@]macchina[:opzioni]/[dir-remota]</literal>", che recupera la directory remota che apparirà come una directory locale usando <literal>ssh</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: The basic Unix-like work environment
it: Ambiente di lavoro di base in stile Unix

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Although MC enables you to do almost everything, it is very important for you to learn how to use the command line tools invoked from the shell prompt and become familiar with the Unix-like work environment.
it: Anche se MC permette di fare quasi tutto, è bene imparare come usare gli strumenti a riga di comando invocati dal prompt di shell e prendere familiarità con l'ambiente di lavoro in stile Unix.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The login shell
it: La shell di login

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Since the login shell may be used by some system initialization programs, it is prudent to keep it as <literal>bash</literal>(1) and avoid switching the login shell with <literal>chsh</literal>(1).
it: Dato che la shell di login può essere utilizzata da alcuni programmi di inizializzazione del sistema, è prudente mantenerla come <literal>bash</literal>(1) e evitare di cambiare la shell di login in <literal>chsh</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you want to use a different interactive shell prompt, set it from GUI terminal emulator configuration or start it from <literal>~/.bashrc</literal>, e.g., by placing "<literal>exec /usr/bin/zsh -i -l</literal>" or "<literal>exec /usr/bin/fish -i -l</literal>" in it.
it: Se si desidera usare un prompt di shell interattiva diverso, impostarlo dalla configurazione dell'emulatore di terminale in GUI o avviarlo da <literal>~/.bashrc</literal>, ad esempio mettendoci "<literal>exec /usr/bin/zsh -i -l</literal>" o "<literal>exec /usr/bin/fish -i -l</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of shell programs
it: Elenco di programmi shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: POSIX shell
it: Shell POSIX

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Yes
it: Sì

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&bash;">Bash</ulink>: the GNU Bourne Again SHell (de facto standard)
it: <ulink url="&bash;">Bash</ulink>: GNU Bourne Again SHell (standard de facto)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: N/A
it: N/D

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: programmable completion for the <ulink url="&bash;">bash</ulink> shell
it: completamento programmabile per la shell <ulink url="&bash;">bash</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Debian <ulink url="&almquistshell;">Almquist Shell</ulink>, good for shell script
it: Debian <ulink url="&almquistshell;">Almquist Shell</ulink>, buona per script di shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&zshell;">Z shell</ulink>: the standard shell with many enhancements
it: <ulink url="&zshell;">Z shell</ulink>: la shell standard con molti miglioramenti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&tenexcshell;">TENEX C Shell</ulink>: an enhanced version of <ulink url="&berkeleycsh;">Berkeley csh</ulink>
it: <ulink url="&tenexcshell;">TENEX C Shell</ulink>: una versione migliorata di <ulink url="&berkeleycsh;">Berkeley csh</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: A version of the <ulink url="&kornshell;">Korn shell</ulink>
it: Una versione della <ulink url="&kornshell;">Korn shell</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&openbsd;">OpenBSD</ulink> C Shell, a version of <ulink url="&berkeleycsh;">Berkeley csh</ulink>
it: C Shell <ulink url="&openbsd;">OpenBSD</ulink>, una versione di <ulink url="&berkeleycsh;">Berkeley csh</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&standaloneshell;">Stand-alone shell</ulink> with builtin commands (Not meant for standard "<literal>/usr/bin/sh</literal>")
it: <ulink url="&standaloneshell;">Stand-alone shell</ulink> con comandi interni (non adatta per essere la "<literal>/usr/bin/sh</literal>" standard)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: the real, AT&amp;T version of the <ulink url="&kornshell;">Korn shell</ulink>
it: la versione reale di AT&amp;T della <ulink url="&kornshell;">Korn shell</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: implementation of the <ulink url="&attplanj;">AT&amp;T Plan 9</ulink> <ulink url="&rcshell;">rc shell</ulink>
it: implementazione della <ulink url="&rcshell;">rc shell</ulink> di <ulink url="&attplanj;">AT&amp;T Plan 9</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Policy-compliant Ordinary SHell (<literal>pdksh</literal> derivative)
it: Policy-compliant Ordinary SHell (derivata da <literal>pdksh</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Although POSIX-like shells share the basic syntax, they can differ in behavior for things as basic as shell variables and glob expansions.  Please check their documentation for details.
it: Sebbene le shell in stile POSIX condividano la stessa sintassi di base, esse possono differire nel comportamento relativo a cose anche basilari, come le variabili della shell e l'espansione dei modelli glob. Per i dettagli controllare la loro documentazione.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: In this tutorial chapter, the interactive shell always means <literal>bash</literal>.
it: In questo capitolo del tutorial la shell interattiva considerata è sempre <literal>bash</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Customizing bash
it: Personalizzare bash

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can customize <literal>bash</literal>(1) behavior by "<literal>~/.bashrc</literal>".
it: Si può personalizzare il comportamento di <literal>bash</literal>(1) con "<literal>~/.bashrc</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For example, try the following.
it: Per esempio provare quanto segue.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: You can find more <literal>bash</literal> customization tips, such as <xref linkend="_colorized_commands"/>, in <xref linkend="_system_tips"/>.
it: Si possono trovare altri suggerimenti sulla personalizzazione di <literal>bash</literal>, come <xref linkend="_colorized_commands"/>, in <xref linkend="_system_tips"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: The <literal>bash-completion</literal> package enables programmable completion for <literal>bash</literal>.
it: Il pacchetto <literal>bash-completion</literal> permette il completamento automatico per <literal>bash</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Special key strokes
it: Associazioni di tasti speciali

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: In the <ulink url="&unixlike;">Unix-like</ulink> environment, there are few key strokes which have special meanings.  Please note that on a normal Linux character console, only the left-hand <literal>Ctrl</literal> and <literal>Alt</literal> keys work as expected.  Here are few notable key strokes to remember.
it: Nell'ambiente <ulink url="&unixlike;">*nix</ulink>, ci sono alcune associazioni di tasti che hanno un significato speciale. Notare che in una console a caratteri Linux normale solo i tasti <literal>Ctrl</literal> e <literal>Alt</literal>sinistri funzionano come atteso. Ecco alcune combinazioni di tasti che vale la pena ricordare.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of key bindings for bash
it: Elenco di associazioni di tasti per bash

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: description of key binding
it: descrizione dell'associazione di tasti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: erase line before cursor
it: cancella il contenuto della riga prima del cursore

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: erase a character before cursor
it: cancella il carattere prima del cursore

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: terminate input (exit shell if you are using shell)
it: termina l'input (se si sta usando la shell, esce dalla shell)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: terminate a running program
it: termina un programma in esecuzione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: temporarily stop program by moving it to the background job
it: arresta temporaneamente un programma spostandolo come compito sullo sfondo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: halt output to screen
it: ferma l'output a schermo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: reactivate output to screen
it: riattiva l'output a schermo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: reboot/halt the system, see <literal>inittab</literal>(5)
it: riavvia/ferma il sistema, vedere <literal>inittab</literal>(5)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>Left-Alt-key</literal> (optionally, <literal>Windows-key</literal>)
it: <literal>Left-Alt-key</literal> (opzionalmente, <literal>tasto Windows</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: meta-key for Emacs and the similar UI
it: meta-tasto per Emacs e interfacce utente simili

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>Up-arrow</literal>
it: <literal>freccia in su</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: start command history search under <literal>bash</literal>
it: avvia la ricerca nello storico dei comandi in <literal>bash</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: start incremental command history search under <literal>bash</literal>
it: inizia una ricerca incrementale nello storico dei comandi in <literal>bash</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: complete input of the filename to the command line under <literal>bash</literal>
it: completa l'input di un nome di file nella riga di comando in <literal>bash</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: input <literal>Tab</literal> without expansion to the command line under <literal>bash</literal>
it: inserisce in input un carattere <literal>Tab</literal> senza espansione nella riga di comando in <literal>bash</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: The terminal feature of <literal>Ctrl-S</literal> can be disabled using <literal>stty</literal>(1).
it: La funzionalità di <literal>Ctrl-S</literal> nel terminale può essere disabilitata usando <literal>stty</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Mouse operations
it: Operazioni del mouse

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <ulink url="&mouseoperationsfsystemmixcstyles;">Mouse operations for text on Debian system mix 2 styles</ulink> with some twists:
it: <ulink url="&mouseoperationsfsystemmixcstyles;">Il funzionamento del mouse per il testo nel sistema Debian mescola 2 stile</ulink> con alcune peculiarità:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Traditional Unix style mouse operations:
it: Funzioni del mouse in stile Unix tradizionali:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: use 3 buttons (click)
it: uso di 3 pulsanti (clic)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: use PRIMARY
it: uso di PRIMARY (principale)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: used by X applications such as <literal>xterm</literal> and text applications in Linux console
it: usato da applicazioni X come <literal>xterm</literal> e applicazioni testuali nella console Linux

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Modern GUI style mouse operations:
it: Funzionamento del mouse moderno in stile GUI:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: use 2 buttons (drag + click)
it: uso di 2 pulsanti (trascina e clic)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: use PRIMARY and CLIPBOARD
it: uso di PRIMARY (principale) e CLIPBOARD (appunti)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: used in Modern GUI applications such as <literal>gnome-terminal</literal>
it: usato in applicazioni GUI moderne come <literal>gnome-terminal</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of mouse operations and related key actions on Debian
it: Elenco di funzioni del mouse e relative azioni dei tasti in Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: response
it: risposta

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Left-click-and-drag mouse
it: Clic sinistro e trascinamento

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: select range as PRIMARY selection
it: marca l'intervallo della selezione PRINCIPALE

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Left-click
it: Clic sinistro

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: select the start of range for PRIMARY selection
it: marca l'inizio dell'intervallo per la selezione PRINCIPALE

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Right-click (traditional)
it: Clic destro (tradizionale)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: select the end of range for PRIMARY selection
it: marca la fine dell'intervallo per la selezione PRINCIPALE

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Right-click (modern)
it: Clic destro (moderno)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: context dependent menu (cut/copy/paste)
it: menu dipendente dal contesto (taglia/copia/incolla)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Middle-click or Shift-<literal>Ins</literal>
it: Clic di mezzo o Maiusc-<literal>Ins</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: insert PRIMARY selection at the cursor
it: inserisce la selezione PRINCIPALE alla posizione del cursore

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: cut PRIMARY selection to CLIPBOARD
it: taglia la selezione PRINCIPALE negli APPUNTI

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>Ctrl-C</literal> (<literal>Shift-Ctrl-C</literal> in terminal)
it: <literal>Ctrl-C</literal> (<literal>Shift-Ctrl-C</literal> nel terminale)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: copy PRIMARY selection to CLIPBOARD
it: copia la selezione PRINCIPALE negli APPUNTI

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: paste CLIPBOARD at the cursor
it: incolla gli APPUNTI alla posizione del cursore

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here, the PRIMARY selection is the highlighted text range.  Within the terminal program, <literal>Shift-Ctrl-C</literal> is used instead to avoid terminating a running program.
it: Qui, la selezione PRINCIPALE è l'intervallo di testo evidenziato. All'interno del programma di terminale viene usato invece <literal>Shift-Ctrl-C</literal> per evitare di terminare un programma in esecuzione.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The center wheel on the modern wheel mouse is considered middle mouse button and can be used for middle-click.  Clicking left and right mouse buttons together serves as the middle-click under the 2 button mouse system situation.
it: La rotella centrale presente nei mouse moderni viene considerata come il pulsante di mezzo e può essere usata per fare il corrispondente clic. Cliccare contemporaneamente con i pulsanti destro e sinistro funziona da clic di mezzo nelle situazioni in cui si hanno mouse a 2 pulsanti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: In order to use a mouse in Linux character consoles, you need to have <literal>gpm</literal>(8) running as daemon.
it: Per poter usare il mouse in una console a caratteri Linux, è necessario che <literal>gpm</literal>(8) sia in esecuzione come demone.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The pager
it: Il paginatore

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <literal>less</literal>(1) command is the enhanced pager (file content browser). It reads the file specified by its command argument or its standard input.  Hit "<literal>h</literal>" if you need help while browsing with the <literal>less</literal> command.  It can do much more than <literal>more</literal>(1) and can be supercharged by executing "<literal>eval $(lesspipe)</literal>" or "<literal>eval $(lessfile)</literal>" in the shell startup script. See more in "<literal>/usr/share/doc/less/LESSOPEN</literal>".  The "<literal>-R</literal>" option allows raw character output and enables ANSI color escape sequences.  See <literal>less</literal>(1).
it: Il comando <literal>less</literal>(1) è il paginatore (navigatore del contenuto dei file) migliorato. Legge il file specificato nell'argomento del comando o il suo standard input. Premere "<literal>h</literal>" se si ha bisogno di aiuto nella navigazione con il comando <literal>less</literal>. Può fare molto di più di <literal>more</literal>(1) e può essere fornito di superpoteri eseguendo "<literal>eval $(lesspipe)</literal>" o "<literal>eval $(lessfile)</literal>" nello script di avvio della shell. Vedere ulteriori informazioni in "<literal>/usr/share/doc/less/LESSOPEN</literal>". L'opzione "<literal>-R</literal>" permette output raw e abilita le sequenze di escape ANSI per i colori. Vedere <literal>less</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: In the <literal>less</literal> command, type "<literal>h</literal>" to see the help screen, type "<literal>/</literal>" or "<literal>?</literal>" to search a string, and type "<literal>-i</literal>" to the change case sensitivity.
it: Nel comando <literal>less</literal> digitare "<literal>h</literal>" per vedere la schermata di aiuto, digitare "<literal>/</literal>" o "<literal>?</literal>" per cercare una stringa e digitare "<literal>-i</literal>" per cambiare la sensibilità a maiuscole/minuscole.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The text editor
it: L'editor di testo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You should become proficient in one of variants of <ulink url="&vim;">Vim</ulink> or <ulink url="&emacs;">Emacs</ulink> programs which are popular in the Unix-like system.
it: Si dovrebbe diventare competenti in una delle varianti dei programmi <ulink url="&vim;">Vim</ulink> o <ulink url="&emacs;">Emacs</ulink> che sono popolari sui sistemi *nix.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: I think getting used to Vim commands is the right thing to do, since Vi-editor is always there in the Linux/Unix world.  (Actually, original <literal>vi</literal> or new <literal>nvi</literal> are programs you find everywhere.  I chose Vim instead for newbie since it offers you help through <literal>F1</literal> key while it is similar enough and more powerful.)
it: Penso che abituarsi ai comandi Vim sia la cosa giusta da fare, dato che un editor Vi è sempre presente nel mondo Linux/Unix. (In realtà, il <literal>vi</literal> originale o il nuovo <literal>nvi</literal> sono programmi che si trovano ovunque. Io ho scelto invece Vim per i principianti dato che offre l'aiuto attraverso il tasto <literal>F1</literal> pur essendo abbastanza simile e più potente.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you chose either <ulink url="&emacs;">Emacs</ulink> or <ulink url="&xemacs;">XEmacs</ulink> instead as your choice of the editor, that is another good choice indeed, particularly for programming.  Emacs has a plethora of other features as well, including functioning as a newsreader, directory editor, mail program, etc.  When used for programming or editing shell scripts, it intelligently recognizes the format of what you are working on, and tries to provide assistance.  Some people maintain that the only program they need on Linux is Emacs.  Ten minutes learning Emacs now can save hours later.  Having the GNU Emacs manual for reference when learning Emacs is highly recommended.
it: Se si sceglie invece <ulink url="&emacs;">Emacs</ulink> o <ulink url="&xemacs;">XEmacs</ulink> come editor preferito, si sta facendo comunque davvero un'ottima scelta, specialmente per la programmazione. Emacs ha una vastità di altre funzionalità, incluso il funzionamento come newsreader, editor di directory, programma di posta, ecc. Quando usato per la programmazione o la scrittura di script, riconosce intelligentemente il formato che si sta usando e cerca di fornire assistenza. Alcune persone sostengono che l'unico programma di cui hanno bisogno su Linux è Emacs. Dieci minuti spesi ad imparare Emacs ora possono far risparmiare ore in futuro. È caldamente raccomandato avere a portata di mano il manuale di GNU Emacs da consultare quando si sta imparando Emacs.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: All these programs usually come with tutoring program for you to learn them by practice.  Start Vim by typing "<literal>vim</literal>" and press F1-key.  You should at least read the first 35 lines.  Then do the online training course by moving cursor to "<literal>|tutor|</literal>" and pressing <literal>Ctrl-]</literal>.
it: Tutti questi programmi sono di solito forniti con un programma tutor che aiuta ad impararli facendo pratica. Avviare Vim digitando "<literal>vim</literal>" e premere il tasto F1. Si dovrebbero leggere come minimo le prime 35 righe. Poi seguire il corso di apprendimento in linea muovendo il cursore su "<literal>|tutor|</literal>" e premendo <literal>Ctrl-]</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: Good editors, such as Vim and Emacs, can handle UTF-8 and other exotic encoding texts correctly.  It is a good idea to use the GUI environment in the UTF-8 locale and to install required programs and fonts to it.  Editors have options to set the file encoding independent of the GUI environment.  Please refer to their documentation on multibyte text.
it: I buoni editor, come Vim ed Emacs, possono gestire correttamente testi UTF-8 e testi in altre codifiche esotiche. È opportuno usare l'ambiente GUI con la localizzazione UTF-8 e installare i programmi e i tipi di carattere necessari. Gli editor hanno opzioni per impostare la codifica dei file indipendentemente dall'ambiente GUI. Fare riferimento alla loro documentazione sui testi multibyte.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Setting a default text editor
it: Impostare un editor di testi predefinito

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Debian comes with a number of different editors. We recommend to install the <literal>vim</literal> package, as mentioned above.
it: Debian è fornita con svariati editor differenti. Si raccomanda di installare, come detto in precedenza, il pacchetto <literal>vim</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Debian provides unified access to the system default editor via command "<literal>/usr/bin/editor</literal>" so other programs (e.g., <literal>reportbug</literal>(1)) can invoke it.  You can change it by the following.
it: Debian fornisce un accesso unificato all'editor predefinito di sistema attraverso il comando "<literal>/usr/bin/editor</literal>" in modo che altri programmi (ad esempio <literal>reportbug</literal>(1)) possano richiamarlo. Lo si può modificare con il comando seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The choice "<literal>/usr/bin/vim.basic</literal>" over "<literal>/usr/bin/vim.tiny</literal>" is my recommendation for newbies since it supports syntax highlighting.
it: Io raccomando ai principianti la scelta di "<literal>/usr/bin/vim.basic</literal>" invece di"<literal>/usr/bin/vim.tiny</literal>" dato che supporta l'evidenziazione della sintassi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Many programs use the environment variables "<literal>$EDITOR</literal>" or "<literal>$VISUAL</literal>" to decide which editor to use (see <xref linkend="_the_internal_editor_in_mc"/> and <xref linkend="_customizing_program_to_be_started"/>).  For the consistency on the Debian system, set these to "<literal>/usr/bin/editor</literal>". (Historically, "<literal>$EDITOR</literal>" was "<literal>ed</literal>" and "<literal>$VISUAL</literal>" was "<literal>vi</literal>".)
it: Molti programmi usano la variabile d'ambiente "<literal>$EDITOR</literal>" o "<literal>$VISUAL</literal>" per decidere quale editor usare (vedere<xref linkend="_the_internal_editor_in_mc"/> e <xref linkend="_customizing_program_to_be_started"/>. Per coerenza, in un sistema Debian, impostare queste variabili a "<literal>/usr/bin/editor</literal>". (Storicamente "<literal>$EDITOR</literal>" era "<literal>ed</literal>" e "<literal>$VISUAL</literal>" era "<literal>vi</literal>".)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Using vim
it: Usare vim

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
en: Even the older <literal>vim</literal> can starts in the sane "<literal>nocompatible</literal>" mode by starting it with the "<literal>-N</literal>" option.
it: Anche il vecchio <literal>vim</literal> può avviarsi nella modalità "<literal>nocompatible</literal>" sensata se lo si avvia con l'opzione "<literal>-N</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The recent <literal>vim</literal>(1) starts itself in the sane "<literal>nocompatible</literal>" option and enters into the <literal>NORMAL</literal> mode.<placeholder type="footnote" id="0"/>
it: <literal>vim</literal>(1) recente si avvia con la sana opzione "<literal>nocompatible</literal>" e entra nella modalità <literal>NORMAL</literal>.<placeholder type="footnote" id="0"/>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of basic Vim key strokes
it: Elenco di combinazioni di tasti base di Vim

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: mode
it: modalità

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: key strokes
it: Combinazione di tasti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>NORMAL</literal>
it: <literal>NORMALE</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display the help file
it: visualizza il file di aiuto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>:e filename.ext</literal>
it: <literal>:e nomefile.ext</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: open new buffer to edit <literal>filename.ext</literal>
it: apre un nuovo buffer per modificare <literal>nomefile.ext</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: overwrite current buffer to the original file
it: sovrascrive il buffer corrente sul file originale

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>:w filename.ext</literal>
it: <literal>:w nomefile.ext</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: write current buffer to <literal>filename.ext</literal>
it: scrive il buffer corrente su <literal>nomefile.ext</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: quit <literal>vim</literal>
it: esce da <literal>vim</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: force to quit <literal>vim</literal>
it: forza l'uscita da <literal>vim</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: close all other split open windows
it: chiude tutte le altre finestre staccate aperte

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: check if <literal>vim</literal> is in the sane <literal>nocompatible</literal> mode
it: controlla se <literal>vim</literal> è nella sana modalità <literal>nocompatible</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: set <literal>vim</literal> to the sane <literal>nocompatible</literal> mode
it: imposta <literal>vim</literal> nella sana modalità <literal>nocompatible</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: enter the <literal>INSERT</literal> mode
it: entra nella modalità <literal>INSERT</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: enter the <literal>REPLACE</literal> mode
it: entra nella modalità <literal>REPLACE</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: enter the <literal>VISUAL</literal> mode
it: entra nella modalità <literal>VISUAL</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: enter the linewise <literal>VISUAL</literal> mode
it: entra nella modalità <literal>VISUAL</literal> a righe

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: enter the blockwise <literal>VISUAL</literal> mode
it: entra nella modalità <literal>VISUAL</literal> a blocchi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: except <literal>TERMINAL-JOB</literal>
it: tranne <literal>TERMINAL-JOB</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: enter the <literal>NORMAL</literal> mode
it: entra nella modalità <literal>NORMAL</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: enter the <literal>TERMINAL-JOB</literal> mode
it: entra nella modalità <literal>TERMINAL-JOB</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Ctrl-<literal>W</literal> <literal>N</literal> (or Ctrl-<literal>\</literal> Ctrl-<literal>N</literal>)
it: Ctrl-<literal>W</literal> <literal>N</literal> (o Ctrl-<literal>\</literal> Ctrl-<literal>N</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: enter the <literal>TERMINAL-NORMAL</literal> mode
it: entra nella modalità <literal>TERMINAL-NORMAL</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: enter the <literal>Ex</literal>-mode in <literal>TERMINAL-NORMAL</literal> mode
it: entra nella <literal>Ex</literal>-mode nella modalità <literal>TERMINAL-NORMAL</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Please use the "<literal>vimtutor</literal>" program to learn <literal>vim</literal> through an interactive tutorial course.
it: Usare il programma "<literal>vimtutor</literal>" per imparare ad usare <literal>vim</literal> attraverso un corso tutorial interattivo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <literal>vim</literal> program changes its behavior to typed key strokes based on <emphasis role="strong">mode</emphasis>.  Typing in key strokes to the buffer is mostly done in <literal>INSERT</literal>-mode and <literal>REPLACE</literal>-mode.  Moving cursor is mostly done in <literal>NORMAL</literal>-mode.  Interactive selection is done in <literal>VISUAL</literal>-mode.  Typing "<literal>:</literal>" in <literal>NORMAL</literal>-mode changes its <emphasis role="strong">mode</emphasis> to <literal>Ex</literal>-mode. <literal>Ex</literal>-mode accepts commands.
it: Il programma <literal>vim</literal> cambia il suo comportamento in risposta ai tasti premuti in base alla <emphasis role="strong">modalità (mode)</emphasis>. La digitazione con i tasti nel buffer è fatta soprattutto in modalità <literal>INSERT</literal> e in modalità <literal>REPLACE</literal>. Spostare il cursore viene fatto soprattutto in modalità <literal>NORMAL</literal>. La selezione interattiva viene fatta in modalità <literal>VISUAL</literal>. Se si digita "<literal>:</literal>" in modalità <literal>NORMAL</literal> si cambia la sua <emphasis role="strong">modalità</emphasis> in <literal>Ex</literal>-mode. <literal>Ex</literal>-mode accetta comandi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: The Vim comes with the <emphasis role="strong">Netrw</emphasis> package.  Netrw supports reading files, writing files, browsing directories over a network, and local browsing! Try Netrw with "<literal>vim .</literal>" (a period as the argument) and read its manual at "<literal>:help netrw</literal>".
it: Vim viene distribuito con il pacchetto <emphasis role="strong">Netrw</emphasis>. Netrw supporta lettura e scrittura di file, navigazione di directory in una rete e navigazione locale! Provare Netrw con "<literal>vim .</literal>" (un punto come argomento) e leggere il suo manuale con "<literal>:help netrw</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For the advanced configuration of <literal>vim</literal>, see <xref linkend="_customizing_vim"/>.
it: Per la configurazione avanzata di <literal>vim</literal>, vedere <xref linkend="_customizing_vim"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Recording the shell activities
it: Registrare le attività della shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The output of the shell command may roll off your screen and may be lost forever.  It is a good practice to log shell activities into the file for you to review them later.  This kind of record is essential when you perform any system administration tasks.
it: L'output dei comandi di shell può scorrere fuori dallo schermo e potrebbe essere perduto per sempre. È buona norma registrare le attività di shell in un file in modo da poterle riguardare in seguito. Questo tipo di registro è essenziale quando si fa una qualsiasi attività di amministrazione del sistema.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: The new Vim (version&gt;=8.2) can be used to record the shell activities cleanly using <literal>TERMINAL-JOB</literal>-mode.  See <xref linkend="_using_vim"/>.
it: Il nuovo Vim (versione&gt;=8.2) può essere utilizzato per registrare in modo pulito le attività di shell usando la modalità <literal>TERMINAL-JOB</literal>. Vedere <xref linkend="_using_vim"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The basic method of recording the shell activity is to run it under <literal>script</literal>(1).
it: Il metodo base per registrare l'attività di shell è di eseguirla sotto <literal>script</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Do whatever shell commands under <literal>script</literal>.
it: Eseguire qualsiasi comando di shell sotto <literal>script</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Press <literal>Ctrl-D</literal> to exit <literal>script</literal>.
it: Premere <literal>Ctrl-D</literal> per uscire da <literal>script</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See <xref linkend="_recording_the_shell_activities_cleanly"/> .
it: Vedere <xref linkend="_recording_the_shell_activities_cleanly"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Basic Unix commands
it: Comandi Unix di base

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Let's learn basic Unix commands.  Here I use "Unix" in its generic sense.  Any Unix clone OSs usually offer equivalent commands.  The Debian system is no exception.  Do not worry if some commands do not work as you wish now. If <literal>alias</literal> is used in the shell, its corresponding command outputs are different.  These examples are not meant to be executed in this order.
it: È bene imparare i comandi Unix di base. Il termine "Unix" è qui usato in senso lato; ogni SO clone di Unix offre di solito comandi equivalenti. Il sistema Debian non fa eccezione. Non ci si preoccupi se, al momento, alcuni comandi non funzionano come si vorrebbe. Se si usa <literal>alias</literal> nella shell, i corrispondenti output dei comandi sono diversi. Questi esempi non sono pensati per essere eseguiti necessariamente in questo ordine.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Try all following commands from the non-privileged user account.
it: Provare tutti i comandi seguenti da un account utente non privilegiato.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of basic Unix commands
it: Elenco di comandi Unix di base

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: command
it: comando

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display name of current/working directory
it: mostra il nome della directory attuale/di lavoro

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display current user name
it: mostra il nome dell'utente attuale

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display current user identity (name, uid, gid, and associated groups)
it: mostra l'identità dell'utente attuale (nome, uid, gid e gruppi associati)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>file <emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>
it: <literal>file <emphasis>pippo</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display a type of file for the file "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>"
it: mostra che tipo di file sia il file "<literal><emphasis>pippo</emphasis></literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>type -p <emphasis>commandname</emphasis></literal>
it: <literal>type -p <emphasis>nomecomando</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display a file location of command "<literal><emphasis>commandname</emphasis></literal>"
it: mostra la posizione del file del comando "<literal><emphasis>nomecomando</emphasis></literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>which <emphasis>commandname</emphasis></literal>
it: <literal>which <emphasis>nomecomando</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: , ,
it: " "

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>type <emphasis>commandname</emphasis></literal>
it: <literal>type <emphasis>nomecomando</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display information on command "<literal><emphasis>commandname</emphasis></literal>"
it: mostra informazioni sul comando "<literal><emphasis>nomecomando</emphasis></literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>apropos <emphasis>key-word</emphasis></literal>
it: <literal>apropos <emphasis>parola-chiave</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: find commands related to "<literal><emphasis>key-word</emphasis></literal>"
it: trova comandi riguardanti "<literal><emphasis>parola-chiave</emphasis></literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>man -k <emphasis>key-word</emphasis></literal>
it: <literal>man -k <emphasis>parola-chiave</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>whatis <emphasis>commandname</emphasis></literal>
it: <literal>whatis <emphasis>nomecomando</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display one line explanation on command "<literal><emphasis>commandname</emphasis></literal>"
it: mostra una spiegazione di una riga sul comando "<literal><emphasis>nomecomando</emphasis></literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>man -a <emphasis>commandname</emphasis></literal>
it: <literal>man -a <emphasis>nomecomando</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display explanation on command "<literal><emphasis>commandname</emphasis></literal>" (Unix style)
it: mostra una spiegazione del comando "<literal><emphasis>nomecomando</emphasis></literal>" (in stile Unix)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>info <emphasis>commandname</emphasis></literal>
it: <literal>info <emphasis>nomecomando</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display rather long explanation on command "<literal><emphasis>commandname</emphasis></literal>" (GNU style)
it: mostra una spiegazione piuttosto lunga del comando "<literal><emphasis>nomecomando</emphasis></literal>" (in stile GNU)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: list contents of directory (non-dot files and directories)
it: elenca il contenuto di directory (non i file punto e le directory)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: list contents of directory (all files and directories)
it: elenca il contenuto di directory (tutti i file e directory)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: list contents of directory (almost all files and directories, i.e., skip "<literal>..</literal>" and "<literal>.</literal>")
it: elenca il contenuto di directory (quasi tutti i file e directory, cioè salta "<literal>..</literal>" e "<literal>.</literal>")

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: list all contents of directory with detail information
it: elenca tutto il contenuto di directory con informazioni dettagliate

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: list all contents of directory with inode number and detail information
it: elenca tutto il contenuto di directory con numeri di inode e informazioni dettagliate

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: list all directories under the current directory
it: elenca tutte le directory dentro la directory attuale

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display file tree contents
it: mostra il contenuto in forma di albero

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>lsof <emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>
it: <literal>lsof <emphasis>pippo</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: list open status of file "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>"
it: mostra lo stato aperto per il file "<literal><emphasis>pippo</emphasis></literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: list files opened by the process ID: "<literal><emphasis>pid</emphasis></literal>"
it: mostra i file aperti dal processo con ID "<literal><emphasis>pid</emphasis></literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>mkdir <emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>
it: <literal>mkdir <emphasis>pippo</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: make a new directory "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>" in the current directory
it: crea una nuova directory "<literal><emphasis>pippo</emphasis></literal>" nella directory attuale

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>rmdir <emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>
it: <literal>rmdir <emphasis>pippo</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: remove a directory "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>" in the current directory
it: rimuove la directory "<literal><emphasis>pippo</emphasis></literal>" nella directory attuale

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>cd <emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>
it: <literal>cd <emphasis>pippo</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: change directory to the directory "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>" in the current directory or in the directory listed in the variable "<literal>$CDPATH</literal>"
it: cambia directory spostandosi nella directory "<literal><emphasis>pippo</emphasis></literal>" nella directory attuale o in una directory elencata nella variabile "<literal>$CDPATH</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: change directory to the root directory
it: cambia directory spostandosi nella directory radice

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: change directory to the current user's home directory
it: cambia directory spostandosi nella directory home dell'utente

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>cd /<emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>
it: <literal>cd /<emphasis>pippo</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: change directory to the absolute path directory "<literal>/<emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>"
it: cambia directory spostandosi nella directory con percorso assoluto "<literal>/<emphasis>pippo</emphasis></literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: change directory to the parent directory
it: cambia directory spostandosi nella directory genitore

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>cd ~<emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>
it: <literal>cd ~<emphasis>pippo</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: change directory to the home directory of the user "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>"
it: cambia directory spostandosi nella directory home dell'utente "<literal><emphasis>pippo</emphasis></literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: change directory to the previous directory
it: cambia directory spostandosi nella directory precedente

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display contents of "<literal>/etc/motd</literal>" using the default pager
it: mostra il contenuto di "<literal>/etc/motd</literal>" usando il paginatore predefinito

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>touch <emphasis>junkfile</emphasis></literal>
it: <literal>touch <emphasis>filediprova</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: create a empty file "<literal><emphasis>junkfile</emphasis></literal>"
it: crea un file "<literal><emphasis>filediprova</emphasis></literal>" vuoto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>cp <emphasis>foo</emphasis> <emphasis>bar</emphasis></literal>
it: <literal>cp <emphasis>pippo</emphasis> <emphasis>pluto</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: copy a existing file "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>" to a new file "<literal><emphasis>bar</emphasis></literal>"
it: copia un file "<literal><emphasis>pippo</emphasis></literal>" esistente in un nuovo file "<literal><emphasis>pluto</emphasis></literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>rm <emphasis>junkfile</emphasis></literal>
it: <literal>rm <emphasis>filediprova</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: remove a file "<literal><emphasis>junkfile</emphasis></literal>"
it: rimuove il file "<literal><emphasis>filediprova</emphasis></literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>mv <emphasis>foo</emphasis> <emphasis>bar</emphasis></literal>
it: <literal>mv <emphasis>pippo</emphasis> <emphasis>pluto</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: rename an existing file "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>" to a new name "<literal><emphasis>bar</emphasis></literal>" ("<literal><emphasis>bar</emphasis></literal>" must not exist)
it: rinomina un file "<literal><emphasis>pippo</emphasis></literal>" esistente con il nuovo nome "<literal><emphasis>pluto</emphasis></literal>" ("<literal><emphasis>pluto</emphasis></literal>" non deve esistere)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: move an existing file "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>" to a new location "<literal><emphasis>bar</emphasis>/<emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>" (the directory "<literal><emphasis>bar</emphasis></literal>" must exist)
it: muove un file "<literal><emphasis>pippo</emphasis></literal>" esistente nella nuova posizione "<literal><emphasis>pluto</emphasis>/<emphasis>pippo</emphasis></literal>" (la directory "<literal><emphasis>pluto</emphasis></literal>" deve esistere)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>mv <emphasis>foo</emphasis> <emphasis>bar</emphasis>/<emphasis>baz</emphasis></literal>
it: <literal>mv <emphasis>pippo</emphasis> <emphasis>pluto</emphasis>/<emphasis>paperino</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: move an existing file "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>" to a new location with a new name "<literal><emphasis>bar</emphasis>/<emphasis>baz</emphasis></literal>" (the directory "<literal><emphasis>bar</emphasis></literal>" must exist but the directory "<literal><emphasis>bar</emphasis>/<emphasis>baz</emphasis></literal>" must not exist)
it: muove un file "<literal><emphasis>pippo</emphasis></literal>" esistente in una nuova posizione con il nuovo nome "<literal><emphasis>pluto</emphasis>/<emphasis>paperino</emphasis></literal>" (la directory "<literal><emphasis>pluto</emphasis></literal>" deve esistere ma non deve esistere "<literal><emphasis>bar</emphasis>/<emphasis>baz</emphasis></literal>")

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>chmod 600 <emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>
it: <literal>chmod 600 <emphasis>pippo</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: make an existing file "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>" to be non-readable and non-writable by the other people (non-executable for all)
it: fa sì che il file "<literal><emphasis>pippo</emphasis></literal>" esistente sia non leggibile e non scrivibile da altri (e non eseguibile per nessuno)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>chmod 644 <emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>
it: <literal>chmod 644 <emphasis>pippo</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: make an existing file "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>" to be readable but non-writable by the other people (non-executable for all)
it: fa sì che il file "<literal><emphasis>pippo</emphasis></literal>" esistente sia leggibile ma non scrivibile da altri (e non eseguibile per nessuno)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>chmod 755 <emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>
it: <literal>chmod 755 <emphasis>pippo</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: make an existing file "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>" to be readable but non-writable by the other people (executable for all)
it: fa sì che il file "<literal><emphasis>pippo</emphasis></literal>" esistente sia leggibile ma non scrivibile da altri (ed eseguibile per tutti)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>find .  -name <emphasis>pattern</emphasis></literal>
it: <literal>find .  -name <emphasis>modello</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: find matching filenames using shell "<literal><emphasis>pattern</emphasis></literal>" (slower)
it: trova nomi di file corrispondenti al "<literal><emphasis>modello</emphasis></literal>" di shell (lento)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>locate -d .  <emphasis>pattern</emphasis></literal>
it: <literal>locate -d .  <emphasis>modello</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: find matching filenames using shell "<literal><emphasis>pattern</emphasis></literal>" (quicker using regularly generated database)
it: trova nomi di file corrispondenti al "<literal><emphasis>pattern</emphasis></literal>" di shell (più veloce, usa un database generato regolarmente)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>grep -e "<emphasis>pattern</emphasis>" *.html</literal>
it: <literal>grep -e "<emphasis>modello</emphasis>" *.html</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: find a "<literal><emphasis>pattern</emphasis></literal>" in all files ending with "<literal>.html</literal>" in current directory and display them all
it: trova un "<literal><emphasis>modello</emphasis></literal>" in tutti i file nella directory attuale che terminano con "<literal>.html</literal>" e mostra tutte le corrispondenze

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display process information using full screen, type "<literal>q</literal>" to quit
it: mostra informazioni sui processi a tutto schermo, digitare "<literal>q</literal>" per uscire

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display information on all the running processes using BSD style output
it: mostra informazioni su tutti i processi in esecuzione usando output in stile BSD

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display information on all the running processes using Unix system-V style output
it: mostra informazioni su tutti i processi in esecuzione usando output in stile system V Unix

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display all processes running "<literal>exim</literal>" and "<literal>exim4</literal>"
it: mostra tutti i processi che stanno eseguendo "<literal>exim</literal>" e "<literal>exim4</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display information on all the running processes with ASCII art output
it: mostra informazioni su tutti i processi in esecuzione usando output in ASCII art

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: kill a process identified by the process ID: "<emphasis>1234</emphasis>"
it: uccide un processo identificato dall'ID "<emphasis>1234</emphasis>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>gzip <emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>
it: <literal>gzip <emphasis>pippo</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: compress "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>" to create "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis>.gz</literal>" using the Lempel-Ziv coding (LZ77)
it: comprime <literal><emphasis>pippo</emphasis></literal>" per creare "<literal><emphasis>pippo</emphasis>.gz</literal>", usando la codifica Lempel-Ziv (LZ77)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>gunzip <emphasis>foo</emphasis>.gz</literal>
it: <literal>gunzip <emphasis>pippo</emphasis>.gz</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: decompress "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis>.gz</literal>" to create "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>"
it: decomprime "<literal><emphasis>pippo</emphasis>.gz</literal>" per creare "<literal><emphasis>pippo</emphasis></literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>bzip2 <emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>
it: <literal>bzip2 <emphasis>pippo</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: compress "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>" to create "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis>.bz2</literal>" using the Burrows-Wheeler block sorting text compression algorithm, and Huffman coding (better compression than <literal>gzip</literal>)
it: comprime  "<literal><emphasis>pippo</emphasis></literal>" per creare "<literal><emphasis>pippo</emphasis>.bz2</literal>", usando l'algoritmo Burrows-Wheeler per la compressione di testo con ordinamento di blocchi e la codifica Huffman (compressione migliore di <literal>gzip</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>bunzip2 <emphasis>foo</emphasis>.bz2</literal>
it: <literal>bunzip2 <emphasis>pippo</emphasis>.bz2</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: decompress "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis>.bz2</literal>" to create "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>"
it: decomprime "<literal><emphasis>pippo</emphasis>.bz2</literal>" per creare "<literal><emphasis>pippo</emphasis></literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>xz <emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>
it: <literal>xz <emphasis>pippo</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: compress "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>" to create "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis>.xz</literal>" using the Lempel–Ziv–Markov chain algorithm (better compression than <literal>bzip2</literal>)
it: comprime  "<literal><emphasis>pippo</emphasis></literal>" per creare "<literal><emphasis>pippo</emphasis>.xz</literal>", usando l'algoritmo Lempel–Ziv–Markov chain (compressione migliore di <literal>bzip2</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>unxz <emphasis>foo</emphasis>.xz</literal>
it: <literal>unxz <emphasis>pippo</emphasis>.xz</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: decompress "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis>.xz</literal>" to create "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis></literal>"
it: decomprime "<literal><emphasis>pippo</emphasis>.xz</literal>" per creare "<literal><emphasis>pippo</emphasis></literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>tar -xvf <emphasis>foo</emphasis>.tar</literal>
it: <literal>tar -xvf <emphasis>pippo</emphasis>.tar</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: extract files from "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis>.tar</literal>" archive
it: estrae i file dall'archivio "<literal><emphasis>pippo</emphasis>.tar</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>tar -xvzf <emphasis>foo</emphasis>.tar.gz</literal>
it: <literal>tar -xvzf <emphasis>pippo</emphasis>.tar.gz</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: extract files from gzipped "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis>.tar.gz</literal>" archive
it: estrae file dall'archivio "<literal><emphasis>pippo</emphasis>.tar.gz</literal>" compresso con gzip

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>tar -xvjf <emphasis>foo</emphasis>.tar.bz2</literal>
it: <literal>tar -xvjf <emphasis>pippo</emphasis>.tar.bz2</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: extract files from "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis>.tar.bz2</literal>" archive
it: estrae file dall'archivio "<literal><emphasis>pippo</emphasis>.tar.bz2</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>tar -xvJf <emphasis>foo</emphasis>.tar.xz</literal>
it: <literal>tar -xvJf <emphasis>pippo</emphasis>.tar.xz</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: extract files from "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis>.tar.xz</literal>" archive
it: estrae file dall'archivio "<literal><emphasis>pippo</emphasis>.tar.xz</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>tar -cvf <emphasis>foo</emphasis>.tar <emphasis>bar</emphasis>/</literal>
it: <literal>tar -cvf <emphasis>pippo</emphasis>.tar <emphasis>pluto</emphasis>/</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: archive contents of folder "<literal><emphasis>bar</emphasis>/</literal>" in "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis>.tar</literal>" archive
it: archivia i contenuti della directory "<literal><emphasis>pluto</emphasis>/</literal>" nell'archivio "<literal><emphasis>pippo</emphasis>.tar</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>tar -cvzf <emphasis>foo</emphasis>.tar.gz <emphasis>bar</emphasis>/</literal>
it: <literal>tar -cvzf <emphasis>pippo</emphasis>.tar.gz <emphasis>pluto</emphasis>/</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: archive contents of folder "<literal><emphasis>bar</emphasis>/</literal>" in compressed "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis>.tar.gz</literal>" archive
it: archivia i contenuti della directory "<literal><emphasis>pluto</emphasis>/</literal>" nell'archivio compresso "<literal><emphasis>pippo</emphasis>.tar.gz</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>tar -cvjf <emphasis>foo</emphasis>.tar.bz2 <emphasis>bar</emphasis>/</literal>
it: <literal>tar -cvjf <emphasis>pippo</emphasis>.tar.bz2 <emphasis>pluto</emphasis>/</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: archive contents of folder "<literal><emphasis>bar</emphasis>/</literal>" in "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis>.tar.bz2</literal>" archive
it: archivia i contenuti della directory "<literal><emphasis>plutor</emphasis>/</literal>" nell'archivio "<literal><emphasis>pippo</emphasis>.tar.bz2</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>tar -cvJf <emphasis>foo</emphasis>.tar.xz <emphasis>bar</emphasis>/</literal>
it: <literal>tar -cvJf <emphasis>pippo</emphasis>.tar.xz <emphasis>pluto</emphasis>/</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: archive contents of folder "<literal><emphasis>bar</emphasis>/</literal>" in "<literal><emphasis>foo</emphasis>.tar.xz</literal>" archive
it: archivia i contenuti della directory "<literal><emphasis>plutor</emphasis>/</literal>" nell'archivio "<literal><emphasis>pippo</emphasis>.tar.xz</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display contents of compressed "<literal>README.gz</literal>" using the default pager
it: mostra i contenuti del file compresso "<literal>README.gz</literal>" usando il paginatore predefinito

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>zcat README.gz &gt; foo</literal>
it: <literal>zcat README.gz &gt; pippo</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: create a file "<literal>foo</literal>" with the decompressed content of "<literal>README.gz</literal>"
it: crea un file "<literal>pippo</literal> con i contenuti di "<literal>README.gz</literal>" decompressi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>zcat README.gz &gt;&gt; foo</literal>
it: <literal>zcat README.gz &gt;&gt; pippo</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: append the decompressed content of "<literal>README.gz</literal>" to the end of the file "<literal>foo</literal>" (if it does not exist, create it first)
it: aggiunge i contenuti di "<literal>README.gz</literal>" decompressi in coda al file "<literal>pippo</literal>" (se il file non esiste, lo crea)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: Unix has a tradition to hide filenames which start with "<literal>.</literal>".  They are traditionally files that contain configuration information and user preferences.
it: Unix tradizionalmente nasconde i nomi di file che iniziano con "<literal>.</literal>". Sono tradizionalmente file contenenti informazioni di configurazione e preferenze dell'utente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: For <literal>cd</literal> command, see <literal>builtins</literal>(7).
it: Per il comando <literal>cd</literal> vedere <literal>builtins</literal>(7).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: The default pager of the bare bone Debian system is <literal>more</literal>(1) which cannot scroll back.  By installing the <literal>less</literal> package using command line "<literal>apt-get install less</literal>", <literal>less</literal>(1) becomes default pager and you can scroll back with cursor keys.
it: Il paginatore predefinito del sistema di base di Debian è <literal>more</literal>(1) che non ha lo scorrimento all'indietro. Installando il pacchetto <literal>less</literal>, con la riga di comando "<literal>apt-get install less</literal>", <literal>less</literal>(1) diventa il paginatore predefinito e si può così scorrere il testo all'indietro usando i tasti freccia.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: The "<literal>[</literal>" and "<literal>]</literal>" in the regular expression of the "<literal>ps aux | grep -e "[e]xim4*"</literal>" command above enable <literal>grep</literal> to avoid matching itself.  The "<literal>4*</literal>" in the regular expression means 0 or more repeats of character "<literal>4</literal>" thus enables <literal>grep</literal> to match both "<literal>exim</literal>" and "<literal>exim4</literal>".  Although "<literal>*</literal>" is used in the shell filename glob and the regular expression, their meanings are different.  Learn the regular expression from <literal>grep</literal>(1).
it: I caratteri "<literal>[</literal>" e "<literal>]</literal>" nella espressione regolare del comando "<literal>ps aux | grep -e "[e]xim4*"</literal>" sopra citato, permettono a <literal>grep</literal> di evitare di trovare corrispondenza con sé stesso. La parte "<literal>4*</literal>" nella espressione regolare significa 0 o più ripetizioni del carattere "<literal>4</literal>" e perciò permette a <literal>grep</literal> di trovare corrispondenza sia con "<literal>exim</literal>" sia con "<literal>exim4</literal>". Sebbene il carattere "<literal>*</literal>" sia usato nei nomi di file con metacaratteri della shell e nelle espressioni regolari, il suo significato è diverso nei due casi. Si possono imparare le espressioni regolari da <literal>grep</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Please traverse directories and peek into the system using the above commands as training.  If you have questions on any of console commands, please make sure to read the manual page.
it: Come esercizio, esplorare le directory e dare un'occhiata al sistema usando i comandi citati sopra. Se si hanno domande su uno qualsiasi dei comandi in console, assicurarsi di leggere la pagina di manuale.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The style of man pages may be a little hard to get used to, because they are rather terse, particularly the older, very traditional ones. But once you get used to it, you come to appreciate their succinctness.
it: Può essere un po' difficile abituarsi allo stile delle pagine man perché sono piuttosto concise, in particolar modo le più vecchie e tradizionali. Una volta che ci si fa la mano, però, si apprezza la loro concisione.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Please note that many Unix-like commands including ones from GNU and BSD display brief help information if you invoke them in one of the following ways (or without any arguments in some cases).
it: Notare che molti comandi in stile Unix, inclusi quelli da GNU e BSD, mostrano una breve informazione di aiuto se li si invoca in uno dei modi seguenti (o in alcuni casi se lo si fa senza usare opzioni).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: The simple shell command
it: Il semplice comando di shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Now you have some feel on how to use the Debian system.  Let's look deep into the mechanism of the command execution in the Debian system. Here, I have simplified reality for the newbie.  See <literal>bash</literal>(1) for the exact explanation.
it: Ora si ha un'idea di come usare il sistema Debian; è tempo di dare uno sguardo più approfondito al meccanismo di esecuzione dei comandi nel sistema Debian. Qui la realtà è stata semplificata ad uso del principiante. Vedere <literal>bash</literal>(1) per una spiegazione esatta.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: A simple command is a sequence of components.
it: Un semplice comando è formato da una sequenza di componenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Variable assignments (optional)
it: Assegnazioni di variabili (opzionale)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Command name
it: Nome del comando

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Arguments (optional)
it: Opzioni (opzionali)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Redirections (optional: <literal>&gt;</literal> , <literal>&gt;&gt;</literal> , <literal>&lt;</literal> , <literal>&lt;&lt;</literal> , etc.)
it: Ridirezioni (opzionali, <literal>&gt;</literal> , <literal>&gt;&gt;</literal> , <literal>&lt;</literal> , <literal>&lt;&lt;</literal> , ecc.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Control operator (optional: <literal>&amp;&amp;</literal> , <literal>||</literal> , <emphasis>newline</emphasis> , <literal>;</literal> , <literal>&amp;</literal> , <literal>(</literal> , <literal>)</literal> )
it: Operatori di controllo (opzionale, <literal>&amp;&amp;</literal> , <literal>||</literal> , <emphasis>a-capo</emphasis> , <literal>;</literal> , <literal>&amp;</literal> , <literal>(</literal> , <literal>)</literal> )

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Command execution and environment variable
it: Esecuzione dei comandi e variabili d'ambiente

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The values of some <ulink url="&environmentvariables;">environment variables</ulink> change the behavior of some Unix commands.
it: I valori di alcune <ulink url="&environmentvariables;">variabili d'ambiente</ulink> cambiano il comportamento di alcuni comandi Unix.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Default values of environment variables are initially set by the PAM system and then some of them may be reset by some application programs.
it: I valori predefiniti delle variabili d'ambiente sono impostati inizialmente dal sistema PAM e poi alcuni di essi possono essere reimpostati da alcuni programmi applicativi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The PAM system such as <literal>pam_env</literal> may set environment variables by <literal>/etc/pam.conf</literal>", "<literal>/etc/environment</literal>" and "<literal>/etc/default/locale</literal>".
it: Il sistema PAM come <literal>pam_env</literal> può impostare variabili d'ambiente con <literal>/etc/pam.conf</literal>", "<literal>/etc/environment</literal>" e "<literal>/etc/default/locale</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The display manager such as <literal>gdm3</literal> may reset environment variables for GUI session by "<literal>~/.profile</literal>".
it: Il display manager, come <literal>gdm3</literal> può reimpostare variabili d'ambiente per la sessione GUI con "<literal>~/.profile</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The user specific program initialization may reset environment variables by "<literal>~/.profile</literal>", "<literal>~/.bash_profile</literal>" and "<literal>~/.bashrc</literal>".
it: L'inizializzazione dei programmi specifica per l'utente può reimpostare variabili d'ambiente con "<literal>~/.profile</literal>", "<literal>~/.bash_profile</literal>" e "<literal>~/.bashrc</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The "<literal>$LANG</literal>" variable
it: La variabile "<literal>$LANG</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The default locale is defined in the "<literal>$LANG</literal>" environment variable and is configured as "<literal>LANG=xx_YY.UTF-8</literal>" by the installer or by the subsequent GUI configuration, e.g., "Settings" → "Region &amp; Language" → "Language" / "Formats" for GNOME.
it: La localizzazione predefinita è definita nella variabile d'ambiente "<literal>$LANG</literal>" ed è configurata nella forma "<literal>LANG=xx_YY.UTF-8</literal>" dall'installatore o dalla successiva configurazione della GUI, es. "Impostazioni" → "Regione e lingua" → "Lingua" / "Formati" per GNOME.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: I recommend you to configure the system environment just by the "<literal>$LANG</literal>" variable for now and to stay away from "<literal>$LC_*</literal>" variables unless it is absolutely needed.
it: Io raccomando di configurare l'ambiente di sistema usando per il momento solo la variabile "<literal>$LANG</literal>" e di tenersi alla larga dalle variabili "<literal>$LC_*</literal>" a meno che non sia strettamente necessario.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The full locale value given to "<literal>$LANG</literal>" variable consists of 3 parts: "<literal>xx_YY.ZZZZ</literal>".
it: Il valore completo di localizzazione impostato nella variabile "<literal>$LANG</literal>" consiste di 3 parti: "<literal>xx_YY.ZZZZ</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: The 3 parts of locale value
it: Le 3 parti del valore di localizzazione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: locale value
it: valore di localizzazione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&isogdjlanguagecoowercasesuchasen;">ISO 639 language codes (lower case) such as "en"</ulink>
it: <ulink url="&isogdjlanguagecoowercasesuchasen;">codice ISO 639 della lingua (in minuscole), come "en"</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&isodbggcountrycoppercasesuchasus;">ISO 3166 country codes (upper case) such as "US"</ulink>
it: <ulink url="&isodbggcountrycoppercasesuchasus;">codice ISO 3166 del paese (in maiuscole) come "US"</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&codesetalwayssettoutfi;">codeset, always set to "UTF-8"</ulink>
it: <ulink url="&codesetalwayssettoutfi;">codeset, impostato sempre ad "UTF-8"</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of locale recommendations
it: Elenco di localizzazioni raccomandate

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: locale recommendation
it: localizzazione raccomandata

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: Language (area)
it: lingua (zona)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: English (USA)
it: inglese (USA)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: English (Great Britain)
it: inglese (Gran Bretagna)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: French (France)
it: francese (Francia)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: German (Germany)
it: tedesco (Germania)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Italian (Italy)
it: italiano (Italia)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Spanish (Spain)
it: spagnolo (Spagna)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Catalan (Spain)
it: catalano (spagna)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Swedish (Sweden)
it: svedese (Svezia)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Portuguese (Brazil)
it: portoghese (Brasile)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Russian (Russia)
it: russo (Russia)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Chinese (P.R. of China)
it: cinese (Repubblica Popolare Cinese)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Chinese (Taiwan R.O.C.)
it: cinese (Taiwan Repubblica di Cina)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Japanese (Japan)
it: giapponese (Giappone)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Korean (Republic of Korea)
it: coreano (Corea del Sud)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Vietnamese (Vietnam)
it: vietnamita (Vietnam)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Typical command execution uses a shell line sequence as the following.
it: Una tipica esecuzione di un comando usa una sequenza sulla riga della shell come la seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here, the program <literal>date</literal>(1) is executed with different locale values.
it: In questo caso il programma <literal>date</literal>(1) viene eseguito con differenti valori di localizzazione.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: For the first command, "<literal>$LANG</literal>" is set to the system default <ulink url="&locale;">locale</ulink> value "<literal>en_US.UTF-8</literal>".
it: Per il primo comando "<literal>$LANG</literal>" è impostata al valore di <ulink url="&locale;">localizzazione</ulink> predefinito di sistema: "<literal>en_US.UTF-8</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: For the second command, "<literal>$LANG</literal>" is set to the French UTF-8 <ulink url="&locale;">locale</ulink> value "<literal>fr_FR.UTF-8</literal>".
it: Per il secondo comando "<literal>$LANG</literal>" è impostata al valore di <ulink url="&locale;">localizzazione</ulink> UTF-8 francese: <literal>fr_FR.UTF-8</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Most command executions usually do not have preceding environment variable definition.  For the above example, you can alternatively execute as the following.
it: La maggior parte delle invocazioni di comandi non è solitamente preceduta da definizioni di variabili d'ambiente. In alternativa all'esempio precedente, si può eseguire quanto segue.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: When filing a bug report, running and checking the command under "<literal>en_US.UTF-8</literal>" locale is a good idea if you use non-English environment.
it: Quando si segnala un bug, è una buona idea, se si usa un ambiente non inglese, eseguire e controllare il comando nella localizzazione "<literal>en_US.UTF-8</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For fine details of the locale configuration, see <xref linkend="_the_locale"/>.
it: Per dettagli più specifici sulla configurazione della localizzazione vedere <xref linkend="_the_locale"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The "<literal>$PATH</literal>" variable
it: La variabile "<literal>$PATH</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: When you type a command into the shell, the shell searches the command in the list of directories contained in the "<literal>$PATH</literal>" environment variable.  The value of the "<literal>$PATH</literal>" environment variable is also called the shell's search path.
it: Quando si digita un comando nella shell, questa cerca il comando nelle directory nell'elenco contenuto nella variabile d'ambiente "<literal>$PATH</literal>". Il valore della variabile d'ambiente "<literal>$PATH</literal>" è anche chiamato percorso di ricerca della shell.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: In the default Debian installation, the "<literal>$PATH</literal>" environment variable of user accounts may not include "<literal>/usr/sbin</literal>" and "<literal>/usr/sbin</literal>".  For example, the <literal>ifconfig</literal> command needs to be issued with full path as "<literal>/usr/sbin/ifconfig</literal>". (Similar <literal>ip</literal> command is located in "<literal>/usr/bin</literal>".)
it: In una installazione Debian standard, la variabile d'ambiente "<literal>$PATH</literal>" degli account utente può non includere "<literal>/usr/sbin</literal>" e "<literal>/usr/sbin</literal>". Il comando <literal>ifconfig</literal>, per esempio, deve essere eseguito con il percorso completo, come in "<literal>/usr/sbin/ifconfig</literal>". (Il comando simile <literal>ip</literal> si trova in "<literal>/usr/bin</literal>".)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can change the "<literal>$PATH</literal>" environment variable of Bash shell by "<literal>~/.bash_profile</literal>" or "<literal>~/.bashrc</literal>" files.
it: Si può modificare la variabile d'ambiente "<literal>$PATH</literal>" della shell Bash tramite il file "<literal>~/.bash_profile</literal>" o "<literal>~/.bashrc</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The "<literal>$HOME</literal>" variable
it: La variabile "<literal>$HOME</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Many commands stores user specific configuration in the home directory and changes their behavior by their contents.  The home directory is identified by the environment variable "<literal>$HOME</literal>".
it: Molti comandi memorizzano una configurazione specifica per l'utente nella directory home e cambiano il loro comportamento in base al suo contenuto. La directory home è identificata dalla variabile d'ambiente "<literal>$HOME</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of "<literal>$HOME</literal>" values
it: Elenco di valori di "<literal>$HOME</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: value of "<literal>$HOME</literal>"
it: valore di "<literal>$HOME</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: program execution situation
it: situazione di esecuzione del programma

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: program run by the init process (daemon)
it: programma eseguito da processo init (demone)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: program run from the normal root shell
it: programma eseguito dalla normale shell di root

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>/home/<emphasis>normal_user</emphasis></literal>
it: <literal>/home/<emphasis>utente_normale</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: program run from the normal user shell
it: programma eseguito dalla shell di un utente normale

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: program run from the normal user GUI desktop menu
it: programma eseguito dal menu del desktop grafico di un utente normale

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: program run as root with "<literal>sudo program</literal>"
it: programma eseguito come root con "<literal>sudo programma</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: program run as root with "<literal>sudo -H program</literal>"
it: programma eseguito come root con "<literal>sudo -H programma</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Shell expands "<literal>~/</literal>" to current user's home directory, i.e., "<literal>$HOME/</literal>". Shell expands "<literal>~foo/</literal>" to <literal>foo</literal>'s home directory, i.e., "<literal>/home/foo/</literal>".
it: La shell espande "<literal>~/</literal> nella directory home dell'utente attuale, cioè "<literal>$HOME/</literal>". La shell espande "<literal>~pippo/</literal>" nella directory home di <literal>pippo</literal>, cioè "<literal>/home/pippo/</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See <xref linkend="_shell_environment_variables"/> if <literal>$HOME</literal> isn't available for your program.
it: Vedere <xref linkend="_shell_environment_variables"/> se <literal>$HOME</literal> non è disponibile per il proprio programma.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Command line options
it: Opzioni della riga di comando

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Some commands take arguments.  Arguments starting with "<literal>-</literal>" or "<literal>--</literal>" are called options and control the behavior of the command.
it: Alcuni comandi accettano argomenti. Gli argomenti che iniziano con "<literal>-</literal>" o "<literal>--</literal>" sono chiamati opzioni e controllano il comportamento del comando.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here the command-line argument "<literal>-R</literal>" changes <literal>date</literal>(1) behavior to output <ulink url="&rfccicc;">RFC2822</ulink> compliant date string.
it: In questo caso l'opzione "<literal>-R</literal>" sulla riga di comando cambia il comportamento di <literal>date</literal>(1) producendo in output la data in una stringa conforme alla <ulink url="&rfccicc;">RFC2822</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Shell glob
it: Glob della shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Often you want a command to work with a group of files without typing all of them.  The filename expansion pattern using the shell <emphasis role="strong">glob</emphasis>, (sometimes referred as <emphasis role="strong">wildcards</emphasis>), facilitate this need.
it: Spesso si desidera che un comando abbia effetto su un gruppo di file senza dover digitarli tutti. I modelli di espansione dei nomi di file che usano i <emphasis role="strong">glob</emphasis> della shell, a volte detti <emphasis role="strong">metacaratteri</emphasis> o <emphasis role="strong">caratteri jolly</emphasis>, facilitano questo compito.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: Shell glob patterns
it: Modelli di glob della shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: shell glob pattern
it: modello di glob della shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: description of match rule
it: descrizione della regola di corrispondenza

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: filename (segment) not started with "<literal>.</literal>"
it: nome file (segmento) che non inizia con "<literal>.</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: filename (segment) started with "<literal>.</literal>"
it: nome file (segmento) che inizia con "<literal>.</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: exactly one character
it: esattamente un carattere

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: exactly one character with any character enclosed in brackets
it: esattamente un carattere tra quelli racchiusi tra le parentesi quadre

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: exactly one character with any character between "<literal>a</literal>" and "<literal>z</literal>"
it: esattamente un carattere che sia un carattere compreso tra "<literal>a</literal>" e "<literal>z</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: exactly one character other than any character enclosed in brackets (excluding "<literal>^</literal>")
it: esattamente un carattere che non sia uno di quelli racchiusi tra parentesi quadre (non contando "<literal>^</literal>")

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See <literal>glob</literal>(7).
it: Vedere <literal>glob</literal>(7).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: Unlike normal filename expansion by the shell, the shell pattern "<literal>*</literal>" tested in <literal>find</literal>(1) with "<literal>-name</literal>" test etc., matches the initial "<literal>.</literal>" of the filename. (New <ulink url="&posix;">POSIX</ulink> feature)
it: A differenza della normale espansione dei nomi della shell, il modello shell "<literal>*</literal>" cercato dal comando <literal>find</literal>(1) con la ricerca "<literal>-name</literal>" ecc., trova corrispondenza anche con nomi di file che iniziano con "<literal>.</literal>". (Nuova funzionalità <ulink url="&posix;">POSIX</ulink>.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: BASH can be tweaked to change its glob behavior with its shopt builtin options such as "<literal>dotglob</literal>", "<literal>noglob</literal>", "<literal>nocaseglob</literal>", "<literal>nullglob</literal>", "<literal>extglob</literal>", etc.  See <literal>bash</literal>(1).
it: Si può manipolare il comportamento di BASH in relazione ai modelli di glob usando le sue opzioni shopt incorporate come "<literal>dotglob</literal>", "<literal>noglob</literal>", "<literal>nocaseglob</literal>", "<literal>nullglob</literal>", "<literal>extglob</literal>", ecc. Vedere <literal>bash</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Return value of the command
it: Valore restituito dal comando

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Each command returns its exit status (variable: "<literal>$?</literal>") as the return value.
it: Ogni comando restituisce il suo stato di uscita (variabile "<literal>$?</literal>") come valore restituito.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: Command exit codes
it: Codici di uscita dei comandi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: command exit status
it: stato di uscita del comando

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: numeric return value
it: valore numerico restituito

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: logical return value
it: valore logico restituito

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: success
it: successo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <emphasis role="strong">TRUE</emphasis>
it: <emphasis role="strong">VERO</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: error
it: errore

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <emphasis role="strong">FALSE</emphasis>
it: <emphasis role="strong">FALSO</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: Please note that, in the logical context for the shell, <emphasis role="strong">success</emphasis> is treated as the logical <emphasis role="strong">TRUE</emphasis> which has 0 (zero) as its value.  This is somewhat non-intuitive and needs to be reminded here.
it: Notare che, nel contesto logico della shell, il <emphasis role="strong">successo</emphasis> è trattato come il valore logico <emphasis role="strong">VERO</emphasis> che ha valore numerico 0 (zero). Questo è in qualche modo non intuitivo ed è bene rimarcarlo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Typical command sequences and shell redirection
it: Sequenze tipiche di comandi e ridirezione della shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Let's try to remember following shell command idioms typed in one line as a part of shell command.
it: È bene cercare di ricordare i seguenti idiomi per comandi di shell che vengono digitati sulla stessa riga come parte del comando di shell.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: Shell command idioms
it: Idiomi per comandi di shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: command idiom
it: idioma per comando

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>command &amp;</literal>
it: <literal>comando &amp;</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <emphasis role="strong">background</emphasis> execution of <literal>command</literal> in the subshell
it: esegue <literal>comando</literal> sullo <emphasis role="strong">sfondo</emphasis> in una sotto-shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>command1 | command2</literal>
it: <literal>comando1 | comando2</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <emphasis role="strong">pipe</emphasis> the standard output of <literal>command1</literal> to the standard input of <literal>command2</literal> (<emphasis role="strong">concurrent</emphasis> execution)
it: invia tramite <emphasis role="strong">pipe</emphasis> lo standard output di <literal>comando1</literal> allo standard input di <literal>comando2</literal> (<emphasis role="strong">esecuzione concorrente</emphasis>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>command1 2&gt;&amp;1 | command2</literal>
it: <literal>comando1 2&gt;&amp;1 | comando2</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <emphasis role="strong">pipe</emphasis> both standard output and standard error of <literal>command1</literal> to the standard input of <literal>command2</literal> (<emphasis role="strong">concurrent</emphasis> execution)
it: invia tramite <emphasis role="strong">pipe</emphasis> sia lo standard output sia lo standard error di <literal>comando1</literal> allo standard input di <literal>comando2</literal> (<emphasis role="strong">esecuzione</emphasis> concorrente)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>command1 ; command2</literal>
it: <literal>comando1 ; comando2</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: execute <literal>command1</literal> and <literal>command2</literal> <emphasis role="strong">sequentially</emphasis>
it: esegue <literal>comando1</literal> e <literal>comando2</literal> in <emphasis role="strong">sequenza</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>command1 &amp;&amp; command2</literal>
it: <literal>comando1 &amp;&amp; comando2</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: execute <literal>command1</literal>; if successful, execute <literal>command2</literal> <emphasis role="strong">sequentially</emphasis> (return success if both <literal>command1</literal> <emphasis role="strong">and</emphasis> <literal>command2</literal> are successful)
it: esegue <literal>comando1</literal>; se ha successo, esegue <literal>comando2</literal> in <emphasis role="strong">sequenza</emphasis> (restituisce lo stato di successo se sia <literal>comando1</literal> <emphasis role="strong">sia</emphasis> <literal>comando2</literal> hanno successo)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>command1 || command2</literal>
it: <literal>comando1 || comando2</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: execute <literal>command1</literal>; if not successful, execute <literal>command2</literal> <emphasis role="strong">sequentially</emphasis> (return success if <literal>command1</literal> <emphasis role="strong">or</emphasis> <literal>command2</literal> are successful)
it: esegue <literal>comando1</literal>; se non ha successo, esegue <literal>comando2</literal> in <emphasis role="strong">sequenza</emphasis> (restituisce lo stato di successo se <literal>comando1</literal> <emphasis role="strong">o</emphasis> <literal>comando2</literal> ha successo)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>command &gt; foo</literal>
it: <literal>comando &gt; pippo</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: redirect standard output of <literal>command</literal> to a file <literal>foo</literal> (overwrite)
it: ridirige lo standard output di <literal>comando</literal> al file "<literal>pippo</literal>" (sovrascrivendolo)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>command 2&gt; foo</literal>
it: <literal>comando 2&gt; pippo</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: redirect standard error of <literal>command</literal> to a file <literal>foo</literal> (overwrite)
it: ridirige lo standard error di <literal>comando</literal> al file "<literal>pippo</literal>" (sovrascrivendolo)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>command &gt;&gt; foo</literal>
it: <literal>comando &gt;&gt; pippo</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: redirect standard output of <literal>command</literal> to a file <literal>foo</literal> (append)
it: ridirige lo standard output di <literal>comando</literal> al file "<literal>pippo</literal>" (aggiungendo in coda)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>command 2&gt;&gt; foo</literal>
it: <literal>comando 2&gt;&gt; pippo</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: redirect standard error of <literal>command</literal> to a file <literal>foo</literal> (append)
it: ridirige lo standard error di <literal>comando</literal> al file "<literal>pippo</literal>" (aggiungendo in coda)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>command &gt; foo 2&gt;&amp;1</literal>
it: <literal>comando &gt; pippo 2&gt;&amp;1</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: redirect both standard output and standard error of <literal>command</literal> to a file <literal>foo</literal>
it: ridirige sia lo standard output sia lo standard error di <literal>comando</literal> al file <literal>pippo</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>command &lt; foo</literal>
it: <literal>comando &lt; pippo</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: redirect standard input of <literal>command</literal> to a file <literal>foo</literal>
it: usa come standard input di <literal>comando</literal> il file "<literal>pippo</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>command &lt;&lt; delimiter</literal>
it: <literal>comando &lt;&lt; delimitatore</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: redirect standard input of <literal>command</literal> to the following lines until "<literal>delimiter</literal>" is met (here document)
it: usa come standard input di <literal>comando</literal> le righe che seguono fino a che non viene incontrato il testo "<literal>delimitatore</literal>" (inserire un documento)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>command &lt;&lt;- delimiter</literal>
it: <literal>comando &lt;&lt;- delimitatore</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: redirect standard input of <literal>command</literal> to the following lines until "<literal>delimiter</literal>" is met (here document, the leading tab characters are stripped from input lines)
it: usa come standard input di <literal>comando</literal> le righe che seguono fino a che non viene incontrato il testo "<literal>delimitatore</literal>"; i caratteri di tabulazione iniziali vengono eliminate dal testo (inserire un documento)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The Debian system is a multi-tasking system. Background jobs allow users to run multiple programs in a single shell.  The management of the background process involves the shell builtins: <literal>jobs</literal>, <literal>fg</literal>, <literal>bg</literal>, and <literal>kill</literal>.  Please read sections of bash(1) under "SIGNALS", and "JOB CONTROL", and <literal>builtins</literal>(1).
it: Il sistema Debian è un sistema multi-tasking. I compiti sullo sfondo permettono agli utenti di eseguire più programmi in una singola shell. La gestione dei processi sullo sfondo coinvolge i comandi interni della shell <literal>jobs</literal>, <literal>fg</literal>, <literal>bg</literal> e <literal>kill</literal>. Leggere le sezioni "SIGNALS" e "JOB CONTROL" di bash(1) e <literal>builtins</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Although all 4 examples of shell redirections display the same thing, the last example runs an extra <literal>cat</literal> command and wastes resources with no reason.
it: Benché tutti i 4 esempi di ridirezione della shell mostrino la stessa cosa, l'ultimo esempio esegue un comando <literal>cat</literal> aggiuntivo e spreca risorse senza motivo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The shell allows you to open files using the <literal>exec</literal> builtin with an arbitrary file descriptor.
it: La shell permette di aprire file usando il comando interno <literal>exec</literal>con un descrittore di file arbitrario.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The file descriptor 0-2 are predefined.
it: I descrittori di file 0-2 sono predefiniti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: Predefined file descriptors
it: Descrittori di file predefiniti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: file descriptor
it: descrittore del file

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Command alias
it: Alias di comandi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can set an alias for the frequently used command.
it: Si possono impostare alias per i comandi usati di frequente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Now, "<literal>la</literal>" works as a short hand for "<literal>ls -la</literal>" which lists all files in the long listing format.
it: Ora "<literal>la</literal>" funziona da scorciatoia per "<literal>ls -la</literal>" che elenca tutti i file nel formato di elencazione esteso.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can list any existing aliases by <literal>alias</literal> (see <literal>bash</literal>(1) under "SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS").
it: Si possono elencare tutti gli alias esistenti con <literal>alias</literal> (vedere la sezione "SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS" in <literal>bash</literal>(1)).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can identity exact path or identity of the command by <literal>type</literal> (see <literal>bash</literal>(1) under "SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS").
it: Si può identificare il percorso esatto o l'identità di un comando con <literal>type</literal> (vedere la sezione "SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS") di <literal>bash</literal>(1)).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here <literal>ls</literal> was recently searched while "<literal>file</literal>" was not, thus "<literal>ls</literal>" is "hashed", i.e., the shell has an internal record for the quick access to the location of the "<literal>ls</literal>" command.
it: In questo caso <literal>ls</literal> era stato cercato di recente mentre "<literal>file</literal>" no, percio "<literal>ls</literal>" risulta "hashed", cioè la shell ha un record interno per un accesso veloce alla posizione del comando "<literal>ls</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: See <xref linkend="_colorized_commands"/>.
it: Vedere <xref linkend="_colorized_commands"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Unix-like text processing
it: Elaborazione di testo stile Unix

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: In Unix-like work environment, text processing is done by piping text through chains of standard text processing tools. This was another crucial Unix innovation.
it: Nell'ambiente di lavoro Unix, l'elaborazione del testo viene fatta instradando il testo tramite pipe attraverso catene di strumenti standard per l'elaborazione del testo. Questa è stata un'altra fondamentale innovazione di Unix.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Unix text tools
it: Strumenti Unix per il testo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There are few standard text processing tools which are used very often on the Unix-like system.
it: Ci sono alcuni strumenti di elaborazione del testo che sono usati molto spesso in un sistema *nix.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: No regular expression is used:
it: Senza l'uso di alcuna espressione regolare:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>cat</literal>(1) concatenates files and outputs the whole content.
it: <literal>cat</literal>(1) concatena file e produce in output il contenuto totale.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>tac</literal>(1) concatenates files and outputs in reverse.
it: <literal>tac</literal>(1) concatena file e produce l'output in senso inverso.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>cut</literal>(1) selects parts of lines and outputs.
it: <literal>cut</literal>(1) seleziona parti di righe e le produce in output.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>head</literal>(1) outputs the first part of files.
it: <literal>head</literal>(1) produce in output la prima parte di file.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>tail</literal>(1) outputs the last part of files.
it: <literal>tail</literal>(1) produce in output l'ultima parte di file.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>sort</literal>(1) sorts lines of text files.
it: <literal>sort</literal>(1) ordina righe in file di testo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>uniq</literal>(1) removes duplicate lines from a sorted file.
it: <literal>uniq</literal>(1) rimuove righe duplicate da un file ordinato.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>tr</literal>(1) translates or deletes characters.
it: <literal>tr</literal>(1) trasforma o elimina caratteri.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>diff</literal>(1) compares files line by line.
it: <literal>diff</literal>(1) paragona file riga per riga.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Basic regular expression (<emphasis role="strong">BRE</emphasis>) is used as default:
it: Con espressioni regolari di base (<emphasis role="strong">BRE</emphasis>) viene usato in modo predefinito:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>ed</literal>(1) is a primitive line editor.
it: <literal>ed</literal>(1) è un primitivo editor di riga.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>sed</literal>(1) is a stream editor.
it: <literal>sed</literal>(1) è un editor di flussi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>grep</literal>(1) matches text with patterns.
it: <literal>grep</literal>(1) trova corrispondenze di testo con modelli.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>vim</literal>(1) is a screen editor.
it: <literal>vim</literal>(1) è un editor a schermo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>emacs</literal>(1) is a screen editor. (somewhat extended <emphasis role="strong">BRE</emphasis>)
it: <literal>emacs</literal>(1) è un editor a schermo (con <emphasis role="strong">BRE</emphasis> un po' estese)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Extended regular expression (<emphasis role="strong">ERE</emphasis>) is used:
it: Con l'uso di espressioni regolari estese (<emphasis role="strong">ERE</emphasis>):

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>awk</literal>(1) does simple text processing.
it: <literal>awk</literal>(1) fa semplici elaborazioni di testo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>egrep</literal>(1) matches text with patterns.
it: <literal>egrep</literal>(1) trova corrispondenze di testo con modelli.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>tcl</literal>(3tcl) can do every conceivable text processing: See <literal>re_syntax</literal>(3). Often used with <literal>tk</literal>(3tk).
it: <literal>tcl</literal>(3tcl) può fare ogni elaborazione di testo immaginabile: vedere <literal>re_syntax</literal>(3). Spesso usato con <literal>tk</literal>(3tk).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>perl</literal>(1) can do every conceivable text processing. See <literal>perlre</literal>(1).
it: <literal>perl</literal>(1) può fare ogni elaborazione di testo immaginabile. Vedere <literal>perlre</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>pcre2grep</literal>(1) from the <literal>pcre2-util</literal> package matches text with <ulink url="&perlcompatiblererexpressionspcre;">Perl Compatible Regular Expressions (PCRE)</ulink> pattern.
it: <literal>pcre2grep</literal>(1) dal pacchetto <literal>pcre2-util</literal> trova corrispondenze di testo con modelli <ulink url="&perlcompatiblererexpressionspcre;">PCRE (Perl Compatible Regular Expressions)</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>python</literal>(1) with the <literal>re</literal> module can do every conceivable text processing. See "<literal>/usr/share/doc/python/html/index.html</literal>".
it: <literal>python</literal>(1) con il modulo <literal>re</literal> può fare ogni elaborazione di testo immaginabile. Vedere "<literal>/usr/share/doc/python/html/index.html</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you are not sure what exactly these commands do, please use "<literal>man command</literal>" to figure it out by yourself.
it: Se non si è sicuri di cosa facciano esattamente questi comandi, usare "<literal>man comando</literal>" per scoprirlo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: Sort order and range expression are locale dependent.  If you wish to obtain traditional behavior for a command, use <emphasis role="strong">C</emphasis> locale or <emphasis role="strong">C.UTF-8</emphasis> locale instead of normal <emphasis role="strong">UTF-8</emphasis> ones (see <xref linkend="_the_locale"/>).
it: Il criterio di ordinamento e le espressioni di intervalli dipendono dalla localizzazione. Se si desidera ottenere il comportamento tradizionale di un comando, usare la localizzazione <emphasis role="strong">C</emphasis> o <emphasis role="strong">C.UTF-8</emphasis> invece delle normali <emphasis role="strong">UTF-8</emphasis> (vedere <xref linkend="_the_locale"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: <ulink url="&perl;">Perl</ulink> regular expressions (<literal>perlre</literal>(1)), <ulink url="&perlcompatiblererexpressionspcre;">Perl Compatible Regular Expressions (PCRE)</ulink>, and <ulink url="&python;">Python</ulink> regular expressions offered by the <literal>re</literal> module have many common extensions to the normal <emphasis role="strong">ERE</emphasis>.
it: Le espressioni regolari <ulink url="&perl;">Perl</ulink> (<literal>perlre</literal>(1)), le <ulink url="&perlcompatiblererexpressionspcre;">PCRE (Perl Compatible Regular Expressions)</ulink> e le espressioni regolari <ulink url="&python;">Python</ulink> fornite dal modulo <literal>re</literal> hanno molte estensioni comuni delle normali <emphasis role="strong">ERE</emphasis>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Regular expressions
it: Espressioni regolari

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <ulink url="&regularexpressions;">Regular expressions</ulink> are used in many text processing tools.  They are analogous to the shell globs, but they are more complicated and powerful.
it: Le <ulink url="&regularexpressions;">espressioni regolari</ulink> sono usate in molti strumenti di elaborazione del testo. Sono analoghe ai modelli di glob della shell, ma sono più complesse e potenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The regular expression describes the matching pattern and is made up of text characters and <emphasis role="strong">metacharacters</emphasis>.
it: Una espressione regolare descrive il modello a cui trovare corrispondenza ed è composta da caratteri di testo e <emphasis role="strong">metacaratteri</emphasis>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: A <emphasis role="strong">metacharacter</emphasis> is just a character with a special meaning.  There are 2 major styles, <emphasis role="strong">BRE</emphasis> and <emphasis role="strong">ERE</emphasis>, depending on the text tools as described above.
it: Un <emphasis role="strong">metacarattere</emphasis> è semplicemente un carattere con un significato speciale. Ci sono 2 stili principali, <emphasis role="strong">BRE</emphasis> e <emphasis role="strong">ERE</emphasis>, a seconda degli strumenti di testo descritti in precedenza.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: Metacharacters for BRE and ERE
it: Metacaratteri per BRE e ERE

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: description of the regular expression
it: descrizione della espressione regolare

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: common <emphasis role="strong">metacharacters</emphasis>
it: <emphasis role="strong">metacaratteri</emphasis> comuni

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: BRE only "<literal>\</literal>" escaped <emphasis role="strong">metacharacters</emphasis>
it: <emphasis role="strong">metacaratteri</emphasis> protetti dal carattere "<literal>\</literal>" di escape solo di BRE

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: ERE only non-"<literal>\</literal>" escaped <emphasis role="strong">metacharacters</emphasis>
it: <emphasis role="strong">metacaratteri</emphasis> non protetti dal carattere "<literal>\</literal>" di escape solo di ERE

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match <emphasis role="strong">non-metacharacter</emphasis> "<literal>c</literal>"
it: corrisponde al <emphasis role="strong">non metacarattere</emphasis> "<literal>c</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match a literal character "<literal>c</literal>" even if "<literal>c</literal>" is <emphasis role="strong">metacharacter</emphasis> by itself
it: corrisponde al carattere letterale "<literal>c</literal>" anche se "<literal>c</literal>" è in sé stesso un <emphasis role="strong">metacarattere</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match any character including newline
it: corrisponde a qualsiasi carattere incluso il carattere di a capo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: position at the beginning of a string
it: posizione all'inizio di una stringa

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: position at the end of a string
it: posizione alla fine di una stringa

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: position at the beginning of a word
it: posizione all'inizio di una parola

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: position at the end of a word
it: posizione alla fine di una parola

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match any characters in "<literal>abc…</literal>"
it: corrisponde ad ogni carattere in "<literal>abc...</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match any characters except in "<literal>abc…</literal>"
it: corrisponde ad ogni carattere eccetto a quelli in "<literal>abc...</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match zero or more regular expressions identified by "<literal>r</literal>"
it: corrisponde a zero o più occorrenze della espressione regolare identificata da "<literal>r</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match one or more regular expressions identified by "<literal>r</literal>"
it: corrisponde ad una o più occorrenza della espressione regolare identificata da "<literal>r</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match zero or one regular expressions identified by "<literal>r</literal>"
it: corrisponde a zero o una occorrenza dell'espressione regolare identificata da "<literal>r</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match one of the regular expressions identified by "<literal>r1</literal>" or "<literal>r2</literal>"
it: corrisponde ad una occorrenza della espressione regolare identificata da "<literal>r1</literal>" o "<literal>r2</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match one of the regular expressions identified by "<literal>r1</literal>" or "<literal>r2</literal>" and treat it as a <emphasis role="strong">bracketed</emphasis> regular expression
it: corrisponde ad una occorrenza dell'espressione regolare identificata da "<literal>r1</literal>" o "<literal>r2</literal>" e la tratta come una espressione regolare <emphasis role="strong">tra parentesi</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The regular expression of <emphasis role="strong"><literal>emacs</literal></emphasis> is basically <emphasis role="strong">BRE</emphasis> but has been extended to treat "<literal>+</literal>"and "<literal>?</literal>" as the <emphasis role="strong">metacharacters</emphasis> as in <emphasis role="strong">ERE</emphasis>.  Thus, there are no needs to escape them with "<literal>\</literal>" in the regular expression of <literal>emacs</literal>.
it: Le espressioni regolari di <emphasis role="strong"><literal>emacs</literal></emphasis> sono fondamentalmente <emphasis role="strong">BRE</emphasis>, ma sono state estese per trattare "<literal>+</literal>" e "<literal>?</literal>" come i <emphasis role="strong">metacaratteri</emphasis> nelle <emphasis role="strong">ERE</emphasis>. Perciò, nelle espressioni regolari di <literal>emacs</literal>, non è necessario proteggerli con il carattere di escape "<literal>\</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <literal>grep</literal>(1) can be used to perform the text search using the regular expression.
it: Per effettuare ricerche di testo usando espressioni regolari si può usare <literal>grep</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Replacement expressions
it: Espressioni di sostituzione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For the replacement expression, some characters have special meanings.
it: Per le espressioni di sostituzione alcuni caratteri hanno un significato particolare.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: The replacement expression
it: L'espressione di sostituzione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: replacement expression
it: espressione di sostituzione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: description of the text to replace the replacement expression
it: descrizione del testo che sostituirà l'espressione di sostituzione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: what the regular expression matched (use <literal>\&amp;</literal> in <literal>emacs</literal>)
it: ciò che ha ha avuto corrispondenza con l'espressione regolare (usare <literal>\&amp;</literal> in <literal>emacs</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: what the n-th <emphasis role="strong">bracketed</emphasis> regular expression matched ("n" being number)
it: ciò che ha avuto corrispondenza con la n-esima espressione regolare <emphasis role="strong">tra parentesi</emphasis> ("n" è un numero)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For Perl replacement string, "$&amp;" is used instead of "&amp;" and "$n" is used instead of "\n".
it: Per le stringhe di sostituzione Perl viene usato «$&amp;» invece di «&amp;» e «$n» invece di «\n».

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here please pay extra attention to the style of the <emphasis role="strong">bracketed</emphasis> regular expression and how the matched strings are used in the text replacement process on different tools.
it: In questo esempio si faccia particolare attenzione allo stile delle espressioni regolari <emphasis role="strong">tra parentesi</emphasis> e come le stringhe corrispondenti siano usate nel processo di sostituzione del testo dai diversi strumenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: These regular expressions can be used for cursor movements and text replacement actions in some editors too.
it: Queste espressioni regolari possono essere usate per spostare il cursore e per fare sostituzioni di testo anche in alcuni editor.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The back slash "<literal>\</literal>" at the end of line in the shell commandline escapes newline as a white space character and continues shell command line input to the next line.
it: La barra inversa, "<literal>\</literal>" alla fine della prima riga nella riga di comando di shell protegge il carattere di a capo rendendolo uno spazio e continuando l'input della riga di comando di shell nella riga successiva.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Please read all the related manual pages to learn these commands.
it: Leggere tutte le pagine man relative per imparare l'uso di questi comandi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Global substitution with regular expressions
it: Sostituzione globale con espressioni regolari

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <literal>ed</literal>(1) command can replace all instances of "<literal>FROM_REGEX</literal>" with "<literal>TO_TEXT</literal>" in "<literal>file</literal>".
it: Il comando <literal>ed</literal>(1) può sostituire tutte le occorrenze di "<literal>DA_REGEX</literal>" con "<literal>A_TESTO</literal>" in "<literal>file</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <literal>sed</literal>(1) command can replace all instances of "<literal>FROM_REGEX</literal>" with "<literal>TO_TEXT</literal>" in "<literal>file</literal>".
it: Il comando <literal>sed</literal>(1) può sostituire tutte le occorrenze di "<literal>DA_REGEX</literal>" con "<literal>A_TESTO</literal>" in "<literal>file</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <literal>vim</literal>(1) command can replace all instances of "<literal>FROM_REGEX</literal>" with "<literal>TO_TEXT</literal>" in "<literal>file</literal>" by using <literal>ex</literal>(1) commands.
it: Il comando <literal>vim</literal>(1) può sostituire tutte le occorrenze di "<literal>DA_REGEX</literal>" with "<literal>A_TESTO</literal>" in "<literal>file</literal>" usando il comando <literal>ex</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: The "<literal>c</literal>" flag in the above ensures interactive confirmation for each substitution.
it: Il modificatore "<literal>c</literal>" nell'esempio soprastante assicura che venga chiesta la conferma interattiva per ciascuna sostituzione.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Multiple files ("<literal>file1</literal>", "<literal>file2</literal>", and "<literal>file3</literal>") can be processed with regular expressions similarly with <literal>vim</literal>(1) or <literal>perl</literal>(1).
it: Si possono elaborare file multipli ("<literal>file1</literal>", "<literal>file2</literal>" e "<literal>file3</literal>") in modo simile con <literal>vim</literal>(1) o <literal>perl</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: The "<literal>e</literal>" flag in the above prevents the "No match" error from breaking a mapping.
it: Il modificatore "<literal>e</literal>" nell'esempio soprastante evita che un errore di nessuna corrispondenza trovata ("No match") rompa il processo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: In the perl(1) example, "<literal>-i</literal>" is for the in-place editing of each target file, and "<literal>-p</literal>" is for the implicit loop over all given files.
it: Nell'esempio perl(1), "<literal>-i</literal>" è per la modificain-situ di ciascun file interessato, e "<literal>-p</literal>" è perreiterare implicitamente il comando su tutti i file specificati.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Use of argument "<literal>-i.bak</literal>" instead of "<literal>-i</literal>" keeps each original file by adding "<literal>.bak</literal>" to its filename.  This makes recovery from errors easier for complex substitutions.
it: L'uso dell'opzione "<literal>-i.bak</literal>" invece di "<literal>-i</literal>" preserva una copia del file originale aggiungendo il suffisso "<literal>.bak</literal>" al suo nome file. Questo permette di ripristinare le cose più facilmente in caso di errori in sostituzioni complesse.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: <literal>ed</literal>(1) and <literal>vim</literal>(1) are <emphasis role="strong">BRE</emphasis>; <literal>perl</literal>(1) is <emphasis role="strong">ERE</emphasis>.
it: <literal>ed</literal>(1) e <literal>vim</literal>(1) usano <emphasis role="strong">BRE</emphasis>; <literal>perl</literal>(1) usa <emphasis role="strong">ERE</emphasis>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Extracting data from text file table
it: Estrarre dati da file con tabelle di testo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Let's consider a text file called "<literal>DPL</literal>" in which some pre-2004 Debian project leader's names and their initiation date are listed in a space-separated format.
it: Considerare per esempio un file ti testo chiamato "<literal>DPL</literal>" in cui sono elencati, in un formato separato da spazi, alcuni nomi di leader del progetto Debian pre-2004 e la data della loro installazione.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: See <ulink url="&abriefhistoryofdebian;">"A Brief History of Debian"</ulink> for the latest <ulink url="&debianleadershiphistory;">Debian leadership history</ulink>.
it: Vedere <ulink url="&abriefhistoryofdebian;">"Una breve storia di Debian"</ulink> per la <ulink url="&debianleadershiphistory;">storia della Guida del progetto Debian</ulink> aggiornata.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Awk is frequently used to extract data from these types of files.
it: Awk viene usato spesso per estrarre dati da questo tipo di file.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Shells such as Bash can be also used to parse this kind of file.
it: Questo tipo di file può anche essere analizzato con le shell tipo Bash.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here, the <literal>read</literal> builtin command uses characters in "<literal>$IFS</literal>" (internal field separators) to split lines into words.
it: In questo caso, il comando incorporato <literal>read</literal> usa i caratteri in "<literal>$IFS</literal>" (internal field separator, separatore di campi interno) per suddividere le righe in parole.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you change "<literal>$IFS</literal>" to "<literal>:</literal>", you can parse "<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>" with shell nicely.
it: Se si modifica "<literal>$IFS</literal>" in "<literal>:</literal>", si possono analizzare facilmente con la shell i file "<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: (If Awk is used to do the equivalent, use "<literal>FS=':'</literal>" to set the field separator.)
it: (Se si usa Awk per fare la stessa cosa, usare "<literal>FS=':'</literal>" per impostare il separatore di campi.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: IFS is also used by the shell to split results of parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion.  These do not occur within double or single quoted words.  The default value of IFS is <emphasis>space</emphasis>, <emphasis>tab</emphasis>, and <emphasis>newline</emphasis> combined.
it: IFS viene anche usato dalla shell per suddividere i risultati dell'espansione di parametri, sostituzione di comandi ed espansioni aritmetiche. Queste non avvengono all'interno delle virgolette singole o doppie. Il valore predefinito di IFS è la combinazione di <emphasis>spazio</emphasis>, <emphasis>tab</emphasis> e <emphasis>a capo</emphasis>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Be careful about using this shell IFS tricks.  Strange things may happen, when shell interprets some parts of the script as its <emphasis role="strong">input</emphasis>.
it: Essere prudenti nell'uso di questi trucchetti di shell con IFS. Possono accadere strane cose quando la shell interpreta alcune parti dello script come suo <emphasis role="strong">input</emphasis>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Script snippets for piping commands
it: Frammenti di script per comandi con pipe

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The following scripts do nice things as a part of a pipe.
it: Gli script seguenti fanno alcune cose carine se inseriti in una pipe.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of script snippets for piping commands
it: Elenco di frammenti di script per comandi con pipe

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: script snippet (type in one line)
it: frammento di script (digitarlo in un'unica riga)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: effect of command
it: effetto del comando

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: find all files under "<literal>/usr</literal>"
it: trova tutti i file in "<literal>/usr</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: print 1 to 100
it: stampa da 1 a 100

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>| xargs -n 1 <emphasis>command</emphasis></literal>
it: <literal>| xargs -n 1 <emphasis>comando</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: run command repeatedly with each item from pipe as its argument
it: esegue ripetutamente il comando con ogni elemento dalla pipe come argomento

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: split white-space-separated items from pipe into lines
it: suddivide elementi separati da spazio nella pipe su righe distinte

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: merge all lines from pipe into a line
it: unisce tutte le righe dalla pipe in una riga

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>| grep -e <emphasis>regex_pattern</emphasis></literal>
it: <literal>| grep -e <emphasis>modello_regex</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: extract lines from pipe containing <emphasis>regex_pattern</emphasis>
it: estrae dalla pipe le righe che contengono ‪<emphasis>modello_regex</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>| grep -v -e <emphasis>regex_pattern</emphasis></literal>
it: <literal>| grep -v -e <emphasis>modello_regex</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: extract lines from pipe not containing <emphasis>regex_pattern</emphasis>
it: estrae dalla pipe le righe che non contengono <emphasis>modello_regex</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: extract third field from pipe separated by "<literal>:</literal>" (passwd file etc.)
it: estrae dalla il terzo campo, separato da "<literal>:</literal>" (file passwd, ecc.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: extract third field from pipe separated by whitespaces
it: estrae dalla pipe il terzo campo separato da spazi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: extract third field from pipe separated by tab
it: estrae dalla pipe il terzo campo separato da tabulazioni

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: remove backspace and expand tabs to spaces
it: rimuove i caratteri backspace ed espande le tabulazioni in sequenze di spazi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: expand tabs
it: espande le tabulazioni

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: sort and remove duplicates
it: ordina e rimuove i duplicati

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: convert uppercase to lowercase
it: converte le maiuscole in minuscole

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: concatenate lines into one line
it: concatena le righe in un'unica riga

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: remove CR
it: rimuove i caratteri di a capo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: add "<literal>#</literal>" to the start of each line
it: aggiunge "<literal>#</literal>" all'inizio di ogni riga

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: remove "<literal>.ext</literal>"
it: rimuove "<literal>.ext</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: print the second line
it: stampa la seconda riga

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: print the first 2 lines
it: stampa le prime due righe

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: print the last 2 lines
it: stampa le ultime due righe

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: A one-line shell script can loop over many files using <literal>find</literal>(1) and <literal>xargs</literal>(1) to perform quite complicated tasks.  See <xref linkend="_idioms_for_the_selection_of_files"/> and <xref linkend="_repeating_a_command_looping_over_files"/>.
it: Uno script di shell di una riga può operare reiteratamente su più file usando <literal>find</literal>(1) e <literal>xargs</literal>(1) per fare compiti piuttosto complicati. Vedere <xref linkend="_idioms_for_the_selection_of_files"/> e <xref linkend="_repeating_a_command_looping_over_files"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: When using the shell interactive mode becomes too complicated, please consider to write a shell script (see <xref linkend="_the_shell_script"/>).
it: Quando usare la shell in modalità interattiva diventa troppo complicato, considerare la scrittura di uno script di shell (vedere <xref linkend="_the_shell_script"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
en: Debian package management
it: Gestione dei pacchetti in Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><note><para>
en: This chapter is written assuming the latest stable release is codename: <literal>&codename-stable;</literal>.
it: Questo capitolo è stato scritto assumendo che il rilascio stabile più recente abbia nome in codice: <literal>&codename-stable;</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><note><para>
en: The data source of the APT system is collectively refered as <emphasis role="strong">the source list</emphasis> in this document .  This can be defined anywhere in the "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" file, "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list.d/*.list</literal>" files, or "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list.d/*.sources</literal>" files.
it: Ci si riferisce alle fonti di dati per il sistema APT collettivamente con il nome <emphasis role="strong">elenco delle fonti</emphasis> in questo documento . Possono essere definiti in qualsiasi tra il file "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>", i file "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list.d/*.list</literal>" o i file "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list.d/*.sources</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Debian package management prerequisites
it: Prerequisiti per la gestione dei pacchetti Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Debian package management system
it: Sistema di gestione dei pacchetti in Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <ulink url="&debian;">Debian</ulink> is a volunteer organization which builds <emphasis role="strong">consistent</emphasis> distributions of pre-compiled binary packages of free software and distributes them from its archive.
it: <ulink url="&debian;">Debian</ulink> è un'organizzazione di volontari che crea distribuzioni <emphasis role="strong">coerenti</emphasis> di pacchetti binari precompilati di software libero e li distribuisce dal suo archivio.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <ulink url="&thedebianarchive;">The Debian archive</ulink> is offered by <ulink url="&manyremotemirrorsites;">many remote mirror sites</ulink> for access through HTTP and FTP methods. It is also available as <ulink url="&cdromdvd;">CD-ROM/DVD</ulink>.
it: <ulink url="&thedebianarchive;">L'archivio Debian</ulink> viene fornito da <ulink url="&manyremotemirrorsites;">molti siti mirror remoti</ulink> per l'accesso con i metodi HTTP e FTP. È anche disponibile come <ulink url="&cdromdvd;">CD-ROM/DVD</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The current Debian package management system which can utilize all these resources is <ulink url="&advancedpackagingtoolapt;">Advanced Packaging Tool (APT)</ulink>.
it: L'attuale sistema di gestione dei pacchetti di Debian che può utilizzare tutte queste risorse è <ulink url="&advancedpackagingtoolapt;">APT (Advanced Packaging Tool)</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The Debian package management system, <emphasis role="strong">when used properly</emphasis>, offers the user to install <emphasis role="strong">consistent sets of binary packages</emphasis> to the system from the archive.  Currently, there are &all-packages; packages available for the &arch; architecture.
it: Il sistema di gestione dei pacchetti di Debian, <emphasis role="strong">se usato in modo corretto</emphasis>, permette all'utente di installare dall'archivio <emphasis role="strong">insiemi coerenti di pacchetti binari</emphasis> sul sistema. Attualmente ci sono &all-packages; pacchetti disponibili per l'architettura &arch;.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The Debian package management system has a rich history and many choices for the front end user program and back end archive access method to be used.  Currently, we recommend the following.
it: Il sistema di gestione dei pacchetti di Debian ha una storia ricca e fornisce molti programmi con interfacce per l'utente finale e molti metodi di backend per l'accesso agli archivi tra cui scegliere. Attualmente le scelte raccomandate sono le seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>apt</literal>(8) for all interactive command line operations, including package installation, removal and dist-upgrades.
it: <literal>apt</literal>(8) per tutte le operazioni interattive dalla riga di comando, incluse le installazioni e le rimozioni di pacchetti nonché gli aggiornamenti dist-upgrade.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>apt-get</literal>(8) for calling Debian package management system from scripts. It is also a fallback option when <literal>apt</literal> is not available (often with older Debian systems).
it: <literal>apt-get</literal>(8) per chiamare il sistema di gestione dei pacchetti Debian da script. È anche un'opzione di ripiego quando non è disponibile <literal>apt</literal> (spesso in sistemi Debian più vecchi).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>aptitude</literal>(8) for an interactive text interface to manage the installed packages and to search the available packages.
it: <literal>aptitude</literal>(8) per un'interfaccia testuale interattiva per gestire i pacchetti installati e per cercare i pacchetti disponibili.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of Debian package management tools
it: Elenco degli strumenti Debian di gestione dei pacchetti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: low level package management system for Debian (file based)
it: sistema di gestione dei pacchetti a basso livello per Debian (basato su file)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: APT front-end to manage packages with CLI: <literal>apt</literal>/<literal>apt-get</literal>/<literal>apt-cache</literal>
it: front-end APT per gestire i pacchetti con la CLI: <literal>apt</literal>/<literal>apt-get</literal>/<literal>apt-cache</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: APT front-end to interactively manage packages with full screen console: <literal>aptitude</literal>(8)
it: front-end APT per gestire i pacchetti interattivamente con console a tutto schermo: <literal>aptitude</literal>(8)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: APT front-end to install selected tasks: <literal>tasksel</literal>(8)
it: front-end APT per installare attività (task) selezionate: <literal>tasksel</literal>(8)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: enhancement package for APT to enable automatic installation of security upgrades
it: pacchetto di estensione per APT per abilitare l'installazione automatica degli aggiornamenti di sicurezza

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Software Center for GNOME (GUI APT front-end)
it: Centro del Software per GNOME (interfaccia con GUI per APT)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: graphical package manager (GTK APT front-end)
it: gestore grafico dei pacchetti (front-end GTK per APT)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: APT utility programs: <literal>apt-extracttemplates</literal>(1), <literal>apt-ftparchive</literal>(1), and <literal>apt-sortpkgs</literal>(1)
it: programmi di utilità APT: <literal>apt-extracttemplates</literal>(1), <literal>apt-ftparchive</literal>(1) e <literal>apt-sortpkgs</literal>(1)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: package change history notification tool
it: strumento di notifica dello storico dei cambiamenti dei pacchetti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: lists critical bugs before each APT installation
it: elenca i bug critici prima di ogni installazione di APT

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: APT package searching utility — command-line interface
it: utilità APT per ricerca di pacchetti, interfaccia a riga di comando

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: recursively lists package dependencies
it: elenca le dipendenze dei pacchetti in modo ricorsivo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Package configuration
it: Configurazione dei pacchetti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here are some key points for package configuration on the Debian system.
it: Questi sono alcuni punti fondamentali per la configurazione dei pacchetti in un sistema Debian.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The manual configuration by the system administrator is respected. In other words, the package configuration system makes no intrusive configuration for the sake of convenience.
it: La configurazione manuale fatta dall'amministratore di sistema viene rispettata. In altre parole, il sistema di configurazione dei pacchetti non fa configurazioni invadenti per ragioni di comodità.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Each package comes with its own configuration script with standardized user interface called <literal>debconf</literal>(7) to help initial installation process of the package.
it: Ogni pacchetto viene fornito con un proprio script di configurazione per l'interfaccia utente standard <literal>debconf</literal>(7), per aiutare nel processo di configurazione iniziale del pacchetto.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Debian Developers try their best to make your upgrade experience flawless with package configuration scripts.
it: I Debian Developer cercano di fare del loro meglio per rendere l'aggiornamento un'esperienza senza problemi grazie agli script di configurazione dei pacchetti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Full functionalities of packaged software are available to the system administrator.  But ones with security risks are disabled in the default installation.
it: Sono disponibili per l'amministratore di sistema le complete funzionalità di un pacchetto software, ma quelle con rischi per la sicurezza sono disabilitate nella installazione predefinita.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: If you manually activate a service with some security risks, you are responsible for the risk containment.
it: Se si attiva manualmente un servizio con rischi per la sicurezza, si è responsabili del contenimento del rischio.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Esoteric configuration may be manually enabled by the system administrator.  This may create interference with popular generic helper programs for the system configuration.
it: L'amministratore di sistema può abilitare manualmente configurazioni esotiche; questo può creare interferenze con popolari programmi generici di supporto per la configurazione del sistema.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Basic precautions
it: Precauzioni base

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
en: Do not install packages from random mixture of suites.  It probably breaks the package consistency which requires deep system management knowledge, such as compiler <ulink url="&abi;">ABI</ulink>, <ulink url="&library;">library</ulink> version, interpreter features, etc.
it: Non installare pacchetti da una miscela casuale di suite. Probabilmente si disgrega la coerenza tra i pacchetti che richiede una conoscenza approfondita dalla gestione del sistema, come dell'<ulink url="&abi;">ABI</ulink> del compilatore, versione delle <ulink url="&library;">librerie</ulink>, funzionalità dell'interprete, ecc.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <ulink url="&newbie;">newbie</ulink> Debian system administrator should stay with the <emphasis role="strong"><literal>stable</literal></emphasis> release of Debian while applying only security updates.  Until you understand the Debian system very well, you should follow the following precautions.
it: L'amministratore di sistema Debian <ulink url="&newbie;">novizio</ulink> dovrebbe rimanere con il rilascio <emphasis role="strong"><literal>stable</literal></emphasis> di Debian ed applicare solo gli aggiornamenti di sicurezza. Fino a che non si capisce il sistema Debian molto bene, si dovrebbero seguire le precauzioni descritte in seguito.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Do not include <emphasis role="strong"><literal>testing</literal></emphasis> or <emphasis role="strong"><literal>unstable</literal></emphasis> in <emphasis role="strong">the source list</emphasis>.
it: Non includere <emphasis role="strong"><literal>testing</literal></emphasis> o <emphasis role="strong"><literal>unstable</literal></emphasis> nell'"<emphasis role="strong">elenco delle fonti</emphasis>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Do not mix standard Debian with other non-Debian archives such as Ubuntu in <emphasis role="strong">the source list</emphasis> .
it: Non mescolare gli archivi standard Debian con altri archivi non Debian, come quelli di Ubuntu, nell'"<emphasis role="strong">elenco delle fonti</emphasis> .

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Do not create "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>".
it: Non creare il file "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Do not change default behavior of package management tools through configuration files without knowing their full impacts.
it: Non cambiare il comportamento degli strumenti di gestione dei pacchetti attraverso i loro file di configurazione senza capire a pieno il loro effetto.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Do not install random packages by "<literal>dpkg -i <emphasis>random_package</emphasis></literal>".
it: Non installare pacchetti presi qua e là con "<literal>dpkg -i <emphasis>pacchetto_a_caso</emphasis></literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Do not ever install random packages by "<literal>dpkg --force-all -i <emphasis>random_package</emphasis></literal>".
it: Non installare mai pacchetti presi qua e là con "<literal>dpkg --force-all -i <emphasis>pacchetto_a_caso</emphasis></literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Do not erase or alter files in "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/</literal>".
it: Non cancellare o alterare i file in "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Do not overwrite system files by installing software programs directly compiled from source.
it: Non sovrascrivere file di sistema, installando direttamente programmi software compilati dai sorgenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Install them into "<literal>/usr/local</literal>" or "<literal>/opt</literal>", if needed.
it: Se necessario, installarli in "<literal>/usr/local</literal>" o "<literal>/opt</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The non-compatible effects caused by violating above precautions to the Debian package management system may leave your system unusable.
it: Gli effetti di incompatibilità, causati dalla violazione delle precauzioni elencate sopra, sul sistema di gestione dei pacchetti di Debian possono lasciare il sistema in uno stato inutilizzabile.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The serious Debian system administrator who runs mission critical servers, should use extra precautions.
it: Gli amministratori di sistema Debian seri, che gestiscono server di importanza critica, dovrebbero usare particolari precauzioni.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Do not install any packages including security updates from Debian without thoroughly testing them with your particular configuration under safe conditions.
it: Non installare alcun pacchetto, compresi quelli di aggiornamenti di sicurezza di Debian, senza averli attentamente testati con la propria particolare configurazione in condizioni sicure.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: You as the system administrator are responsible for your system in the end.
it: Alla fin fine è l'amministratore di sistema ad essere responsabile del proprio sistema.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The long stability history of the Debian system is no guarantee by itself.
it: La lunga tradizione di stabilità dei sistemi Debian non è di per sé una garanzia.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Life with eternal upgrades
it: Una vita di aggiornamenti senza fine

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: For your <emphasis role="strong">production server</emphasis>, the <literal>stable</literal> suite with the security updates is recommended.  The same can be said for desktop PCs on which you can spend limited administration efforts.
it: Per i <emphasis role="strong">server di produzione</emphasis>, è raccomandata la suite <literal>stable</literal> con gli aggiornamenti di sicurezza. Lo stesso vale per i PC desktop su cui si investono sforzi di amministrazione limitati.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Despite my warnings above, I know many readers of this document may wish to run the newer <literal>testing</literal> or <literal>unstable</literal> suites.
it: Nonostante gli avvertimenti descritti prima, si sa che molti lettori di questo documento possono volere eseguire le più nuove suite <literal>testing</literal> o <literal>unstable</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <ulink url="&enlightenment;">Enlightenment</ulink> with the following saves a person from the eternal <ulink url="&karmic;">karmic</ulink> struggle of upgrade <ulink url="&hell;">hell</ulink> and let him reach Debian <ulink url="&nirvana;">nirvana</ulink>.
it: L'<ulink url="&enlightenment;">illuminazione</ulink> data dalla lettura di ciò che segue salva l'utente dall'eterna lotta <ulink url="&karmic;">karmica</ulink> con l'<ulink url="&hell;">inferno</ulink> degli aggiornamenti e gli fa raggiungere il <ulink url="&nirvana;">nirvana</ulink> Debian.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This list is targeted for the <emphasis role="strong">self-administered</emphasis> Desktop environment.
it: Questa lista è pensata per l'ambiente Desktop <emphasis role="strong">amministrato da soli</emphasis>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Use the <literal>testing</literal> suite since it is practically the rolling release automatically managed by the Debian archive QA infrastructure such as the <ulink url="&debiancontinuousintegration;">Debian continuous integration</ulink>, the <ulink url="&sourceonlyuploadpractices;">source only upload practices</ulink>, and the <ulink url="&librarytransitiontracking;">library transition tracking</ulink>.  The packages in the <literal>testing</literal> suite are updated frequently enough to offer all the latest features.
it: Usare la suite <literal>testing</literal> dato che è in pratica il rilascio in progresso gestito automagicamente dall'infrastruttura di QA dell'archivio Debian come la <ulink url="&debiancontinuousintegration;">integrazione continua di Debian</ulink>, le <ulink url="&sourceonlyuploadpractices;">pratiche di caricamento dei soli sorgenti</ulink> e il <ulink url="&librarytransitiontracking;">tracciamento delle transizioni delle librerie</ulink>. I pacchetti nella suite <literal>testing</literal> vengono aggiornati sufficientemente di frequente da fornire tutte le funzionalità più recenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Set the codename corresponding to the <literal>testing</literal> suite ("<literal>&codename-testing;</literal>" during the <literal>&codename-stable;</literal>-as-<literal>stable</literal> release cycle) in <emphasis role="strong">the source list</emphasis>.
it: Impostare il nome in codice corrispondente alla suite <literal>testing</literal> ("<literal>&codename-testing;</literal>" durante il ciclo di rilascio <literal>&codename-stable;</literal>-as-<literal>stable</literal>) nell'<emphasis role="strong">elenco delle fonti</emphasis>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Manually update this codename in <emphasis role="strong">the source list</emphasis> to the new one only after assessing situation by yourself for about a month after the major suite release.  The Debian user and developer mailing list are good sources of information for this, too.
it: Aggiornare manualmente questo nome in codice nell'"<emphasis role="strong">elenco delle fonti</emphasis> al nuovo solo dopo aver valutato autonomamente la situazione per circa un mese dopo un rilascio maggiore della suite. Anche le mailing list degli utenti e degli sviluppatori Debian sono una buona fonte di informazioni su questi aspetti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The use of the <literal>unstable</literal> suite isn't recommended.  The <literal>unstable</literal> suite is <emphasis role="strong">good for debugging packages</emphasis> as a developer but tends to expose you to unnecessary risks for the normal Desktop usage.  Even though the <literal>unstable</literal> suite of the Debian system looks very stable for most of the times, there have been some package problems and a few of them were not so trivial to resolve.
it: L'uso della suite <literal>unstable</literal> non è raccomandato. La suite <literal>unstable</literal> è <emphasis role="strong">buona per fare il debug dei pacchetti</emphasis> come sviluppatore ma tende ad esporre l'utente a rischi non necessari per il normale uso per desktop. Anche se la suite <literal>unstable</literal> del sistema Debian sembra molto stabile per la maggior parte del tempo, ci sono stati alcuni problemi con i pacchetti e alcuni di questi non sono stati affatto banali da risolvere.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here are some basic precautionary measure ideas to ensure quick and easy recovery from bugs in Debian packages.
it: Ecco alcune idee per misure precauzionali di base per assicurare un recupero facile e veloce da bug nei pacchetti Debian.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Make the system <emphasis role="strong">dual bootable</emphasis> by installing the <literal>stable</literal> suite of the Debian system to another partition
it: Impostare il sistema per avere <emphasis role="strong">due partizioni avviabili</emphasis> installando la suite <literal>stable</literal> di Debian in un'altra partizione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Make the installation CD handy for the <emphasis role="strong">rescue boot</emphasis>
it: Tenere a portata di mano il CD di installazione per l'<emphasis role="strong">avvio di ripristino</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Consider installing <literal>apt-listbugs</literal> to check the <ulink url="&debianbugtrackingsystembts;">Debian Bug Tracking System (BTS)</ulink> information before the upgrade
it: Considerare l'installazione di <literal>apt-listbugs</literal> per controllare le informazioni del <ulink url="&debianbugtrackingsystembts;">Sistema Debian di tracciamento dei Bug (BTS)</ulink> prima degli aggiornamenti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Learn the package system infrastructure enough to work around the problem
it: Imparare l'infrastruttura del sistema dei pacchetti abbastanza bene da poter aggirare il problema.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: If you can not do any one of these precautionary actions, you are probably not ready for the <literal>testing</literal> and <literal>unstable</literal> suites.
it: Se non si è in grado di intraprendere nessuna di queste azioni precauzionali, probabilmente non si è pronti per le suite <literal>testing</literal> e <literal>unstable</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Debian archive basics
it: Nozioni di base sugli archivi Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Official policy of the Debian archive is defined at <ulink url="&debianpolicymanuthedebianarchive;">Debian Policy Manual, Chapter 2 - The Debian Archive</ulink>.
it: La politica ufficiale per gli archivi Debian è definita nel <ulink url="&debianpolicymanuthedebianarchive;">Capitolo 2 - "L'archivo Debian", del manuale Debian Policy</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Let's look into <ulink url="&thedebianarchive;">the Debian archive</ulink> from a system user's perspective.
it: Guardiamo l'<ulink url="&thedebianarchive;">archivio Debian</ulink> dalla prospettiva dell'utente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For a system user, <ulink url="&thedebianarchive;">the Debian archive</ulink> is accessed using the APT system.
it: Per un utente di sistema, l'accesso all'<ulink url="&thedebianarchive;">archivio Debian</ulink> avviene usando il sistema APT.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The APT system specifies its data source as <emphasis role="strong">the source list</emphasis> and it is described in <literal>sources.list</literal>(5).
it: Il sistema APT specifica le proprie fonti di dati come <emphasis role="strong">elenco delle fonti</emphasis> descritto in <literal>sources.list</literal>(5).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For the <literal>&codename-stable;</literal> system with the typical HTTP access, <emphasis role="strong">the source list</emphasis> in one-line-style as the following:
it: Per il sistema <literal>&codename-stable;</literal> con il tipico accesso HTTP, l'<emphasis role="strong">elenco delle fonti</emphasis> è in stile a singola riga come il seguente:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Alternatively, the equivalent source list in deb822-style is the following.
it: In alternativa l'elenco delle fonti equivalente in stile deb822 è il seguente:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Key points of <emphasis role="strong">the source list</emphasis> are followings.
it: I punti chiave dell'<emphasis role="strong">elenco delle fonti</emphasis> sono i seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: One-line-style format
it: Formato in stile una-riga

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: It's definition files are in the "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" file and "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list.d/*.list</literal>" files.
it: I suoi file di definizione sono nel file "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" e nei file "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list.d/*.list</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Each line defines the data source for the APT system.
it: Ogni riga definisce la fonte di dati per il sistema APT.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The "<literal>deb</literal>" line defines for the binary packages.
it: Le righe "<literal>deb</literal>" definiscono voci per pacchetti binari.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The "<literal>deb-src</literal>" line defines for the source packages.
it: Le righe "<literal>deb-src</literal>" definiscono voci per i pacchetti sorgenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The 1st argument is the root URL of the Debian archive.
it: Il primo argomento è l'URL radice dell'archivio Debian.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The 2nd argument is the distribution name using either the suite name or the codename.
it: Il secondo argomento è il nome della distribuzione, usando il nome della suite o il nome in codice.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The 3rd and following arguments are the list of valid archive area names of the Debian archive.
it: Il terzo argomento e quelli seguenti sono l'elenco dei nomi di aree valide dell'archivio Debian.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Deb822-style format
it: Formato in stile deb822

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: It's definition files are in "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list.d/*.sources</literal>" files.
it: I suoi file di definizione sono in "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list.d/*.sources</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Each block of lines separated by a blank line defines the data source for the APT system.
it: Ogni blocco di righe separato da una riga vuota definisce una fonte di dati per il sistema APT.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The "<literal>Types:</literal>" stanza defines the list of types such as "<literal>deb</literal>" and "<literal>deb-src</literal>".
it: La sezione "<literal>Types:</literal>" definisce la lista dei tipi, come "<literal>deb</literal>" e "<literal>deb-src</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The "<literal>URIs:</literal>" stanza defines the list of root URIs of the Debian archive.
it: La sezione "<literal>URIs:</literal>" definisce la lista degli URI radice dell'archivio Debian.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The "<literal>Suites:</literal>" stanza defines the list of distribution names using either the suite name or the codename.
it: La sezione "<literal>Suites:</literal>" definisce la lista dei nomi delle distribuzioni usando il nome della suite o il nome in codice.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The "<literal>Components:</literal>" stanza defines the list of valid archive area names of the Debian archive.
it: La sezione "<literal>Components:</literal>" definisce la lista dei nomi delle aree valide dell'archivio Debian.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The definition for "<literal>deb-src</literal>" can safely be omitted if it is just for <literal>aptitude</literal> which does not access source related meta data. It speeds up the updates of the archive meta data.
it: La definizione per "<literal>deb-src</literal>" può essere omessa senza problemi se è solo per aptitude <literal>aptitude</literal> che non accede ai metadati relativi ai sorgenti. Ciò velocizza l'aggiornamento dei metadati dell'archivio.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The URL can be "<literal>https://</literal>", "<literal>http://</literal>", "<literal>ftp://</literal>", "<literal>file://</literal>", ….
it: L'URL può essere "<literal>https://</literal>", "<literal>http://</literal>", "<literal>ftp://</literal>", "<literal>file://</literal>", ….

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Lines starting with "<literal>#</literal>" are comments and ignored.
it: Le righe che iniziano con "<literal>#</literal>" sono commenti e vengono ignorate.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here, I tend to use codename "<literal>&codename-stable;</literal>" or "<literal>&codename-testing;</literal>" instead of suite name "<literal>stable</literal>" or "<literal>testing</literal>" to avoid surprises when the next <literal>stable</literal> is released.
it: Viene qui usato il nome in codice "<literal>&codename-stable;</literal> o "<literal>&codename-testing;</literal>" invece del nome della suite "<literal>stable</literal>" o "<literal>testing</literal>" per evitare sorprese una volta che viene rilasciata la nuova <literal>stable</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: If "<literal>sid</literal>" is used in the above example instead of "<literal>&codename-stable;</literal>", the "<literal>deb: http://security.debian.org/ …</literal>" line or its deb822 equivalent content for security updates in <emphasis role="strong">the source list</emphasis> is not required.  This is because there is no security update archive for "<literal>sid</literal>" (<literal>unstable</literal>).
it: Se nell'esempio precedente si usa "<literal>sid</literal>" invece di "<literal>&codename-stable;</literal>, la riga "<literal>deb: http://security.debian.org/ …</literal>, o il suo equivalente deb822 per gli aggiornamenti di sicurezza, nell'<emphasis role="strong">elenco delle fonti</emphasis> non è richiesta. Ciò è dovuto al fatto che non esiste un archivio per gli aggiornamenti di sicurezza per "<literal>sid</literal>" (<literal>unstable</literal>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here is the list of URL of the Debian archive sites and suite name or codename used in the configuration file after the <literal>&codename-stable;</literal> release.
it: Ecco l'elenco degli URL dei siti degli archivi Debian e dei nomi di suite e nomi in codice usati nel file di configurazione dopo il rilascio di <literal>&codename-stable;</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of Debian archive sites
it: Elenco dei siti con l'archivo Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: archive URL
it: URL dell'archivio

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: suite name
it: nome della suite

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: codename
it: nome in codice

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: purpose of repository
it: scopo del repository

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Quasi-static <literal>stable</literal> release after extensive checks
it: Rilascio <literal>stabile</literal> quasi statico dopo controlli esaustivi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Dynamic <literal>testing</literal> release after decent checks and short waits
it: Rilascio <literal>di test</literal> dinamico dopo controlli ragionevoli e brevi tempi di attesa

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Dynamic <literal>unstable</literal> release after minimal checks and no waits
it: Rilascio <literal>non stabile</literal> dinamico dopo controlli minimi e nessun tempo di attesa

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Pre-release experiments by developers (optional, only for developer)
it: Pre-rilasci sperimentali degli sviluppatori (opzionale, solo per sviluppatori)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Updates for the next <literal>stable</literal> point release (optional)
it: Aggiornamenti per il prossimo rilascio <literal>stabile</literal> minore (opzionale)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Subset of <literal>stable-proposed-updates</literal> suite needing urgent updates such as timezone data (optional)
it: Sottoinsieme della suite <literal>stable-proposed-updates</literal> che necessita di aggiornamenti urgenti come i dati sui fusi orari (opzionali)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Random collection of recompiled packages mostly from the <literal>testing</literal> release (optional)
it: Raccolta varia di pacchetti ricompilati per lo più dal rilascio <literal>di test</literal> (opzionale)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Security updates for the <literal>stable</literal> release (important)
it: Aggiornamenti di sicurezza per il rilascio <literal>stabile</literal> (importante)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: This isn't actively supported nor used by the security team
it: Questo non è attivamente supportato, né usato dal Team per la sicurezza

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: Only pure <emphasis role="strong"><literal>stable</literal></emphasis> release with security updates provides the best stability. Running mostly <emphasis role="strong"><literal>stable</literal></emphasis> release mixed with some packages from <emphasis role="strong"><literal>testing</literal></emphasis> or <emphasis role="strong"><literal>unstable</literal></emphasis> release is riskier than running pure <emphasis role="strong"><literal>unstable</literal></emphasis> release for library version mismatch etc.  If you really need the latest version of some programs under <emphasis role="strong"><literal>stable</literal></emphasis> release, please use packages from <ulink url="&stableupdates;">stable-updates</ulink> and <ulink url="&backports;">backports</ulink> (see <xref linkend="_updates_and_backports"/>) services.  These services must be used with extra care.
it: Solo il rilascio <emphasis role="strong"><literal>stable</literal></emphasis> puro con gli aggiornamenti di sicurezza fornisce la massima stabilità. Usare un rilascio <emphasis role="strong"><literal>stable</literal></emphasis> con mescolati alcuni pacchetti dai rilasci <emphasis role="strong"><literal>testing</literal></emphasis> o <emphasis role="strong"><literal>unstable</literal></emphasis> è più rischioso che avere un sistema basato su un rilascio <emphasis role="strong"><literal>unstable</literal></emphasis> puro per ciò che riguarda conflitti tra le versioni di libreria, ecc. Se si ha veramente bisogno, nel rilascio <emphasis role="strong"><literal>stable</literal></emphasis>, dell'ultima versione di qualche programma usare pacchetti dai servizi <ulink url="&stableupdates;">stable-updates</ulink> e <ulink url="&backports;">backports</ulink> (vedere <xref linkend="_updates_and_backports"/>). Questi servizi devono essere usati con estrema cautela.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: You should basically list only one of <literal>stable</literal>, <literal>testing</literal>, or <literal>unstable</literal> suites in the "<literal>deb</literal>" line.  If you list any combination of <literal>stable</literal>, <literal>testing</literal>, and <literal>unstable</literal> suites in the "<literal>deb</literal>" line, APT programs slow down while only the latest archive is effective.  Multiple listing makes sense for these when the "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>" file is used with clear objectives (see <xref linkend="_tweaking_candidate_version"/>).
it: Fondamentalmente si dovrebbe mettere una sola tra le suite <literal>stable</literal>, <literal>testing</literal> o <literal>unstable</literal> nelle righe "<literal>deb</literal>". Se si elenca una combinazione delle suite <literal>stable</literal>, <literal>testing</literal> e <literal>unstable</literal> nelle righe "<literal>deb</literal>", il programma APT verrà rallentato e solo l'archivio più recente avrà effetto. Elencare più di una voce ha senso quando viene usato il file "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>" con scopi ben precisi (vedere <xref linkend="_tweaking_candidate_version"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: For the Debian system with the <literal>stable</literal> suite, it is a good idea to include the content with "<literal>http://security.debian.org/</literal>" in <emphasis role="strong">the source list</emphasis> to enable security updates as in the example above.
it: Per i sistemi Debian con la suite <literal>stable</literal> è buona norma includere nell'<emphasis role="strong">elenco delle fonti</emphasis> i contenuti di "<literal>http://security.debian.org/</literal>" per abilitare gli aggiornamenti di sicurezza, come nell'esempio precedente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: The security bugs for the <literal>stable</literal> archive are fixed by the Debian security team.  This activity has been quite rigorous and reliable.  Those for the <literal>testing</literal> archive may be fixed by the Debian testing security team.  For <ulink url="&several;">several</ulink> <ulink url="&reasons;">reasons</ulink>, this activity is not as rigorous as that for <literal>stable</literal> and you may need to wait for the migration of fixed <literal>unstable</literal> packages to the <literal>testing</literal> archive.  Those for the <literal>unstable</literal> archive are fixed by the individual maintainer.  Actively maintained <literal>unstable</literal> packages are usually in a fairly good shape by leveraging latest upstream security fixes.  See <ulink url="&debiansecurityfaq;">Debian security FAQ</ulink> for how Debian handles security bugs.
it: I bug che riguardano la sicurezza per l'archivio <literal>stable</literal> vengono risolti dal Debian Security Team, la cui attività è piuttosto rigorosa ed affidabile. I bug per l'archivio <literal>testing</literal> possono essere risolti dal Debian Security Team. Per <ulink url="&several;">svariate</ulink> <ulink url="&reasons;">ragioni</ulink> questa attività non è così rigorosa come quella per <literal>stable</literal> e potrebbe essere necessario attendere la migrazione di pacchetti <literal>unstable</literal> corretti nell'archivio <literal>testing</literal>. I bug per l'archivio <literal>unstable</literal> sono corretti dal manutentore del pacchetto; i pacchetti <literal>unstable</literal> attivamente mantenuti sono solitamente in una forma piuttosto buona dato che sfruttano le più recenti correzioni a monte relative alla sicurezza. Per informazioni sul modo in cui Debian gestisce i bug relativi alla sicurezza, vedere le <ulink url="&debiansecurityfaq;">FAQ Debian sulla sicurezza</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of Debian archive area
it: Elenco delle aree dell'archivio Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: number of packages
it: numero di pacchetti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: criteria of package component
it: criterio dei componenti del pacchetto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: DFSG compliant and no dependency to <literal>non-free</literal>
it: aderenti alle DFSG e senza dipendenze da <literal>non-free</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&notdfsgcompliantlationexperience;">not DFSG compliant, firmware required for reasonable system installation experience</ulink>
it: <ulink url="&notdfsgcompliantlationexperience;">firmware non conforme alle DFSG, necessario per una esperienza di installazione del sistema ragionevole</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: DFSG compliant but having dependency to <literal>non-free</literal>
it: aderenti alle DFSG ma con dipendenze da <literal>non-free</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: not DFSG compliant and not in <literal>non-free-firmware</literal>
it: non aderenti alle DFSG e non in <literal>non-free-firmware</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here the number of packages in the above is for the &arch; architecture.  The <literal>main</literal> area provides the Debian system (see <xref linkend="_debian_is_100_free_software"/>).
it: Nella tabella soprastante il numero dei pacchetti è per l'architettura &arch;. L'area <literal>main</literal> fornisce il sistema Debian (vedere <xref linkend="_debian_is_100_free_software"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The Debian archive organization can be studied best by pointing your browser to the each archive URL appended with <literal>dists</literal> or <literal>pool</literal>.
it: L'organizzazione dell'archivio Debian può essere studiata meglio puntando il proprio browser a ciascuno degli URL dell'archivio con aggiunto in coda <literal>dists</literal> o <literal>pool</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The distribution is referred by two ways, the suite or <ulink url="&codename;">codename</ulink>. The word distribution is alternatively used as the synonym to the suite in many documentations. The relationship between the suite and the codename can be summarized as the following.
it: Ci si riferisce alla distribuzione in due modi, con la suite o con il <ulink url="&codename;">nome in codice</ulink>. In alternativa la parola distribuzione viene usata come sinonimo di suite in molta documentazione. La relazione tra la suite e il nome in codice può essere riassunta nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: The relationship between suite and codename
it: Relazione tra suite e nome in codice

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: Timing
it: periodo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: after the <literal>&codename-stable;</literal> release
it: dopo il rilascio <literal>&codename-stable;</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: codename = <literal>&codename-stable;</literal>
it: nome in codice = <literal>&codename-stable;</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: codename = <literal>&codename-testing;</literal>
it: nome in codice = <literal>&codename-testing;</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: codename = <literal>sid</literal>
it: nome in codice = <literal>sid</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: after the <literal>&codename-testing;</literal> release
it: dopo il rilascio <literal>&codename-testing;</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: codename = <literal>&codename-nexttesting;</literal>
it: nome in codice = <literal>&codename-nexttesting;</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The history of codenames are described in <ulink url="&debianfaqgcbwhiceenusedinthepast;">Debian FAQ: 6.2.1 Which other codenames have been used in the past?</ulink>
it: La storia dei nomi in codice è descritta nelle <ulink url="&debianfaqgcbwhiceenusedinthepast;">FAQ Debian: 6.2.1 Quali altri nomi in codice sono stati usati in passato?</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: In the stricter Debian archive terminology, the word "section" is specifically used for the categorization of packages by the application area.  (Although, the word "main section" may sometimes be used to describe the Debian archive area named as "main".)
it: Nella terminologia per gli archivi Debian più precisa, la parola "sezione" è usata specificatamente per la categorizzazione dei pacchetti in base all'area di applicazione. (Anche se l'espressione "sezione main" può essere a volte usata per descrivere l'area dell'archivio Debian chiamata "main".)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Every time a new upload is done by a Debian developer (DD) to the <literal>unstable</literal> archive (via <ulink url="&incoming;">incoming</ulink> processing), the DD is required to ensure uploaded packages to be compatible with the latest set of packages in the latest <literal>unstable</literal> archive.
it: Ogni volta che uno sviluppatore Debian (DD) carica un nuovo pacchetto nell'archivio <literal>unstable</literal> (passando per <ulink url="&incoming;">incoming</ulink>), gli viene richiesto di assicurare che i pacchetti caricati siano compatibili con l'insieme più recente di pacchetti nell'archivio <literal>unstable</literal> più recente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If DD breaks this compatibility intentionally for important library upgrade etc, there is usually announcement to <ulink url="&thedebiandevelmailinglist;">the debian-devel mailing list</ulink> etc.
it: Se un DD rompe questa compatibilità intenzionalmente per importanti aggiornamenti di librerie, ecc. di solito viene fatto un annuncio nella <ulink url="&thedebiandevelmailinglist;">mailing list debian-devel</ulink>, ecc.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Before a set of packages are moved by the Debian archive maintenance script from the <literal>unstable</literal> archive to the <literal>testing</literal> archive, the archive maintenance script not only checks the maturity (about 2-10 days old) and the status of the RC bug reports for the packages but also tries to ensure them to be compatible with the latest set of packages in the <literal>testing</literal> archive. This process makes the <literal>testing</literal> archive very current and usable.
it: Prima di muovere un insieme di pacchetti dall'archivio <literal>unstable</literal> all'archivio <literal>testing</literal>, lo script di gestione degli archivio Debian non solo controlla la maturità (circa 2-10 giorni di età) e lo stato delle segnalazioni di bug RC per i pacchetti, ma cerca anche di assicurare che siano compatibili con il più recente insieme di pacchetti nell'archivio <literal>testing</literal>. Questo processo rende l'archivio <literal>testing</literal> molto aggiornato e usabile.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Through the gradual archive freeze process led by the release team, the <literal>testing</literal> archive is matured to make it completely consistent and bug free with some manual interventions.  Then the new <literal>stable</literal> release is created by assigning the codename for the old <literal>testing</literal> archive to the new <literal>stable</literal> archive and creating the new codename for the new <literal>testing</literal> archive.  The initial contents of the new <literal>testing</literal> archive is exactly the same as that of the newly released <literal>stable</literal> archive.
it: Attraverso il graduale processo di freeze dell'archivio, giudato dal team di rilascio, l'archivio <literal>testing</literal> viene fatto maturare con un po' di intervento manuale per renderlo completamente coerente e libero da bug. Quindi viene creato il nuovo rilascio <literal>stable</literal> assegnando il nome in codice per il vecchio archivio <literal>testing</literal> al nuovo archivio <literal>stable</literal> e creando il nuovo nome in codice per il nuovo archivio <literal>testing</literal>. Il contenuto iniziale del nuovo archivio <literal>testing</literal> è esattamente lo stesso dell'archivio <literal>stable</literal> appena rilasciato.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Both the <literal>unstable</literal> and the <literal>testing</literal> archives may suffer temporary glitches due to several factors.
it: Sia l'archivio <literal>unstable</literal> sia l'archivio <literal>testing</literal> possono soffrire di problemi temporanei a causa di diversi fattori.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Broken package upload to the archive (mostly for <literal>unstable</literal>)
it: Pacchetti difettosi caricati nell'archivio (principalmente per <literal>unstable</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Delay of accepting the new packages to the archive (mostly for <literal>unstable</literal>)
it: Ritardo nell'accettazione di nuovi pacchetti nell'archivio (principalmente per <literal>unstable</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Archive synchronization timing issue (both for <literal>testing</literal> and <literal>unstable</literal>)
it: Problemi nei tempi di sincronizzazione degli archivi (sia per <literal>testing</literal> sia per <literal>unstable</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Manual intervention to the archive such as package removal (more for <literal>testing</literal>) etc.
it: Interventi manuali all'archivio, come rimozione di pacchetti (più per <literal>testing</literal>) ecc.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: So if you ever decide to use these archives, you should be able to fix or work around these kinds of glitches.
it: Perciò se si decide di usare questi archivi, si dovrebbe essere in grado di risolvere o aggirare questo tipo di problemi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: For about few months after a new <literal>stable</literal> release, most desktop users should use the <literal>stable</literal> archive with its security updates even if they usually use <literal>unstable</literal> or <literal>testing</literal> archives.  For this transition period, both <literal>unstable</literal> and <literal>testing</literal> archives are not good for most people. Your system is difficult to keep in good working condition with the <literal>unstable</literal> archive since it suffers surges of major upgrades for core packages.  The <literal>testing</literal> archive is not useful either since it contains mostly the same content as the <literal>stable</literal> archive without its security support (<ulink url="&debiantestingsectyannouncecaaibc;">Debian testing-security-announce 2008-12</ulink>). After a month or so, <literal>unstable</literal> or <literal>testing</literal> archives may become useful if you are careful.
it: Per qualche mese circa dopo un nuovo rilascio di <literal>stable</literal>, la maggior parte degli utenti desktop dovrebbe usare l'archivio <literal>stable</literal> con i suoi aggiornamenti di sicurezza, anche se di solito usano gli archivi <literal>unstable</literal> o <literal>testing</literal>. Durante questo periodo di transizione, entrambi gli archivi <literal>unstable</literal> e <literal>testing</literal> non sono adatti alla maggior parte degli utenti. È difficile mantenere il proprio sistema in condizioni buone di funzionamento con l'archivio <literal>unstable</literal> dato che è affetto da ondate di aggiornamenti importanti di pacchetti fondamentali. Anche l'archivio <literal>testing</literal> non è molto utile perché contiene per lo più le stesse cose dell'archivio <literal>stable</literal> senza il suo supporto per la sicurezza (<ulink url="&debiantestingsectyannouncecaaibc;">Debian testing-security-announce 2008-12</ulink>). Dopo circa un mese, gli archivio <literal>unstable</literal> o <literal>testing</literal> potrebbero essere utili se si è cauti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: When tracking the <literal>testing</literal> archive, a problem caused by a removed package is usually worked around by installing corresponding package from the <literal>unstable</literal> archive which is uploaded for bug fix.
it: Quando si usa l'archivio <literal>testing</literal>, i problemi causati da un pacchetto rimosso vengono solitamente aggirati installando il corrispondente pacchetto dall'archivio <literal>unstable</literal> che è caricato per risolvere un bug.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See <ulink url="&debianpolicymanual;">Debian Policy Manual</ulink> for archive definitions.
it: Vedere il <ulink url="&debianpolicymanual;">manuale Debian Policy</ulink> per le definizioni degli archivi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<ulink url="&sections;">Sections</ulink>"
it: "<ulink url="&sections;">Sezioni</ulink>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<ulink url="&priorities;">Priorities</ulink>"
it: "<ulink url="&priorities;">Priorità</ulink>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<ulink url="&basesystem;">Base system</ulink>"
it: "<ulink url="&basesystem;">Sistema base</ulink>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<ulink url="&essentialpackages;">Essential packages</ulink>"
it: "<ulink url="&essentialpackages;">Pacchetti essenziali</ulink>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Debian is 100% free software
it: Debian è al 100% software libero

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Debian is 100% free software because of the followings:
it: Debian è al 100% software libero perché:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Debian installs only free software by default to respect user's freedoms.
it: Debian installa in modo predefinito solo software libero per rispettare le libertà dell'utente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Debian provides only free software in <literal>main</literal>.
it: Debian fornisce in <literal>main</literal> solo software libero.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Debian recommends running only free software from <literal>main</literal>.
it: Debian raccomanda l'esecuzione del solo software libero contenuto in <literal>main</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: No packages in <literal>main</literal> depend nor recommend packages in <literal>non-free</literal> nor <literal>non-free-firmware</literal> nor <literal>contrib</literal>.
it: Nessun pacchetto in <literal>main</literal> dipende o raccomanda pacchetti in <literal>non-free</literal>, <literal>non-free-firmware</literal> o <literal>contrib</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Some people wonder if the following 2 facts contradict or not.
it: Alcune persone si chiedono se i seguenti due fatti siano in contraddizione o meno tra loro.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "Debian will remain 100% free". (First term of <ulink url="&debiansocialcontract;">Debian Social Contract</ulink>)
it: «Debian rimarrà libera al 100%». (Prima voce del <ulink url="&debiansocialcontract;">Contratto sociale Debian</ulink>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Debian servers host some <literal>non-free-firmware</literal>, <literal>non-free</literal> and <literal>contrib</literal> packages.
it: I server Debian ospitano alcuni pacchetti <literal>non-free-firmware</literal>, <literal>non-free</literal> e <literal>contrib</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: These do not contradict, because of the followings.
it: Queste due cose non sono in contraddizione, perché:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The Debian system is 100% free and its packages are hosted by Debian servers in the <literal>main</literal> area.
it: Il sistema Debian è libero al 100% e i suoi pacchetti sono ospitati dai server Debian nell'area <literal>main</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Packages outside of the Debian system are hosted by Debian servers in the <literal>non-free</literal>, <literal>non-free-firmware</literal> and <literal>contrib</literal> areas.
it: I pacchetti esterni al sistema Debian sono ospitati dai server Debian nelle aree <literal>non-free</literal>, <literal>non-free-firmware</literal> e <literal>contrib</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: These are precisely explained in the 4th and 5th terms of <ulink url="&debiansocialcontract;">Debian Social Contract</ulink>:
it: Queste sono spiegate in dettaglio nella quarta e nella quinta voce del <ulink url="&debiansocialcontract;">Contratto sociale Debian</ulink>:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Our priorities are our users and free software
it: Le nostre priorità sono gli utenti ed il software libero

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: We will be guided by the needs of our users and the free software community. We will place their interests first in our priorities. We will support the needs of our users for operation in many different kinds of computing environments. We will not object to non-free works that are intended to be used on Debian systems, or attempt to charge a fee to people who create or use such works. We will allow others to create distributions containing both the Debian system and other works, without any fee from us. In furtherance of these goals, we will provide an integrated system of high-quality materials with no legal restrictions that would prevent such uses of the system.
it: Ci faremo guidare dai bisogni dei nostri utenti e della comunità del software libero. Metteremo al primo posto i loro interessi. Supporteremo le necessità dei nostri utenti di operare in molti diversi tipi di ambienti di calcolo. Non ci opporremo alle opere non libere che siano state pensate per l'uso in sistemi Debian e non richiederemo compensi a chi crea o usa queste opere. Permetteremo ad altri di creare distribuzioni contenenti sia il sistema Debian che altre opere, senza richiedere compensi. Per raggiungere questi scopi, forniremo un sistema integrato di materiali di alta qualità senza alcuna restrizione legale che limiti qualsiasi uso del sistema.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Works that do not meet our free software standards
it: Opere che non rispettano i nostri standard free software

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: We acknowledge that some of our users require the use of works that do not conform to the Debian Free Software Guidelines. We have created "<literal>non-free</literal>", "<literal>non-free-firmware</literal>" and "<literal>contrib</literal>" areas in our archive for these works. The packages in these areas are not part of the Debian system, although they have been configured for use with Debian. We encourage CD manufacturers to read the licenses of the packages in these areas and determine if they can distribute the packages on their CDs. Thus, although non-free works are not a part of Debian, we support their use and provide infrastructure for non-free packages (such as our bug tracking system and mailing lists).  The Debian official media may include firmware that is otherwise not part of the Debian system to enable use of Debian with hardware that requires such firmware.
it: Ci rendiamo conto che alcuni dei nostri utenti richiedono di usare opere non conformi alle Debian Free Software Guidelines. Abbiamo creato le aree "<literal>non-free</literal>", "<literal>non-free-firmware</literal>" e "<literal>contrib</literal>" nel nostro archivio per queste opere. I pacchetti in queste aree non fanno parte del sistema Debian, sebbene siano stati configurati per l'uso con Debian. Invitiamo i realizzatori di CD a leggere le licenze dei pacchetti in queste aree per determinare se possono distribuire i pacchetti sui loro CD. Inoltre, anche se le opere non libere non fanno parte di Debian, supporteremo il loro uso e forniremo infrastrutture per i pacchetti non liberi (come il nostro sistema di tracciamento dei bug e le mailing list). I supporti Debian ufficiali possono includere firmware che non fa parte del sistema Debian per permettere l'uso di Debian con hardware che richiede tale firmware.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: The actual text of the 5th term in the current <ulink url="&debiansocialcontract;">Debian Social Contract</ulink> 1.2 is slightly different from the above text.  This editorial deviation is intentional one to make this user document consistent without changing the real content of the Social Contract.
it: Il testo effitivo della quinta voce dell'attuale <ulink url="&debiansocialcontract;">Contratto sociale di Debian</ulink> 1.2 è leggermente diverso dal testo soprastante. Questa deviazione editoriale è intenzionale e volta a rendere questo documento coerente senza cambiare l'effettivo contenuto del Contratto Sociale.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Users should be aware of the risks of using packages in the <literal>non-free</literal>, <literal>non-free-firmware</literal> and <literal>contrib</literal> areas:
it: Gli utenti dovrebbero essere a conoscenza dei rischi correlati all'uso di pacchetti nelle aree <literal>non-free</literal>, <literal>non-free-firmware</literal> e <literal>contrib</literal>:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: lack of freedom for such software packages
it: mancanza di libertà legata a tali pacchetti software

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: lack of support from Debian on such software packages (Debian can't support software properly without having access to its source code.)
it: mancanza di supporto da parte di Debian per tali pacchetti software (Debian non può supportare del software in maniera adeguata senza avere accesso al suo codice sorgente)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: contamination of your 100% free Debian system
it: contaminazione del sistema Debian libero al 100%

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <ulink url="&debianfreesoftwareguidelines;">Debian Free Software Guidelines</ulink> are the free software standards for <ulink url="&debian;">Debian</ulink>.  Debian interprets "software" in the widest scope including document, firmware, logo, and artwork data in the package.  This makes Debian's free software standards very strict ones.
it: Il documento <ulink url="&debianfreesoftwareguidelines;">Debian Free Software Guidelines</ulink> è lo standard di <ulink url="&debian;">Debian</ulink> per il software libero. Debian interpreta la parola "software" nel suo senso più ampio includendo documentazione, firmware, logo e dati artistici nel pacchetto. Questo fa sì che gli standard Debian per il software libero siano molto severi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Typical <literal>non-free</literal>, <literal>non-free-firmware</literal> and <literal>contrib</literal> packages include freely distributable packages of following types:
it: I pacchetti <literal>non-free</literal>, <literal>non-free-firmware</literal> e <literal>contrib</literal> tipici includono pacchetti liberamente distribuibili dei seguenti tipi:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Document packages under <ulink url="&gnufreedocumentationlicense;">GNU Free Documentation License</ulink> with invariant sections such as ones for GCC and Make.  (mostly found in the <literal>non-free/doc</literal> section.)
it: Pacchetti di documentazione distribuiti sotto la <ulink url="&gnufreedocumentationlicense;">GNU Free Documentation License</ulink> con sezioni invarianti come quelli per GCC e Make (per lo più presenti nella sezione <literal>non-free/doc</literal>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Firmware packages containing sourceless binary data such as ones listed in <xref linkend="_hardware_drivers_and_firmware"/> as <literal>non-free-firmware</literal>. (mostly found in the <literal>non-free-firmware/kernel</literal> section.)
it: Pacchetti di firmware contenenti dati binari senza sorgenti come quelli elencati in <xref linkend="_hardware_drivers_and_firmware"/> come <literal>non-free-firmware</literal> (per lo più trovati nella sezione <literal>non-free-firmware/kernel</literal>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Game and font packages with restriction on commercial use and/or content modification.
it: Pacchetti di giochi e tipi di carattere con restrizioni sull'uso a scopo commerciale o sulla modifica dei contenuti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Please note that the number of <literal>non-free</literal>, <literal>non-free-firmware</literal> and <literal>contrib</literal> packages is less than 2% of that of <literal>main</literal> packages.  Enabling access to the <literal>non-free</literal>, <literal>non-free-firmware</literal> and <literal>contrib</literal> areas does not obscure the source of packages.  Interactive full screen use of <literal>aptitude</literal>(8) provides you with full visibility and control over what packages are installed from which area to keep your system as free as you wish.
it: Notare che il numero dei pacchetti <literal>non-free</literal>, <literal>non-free-firmware</literal> e <literal>contrib</literal> è meno del 2% di quello dei pacchetti in <literal>main</literal>. Permettere l'accesso alle aree <literal>non-free</literal>, <literal>non-free-firmware</literal> e <literal>contrib</literal> non oscura la fonte dei pacchetti. L'uso interattivo a schermo intero di <literal>aptitude</literal>(8) fornisce piena visibilità e controllo su quali pacchetti vengono installati e da quali aree, per permettere di mantenere il proprio sistema libero quanto lo si desidera.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Package dependencies
it: Dipendenze dei pacchetti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The Debian system offers a consistent set of binary packages through its versioned binary dependency declaration mechanism in the control file fields.  Here is a bit over simplified definition for them.
it: Il sistema Debian offre un insieme coerente di pacchetti binari grazie al suo meccanismo di dichiarazione, nei campi di controllo dei file, delle dipendenze binarie basate su versioni . Ecco una definizione molto semplificata delle dipendenze.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "Depends"
it: "Depends" (Dipende)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: This declares an absolute dependency and all of the packages listed in this field must be installed at the same time or in advance.
it: Dichiara una dipendenza assoluta e tutti i pacchetti elencati in questo campo devono essere installati insieme a quello scelto o prima.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "Pre-Depends"
it: "Pre-Depends" (Pre-dipende)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: This is like Depends, except that it requires completed installation of the listed packages in advance.
it: È come "Depends", tranne che richiede l'installazione completa dei pacchetti elencati in anticipo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "Recommends"
it: "Recommends" (Raccomanda)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: This declares a strong, but not absolute, dependency.  Most users would not want the package unless all of the packages listed in this field are installed.
it: Dichiara una dipendenza forte, ma non assoluta. La maggior parte degli utenti non vorrà il pacchetto in esame a meno che tutti i pacchetti elencati non siano installati.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "Suggests"
it: "Suggests" (Consiglia)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: This declares a weak dependency.  Many users of this package may benefit from installing packages listed in this field but can have reasonable functions without them.
it: Dichiara una dipendenza debole. La maggior parte degli utenti del pacchetto potrebbe trarre vantaggio dall'installazione dei pacchetti elencati in questo campo, ma può ottenere una funzionalità adeguata senza di essi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "Enhances"
it: "Enhances" (Migliora)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: This declares a weak dependency like Suggests but works in the opposite direction.
it: Dichiara una dipendenza debole come "Suggests" ma in verso opposto.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "Breaks"
it: "Breaks" (Rompe)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: This declares a package incompatibility usually with some version specification.  Generally the resolution is to upgrade all of the packages listed in this field.
it: Dichiara un'incompatibilità del pacchetto di solito con qualche specifica versione. Generalmente la soluzione è di aggiornare tutti i pacchetti elencati in questo campo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "Conflicts"
it: "Conflicts" (Va in conflitto)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: This declares an absolute incompatibility.  All of the packages listed in this field must be removed to install this package.
it: Dichiara una incompatibilità assoluta. Tutti i pacchetti elencati in questo campo devono essere rimossi per installare il pacchetto in esame.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "Replaces"
it: "Replaces" (Sostituisce)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: This is declared when files installed by this package replace files in the listed packages.
it: Viene dichiarata quando i file installati dal pacchetto in esame sostituiscono i file nei pacchetti elencati.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "Provides"
it: "Provides" (Fornisce)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: This is declared when this package provide all of the files and functionality in the listed packages.
it: Viene dichiarata quando il pacchetto fornisce tutti i file e le funzionalità nei pacchetti elencati.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: Please note that defining "Provides", "Conflicts" and "Replaces" simultaneously to an virtual package is the sane configuration.  This ensures that only one real package providing this virtual package can be installed at any one time.
it: Notare che una buona configurazione per un pacchetto virtuale deve avere "Provides", "Conflicts" e "Replaces" simultaneamente definiti. Questo assicura che in un dato momento possa essere installato un solo pacchetto reale che fornisce il pacchetto virtuale.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The official definition including source dependency can be found in <ulink url="&thepolicymanualcsbetweenpackages;">the Policy Manual: Chapter 7 - Declaring relationships between packages</ulink>.
it: La definizione ufficiale, compresa quella di dipendenza dei sorgenti, può essere trovata nel <ulink url="&thepolicymanualcsbetweenpackages;">manuale Debian Policy, Capitolo 7, Dichiarare le relazioni tra i pacchetti</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The event flow of the package management
it: Il flusso di eventi nella gestione dei pacchetti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here is a summary of the simplified event flow of the package management by APT.
it: Ecco un riassunto semplificato del flusso di eventi nella gestione dei pacchetti con APT.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">Update</emphasis> ("<literal>apt update</literal>", "<literal>aptitude update</literal>" or "<literal>apt-get update</literal>"):
it: <emphasis role="strong">Aggiornamento informazioni</emphasis> ("<literal>apt update</literal>", "<literal>aptitude update</literal>" o "<literal>apt-get update</literal>"):

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Fetch archive metadata from remote archive
it: Recupera i metadati dell'archivio dall'archivio remoto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Reconstruct and update local metadata for use by APT
it: Ricostruisce e aggiorna i metadati locali usati da APT

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">Upgrade</emphasis> ("<literal>apt upgrade</literal>" and "<literal>apt full-upgrade</literal>", or "<literal>aptitude safe-upgrade</literal>" and "<literal>aptitude full-upgrade</literal>", or "<literal>apt-get upgrade</literal>" and "<literal>apt-get dist-upgrade</literal>"):
it: <emphasis role="strong">Aggiornamento</emphasis> («<literal>apt upgrade</literal>» e «<literal>apt full-upgrade</literal>» o «<literal>aptitude safe-upgrade</literal>» e «<literal>aptitude full-upgrade</literal>», o «<literal>apt-get upgrade</literal>» e «<literal>apt-get dist-upgrade</literal>»):

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Choose candidate version which is usually the latest available version for all installed packages (see <xref linkend="_tweaking_candidate_version"/> for exception)
it: Sceglie la versione candidata, che è solitamente la più recente disponibile, per tutti i pacchetti installati (per le eccezioni vedere <xref linkend="_tweaking_candidate_version"/>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Make package dependency resolution
it: Risolve le dipendenze dei pacchetti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Fetch selected binary packages from remote archive if candidate version is different from installed version
it: Se la versione candidata è diversa da quella installata, scarica i pacchetti binari selezionati dall'archivio remoto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Unpack fetched binary packages
it: Spacchetta i pacchetti binari scaricati

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Run <emphasis role="strong">preinst</emphasis> script
it: Esegue gli script <emphasis role="strong">preinst</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Install binary files
it: Installa i file binari

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Run <emphasis role="strong">postinst</emphasis> script
it: Esegue gli script <emphasis role="strong">postinst</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">Install</emphasis> ("<literal>apt install …</literal>", <literal>aptitude install …</literal>" or "<literal>apt-get install …</literal>"):
it: <emphasis role="strong">Installazione</emphasis> («<literal>apt install …</literal>», «<literal>aptitude install …</literal>» o «<literal>apt-get install …</literal>»):

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Choose packages listed on the command line
it: Sceglie i pacchetti elencati nella riga di comando

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Fetch selected binary packages from remote archive
it: Scarica i pacchetti binari selezionati dall'archivio remoto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">Remove</emphasis> ("<literal>apt remove …</literal>", "<literal>aptitude remove …</literal>" or "<literal>apt-get remove …</literal>"):
it: <emphasis role="strong">Rimozione</emphasis> («<literal>apt remove …</literal>», «<literal>aptitude remove …</literal>» o «<literal>apt-get remove …</literal>»):

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Run <emphasis role="strong">prerm</emphasis> script
it: Esegue gli script <emphasis role="strong">prerm</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Remove installed files <emphasis role="strong">except</emphasis> configuration files
it: Rimuove i file installati <emphasis role="strong">tranne</emphasis> i file di configurazione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Run <emphasis role="strong">postrm</emphasis> script
it: Esegue gli script <emphasis role="strong">postrm</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">Purge</emphasis> ("<literal>apt purge</literal>", "<literal>aptitude purge …</literal>" or "<literal>apt-get purge …</literal>"):
it: <emphasis role="strong">Rimozione completa</emphasis> («<literal>apt purge</literal>», «<literal>aptitude purge …</literal>» o «<literal>apt-get purge …</literal>»):

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Remove installed files <emphasis role="strong">including</emphasis> configuration files
it: Rimuove i file installati <emphasis role="strong">inclusi</emphasis> i file di configurazione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here, I intentionally skipped technical details for the sake of big picture.
it: Sono stati intenzionalmente omessi dettagli tecnici a favore di una più chiara vista d'insieme.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: First response to package management troubles
it: Prima risposta a problemi di gestione dei pacchetti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You should read the fine official documentation.  The first document to read is the Debian specific "<literal>/usr/share/doc/<emphasis>package_name</emphasis>/README.Debian</literal>".  Other documentation in "<literal>/usr/share/doc/<emphasis>package_name</emphasis>/</literal>" should be consulted too.  If you set shell as <xref linkend="_customizing_bash"/>, type the following.
it: Si dovrebbe leggere la bella documentazione ufficiale. Il primo documento da leggere è il file specifico per Debian, "<literal>/usr/share/doc/<emphasis>nome_pacchetto</emphasis>/README.Debian</literal>". Andrebbe consultata anche l'altra documentazione in "<literal>/usr/share/doc/<emphasis>nome_pacchetto</emphasis>/</literal>. Se la shell è impostata come in <xref linkend="_customizing_bash"/>, digitare quanto segue.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You may need to install the corresponding documentation package named with "<literal>-doc</literal>" suffix for detailed information.
it: Per informazioni dettagliate potrebbe essere necessario installare il pacchetto di documentazione corrispondente il cui nome ha il suffisso "<literal>-doc</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you are experiencing problems with a specific package, make sure to check out <ulink url="&thedebianbugtrackingsystembts;">the Debian bug tracking system (BTS)</ulink> sites, first.
it: Se si stanno avendo problemi con un pacchetto specifico, ricordarsi come prima cosa di controllare il sito del <ulink url="&thedebianbugtrackingsystembts;">Sistema Debian di tracciamento dei bug (BTS)</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of key web site to resolving problems with a specific package
it: Elenco dei siti web importanti per la risoluzione di problemi con un pacchetto specifico

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: web site
it: sito web

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Home page of <ulink url="&thedebianbugtrackingsystembts;">the Debian bug tracking system (BTS)</ulink>
it: Pagina web del <ulink url="&thedebianbugtrackingsystembts;">Sistema Debian di tracciamento dei bug (BTS)</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: The bug report of a known package name
it: Segnalazioni di bug di un pacchetto specifico

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>sensible-browser "https://bugs.debian.org/<emphasis>package_name</emphasis>"</literal>
it: <literal>sensible-browser "https://bugs.debian.org/<emphasis>nome_pacchetto</emphasis>"</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: The bug report of known bug number
it: Segnalazione di bug corrispondente ad un numero di bug

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>sensible-browser "https://bugs.debian.org/<emphasis>bug_number</emphasis>"</literal>
it: <literal>sensible-browser "https://bugs.debian.org/<emphasis>numero_bug</emphasis>"</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Search <ulink url="&google;">Google</ulink> with search words including "<literal>site:debian.org</literal>", "<literal>site:wiki.debian.org</literal>", "<literal>site:lists.debian.org</literal>", etc.
it: Cercare con <ulink url="&google;">Google</ulink> con parole chiave e aggiungendo "<literal>site:debian.org</literal>", "<literal>site:wiki.debian.org</literal>", "<literal>site:lists.debian.org</literal>", ecc.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: When you file a bug report, please use <literal>reportbug</literal>(1) command.
it: Quando si invia una segnalazione di bug, usare il comando <literal>reportbug</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: How to pick Debian packages
it: Come scegliere i pacchetti Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: When you encounter more than 2 similar packages and wonder which one to install without "trial and error" efforts, you should use some <emphasis role="strong">common sense</emphasis>.  I consider following points are good indications of preferred packages.
it: Quando si incontrano più di due pacchetti simili e non si sa quale installare senza doverli installare per prova, si dovrebbe usare un po' di <emphasis role="strong"> buon senso</emphasis>. Considero i punti seguenti un buon consiglio per i paccchetti da preferire.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Essential: yes &gt; no
it: Essenziale: sì &gt; no

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Priority: required &gt; important &gt; standard &gt; optional &gt; extra
it: Priorità: richiesto &gt; importante &gt; standard &gt; opzionale &gt; extra

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Tasks: packages listed in tasks such as "Desktop environment"
it: Task: pacchetti elencati in task come "Ambiente desktop"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Packages selected by the dependency package (e.g., <literal>gcc-10</literal> by <literal>gcc</literal>)
it: Pacchetti selezionati da pacchetti di dipendenze (es, <literal>gcc-10</literal> selezionato da <literal>gcc</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Popcon: higher in the vote and install number
it: Popcon: maggior numero di voti e di installazioni

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Changelog: regular updates by the maintainer
it: Changelog: aggiornamenti regolari da parte del manutentore

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: BTS: No RC bugs (no critical, no grave, and no serious bugs)
it: BTS: nessun bug RC (nessun bug critico, grave o serio)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: BTS: responsive maintainer to bug reports
it: BTS: manutentore sensibile alle segnalazioni di bug

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: BTS: higher number of the recently fixed bugs
it: BTS: maggior numero di bug risolti di recente

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: BTS: lower number of remaining non-wishlist bugs
it: BTS: minor numero di bug rimanenti non wishlist

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Debian being a volunteer project with distributed development model, its archive contains many packages with different focus and quality.  You must make your own decision what to do with them.
it: Essendo Debian un progetto di volontari con modello di sviluppo distribuito, i suoi archivi contengono molti pacchetti con scopi e qualità molto differenti. Si deve scegliere con la propria testa che uso farne.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: How to cope with conflicting requirements
it: Come affrontare requisiti in conflitto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Whatever suite of Debian system you may decide to use, you may still wish to run versions of programs which aren't available in that suite.  Even if you find binary packages of such programs in other Debian suites or in other non-Debian resources, their requirements may conflict with your current Debian system.
it: Qualsiasi sia la suite del sistema Debian che si decide di usare, si può comunque desiderare eseguire versioni di programmi che non sono disponibili in tale suite. Anche se si trovano pacchetti binari di tali programmi in altre suite Debian o in altre risorse Debian, i loro requisiti potrebbero essere in conflitto con il proprio sistema Debian attuale.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Although you can tweak package management system with <emphasis role="strong">apt-pinning</emphasis> technique etc. as described in <xref linkend="_tweaking_candidate_version"/> to instal such out-of-sync binary packages, such tweaking approaches have only limited use cases since they may break those programs and your system.
it: Sebbene si possa ritoccare il sistema di gestione dei pacchetti con la tecnica di <emphasis role="strong">apt-pinning</emphasis>, ecc., come descritta in <xref linkend="_tweaking_candidate_version"/> per installare tali pacchetti binari non in sincrono, questo approccio di ritocco ha casi d'uso limitati dato che può rendere non funzionanti tali programmi e il sistema.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Before brutally installing such out-of-sync packages, you should seek all available alternative safer technical solutions which are compatible with your current Debian syetem.
it: Prima di installare brutalmente simili pacchetti non in sincrono, si dovrebbero cercare tutte le soluzioni alternative più sicure disponibili, compatibili con il proprio sistema Debian attuale.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Install such programs using corresponding sandboxed upstream binary packages (see <xref linkend="_sandbox"/>).
it: Installare tali programmi usando un pacchetto binario originale in una sandbox (vedere <xref linkend="_sandbox"/>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Many mostly GUI programs such as LibreOffice and GNOME applications are available as <ulink url="&flatpak;">Flatpak</ulink>, <ulink url="&snap;">Snap</ulink>, or <ulink url="&appimage;">AppImage</ulink> packages.
it: Molti programmi, per lo più con GUI, come applicazioni LibreOffice e GNOME sono disponibili come pacchetti <ulink url="&flatpak;">Flatpak</ulink>, <ulink url="&snap;">Snap</ulink> o <ulink url="&appimage;">AppImage</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Create a chroot or similar environment and run such programs in it (see <xref linkend="_virtualized_system"/>).
it: Creare un ambiente chroot o simile ed eseguire tali programmi in esso (vedere <xref linkend="_virtualized_system"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: CLI commands can be executed easily under its compatible chroot (see <xref linkend="_chroot_system"/>).
it: I comandi CLI possono essere eseguiti facilmente in chroot compatibili (vedere <xref linkend="_chroot_system"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Multiple full desktop environments can be tried easily without reboot (see <xref linkend="_multiple_desktop_systems"/>).
it: Ambienti desktop completi diversi possono essere provati facilmente senza riavviare (vedere <xref linkend="_multiple_desktop_systems"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Build desired versions of binary packages which are compatible with your current Debian syetem by yourself.
it: Compilare da soli le versioni desiderate di pacchetti binari che sono compatibili con il proprio sistema Debian attuale.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: This is a <ulink url="&nontrivialtask;">non-trivial task</ulink> (see <xref linkend="_porting_a_package_to_the_stable_system"/>).
it: Questa è un'<ulink url="&nontrivialtask;">attività non banale</ulink> (vedere <xref linkend="_porting_a_package_to_the_stable_system"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Basic package management operations
it: Operazioni base per la gestione dei pacchetti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Repository based package management operations on the Debian system can be performed by many APT-based package management tools available on the Debian system.  Here, we explain 3 basic package management tools: <literal>apt</literal>, <literal>apt-get</literal> / <literal>apt-cache</literal> and <literal>aptitude</literal>.
it: Le operazioni di gestione dei pacchetti basate sui repository sul sistema Debian possono essere eseguite da molti strumenti di gestione dei pacchetti basati su APT disponibili sul sistema Debian. Qui, verranno spiegati 3 strumenti base di gestione dei pacchetti: <literal>apt</literal>, <literal>apt-get</literal> / <literal>apt-cache</literal> e <literal>aptitude</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: For the package management operation which involves package installation or updates package metadata, you need to have root privilege.
it: Per operazioni di gestione dei pacchetti che comportano l'installazione o l'aggiornamento dei metadati dei pacchetti, è necessario avere privilegi di root.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: <literal>apt</literal> vs. <literal>apt-get</literal> / <literal>apt-cache</literal> vs. <literal>aptitude</literal>
it: Confronti <literal>apt</literal> - <literal>apt-get</literal> / <literal>apt-cache</literal> - <literal>aptitude</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Although <literal>aptitude</literal> is a very nice interactive tool which the author mainly uses, you should know some cautionary facts:
it: Anche se <literal>aptitude</literal> è uno strumento interattivo molto bello ed è quello principalmente usato dall'autore, si dovrebbero conoscere alcuni avvertimenti:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The <literal>aptitude</literal> command is not recommended for the release-to-release system upgrade on the <literal>stable</literal> Debian system after the new release.
it: Il comando <literal>aptitude</literal> non è raccomandato per l'aggiornamento del sistema da un rilascio ad un altro sul sistema Debian <literal>stable</literal> dopo un nuovo rilascio.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The use of "<literal>apt full-upgrade</literal>" or "<literal>apt-get dist-upgrade</literal>" is recommended for it.  See <ulink url="&bugebbcia;">Bug #411280</ulink>.
it: Per questo è raccomandato l'uso di «<literal>apt full-upgrade</literal>» o «<literal>apt-get dist-upgrade</literal>». Vedere il <ulink url="&bugebbcia;">Bug nr. 411280</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The <literal>aptitude</literal> command sometimes suggests mass package removals for the system upgrade on the <literal>testing</literal> or <literal>unstable</literal> Debian system.
it: Il comando <literal>aptitude</literal> a volte suggerisce rimozioni in massa di pacchetti per l'aggiornamento del sistema sui sistemi Debian <literal>testing</literal> o <literal>unstable</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: This situation has frightened many system administrators.  Don't panic.
it: Questa situazione ha spaventato molti amministratori di sistema. Niente panico.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: This seems to be caused mostly by the version skew among packages depended or recommended by a meta-package such as <literal>gnome-core</literal>.
it: Ciò sembra essere dovuto soprattutto ad una non corrispondenza tra le versioni di pacchetti da cui dipende un metapacchetto o che sono raccomandate da un metapacchetto, come <literal>gnome-core</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: This can be resolved by selecting "Cancel pending actions" in the <literal>aptitude</literal> command menu, exiting <literal>aptitude</literal>, and using "<literal>apt full-upgrade</literal>".
it: Ciò può essere risolto selezionando «Annulla azioni in attesa» nel menu dei comandi di <literal>aptitude</literal>, uscendo da <literal>aptitude</literal> e usando «<literal>apt full-upgrade</literal>».

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <literal>apt-get</literal> and <literal>apt-cache</literal> commands are the most <emphasis role="strong">basic</emphasis> APT-based package management tools.
it: I comandi <literal>apt-get</literal> e <literal>apt-cache</literal> sono gli strumenti di gestione dei pacchetti basati su APT più a livello <emphasis role="strong">base</emphasis>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>apt-get</literal> and <literal>apt-cache</literal> offer only the commandline user interface.
it: <literal>apt-get</literal> e <literal>apt-cache</literal> offrono solo l'interfaccia utente a riga di comando.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>apt-get</literal> is most suitable for the <emphasis role="strong">major system upgrade</emphasis> between releases, etc.
it: <literal>apt-get</literal> è più adatto per gli <emphasis role="strong">aggiornamenti principali del sistema</emphasis> tra rilasci diversi, ecc.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>apt-get</literal> offers a <emphasis role="strong">robust</emphasis> package dependency resolver.
it: <literal>apt-get</literal> offre un sistema <emphasis role="strong">robusto</emphasis> di risoluzione delle dipendenze dei pacchetti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>apt-get</literal> is less demanding on hardware resources.  It consumes less memory and runs faster.
it: <literal>apt-get</literal> è meno avido di risorse di sistema. Consuma meno memoria ed è più veloce durante l'esecuzione.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>apt-cache</literal> offers a <emphasis role="strong">standard</emphasis> regex based search on the package name and description.
it: <literal>apt-cache</literal> offre una ricerca <emphasis role="strong">standard</emphasis>, basata su espressioni regolari, nei nomi e nelle descrizioni dei pacchetti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>apt-get</literal> and <literal>apt-cache</literal> can manage multiple versions of packages using <literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal> but it is quite cumbersome.
it: <literal>apt-get</literal> e <literal>apt-cache</literal> possono gestire più versioni dei pacchetti usando <literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>, ma è piuttosto elaborato farlo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <literal>apt</literal> command is a high-level commandline interface for package management. It is basically a wrapper of <literal>apt-get</literal>, <literal>apt-cache</literal> and similar commands, originally intended as an end-user interface and enables some options better suited for interactive usage by default.
it: Il comando <literal>apt</literal> è un'interfaccia a riga di comando di alto livello per la gestione dei pacchetti. Fondamentalmente è un wrapper di <literal>apt-get</literal>, <literal>apt-cache</literal> e comandi simili, originariamente pensata come interfaccia per l'utente finale e abilita in modo predefinito alcune opzioni più adatte per l'uso interattivo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>apt</literal> provides a friendly progress bar when installing packages using <literal>apt install</literal>.
it: <literal>apt</literal> fornisce una comoda barra di avanzamento quando si installano pacchetti usando <literal>apt install</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>apt</literal> will <emphasis role="strong">remove</emphasis> cached <literal>.deb</literal> packages by default after sucessful installation of downloaded packages.
it: <literal>apt</literal> <emphasis role="strong">elimina</emphasis> in modo predefinito i pacchetti <literal>.deb</literal> nella cache dopo l'installazione con successo dei pacchetti scaricati.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Users are recommended to use the new <literal>apt</literal>(8) command for <emphasis role="strong">interactive</emphasis> usage and use the <literal>apt-get</literal>(8) and <literal>apt-cache</literal>(8) commands in the shell script.
it: È raccomandato agli utenti di usare il nuovo comando <literal>apt</literal>(8) per l'uso <emphasis role="strong">interactive</emphasis> e di usare i comandi <literal>apt-get</literal>(8) e <literal>apt-cache</literal>(8) negli script di shell.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <literal>aptitude</literal> command is the most <emphasis role="strong">versatile</emphasis> APT-based package management tool.
it: Il comando <literal>aptitude</literal> è lo strumento di gestione dei pacchetti basato su APT più <emphasis role="strong">versatile</emphasis>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>aptitude</literal> offers the fullscreen interactive text user interface.
it: <literal>aptitude</literal> offre un'interfaccia utente testuale interattiva a schermo intero.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>aptitude</literal> offers the commandline user interface, too.
it: <literal>aptitude</literal> offre anche un'interfaccia utente a riga di comando.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>aptitude</literal> is most suitable for the <emphasis role="strong">daily interactive package management</emphasis> such as inspecting installed packages and searching available packages.
it: <literal>aptitude</literal> è più adatto per la <emphasis role="strong">gestione interattiva quotidiana dei pacchetti</emphasis>, come l'ispezione dei pacchetti installati e la ricerca dei pacchetti disponibili.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>aptitude</literal> is more demanding on hardware resources.  It consumes more memory and runs slower.
it: <literal>aptitude</literal> è più avido di risorse di sistema. Consuma più memoria ed è più lento durante l'esecuzione.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>aptitude</literal> offers an <emphasis role="strong">enhanced</emphasis> regex based search on all of the package metadata.
it: <literal>apt-cache</literal> offre una ricerca <emphasis role="strong">migliorata</emphasis>, basata su espressioni regolari, su tutti i metadati dei pacchetti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>aptitude</literal> can manage multiple versions of packages without using <literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal> and it is quite intuitive.
it: <literal>aptitude</literal> può gestire più versioni dei pacchetti senza usare <literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal> e farlo è piuttosto intuitivo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Basic package management operations with the commandline
it: Operazioni base per la gestione dei pacchetti dalla riga di comando

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here are basic package management operations with the commandline using <literal>apt</literal>(8), <literal>aptitude</literal>(8) and <literal>apt-get</literal>(8) /<literal>apt-cache</literal>(8).
it: Ecco alcune operazioni base di gestione dei pacchetti dalla riga di comando usando <literal>apt</literal>(8), <literal>aptitude</literal>(8) e <literal>apt-get</literal>(8) /<literal>apt-cache</literal>(8).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: Basic package management operations with the commandline using <literal>apt</literal>(8), <literal>aptitude</literal>(8) and <literal>apt-get</literal>(8) /<literal>apt-cache</literal>(8)
it: Operazioni base di gestione dei pacchetti dalla riga di comando usando <literal>aptitude</literal>(8) e <literal>apt-get</literal>(8) /<literal>apt-cache</literal>(8)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: <literal>apt</literal> syntax
it: sintassi per <literal>apt</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: <literal>aptitude</literal> syntax
it: sintassi per <literal>aptitude</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: <literal>apt-get</literal>/<literal>apt-cache</literal> syntax
it: sintassi per <literal>apt-get</literal>/<literal>apt-cache</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: update package archive metadata
it: aggiorna i metadati dell'archivio dei pacchetti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>apt install foo</literal>
it: <literal>apt install pippo</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>aptitude install foo</literal>
it: <literal>aptitude install pippo</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>apt-get install foo</literal>
it: <literal>apt-get install pippo</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: install candidate version of "<literal>foo</literal>" package with its dependencies
it: installa la versione candidata del pacchetto "<literal>pippo</literal>" con le sue dipendenze

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: install candidate version of installed packages without removing any other packages
it: installa le versioni candidate dei pacchetti installati senza rimuovere altri pacchetti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: install candidate version of installed packages while removing other packages if needed
it: installa le versioni candidate dei pacchetti installati e rimuove, se necessario, altri pacchetti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>apt remove foo</literal>
it: <literal>apt remove pippo</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>aptitude remove foo</literal>
it: <literal>aptitude remove pippo</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>apt-get remove foo</literal>
it: <literal>apt-get remove pippo</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: remove "<literal>foo</literal>" package while leaving its configuration files
it: rimuove il pacchetto "<literal>pippo</literal>" lasciando i suoi file di configurazione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: remove auto-installed packages which are no longer required
it: rimuove i pacchetti installati automaticamente che non sono più necessari

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>apt purge foo</literal>
it: <literal>apt purge pippo</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>aptitude purge foo</literal>
it: <literal>aptitude purge pippo</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>apt-get purge foo</literal>
it: <literal>apt-get purge pippo</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: purge "<literal>foo</literal>" package with its configuration files
it: elimina completamente il pacchetto "<literal>pippo</literal>" con i suoi file di configurazione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: clear out the local repository of retrieved package files completely
it: pulisce completamente il repository locale dei file dei pacchetti scaricati

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: clear out the local repository of retrieved package files for outdated packages
it: pulisce il repository locale dei file dei pacchetti scaricati che sono obsoleti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>apt show foo</literal>
it: <literal>apt show pippo</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>aptitude show foo</literal>
it: <literal>aptitude show pippo</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>apt-cache show foo</literal>
it: <literal>apt-cache show pippo</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display detailed information about "<literal>foo</literal>" package
it: mostra informazioni dettagliate sul pacchetto "<literal>pippo</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: search packages which match <emphasis>regex</emphasis>
it: cerca i pacchetti che corrispondono all'espressione regolare <emphasis>regex</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: explain the reason why <emphasis>regex</emphasis> matching packages should be installed
it: spiega le ragioni per cui i pacchetti che corrispondono a <emphasis>regex</emphasis> dovrebbero essere installati

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: explain the reason why <emphasis>regex</emphasis> matching packages can not be installed
it: spiega le ragioni per cui i pacchetti che corrispondono a <emphasis>regex</emphasis> non dovrebbero essere installati

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: list manually installed packages
it: elenca i pacchetti installati manualmente

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <literal>apt</literal> / <literal>apt-get</literal> and <literal>aptitude</literal> can be mixed without major troubles.
it: <literal>apt</literal> / <literal>apt-get</literal> e <literal>aptitude</literal> possono essere mescolati senza grandi problemi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The "<literal>aptitude why <emphasis>regex</emphasis></literal>" can list more information by "<literal>aptitude -v why <emphasis>regex</emphasis></literal>".  Similar information can be obtained by "<literal>apt rdepends <emphasis>package</emphasis></literal>" or "<literal>apt-cache rdepends <emphasis>package</emphasis></literal>".
it: «<literal>aptitude why <emphasis>regex</emphasis></literal>» può mostrare ancor più informazioni se usato come «<literal>aptitude -v why <emphasis>regex</emphasis></literal>». Informazioni simili possono essere ottenute con «<literal>apt rdepends <emphasis>package</emphasis></literal>» o «<literal>apt-cache rdepends <emphasis>package</emphasis></literal>».

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: When <literal>aptitude</literal> command is started in the commandline mode and faces some issues such as package conflicts, you can switch to the full screen interactive mode by pressing "<literal>e</literal>"-key later at the prompt.
it: Quando il comando <literal>aptitude</literal> è avviato in modalità a riga di comando e si trova davanti a problemi come conflitti tra pacchetti, si può passare alla modalità interattiva a tutto schermo premendo successivamente il tasto "<literal>e</literal>" al prompt.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: Although the <literal>aptitude</literal> command comes with rich features such as its enhanced package resolver, this complexity has caused (or may still causes) some regressions such as <ulink url="&bugebbbcd;">Bug #411123</ulink>, <ulink url="&bugfbejda;">Bug #514930</ulink>, and <ulink url="&bugfhadhh;">Bug #570377</ulink>.  In case of doubt, please use the <literal>apt</literal>, <literal>apt-get</literal> and <literal>apt-cache</literal> commands over the <literal>aptitude</literal> command.
it: Sebbene il comando <literal>aptitude</literal> sia dotato di moltissime funzionalità come il suo risolutore avanzato di conflitti tra pacchetti, questa complessità ha causato (o può ancora causare) alcune regressioni quali i <ulink url="&bugebbbcd;">Bug nr. 411123</ulink>, <ulink url="&bugfbejda;">Bug nr. 514930</ulink> e <ulink url="&bugfhadhh;">Bug nr. 570377</ulink>. In caso di dubbio, preferire i comandi <literal>apt</literal>, <literal>apt-get</literal> e <literal>apt-cache</literal> al comando <literal>aptitude</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You may provide command options right after "<literal>aptitude</literal>".
it: Si possono usare opzioni per il comando immediatamente dopo "<literal>aptitude</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: Notable command options for <literal>aptitude</literal>(8)
it: Opzioni degne di nota per il comando <literal>aptitude</literal>(8)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: command option
it: opzione per il comando

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: simulate the result of the command
it: simula il risultato del comando

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: download only but no install/upgrade
it: scarica solamente ma non installa/aggiorna

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: show brief explanations before the automatic installations and removals
it: mostra delle brevi spiegazioni prima di installazioni e rimozioni automatiche

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See <literal>aptitude</literal>(8) and "aptitude user's manual" at "<literal>/usr/share/doc/aptitude/README</literal>" for more.
it: Per maggiori informazioni vedere <literal>aptitude</literal>(8) e il "manuale utente di aptitude" in "<literal>/usr/share/doc/aptitude/README</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Interactive use of aptitude
it: Uso interattivo di aptitude

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For the interactive package management, you start <literal>aptitude</literal> in interactive mode from the console shell prompt as follows.
it: Per la gestione interattiva dei pacchetti, si avvia <literal>aptitude</literal> in modalità interattiva dal prompt di shell della console nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This updates the local copy of the archive information and display the package list in the full screen with menu.  Aptitude places its configuration at "<literal>~/.aptitude/config</literal>".
it: In questo modo si aggiorna la copia locale delle informazioni sull'archivio e viene mostrato l'elenco dei pacchetti in una schermata a pieno schermo. Aptitude posiziona la sua configurazione in "<literal>~/.aptitude/config</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: If you want to use root's configuration instead of user's one, use "<literal>sudo -H aptitude …</literal>" instead of "<literal>sudo aptitude …</literal>" in the above expression.
it: Se si desidera usare la configurazione di root, invece di quella dell'utente, usare "<literal>sudo -H aptitude …</literal>" invece di "<literal>sudo aptitude …</literal>", come nell'esempio precedente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: <literal>Aptitude</literal> automatically sets <emphasis role="strong">pending actions</emphasis> as it is started interactively. If you do not like it, you can reset it from menu: "Action" → "Cancel pending actions".
it: <literal>Aptitude</literal> imposta automaticamente le <emphasis role="strong">azioni pendenti</emphasis> quando viene avviato in modalità interattiva. Se ciò non piace, si può reimpostarlo usando il menu: "Azioni" → "Annulla azioni in attesa".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Key bindings of aptitude
it: Associazioni dei tasti per aptitude

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Notable key strokes to browse status of packages and to set "planned action" on them in this full screen mode are the following.
it: Quelle che seguono sono le associazioni di tasti degne di nota usate, nella modalità a schermo intero, per sfogliare lo stato dei pacchetti e per impostare "azioni pianificate" su di essi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of key bindings for aptitude
it: Elenco delle associazioni di tasti per aptitude

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>F10</literal> or <literal>Ctrl-t</literal>
it: <literal>F10</literal> o <literal>Ctrl-t</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display <emphasis role="strong">help</emphasis> for keystroke (more complete listing)
it: mostra l'<emphasis role="strong">aiuto</emphasis> per i tasti (elenco più completo)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>F10</literal> → Help → User's Manual
it: <literal>F10</literal> → Aiuto → Manuale utente

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display User's Manual
it: mostra il Manuale utente

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: update package archive information
it: aggiorna le informazioni sull'archivio dei pacchetti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: mark the package for the <emphasis role="strong">upgrade</emphasis> or the <emphasis role="strong">install</emphasis>
it: segna il pacchetto per l'<emphasis role="strong">aggiornamento</emphasis> o l'<emphasis role="strong">installazione</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: mark the package for the <emphasis role="strong">remove</emphasis> (keep configuration files)
it: segna il pacchetto per la <emphasis role="strong">rimozione</emphasis> (mantiene i file di configurazione)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: mark the package for the <emphasis role="strong">purge</emphasis> (remove configuration files)
it: segna il pacchetto per l'<emphasis role="strong">eliminazione completa</emphasis> (rimuove i file di configurazione)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: place the package on <emphasis role="strong">hold</emphasis>
it: <emphasis role="strong">blocca</emphasis> il pacchetto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: mark all upgradable packages (function as <emphasis role="strong">full-upgrade</emphasis>)
it: segna tutti i pacchetti aggiornabili (funziona come <emphasis role="strong">full-upgrade</emphasis>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: start <emphasis role="strong">downloading</emphasis> and <emphasis role="strong">installing</emphasis> selected packages
it: inizia a <emphasis role="strong">scaricare</emphasis> e <emphasis role="strong">installare</emphasis> i pacchetti selezionati

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: quit current screen and save changes
it: esce dalla schermata attuale e salva i cambiamenti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: quit current screen and discard changes
it: esce dalla schermata attuale e scarta i cambiamenti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>Enter</literal>
it: <literal>Invio</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: view information about a package
it: visualizza le informazioni su un pacchetto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: view a package's changelog
it: visualizza il registro dei cambiamenti di un pacchetto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: change the limit for the displayed packages
it: cambia la limitazione dei pacchetti visualizzati

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: search for the first match
it: cerca la prima corrispondenza

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: repeat the last search
it: ripete l'ultima ricerca

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The file name specification of the command line and the menu prompt after pressing "<literal>l</literal>" and "<literal>//</literal>" take the aptitude regex as described below.  Aptitude regex can explicitly match a package name using a string started by "<literal>~n</literal>" and followed by the package name.
it: Le espressioni regolari usate per specificare il nome di pacchetto nella riga di comando e nel prompt del menu dopo aver premuto "<literal>l</literal>" o "<literal>//</literal>" sono descritte in seguito.  Le espressioni regolari di aptitude possono esplicitamente trovare corrispondenze con nomi di pacchetto usando una stringa che inizia con "<literal>~n</literal> seguita dal nome del pacchetto.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: You need to press "<literal>U</literal>" to get all the installed packages upgraded to the <emphasis role="strong">candidate version</emphasis> in the visual interface.  Otherwise only the selected packages and certain packages with versioned dependency to them are upgraded to the <emphasis role="strong">candidate version</emphasis>.
it: È necessario premere "<literal>U</literal>" per aggiornare tutti i pacchetti installati alla <emphasis role="strong">versione candidata</emphasis> nell'interfaccia interattiva. Altrimenti vengono aggiornati alla <emphasis role="strong">versione candidata</emphasis> solo i pacchetti selezionati e quelli da una cui particolare versione dipendono altri.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Package views under aptitude
it: Viste dei pacchetti in aptitude

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: In the interactive full screen mode of <literal>aptitude</literal>(8), packages in the package list are displayed as the next example.
it: Nella modalità interattiva a tutto schermo di <literal>aptitude</literal>(8), i pacchetti nell'elenco vengono mostrati come nell'esempio seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here, this line means from the left as the following.
it: Il significato degli elementi di questa riga, partendo da sinistra, è il seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The "current state" flag (the first letter)
it: Il flag di "stato attuale" (la prima lettera)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The "planned action" flag (the second letter)
it: Il flag di "azione pianificata" (la seconda lettera)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The "automatic" flag (the third letter)
it: Il flag "automatico" (la terza lettera)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The Package name
it: Il nome del pacchetto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The change in disk space usage attributed to "planned action"
it: Il cambiamento in termini di uso dello spazio su disco collegato dall'"azione pianificata"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The current version of the package
it: La versione attuale del pacchetto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The candidate version of the package
it: La versione candidata del pacchetto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: The full list of flags are given at the bottom of <emphasis role="strong">Help</emphasis> screen shown by pressing "<literal>?</literal>".
it: L'elenco completo dei flag è fornito alla fine della schermata mostrata di <emphasis role="strong">Aiuto</emphasis> mostrata se si preme "<literal>?</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <emphasis role="strong">candidate version</emphasis> is chosen according to the current local preferences (see <literal>apt_preferences</literal>(5) and <xref linkend="_tweaking_candidate_version"/>).
it: La <emphasis role="strong">versione candidata</emphasis> è scelta in base alle preferenze locali attuali (vedere <literal>apt_preferences</literal>(5) e <xref linkend="_tweaking_candidate_version"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Several types of package views are available under the menu "<literal>Views</literal>".
it: Diversi tipi di viste per i pacchetti sono disponibili nel menu "<literal>Viste</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of views for aptitude
it: Elenco delle viste di aptitude

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: view
it: vista

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: description of view
it: descrizione della vista

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>Package View</literal>
it: <literal>Vista dei pacchetti</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: see <xref linkend="standard-package-views"/> (default)
it: vedere <xref linkend="standard-package-views"/> (vista standard)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>Audit Recommendations</literal>
it: <literal>Controlla Raccomandati</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: list packages which are recommended by some installed packages but not yet installed
it: elenca i pacchetti che sono raccomandati da alcuni dei pacchetti installati, ma non sono ancora installati

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>Flat Package List</literal>
it: <literal>Elenco unico dei pacchetti</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: list packages without categorization (for use with regex)
it: elenca i pacchetti senza organizzarli in gruppi (per l'uso con espressioni regolari)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>Debtags Browser</literal>
it: <literal>Consultazione per «Debtags»</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: list packages categorized according to their <ulink url="&debtags;">debtags</ulink> entries
it: elenca i pacchetti organizzati in base alle loro voci <ulink url="&debtags;">Debtags</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>Source Package View</literal>
it: <literal>Vista dei pacchetti sorgenti</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: list packages grouped by source packages
it: elenca i pacchetti raggruppati per pacchetti sorgente

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: Please help us <ulink url="&improvingtaggingkageswithdebtags;">improving tagging packages with debtags!</ulink>
it: È estremamente benvenuto ogni aiuto per <ulink url="&improvingtaggingkageswithdebtags;">migliorare l'assegnazione di etichette Debtags ai pacchetti!</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The standard "<literal>Package View</literal>" categorizes packages somewhat like <literal>dselect</literal> with few extra features.
it: La "<literal>Vista dei pacchetti</literal>" standard organizza i pacchetti un po' nello stile di <literal>dselect</literal> con alcune funzionalità extra.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: The categorization of standard package views
it: Organizzazione delle viste standard dei pacchetti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: category
it: categoria

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>Upgradable Packages</literal>
it: <literal>Pacchetti aggiornabili</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: list packages organized as <literal>section</literal> → <literal>area</literal> → <literal>package</literal>
it: elenca i pacchetti organizzati in <literal>sezione</literal> → <literal>area</literal> → <literal>pacchetto</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>New Packages</literal>
it: <literal>Pacchetti nuovi</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>Installed Packages</literal>
it: <literal>Pacchetti installati</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>Not Installed Packages</literal>
it: <literal>Pacchetti non installati</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>Obsolete and Locally Created Packages</literal>
it: <literal>Pacchetti obsoleti e creati localmente</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>Virtual Packages</literal>
it: <literal>Pacchetti virtuali</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: list packages with the same function
it: elenca i pacchetti con la stessa funzione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>Tasks</literal>
it: <literal>Task</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: list packages with different functions generally needed for a task
it: elenca i pacchetti con funzioni diverse solitamente necessarie per una stessa attività

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: <literal>Tasks</literal> view can be used to cherry pick packages for your task.
it: La vista dei <literal>Task</literal> può essere usata per scegliere a uno a uno i pacchetti per le proprie attività.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Search method options with aptitude
it: Opzioni per i metodi di ricerca in aptitude

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Aptitude offers several options for you to search packages using its regex formula.
it: Aptitude offre diverse opzioni per cercare pacchetti usando il suo schema di espressioni regolari.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Shell commandline:
it: Nella riga di comando della shell:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>aptitude search '<emphasis>aptitude_regex</emphasis>'</literal>" to list installation status, package name and short description of matching packages
it: "<literal>aptitude search '<emphasis>regex_aptitude</emphasis>'</literal>" per elencare lo stato di installazione, il nome del pacchetto ed una descrizione breve dei pacchetti che corrispondono.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>aptitude show '<emphasis>package_name</emphasis>'</literal>" to list detailed description of the package
it: "<literal>aptitude show '<emphasis>nome_pacchetto</emphasis>'</literal>" per elencare una descrizione dettagliata del pacchetto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Interactive full screen mode:
it: Nella modalità interattiva a tutto schermo:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>l</literal>" to limit package view to matching packages
it: "<literal>l</literal>" per limitare la vista dei pacchetti ai pacchetti che corrispondono

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/</literal>" for search to a matching package
it: "<literal>/</literal>" per cercare un pacchetto che corrisponda

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>\</literal>" for backward search to a matching package
it: "<literal>\</literal>" per cercare all'indietro un pacchetto che corrisponda

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>n</literal>" for find-next
it: "<literal>n</literal>" per trovare il successivo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>N</literal>" for find-next (backward)
it: "<literal>N</literal>" per trovare il successivo (all'indietro)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: The string for <emphasis>package_name</emphasis> is treated as the exact string match to the package name unless it is started explicitly with "<literal>~</literal>" to be the regex formula.
it: La stringa <emphasis>package_name</emphasis> viene usata per trovare una corrispondenza esatta con il nome di pacchetto a meno che non venga esplicitamente fatta iniziare con "<literal>~</literal>" per indicare una espressione regolare.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The aptitude regex formula
it: La struttura delle espressioni regolari di aptitude

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The aptitude regex formula is mutt-like extended <emphasis role="strong">ERE</emphasis> (see <xref linkend="_regular_expressions"/>) and the meanings of the <literal>aptitude</literal> specific special match rule extensions are as follows.
it: La struttura delle  espressioni regolari di aptitude è quella di <emphasis role="strong">ERE</emphasis> (vedere <xref linkend="_regular_expressions"/>) estese in stile mutt ed il significato delle speciali regole estese di corrispondenza, specifiche di <literal>aptitude</literal>, è il seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of the aptitude regex formula
it: Elenco delle regole per espressioni regolari di aptitude

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: description of the extended match rule
it: descrizione della regola estesa di corrispondenza

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: regex formula
it: struttura della espressione regolare

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match on package name
it: corrispondenza con il nome di pacchetto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>~n<emphasis>regex_name</emphasis></literal>
it: <literal>~n<emphasis>regex_nome</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match on description
it: corrispondenza con la descrizione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>~d<emphasis>regex_description</emphasis></literal>
it: <literal>~d<emphasis>regex_descrizione</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match on task name
it: corrispondenza con il nome del task

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match on debtag
it: corrispondenza con il debtag

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match on maintainer
it: corrispondenza con il manutentore

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>~m<emphasis>regex_maintainer</emphasis></literal>
it: <literal>~m<emphasis>regex_mantainer</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match on package section
it: corrispondenza con la sezione del pacchetto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>~s<emphasis>regex_section</emphasis></literal>
it: <literal>~s<emphasis>regex_sezione</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match on package version
it: corrispondenza con la versione del pacchetto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>~V<emphasis>regex_version</emphasis></literal>
it: <literal>~V<emphasis>regex_versione</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match archive
it: corrispondenza con l'archivio

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match origin
it: corrispondenza con l'origine

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match priority
it: corrispondenza con la priorità

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match essential packages
it: corrispondenza con pacchetti essenziali

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match virtual packages
it: corrispondenza con pacchetti virtuali

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match new packages
it: corrispondenza con pacchetti nuovi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match with pending action
it: corrispondenza con azioni pendenti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match installed packages
it: corrispondenza con pacchetti installati

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match installed packages with <emphasis role="strong">A</emphasis>-mark (auto installed packages)
it: corrispondenza con pacchetti installati e con l'indicatore <emphasis role="strong">A</emphasis> (pacchetti installati automaticamente)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match installed packages without <emphasis role="strong">A</emphasis>-mark (administrator selected packages)
it: corrispondenza con i pacchetti installati e senza l'indicatore <emphasis role="strong">A</emphasis> (pacchetti selezionati dall'amministratore)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match installed and upgradable packages
it: corrispondenza con pacchetti installati che sono aggiornabili

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match removed but not purged packages
it: corrispondenza con pacchetti rimossi ma non eliminati completamente

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match removed, purged or can-be-removed packages
it: corrispondenza con pacchetti rimossi, eliminati o che possono essere rimossi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match packages declaring a broken dependency
it: corrispondenza con pacchetti che dichiarano problemi di dipendenze

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match packages declaring broken dependency of <emphasis>type</emphasis>
it: corrispondenza con pacchetti con problemi di dipendenze di tipo <emphasis>tipo</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>~B<emphasis>type</emphasis></literal>
it: <literal>~B<emphasis>tipo</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match <emphasis>pattern</emphasis> packages declaring dependency of <emphasis>type</emphasis>
it: corrispondenza con pacchetti <emphasis>modello</emphasis> con dipendenze di tipo <emphasis>tipo</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>~D[<emphasis>type</emphasis>:]<emphasis>pattern</emphasis></literal>
it: <literal>~D[<emphasis>tipo</emphasis>:]<emphasis>modello</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match <emphasis>pattern</emphasis> packages declaring broken dependency of <emphasis>type</emphasis>
it: corrispondenza con pacchetti <emphasis>modello</emphasis> con dipendenze non soddisfatte di tipo <emphasis>tipo</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>~DB[<emphasis>type</emphasis>:]<emphasis>pattern</emphasis></literal>
it: <literal>~DB[<emphasis>tipo</emphasis>:]<emphasis>modello</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match packages to which the <emphasis>pattern</emphasis> matching package declares dependency <emphasis>type</emphasis>
it: corrispondenza con pacchetti verso i quali il pacchetto che corrisponde a <emphasis>modello</emphasis> dichiara una dipendenza di tipo <emphasis>tipo</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>~R[<emphasis>type</emphasis>:]<emphasis>pattern</emphasis></literal>
it: <literal>~R[<emphasis>tipo</emphasis>:]<emphasis>modello</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match packages to which the <emphasis>pattern</emphasis> matching package declares broken dependency <emphasis>type</emphasis>
it: corrispondenza con pacchetti verso i quali il pacchetto <emphasis>termine</emphasis> dichiara una dipendenza non soddisfatta di tipo <emphasis>tipo</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>~RB[<emphasis>type</emphasis>:]<emphasis>pattern</emphasis></literal>
it: <literal>~RB[<emphasis>tipo</emphasis>:]<emphasis>modello</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match packages to which some other installed packages depend on
it: corrispondenza con pacchetti da cui dipende un qualche altro pacchetto installato

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match packages to which no other installed packages depend on
it: corrispondenza con pacchetti da cui non dipende alcun pacchetto installato

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match packages to which some other installed packages depend or recommend on
it: corrispondenza con pacchetti da cui dipende o che vengono raccomandati da qualche altro pacchetto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match <emphasis>pattern</emphasis> package with filtered version
it: corrispondenza con pacchetto <emphasis>modello</emphasis> con filtro sulle versioni

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>~S filter <emphasis>pattern</emphasis></literal>
it: <literal>~S filtro <emphasis>modello</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match all packages (true)
it: corrispondenza con tutti i pacchetti (vero)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match no packages (false)
it: corrispondenza con nessun pacchetto (falso)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The regex part is the same <emphasis role="strong">ERE</emphasis> as the one used in typical Unix-like text tools using "<literal>^</literal>", "<literal>.*</literal>", "<literal>$</literal>" etc. as in <literal>egrep</literal>(1), <literal>awk</literal>(1) and <literal>perl</literal>(1).
it: Il formato dell'espressione regolare è la stessa di quello <emphasis role="strong">ERE</emphasis> usato nei tipici strumenti per il testo in stile Unix "<literal>^</literal>", "<literal>.*</literal>", "<literal>$</literal>", ecc. come in <literal>egrep</literal>(1), <literal>awk</literal>(1) e <literal>perl</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The dependency <emphasis>type</emphasis> is one of (depends, predepends, recommends, suggests, conflicts, replaces, provides) specifying the package interrelationship.
it: Il <emphasis>tipo</emphasis> di relazione è uno tra depends, predepends, recommends, suggests, conflicts, replaces, provides, e definisce la relazione tra i pacchetti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The default dependency <emphasis>type</emphasis> is "depends".
it: Il <emphasis>tipo</emphasis> di dipendenza predefinito è "depends".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: When <emphasis>regex_pattern</emphasis> is a null string, place "<literal>~T</literal>" immediately after the command.
it: Quando <emphasis>modello_regex</emphasis> è una stringa vuota, mettere "<literal>~T</literal>" immediatamente dopo il comando.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here are some short cuts.
it: Ecco alcune scorciatoie.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>~P<emphasis>term</emphasis></literal>" == "<literal>~Dprovides:<emphasis>term</emphasis></literal>"
it: "<literal>~P<emphasis>termine</emphasis></literal>" == "<literal>~Dprovides:<emphasis>termine</emphasis></literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>~C<emphasis>term</emphasis></literal>" == "<literal>~Dconflicts:<emphasis>term</emphasis></literal>"
it: "<literal>~C<emphasis>termine</emphasis></literal>" == "<literal>~Dconflicts:<emphasis>termine</emphasis></literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>…~W term</literal>" == "<literal>(…|term)</literal>"
it: "<literal>…~W termine</literal>" == "<literal>(…|termine)</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Users familiar with <literal>mutt</literal> pick up quickly, as mutt was the inspiration for the expression syntax. See "SEARCHING, LIMITING, AND EXPRESSIONS" in the "User's Manual" "<literal>/usr/share/doc/aptitude/README</literal>".
it: Gli utenti che hanno familiarità con <literal>mutt</literal> imparano presto, dato che la sintassi per le espressioni si è ispirata a mutt. Vedere "SEARCHING, LIMITING, AND EXPRESSIONS" nel "Manuale utente", "<literal>/usr/share/doc/aptitude/README</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: With the <literal>lenny</literal> version of <literal>aptitude</literal>(8), the new <emphasis role="strong">long form</emphasis> syntax such as "<literal>?broken</literal>" may be used for regex matching in place for its old <emphasis role="strong">short form</emphasis> equivalent "<literal>~b</literal>". Now space character "<literal> </literal>" is considered as one of the regex terminating character in addition to tilde character "<literal>~</literal>".  See "User's Manual" for the new <emphasis role="strong">long form</emphasis> syntax.
it: Con la versione <literal>lenny</literal> di <literal>aptitude</literal>(8), può essere usata la nuova sintassi in <emphasis role="strong">forma lunga</emphasis> come "<literal>?broken</literal>" invece del vecchio equivalente in <emphasis role="strong">forma breve "</emphasis> "<literal>~b</literal>". Il carattere di spazio "<literal> </literal>" è ora considerato uno dei caratteri che terminano l'espressione regolare, oltre al carattere tilde "<literal>~</literal>". Vedere il "Manuale utente" per la sintassi della nuova <emphasis role="strong">forma lunga</emphasis>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Dependency resolution of aptitude
it: Risoluzione delle dipendenze di aptitude

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The selection of a package in <literal>aptitude</literal> not only pulls in packages which are defined in its "<literal>Depends:</literal>" list but also defined in the "<literal>Recommends:</literal>" list if the menu "<literal>F10</literal> → Options → Preferences → Dependency handling" is set accordingly.  These auto installed packages are removed automatically if they are no longer needed under <literal>aptitude</literal>.
it: Se la voce di menu<literal>F10</literal> → Opzioni → Preferenze → Gestione delle dipendenze" è impostata in modo appropriato, selezionando un pacchetto in <literal>aptitude</literal> non si richiamano solamente i pacchetti definiti nel suo elenco "<literal>Depends:</literal>", ma anche quelli nell'elenco "<literal>Recommends:</literal>". Questi pacchetti installati automaticamente vengo rimossi automaticamente se non sono più necessari secondo <literal>aptitude</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The flag controlling the "auto install" behavior of the <literal>aptitude</literal> command can also be manipulated using the <literal>apt-mark</literal>(8) command from the <literal>apt</literal> package.
it: L'opzione che controlla il comportamento di "installazione automatica" del comando <literal>aptitude</literal> può anche essere manipolata usando il comando <literal>apt-mark</literal>(8) dal pacchetto <literal>apt</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Package activity logs
it: Registri delle attività sui pacchetti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can check package activity history in the log files.
it: Si può controllare lo storico delle attività sui pacchetti nei file di registro.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: The log files for package activities
it: File di registro per le attività sui pacchetti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: content
it: contenuto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Log of <literal>dpkg</literal> level activity for all package activities
it: Registro delle attività a livello <literal>dpkg</literal> per tutte le attività sui pacchetti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Log of generic APT activity
it: Registro delle attività APT generiche

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Log of <literal>aptitude</literal> command activity
it: Registro delle attività di comandi <literal>aptitude</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: In reality, it is not so easy to get meaningful understanding quickly out from these logs.  See <xref linkend="_recording_changes_in_configuration_files"/> for easier way.
it: In realtà non è facile ottenere delle informazioni immediatamente comprensibili da questi file di registro. Vedere <xref linkend="_recording_changes_in_configuration_files"/> per un metodo più facile.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Examples of aptitude operations
it: Esempi di operazioni con aptitude

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Here are few examples of <literal>aptitude</literal>(8) operations.
it: Ecco alcuni esempi di operazioni con <literal>aptitude</literal>(8).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Seeking interesting packages
it: Cercare pacchetti interessanti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can seek packages which satisfy your needs with <literal>aptitude</literal> from the package description or from the list under "Tasks".
it: Si possono cercare i pacchetti che soddisfano i propri bisogni con <literal>aptitude</literal> in base alla descrizione del pacchetto o dall'elenco in "Task".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Listing packages with regex matching on package names
it: Elencare pacchetti in base alla corrispondenza del nome con espressioni regolari

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The following command lists packages with regex matching on package names.
it: Il seguente comando elenca i pacchetti i cui nomi corrispondono alle espressioni regolari specificate.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This is quite handy for you to find the exact name of a package.
it: È piuttosto utile se si desidera trovare il nome esatto di un pacchetto.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Browsing with the regex matching
it: Sfogliare le corrispondenze ad una espressione regolare

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The regex "<literal>~dipv6</literal>" in the "New Flat Package List" view with "<literal>l</literal>" prompt, limits view to packages with the matching description and let you browse their information interactively.
it: L'espressione regolare "<literal>~dipv6</literal>" nel prompt di "<literal>l</literal>" nella vista "Nuovo elenco unico dei pacchetti", limita la visualizzazione dei pacchetti a quelli la cui descrizione corrisponde all'espressione "ipv6" e permette di sfogliare interattivamente le loro informazioni.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Purging removed packages for good
it: Eliminare completamente i pacchetti rimosssi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can purge all remaining configuration files of removed packages.
it: Si possono eliminare tutti i file di configurazione rimasti di pacchetti rimossi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Check results of the following command.
it: Controllare il risultato del comando seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you think listed packages are OK to be purged, execute the following command.
it: Se si pensa che sia giusto rimuover i pacchetti elencati, eseguire il comando seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You may want to do the similar in the interactive mode for fine grained control.
it: Si può fare la stessa cosa in modalità interattiva per avere un controllo più dettagliato.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You provide the regex "<literal>~c</literal>" in the "New Package View" view with "<literal>l</literal>" prompt.  This limits the package view only to regex matched packages, i.e., "removed but not purged".  All these regex matched packages can be shown by pressing "<literal>[</literal>" at top level headings.
it: Fornire l'espressione regolare "<literal>~c</literal>" al prompt di "<literal>l</literal>" nella vista "Nuova vista dei pacchetti". In questo modo si limita la visualizzazione a quei pacchetti che corrispondono all'espressione regolare, cioè "rimossi ma non eliminati completamente". Tutte le corrispondenze trovate possono essere mostrate premendo "<literal>[</literal>" nelle intestazioni di primo livello.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Then you press "<literal>_</literal>" at top level headings such as "Not Installed Packages".  Only regex matched packages under the heading are marked to be purged by this.  You can exclude some packages to be purged by pressing "<literal>=</literal>" interactively for each of them.
it: Premere poi "<literal>_</literal>" nell'intestazione di primo livello, come "Pacchetti non installati". In questo modo vengono selezionati per l'eliminazione completa solo quei pacchetti contenuti sotto l'intestazione che hanno fatto corrispondenza con l'espressione regolare. Si possono escludere alcuni pacchetti in modo interattivo dall'eliminazione premendo "<literal>=</literal>" per ciascuno di essi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This technique is quite handy and works for many other command keys.
it: Questa tecnica è piuttosto comoda e funziona per molti altri tasti di comando.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Tidying auto/manual install status
it: Mettere ordine nello stato di installazione automatico/non automatico

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here is how I tidy auto/manual install status for packages (after using non-aptitude package installer etc.).
it: Ecco come faccio per mettere ordine nello stato di installazione automatico/non automatico per i pacchetti (dopo aver usato un installatore che non sia aptitude, ecc.).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Start <literal>aptitude</literal> in interactive mode as root.
it: Avviare da root <literal>aptitude</literal> in modalità interattiva.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Type "<literal>u</literal>", "<literal>U</literal>", "<literal>f</literal>" and "<literal>g</literal>" to update and upgrade package list and packages.
it: Digitare "<literal>u</literal>", "<literal>U</literal>", "<literal>f</literal>" e "<literal>g</literal>" per aggiornare l'elenco dei pacchetti e i pacchetti stessi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Type "<literal>l</literal>" to enter the package display limit as "<literal>~i(~R~i|~Rrecommends:~i)</literal>" and type "<literal>M</literal>" over "<literal>Installed Packages</literal>" as auto installed.
it: Digitare "<literal>l</literal>" per impostare la limitazione della visualizzazione con "<literal>~i(~R~i|~Rrecommends:~i)</literal>" e digitare "<literal>M</literal>" su "<literal>Pacchetti installati</literal>" per marcarli come installati automaticamente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Type "<literal>l</literal>" to enter the package display limit as "<literal>~prequired|~pimportant|~pstandard|~E</literal>" and type "<literal>m</literal>" over "<literal>Installed Packages</literal>" as manual installed.
it: Digitare "<literal>l</literal>" per impostare la limitazione della visualizzazione dei pacchetti  con "<literal>~prequired|~pimportant|~pstandard|~E</literal>" e digitare "<literal>m</literal>" su "<literal>Pacchetti installati</literal>" per marcarli come installati manualmente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Type "<literal>l</literal>" to enter the package display limit as "<literal>~i!~M</literal>" and remove unused package by typing "<literal>-</literal>" over each of them after exposing them by typing "<literal>[</literal>" over "<literal>Installed Packages</literal>".
it: Digitare "<literal>l</literal>" per impostare la limitazione della visualizzazione dei pacchetti con "<literal>~i!~M</literal>" e rimuovere i pacchetti inutilizzati digitando "<literal>-</literal>" su ciascuno di essi dopo averli visualizzati digitando "<literal>[</literal>" su "<literal>Pacchetti installati</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Type "<literal>l</literal>", to enter the package display limit as "<literal>~i</literal>"; then type "<literal>m</literal>" over "<literal>Tasks</literal>", to mark that packages as manual installed.
it: Digitare "<literal>l</literal>" per impostare la limitazione della visualizzazione dei pacchetti con "<literal>~i</literal>"; poi digitare "<literal>m</literal>" su "<literal>Task</literal>" per marcare quei pacchetti come installati manualmente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Exit <literal>aptitude</literal>.
it: Uscire da <literal>aptitude</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Start "<literal>apt-get -s autoremove|less</literal>" as root to check what are not used.
it: Avviare "<literal>apt-get -s autoremove|less</literal>" da root per controllare quelli che non sono usati.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Restart <literal>aptitude</literal> in interactive mode and mark needed packages as "<literal>m</literal>".
it: Riavviare <literal>aptitude</literal> in modalità interattiva e segnare i pacchetti necessari con "<literal>m</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Restart "<literal>apt-get -s autoremove|less</literal>" as root to recheck REMOVED contain only expected packages.
it: Riavviare "<literal>apt-get -s autoremove|less</literal>" da root per controllare che in REMOVED siano contenuti soltanto i pacchetti attesi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Start "<literal>apt-get autoremove|less</literal>" as root to autoremove unused packages.
it: Avviare "<literal>apt-get autoremove|less</literal>" da root per rimuovere automaticamente i pacchetti non utilizzati.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The "<literal>m</literal>" action over "<literal>Tasks</literal>" is an optional one to prevent mass package removal situation in future.
it: L'azione "<literal>m</literal>" sopra "<literal>Task</literal>" è opzionale e server per prevenire situazioni di rimozioni di massa di pacchetti in futuro.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: System wide upgrade
it: Aggiornamento di tutto il sistema

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: When moving to a new release etc, you should consider to perform a clean installation of new system even though Debian is upgradable as described below.  This provides you a chance to remove garbages collected and exposes you to the best combination of latest packages.  Of course, you should make a full backup of system to a safe place (see <xref linkend="_backup_and_recovery"/>) before doing this. I recommend to make a dual boot configuration using different partition to have the smoothest transition.
it: Quando si passa ad un nuovo rilascio, ecc. si dovrebbe considerare una installazione pulita di un nuovo sistema anche se è possibile aggiornare Debian nel modo descritto in seguito. Ciò dà la possibilità di rimuovere la spazzatura raccolta nel tempo e fornisce la migliore combinazione dei pacchetti più nuovi. Naturalmente si dovrebbe fare un backup completo del sistema in un posto sicuro (vedere <xref linkend="_backup_and_recovery"/>) prima di farlo. Raccomando di creare una configurazione con due sistemi avviabili usando due diverse partizioni per avere una transizione il più lineare possibile.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can perform system wide upgrade to a newer release by changing contents of <emphasis role="strong">the source list</emphasis> pointing to a new release and running the "<literal>apt update; apt dist-upgrade</literal>" command.
it: Si può fare l'aggiornamento completo del sistema ad un nuovo rilascio cambiando il contenuto dell'<emphasis role="strong">elenco delle fonti</emphasis> facendolo puntare ad un nuovo rilascio ed eseguendo il comando «<literal>apt update; apt dist-upgrade</literal>».

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: To upgrade from <literal>stable</literal> to <literal>testing</literal> or <literal>unstable</literal> during the <literal>&codename-stable;</literal>-as-<literal>stable</literal> release cycle, you replace "<literal>&codename-stable;</literal>" in <emphasis role="strong">the source list</emphasis> example of <xref linkend="_debian_archive_basics"/> with "<literal>&codename-testing;</literal>" or "<literal>sid</literal>".
it: Per aggiornare da <literal>stable</literal> a <literal>testing</literal> o <literal>unstable</literal>, durante il ciclo di rilascio <literal>&codename-stable;</literal>-as-<literal>stable</literal>, sostituire "<literal>&codename-stable;</literal>" nell'<emphasis role="strong">elenco delle fonti</emphasis> di esempio in <xref linkend="_debian_archive_basics"/> con "<literal>&codename-testing;</literal>" o "<literal>sid</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: In reality, you may face some complications due to some package transition issues, mostly due to package dependencies.  The larger the difference of the upgrade, the more likely you face larger troubles.  For the transition from the old <literal>stable</literal> to the new <literal>stable</literal> after its release, you can read its new <ulink url="&releasenotes;">Release Notes</ulink> and follow the exact procedure described in it to minimize troubles.
it: In realtà si possono dover affrontare alcune complicazioni a causa di problemi di transizione dei pacchetti, per lo più a causa di dipendenze. Più è grande la differenza nell'aggiornamento, più è probabile dover affrontare problemi più grossi. Per la transizione dal vecchio rilascio <literal>stable</literal> al nuovo <literal>stable</literal> si possono leggere le nuove <ulink url="&releasenotes;">Note di rilascio</ulink> e seguire esattamente la procedura che vi è descritta per minimizzare i problemi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: When you decide to move from <literal>stable</literal> to <literal>testing</literal> before its formal release, there are no <ulink url="&releasenotes;">Release Notes</ulink> to help you. The difference between <literal>stable</literal> and <literal>testing</literal> could have grown quite large after the previous <literal>stable</literal> release and makes upgrade situation complicated.
it: Quando si decide di passare da <literal>stable</literal> a <literal>testing</literal> prima del suo rilascio formale non ci sono <ulink url="&releasenotes;">Note di rilascio</ulink> che possano aiutare. La differenza tra <literal>stable</literal> e <literal>testing</literal> potrebbe essere diventata piuttosto grande dopo il precendente rilascio <literal>stable</literal> e potrebbe rendere l'aggiornamento complicato.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You should make precautionary moves for the full upgrade while gathering latest information from mailing list and using common senses.
it: SI dovrebbero prendere misure precauzionali per l'aggiornamento completo raccogliendo le informazioni più aggiornate da mailing list ed usando il buon senso.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Read previous "Release Notes".
it: Leggere le "Note di rilascio" precedenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Backup entire system (especially data and configuration information).
it: Fare il backup dell'intero sistema (specialmente dei dati e della configurazione).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Have bootable media handy for broken bootloader.
it: Tenere a portata di mano supporti avviabili in caso di problemi con il bootloader.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Inform users on the system well in advance.
it: Informare con un buon anticipo gli utenti nel sistema.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Record upgrade activity with <literal>script</literal>(1).
it: Registrare l'attività di aggiornamento con <literal>script</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Apply "unmarkauto" to required packages, e.g., "<literal>aptitude unmarkauto vim</literal>", to prevent removal.
it: Applicare l'opzione "unmarkauto" ai pacchetti richiesti, ad esempio "<literal>aptitude unmarkauto vim</literal>, per prevenire la loro rimozione.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Minimize installed packages to reduce chance of package conflicts, e.g., remove desktop task packages.
it: Minimizzare i pacchetti installati per ridurre le probabilità di conflitti tra i pacchetti, ad esempio rimuovere i pacchetti dell'attività desktop.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Remove the "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>" file (disable <emphasis role="strong">apt-pinning</emphasis>).
it: Rimuovere il file "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>" (disabilitare <emphasis role="strong">apt-pinning</emphasis>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Try to upgrade step wise: <literal>oldstable</literal> → <literal>stable</literal> → <literal>testing</literal> → <literal>unstable</literal>.
it: Cercare di aggiornare per gradi: <literal>oldstable</literal> → <literal>stable</literal> → <literal>testing</literal> → <literal>unstable</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Update <emphasis role="strong">the source list</emphasis> to point to new archive only and run "<literal>aptitude update</literal>".
it: Aggiornare l'<emphasis role="strong">elenco delle fonti</emphasis> per farlo puntare solamente al nuovo archivio ed eseguire "<literal>aptitude update</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Install, optionally, new <emphasis role="strong">core packages</emphasis> first, e.g., "<literal>aptitude install perl</literal>".
it: Installare, opzionalmente i nuovi pacchetti partendo dai <emphasis role="strong">pacchetti fondamentali</emphasis>, ad esempio "<literal>aptitude install perl</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Run the "<literal>apt-get -s dist-upgrade</literal>" command to assess impact.
it: Eseguire il comando "<literal>apt-get -s dist-upgrade</literal>" per avere un'idea dell'impatto dell'aggiornamento.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Run the "<literal>apt-get dist-upgrade</literal>" command at last.
it: Eseguire da ultimo il comando "<literal>apt-get dist-upgrade</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: It is not wise to skip major Debian release when upgrading between <literal>stable</literal> releases.
it: Non è saggio saltare un rilascio principale Debian quando si aggiorna da un rilascio <literal>stable</literal> ad un altro.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: In previous "Release Notes", GCC, Linux Kernel, initrd-tools, Glibc, Perl, APT tool chain, etc. have required some special attention for system wide upgrade.
it: Nelle "Note di rilascio" precedenti GCC, il kernel Linux, initrd-tools, Glibc, Perl, APT tool chain, ecc. hanno richiesto un po' di attenzione particolare per gli aggiornamenti dell'intero sistema.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For daily upgrade in <literal>unstable</literal>, see <xref linkend="_safeguarding_for_package_problems"/>.
it: Per gli aggiornamenti quotidiani in <literal>unstable</literal>, vedere <xref linkend="_safeguarding_for_package_problems"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Advanced package management operations
it: Operazioni avanzate per la gestione dei pacchetti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Advanced package management operations with commandline
it: Operazioni avanzate per la gestione dei pacchetti dalla riga di comando

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here are list of other package management operations for which <literal>aptitude</literal> is too high-level or lacks required functionalities.
it: Ecco un elenco di altre operazioni di gestione dei pacchetti per i quali <literal>aptitude</literal> è di livello troppo altro o manca delle funzionalità richieste.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of advanced package management operations
it: Elenco delle operazioni avanzate per la gestione dei pacchetti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>COLUMNS=120 dpkg -l <emphasis>package_name_pattern</emphasis></literal>
it: <literal>COLUMNS=120 dpkg -l <emphasis>modello_nome_pacchetto</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: list status of an installed package for the bug report
it: elenca lo stato di un pacchetto installato per una segnalazione di bug

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>dpkg -L <emphasis>package_name</emphasis></literal>
it: <literal>dpkg -L <emphasis>nome_pacchetto</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: list contents of an installed package
it: elenca il contenuto di un pacchetto installato

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>dpkg -L <emphasis>package_name</emphasis> | egrep '/usr/share/man/man.*/.+'</literal>
it: <literal>dpkg -L <emphasis>nome_pacchetto</emphasis> | egrep '/usr/share/man/man.*/.+'</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: list manpages for an installed package
it: elenca le pagine man di un pacchetto installato

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>dpkg -S <emphasis>file_name_pattern</emphasis></literal>
it: <literal>dpkg -S <emphasis>modello_nome_file</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: list installed packages which have matching file name
it: elenca i pacchetti installati che uno un file con un nome che corrisponde al modello

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>apt-file search <emphasis>file_name_pattern</emphasis></literal>
it: <literal>apt-file search <emphasis>modello_nome_file</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: list packages in archive which have matching file name
it: elenca i pacchetti nell'archivio che hanno un file con un nome che corrisponde al modello

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>apt-file list <emphasis>package_name_pattern</emphasis></literal>
it: <literal>apt-file list <emphasis>modello_nome_pacchetto</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: list contents of matching packages in archive
it: elenca il contenuto dei pacchetti nell'archivio che corrispondono al modello

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>dpkg-reconfigure <emphasis>package_name</emphasis></literal>
it: <literal>dpkg-reconfigure <emphasis>nome_pacchetto</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: reconfigure the exact package
it: riconfigura il pacchetto con esattamente quel nome

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>dpkg-reconfigure -plow <emphasis>package_name</emphasis></literal>
it: <literal>dpkg-reconfigure -plow <emphasis>nome_pacchetto</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: reconfigure the exact package with the most detailed question
it: riconfigura il pacchetto con esattamente quel nome ponendo le domande più dettagliate

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: reconfigure packages from the full screen menu
it: riconfigura i pacchetti da un'interfaccia a tutto schermo a menu

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: audit system for partially installed packages
it: controlla il sistema alla ricerca di pacchetti parzialmente installati

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: configure all partially installed packages
it: configura tutti i pacchetti parzialmente installati

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>apt-cache policy <emphasis>binary_package_name</emphasis></literal>
it: <literal>apt-cache policy <emphasis>nome_pacchetto_binario</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: show available version, priority, and archive information of a binary package
it: mostra la versione disponibile, la priorità e le informazioni nell'archivio di un pacchetto binario

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>apt-cache madison <emphasis>package_name</emphasis></literal>
it: <literal>apt-cache madison <emphasis>nome pacchetto</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: show available version, archive information of a package
it: mostra la versione disponibile e le informazioni nell'archivio di un pacchetto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>apt-cache showsrc <emphasis>binary_package_name</emphasis></literal>
it: <literal>apt-cache showsrc <emphasis>nome_pacchetto_binario</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: show source package information of a binary package
it: mostra informazioni sul pacchetto sorgente di un pacchetto binario

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>apt-get build-dep <emphasis>package_name</emphasis></literal>
it: <literal>apt-get build-dep <emphasis>nome_pacchetto</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: install required packages to build package
it: installa i pacchetti richiesti per compilare un pacchetto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>aptitude build-dep <emphasis>package_name</emphasis></literal>
it: <literal>aptitude build-dep <emphasis>nome_pacchetto</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>apt-get source <emphasis>package_name</emphasis></literal>
it: <literal>apt-get source <emphasis>nome_pacchetto</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: download a source (from standard archive)
it: scarica un sorgente (da un archivio standard)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>dget <emphasis>URL for dsc file</emphasis></literal>
it: <literal>dget <emphasis>URL del file dsc</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: download a source packages (from other archive)
it: scarica un pacchetto sorgente (da un altro archivio)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>dpkg-source -x <emphasis>package_name</emphasis>_<emphasis>version</emphasis>-<emphasis>debian.revision</emphasis>.dsc</literal>
it: <literal>dpkg-source -x <emphasis>nome_pacchetto</emphasis>_<emphasis>versione</emphasis>-<emphasis>versione_debian</emphasis>.dsc</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: build a source tree from a set of source packages ("<literal>*.orig.tar.gz</literal>" and "<literal>*.debian.tar.gz</literal>"/"<literal>*.diff.gz</literal>")
it: crea un albero dei sorgenti a partire da un insieme di pacchetti sorgenti ("<literal>*.orig.tar.gz</literal>" e "<literal>*.debian.tar.gz</literal>"/"<literal>*.diff.gz</literal>")

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: build package(s) from a local source tree
it: compila pacchetti da un albero dei sorgenti locale

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>make-kpkg kernel_image</literal>
it: <literal>make-kpkg immagine_kernel</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: build a kernel package from a kernel source tree
it: compila un pacchetto kernel a partire da un albero dei sorgenti del kernel

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>make-kpkg --initrd kernel_image</literal>
it: <literal>make-kpkg --initrd immagine_kernel</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: build a kernel package from a kernel source tree with initramfs enabled
it: compila un pacchetto kernel con initramfs abilitato, a partire da un albero dei sorgenti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>dpkg -i <emphasis>package_name</emphasis>_<emphasis>version</emphasis>-<emphasis>debian.revision</emphasis>_<emphasis>arch</emphasis>.deb</literal>
it: <literal>dpkg -i <emphasis>nome_pacchetto</emphasis>_<emphasis>versione</emphasis>-<emphasis>versione_debian</emphasis>_<emphasis>arch</emphasis>.deb</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: install a local package to the system
it: installa un pacchetto locale nel sistema

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>apt install /path/to/<emphasis>package_filename</emphasis>.deb</literal>
it: <literal>apt install /percorso/di/<emphasis>nomefile_pacchetto</emphasis>.deb</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: install a local package to the system, meanwhile try to resolve dependency automatically
it: installa un pacchetto locale nel sistema, cercando al contempo di risolvere automaticamente le dipendenze

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>debi <emphasis>package_name</emphasis>_<emphasis>version</emphasis>-<emphasis>debian.revision</emphasis>_<emphasis>arch</emphasis>.dsc</literal>
it: <literal>debi <emphasis>nome_pacchetto</emphasis>_<emphasis>versione</emphasis>-<emphasis>versione_debian</emphasis>_<emphasis>arch</emphasis>.dsc</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: install local package(s) to the system
it: installa pacchetti locali nel sistema

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: save <literal>dpkg</literal> level package selection state information
it: salva le informazioni di stato sui pacchetti selezionati a livello di <literal>dpkg</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: set <literal>dpkg</literal> level package selection state information
it: imposta le informazioni di stato sui pacchetti selezionati a livello di <literal>dpkg</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>echo <emphasis>package_name</emphasis> hold | dpkg --set-selections</literal>
it: <literal>echo <emphasis>nome_pacchetto</emphasis> hold | dpkg --set-selections</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: set <literal>dpkg</literal> level package selection state for a package to <emphasis role="strong">hold</emphasis> (equivalent to "<literal>aptitude hold <emphasis>package_name</emphasis></literal>")
it: imposta lo stato di selezione di un pacchetto a livello di <literal>dpkg</literal> a <emphasis role="strong">hold</emphasis> (equivalente a "<literal>aptitude hold<emphasis>nome_pacchetto</emphasis></literal>")

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: For a package with the <ulink url="&multiarch;">multi-arch</ulink> feature, you may need to specify the architecture name for some commands.  For example, use "<literal>dpkg -L libglib2.0-0:amd64</literal>" to list contents of the <literal>libglib2.0-0</literal> package for the <literal>amd64</literal> architecture.
it: Per un pacchetto con la funzionalità <ulink url="&multiarch;">multi-arch</ulink>, può essere necessario specificare l'architettura per alcuni comandi. Per esempio, usare «<literal>dpkg -L libglib2.0-0:amd64</literal>» per elencare il contenuto del pacchetto <literal>libglib2.0-0</literal> per l'architettura <literal>amd64</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: Lower level package tools such as "<literal>dpkg -i …</literal>" and "<literal>debi …</literal>" should be carefully used by the system administrator.  It does not automatically take care required package dependencies. Dpkg's commandline options "<literal>--force-all</literal>" and similar (see <literal>dpkg</literal>(1)) are intended to be used by experts only.  Using them without fully understanding their effects may break your whole system.
it: Gli strumenti per i pacchetti a più basso livello, come "<literal>dpkg -i …</literal>" e "<literal>debi …</literal>" dovrebbero essere usati con molta cura dall'amministratore di sistema. Non si prendono cura in modo automatico delle dipendenze richieste dai pacchetti. Le opzioni "<literal>--force-all</literal>" e simili, per la riga di comando di dpkg (vedere<literal>dpkg</literal>(1), sono pensate per essere usate solamente da utenti esperti. Usarle senza comprenderne pienamente l'effetto potrebbe portare tutto il sistema in uno stato problematico.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Please note the following.
it: Notare quanto segue.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: All system configuration and installation commands require to be run from root.
it: Tutti i comandi di configurazione ed installazioni di sistema devono essere eseguiti da root.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Unlike <literal>aptitude</literal> which uses regex (see <xref linkend="_regular_expressions"/>), other package management commands use pattern like shell glob (see <xref linkend="_shell_glob"/>).
it: A differenza di <literal>aptitude</literal> che usa espressioni regolari (vedere <xref linkend="_regular_expressions"/>), gli altri comandi di gestione dei pacchetti usano espansioni di modelli in stile shell (vedere <xref linkend="_shell_glob"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>apt-file</literal>(1) provided by the <literal>apt-file</literal> package must run "<literal>apt-file update</literal>" in advance.
it: Per <literal>apt-file</literal>(1), fornito dal pacchetto <literal>apt-file</literal>, è necessario eseguire prima "<literal>apt-file update</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>configure-debian</literal>(8) provided by the <literal>configure-debian</literal> package runs <literal>dpkg-reconfigure</literal>(8) as its backend.
it: <literal>configure-debian</literal>(8), fornito dal pacchetto <literal>configure-debian</literal> esegue <literal>dpkg-reconfigure</literal>(8) come suo backend.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>dpkg-reconfigure</literal>(8) runs package scripts using <literal>debconf</literal>(1) as its backend.
it: <literal>dpkg-reconfigure</literal>(8) esegue gli script dei pacchetti usando <literal>debconf</literal>(1) come suo backend.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>apt-get build-dep</literal>", "<literal>apt-get source</literal>" and "<literal>apt-cache showsrc</literal>" commands require "<literal>deb-src</literal>" entry in <emphasis role="strong">the source list</emphasis>.
it: I comandi "<literal>apt-get build-dep</literal>", "<literal>apt-get source</literal>" e "<literal>apt-cache showsrc</literal>" richiedono la voce "<literal>deb-src</literal>" nell'<emphasis role="strong">elenco delle fonti</emphasis>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>dget</literal>(1), <literal>debuild</literal>(1), and <literal>debi</literal>(1) require <literal>devscripts</literal> package.
it: <literal>dget</literal>(1), <literal>debuild</literal>(1) e <literal>debi</literal>(1) richiedono il pacchetto <literal>devscripts</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: See (re)packaging procedure using "<literal>apt-get source</literal>" in <xref linkend="_porting_a_package_to_the_stable_system"/>.
it: Vedere la procedura per (ri)creare pacchetti usando "<literal>apt-get source</literal>" in <xref linkend="_porting_a_package_to_the_stable_system"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>make-kpkg</literal> command requires the <literal>kernel-package</literal> package (see <xref linkend="_the_kernel"/>).
it: Il comando <literal>make-kpkg</literal> richiede il pacchetto <literal>kernel_package</literal> (vedere <xref linkend="_the_kernel"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: See <xref linkend="_making_debian_package"/> for general packaging.
it: Vedere <xref linkend="_making_debian_package"/> per informazioni generali sulla creazione di pacchetti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Verification of installed package files
it: Verifica dei pacchetti installati

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The installation of <literal>debsums</literal> enables verification of installed package files against MD5sum values in the "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/*.md5sums</literal>" file with <literal>debsums</literal>(1).  See <xref linkend="_the_md5_sum"/> for how MD5sum works.
it: L'installazione di <literal>debsums</literal> permette la verifica dei file di pacchetto installati in base ai valori delle somme di controllo MD5sum nei file "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/*.md5sums</literal>" con <literal>debsums</literal>(1). Per il funzionamento di MD5sum vedere <xref linkend="_the_md5_sum"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: Because MD5sum database may be tampered by the intruder, <literal>debsums</literal>(1) is of limited use as a security tool. It is only good for checking local modifications by the administrator or damage due to media errors.
it: Dato che il database MD5sum può essere manomesso da un intruso, <literal>debsums</literal> ha un'utilità limitata come strumento di sicurezza. È adatto solo per controllare modifiche fatte dall'amministratore o danni dovuti ad errori dei supporti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Safeguarding for package problems
it: Salvaguardarsi da problemi coi pacchetti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Many users prefer to follow the <emphasis role="strong">testing</emphasis> (or <emphasis role="strong">unstable</emphasis>) releases of the Debian system for its new features and packages.  This makes the system more prone to be hit by the critical package bugs.
it: Molti utenti preferiscono usare il rilascio <emphasis role="strong">testing</emphasis> (o <emphasis role="strong">unstable</emphasis>) del sistema Debian per avere le nuove funzionalità ed i nuovi pacchetti. Questo rende il sistema più esposto a bug critici sui pacchetti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The installation of the <literal>apt-listbugs</literal> package safeguards your system against critical bugs by checking Debian BTS automatically for critical bugs when upgrading with APT system.
it: L'installazione del pacchetto <literal>apt-listbugs</literal> salvaguarda il sistema dai bug critici controllando automaticamente, al momento degli aggiornamenti fatti con il sistema APT, il BTS Debian alla ricerca dei bug critici.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The installation of the <literal>apt-listchanges</literal> package provides important news in "<literal>NEWS.Debian</literal>" when upgrading with APT system.
it: L'installazione del pacchetto <literal>apt-listchanges</literal> fornisce importanti notizie contenute in <literal>NEWS.Debian</literal> quando si fanno aggiornamenti con il sistema APT.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Searching on the package meta data
it: Cercare tra i metadati dei pacchetti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Although visiting Debian site <ulink url="&httpspackagesdebianorg;">https://packages.debian.org/</ulink> facilitates easy ways to search on the package meta data these days, let's look into more traditional ways.
it: Sebbene visitare il sito Debian <ulink url="&httpspackagesdebianorg;">https://packages.debian.org/</ulink> faciliti oggi giorno la ricerca nei metadati dei pacchetti, ci sono metodi più tradizionali per farlo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <literal>grep-dctrl</literal>(1), <literal>grep-status</literal>(1), and <literal>grep-available</literal>(1) commands can be used to search any file which has the general format of a Debian package control file.
it: I comandi <literal>grep-dctrl</literal>(1), <literal>grep-status</literal>(1) e <literal>grep-available</literal>(1) possono essere usati per cercare in qualsiasi file che sia nel formato generico dei file di controllo dei pacchetti di Debian.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The "<literal>dpkg -S <emphasis>file_name_pattern</emphasis></literal>" can be used to search package names which contain files with the matching name installed by <literal>dpkg</literal>.  But this overlooks files created by the maintainer scripts.
it: "<literal>dpkg -S <emphasis>modello_nome_file</emphasis></literal>" può essere usato per cercare i pacchetti che contengono al loro interno file installati da <literal>dpkg</literal> il cui nome corrisponde al modello. Ma non trova i file creati dagli script dei manutentori.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you need to make more elaborate search on the dpkg meta data, you need to run "<literal>grep -e regex_pattern *</literal>" command in the "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/</literal>" directory.  This makes you search words mentioned in package scripts and installation query texts.
it: Se è necessario fare ricerche più elaborate sui metadati dei pacchetti, è necessario eseguire il comando "<literal>grep -e modello_regex *</literal>" nella directory "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/</literal>". In questo modo si cercano le parole indicate negli script e nei testi con le domande di installazione dei pacchetti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you wish to look up package dependency recursively, you should use <literal>apt-rdepends</literal>(8).
it: Se si desiderano vedere in modo ricorsivo le dipendenze dei pacchetti, si dovrebbe usare <literal>apt-rdepends</literal>(8).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Debian package management internals
it: Aspetti tecnici della gestione dei pacchetti in Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Let's learn how the Debian package management system works internally.  This should help you to create your own solution to some package problems.
it: Verranno ora trattati alcuni aspetti tecnici interni del funzionamento del sistema di gestione dei pacchetti Debian. Queste informazioni dovrebbero aiutare a trovare soluzioni proprie ai problemi con i pacchetti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Archive meta data
it: Metadati degli archivi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Meta data files for each distribution are stored under "<literal>dist/<emphasis>codename</emphasis></literal>" on each Debian mirror sites, e.g., "<literal>http://deb.debian.org/debian/</literal>".  Its archive structure can be browsed by the web browser. There are 6 types of key meta data.
it: I file con i metadati per ciascuna distribuzione sono archiviati in "<literal>dists/<emphasis>codename</emphasis></literal>" su ciascun sito mirror di Debian, ad esempio "<literal>http://deb.debian.org/debian/</literal>". La struttura del suo archivio può essere navigata con il browser web. Ci sono 6 tipi di metadati.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: The content of the Debian archive meta data
it: Il contenuto dei metadati dell'archivio Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: location
it: posizione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: top of distribution
it: directory della distribuzione di più alto livello

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: archive description and integrity information
it: descrizione dell'archivio e informazioni sull'integrità

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: signature file for the "<literal>Release</literal>" file signed with the archive key
it: file di firma per il file "<literal>Release</literal>" firmato con la chiave dell'archivio

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>Contents-<emphasis>architecture</emphasis></literal>
it: <literal>Contents-<emphasis>architettura</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: list of all files for all the packages in the pertinent archive
it: elenca tutti i file per tutti i pacchetti nell'archivio relativo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: top of each distribution/area/architecture combination
it: directory più elevata per ciascuna combinazione distribuzione/area/architettura

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: archive description used for the rule of <literal>apt_preferences</literal>(5)
it: descrizione dell'archivio usata per le regole di <literal>apt_preferences</literal>(5)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: top of each distribution/area/binary-architecture combination
it: directory più elevata per ciascuna combinazione distribuzione/area/architettura-binaria

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: concatenated <literal>debian/control</literal> for binary packages
it: dati <literal>debian/control</literal> concatenati dei pacchetti binari

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: top of each distribution/area/source combination
it: directory più elevata per ciascuna combinazione distribuzione/area/source

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: concatenated <literal>debian/control</literal> for source packages
it: dati <literal>debian/control</literal> concatenati dei pacchetti sorgenti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: In the recent archive, these meta data are stored as the compressed and differential files to reduce network traffic.
it: Negli archivi recenti questi metadati sono memorizzati come file compressi e file di differenze per ridurre il traffico di rete.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Top level "Release" file and authenticity
it: File "Release" nella directory principale ed autenticità

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: The top level "<literal>Release</literal>" file is used for signing the archive under the <emphasis role="strong">secure APT</emphasis> system.
it: Il file "<literal>Release</literal>" nella directory di livello più alto è usato per firmare gli archivi nel sistema <emphasis role="strong">secure APT</emphasis>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Each suite of the Debian archive has a top level "<literal>Release</literal>" file, e.g., "<literal>http://deb.debian.org/debian/dists/unstable/Release</literal>", as follows.
it: Ogni suite dell'archivio Debian ha un file "<literal>Release</literal>" nella sua directory di livello più alto, ad esempio "<literal>http://deb.debian.org/debian/dists/unstable/Release</literal>", di questo tipo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: Here, you can find my rationale to use the "suite", and "codename" in <xref linkend="_debian_archive_basics"/>.  The "distribution" is used when referring to both "suite" and "codename".  All archive "area" names offered by the archive are listed under "Components".
it: Qui si può scoprire il motivo per cui in questa guida si è scelto di usare "suite" e "codename" (nome in codice) in <xref linkend="_debian_archive_basics"/>. Il termine "distribuzione" è usato per riferirsi sia a "suite" sia a "codename". Tutti i nomi delle "aree" dell'archivio offerte da un archivio sono elencate in "Componente".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The integrity of the top level "<literal>Release</literal>" file is verified by cryptographic infrastructure called the <ulink url="&secureapt;">secure apt</ulink> as described in <literal>apt-secure</literal>(8).
it: L'integrità del file "<literal>Release</literal>" nella directory base viene verificata usando l'infrastruttura crittografica chiamata <ulink url="&secureapt;">secure apt</ulink>, come descritto in <literal>apt-secure</literal>(8).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The cryptographic signature file "<literal>Release.gpg</literal>" is created from the authentic top level "<literal>Release</literal>" file and the secret Debian archive key.
it: Il file "<literal>Release.gpg</literal>" con la firma crittografica viene creato a partire dal file "<literal>Release</literal>" nella directory base e dalla chiave segreta dell'archivio Debian.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The public Debian archive keys are locally installed by the latest <literal>debian-archive-keyring</literal> package.
it: Le chiavi pubbliche dell'archivio Debian sono installate localmente dal pacchetto <literal>debian-archive-keyring</literal> più recente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The <emphasis role="strong">secure APT</emphasis> system automatically verifies the integrity of the downloaded top level "<literal>Release</literal>" file cryptographically by this "<literal>Release.gpg</literal>" file and the locally installed public Debian archive keys.
it: Il sistema <emphasis role="strong">secure APT</emphasis> verifica crittograficamente, in modo automatico, l'integrità del file "<literal>Release</literal>" di più alto livello scaricato con questo file "<literal>Release.gpg</literal>" e le chiavi pubbliche degli archivi Debian installate localmente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The integrity of all the "<literal>Packages</literal>" and "<literal>Sources</literal>" files are verified by using MD5sum values in its top level "<literal>Release</literal>" file.  The integrity of all package files are verified by using MD5sum values in the "<literal>Packages</literal>" and "<literal>Sources</literal>" files.  See <literal>debsums</literal>(1) and <xref linkend="_verification_of_installed_package_files"/>.
it: L'integrità di tutti i file "<literal>Packages</literal>" e "<literal>Sources</literal>" viene verificata usando i valori MD5sum nel file "<literal>Release</literal>" nella ripsettiva directory base. L'integrità di tutti i file di pacchetto viene verificata usando i valori MD5sum nei file "<literal>Packages</literal>" e "<literal>Sources</literal>". Vedere <literal>debsums</literal>(1) e <xref linkend="_verification_of_installed_package_files"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Since the cryptographic signature verification is a much more CPU intensive process than the MD5sum value calculation, use of MD5sum value for each package while using cryptographic signature for the top level "<literal>Release</literal>" file provides <ulink url="&thegoodsecuritywththeperformance;">the good security with the performance</ulink> (see <xref linkend="_data_security_infrastructure"/>).
it: Dato che la verifica crittografica della firma è un processo molto più dispendioso in termini di uso della CPU rispetto al calcolo di valori MD5sum, l'uso di valori MD5sum per ciascun pacchetto mentre viene usata la firma crittografica per il file "<literal>Release</literal>" principale, fornisce <ulink url="&thegoodsecuritywththeperformance;">una buona sicurezza con buone prestazioni</ulink> (vedere <xref linkend="_data_security_infrastructure"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If <emphasis role="strong">the source list</emphasis> entry specifies the "<literal>signed-by</literal>" option, the integrity of its downloaded top level "<literal>Release</literal>" file is verified using specified public key. This is useful when <emphasis role="strong">the source list</emphasis> contains non-Debian archives.
it: Se la voce nell'<emphasis role="strong">elenco delle fonti</emphasis> specifica l'opzione "<literal>signed-by</literal>", l'integrità del suo file "<literal>Release</literal>" di livello più alto scaricato viene verificata usando la chiave pubblica specifica. Ciò è utile quando l'<emphasis role="strong">elenco delle fonti</emphasis> contiene archivi non Debian.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: The use of <literal>apt-key</literal>(8) command for APT key management is deprecated.
it: L'uso del comando <literal>apt-key</literal>(8) per la gestione delle chiavi di APT è deprecato.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Also, you can manually verify the integrity of the "<literal>Release</literal>" file with the "<literal>Release.gpg</literal>" file and the public Debian archive key posted on <ulink url="&ftpmasterdebianorg;">ftp-master.debian.org</ulink> using <literal>gpg</literal>.
it: Si può anche verificare manualmente l'integrità del file "<literal>Release</literal>" con il file "<literal>Release.gpg</literal>" e la chiave pubblica dell'archivio Debian pubblicata su <ulink url="&ftpmasterdebianorg;">ftp-master.debian.org</ulink> usando <literal>gpg</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Archive level "Release" files
it: File "Release" a livello di archivio

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: The archive level "<literal>Release</literal>" files are used for the rule of <literal>apt_preferences</literal>(5).
it: I file "<literal>Release</literal>" a livello di archivio sono usati per le regole di <literal>apt_preferences</literal>(5).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There are archive level "<literal>Release</literal>" files for all archive locations specified by <emphasis role="strong">the source list</emphasis>, such as "<literal>http://deb.debian.org/debian/dists/unstable/main/binary-amd64/Release</literal>" or "<literal>http://deb.debian.org/debian/dists/sid/main/binary-amd64/Release</literal>" as follows.
it: Ci sono file "<literal>Release</literal>" a livello di archivio per tutte le posizioni nell'archivio specificate dall'<emphasis role="strong">elenco delle fonti</emphasis>, come "<literal>http://deb.debian.org/debian/dists/unstable/main/binary-amd64/Release</literal>" o "<literal>http://deb.debian.org/debian/dists/sid/main/binary-amd64/Release</literal>" come nel seguente esempio.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: For "<literal>Archive:</literal>" stanza, suite names ("<literal>stable</literal>", "<literal>testing</literal>", "<literal>unstable</literal>", …) are used in <ulink url="&thedebianarchive;">the Debian archive</ulink> while codenames ("<literal>trusty</literal>", "<literal>xenial</literal>", "<literal>artful</literal>", …) are used in <ulink url="&theubuntuarchive;">the Ubuntu archive</ulink>.
it: Nell'<ulink url="&thedebianarchive;">archivio Debian</ulink>, per la voce «<literal>Archive:</literal>» vengono usati i nomi di suite («<literal>stable</literal>», «<literal>testing</literal>», «<literal>unstable</literal>», …), mentre vengono usati i nomi in codice («<literal>trusty</literal>», «<literal>xenial</literal>», «<literal>artful</literal>», …) nell'<ulink url="&theubuntuarchive;">archivio Ubuntu</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For some archives, such as <literal>experimental</literal>, and <literal>&codename-stable;-backports</literal>, which contain packages which should not be installed automatically, there is an extra line, e.g., "<literal>http://deb.debian.org/debian/dists/experimental/main/binary-amd64/Release</literal>" as follows.
it: Per alcuni archivi, come <literal>experimental</literal> e <literal>&codename-stable;-backports</literal>, che contengono pacchetti che non dovrebbero essere installati automaticamente, c'è una riga aggiuntiva, come "<literal>http://deb.debian.org/debian/dists/experimental/main/binary-amd64/Release</literal>" nell'esempio seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Please note that for normal archives without "<literal>NotAutomatic: yes</literal>", the default Pin-Priority value is 500, while for special archives with "<literal>NotAutomatic: yes</literal>", the default Pin-Priority value is 1 (see <literal>apt_preferences</literal>(5) and <xref linkend="_tweaking_candidate_version"/>).
it: Notare che per gli archivi normali senza la riga "<literal>NotAutomatic: yes</literal>", il valore predefinito per la priorità di Pin è 500, mentre per gli archivi speciali con "<literal>NotAutomatic: yes</literal>", il valore predefinito per la priorità di Pin è 1 (vedere <literal>apt_preferences</literal>(5) e <xref linkend="_tweaking_candidate_version"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Fetching of the meta data for the package
it: Recuperare i metadati per un pacchetto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: When APT tools, such as <literal>aptitude</literal>, <literal>apt-get</literal>, <literal>synaptic</literal>, <literal>apt-file</literal>, <literal>auto-apt</literal>, … are used, we need to update the local copies of the meta data containing the Debian archive information. These local copies have following file names corresponding to the specified <literal>distribution</literal>, <literal>area</literal>, and <literal>architecture</literal> names in <emphasis role="strong">the source list</emphasis> (see <xref linkend="_debian_archive_basics"/>).
it: Quando si usano strumenti APT, quali <literal>aptitude</literal>, <literal>apt-get</literal>, <literal>synaptic</literal>, <literal>apt-file</literal>, <literal>auto-apt</literal>, … è necessario aggiornare le copie locali dei metadati contenenti le informazioni sull'archivio Debian. Queste copie locali hanno i seguenti nomi di file che corrispondono ai nomi di <literal>distribuzione</literal>, <literal>area</literal> e <literal>architettura</literal> specificati nell'<emphasis role="strong">elenco delle fonti</emphasis> (vedere <xref linkend="_debian_archive_basics"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/var/lib/apt/lists/deb.debian.org_debian_dists_<emphasis>distribution</emphasis>_Release</literal>"
it: "<literal>/var/lib/apt/lists/deb.debian.org_debian_dists_<emphasis>distribuzione</emphasis>_Release</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/var/lib/apt/lists/deb.debian.org_debian_dists_<emphasis>distribution</emphasis>_Release.gpg</literal>"
it: "<literal>/var/lib/apt/lists/deb.debian.org_debian_dists_<emphasis>distribuzione</emphasis>_Release.gpg</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/var/lib/apt/lists/deb.debian.org_debian_dists_<emphasis>distribution</emphasis>_<emphasis>area</emphasis>_binary-<emphasis>architecture</emphasis>_Packages</literal>"
it: "<literal>/var/lib/apt/lists/deb.debian.org_debian_dists_<emphasis>distribuzione</emphasis>_<emphasis>area</emphasis>_binary-<emphasis>architettura</emphasis>_Packages</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/var/lib/apt/lists/deb.debian.org_debian_dists_<emphasis>distribution</emphasis>_<emphasis>area</emphasis>_source_Sources</literal>"
it: "<literal>/var/lib/apt/lists/deb.debian.org_debian_dists_<emphasis>distribuzione</emphasis>_<emphasis>area</emphasis>_source_Sources</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/var/cache/apt/apt-file/deb.debian.org_debian_dists_<emphasis>distribution</emphasis>_Contents-<emphasis>architecture</emphasis>.gz</literal>" (for <literal>apt-file</literal>)
it: "<literal>/var/cache/apt/apt-file/deb.debian.org_debian_dists_<emphasis>distribuzione</emphasis>_Contents-<emphasis>architettura</emphasis>.gz</literal>" (per <literal>apt-file</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: First 4 types of files are shared by all the pertinent APT commands and updated from command line by "<literal>apt-get update</literal>" or "<literal>aptitude update</literal>".  The "<literal>Packages</literal>" meta data are updated if the "<literal>deb</literal>" is specified in <emphasis role="strong">the source list</emphasis>. The "<literal>Sources</literal>" meta data are updated if the "<literal>deb-src</literal>" is specified in <emphasis role="strong">the source list</emphasis>.
it: I primi quattro tipi di file sono condivisi da tutti i comandi APT pertinenti e vengono aggiornati dalla riga di comando con "<literal>apt-get update</literal>" e "<literal>aptitude update</literal>". I metadati "<literal>Packages</literal>" sono aggiornati se esiste la riga "<literal>deb</literal>" nell'<emphasis role="strong">elenco delle fonti</emphasis>. I metadati "<literal>Sources</literal>" sono aggiornati se esiste la riga "<literal>deb-src</literal>" nell'<emphasis role="strong">elenco delle fonti</emphasis>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The "<literal>Packages</literal>" and "<literal>Sources</literal>" meta data contain "<literal>Filename:</literal>" stanza pointing to the file location of the binary and source packages.  Currently, these packages are located under the "<literal>pool/</literal>" directory tree for the improved transition over the releases.
it: I metadati "<literal>Packages</literal>" e "<literal>Sources</literal>" contengono la voce "<literal>Filename:</literal>" che punta alla posizione dei file dei pacchetti binari e sorgenti. Attualmente questi pacchetti sono posizionati nell'albero di directory "<literal>pool/</literal>" per una transizione migliore tra i rilasci.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Local copies of "<literal>Packages</literal>" meta data can be interactively searched with the help of <literal>aptitude</literal>.  The specialized search command <literal>grep-dctrl</literal>(1) can search local copies of "<literal>Packages</literal>" and "<literal>Sources</literal>" meta data.
it: Le copie locali dei metadati "<literal>Packages</literal>" possono essere ricercate interattivamente con l'aiuto di <literal>aptitude</literal>. Il comando specializzato di ricerca <literal>grep-dctrl</literal>(1) può cercare nelle copie locai dei metadati "<literal>Packages</literal>" e "<literal>Sources</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Local copy of "<literal>Contents-<emphasis>architecture</emphasis></literal>" meta data can be updated by "<literal>apt-file update</literal>" and its location is different from other 4 ones. See <literal>apt-file</literal>(1). (The <literal>auto-apt</literal> uses different location for local copy of "<literal>Contents-<emphasis>architecture</emphasis>.gz</literal>" as default.)
it: La copia locale dei metadati "<literal>Contents-<emphasis>architettura</emphasis></literal>" può essere aggiornata con "<literal>apt-file update</literal>" e la sua posizione è diversa da quella degli altri quattro file. Vedere <literal>apt-file</literal>(1). (<literal>auto-apt</literal> usa in modo predefinito una posizione differente per la copia locale di "<literal>Contents-<emphasis>architettura</emphasis>.gz</literal>".)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The package state for APT
it: Lo stato dei pacchetti per APT

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: In addition to the remotely fetched meta data, the APT tool after <literal>lenny</literal> stores its locally generated installation state information in the "<literal>/var/lib/apt/extended_states</literal>" which is used by all APT tools to track all auto installed packages.
it: In aggiunta ai metadati recuperati da remoto, lo strumento APT, a partire da <literal>lenny</literal>, memorizza le informazioni generate localmente sullo stato delle installazioni in "<literal>/var/lib/apt/extended_states</literal>" che è usato da tutti gli strumenti APT per tenere traccia dei pacchetti installati automaticamente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The package state for aptitude
it: Lo stato dei pacchetti per aptitude

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: In addition to the remotely fetched meta data, the <literal>aptitude</literal> command stores its locally generated installation state information in the "<literal>/var/lib/aptitude/pkgstates</literal>" which is used only by it.
it: In aggiunta ai metadati recuperati da remoto, il comando <literal>aptitude</literal> memorizza le informazioni generate localmente sullo stato delle installazioni in "<literal>/var/lib/aptitude/pkgstates</literal>" che è usato solo da esso.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Local copies of the fetched packages
it: Copie locali dei pacchetti scaricati

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: All the remotely fetched packages via APT mechanism are stored in the "<literal>/var/cache/apt/archives</literal>" until they are cleaned.
it: Tutti i pacchetti scaricati da remoto attraverso il meccanismo APT vengono salvati nella directory "<literal>/var/cache/apt/archives</literal>" fino a che non vengono cancellati.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This cache file cleaning policy for <literal>aptitude</literal> can be set under "<literal>Options</literal>" → "<literal>Preferences</literal>" and it may be forced by its menu "<literal>Clean package cache</literal>" or "<literal>Clean obsolete files</literal>" under "<literal>Actions</literal>".
it: Questa politica di pulizia dei file della cache per <literal>aptitude</literal> può essere impostata in "<literal>Opzioni</literal>" → "<literal>Preferenze</literal>" e può essere forzata usando la sua voce di menu "<literal>Pulisci la cache dei pacchetti</literal>" o "<literal>Cancella i file vecchi</literal>" in "<literal>Azioni</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Debian package file names
it: Nomi dei file di pacchetto di Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Debian package files have particular name structures.
it: I file di pacchetto Debian hanno nomi con una particolare struttura.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: The name structure of Debian packages
it: La struttura dei nomi dei pacchetti Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: package type
it: tipo di pacchetto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: name structure
it: struttura del nome

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: The binary package (a.k.a <literal>deb</literal>)
it: Il pacchetto binario (alias <literal>deb</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal><emphasis>package-name</emphasis>_<emphasis>upstream-version</emphasis>-<emphasis>debian.revision</emphasis>_<emphasis>architecture</emphasis>.deb</literal>
it: <literal><emphasis>nome-pacchetto</emphasis>_<emphasis>versione-originale</emphasis>-<emphasis>versione-debian</emphasis>_<emphasis>architettura</emphasis>.deb</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: The binary package for debian-installer (a.k.a <literal>udeb</literal>)
it: Il pacchetto binario per l'installatore Debian (alias <literal>udeb</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal><emphasis>package-name</emphasis>_<emphasis>upstream-version</emphasis>-<emphasis>debian.revision</emphasis>_<emphasis>architecture</emphasis>.udeb</literal>
it: <literal><emphasis>nome-pacchetto</emphasis>_<emphasis>versione-originale</emphasis>-<emphasis>versione-debian</emphasis>_<emphasis>architettura</emphasis>.udeb</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: The source package (upstream source)
it: Il pacchetto sorgente (sorgenti originali)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal><emphasis>package-name</emphasis>_<emphasis>upstream-version</emphasis>-<emphasis>debian.revision</emphasis>.orig.tar.gz</literal>
it: <literal><emphasis>nome-pacchetto</emphasis>_<emphasis>versione-originale</emphasis>-<emphasis>versione-debian</emphasis>.orig.tar.gz</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: The <literal>1.0</literal> source package (Debian changes)
it: Il pacchetto sorgente <literal>1.0</literal> (modifiche Debian)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal><emphasis>package-name</emphasis>_<emphasis>upstream-version</emphasis>-<emphasis>debian.revision</emphasis>.diff.gz</literal>
it: <literal><emphasis>nome-pacchetto</emphasis>_<emphasis>versione-originale</emphasis>-<emphasis>versione-debian</emphasis>.diff.gz</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: The <literal>3.0 (quilt)</literal> source package (Debian changes)
it: Il pacchetto sorgente <literal>3.0 (quilt)</literal> (modifiche Debian)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal><emphasis>package-name</emphasis>_<emphasis>upstream-version</emphasis>-<emphasis>debian.revision</emphasis>.debian.tar.gz</literal>
it: <literal><emphasis>nome-pacchetto</emphasis>_<emphasis>versione-originale</emphasis>-<emphasis>versione-debian</emphasis>.debian.tar.gz</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: The source package (description)
it: Il pacchetto sorgente (descrizione)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal><emphasis>package-name</emphasis>_<emphasis>upstream-version</emphasis>-<emphasis>debian.revision</emphasis>.dsc</literal>
it: <literal><emphasis>nome-pacchetto</emphasis>_<emphasis>versione-originale</emphasis>-<emphasis>versione-debian</emphasis>.dsc</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Here only the basic source package formats are described.  See more on <literal>dpkg-source</literal>(1).
it: Sono qui descritti solamente i formati base dei pacchetti sorgenti. Per ulteriori informazioni vedere <literal>dpkg-source</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: The usable characters for each component in the Debian package names
it: I caratteri utilizzabili all'interno di ciascuna porzione del nome dei pacchetti Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: name component
it: nome porzione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: usable characters (ERE regex)
it: caratteri utilizzabili (espressione regolare)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: existence
it: presenza

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal><emphasis>package-name</emphasis></literal>
it: <literal><emphasis>nome-pacchetto</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: required
it: richiesta

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal><emphasis>epoch</emphasis>:</literal>
it: <literal><emphasis>epoca</emphasis>:</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: optional
it: opzionale

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal><emphasis>upstream-version</emphasis></literal>
it: <literal><emphasis>versione-originale</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal><emphasis>debian.revision</emphasis></literal>
it: <literal><emphasis>versione.debian</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: You can check package version order by <literal>dpkg</literal>(1), e.g., "<literal>dpkg --compare-versions 7.0 gt 7.~pre1 ; echo $?</literal>" .
it: Si può controllare l'ordine delle versioni dei pacchetti con <literal>dpkg</literal>(1), per esempio con "<literal>dpkg --compare-versions 7.0 gt 7.~pre1 ; echo $?</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: <ulink url="&thedebianinstallerdi;">The debian-installer (d-i)</ulink> uses <literal>udeb</literal> as the file extension for its binary package instead of normal <literal>deb</literal>.  An <literal>udeb</literal> package is a stripped down <literal>deb</literal> package which removes few non-essential contents such as documentation to save space while relaxing the package policy requirements.  Both <literal>deb</literal> and <literal>udeb</literal> packages share the same package structure.  The "<literal>u</literal>" stands for micro.
it: <ulink url="&thedebianinstallerdi;">L'installatore Debian (d-i)</ulink> usa come estensione per i suoi pacchetti binari <literal>udeb</literal> invece della normale <literal>deb</literal>. Un pacchetto <literal>udeb</literal> è un pacchetto <literal>deb</literal> ridotto al minimo, con rimossi alcuni contenuti non essenziali come la documentazione, per risparmiare spazio seguendo meno rigorosamente i requisiti richiesti dalle norme per i pacchetti. Entrambi i pacchetti <literal>deb</literal> e <literal>udeb</literal> condividono la stessa struttura di pacchetto. La "<literal>u</literal>" sta per micro.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The dpkg command
it: Il comando dpkg

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <literal>dpkg</literal>(1) is the lowest level tool for the Debian package management.  This is very powerful and needs to be used with care.
it: <literal>dpkg</literal>(1) è lo strumento di più basso livello per la gestione dei pacchetti Debian. È molto potente e deve essere usato con cautela.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: While installing package called "<literal><emphasis>package_name</emphasis></literal>", <literal>dpkg</literal> process it in the following order.
it: Quando installa un pacchetto chiamato "<literal><emphasis>nome_pacchetto</emphasis></literal>", <literal>dpkg</literal> fa nell'ordine elencato le seguenti operazioni.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Unpack the deb file ("<literal>ar -x</literal>" equivalent)
it: Spacchetta il file deb (equivalente di "<literal>ar -x</literal>")

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Execute "<literal><emphasis>package_name</emphasis>.preinst</literal>" using <literal>debconf</literal>(1)
it: Esegue "<literal><emphasis>nome_pacchetto</emphasis>.preinst</literal>" usando <literal>debconf</literal>(1)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Install the package content to the system ("<literal>tar -x</literal>" equivalent)
it: Installa il contenuto del pacchetto nel sistema (equivalente di "<literal>tar -x</literal>")

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Execute "<literal><emphasis>package_name</emphasis>.postinst</literal>" using <literal>debconf</literal>(1)
it: Esegue "<literal><emphasis>nome_pacchetto</emphasis>.postinst</literal>" usando <literal>debconf</literal>(1)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <literal>debconf</literal> system provides standardized user interaction with I18N and L10N (<xref linkend="_i18n_and_l10n"/>) supports.
it: Il sistema <literal>debconf</literal> fornisce un'interazione standard con l'utente con supporto per internazionalizzazione e localizzazione (<xref linkend="_i18n_and_l10n"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: The notable files created by <literal>dpkg</literal>
it: I file degni di nota creati da <literal>dpkg</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: description of contents
it: descrizione del contenuto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/<emphasis>package_name</emphasis>.conffiles</literal>
it: <literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/<emphasis>nome_pacchetto</emphasis>.conffiles</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: list of configuration files. (user modifiable)
it: elenco di file di configurazione (modificabile dall'utente)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/<emphasis>package_name</emphasis>.list</literal>
it: <literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/<emphasis>nome_pacchetto</emphasis>.list</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: list of files and directories installed by the package
it: elenco dei file e delle directory installate dal pacchetto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/<emphasis>package_name</emphasis>.md5sums</literal>
it: <literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/<emphasis>nome_pacchetto</emphasis>.md5sums</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: list of MD5 hash values for files installed by the package
it: elenco dei valori degli hash MD5 per i file installati dal pacchetto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/<emphasis>package_name</emphasis>.preinst</literal>
it: <literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/<emphasis>nome_pacchetto</emphasis>.preinst</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: package script to be run before the package installation
it: script del pacchetto da eseguire prima dell'installazione del pacchetto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/<emphasis>package_name</emphasis>.postinst</literal>
it: <literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/<emphasis>nome_pacchetto</emphasis>.postinst</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: package script to be run after the package installation
it: script del pacchetto da eseguire dopo l'installazione del pacchetto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/<emphasis>package_name</emphasis>.prerm</literal>
it: <literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/<emphasis>nome_pacchetto</emphasis>.prerm</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: package script to be run before the package removal
it: script del pacchetto da eseguire prima della rimozione del pacchetto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/<emphasis>package_name</emphasis>.postrm</literal>
it: <literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/<emphasis>nome_pacchetto</emphasis>.postrm</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: package script to be run after the package removal
it: script del pacchetto da eseguire dopo la rimozione del pacchetto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/<emphasis>package_name</emphasis>.config</literal>
it: <literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/<emphasis>nome_pacchetto</emphasis>.config</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: package script for <literal>debconf</literal> system
it: script per il sistema <literal>debconf</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>/var/lib/dpkg/alternatives/<emphasis>package_name</emphasis></literal>
it: <literal>/var/lib/dpkg/alternatives/<emphasis>nome_pacchetto</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: the alternative information used by the <literal>update-alternatives</literal> command
it: informazioni sulle alternative usate dal comando <literal>update-alternatives</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: the availability information for all the package
it: informazioni sulla disponibilità per tutti i pacchetti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: the diversions information used by <literal>dpkg</literal>(1) and set by <literal>dpkg-divert</literal>(8)
it: le informazioni sulle deviazioni usate da <literal>dpkg</literal>(1) e impostate da <literal>dpkg-divert</literal>(8)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: the stat override information used by <literal>dpkg</literal>(1) and set by <literal>dpkg-statoverride</literal>(8)
it: le informazioni per la sovrascrittura dello stato usate da <literal>dpkg</literal>(1) e impostate da <literal>dpkg-statoverride</literal>(8)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: the status information for all the packages
it: le informazioni sullo stato per tutti i pacchetti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: the first-generation backup of the "<literal>var/lib/dpkg/status</literal>" file
it: la prima generazione di backup del file "<literal>var/lib/dpkg/status</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: the second-generation backup and older ones of the "<literal>var/lib/dpkg/status</literal>" file
it: la seconda generazione e le generazioni precedenti di backup del file "<literal>var/lib/dpkg/status</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The "<literal>status</literal>" file is also used by the tools such as <literal>dpkg</literal>(1), "<literal>dselect update</literal>" and "<literal>apt-get -u dselect-upgrade</literal>".
it: Il file "<literal>status</literal>" è anche usato da altri strumenti come <literal>dpkg</literal>(1): "<literal>dselect update</literal>" e "<literal>apt-get -u dselect-upgrade</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The specialized search command <literal>grep-dctrl</literal>(1) can search the local copies of "<literal>status</literal>" and "<literal>available</literal>" meta data.
it: Il comando di ricerca specializzato <literal>grep-dctrl</literal>(1) può ricercare nelle copie locali dei metadati "<literal>status</literal>" e "<literal>available</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: In <ulink url="&thedebianinstaller;">the debian-installer</ulink> environment, the <literal>udpkg</literal> command is used to open <literal>udeb</literal> packages.  The <literal>udpkg</literal> command is a stripped down version of the <literal>dpkg</literal> command.
it: Nell'ambiente dell'<ulink url="&thedebianinstaller;">installatore Debian</ulink>, viene usato il comando <literal>udpkg</literal> per aprire i pacchetti <literal>udeb</literal>. Il comando <literal>udpkg</literal> è una versione ridotta al minimo del comando <literal>dpkg</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The update-alternatives command
it: Il comando update-alternatives

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The Debian system has mechanism to install somewhat overlapping programs peacefully using <literal>update-alternatives</literal>(1).  For example, you can make the <literal>vi</literal> command select to run <literal>vim</literal> while installing both <literal>vim</literal> and <literal>nvi</literal> packages.
it: Il sistema Debian ha un meccanismo per installare senza problemi programmi che si sovrappongono nelle loro funzioni usando <literal>update-alternatives</literal>(1). Per esempio, si può far sì che il comando <literal>vi</literal> esegua <literal>vim</literal> quando si sono installati entrambi i pacchetti <literal>vim</literal> e <literal>nvi</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The Debian alternatives system keeps its selection as symlinks in "<literal>/etc/alternatives/</literal>".  The selection process uses corresponding file in "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/alternatives/</literal>".
it: Il sistema delle alternative Debian mantiene le proprie selezioni in forma di collegamenti simbolici in "<literal>/etc/alternatives/</literal>". Il procedimento di selezione usa i file corrispondenti in "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/alternatives/</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The dpkg-statoverride command
it: Il comando dpkg-statoverride

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">Stat overrides</emphasis> provided by the <literal>dpkg-statoverride</literal>(8) command are a way to tell <literal>dpkg</literal>(1) to use a different owner or mode for a <emphasis role="strong">file</emphasis> when a package is installed. If "<literal>--update</literal>" is specified and file exists, it is immediately set to the new owner and mode.
it: La <emphasis role="strong">sovrascrittura dello stato</emphasis> fornita dal comando <literal>dpkg-statoverride</literal>(8) è un modo per dire a <literal>dpkg</literal>(1) di usare un proprietario o una modalità diversa per un <emphasis role="strong">file</emphasis> quando viene installato un pacchetto. Se viene specificato "<literal>--update</literal>" e il file esiste già, viene immediatamente impostato con il prorpietario e la modalità nuovi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: The direct alteration of owner or mode for a <emphasis role="strong">file</emphasis> owned by the package using <literal>chmod</literal> or <literal>chown</literal> commands by the system administrator is reset by the next upgrade of the package.
it: La modifica diretta del proprietario o della modalità, usando <literal>chmod</literal> o <literal>chown</literal>, di un <emphasis role="strong">file</emphasis> che appartiene ad un pacchetto da parte dell'amministratore del sistema viene vanificata dal successivo aggiornamento del pacchetto.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: I use the word <emphasis role="strong">file</emphasis> here, but in reality this can be any filesystem object that <literal>dpkg</literal> handles, including directories, devices, etc.
it: È stata usata la parola <emphasis role="strong">file</emphasis>, ma in realtà si può trattare di un qualsiasi oggetto nel file system gestito da <literal>dpkg</literal>, inclusi directory, device, ecc.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The dpkg-divert command
it: Il comando dpkg-divert

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: File <emphasis role="strong">diversions</emphasis> provided by the <literal>dpkg-divert</literal>(8) command are a way of forcing <literal>dpkg</literal>(1) not to install a file into its default location, but to a <emphasis role="strong">diverted</emphasis> location.  The use of <literal>dpkg-divert</literal> is meant for the package maintenance scripts.  Its casual use by the system administrator is deprecated.
it: Le <emphasis role="strong">deviazioni</emphasis> per i file fornite dal comando <literal>dpkg-divert</literal>(8) sono un modo per forzare <literal>dpkg</literal>(1) a non installare un file nella sua posizione predefinita, ma in una posizione <emphasis role="strong">deviata</emphasis>. L'uso di <literal>dpkg-divert</literal> è pensato per gli script di manutenzione dei pacchetti. Il suo uso in maniera superficiale da parte dell'amministratore di sistema è deprecato.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Recovery from a broken system
it: Ripristino da un sistema con problemi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: When running <literal>testing</literal> or <literal>unstable</literal> system, the administrator is expected to recover from broken package management situation.
it: Quando si usa il sistema <literal>testing</literal> o <literal>unstable</literal>, l'amministratore deve saper ripristinare le cose da una situazione problematica di gestione dei pacchetti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><caution><para>
en: Some methods described here are high risk actions.  You have been warned!
it: Alcuni dei metodi descritti comportano azioni ad alto rischio. Ci si consideri avvertiti!

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Incompatibility with old user configuration
it: Incompatibilità con vecchie configurazioni utente

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If a desktop GUI program experienced instability after significant upstream version upgrade, you should suspect interference with old local configuration files created by it. If it is stable under a newly created user account, this hypothesis is confirmed.  (This is a bug of packaging and usually avoided by the packager.)
it: Se un programma con interfaccia grafica per il desktop presenta problemi di instabilità dopo un importante aggiornamento della versione originale, si dovrebbero sospettare interferenze con vecchi file locali di configurazione creati da esso. Se è stabile per account utente creati da zero, questa ipotesi è confermata. (Questo è un bug nella creazione del pacchetto e viene solitamente evitato dal curatore del pacchetto.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: To recover stability, you should move corresponding local configuration files and restart the GUI program.  You may need to read old configuration file contents to recover configuration information later.  (Do not erase them too quickly.)
it: Per ripristinare la stabilità, si dovrebbero spostare i corrispondenti file locali di configurazione e riavviare il programma GUI. Potrebbe essere necessario leggere il contenuto dei vecchi file di configurazione per ripristinare successivamente le informazioni di configurazione. (Non cancellarli troppo di fretta.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Caching errors of the package data
it: Errori di cache dei dati dei pacchetti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Caching errors of the package data cause intriguing errors, such as <ulink url="&gpgerrorinvalidbadsig;">"GPG error: ... invalid: BADSIG ..."</ulink> with APT.
it: Errori nella cache dei dati dei pacchetti causano errori interessanti come <ulink url="&gpgerrorinvalidbadsig;">"GPG error: ... invalid: BADSIG ..."</ulink> con APT.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You should remove all cached data by "<literal>sudo rm -rf /var/lib/apt/* </literal>" and try again. (If <literal>apt-cacher-ng</literal> is used, you should also run "<literal>sudo rm -rf /var/cache/apt-cacher-ng/* </literal>".)
it: Si dovrebbero rimuovere tutti i dati in cache con "<literal>sudo rm -rf /var/lib/apt/* </literal>" e riprovare. (Se viene usato <literal>apt-cacher-ng</literal> si dovrebbe anche eseguire "<literal>sudo rm -rf /var/cache/apt-cacher-ng/* </literal>".)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Rescue with the dpkg command
it: Ripristinare con il comando dpkg

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You may still find cached copies of older bug free version of <literal>foo</literal> package in the package cache directory: "<literal>/var/cache/apt/archives/</literal>".  (If not, you can download it from archive of <ulink url="&httpssnapshotdebianorg;">https://snapshot.debian.org/</ulink> or copy it from package cache of a functioning machine.)
it: Si possono trovare copie di versioni più vecchie del pacchetto <literal>pippo</literal>, libere dal bug, nella directory della cache dei pacchetti: «<literal>/var/cache/apt/archives/</literal>». (Se non ci sono, se ne può scaricare una dall'archivio di <ulink url="&httpssnapshotdebianorg;">https://snapshot.debian.org/</ulink> o copiarla dalla cache dei pacchetti di una macchina funzionante.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you can boot the system, you may install it by the following command.
it: Se si può avviare il sistema, lo si può installare con il comando seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If attempting to install a package this way fails due to some dependency violations and you really need to do this as the last resort, you can override dependency using <literal>dpkg</literal>'s "<literal>--ignore-depends</literal>", "<literal>--force-depends</literal>" and other options.  If you do this, you need to make serious effort to restore proper dependency later. See <literal>dpkg</literal>(8) for details.
it: Se il tentativo di installare un pacchetto in questo modo fallisce a causa di qualche violazione di dipendenze e si deve necessariamente farlo come ultima spiaggia, si possono sovrascrivere le dipendenze usando "<literal>--ignore-depends</literal>", "<literal>--force-depends</literal>" e altre opzioni di <literal>dpkg</literal>. Se lo si fa, è necessario in seguito fare tutti gli sforzi possibili per ripristinare le dipendenze corrette. Per i dettagli vedere <literal>dpkg</literal>(8).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: If your system is seriously broken, you should make a full backup of system to a safe place (see <xref linkend="_backup_and_recovery"/>) and should perform a clean installation.  This is less time consuming and produces better results in the end.
it: Se il sistema è seriamente danneggiato, se ne dovrebbe fare un backup completo in un posto sicuro (vedere <xref linkend="_backup_and_recovery"/>) e fare un'installazione pulita. Ciò comporta meno perdita di tempo e alla fine produce un risultato migliore.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: If system breakage is minor, you may alternatively downgrade the whole system as in <xref linkend="_emergency_downgrading"/> using the higher level APT system.
it: Se il danno al sistema è piccolo, si può in alternativa retrocedere tutto il sistema ad una versione precedente come in <xref linkend="_emergency_downgrading"/>, usando il sistema di più alto livello APT.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Failed installation due to missing dependencies
it: Installazione fallita a causa di dipendenze mancanti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you force to install a package by "<literal>sudo dpkg -i ...</literal>" to a system without all dependency packages installed, the package installation will fail as partially installed.
it: Se si forza l'installazione di un pacchetto con "<literal>sudo dpkg -i ...</literal>" in un sistema che non ha tutti i pacchetti nelle dipendenze installati, allora l'installazione del pacchetto fallirà come parzialmente installato.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Then, configure all partially installed packages with the following command.
it: Poi, configurare tutti i pacchetti parzialmente installati con il comando seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Different packages with overlapped files
it: Pacchetti diversi con file sovrapposti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Archive level package management systems, such as <literal>aptitude</literal>(8) or <literal>apt-get</literal>(1), do not even try to install packages with overlapped files using package dependencies (see <xref linkend="_package_dependencies"/>).
it: I sistemi di gestione dei pacchetti a livello dell'archivio, come <literal>aptitude</literal>(8) o <literal>apt-get</literal>(1) non provano nemmeno ad installare pacchetti con file sovrapposti, basandosi sulle dipendenze dei pacchetti (vedere <xref linkend="_package_dependencies"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Errors by the package maintainer or deployment of inconsistently mixed source of archives (see <xref linkend="_packages_from_mixed_source_of_archives"/>) by the system administrator may create a situation with incorrectly defined package dependencies. When you install a package with overlapped files using <literal>aptitude</literal>(8) or <literal>apt-get</literal>(1) under such a situation, <literal>dpkg</literal>(1) which unpacks package ensures to return error to the calling program without overwriting existing files.
it: Errori dei manutentori dei pacchetti o l'uso di fonti degli archivi mescolate in modo incoerente (vedere <xref linkend="_packages_from_mixed_source_of_archives"/>) dall'amministratore di sistema possono creare una situazione con dipendenze dei pacchetti non correttamente definite. Quando, in una situazione di questo tipo, si installa un pacchetto con file sovrapposti usando <literal>aptitude</literal>(8) o <literal>apt-get</literal>(1), <literal>dpkg</literal>(1) che spacchetta i pacchetti si assicura di restituire un errore al programma che lo ha invocato senza sovrascrivere file esistenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: The use of third party packages introduces significant system risks via maintainer scripts which are run with root privilege and can do anything to your system.  The <literal>dpkg</literal>(1) command only protects against overwriting by the unpacking.
it: L'uso di pacchetti di terze parti introduce significativi rischi per il sistema attraverso gli script dei manutentori che sono eseguiti con privilegi di root e che possono fare qualsiasi cosa nel sistema. Il comando <literal>dpkg</literal>(1) protegge solo contro la sovrascrittura in fase di spacchettamento.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can work around such broken installation by removing the old offending package, <literal><emphasis>old-package</emphasis></literal>, first.
it: Si possono risolvere installazioni problematiche di questo tipo rimuovendo prima il vecchio pacchetto che crea problemi: <literal><emphasis>vecchio-pacchetto</emphasis></literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Fixing broken package script
it: Risolvere problemi negli script di pacchetto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: When a command in the package script returns error for some reason and the script exits with error, the package management system aborts their action and ends up with partially installed packages.  When a package contains bugs in its removal scripts, the package may become impossible to remove and quite nasty.
it: Quando un comando nello script di un pacchetto restituisce un errore per una qualche ragione e lo script finisce con un errore, il sistema di gestione dei pacchetti cancella l'azione e finisce con pacchetti parzialmente installati. Quando un pacchetto contiene bug nei suoi script di rimozione, il pacchetto può diventare impossibile da rimuovere e fonte di problemi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For the package script problem of "<literal><emphasis>package_name</emphasis></literal>", you should look into following package scripts.
it: Per i problemi di script di pacchetto di "<literal><emphasis>nome_pacchetto</emphasis></literal>", si dovrebbe guardare negli script di pacchetto seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/<emphasis>package_name</emphasis>.preinst</literal>"
it: "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/<emphasis>nome_pacchetto</emphasis>.preinst</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/<emphasis>package_name</emphasis>.postinst</literal>"
it: "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/<emphasis>nome_pacchetto</emphasis>.postinst</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/<emphasis>package_name</emphasis>.prerm</literal>"
it: "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/<emphasis>nome_pacchetto</emphasis>.prerm</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/<emphasis>package_name</emphasis>.postrm</literal>"
it: "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/<emphasis>nome_pacchetto</emphasis>.postrm</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Edit the offending package script from the root using following techniques.
it: Modificare dall'account root lo script di pacchetto che causa problemi usando le tecniche seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: disable the offending line by preceding "<literal>#</literal>"
it: disabilitare la riga che causa problemi facendola precedere da "<literal>#</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: force to return success by appending the offending line with "<literal>|| true</literal>"
it: forzare la restituzione di esecuzione con successo aggiungendo in fondo alla riga che causa problemi "<literal>|| true</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Recovering package selection data
it: Ripristinare i dati sui pacchetti selezionati

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/status</literal>" becomes corrupt for any reason, the Debian system loses package selection data and suffers severely.  Look for the old "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/status</literal>" file at "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/status-old</literal>" or "<literal>/var/backups/dpkg.status.*</literal>".
it: Se "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/status</literal>" diventa corrotto per una qualsiasi ragione, il sistema Debian perde i dati sulla selezione dei pacchetti e ne ha grave danno. Cercare il vecchio file "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/status</literal>" in "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/status-old</literal>" o "<literal>/var/backups/dpkg.status.*</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Keeping "<literal>/var/backups/</literal>" in a separate partition may be a good idea since this directory contains lots of important system data.
it: Mantenere "<literal>/var/backups/</literal>" in una partizione separata può essere una buona idea dato che questa directory contiene molti dati importanti per il sistema.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For serious breakage, I recommend to make fresh re-install after making backup of the system. Even if everything in "<literal>/var/</literal>" is gone, you can still recover some information from directories in "<literal>/usr/share/doc/</literal>" to guide your new installation.
it: Per danni molto seri, raccomando di fare una re-installazione pulita dopo aver fatto il backup del sistema. Anche se tutto ciò che era in "<literal>/var/</literal>" è andato perduto, è sempre possibile recuperare alcune informazioni dalle directory in "<literal>/usr/share/doc/</literal>" per guidare le nuove installazioni.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Reinstall minimal (desktop) system.
it: Reinstallare un sistema (desktop) minimale

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Mount old system at "<literal>/path/to/old/system/</literal>".
it: Montare il vecchio sistema in "<literal>percorso/del/vecchio/sistema/</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Then you are presented with package names to install.  (There may be some non-package names such as "<literal>texmf</literal>".)
it: Verranno mostrati i nomi dei pacchetti da installare. (Ci potrebbero essere alcuni nomi non di pacchetto, come "<literal>texmf</literal>".)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Tips for the package management
it: Suggerimenti per la gestione dei pacchetti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: For simplicity, <emphasis role="strong">the source list</emphasis> examples in this section are presented as "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" in one-line-style after the <literal>&codename-stable;</literal> release.
it: Per semplicità, gli esempi di <emphasis role="strong">elenco delle fonti</emphasis> in questa sezione sono presentati come "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" in stile a una riga dopo il rilascio <literal>&codename-stable;</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Who uploaded the package?
it: Chi ha caricato il pacchetto?

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Although the maintainer name listed in "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/available</literal>" and "<literal>/usr/share/doc/package_name/changelog</literal>" provide some information on "who is behind the packaging activity", the actual uploader of the package is somewhat obscure.  <literal>who-uploads</literal>(1) in the <literal>devscripts</literal> package identifies the actual uploader of Debian source packages.
it: Anche se i nomi dei manutentori elencati in "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/available</literal>" e"<literal>/usr/share/doc/package_name/changelog</literal>" forniscono alcune informazioni su "chi stia dietro la pacchettizzazione", l'identità di chi ha effettivamente caricato il pacchetto è un po' oscura. <literal>who-uploads</literal>(1) nel pacchetto <literal>devscripts</literal> identifica l'effettivo autore del caricamento dei pacchetti sorgenti Debian.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Limiting download bandwidth for APT
it: Limitare l'uso di banda di APT per gli scaricamenti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you want to limit the download bandwidth for APT to e.g. 800Kib/sec (=100kiB/sec), you should configure APT with its configuration parameter as the following.
it: Se si desidera limitare l'uso della banda da parte di APT per gli scaricamenti, per esempio a 800Kib/sec (=100kiB/sec), si devono usare i parametri di configurazione di APT nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Automatic download and upgrade of packages
it: Scaricare ed aggiornare automaticamente i pacchetti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <literal>apt</literal> package comes with its own cron script "<literal>/etc/cron.daily/apt</literal>" to support the automatic download of packages.  This script can be enhanced to perform the automatic upgrade of packages by installing the <literal>unattended-upgrades</literal> package. These can be customized by parameters in "<literal>/etc/apt/apt.conf.d/02backup</literal>" and "<literal>/etc/apt/apt.conf.d/50unattended-upgrades</literal>" as described in "<literal>/usr/share/doc/unattended-upgrades/README</literal>".
it: Il pacchetto <literal>apt</literal> viene fornito con il proprio script di cron, "<literal>/etc/cron.daily/apt</literal>" per permettere di scaricare automaticamente i pacchetti. Questo script può essere migliorato, installando il pacchetto <literal>unattended-upgrades</literal>, per effettuare l'aggiornamento automatico dei pacchetti. Può essere personalizzato dai parametri in "<literal>/etc/apt/apt.conf.d/02backup</literal>" e "<literal>/etc/apt/apt.conf.d/50unattended-upgrades</literal>" come descritto in "<literal>/usr/share/doc/unattended-upgrades/README</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <literal>unattended-upgrades</literal> package is mainly intended for the security upgrade for the <literal>stable</literal> system.  If the risk of breaking an existing <literal>stable</literal> system by the automatic upgrade is smaller than that of the system broken by the intruder using its security hole which has been closed by the security update, you should consider using this automatic upgrade with configuration parameters as the following.
it: Il pacchetto "<literal>unattended-upgrades</literal> è pensato principalmente per gli aggiornamenti di sicurezza del sistema <literal>stable</literal>. Se il rischio di danneggiare un sistema <literal>stable</literal> esistente con gli aggiornamenti automatici è minore di quello che il sistema venga danneggiato da un intruso, usando una falla nella sicurezza chiusa dall'aggiornamento di sicurezza, si dovrebbe considerare l'uso di questi aggiornamenti automatici con parametri simili ai seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you are running an <literal>testing</literal> or <literal>unstable</literal> system, you do not want to use the automatic upgrade since it certainly breaks system some day.  Even for such <literal>testing</literal> or <literal>unstable</literal> case, you may still want to download packages in advance to save time for the interactive upgrade with configuration parameters as the following.
it: Se si sta usando un sistema <literal>testing</literal> o <literal>unstable</literal>, non è bene usare gli aggiornamenti automatici perché certamente prima o poi danneggeranno il sistema. Anche per <literal>testing</literal> o <literal>unstable</literal>, per risparmiare tempo nell'aggiornamento interattivo, si può volere scaricare i pacchetti in anticipo usando parametri di configurazione come i seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Updates and Backports
it: Updates e Backports

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There are <ulink url="&stableupdates;">stable-updates</ulink> ("<literal>&codename-stable;</literal>-updates" during the <literal>&codename-stable;</literal>-as-<literal>stable</literal> release cycle) and <ulink url="&backportsdebianorg;">backports.debian.org</ulink> archives which provide upgrade packages for <literal>stable</literal>.
it: Esistono archivi <ulink url="&stableupdates;">stable-updates</ulink> ("<literal>&codename-stable;</literal>-updates" durante il ciclo di rilascio <literal>&codename-stable;</literal>-as-<literal>stable</literal>) e <ulink url="&backportsdebianorg;">backports.debian.org</ulink> che forniscono pacchetti di aggiornamento per <literal>stable</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: In order to use these archives, you list all required archives in the "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" file as the following.
it: Per usare questi archivi, si devono elencare tutti quelli richiesti nel file "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There is no need to set Pin-Priority value explicitly in the "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>" file.  When newer packages become available, the default configuration provides most reasonable upgrades (see <xref linkend="_archive_level_release_files"/>).
it: Non è necessario impostare esplicitamente un valore di priorità di pin nel file "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>". Quando nuovi pacchetti diventano disponibili, la configurazione predefinita fornisce gli aggiornamenti più ragionevoli (vedere <xref linkend="_archive_level_release_files"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: All installed older packages are upgraded to newer ones from <literal>&codename-stable;-updates</literal>.
it: Tutti i vecchi pacchetti installati vengono aggiornati con quelli più nuovi da <literal>&codename-stable;-updates</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Only manually installed older packages from <literal>&codename-stable;-backports</literal> are upgraded to newer ones from <literal>&codename-stable;-backports</literal>.
it: Solo i vecchi pacchetti installati manualmente da <literal>&codename-stable;-backports</literal> vengono aggiornati a quelli più nuovi da <literal>&codename-stable;-backports</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Whenever you wish to install a package named "<literal><emphasis>package-name</emphasis></literal>" with its dependency from <literal>&codename-stable;-backports</literal> archive manually, you use following command while switching target release with "<literal>-t</literal>" option.
it: Ogni volta che si desidera installare manualmente un pacchetto chiamato "<literal><emphasis>nome-pacchetto</emphasis></literal>" con le sue dipendenze dall'archivio <literal>&codename-stable;-backports</literal>, usare questo comando che sposta il rilascio stabilito con l'opzione "<literal>-t</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
en: Do not install too many packages from <ulink url="&backportsdebianorg;">backports.debian.org</ulink> archives.  It may cause package dependency complications. See <xref linkend="_how_to_cope_with_conflicting_requirements"/> for alternative solutions.
it: Non installare tropppi pacchetti da archivi <ulink url="&backportsdebianorg;">backports.debian.org</ulink>. Ciò può causare complicazioni nelle dipendenze dei pacchetti. Vedere <xref linkend="_how_to_cope_with_conflicting_requirements"/> per soluzioni alternative.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: External package archives
it: Archivi di pacchetti esterni

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
en: You should be aware that the external package gains the root priviledge to your system. You should only use the trusted external package archive. See <xref linkend="_how_to_cope_with_conflicting_requirements"/> for alternative solutions.
it: Si dovrebbe tenere a mente che pacchetti esterni ottengono privilegi di root nel sistema. Si dovrebbero usare solamente archivi fidati per i pacchetti esterni. Vedere <xref linkend="_how_to_cope_with_conflicting_requirements"/> per soluzioni alternative.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can use secure APT with Debian-compatible external package archive by adding it to <emphasis role="strong">the source list</emphasis> and its archive key file into the "<literal>/etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/</literal>" directory.  See <literal>sources.list</literal>(5), <literal>apt-secure</literal>(8) and <literal>apt-key</literal>(8).
it: Si può usare secure APT con un archivio di pacchetti esterni compatibile con Debian, aggiungendolo nell'<emphasis role="strong">elenco delle fonti</emphasis> e mettendo il suo file della chiave dell'archivio nella directory "<literal>/etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/</literal>". Vedere <literal>sources.list</literal>(5), <literal>apt-secure</literal>(8) e <literal>apt-key</literal>(8).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Packages from mixed source of archives without <emphasis role="strong">apt-pinning</emphasis>
it: Pacchetti da fonti miste di archivi senza l'<emphasis role="strong">uso dei pin di APT</emphasis>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: Installing packages from mixed source of archives is not supported by the official Debian distribution except for officially supported particular combinations of archives such as <literal>stable</literal> with <ulink url="&securityupdates;">security updates</ulink> and <ulink url="&stableupdates;">stable-updates</ulink>.
it: Installare pacchetti da fonti mescolate di archivi non è supportato dalla distribuzione Debian ufficiale, tranne che per particolari combinazioni supportate ufficialmente, come <literal>stable</literal> con <ulink url="&securityupdates;">security updates</ulink> e <ulink url="&stableupdates;">stable-updates</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here is an example of operations to include specific newer upstream version packages found in <literal>unstable</literal> while tracking <literal>testing</literal> for single occasion.
it: Ecco un esempio di operazioni da fare per includere, sporadicamente, versioni originali più recenti di specifici pacchetti presenti in <literal>unstable</literal> pur mantenendo <literal>testing</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Change the "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" file temporarily to single "<literal>unstable</literal>" entry.
it: Cambiare temporaneamente il file "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" ad una singola voce "<literal>unstable</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Run "<literal>aptitude update</literal>".
it: Eseguire "<literal>aptitude update</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Run "<literal>aptitude install <emphasis>package-name</emphasis></literal>".
it: Eseguire "<literal>aptitude install <emphasis>nome-pacchetto</emphasis></literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Recover the original "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" file for <literal>testing</literal>.
it: Ripristinare il file "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" originale per <literal>testing</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You do not create the "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>" file nor need to worry about <emphasis role="strong">apt-pinning</emphasis> with this manual approach.  But this is very cumbersome.
it: Con questo approccio manuale non si deve creare il file "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>" né ci si deve preoccupare dei <emphasis role="strong">pin di apt</emphasis>. Ma è piuttosto laborioso.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: When using mixed source of archives, you must ensure compatibility of packages by yourself since the Debian does not guarantee it. If package incompatibility exists, you may break system. You must be able to judge these technical requirements. The use of mixed source of random archives is completely optional operation and its use is not something I encourage you to use.
it: Quando si usano fonti di archivi mescolate, si deve assicurare la compatibilità tra i pacchetti da soli, dato che Debian non la garantisce. Se esistono incompatibilità tra i pacchetti, si può danneggiare il sistema. Si deve essere in grado di giudicare queste esigenze tecniche. L'uso di fonti mescolate di archivi non correlati è una modalità di funzionamento del tutto facoltativa e il suo uso non è per nulla raccomandato.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: General rules for installing packages from different archives are the following.
it: Le regole generali per installare pacchetti da archivi diversi sono le seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Non-binary packages ("<literal>Architecture: all</literal>") are <emphasis role="strong">safer</emphasis> to install.
it: L'installazione di pacchetti non binari ("<literal>Architecture: all</literal>") è <emphasis role="strong">più sicura</emphasis>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: documentation packages: no special requirements
it: pacchetti di documentazione: nessun requisito particolare

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: interpreter program packages: compatible interpreter must be available
it: pacchetti programma per interpreti: deve essere disponibile un interprete compatibile

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Binary packages (non "<literal>Architecture: all</literal>") usually face many road blocks and are <emphasis role="strong">unsafe</emphasis> to install.
it: L'installazione di pacchetti binari (non "<literal>Architecture: all</literal>") di solito comporta molte difficoltà e <emphasis role="strong">non è sicura</emphasis>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: library version compatibility (including "<literal>libc</literal>")
it: compatibilità di versione con librerie (inclusa "<literal>libc</literal>")

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: related utility program version compatibility
it: compatibilità di versione con programmi applicativi correlati

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Kernel <ulink url="&abi;">ABI</ulink> compatibility
it: compatibilità con l'<ulink url="&abi;">ABI</ulink> del kernel

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: C++ <ulink url="&abi;">ABI</ulink> compatibility
it: compatibilità con l'<ulink url="&abi;">ABI</ulink> C++

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: In order to make a package to be <emphasis role="strong">safer</emphasis> to install, some commercial non-free binary program packages may be provided with completely statically linked libraries.  You should still check <ulink url="&abi;">ABI</ulink> compatibility issues etc. for them.
it: Per rendere l'installazione di un pacchetto <emphasis role="strong">più sicura</emphasis>, possono essere forniti alcuni pacchetti binari applicativi commerciali non liberi con librerie completamente statiche. Si dovrebbe anche per essi controllare in ogni caso la compatibilità con <ulink url="&abi;">ABI</ulink>, ecc.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: Except to avoid broken package for a short term, installing binary packages from non-Debian archives is generally bad idea.  You should seek all available alternative safer technical solutions which are compatible with your current Debian syetem (see <xref linkend="_how_to_cope_with_conflicting_requirements"/>).
it: Tranne nel caso di evitare per un breve periodo pacchetti non funzionanti, l'installazione di pacchetti binari da archivi non Debian è generalmente una cattiva idea Si dovrebbero valutare tutte le soluzioni tecniche alternative più sicure che sono compatibili con il proprio sistema Debian attuale (vedere <xref linkend="_how_to_cope_with_conflicting_requirements"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Tweaking candidate version with <emphasis role="strong">apt-pinning</emphasis>
it: Modificare la versione candidata con l'<emphasis role="strong">uso dei pin di APT</emphasis>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
en: Use of <emphasis role="strong">apt-pinning</emphasis> technique by a novice user is sure call for major troubles.  You must avoid using this technique except when you absolutely need it.
it: L'uso dei <emphasis role="strong">pin di apt</emphasis> da parte di un utente inesperto è una fonte sicura di grossi problemi. Si dovrebbe evitare l'uso di questa tecnica, tranne nei casi in cui sia strettamente necessario.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Without the "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>" file, APT system choses the latest available version as the <emphasis role="strong">candidate version</emphasis> using the version string.  This is the normal state and most recommended usage of APT system.  All officially supported combinations of archives do not require the "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>" file since some archives which should not be used as the automatic source of upgrades are marked as <emphasis role="strong">NotAutomatic</emphasis> and dealt properly.
it: Senza il file "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>", il sistema APT sceglie la versione più recente disponibile come <emphasis role="strong">versione candidata</emphasis> usando la stringa di versione. Questa è la situazione normale e l'uso raccomandato del sistema APT. Tutte le combinazioni di archivi supportate ufficialmente non necessitano del file "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>", dato che gli archivi che non dovrebbero essere usati come fonti automatica per gli aggiornamenti sono marcati come <emphasis role="strong">NotAutomatic</emphasis> e trattati in modo appropriato.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: The version string comparison rule can be verified with, e.g., "<literal>dpkg --compare-versions ver1.1 gt ver1.1~1; echo $?</literal>" (see <literal>dpkg</literal>(1)).
it: La regola di comparazione della stringa di versione può essere verificata con, ad esempio, "<literal>dpkg --compare-versions ver1.1 gt ver1.1~1; echo $?</literal>" (vedere <literal>dpkg</literal>(1)).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: When you install packages from mixed source of archives (see <xref linkend="_packages_from_mixed_source_of_archives"/>) regularly, you can automate these complicated operations by creating the "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>" file with proper entries and tweaking the package selection rule for <emphasis role="strong">candidate version</emphasis> as described in <literal>apt_preferences</literal>(5).  This is called <emphasis role="strong">apt-pinning</emphasis>.
it: Quando si installano regolarmente pacchetti da fonti di archivi mescolate (vedere <xref linkend="_packages_from_mixed_source_of_archives"/>), si possono automatizzare queste operazioni complicate creando il file "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>" con le voci appropriate e modificando la regola di selezione dei pacchetti per le <emphasis role="strong">versioni candidate</emphasis> come descritto in <literal>apt_preferences</literal>(5). Questo è chiamato <emphasis role="strong">usare i pin di APT</emphasis>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: When using <emphasis role="strong">apt-pinning</emphasis>, you must ensure compatibility of packages by yourself since the Debian does not guarantee it.  The <emphasis role="strong">apt-pinning</emphasis> is completely optional operation and its use is not something I encourage you to use.
it: Quando si usano i <emphasis role="strong">pin di apt</emphasis> si deve assicurare la compatibilità dei pacchetti da soli dato che Debian non la garantisce. L'uso dei <emphasis role="strong">pin di apt</emphasis> è una modalità di funzionamento del tutto facoltativa e il suo uso non è per nulla consigliato.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Archive level Release files (see <xref linkend="_archive_level_release_files"/>) are used for the rule of <literal>apt_preferences</literal>(5).  Thus <emphasis role="strong">apt-pinning</emphasis> works only with "suite" name for <ulink url="&normaldebianarchives;">normal Debian archives</ulink> and <ulink url="&securitydebianarchives;">security Debian archives</ulink>. (This is different from <ulink url="&ubuntu;">Ubuntu</ulink> archives.)  For example, you can do "<literal>Pin: release a=unstable</literal>" but can not do "<literal>Pin: release a=sid</literal>" in the "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>" file.
it: Per le regole di <literal>apt_preferences</literal>(5) sono usati i file Release a livello di archivio (vedere <xref linkend="_archive_level_release_files"/>). I <emphasis role="strong">pin di apt</emphasis> perciò funzionano solo con il nome della "suite" per i <ulink url="&normaldebianarchives;">normali archivi Debian</ulink> e per gli <ulink url="&securitydebianarchives;">archivi di sicurezza Debian</ulink>. (Ciò è diverso per gli archivi <ulink url="&ubuntu;">Ubuntu</ulink>.) Per esempio nel file "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>" si può usare "<literal>Pin: release a=unstable</literal>", ma non "<literal>Pin: release a=sid</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: When you use non-Debian archive as a part of <emphasis role="strong">apt-pinning</emphasis>, you should check what they are intended for and also check their credibility.  For example, Ubuntu and Debian are not meant to be mixed.
it: Quando si usano archivi non Debian con i <emphasis role="strong">pin di apt</emphasis> si dovrebbe controllare quale sia il loro scopo e la loro credibilità. Ubuntu e Debian, per esempio, non sono fatti per essere mescolati.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: Even if you do not create the "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>" file, you can do fairly complex system operations (see <xref linkend="_rescue_with_the_dpkg_command"/> and <xref linkend="_packages_from_mixed_source_of_archives"/>) without <emphasis role="strong">apt-pinning</emphasis>.
it: Anche se non si crea il file "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>" si possono fare operazioni piuttosto complesse (vedere <xref linkend="_rescue_with_the_dpkg_command"/> e <xref linkend="_packages_from_mixed_source_of_archives"/>) senza l'uso dei <emphasis role="strong">pin di apt</emphasis>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here is a simplified explanation of <emphasis role="strong">apt-pinning</emphasis> technique.
it: Quella che segue è una spiegazione semplificata dell<emphasis role="strong">uso dei pin di APT</emphasis>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The APT system choses the highest Pin-Priority <emphasis role="strong">upgrading</emphasis> package from available package sources defined in the "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" file as the <emphasis role="strong">candidate version</emphasis> package.  If the Pin-Priority of the package is larger than 1000, this version restriction for <emphasis role="strong">upgrading</emphasis> is dropped to enable downgrading (see <xref linkend="_emergency_downgrading"/>).
it: Il sistema APT sceglie, dalle fonti per i pacchetti disponibili definite nel file "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>", il pacchetto di <emphasis role="strong">aggiornamento</emphasis> con la priorità di pin più elevata come <emphasis role="strong">versione candidata</emphasis> del pacchetto. Se la priorità di pin del pacchetto è maggiore di 1000, la restrizione a versioni di <emphasis role="strong">aggiornamento</emphasis> non viene considerata per permettere la retrocessione ad una versione precedente (vedere <xref linkend="_emergency_downgrading"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Pin-Priority value of each package is defined by "Pin-Priority" entries in the "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>" file or uses its default value.
it: Il valore della priorità di pin per ciascun pacchetto è definito dalle voci "Pin-Priority" nel file "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal> o viene usato il valore predefinito.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of notable Pin-Priority values for <emphasis role="strong">apt-pinning</emphasis> technique.
it: Elenco di valori di priorità di pin che esemplificano la tecnica d'<emphasis role="strong">uso dei pin di APT</emphasis>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: Pin-Priority
it: Priorità di pin

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: <emphasis role="strong">apt-pinning</emphasis> effects to the package
it: Effetti del <emphasis role="strong">pin di apt</emphasis> sul pacchetto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: install the package even if this constitutes a downgrade of the package
it: installa il pacchetto anche se ciò costituisce il ritorno ad una versione precedente

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: used as the default for the <emphasis role="strong">target release</emphasis> archive
it: usato come valore predefinito per l'archivio del <emphasis role="strong">rilascio prescelto</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: used as the default for the <emphasis role="strong">normal</emphasis> archive
it: usato come valore predefinito per l'archivio <emphasis role="strong">normale</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: used as the default for the <emphasis role="strong">NotAutomatic</emphasis> and <emphasis role="strong">ButAutomaticUpgrades</emphasis> archive
it: usato come valore predefinito per l'archivio <emphasis role="strong">NonAutomatico</emphasis> e <emphasis role="strong">MaConAggiornamentiAutomatici</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: used for the <emphasis role="strong">installed</emphasis> package
it: usato per i pacchetti <emphasis role="strong">installati</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: used as the default for the <emphasis role="strong">NotAutomatic</emphasis> archive
it: usato come valore predefinito per l'archivio <emphasis role="strong">NonAutomatico</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <emphasis role="strong">never install</emphasis> the package even if recommended
it: <emphasis role="strong">non installa mai</emphasis> il pacchetto nemmeno se raccomandato

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <emphasis role="strong">target release</emphasis> archive can be set by the command line option, e.g., "<literal>apt-get install -t testing some-package</literal>"
it: L'archivio del <emphasis role="strong">rilascio obiettivo</emphasis> può essere impostato con l'opzione per la riga di comando, ad esempio, "<literal>apt-get install -t testing qualche-pacchetto</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <emphasis role="strong">NotAutomatic</emphasis> and <emphasis role="strong">ButAutomaticUpgrades</emphasis> archive is set by archive server having its archive level Release file (see <xref linkend="_archive_level_release_files"/>) containing both "<literal>NotAutomatic: yes</literal>" and "<literal>ButAutomaticUpgrades: yes</literal>". The <emphasis role="strong">NotAutomatic</emphasis> archive is set by archive server having its archive level Release file containing only "<literal>NotAutomatic: yes</literal>".
it: Gli attributi di archivio <emphasis role="strong">NonAutomatico</emphasis> e <emphasis role="strong">MaConAggiornamentiAutomatici</emphasis> vengono impostati dal server dell'archivio che ha il file Release a livello di archivio (vedere <xref linkend="_archive_level_release_files"/>) che contiene sia "<literal>NotAutomatic: yes</literal>" sia "<literal>ButAutomaticUpgrades: yes</literal>". L'archivio <emphasis role="strong">NonAutomatico</emphasis> viene impostato dal server dell'archivio che ha il file Release a livello di archivio che contiene solamente "<literal>NotAutomatic: yes</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <emphasis role="strong">apt-pinning situation</emphasis> of <emphasis>package</emphasis> from multiple archive sources is displayed by "<literal>apt-cache policy <emphasis>package</emphasis></literal>".
it: La <emphasis role="strong">situazione dei pin di APT</emphasis> di <emphasis>pacchetto</emphasis> da diverse fonti di archivi viene mostrata con "<literal>apt-cache policy <emphasis>pacchetto</emphasis></literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: A line started with "<literal>Package pin:</literal>" lists the package version of <emphasis role="strong">pin</emphasis> if association just with <emphasis>package</emphasis> is defined, e.g., "<literal>Package pin: 0.190</literal>".
it: Una riga che inizia con "<literal>pacchetto pin:</literal>" elenca la versione del pacchetto di <emphasis role="strong">pin</emphasis> se è definita un'associazione specifica per <emphasis>pacchetto</emphasis>, ad esempio "<literal>Package pin: 0.190</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: No line with "<literal>Package pin:</literal>" exists if no association just with <emphasis>package</emphasis> is defined.
it: Non esiste alcuna riga con "<literal>Package pin:</literal>" se non è definita alcuna associazione solamente con <emphasis>pacchetto</emphasis>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The Pin-Priority value associated just with <emphasis>package</emphasis> is listed right side of all version strings, e.g., "<literal>0.181 700</literal>".
it: Il valore di priorità di pin associato solamente con <emphasis>pacchetto</emphasis> viene mostrato alla destra di tutte le sringhe di versione, ad esempio "<literal>0.181 700</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>0</literal>" is listed right side of all version strings if no association just with <emphasis>package</emphasis> is defined, e.g., "<literal>0.181 0</literal>".
it: Se non è definita un'associazione specifica con <emphasis>pacchetto</emphasis> viene mostrato "<literal>0</literal>" alla destra di tutte le stringhe di versione, come ad esempio in "<literal>0.181 0</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The Pin-Priority values of archives (defined as "<literal>Package: *</literal>" in the "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>" file) are listed left side of all archive paths, e.g., "<literal>100 http://deb.debian.org/debian/ &codename-stable;-backports/main Packages</literal>".
it: I valori di priorità di pin degli archivi (definiti come "<literal>Package: *</literal>" nel file "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>") sono elencati alla sinistra di tutti i percorsi di archivio, ad esempio "<literal>100 http://deb.debian.org/debian/&codename-stable;-backports/main Packages</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Blocking packages installed by "Recommends"
it: Bloccare i pacchetti da installare perché "Raccomandati"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you wish not to pull in particular packages automatically by "Recommends", you must create the "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>" file and explicitly list all those packages at the top of it as the following.
it: Se non si desidera installare pacchetti particolari richiamati automaticamente perché "Raccomandati", è necessario creare il file "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>" ed elencarvi esplicitamente all'inizio tutti quei pacchetti nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Tracking <literal>testing</literal> with some packages from <literal>unstable</literal>
it: Usare e aggiornare <literal>testing</literal> con alcuni pacchetti da <literal>unstable</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here is an example of <emphasis role="strong">apt-pinning</emphasis> technique to include specific newer upstream version packages found in <literal>unstable</literal> regularly upgraded while tracking <literal>testing</literal>.  You list all required archives in the "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" file as the following.
it: Quello che segue è un esempio di <emphasis role="strong">uso dei pin di APT</emphasis> per includere pacchetti specifici con versioni originali più recenti presenti in <literal>unstable</literal> aggiornandoli regolarmente pur mantenendo <literal>testing</literal>. Si devono elencare nel file "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" tutti gli archivi necessari nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Set the "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>" file as the following.
it: Impostare il file "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>" come segue.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: When you wish to install a package named "<literal><emphasis>package-name</emphasis></literal>" with its dependencies from <literal>unstable</literal> archive under this configuration, you issue the following command which switches target release with "<literal>-t</literal>" option (Pin-Priority of <literal>unstable</literal> becomes 990).
it: Quando, con questa configurazione, si desidera installare un pacchetto chiamato "<literal><emphasis>nome-pacchetto</emphasis></literal>" con le sue dipendenze dall'archivio <literal>unstable</literal>, usare il comando seguente che cambia il rilascio definito con l'opzione "<literal>-t</literal>" (la priorità di pin di <literal>unstable</literal> diventa 990).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: With this configuration, usual execution of "<literal>apt-get upgrade</literal>" and "<literal>apt-get dist-upgrade</literal>" (or "<literal>aptitude safe-upgrade</literal>" and "<literal>aptitude full-upgrade</literal>") upgrades packages which were installed from <literal>testing</literal> archive using current <literal>testing</literal> archive and packages which were installed from <literal>unstable</literal> archive using current <literal>unstable</literal> archive.
it: Con quessta configurazione, la normale esecuzione di "<literal>apt-get upgrade</literal>" e "<literal>apt-get dist-upgrade</literal>" (o "<literal>aptitude safe-upgrade</literal>" e "<literal>aptitude full-upgrade</literal>") aggiorna i pacchetti che erano stati installati dall'archivio <literal>testing</literal> usando l'attuale archivio <literal>testing</literal> e i pacchetti che erano stati installati dall'archivio <literal>unstable</literal> usando l'attuale archivio <literal>unstable</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: Be careful not to remove "<literal>testing</literal>" entry from the "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" file.  Without "<literal>testing</literal>" entry in it, APT system upgrades packages using newer <literal>unstable</literal> archive.
it: Fare attenzione a non rimuovere la voce "<literal>testing</literal>" dal file "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>". Senza la voce "<literal>testing</literal>" in tale file, il sistema APT aggiorna i pacchetti usando l'archivio <literal>unstable</literal> più recente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: I usually edit the "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" file to comment out "<literal>unstable</literal>" archive entry right after above operation.  This avoids slow update process of having too many entries in the "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" file although this prevents upgrading packages which were installed from <literal>unstable</literal> archive using current <literal>unstable</literal> archive.
it: Io di solito modifico il file "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal> per commentare le voci relative all'archivio "<literal>unstable</literal> immediatamente dopo l'azione descritta sopra. Questo evita il rallentamento del processo di aggiornamento dovuto a troppe voci nel file "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" anche se impedisce l'aggiornamento, usando l'attuale archivio <literal>unstable</literal> dei pacchetti che erano stati installati dall'archivio <literal>unstable</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: If "<literal>Pin-Priority: 1</literal>" is used instead of "<literal>Pin-Priority: 100</literal>" in the "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>" file, already installed packages having Pin-Priority value of 100 are not upgraded by <literal>unstable</literal> archive even if "<literal>testing</literal>" entry in the "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" file is removed.
it: Se viene usato "<literal>Pin-Priority: 1</literal>" invece di "<literal>Pin-Priority: 100</literal>" nel file "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>", i pacchetti già installati che hanno 100 come valore della priorità di pin, non vengono aggiornati dall'archivio <literal>unstable</literal> nemmeno se viene rimossa la voce "<literal>testing</literal>" dal file "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you wish to track particular packages in <literal>unstable</literal> automatically without initial "<literal>-t unstable</literal>" installation, you must create the "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>" file and explicitly list all those packages at the top of it as the following.
it: Se si desidera tenere traccia automaticamente di particolari pacchetti in <literal>unstable</literal> senza l'iniziale installazione con "<literal>-t unstable</literal>", si deve creare il file "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>" ed elencarvi esplicitamente tutti i pacchetti voluti nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: These set Pin-Priority value for each specific package.  For example, in order to track the latest <literal>unstable</literal> version of this "Debian Reference" in English, you should have following entries in the "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>" file.
it: Questo imposta il valore della priorità di pin per ciascun pacchetto specifico. Per esempio, per tenere traccia della versione più recente in <literal>unstable</literal> di questo manuale "Debian Reference" in inglese, si dovrebbero avere, nel file "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>" le voci seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: This <emphasis role="strong">apt-pinning</emphasis> technique is valid even when you are tracking <literal>stable</literal> archive.  Documentation packages have been always safe to install from <literal>unstable</literal> archive in my experience, so far.
it: Questo modo di usare i <emphasis role="strong">pin di apt</emphasis> è valido anche quando si segue l'archivio <literal>stable</literal>. Per l'esperienza dell'autore, installare i pacchetti di documentazione dall'archivio <literal>unstable</literal> è sempre stato sicuro, fino ad ora.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Tracking <literal>unstable</literal> with some packages from <literal>experimental</literal>
it: Usare e aggiornare <literal>unstable</literal> con alcuni pacchetti da <literal>experimental</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here is another example of <emphasis role="strong">apt-pinning</emphasis> technique to include specific newer upstream version packages found in <literal>experimental</literal> while tracking <literal>unstable</literal>.  You list all required archives in the "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" file as the following.
it: Quello che segue è un esempio di <emphasis role="strong">uso dei pin di APT</emphasis> per includere pacchetti specifici con versioni originali più recenti presenti in <literal>experimental</literal> pur mantenendo <literal>unstable</literal>. Si devono elencare nel file "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" tutti gli archivi necessari nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The default Pin-Priority value for <literal>experimental</literal> archive is always 1 (&lt;&lt;100) since it is <emphasis role="strong">NotAutomatic</emphasis> archive (see <xref linkend="_archive_level_release_files"/>).  There is no need to set Pin-Priority value explicitly in the "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>" file just to use <literal>experimental</literal> archive unless you wish to track particular packages in it automatically for next upgrading.
it: Il valore predefinito della priorità di pin per l'archivio <literal>experimental</literal> è sempre 1 (&lt;&lt;100) dato che è un archivio <emphasis role="strong">Non automatico</emphasis> (vedere <xref linkend="_archive_level_release_files"/>). Per usare semplicemente l'archivio <literal>experimental</literal> non c'è alcun bisogno di impostare il valore di priorità di pin esplicitamente nel file "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>", a meno che non si desideri aggiornare automaticamente da esso in futuro particolari pacchetti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Emergency downgrading
it: Retrocessione di emergenza alla versione precedente

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: Downgrading is not officially supported by the Debian by design.  It should be done only as a part of emergency recovery process.  Despite of this situation, it is known to work well in many incidents.  For critical systems, you should backup all important data on the system after the recovery operation and re-install the new system from the scratch.
it: La retrocessione ad una versione precedente non è ufficialmente supportata da Debian. Dovrebbe essere fatta solamente come parte di un processo di ripristino di emergenza. Nonostante questo è noto che funziona bene in caso di molti incidenti. Per i sistemi critici, si dovrebbe fare un backup di tutti i dati importanti sul sistema dopo l'operazione di ripristino e reinstallare un nuovo sistema da zero.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You may be lucky to downgrade from newer archive to older archive to recover from broken system upgrade by manipulating <emphasis role="strong">candidate version</emphasis> (see <xref linkend="_tweaking_candidate_version"/>).  This is lazy alternative to tedious actions of many "<literal>dpkg -i <emphasis>broken-package</emphasis>_<emphasis>old-version</emphasis>.deb</literal>" commands (see <xref linkend="_rescue_with_the_dpkg_command"/>).
it: Si potrebbe essere fortunati e riuscire a retrocedere da un archivio più recente ad uno più vecchio per ripristinare un aggiornamento di sistema andato male, manipolando le <emphasis role="strong">versioni candidate</emphasis> (vedere <xref linkend="_tweaking_candidate_version"/>). Questa è l'alternativa pigra al lavoro tedioso di dover usare molti comandi "<literal>dpkg -i <emphasis>pacchetto-danneggiato</emphasis>_<emphasis>vecchia-versione</emphasis>.deb</literal>" (vedere<xref linkend="_rescue_with_the_dpkg_command"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Search lines in the "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" file tracking <literal>unstable</literal> as the following.
it: Cercare le righe nel file "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" che rimandano a <literal>unstable</literal>, come la seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Replace it with the following to track <literal>testing</literal>.
it: Sostituirle con la seguente per puntare a <literal>testing</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Run "<literal>apt-get update; apt-get dist-upgrade</literal>" to force downgrading of packages across the system.
it: Eseguire "<literal>apt-get update; apt-get dist-upgrade</literal>" per forzare la retrocessione dei pacchetti in tutto il sistema.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Remove this special "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>" file after this emergency downgrading.
it: Rimuovere questo file speciale "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>" dopo la retrocessione di emergenza.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: It is a good idea to remove (not purge!) as much packages to minimize dependency problems.  You may need to manually remove and install some packages to get system downgraded.  Linux kernel, bootloader, udev, PAM, APT, and networking related packages and their configuration files require special attention.
it: È una buona idea rimuovere (non eliminare completamente!) il maggior numero di pacchetti per minimizzare i problemi di dipendenza. Potrebbe essere necessario rimuovere o installare manualmente alcuni pacchetti per retrocedere il sistema. Il kernel Linux, il bootloader, udev, PAM, APT e i pacchetti relativi alla rete ed i loro file di configurazione richiedono particolare attenzione.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The equivs package
it: Il pacchetto equivs

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you are to compile a program from source to replace the Debian package, it is best to make it into a real local debianized package (<literal>*.deb</literal>) and use private archive.
it: Se si ha intenzione di compilare un programma dai sorgenti per rimpiazzare un pacchetto Debian, la cosa migliore è creare un vero pacchetto debianizzato locale (<literal>*.deb</literal>) e usare un archivio privato.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you chose to compile a program from source and to install them under "<literal>/usr/local</literal>" instead, you may need to use <literal>equivs</literal> as a last resort to satisfy the missing package dependency.
it: Se si sceglie di compilare un programma dai sorgenti e di installarlo invece in "<literal>/usr/local</literal>", si può usare <literal>equivs</literal> come ultima spiaggia per soddisfare le dipendenze mancanti del pacchetto.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Porting a package to the stable system
it: Fare il port di un pacchetto nel sistema stabile

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: There is no gurantee for the procedure descried here to work without extra manual efforts for system differences.
it: Non esistono garanzie che la procedura descritta qui funzioni senza dover fare altro lavoro manuale date le differenze dei sistemi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For partial upgrades of the <literal>stable</literal> system, rebuilding a package within its environment using the source package is desirable.  This avoids massive package upgrades due to their dependencies.
it: Per aggiornamenti parziali del sistema <literal>stable</literal>, è una buona idea ricompilare un pacchetto, usando il pacchetto sorgente, all'interno del suo ambiente. Questo evita massicci aggiornamenti di pacchetti a causa delle dipendenze.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Add the following entries to the "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" of a <literal>stable</literal> system.
it: Aggiungere le voci seguenti al file "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" di un sistema <literal>stable</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Install required packages for the compilation and download the source package as the following.
it: Installare i pacchetti richiesti per la compilazione e scaricare il pacchetto sorgente, come nell'esempio seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Update some tool chain packages such as <literal>dpkg</literal>, and <literal>debhelper</literal> from the backport packages if they are required for the backporting.
it: Aggiornare alcuni pacchetti con catene di strumenti come <literal>dpkg</literal> e <literal>debhelper</literal> dai pacchetti backport se sono necessari per fare il backport.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Execute the following.
it: Eseguire quanto segue.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Bump package version, e.g. one appended with "<literal>+bp1</literal>" in "<literal>debian/changelog</literal>"
it: Incrementare la versione del pacchetto, ad esempio aggiungendo "<literal>+bp1</literal>" in "<literal>debian/changelog</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Build packages and install them to the system as the following.
it: Compilare i pacchetti ed installarli nel sistema nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Proxy server for APT
it: Server proxy per APT

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Since mirroring whole subsection of Debian archive wastes disk space and network bandwidth, deployment of a local proxy server for APT is desirable consideration when you administer many systems on <ulink url="&lan;">LAN</ulink>.  APT can be configure to use generic web (http) proxy servers such as <literal>squid</literal> (see <xref linkend="_other_network_application_servers"/>) as described in <literal>apt.conf</literal>(5) and in "<literal>/usr/share/doc/apt/examples/configure-index.gz</literal>".  The "<literal>$http_proxy</literal>" environment variable can be used to override proxy server setting in the "<literal>/etc/apt/apt.conf</literal>" file.
it: Dato che fare il mirror di intere sottosezioni dell'archivio Debian spreca spazio su disco e banda, l'utilizzo di un server proxy locale per APT è una buona idea quando si amministrano molti sistemi in una <ulink url="&lan;">LAN</ulink>. APT può essere configurato per usare server proxy web generici (http), quale <literal>squid</literal> (vedere <xref linkend="_other_network_application_servers"/>) come descritto in <literal>apt.confo</literal>(5) ed in "<literal>/usr/share/doc/apt/examples/configure-index.gz</literal>". La variabile d'ambiente "<literal>$http_proxy</literal>" può essere usata per scavalcare l'impostazione del server proxy nel file "<literal>/etc/apt/apt.conf</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There are proxy tools specially for Debian archive.  You should check BTS before using them.
it: Ci sono strumenti proxy specifici per l'archivio Debian. Prima di usarli si dovrebbe contollare il BTS.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of the proxy tools specially for Debian archive
it: Elenco degli strumenti proxy specifici per l'archivio Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: caching proxy server for Debian archive files (compiled <ulink url="&ocaml;">OCaml</ulink> program)
it: server proxy con cache per i file di archivio Debian (programma <ulink url="&ocaml;">OCaml</ulink> compilato)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Caching proxy for Debian package and source files (Perl program)
it: proxy con cache per file di pacchetto e sorgenti Debian (programma Perl)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Caching proxy for distribution of software packages (compiled C++ program)
it: proxy con cache per la distribuzione di pacchetti software (programma in C++ compilato)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: When Debian reorganizes its archive structure, these specialized proxy tools tend to require code rewrites by the package maintainer and may not be functional for a while.  On the other hand, generic web (http) proxy servers are more robust and easier to cope with such changes.
it: Quando Debian riorganizza la struttura del suo archivio, questi strumenti proxy specializzati tendono ad aver bisogno di ritocchi al codice da parte del manutentore del pacchetto e possono non essere funzionanti per un po' di tempo. D'altra parte i server proxy web generici (http) sono più robusti e gestiscono questi cambiamenti più facilmente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: More readings for the package management
it: Ulteriori letture sulla gestione dei pacchetti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can learn more on the package management from following documentations.
it: Si possono ottenere molte altre informazioni sulla gestione dei pacchetti dalla documentazione seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Primary documentations on the package management:
it: Documentazione principale sulla gestione dei pacchetti:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/usr/share/doc/apt-doc/guide.html/index.html</literal>" and "<literal>/usr/share/doc/apt-doc/offline.html/index.html</literal>" from the <literal>apt-doc</literal> package; and
it: "<literal>/usr/share/doc/apt-doc/guide.html/index.html</literal>" e "<literal>/usr/share/doc/apt-doc/offline.html/index.html</literal>" dal pacchetto <literal>apt-doc</literal> e

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/usr/share/doc/aptitude/html/en/index.html</literal>" from the <literal>aptitude-doc-en</literal> package.
it: "<literal>/usr/share/doc/aptitude/html/en/index.html</literal>" dal pacchetto <literal>aptitude-doc-en</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Official and detailed documentations on the Debian archive:
it: Documentazione ufficiale dettagliata sull'archivio Debian:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&debianpolicymanuthedebianarchive;">"Debian Policy Manual Chapter 2 - The Debian Archive"</ulink>,
it: <ulink url="&debianpolicymanuthedebianarchive;">"Manuale Debian Policy, capitolo 2 - L'archivio Debian"</ulink>,

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&debiandevelopersthedebianarchive;">"Debian Developer's Reference, Chapter 4 - Resources for Debian Developers 4.6 The Debian archive"</ulink>, and
it: <ulink url="&debiandevelopersthedebianarchive;">"Debian Developer's Reference, capitolo 4 - Risorse per gli sviluppatori Debian, 4.6 L'archivio Debian"</ulink> e

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&thedebiangnulinuebianftparchives;">"The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ, Chapter 6 - The Debian FTP archives"</ulink>.
it: <ulink url="&thedebiangnulinuebianftparchives;">"FAQ Debian GNU/Linux, capitolo 6 - Gli archivi FTP Debian"</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Tutorial for building of a Debian package for Debian users:
it: Tutorial per gli utenti Debian sulla creazione di un pacchetto Debian:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&guidefordebianmaintainers;">"Guide for Debian Maintainers"</ulink>.
it: <ulink url="&guidefordebianmaintainers;">«Guida per i manutentori Debian»</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
en: The system initialization
it: Inizializzazione del sistema

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
en: It is wise for you as the system administrator to know roughly how the Debian system is started and configured.  Although the exact details are in the source files of the packages installed and their documentations, it is a bit overwhelming for most of us.
it: È bene che l'amministratore di sistema conosca almeno a grandi linee come viene avviato e configurato il sistema Debian. Anche se i dettagli precisi sono nei file sorgenti dei pacchetti installati e nella loro documentazione, essi sono un po' troppo per la maggior parte degli utenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
en: Here is a rough overview of the key points of the Debian system initialization. Since the Debian system is a moving target, you should refer to the latest documentation.
it: Ecco una panoramica di base dei punti principali dell'inizializzazione di un sistema Debian. Dato che un sistema Debian è in costante evoluzione, si dovrebbe far riferimento alla documentazione più recente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&debianlinuxkernelhandbook;">Debian Linux Kernel Handbook</ulink> is the primary source of information on the Debian kernel.
it: <ulink url="&debianlinuxkernelhandbook;">Debian Linux Kernel Handbook</ulink> è la fonte principale di informazioni sul kernel Debian.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>bootup</literal>(7) describes the system bootup process based on <literal>systemd</literal> . (Recent Debian)
it: <literal>bootup</literal>(7) descrive il processo di avvio del sistema basato su <literal>systemd</literal> (Debian recenti).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>boot</literal>(7) describes the system bootup process based on UNIX System V Release 4. (Older Debian)
it: <literal>boot</literal>(7) descrive il processo di avvio del sistema basato su UNIX System V Release 4 (Debian più vecchie).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: An overview of the boot strap process
it: Panoramica del processo di avvio

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The computer system undergoes several phases of <ulink url="&bootstrapprocesses;">boot strap processes</ulink> from the power-on event until it offers the fully functional operating system (OS) to the user.
it: Il sistema del computer passa attraverso varie fasi del <ulink url="&bootstrapprocesses;">processo di avvio</ulink>, dall'accensione a quando offre all'utente il sistema operativo (SO) pienamente funzionante.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: For simplicity, I limit discussion to the typical PC platform with the default installation.
it: Per semplicità la spiegazione è limitata alla piattaforma PC tipica con l'installazione standard.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The typical boot strap process is like a four-stage rocket.  Each stage rocket hands over the system control to the next stage one.
it: Il normale processo di avvio è come un razzo a quattro stadi. Ogni stadio del razzo passa il controllo del sistema allo stadio successivo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Of course, these can be configured differently.  For example, if you compiled your own kernel, you may be skipping the step with the mini-Debian system.  So please do not assume this is the case for your system until you check it yourself.
it: Naturalmente questo può essere configurato in modo diverso. Per esempio, se è stato compilato un kernel personalizzato, si potrebbe saltare la fase con il mini-sistema Debian. Non dare per scontato che quanto detto valga per il proprio sistema fino a che non si abbia controllato direttamente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Stage 1: the UEFI
it: Stadio 1: l'UEFI

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <ulink url="&unifiedextensiblareinterfaceuefi;">Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI)</ulink> defines a boot manager as part of the UEFI specification. When a computer is powered on, the boot manager is the 1st stage of the boot process which checks the boot configuration and based on its settings, then executes the specified OS boot loader or operating system kernel (usually boot loader). The boot configuration is defined by variables stored in NVRAM, including variables that indicate the file system paths to OS loaders or OS kernels.
it: La <ulink url="&unifiedextensiblareinterfaceuefi;">Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI)</ulink> definisce un gestore di avvio come parte della specifica UEFI. Quando un computer viene acceso, il gestore dell'avvio è il primo stadio del processo di avvio che controlla la configurazione di avvio e, in base alle sue impostazioni, esegue poi il boot loader del sistema operativo specificato o il kernel del sistema operativo (solitamente il boot loader). La configurazione di avvio è definita dalle variabili memorizzate nella NVRAM, incluse variabili che indicano i percorsi del file system dei caricatori dei SO o dei kernel dei SO.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: An <ulink url="&efisystempartitionesp;">EFI system partition (ESP)</ulink> is a data storage device partition that is used in computers adhering to the UEFI specification. Accessed by the UEFI firmware when a computer is powered up, it stores UEFI applications and the files these applications need to run, including operating system boot loaders. (On the legacy PC system, <ulink url="&bios;">BIOS</ulink> stored in the <ulink url="&mbr;">MBR</ulink> may be used instead.)
it: Una <ulink url="&efisystempartitionesp;">partizione di sistema EFI (ESP, EFI System Partition)</ulink> è una partizione di dispositivo per archiviazione di dati che è utilizzata nei computer che sono conformi alla specifica UEFI. Il firmware UEFI accede ad essa quando un computer viene acceso, essa memorizza le applicazioni UEFI e i file che tali applicazioni devono eseguire, inclusi i boot loader dei sistemi operativi. (Nei sistemi PC vecchi può essere invece utilizzato il <ulink url="&bios;">BIOS</ulink> memorizzato nella <ulink url="&mbr;">MBR</ulink>.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Stage 2: the boot loader
it: Stadio 2: il bootloader

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <ulink url="&bootloader;">boot loader</ulink> is the 2nd stage of the boot process which is started by the UEFI.  It loads the system kernel image and the <ulink url="&initrd;">initrd</ulink> image to the memory and hands control over to them.  This initrd image is the root filesystem image and its support depends on the bootloader used.
it: Il <ulink url="&bootloader;">bootloader</ulink> è il secondo stadio del processo di avvio che è iniziato dall'UEFI. Carica l'immagine kernel del sistema e l'immagine <ulink url="&initrd;">initrd</ulink> in memoria e passa il controllo ad esse. L'immagine initrd è l'immagine del file system radice ed il suo supporto dipende dal bootloader usato.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The Debian system normally uses the Linux kernel as the default system kernel. The initrd image for the current 5.x Linux kernel is technically the <ulink url="&initramfs;">initramfs</ulink> (initial RAM filesystem) image.
it: Il sistema Debian normalmente usa il kernel Linux xome kernel di sistema predefinito. L'immagine initrd per l'attuale kernel Linux 5.x è tecnicamente l'immagine <ulink url="&initramfs;">initramfs</ulink> (Initial RAM filesystem, file system RAM iniziale).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There are many boot loaders and configuration options available.
it: Sono disponibili molti bootloader e opzioni di configurazione.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of boot loaders
it: Elenco di bootloader

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Supported
it: Supportato

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: This is smart enough to understand disk partitions and filesystems such as vfat, ext4, …. (UEFI)
it: Intelligente abbastanza da capire partizioni su disco e file system come vfat, ext4, ... (UEFI)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: This is smart enough to understand disk partitions and filesystems such as vfat, ext4, …. (BIOS)
it: Intelligente abbastanza da capire partizioni su disco e file system come vfat, ext4, ... (BIOS)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: This is GRUB 2 bootable rescue images (CD and floppy) (PC/BIOS version)
it: È l'immagine di ripristino avviabile di GRUB 2 (CD e floppy) (versione PC/BIOS)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: This understands the ISO9660 filesystem.  This is used by the boot CD.
it: Capisce il filesystem ISO 9660. Usato dal CD di avvio.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: This understands the <ulink url="&msdosfilesystemfat;">MSDOS filesystem (FAT)</ulink>.  This is used by the boot floppy.
it: Capisce il <ulink url="&msdosfilesystemfat;">filesystem MSDOS (FAT)</ulink>. Usato dai dischetti floppy di avvio.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: New system is started from the FreeDOS/MSDOS system.
it: Il nuovo sistema viene avviato dal sistema FreeDOS/MSDOS.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Not supported
it: Non supportato

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&mbrbyneilturton;">MBR by Neil Turton</ulink>
it: <ulink url="&mbrbyneilturton;">MBR di Neil Turton</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: This is free software which substitutes MSDOS <ulink url="&mbr;">MBR</ulink>.  This only understands disk partitions.
it: Software libero che sostituisce <ulink url="&mbr;">MBR</ulink> MSDOS. Capisce solo le partizioni su disco.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For UEFI system, GRUB2 first reads the ESP partition and uses UUID specified for <literal>search.fs_uuid</literal> in "<literal>/boot/efi/EFI/debian/grub.cfg</literal>" to determine the partition of the GRUB2 menu configuration file "<literal>/boot/grub/grub.cfg</literal>".
it: Per i sistemi UEFI, GRUB2 prima legge la partizione ESP e usa l'UUID specificato per <literal>search.fs_uuid</literal> in "<literal>/boot/efi/EFI/debian/grub.cfg</literal>" per determinare la partizione del file di configurazione del menu di GRUB2 "<literal>/boot/grub/grub.cfg</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The key part of the GRUB2 menu configuration file looks like:
it: La parte della chiave del file di configurazione del menu di GRUB2 è simile a:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For this part of <literal>/boot/grub/grub.cfg</literal>, this menu entry means the following.
it: Per questa porzione di <literal>/boot/grub/grub.cfg</literal>, questa voce di menu significa quanto segue.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: The meaning of the menu entry of the above part of <literal>/boot/grub/grub.cfg</literal>
it: Il significato della voce di menu della porzione soprastante di <literal>/boot/grub/grub.cfg</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: setting
it: impostazione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: value
it: valore

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: GRUB2 modules loaded
it: moduli GRUB2 caricati

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: root file system partition used
it: partizione per file system radice utilizzata

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: partition identified by <literal>UUID=fe3e1db5-6454-46d6-a14c-071208ebe4b1</literal>
it: partizione identificata come <literal>UUID=fe3e1db5-6454-46d6-a14c-071208ebe4b1</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: kernel image path in the root file system
it: percorso dell'immagine del kernel nel file system radice

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: kernel boot parameter used
it: parametri di avvio del kernel utilizzati

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: initrd image path in the root file system
it: percorso dell'immagine initrd nel file system radice

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Stage 3: the mini-Debian system
it: Stadio 3: il mini-sistema Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The mini-Debian system is the 3rd stage of the boot process which is started by the boot loader.  It runs the system kernel with its root filesystem on the memory. This is an optional preparatory stage of the boot process.
it: Il mini-sistema Debian è il terzo stadio del processo di avvio che viene iniziato dal bootloader. Esegue il kernel del sistema con il suo filesystem root in memoria. Questo è uno stadio opzionale preparatorio del processo di avvio.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: The term "the mini-Debian system" is coined by the author to describe this 3rd stage boot process for this document.  This system is commonly referred as the <ulink url="&initrd;">initrd</ulink> or initramfs system. Similar system on the memory is used by <ulink url="&thedebianinstaller;">the Debian Installer</ulink>.
it: L'espressione "sistema Debian mini" è stata coniata per descrivere il terzo stadio del processo di avvio in questo documento. Normalmente ci si riferisce a questo sistema come sistema <ulink url="&initrd;">initrd</ulink> o initramfs. Un sistema simile in memoria è usato dall'<ulink url="&thedebianinstaller;">installatore Debian</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The "<literal>/init</literal>" program is executed as the first program in this root filesystem on the memory. It is a program which initializes the kernel in user space and hands control over to the next stage. This mini-Debian system offers flexibility to the boot process such as adding kernel modules before the main boot process or mounting the root filesystem as an encrypted one.
it: Il programma "<literal>/init</literal>" viene eseguito come primo programma in questo file system root in memoria. È un programma che inizializza il kernel in spazio utente e passa il controllo allo stadio successivo. Questo mini-sistema Debian offre flessibilità al processo di avvio, come la possibilità di aggiungere moduli del kernel prima del processo di avvio principale o di montare il file system root come cifrato.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The "<literal>/init</literal>" program is a shell script program if initramfs was created by <literal>initramfs-tools</literal>.
it: Il programma "<literal>/init</literal>" è uno script di shell se initramfs è stato creato da <literal>initramfs-tools</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: You can interrupt this part of the boot process to gain root shell by providing "<literal>break=init</literal>" etc. to the kernel boot parameter. See the "<literal>/init</literal>" script for more break conditions.  This shell environment is sophisticated enough to make a good inspection of your machine's hardware.
it: Si può interrompere questa parte del processo di avvio per ottenere una shell di root fornendo il parametro di avvio per il kernel "<literal>break=init</literal>" etc. Vedere lo script "<literal>/init</literal>" per ulteriori condizioni di interruzione. Questo ambiente shell è abbastanza sofisticato da fare una buona ispezione dell'hardware della macchina.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Commands available in this mini-Debian system are stripped down ones and mainly provided by a GNU tool called <literal>busybox</literal>(1).
it: I comandi disponibili in questo mini-sistema Debian sono versioni minimali e vengono principalmente forniti da uno strumento GNU chiamato <literal>busybox</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The "<literal>/init</literal>" program is a binary <literal>systemd</literal> program if initramfs was created by <literal>dracut</literal>.
it: Il programma "<literal>/init</literal>" è un programma binario di <literal>systemd</literal> se initramfs è stato creato da <literal>dracut</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Commands available in this mini-Debian system are stripped down <literal>systemd</literal>(1) environment.
it: I comandi disponibili in questo mini-sistema Debian sono un ambiente <literal>systemd</literal>(1) ridotto al minimo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: You need to use "<literal>-n</literal>" option for <literal>mount</literal> command when you are on the readonly root filesystem.
it: È necessario usare l'opzione "<literal>-n</literal>" per il comando <literal>mount</literal> quando si è nel filesystem root in sola lettura.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Stage 4: the normal Debian system
it: Stadio 4: il normale sistema Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <ulink url="&init;">init</ulink> program is executed as the first program with PID=1 to perform the main boot process of starting many programs.  The default file path for the init program is "<literal>/usr/sbin/init</literal>" but it can be changed by the kernel boot parameter as "<literal>init=/path/to/init_program</literal>".
it: Il programma <ulink url="&init;">init</ulink> viene eseguito come primo programma con PID=1 per effettuare il processo principale di avvio di far partire molti programmi. Il percorso di file predefinito per il programma init è «<literal>/usr/sbin/init</literal>», ma può essere cambiato con un parametro di avvio del kernel come in «<literal>init=/percorso/del/programma_init</literal>».

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: "<literal>/usr/sbin/init</literal>" is symlinked to "<literal>/lib/systemd/systemd</literal>" after Debian 8 Jessie (released in 2015).
it: "<literal>/usr/sbin/init</literal>" è un collegamento simbolico a "<literal>/lib/systemd/systemd</literal>" a partire da Debian 8 Jessie (rilasciata nel 2015).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: The actual init command on your system can be verified by the "<literal>ps --pid 1 -f</literal>" command.
it: Si può verificare quale è l'effettivo comando init nel proprio sistema con il comando «<literal>ps --pid 1 -f</literal>».

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of boot utilities for the Debian system
it: Elenco di utilità di avvio per il sistema Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: event-based <literal>init</literal>(8) daemon for concurrency (alternative to <literal>sysvinit</literal>)
it: demone <literal>init</literal>(8) basato su eventi per concorrenza (alternativa a <literal>sysvinit</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&initializationsyrecloudinstances;">initialization system for infrastructure cloud instances</ulink>
it: <ulink url="&initializationsyrecloudinstances;">sistema di inizializzazione per istanze di infrastrutture cloud</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: the manual pages and links needed for <literal>systemd</literal> to replace <literal>sysvinit</literal>
it: le pagine di manuale e i collegamenti necessari affinché <literal>systemd</literal> sostituisca <literal>sysvinit</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: helper tools for switching between <literal>sysvinit</literal> and <literal>systemd</literal>
it: strumenti ausiliari per commutare tra <literal>sysvinit</literal> e <literal>systemd</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: scripts for initializing and shutting down the system
it: script per inizializzare ed arrestare il sistema

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: System-V-like <literal>init</literal>(8) utilities
it: utilità <literal>init</literal>(8) in stile System-V

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: System-V-like runlevel change mechanism
it: meccanismo di cambiamento del runlevel in stile System-V

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: System-V-like utilities (<literal>startpar</literal>(8), <literal>bootlogd</literal>(8), …)
it: utilità in stile System-V (<literal>startpar</literal>(8), <literal>bootlogd</literal>(8), …)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&linuxstandardbase;">Linux Standard Base</ulink> 3.2 init script functionality
it: funzionalità di script init <ulink url="&linuxstandardbase;">Linux Standard Base</ulink> 3.2

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: tool to organize boot sequence using LSB init.d script dependencies
it: strumento per organizzare la sequenza di avvio usando dipendenze LSB negli script init.d

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: kexec tool for <literal>kexec</literal>(8) reboots (warm reboot)
it: strumento kexec per riavvii <literal>kexec</literal>(8) (riavvio a caldo)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: boot process performance analyser
it: analizzatore delle prestazioni del processo di avvio

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: console-only <literal>getty</literal>(8)
it: <literal>getty</literal>(8) solo console

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: smart modem <literal>getty</literal>(8) replacement
it: rimpiazzio di <literal>getty</literal>(8) per smart modem

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: See <ulink url="&debianwikibootprocessspeedup;">Debian wiki: BootProcessSpeedup</ulink> for the latest tips to speed up the boot process.
it: Vedere la <ulink url="&debianwikibootprocessspeedup;">pagina del Wiki Debian sulla velocizzazione del processo di avvio</ulink> per i più recenti suggerimenti su come velocizzare il processo di avvio.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Systemd init
it: Init systemd

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: When the Debian system starts, <literal>/usr/sbin/init</literal> symlinked to <literal>/usr/lib/systemd</literal> is started as the init system process (<literal>PID=1</literal>) owned by root (<literal>UID=0</literal>).  See <literal>systemd</literal>(1).
it: Quando il sistema si avvia, <literal>/usr/sbin/init</literal> che è un collegamento simbolico a <literal>/usr/lib/systemd</literal> viene avviato come processo init del sistema (<literal>PID=1</literal>) con proprietario root (<literal>UID=0</literal>). Vedere <literal>systemd</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <literal>systemd</literal> init process spawns processes in parallel based on the unit configuration files (see <literal>systemd.unit</literal>(5)) which are written in declarative style instead of SysV-like procedural style.
it: Il processo di init <literal>systemd</literal> lancia processi in parallelo sulla base dei file di configurazione delle unità (vedere <literal>systemd.unit</literal>(5)) che sono scritti in stile dichiarativo invece che in stile procedurale come per SysV.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The spawned processes are placed in individual <ulink url="&linuxcontrolgroups;">Linux control groups</ulink> named after the unit which they belong to in the private systemd hierarchy (see <ulink url="&cgroups;">cgroups</ulink> and <xref linkend="_linux_security_features"/>).
it: I processi avviati sono messi in singoli <ulink url="&linuxcontrolgroups;">gruppi di controllo (control group) Linux</ulink> che prendono il nome dall'unità a cui appartengono nella gerarchia privata di systemd (vedere <ulink url="&cgroups;">cgroups</ulink> e <xref linkend="_linux_security_features"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Units for the system mode are loaded from the "System Unit Search Path" described in <literal>systemd.unit</literal>(5).  The main ones are as follows in the order of priority:
it: Le unità per le modalità di sistema sono caricate dal "System Unit Search Path" come descritto in <literal>systemd.unit</literal>(5). Quelle principali sono, in ordine di importanza, le seguenti:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/etc/systemd/system/*</literal>": System units created by the administrator
it: "<literal>/etc/systemd/system/*</literal>": unità di sistema create dall'amministratore

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/run/systemd/system/*</literal>": Runtime units
it: "<literal>/run/systemd/system/*</literal>": unità runtime

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/lib/systemd/system/*</literal>": System units installed by the distribution package manager
it: "<literal>/lib/systemd/system</literal>": unità di sistema installate dal gestore dei pacchetti della distribuzione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Their inter-dependencies are specified by the directives "<literal>Wants=</literal>", "<literal>Requires=</literal>", "<literal>Before=</literal>", "<literal>After=</literal>", … (see "MAPPING OF UNIT PROPERTIES TO THEIR INVERSES" in <literal>systemd.unit</literal>(5)).  The resource controls are also defined (see <literal>systemd.resource-control</literal>(5)).
it: Le loro inter-dipendenze sono specificate dalle direttive "<literal>Wants=</literal>", "<literal>Requires=</literal>", "<literal>Before=</literal>", "<literal>After=</literal>", … (vedere "MAPPING OF UNIT PROPERTIES TO THEIR INVERSES" in <literal>systemd.unit</literal>(5)). Sono definiti anche i controlli delle risorse (vedere <literal>systemd.resource-control</literal>(5)).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The suffix of the unit configuration file encodes their types as:
it: Il suffisso dei file di configurazione delle unità codifica il loro tipo in questo modo:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">*.service</emphasis> describes the process controlled and supervised by <literal>systemd</literal>. See <literal>systemd.service</literal>(5).
it: <emphasis role="strong">*.service</emphasis> descrive un processo controllato e supervisionato da <literal>systemd</literal>. Vedere <literal>systemd.service</literal>(5).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">*.device</emphasis> describes the device exposed in the <literal>sysfs</literal>(5) as <literal>udev</literal>(7) device tree. See <literal>systemd.device</literal>(5).
it: <emphasis role="strong">*.device</emphasis> descrive un device esposto in <literal>sysfs</literal>(5) come albero di device <literal>udev</literal>(7). Vedere <literal>systemd.device</literal>(5).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">*.mount</emphasis> describes the file system mount point controlled and supervised by <literal>systemd</literal>. See <literal>systemd.mount</literal>(5).
it: <emphasis role="strong">*.mount</emphasis> descrive un punto di mount del file system controllato e supervisionato da <literal>systemd</literal>. Vedere <literal>systemd.mount</literal>(5).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">*.automount</emphasis> describes the file system auto mount point controlled and supervised by <literal>systemd</literal>. See <literal>systemd.automount</literal>(5).
it: <emphasis role="strong">*.automount</emphasis> descrive un punto di mount automatico del file system controllato e supervisionato da <literal>systemd</literal>. Vedere <literal>systemd.automount</literal>(5).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">*.swap</emphasis> describes the swap device or file controlled and supervised by <literal>systemd</literal>. See <literal>systemd.swap</literal>(5).
it: <emphasis role="strong">*.swap</emphasis> descrive un device o file di swap controllato e supervisionato da <literal>systemd</literal>. Vedere <literal>systemd.swap</literal>(5).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">*.path</emphasis> describes the path monitored by <literal>systemd</literal> for path-based activation. See <literal>systemd.path</literal>(5).
it: <emphasis role="strong">*.path</emphasis> descrive un percorso monitorato da <literal>systemd</literal> per l'attivazione basata su percorso. Vedere <literal>systemd.path</literal>(5).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">*.socket</emphasis> describes the socket controlled and supervised by <literal>systemd</literal> for socket-based activation. See <literal>systemd.socket</literal>(5).
it: <emphasis role="strong">*.socket</emphasis> descrive un socket controllato e supervisionato da <literal>systemd</literal> per l'attivazione basata su socket. Vedere <literal>systemd.socket</literal>(5).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">*.timer</emphasis> describes the timer controlled and supervised by <literal>systemd</literal> for timer-based activation. See <literal>systemd.timer</literal>(5).
it: <emphasis role="strong">*.timer</emphasis> descrive un timer controllato e supervisionato da <literal>systemd</literal> per l'attivazione basata su timer. Vedere <literal>systemd.timer</literal>(5).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">*.slice</emphasis> manages resources with the <literal>cgroups</literal>(7). See <literal>systemd.slice</literal>(5).
it: <emphasis role="strong">*.slice</emphasis> gestisce risorse con <literal>cgroups</literal>(7). Vedere <literal>systemd.slice</literal>(5).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">*.scope</emphasis> is created programmatically using the bus interfaces of <literal>systemd</literal> to manages a set of system processes. See <literal>systemd.scope</literal>(5).
it: <emphasis role="strong">*.scope</emphasis> viene creato programmaticamente usando le interfacce di bus di <literal>systemd</literal> per gestire un insieme di processi di sistema. Vedere <literal>systemd.scope</literal>(5).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">*.target</emphasis> groups other unit configuration files to create the synchronization point during start-up. See <literal>systemd.target</literal>(5).
it: <emphasis role="strong">*.target</emphasis> raggruppa altri file di configurazione di unità per creare punti di sincronizzazione durante l'avvio. Vedere <literal>systemd.target</literal>(5).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Upon system start up (i.e., init), the <literal>systemd</literal> process tries to start the "<literal>/lib/systemd/system/default.target</literal> (normally symlinked to "<literal>graphical.target</literal>").  First, some special target units (see <literal>systemd.special</literal>(7)) such as "<literal>local-fs.target</literal>", "<literal>swap.target</literal>" and "<literal>cryptsetup.target</literal>" are pulled in to mount the filesystems.  Then, other target units are also pulled in by the target unit dependencies. For details, read <literal>bootup</literal>(7).
it: All'avvio del sistema (cioè init) il processo <literal>systemd</literal> cerca di avviare "<literal>/lib/systemd/system/default.target</literal>" (normalmente un collegamento simbolico a "<literal>graphical.target</literal>"). Come prima cosa alcune speciali unità target (vedere <literal>systemd.special</literal>(7)) come "<literal>local-fs.target</literal>", "<literal>swap.target</literal>" e "<literal>cryptsetup.target</literal>" sono richiamate per montare i file system. Poi altre unità target vengono anch'esse richiamate dalle dipendenze delle unità target. Per i dettagli leggere <literal>bootup</literal>(7).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <literal>systemd</literal> offers backward compatibility features.  SysV-style boot scripts in "<literal>/etc/init.d/rc[0123456S].d/[KS]<emphasis>name</emphasis></literal>" are still parsed and <literal>telinit</literal>(8) is translated into systemd unit activation requests.
it: <literal>systemd</literal> offre funzionalità di compatibilità all'indietro. Gli script di avvio in stile SysV in "<literal>/etc/init.d/rc[0123456S].d/[KS]<emphasis>name</emphasis></literal>" sono comunque analizzati e <literal>telinit</literal>(8) viene tradotto in richieste di attivazione di unità systemd.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: Emulated runlevel 2 to 4 are all symlinked to the same "<literal>multi-user.target</literal>".
it: Run level emulati da 2 a 4 hanno tutti collegamenti simbolici al corrispondente "<literal>multi-user.target</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Systemd login
it: Login di systemd

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: When a user logins to the Debian system via <literal>gdm3</literal>(8), <literal>sshd</literal>(8), etc., <literal>/lib/systemd/system --user</literal> is started as the user service manager process owned by the corresponding user.  See <literal>systemd</literal>(1).
it: Quando un utente fa il login nel sistema Debian con <literal>gdm3</literal>(8), <literal>sshd</literal>(8), ecc., <literal>/lib/systemd/system --user</literal> viene avviato come processo di gestione dei servizi utente con proprietario l'utente corrispondente. Vedere <literal>systemd</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <literal>systemd</literal> user service manager process spawns processes in parallel based on the declarative unit configuration files (see <literal>systemd.unit</literal>(5) and <literal>user@.service</literal>(5)).
it: Il processo di di gestione dei servizi utente di <literal>systemd</literal> lancia processi in parallelo sulla base dei file di configurazione delle unità dichiarate (vedere <literal>systemd.unit</literal>(5) e <literal>user@.service</literal>(5)).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Units for the user mode are loaded from the "User Unit Search Path" described in <literal>systemd.unit</literal>(5).  The main ones are as follows in the order of priority:
it: Le unità per la modalità utente sono caricate dal "User Unit Search Path" come descritto in <literal>systemd.unit</literal>(5). Quelle principali, in ordine di priorità, sono le seguenti:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>~/.config/systemd/user/*</literal>": User configuration units
it: "<literal>~/.config/systemd/user/*</literal>": unità utente di configurazione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/etc/systemd/user/*</literal>": User units created by the administrator
it: "<literal>/etc/systemd/user/*</literal>": unità utente create dall'amministratore

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/run/systemd/user/*</literal>": Runtime units
it: "<literal>/run/systemd/user/*</literal>": unità runtime

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/lib/systemd/user/*</literal>": User units installed by the distribution package manager
it: "<literal>/lib/systemd/system</literal>": unità utente installate dal gestore dei pacchetti della distribuzione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: These are managed in the same way as <xref linkend="_systemd_init"/>.
it: Sono gestite nello stesso modo di <xref linkend="_systemd_init"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: The kernel message
it: I messaggi del kernel

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The kernel error message displayed to the console can be configured by setting its threshold level.
it: I messaggi di errore del kernel visualizzati nella console possono essere configurati impostando il loro livello di soglia.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of kernel error levels
it: Elenco dei livelli di errore del kernel

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: error level value
it: valore del livello di errore

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: error level name
it: nome del livello di errore

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: system is unusable
it: il sistema è inutilizzabile

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: action must be taken immediately
it: bisogna agire immediatamente

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: critical conditions
it: condizione critica

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: error conditions
it: condizione di errore

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: warning conditions
it: condizione di avvertimento

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: normal but significant condition
it: condizione normale ma significativa

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: informational
it: messaggio informativo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: debug-level messages
it: messaggio a livello di debug

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: The system message
it: I messaggi di sistema

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Under <literal>systemd</literal>, both kernel and system messages are logged by the journal service <literal>systemd-journald.service</literal> (a.k.a <literal>journald</literal>) either into a persistent binary data below "<literal>/var/log/journal</literal>" or into a volatile binary data below "<literal>/run/log/journal/</literal>". These binary log data are accessed by the <literal>journalctl</literal>(1) command.  For example, you can display log from the last boot as:
it: Sotto <literal>systemd</literal> sia i messaggi del kernel sia quelli di sistema sono registrati nei log dal servizio journal <literal>systemd-journald.service</literal> (alias <literal>journald</literal>) o in dati binari persistenti dentro "<literal>/var/log/journal</literal>" o in dati binari volatili dentro "<literal>/run/log/journal/</literal>". A questi dati binari di log si può accedere tramite il comando <literal>journalctl</literal>(1). Ad esempio si può visualizzare il log dall'ultimo avvio con:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of typical <literal>journalctl</literal> command snippets
it: Elenco di tipici esempi di comandi per <literal>systemd</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: Operation
it: Operazione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: Command snippets
it: Esempio di comando

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: View log for system services and kernel from the last boot
it: Visualizzare il log per i servizi di sistema e il kernel dall'ultimo avvio

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: View log for services of the current user from the last boot
it: Visualizzare il log per i servizi dell'utente attuale dall'ultimo avvio

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: View job log of "<literal>$unit</literal>" from the last boot
it: Visualizzare il log di lavoro di "<literal>$unit</literal>" dall'ultimo avvio

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: View job log of "<literal>$unit</literal>" ("<literal>tail -f</literal>" style) from the last boot
it: Visualizzare il log di lavoro di "<literal>$unit</literal>" (in stile "<literal>tail -f</literal>") dall'ultimo avvio

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Under <literal>systemd</literal>, the system logging utility <literal>rsyslogd</literal>(8) may be uninstalled.  If it is installed, it changes its behavior to read the volatile binary log data (instead of pre-systemd default "<literal>/dev/log</literal>") and to create traditional permanent ASCII system log data.  This can be customized by "<literal>/etc/default/rsyslog</literal>" and "<literal>/etc/rsyslog.conf</literal>" for both the log file and on-screen display. See <literal>rsyslogd</literal>(8) and <literal>rsyslog.conf</literal>(5).  See also <xref linkend="_log_analyzer"/>.
it: In <literal>systemd</literal> l'utilità per il registro di log di sistema, <literal>rsyslogd</literal>(8), può essere disinstallato. Se è installato, cambia il comportamento per leggere i dati del log binario volatile (invece del predefinito pre-systemd "<literal>/dev/log</literal>") e per creare dati log di sistema ASCII tradizionali permanenti. Questo può essere personalizzato da "<literal>/etc/default/rsyslog</literal>" e "<literal>/etc/rsyslog.conf</literal>" sia per il file di log sia per la visualizzazione a schermo. Vedere <literal>rsyslogd</literal>(8) e <literal>rsyslog.conf</literal>(5). Vedere anche <xref linkend="_log_analyzer"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: System management
it: Gestione del sistema

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The <literal>systemd</literal> offers not only init system but also generic system management operations with the <literal>systemctl</literal>(1) command.
it: <literal>systemd</literal> offre non solo un sistema init, ma anche funzionalità generiche di gestione del sistema, con il comando <literal>systemctl</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of typical <literal>systemctl</literal> command snippets
it: Elenco di tipici esempi di comandi <literal>systemctl</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: List all available unit types
it: Elencare tutti i tipi di unità disponibili

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: List all target units in memory
it: Elencare tutte le unità target in memoria

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: List all service units in memory
it: Elencare tutte le unità di servizi in memoria

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: List all device units in memory
it: Elencare tutte le unità di device in memoria

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: List all mount units in memory
it: Elencare tutte le unità di mount in memoria

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: List all socket units in memory
it: Elencare tutte le unità socket in memoria

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: List all timer units in memory
it: Elencare tutte le unità timer in memoria

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Start "<literal>$unit</literal>"
it: Avviare "<literal>$unit</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Stop "<literal>$unit</literal>"
it: Fermare "<literal>$unit</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Reload service-specific configuration
it: Ricaricare la configurazione specifica di un servizio

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Stop and start all "<literal>$unit</literal>"
it: Fermare e riavviare tutte le "<literal>$unit</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Start "<literal>$unit</literal>" and stop all others
it: Avviare "<literal>$unit</literal>" e fermare tutte le altre

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Switch to "<literal>graphical</literal>" (GUI system)
it: Passare alla modalità "<literal>graphical</literal>" (sistema GUI)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Switch to "<literal>multi-user</literal>" (CLI system)
it: Passare alla modalità "<literal>multi-user</literal>" (sistema CLI)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Switch to "<literal>rescue</literal>" (single user CLI system)
it: Passare alla modalità "<literal>rescue</literal>" (sistema CLI a singolo utente)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Send kill signal to "<literal>$unit</literal>"
it: Inviare il segnale kill a "<literal>$unit</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Check if "<literal>$unit</literal>" service is active
it: Controllare se il servizio "<literal>$unit</literal>" è attivo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Check if "<literal>$unit</literal>" service is failed
it: Controllare se il servizio "<literal>$unit</literal>" è fallito

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Check status of "<literal>$unit|$PID|device</literal>"
it: Controllare lo stato di "<literal>$unit|$PID|device</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Show properties of "<literal>$unit|$job</literal>"
it: Mostrare le proprietà di "<literal>$unit|$job</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Reset failed "<literal>$unit</literal>"
it: Ripristinare "<literal>$unit</literal>" fallita

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: List dependency of all unit services
it: Elencare le dipendenze di tutti i servizi unità

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: List unit files installed on the system
it: Elencare i file di unità installati sul sistema

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Enable "<literal>$unit</literal>" (add symlink)
it: Abilitare "<literal>$unit</literal>" (aggiungere collegamento simbolico)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Disable "<literal>$unit</literal>" (remove symlink)
it: Disabilitare "<literal>$unit</literal>" (rimuovere collegamento simbolico)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Unmask "<literal>$unit</literal>" (remove symlink to "<literal>/dev/null</literal>")
it: Togliere maschera a "<literal>$unit</literal>" (rimuovere collegamento simbolico a"<literal>/dev/null</literal>")

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Mask "<literal>$unit</literal>" (add symlink to "<literal>/dev/null</literal>")
it: Mascherare "<literal>$unit</literal>" (aggiungere collegamento simbolico a"<literal>/dev/null</literal>")

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Get default-target setting
it: Ottenere l'impostazione del target predefinito

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Set default-target to "<literal>graphical</literal>" (GUI system)
it: Impostare default-target a "<literal>graphical</literal>" (sistema GUI)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Set default-target to "<literal>multi-user</literal>" (CLI system)
it: Impostare default-target a "<literal>multi-user</literal>" (sistema CLI)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Show job environment
it: Mostrare l'ambiente del lavoro

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Set job environment "<literal>variable</literal>" to "<literal>value</literal>"
it: Impostare la variabile "<literal>variable</literal>" dell'ambiente di lavoro al valore "<literal>value</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Unset job environment "<literal>variable</literal>"
it: Disimpostare la variabile "<literal>variable</literal>" dell'ambiente di lavoro

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Reload all unit files and daemons
it: Ricaricare tutti i file di unità e i demoni

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Shut down the system
it: Spegnere il sistema

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Shut down and reboot the system
it: Spegnere e riavviare il sistema

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Suspend the system
it: Sospendere il sistema

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Hibernate the system
it: Ibernare il sistema

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Here, "<literal>$unit</literal>" in the above examples may be a single unit name (suffix such as <literal>.service</literal> and <literal>.target</literal> are optional) or, in many cases, multiple unit specifications (shell-style globs "<literal>*</literal>", "<literal>?</literal>", "<literal>[]</literal>" using <literal>fnmatch</literal>(3) which will be matched against the primary names of all units currently in memory).
it: Negli esempi soprastanti "<literal>$unit</literal>" può essere un singolo nome di unità (suffissi come <literal>.service</literal> e <literal>.target</literal> sono opzionali) o, in molti casi, la specifica di più unità (con glob in stile shell "<literal>*</literal>", "<literal>?</literal>", "<literal>[]</literal>" usando <literal>fnmatch</literal>(3) con corrispondenze con i nomi primari di tutte le unità attualmente in memoria).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: System state changing commands in the above examples are typically preceded by the "<literal>sudo</literal>" to attain the required administrative privilege.
it: I comandi che cambiano lo stato del sistema negli esempi soprastanti sono tipicamente preceduti da "<literal>sudo</literal>" per ottenere i privilegi amministrativi necessari.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The output of the "<literal>systemctl status $unit|$PID|$device</literal>" uses color of the dot ("●") to summarize the unit state at a glance.
it: L'output di "<literal>systemctl status $unit|$PID|$device</literal>" usa il colore del puntino ("●") per riassumere lo stato dell'unità a prima vista.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: White "●" indicates an "inactive" or "deactivating" state.
it: Un "●" bianco indica uno stato "inattivo" o "deattivato".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Red "●" indicates a "failed" or "error" state.
it: Un "●" rosso indica uno stato di "fallimento" o "errore".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Green "●" indicates an "active", "reloading" or "activating" state.
it: Un "●" verde indica uno stato "attivo", "in ricaricamento" o "in attivazione".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Other system monitors
it: Altri strumenti di monitoraggio del sistema

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Here are a list of other monitoring command snippets under <literal>systemd</literal>.  Please read the pertinent manpages including <literal>cgroups</literal>(7).
it: Ecco un elenco di altri esempi di comandi per il monitoraggio in <literal>systemd</literal>. Leggere le relative pagine di manuale, inclusa <literal>cgroups</literal>(7).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of other monitoring command snippets under <literal>systemd</literal>
it: Elenco di altri esempi di comandi per il monitoraggio in <literal>systemd</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Show time spent for each initialization steps
it: Mostrare il tempo utilizzato per ogni passo di inizializzazione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: List of all units by the time to initialize
it: Elencare tutte le unità col tempo di inizializzazione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Load and detect errors in "<literal>$unit</literal>" file
it: Carica e rileva gli errori nel file "<literal>$unit</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Show terse runtime status information of the user of the caller's session
it: Mostra sintetiche informazioni di stato a runtime dell'utente della sessione chiamante

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Show terse runtime status information of the caller's session
it: Mostra sintetiche informazioni di stato a runtime sulla sessione chiamante

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Track boot process by the <ulink url="&cgroups;">cgroups</ulink>
it: Traccia il processo di avvio con <ulink url="&cgroups;">cgroups</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Read <ulink url="&sysfs;">sysfs</ulink> under "<literal>/sys/fs/cgroup/</literal>"
it: Leggere <ulink url="&sysfs;">sysfs</ulink> in "<literal>/sys/fs/cgroup/</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: System configuration
it: Configurazione del sistema

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The hostname
it: Il nome host

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The kernel maintains the system <emphasis role="strong">hostname</emphasis>.  The system unit started by <literal>systemd-hostnamed.service</literal> sets the system hostname at boot time to the name stored in "<literal>/etc/hostname</literal>".  This file should contain <emphasis role="strong">only</emphasis> the system hostname, not a fully qualified domain name.
it: Il kernel gestisce il <emphasis role="strong">nome host</emphasis> del sistema. L'unità systemd avviata da<literal>systemd-hostnamed.service</literal> imposta il nome host del sistema all'avvio al nome memorizzato in "<literal>/etc/hostname</literal>". Questo file dovrebbe contenere <emphasis role="strong">solamente</emphasis> il nome host del sistema, non un nome di dominio pienamente qualificato.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: To print out the current hostname run <literal>hostname</literal>(1) without an argument.
it: Per visualizzare il nome host attuale eseguire <literal>hostname</literal>(1) senza alcun argomento.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The filesystem
it: Il filesystem

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The mount options of normal disk and network filesystems are set in "<literal>/etc/fstab</literal>".  See <literal>fstab</literal>(5) and <xref linkend="_optimization_of_filesystem_by_mount_options"/>.
it: Le opzioni usate per montare i file system normali dei dischi e di rete sono impostate in "<literal>/etc/fstab</literal>". Vedere <literal>fstab</literal>(5) e <xref linkend="_optimization_of_filesystem_by_mount_options"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The configuration of the encrypted filesystem is set in "<literal>/etc/crypttab</literal>".  See <literal>crypttab</literal>(5)
it: La configurazione dei file system cifrati è impostata in "<literal>/etc/crypttab</literal>". Vedere <literal>crypttab</literal>(5)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The configuration of software RAID with <literal>mdadm</literal>(8) is set in "<literal>/etc/mdadm/mdadm.conf</literal>".  See <literal>mdadm.conf</literal>(5).
it: La configuraziione del software RAID con <literal>mdadm</literal>(8) è configurata in "<literal>/etc/mdadm/mdadm.conf</literal>". Vedere <literal>mdadm.conf</literal>(5).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
en: After mounting all the filesystems, temporary files in "<literal>/tmp</literal>", "<literal>/var/lock</literal>", and "<literal>/var/run</literal>" are cleaned for each boot up.
it: Dopo aver montato tutti i filesystem, i file temporanei in "<literal>/tmp</literal>", "<literal>/var/lock</literal>" e "<literal>/var/run</literal>" vengono ripuliti ad ogni avvio.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Network interface initialization
it: Inizializzazione delle interfacce di rete

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Network interfaces are typically initialized in "<literal>networking.service</literal>" for the <literal>lo</literal> interface and "<literal>NetworkManager.service</literal>" for other interfaces on modern Debian desktop system under <literal>systemd</literal>.
it: Le interfacce di rete sono tipicamente inizializzate in "<literal>networking.service</literal>" per l'interfaccia <literal>lo</literal> e "<literal>NetworkManager.service</literal>" per le altre interfacce nei moderni sistemi desktop Debian che usano <literal>systemd</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See <xref linkend="_network_setup"/> for how to configure them.
it: Vedere <xref linkend="_network_setup"/> per come configurarle.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Cloud system initialization
it: Inizializzazione del sistema cloud

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The cloud system instance may be launched as a clone of <ulink url="&debianofficialcloudimages;">"Debian Official Cloud Images"</ulink> or similar images.  For such system instance, personalities such as hostname, filesystem, networking, locale, SSH keys, users and groups may be configured using functionalities provided by <literal>cloud-init</literal> and <literal>netplan.io</literal> packages with multiple data sources such as files placed in the original system image and external data provided during its launch.  These packages enable the declarative system configuration using <ulink url="&yaml;">YAML</ulink> data.
it: L'istanza del sistema cloud può essere lanciata come clone di <ulink url="&debianofficialcloudimages;">"immagini cloud ufficiali Debian"</ulink> o immagini simili. Per tali istanze di sistema, entità come nome host, file system, rete, localizzazione, chiavi SSH, utenti e gruppi, possono essere configurate usando funzionalità fornite dai pacchetti <literal>cloud-init</literal> e <literal>netplan.io</literal> con diverse fonti di dati, come i file posizionati nell'immagine del sistema originale e dati esterni forniti durante il suo avvio. Questi pacchetti permettono la configurazione dichiarativa del sistema usando dati <ulink url="&yaml;">YAML</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See more at <ulink url="&cloudcomputingwinditsdescendants;">"Cloud Computing with Debian and its descendants"</ulink>, <ulink url="&cloudinitdocumentation;">"Cloud-init documentation"</ulink> and <xref linkend="_the_modern_network_configuration_for_cloud"/>.
it: Vedere ulteriori informazioni in <ulink url="&cloudcomputingwinditsdescendants;">"Cloud Computing with Debian and its descendants"</ulink>, <ulink url="&cloudinitdocumentation;">"Documentazione di Cloud-init"</ulink> e <xref linkend="_the_modern_network_configuration_for_cloud"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Customization example to tweak sshd service
it: Esempio di personalizzazione per modificare il servizio sshd

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: With default installation, many network services (see <xref linkend="_network_applications"/>) are started as daemon processes after <literal>network.target</literal> at boot time by <literal>systemd</literal>.  The "<literal>sshd</literal>" is no exception.  Let's change this to on-demand start of "<literal>sshd</literal>" as a customization example.
it: Con l'installazione predefinita molti servizi di rete (vedere <xref linkend="_network_applications"/>) vengono avviati come processi demone dopo <literal>network.target</literal> al momento dell'avvio di sistema da <literal>systemd</literal>. "<literal>sshd</literal> non fa eccezione. Come esempio di personalizzazione cambiamo questo comportamento nell'avvio on-demand di "<literal>sshd</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: First, disable system installed service unit.
it: Come prima cosa disabilitare l'unità di servizio installata dal sistema.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The on-demand socket activation system of the classic Unix services was through the <literal>inetd</literal> (or <literal>xinetd</literal>) superserver.  Under <literal>systemd</literal>, the equivalent can be enabled by adding <emphasis role="strong">*.socket</emphasis> and <emphasis role="strong">*.service</emphasis> unit configuration files.
it: Il sistema di attivazione on-demand dei socket dei servizi classici Unix avveniva attraverso il superserver <literal>inetd</literal> (o <literal>xinetd</literal>). Con <literal>systemd</literal> il comportamento equivalente può essere abilitato aggiungendo file di configurazione di unità <emphasis role="strong">*.socket</emphasis> e <emphasis role="strong">*.service</emphasis>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <literal>sshd.socket</literal> for specifying a socket to listen on
it: <literal>sshd.socket</literal> per specificare un socket su cui restare in ascolto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <literal>sshd@.service</literal> as the matching service file of <literal>sshd.socket</literal>
it: <literal>sshd@.service</literal> come file di servizio corrispondente di <literal>sshd.socket</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Then reload.
it: Poi ricaricare.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: The udev system
it: Il sistema udev

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The <ulink url="&udevsystem;">udev system</ulink> provides mechanism for the automatic hardware discovery and initialization (see <literal>udev</literal>(7)) since Linux kernel 2.6. Upon discovery of each device by the kernel, the udev system starts a user process which uses information from the <ulink url="&sysfs;">sysfs</ulink> filesystem (see <xref linkend="_procfs_and_sysfs"/>), loads required kernel modules supporting it using the <literal>modprobe</literal>(8) program (see <xref linkend="_the_kernel_module_initialization"/>), and creates corresponding device nodes.
it: Il <ulink url="&udevsystem;">sistema udev</ulink> fornisce un meccanismo di rilevazione e inizializzazione automatiche dell'hardware (vedere <literal>udev</literal>(7)) a partire dal kernel Linux 2.6. Per ogni dispositivo rilevato dal kernel, il sistema udev avvia un processo utente che usa le informazioni del file system <ulink url="&sysfs;">sysfs</ulink> (vedere <xref linkend="_procfs_and_sysfs"/>), carica, usando il programma <literal>modprobe</literal>(8) (vedere <xref linkend="_the_kernel_module_initialization"/>), i moduli del kernel necessari per il supporto del dispositivo e crea i nodi di device corrispondenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
en: If "<literal>/lib/modules/<emphasis>kernel-version</emphasis>/modules.dep</literal>" was not generated properly by <literal>depmod</literal>(8) for some reason, modules may not be loaded as expected by the udev system. Execute "<literal>depmod -a</literal>" to fix it.
it: Se, per una qualche ragione "<literal>/lib/modules/<emphasis>versione-kernel</emphasis>/modules.dep</literal> non viene generato in modo appropriato dal <literal>depmod</literal>(8), i moduli non possono essere caricati come dovuto dal sistema udev. Per risolvere il problema eseguire "<literal>depmod -a</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
en: For mounting rules in "<literal>/etc/fstab</literal>", device nodes do not need to be static ones. You can use <ulink url="&uuid;">UUID</ulink> to mount devices instead of device names such as "<literal>/dev/sda</literal>".  See <xref linkend="_accessing_partition_using_uuid"/>.
it: Per le regole di montaggio in "<literal>/etc/fstab</literal>", non è necessario che i nodi di device siano statici. Si possono usare gli <ulink url="&uuid;">UUID</ulink> per montare i dispositivi, al posto dei nomi di device come "<literal>/dev/sda</literal>". Vedere <xref linkend="_accessing_partition_using_uuid"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Since the udev system is somewhat a moving target, I leave details to other documentations and describe the minimum information here.
it: Dato che il sistema udev è in qualche modo in costante evoluzione, in questo documento sono fornite informazioni base, lasciando i dettagli ad altra documentazione.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><warning><para>
en: Don't try to run long running programs such as backup script with <literal>RUN</literal> in udev rules as mentioned in <literal>udev</literal>(7).  Please create a proper <literal>systemd.service</literal>(5) file and activate it, instead.  See <xref linkend="_mount_event_triggered_backup"/>.
it: Non cercare di eseguire programmi con tempi di esecuzione lunghi, come script di backup con <literal>RUN</literal> in regole udev, come detto in <literal>udev</literal>(7). Creare invece un file <literal>systemd.service</literal>(5) corretto e attivarlo. Vedere <xref linkend="_mount_event_triggered_backup"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: The kernel module initialization
it: L'inizializzazione dei moduli del kernel

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The <literal>modprobe</literal>(8) program enables us to configure running Linux kernel from user process by adding and removing kernel modules.  The udev system (see <xref linkend="_the_udev_system"/>) automates its invocation to help the kernel module initialization.
it: Il programma <literal>modprobe</literal>(8) permette di configurare il kernel Linux in esecuzione da processi utente, aggiungendo e rimuovendo moduli del kernel. Il sistema udev (vedere <xref linkend="_the_udev_system"/>) automatizza la sua invocazione per facilitare l'inizializzazione dei moduli del kernel.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: There are non-hardware modules and special hardware driver modules as the following which need to be pre-loaded by listing them in the "<literal>/etc/modules</literal>" file (see <literal>modules</literal>(5)).
it: Ci sono moduli non-hardware e speciali moduli con driver hardware, come quelli elencati in seguito, che devono essere precaricati elencandoli nel file "<literal>/etc/modules</literal>" (vedere <literal>modules</literal>(5)).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&tuntap;">TUN/TAP</ulink> modules providing virtual Point-to-Point network device (TUN) and virtual Ethernet network device (TAP),
it: moduli <ulink url="&tuntap;">TUN/TAP</ulink> che forniscono device virtuali di rete Point-to-Point (TUN) e device virtuali di rete Ethernet (TAP),

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&netfilter;">netfilter</ulink> modules providing netfilter firewall capabilities (<literal>iptables</literal>(8), <xref linkend="_netfilter_infrastructure"/>), and
it: moduli <ulink url="&netfilter;">netfilter</ulink> che forniscono funzionalità di firewall netfilter (<literal>iptables</literal>(8), <xref linkend="_netfilter_infrastructure"/> e

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&watchdogtimer;">watchdog timer</ulink> driver modules.
it: moduli driver <ulink url="&watchdogtimer;">watchdog timer</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The configuration files for the <literal>modprobe</literal>(8) program are located under the "<literal>/etc/modprobes.d/</literal>" directory as explained in <literal>modprobe.conf</literal>(5).  (If you want to avoid some kernel modules to be auto-loaded, consider to blacklist them in the "<literal>/etc/modprobes.d/blacklist</literal>" file.)
it: I file di configurazione per il programma <literal>modprobe</literal>(8) sono contenuti nella directory "<literal>/etc/modprobes.d/</literal>", come spiegato in <literal>modprobe.conf</literal>(5). (Se si desidera evitare l'autocaricamento di alcuni moduli del kernel, considerare la loro aggiunta nella lista nera nel file "<literal>/etc/modprobes.d/blacklist</literal>".)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The "<literal>/lib/modules/<emphasis>version</emphasis>/modules.dep</literal>" file generated by the <literal>depmod</literal>(8) program describes module dependencies used by the <literal>modprobe</literal>(8) program.
it: Il file "<literal>/lib/modules/<emphasis>versione</emphasis>/modules.dep</literal>" generato dal programma <literal>depmod</literal>(8) descrive le dipendenze dei moduli usate dal programma <literal>modprobe</literal>(8).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><note><para>
en: If you experience module loading issues with boot time module loading or with <literal>modprobe</literal>(8), "<literal>depmod -a</literal>" may resolve these issues by reconstructing "<literal>modules.dep</literal>".
it: Se si hanno problemi di caricamento dei moduli all'avvio o con <literal>modprobe</literal>(8), "<literal>depmod -a</literal>" potrebbe risolverli rigenerando il file "<literal>modules.dep</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The <literal>modinfo</literal>(8) program shows information about a Linux kernel module.
it: Il programma <literal>modinfo</literal>(8) mostra informazioni su un modulo del kernel Linux.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The <literal>lsmod</literal>(8) program nicely formats the contents of the "<literal>/proc/modules</literal>", showing what kernel modules are currently loaded.
it: Il programma <literal>lsmod</literal>(8) formatta in un bel modo i contenuti di "<literal>/proc/modules</literal>", mostrando quali moduli del kernel siano attualmente caricati.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
en: You can identify exact hardware on your system.  See <xref linkend="_hardware_identification"/>.
it: Si può identificare l'esatto hardware sul proprio sistema. Vedere <xref linkend="_hardware_identification"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
en: You may configure hardware at boot time to activate expected hardware features. See <xref linkend="_hardware_configuration"/>.
it: Si può configurare l'hardware all'avvio per attivare le funzionalità dell'hardware desiderate. Vedere <xref linkend="_hardware_configuration"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
en: You can probably add support for your special device by recompiling the kernel.  See <xref linkend="_the_kernel"/>.
it: Si può probabilmente aggiungere il supporto per il proprio speciale dispositivo ricompilando il kernel. Vedere <xref linkend="_the_kernel"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
en: Authentication and access controls
it: Autenticazione e controllo degli accessi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
en: When a person (or a program) requests access to the system, authentication confirms the identity to be a trusted one.
it: Quando una persona (o un programma) richiede l'accesso al sistema, l'autenticazione verifica che l'identità sia fidata.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><warning><para>
en: Configuration errors of PAM may lock you out of your own system.  You must have a rescue CD handy or setup an alternative boot partition.  To recover, boot the system with them and correct things from there.
it: Errori di configurazione di PAM possono lasciare l'utente fuori dal proprio sistema. Si deve avere un CD di ripristino a portata di mano o impostare una partizione di avvio alternativa. Per fare il ripristino, avviare il sistema con uno di essi e correggere le cose da lì.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Normal Unix authentication
it: Autenticazione Unix normale

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Normal Unix authentication is provided by the <literal>pam_unix</literal>(8) module under the <ulink url="&pampluggableauthnticationmodules;">PAM (Pluggable Authentication Modules)</ulink>.  Its 3 important configuration files, with "<literal>:</literal>" separated entries, are the following.
it: L'autenticazione Unix normale è fornita dal modulo <literal>pam_unix</literal>(8) sotto <ulink url="&pampluggableauthnticationmodules;">PAM (Pluggable Authentication Modules)</ulink>. I suoi 3 importanti file di configurazione, con voci separate da "<literal>:</literal>", sono i seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: 3 important configuration files for <literal>pam_unix</literal>(8)
it: I 3 importanti file di configurazione per <literal>pam_unix</literal>(8)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: permission
it: permessi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: user
it: utente

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: (sanitized) user account information
it: informazioni sugli account utente (ripulite)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: secure user account information
it: informazioni sicure sugli account utente

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: group information
it: informazioni sui gruppi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: "<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>" contains the following.
it: "<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>" contiene righe come le seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: As explained in <literal>passwd</literal>(5), each "<literal>:</literal>" separated entry of this file means the following.
it: Come spiegato in "<literal>passwd</literal>(5), le voci separate da "<literal>:</literal> in questo file hanno il significato seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Login name
it: Nome di login

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Password specification entry
it: Voce di specificazione della password

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Numerical user ID
it: ID numerico dell'utente

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Numerical group ID
it: ID numerico del gruppo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: User name or comment field
it: Nome dell'utente o campo di commento

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: User home directory
it: Directory home dell'utente

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Optional user command interpreter
it: Voce opzionale per l'interprete di comandi utente

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The second entry of "<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>" was used for the encrypted password entry.  After the introduction of "<literal>/etc/shadow</literal>", this entry is used for the password specification entry.
it: La seconda voce del file "<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>" era usata per la password cifrata. Dopo l'introduzione di "<literal>/etc/shadow</literal>", questa voce è usata per la specificazione della password.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: The second entry content of "<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>"
it: Il contenuto della seconda voce di "<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: (empty)
it: (vuoto)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: passwordless account
it: account senza password

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: the encrypted password is in "<literal>/etc/shadow</literal>"
it: la password cifrata è in "<literal>/etc/shadow</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: "<literal>/etc/shadow</literal>" contains the following.
it: "<literal>/etc/shadow</literal>" contiene righe come le seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: As explained in <literal>shadow</literal>(5), each "<literal>:</literal>" separated entry of this file means the following.
it: Come spiegato in "<literal>shadow</literal>(5), le voci separate da "<literal>:</literal> in questo file hanno il significato seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Encrypted password (The initial "<literal>$1$</literal>" indicates use of the MD5 encryption. The "*" indicates no login.)
it: Password cifrata (I caratteri "<literal>$1$</literal>" iniziali indicano l'uso della cifratura MD5. "*" indica nessun login.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Date of the last password change, expressed as the number of days since Jan 1, 1970
it: Data dell'ultimo cambiamento di password, espressa come numero di giorni trascorsi dall'1 gennaio 1970

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Number of days the user will have to wait before she will be allowed to change her password again
it: Numero di giorni che l'utente deve aspettare prima di essere autorizzato a cambiare nuovamente la password

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Number of days after which the user will have to change her password
it: Numero di giorni trascorsi i quali l'utente dovrà cambiare la propria password

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Number of days before a password is going to expire during which the user should be warned
it: Numero di giorni di preavviso per avvisare l'utente che la password è in scadenza

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Number of days after a password has expired during which the password should still be accepted
it: Numero di giorni dopo che una password è scaduta in cui la password viene sempre accettata

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Date of expiration of the account, expressed as the number of days since Jan 1, 1970
it: Data di scadenza dell'account, espressa come numero di giorni trascorsi dall'1 gennaio 1970.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: "<literal>/etc/group</literal>" contains the following.
it: "<literal>/etc/group</literal>" contiene righe come le seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: As explained in <literal>group</literal>(5), each "<literal>:</literal>" separated entry of this file means the following.
it: Come spiegato in "<literal>group</literal>(5), le voci separate da "<literal>:</literal> in questo file hanno il significato seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Group name
it: Nome del gruppo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Encrypted password (not really used)
it: Password cifrata (non realmente usato)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "," separated list of user names
it: Elenco di nomi utente separati da ","

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><note><para>
en: "<literal>/etc/gshadow</literal>" provides the similar function as "<literal>/etc/shadow</literal>" for "<literal>/etc/group</literal>" but is not really used.
it: "<literal>/etc/gshadow</literal>" fornisce funzioni simili a "<literal>/etc/shadow</literal>" per "<literal>/etc/group</literal>", ma non è realmente usato.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><note><para>
en: The actual group membership of a user may be dynamically added if "<literal>auth optional pam_group.so</literal>" line is added to "<literal>/etc/pam.d/common-auth</literal>" and set it in "<literal>/etc/security/group.conf</literal>".  See <literal>pam_group</literal>(8).
it: Può essere dinamicamente aggiunta la reale appartenenza di un utente ad un gruppo se viene aggiunta la riga "<literal>auth optional pam_group.so</literal> al file "<literal>/etc/pam.d/common-auth</literal>" e se viene impostata in "<literal>/etc/security/group.conf</literal>". Vedere <literal>pam_group</literal>(8).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><note><para>
en: The <literal>base-passwd</literal> package contains an authoritative list of the user and the group: "<literal>/usr/share/doc/base-passwd/users-and-groups.html</literal>".
it: Il pacchetto <literal>base-passwd</literal> contiene una lista autorevole di utenti e gruppi: "<literal>/usr/share/doc/base-passwd/users-and-groups.html</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Managing account and password information
it: Gestire le informazioni su account e password

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Here are few notable commands to manage account information.
it: Quelli che seguono sono alcuni comandi degni di nota per gestire le informazioni sugli account

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of commands to manage account information
it: Elenco di comandi per gestire informazioni su account

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: function
it: funzione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>getent passwd <emphasis>user_name</emphasis></literal>
it: <literal>getent passwd <emphasis>nome_utente</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: browse account information of "<literal><emphasis>user_name</emphasis></literal>"
it: sfoglia le informazioni sull'account di "<literal><emphasis>nome_utente</emphasis></literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>getent shadow <emphasis>user_name</emphasis></literal>
it: <literal>getent shadow <emphasis>nome_utente</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: browse shadowed account information of "<literal><emphasis>user_name</emphasis></literal>"
it: sfoglia le informazioni shadow sull'account di "<literal><emphasis>nome_utente</emphasis></literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>getent group <emphasis>group_name</emphasis></literal>
it: <literal>getent group <emphasis>nome_gruppo</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: browse group information of "<literal><emphasis>group_name</emphasis></literal>"
it: sfoglia le informazioni sul gruppo "<literal><emphasis>nome_gruppo</emphasis></literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: manage password for the account
it: gestisce la password per l'account

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: set one-time password for the account activation
it: imposta una password usa e getta per l'attivazione dell'account

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: manage password aging information
it: gestisce le informazioni sulla scadenza della password

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: You may need to have the root privilege for some functions to work. See <literal>crypt</literal>(3) for the password and data encryption.
it: Può essere necessario avere i privilegi di root per far funzionare alcune di queste funzioni. Vedere <literal>crypt</literal>(3) per la cifratura di password e dati.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><note><para>
en: On the system set up with PAM and NSS as the Debian <ulink url="&salsa;">salsa</ulink> machine, the content of local "<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>", "<literal>/etc/group</literal>" and "<literal>/etc/shadow</literal>" may not be actively used by the system.  Above commands are valid even under such environment.
it: Nei sistemi configurati con PAM e NSS, come la macchina Debian <ulink url="&salsa;">salsa</ulink> Debian, il contenuto dei file locali "<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>", "<literal>/etc/group</literal>" ed "<literal>/etc/shadow</literal>" può non essere attivamente usato dal sistema. I comandi sopra descritti sono validi anche in un ambiente di questo tipo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Good password
it: Password buone

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: When creating an account during your system installation or with the <literal>passwd</literal>(1) command, you should choose a <ulink url="&goodpassword;">good password</ulink> which consists of at least 6 to 8 characters including one or more characters from each of the following sets according to <literal>passwd</literal>(1).
it: Quando si crea un account, durante l'installazione del sistema o con il comando <literal>passwd</literal>(1), si dovrebbe scegliere una <ulink url="&goodpassword;">buona password</ulink> che consiste, secondo <literal>passwd</literal>(1), di un numero di caratteri da almeno 6 a 8, incluso uno o più caratteri da ciascuno dei seguenti insiemi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Lower case alphabetics
it: Lettere dell'alfabeto minuscole

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Digits 0 through 9
it: Cifre da 0 a 9

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Punctuation marks
it: Segni di punteggiatura

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><warning><para>
en: Do not choose guessable words for the password. Account name, social security number, phone number, address, birthday, name of your family members or pets, dictionary words, simple sequence of characters such as "12345" or "qwerty", … are all bad choice for the password.
it: Non scegliere parole indovinabili come password. Il nome dell'account, il codice fiscale, il numero di telefono, l'indirizzo, il giorno del compleanno, il nome di membri della propria famiglia o di animali, parole del dizionario, semplici sequenze di caratteri come "12345" o "qwerty", … sono tutte scelte pessime come password.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Creating encrypted password
it: Creare password cifrate

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: There are independent tools to <ulink url="&generateencrypteasswordswithsalt;">generate encrypted passwords with salt</ulink>.
it: Ci sono strumenti indipendenti per <ulink url="&generateencrypteasswordswithsalt;">generare password cifrate con salt</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of tools to generate password
it: Elenco di strumenti per generare password

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: over-featured front end to the <literal>crypt</literal>(3) library
it: frontend ricco di funzionalità per la libreria <literal>crypt</literal>(3)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: compute password hashes (OpenSSL). <literal>passwd</literal>(1ssl)
it: calcola hash di password (OpenSSL). <literal>passwd</literal>(1ssl)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: PAM and NSS
it: PAM e NSS

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Modern <ulink url="&unixlike;">Unix-like</ulink> systems such as the Debian system provide <ulink url="&pampluggableauthnticationmodules;">PAM (Pluggable Authentication Modules)</ulink> and <ulink url="&nssnameserviceswitch;">NSS (Name Service Switch)</ulink> mechanism to the local system administrator to configure his system.  The role of these can be summarizes as the following.
it: I moderni sistemi <ulink url="&unixlike;">*nix</ulink> come il sistema Debian, forniscono all'amministratore di sistema i meccanismi <ulink url="&pampluggableauthnticationmodules;">PAM (Pluggable Authentication Modules)</ulink> e <ulink url="&nssnameserviceswitch;">NSS (Name Service Switch)</ulink> per configurare il sistema. Il ruolo di questi meccanismi può essere riassunto nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: PAM offers a flexible authentication mechanism used by the application software thus involves password data exchange.
it: PAM offre un meccanismo di autenticazione flessibile usato dal software applicativo e comporta pertanto scambio di dati sulle password

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: NSS offers a flexible name service mechanism which is frequently used by the <ulink url="&cstandardlibrary;">C standard library</ulink> to obtain the user and group name for programs such as <literal>ls</literal>(1) and <literal>id</literal>(1).
it: NSS offre un meccanismo di servizio dei nomi flessibile che è usato di frequente dalla <ulink url="&cstandardlibrary;">libreria standard C</ulink> per ottenere i nomi di utenti e gruppi per programmi come <literal>ls</literal>(1) e <literal>id</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: These PAM and NSS systems need to be configured consistently.
it: Questi sistemi PAM e NSS devono essere configurati in modo coerente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The notable packages of PAM and NSS systems are the following.
it: I pacchetti degni di nota relativi ai sistemi PAM e NSS sono i seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of notable PAM and NSS systems
it: Elenco dei pacchetti degni di nota per i sistemi PAM e NSS

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Pluggable Authentication Modules (basic service)
it: Pluggable Authentication Modules, moduli di autenticazione inseribili (servizio base)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Pluggable Authentication Module allowing LDAP interfaces
it: Pluggable Authentication Module, modulo di autenticazione inseribile, che permette interfacce LDAP

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Pluggable Authentication Module to register user sessions for <literal>logind</literal>
it: Pluggable Authentication Module, modulo di autenticazione inseribile, per registrare sessioni utente per <literal>logind</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Pluggable Authentication Modules (documentation in html and text)
it: Pluggable Authentication Modules, moduli di autenticazione inseribili (documentazione in html e testo semplice)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: GNU C Library: Shared libraries which also provides "Name Service Switch" service
it: Libreria GNU C: librerie condivise che forniscono anche il servizio "Name Service Switch"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: GNU C Library: Manpages
it: Libreria GNU C: pagine man

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: GNU C Library: Reference manual in info, pdf and html format (non-free)
it: Libreria GNU C: manuale di riferimento nei formati info, pdf e html (non-free)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: NSS module for Multicast DNS name resolution
it: Modulo NSS per la risoluzione dei nomi DNS Multicast

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: NSS module for using LDAP as a naming service
it: Modulo NSS per l'uso di LDAP come servizio per i nomi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "The Linux-PAM System Administrators' Guide" in <literal>libpam-doc</literal> is essential for learning PAM configuration.
it: La guida per l'amministratore di sistema di Linux-PAM, "The Linux-PAM System Administrators' Guide", in <literal>libpam-doc</literal> è essenziale per imparare la configurazione di PAM.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "System Databases and Name Service Switch" section in <literal>glibc-doc-reference</literal> is essential for learning NSS configuration.
it: La sezione "System Databases and Name Service Switch" in <literal>glibc-doc-reference</literal> è essenziale per imparare la configurazione di NSS.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><note><para>
en: You can see more extensive and current list by "<literal>aptitude search 'libpam-|libnss-'</literal>" command.  The acronym NSS may also mean "Network Security Service" which is different from "Name Service Switch".
it: Si può ottenere un elenco più esteso ed aggiornato usando il comando "<literal>aptitude search 'libpam-|libnss-'</literal>". L'acronimo NSS può anche significare "Network Security Service" che è una cosa diversa da "Name Service Switch".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><note><para>
en: PAM is the most basic way to initialize environment variables for each program with the system wide default value.
it: PAM è il metodo più basilare per inizializzare le variabili d'ambiente per ciascun programma con valori predefiniti a livello di sistema.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Under <ulink url="&systemd;">systemd</ulink>, <literal>libpam-systemd</literal> package is installed to manage user logins by registering user sessions in the <literal>systemd</literal> control group hierarchy for <ulink url="&logind;">logind</ulink>.  See <literal>systemd-logind</literal>(8), <literal>logind.conf</literal>(5), and <literal>pam_systemd</literal>(8).
it: Con <ulink url="&systemd;">systemd</ulink>, il pacchetto <literal>libpam-systemd</literal> viene installato per gestire il login degli utenti registrando le sessioni utente nella gerarchia dei gruppi di controllo di <literal>systemd</literal> per <ulink url="&logind;">logind</ulink>. Vedere <literal>systemd-logind</literal>(8), <literal>logind.conf</literal>(5) e <literal>pam_systemd</literal>(8).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Configuration files accessed by PAM and NSS
it: File di configurazione letti da PAM e NSS

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here are a few notable configuration files accessed by PAM and NSS.
it: Quelli che seguono sono alcuni file degni di nota letti da PAM e NSS.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of configuration files accessed by PAM and NSS
it: Elenco di file di configurazione letti da PAM e NSS

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: configuration file
it: file di configurazione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>/etc/pam.d/<emphasis>program_name</emphasis></literal>
it: <literal>/etc/pam.d/<emphasis>nome_programma</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: set up PAM configuration for the "<literal><emphasis>program_name</emphasis></literal>" program; see <literal>pam</literal>(7) and <literal>pam.d</literal>(5)
it: imposta la configurazione PAM per il programma "<literal><emphasis>nome_programma</emphasis></literal>"; vedere <literal>pam</literal>(7) e <literal>pam.d</literal>(5)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: set up NSS configuration with the entry for each service. See <literal>nsswitch.conf</literal>(5)
it: imposta la configurazione NSS con la voce per ciascun servizio. Vedere <literal>nsswitch.conf</literal>(5)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: limit the user login by the <literal>pam_nologin</literal>(8) module
it: limita il login utente con il modulo <literal>pam_nologin</literal>(8)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: limit the tty for the root access by the <literal>pam_securetty</literal>(8) module
it: limita la tty per l'accesso root con il modulo <literal>pam_securetty</literal>(8)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: set access limit by the <literal>pam_access</literal>(8) module
it: imposta il limite di accesso con il modulo <literal>pam_access</literal>(8)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: set group based restraint by the <literal>pam_group</literal>(8) module
it: imposta restrizioni basate su gruppi con il modulo <literal>pam_group</literal>(8)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: set environment variables by the <literal>pam_env</literal>(8) module
it: imposta le variabili d'ambiente con il modulo <literal>pam_env</literal>(8)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: set additional environment variables by the <literal>pam_env</literal>(8) module with the "<literal>readenv=1</literal>" argument
it: imposta variabili d'ambiente aggiuntive con il modulo <literal>pam_env</literal>(8) con l'argomento "<literal>readenv=1</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: set locale by <literal>pam_env</literal>(8) module with the "<literal>readenv=1 envfile=/etc/default/locale</literal>" argument (Debian)
it: imposta la localizzazione con il modulo <literal>pam_env</literal>(8) con l'argomento "<literal>readenv=1 envfile=/etc/default/locale</literal>" (Debian)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: set resource restraint (ulimit, core, …) by the <literal>pam_linits</literal>(8) module
it: imposta limitazioni alle risorse (ulimit, core, …) con il modulo <literal>pam_limits</literal>(8)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: set time restraint by the <literal>pam_time</literal>(8) module
it: imposta limitazioni temporali con il modulo <literal>pam_time</literal>(8)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: set <literal>systemd</literal> login manager configuration (see <literal>logind.conf</literal>(5) and <literal>systemd-logind.service</literal>(8))
it: imposta la configurazione del gestore di login di <literal>systemd</literal> (vedere <literal>logind.conf</literal>(5) e <literal>systemd-logind.service</literal>(8))

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The limitation of the password selection is implemented by the PAM modules, <literal>pam_unix</literal>(8) and <literal>pam_cracklib</literal>(8). They can be configured by their arguments.
it: Le restrizioni sulla scelta delle password sono implementate dai moduli PAM <literal>pam_unix</literal>(8) e <literal>pam_cracklib</literal>(8). Possono essere configurati tramite i loro argomenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: PAM modules use suffix "<literal>.so</literal>" for their filenames.
it: I moduli PAM usano il suffisso "<literal>.so</literal>" nei loro nomi file.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The modern centralized system management
it: La moderna gestione centralizzata del sistema

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The modern centralized system management can be deployed using the centralized <ulink url="&lightweightdireccessprotocolldap;">Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP)</ulink> server to administer many Unix-like and non-Unix-like systems on the network.  The open source implementation of the Lightweight Directory Access Protocol is <ulink url="&openldapsoftware;">OpenLDAP Software</ulink>.
it: La moderna gestione centralizzata del sistema può essere messa in atto usando il server del <ulink url="&lightweightdireccessprotocolldap;">Protocollo LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol)</ulink> per amministrare molti sistemi *nix e non *nix in rete. L'implementazione open source del protocollo LDAP è il <ulink url="&openldapsoftware;">software OpenLDAP</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The LDAP server provides the account information through the use of PAM and NSS with <literal>libpam-ldapd</literal> and <literal>libnss-ldapd</literal> packages for the Debian system. Several actions are required to enable this (I have not used this setup and the following is purely secondary information.  Please read this in this context.).
it: Il server LDAP fornisce le informazioni sugli account attraverso l'uso di PAM e NSS con i pacchetti per il sistema Debian <literal>libpam-ldapd</literal> e <literal>libnss-ldapd</literal>. Per abilitare ciò sono necessarie diverse azioni. (Non ho mai usato questa configurazione e le informazioni che seguono sono di seconda mano. Tenerlo a mente quando si legge quanto segue.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: You set up a centralized LDAP server by running a program such as the stand-alone LDAP daemon, <literal>slapd</literal>(8).
it: Si configura un server LDAP centralizzato eseguendo un programma come il demone LDAP autonomo <literal>slapd</literal>(8).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: You change the PAM configuration files in the "<literal>/etc/pam.d/</literal>" directory to use "<literal>pam_ldap.so</literal>" instead of the default "<literal>pam_unix.so</literal>".
it: Si modificano i file di configurazione di PAM nella directory "<literal>/etc/pam.d/</literal>" per usare "<literal>pam_ldap.so</literal>" invece del predefinito "<literal>pam_unix.so</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: You change the NSS configuration in the "<literal>/etc/nsswitch.conf</literal>" file to use "<literal>ldap</literal>" instead of the default ("<literal>compat</literal>" or "<literal>file</literal>").
it: Si modifica la configurazione di NSS nel file "<literal>/etc/nsswitch.conf</literal>" per usare "<literal>ldap</literal>" invece della scelta predefinita ("<literal>compat</literal>" o "<literal>file</literal>").

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: You must make <literal>libpam-ldapd</literal> to use <ulink url="&sslortls;">SSL (or TLS)</ulink> connection for the security of password.
it: Per la sicurezza delle password è necessario far sì che <literal>libpam-ldapd</literal> usi una connessione <ulink url="&sslortls;">SSL (o TLS)</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: You may make <literal>libnss-ldapd</literal> to use <ulink url="&sslortls;">SSL (or TLS)</ulink> connection to ensure integrity of data at the cost of the LDAP network overhead.
it: Per assicurare l'integrità dei dati, si può far sì che <literal>libnss-ldapd</literal> usi una connessione <ulink url="&sslortls;">SSL (o TLS)</ulink> a prezzo di un maggiore carico sulla rete LDAP.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: You should run <literal>nscd</literal>(8) locally to cache any LDAP search results in order to reduce the LDAP network traffic.
it: Si dovrebbe eseguire <literal>nscd</literal>(8) localmente per mettere nella cache ogni risultato di ricerche LDAP in modo da ridurre il traffico di rete LDAP.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Similarly, you can set up alternative centralized systems with other methods.
it: In modo simile si possono impostare sistemi centralizzati alternativi con altri metodi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Integration of user and group with the Windows system.
it: Integrazione di utenti e gruppi con il sistema Windows.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Access <ulink url="&windowsdomain;">Windows domain</ulink> services by the <literal>winbind</literal> and <literal>libpam_winbind</literal> packages.
it: Accesso ai servizi <ulink url="&windowsdomain;">di dominio Windows</ulink> con i pacchetti <literal>winbind</literal> e <literal>libpam_winbind</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: See <literal>winbindd</literal>(8) and <ulink url="&integratingmswinetworkswithsamba;">Integrating MS Windows Networks with Samba</ulink>.
it: Vedere <literal>winbindd</literal>(8) e <ulink url="&integratingmswinetworkswithsamba;">Integrare reti MS Windows con Samba</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Integration of user and group with the legacy Unix-like system.
it: Integrazione di utenti e gruppi con sistemi simil-Unix datati

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Access <ulink url="&nisoriginallycalledyp;">NIS (originally called YP)</ulink> or <ulink url="&nis;">NIS+</ulink> by the <literal>nis</literal> package.
it: Accesso a <ulink url="&nisoriginallycalledyp;">NIS (chiamato in origine YP)</ulink> o <ulink url="&nis;">NIS+</ulink> con il pacchetto <literal>nis</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: See <ulink url="&thelinuxnisypnysnishowto;">The Linux NIS(YP)/NYS/NIS+ HOWTO</ulink>.
it: Vedere il <ulink url="&thelinuxnisypnysnishowto;">Linux NIS(YP)/NYS/NIS+ HOWTO</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: "Why GNU su does not support the wheel group"
it: "Perché GNU su non supporta il gruppo wheel"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This is the famous phrase at the bottom of the old "<literal>info su</literal>" page by Richard M. Stallman.  Not to worry: the current <literal>su</literal> command in Debian uses PAM, so that one can restrict the ability to use <literal>su</literal> to the <literal>root</literal> group by enabling the line with "<literal>pam_wheel.so</literal>" in "<literal>/etc/pam.d/su</literal>".
it: Questa è la famosa sezione scritta da Richard M. Stallman, alla fine della vecchia pagina "<literal>info su</literal>. Non c'è da preoccuparsi: l'attuale comando <literal>su</literal> in Debian usa PAM, perciò questo può limitare la possibilità di usare <literal>su</literal> verso il gruppo <literal>root</literal> abilitando la riga con "<literal>pam_wheel.so</literal>" in "<literal>/etc/pam.d/su</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Stricter password rule
it: Regole più stringenti per le password

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Installing the <literal>libpam-cracklib</literal> package enables you to force stricter password rule.
it: L'installazione del pacchetto <literal>libpam-cracklib</literal> permette di imporre regole più stringenti sulle password.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: On a typical GNOME system which automatically installs <literal>libpam-gnome-keyring</literal>, "<literal>/etc/pam.d/common-password</literal>" looks like:
it: In un sistema GNOME tipico che installa automaticamente <literal>libpam-gnome-keyring</literal>, "<literal>/etc/pam.d/common-password</literal>" è simile a:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Security of authentication
it: Sicurezza dell'autenticazione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><note><para>
en: The information here <emphasis role="strong">may not be sufficient</emphasis> for your security needs but it should be a <emphasis role="strong">good start</emphasis>.
it: Le informazioni fornite in questo documento <emphasis role="strong">potrebbero non essere sufficienti</emphasis> per le proprie necessità di sicurezza ma dovrebbero essere un <emphasis role="strong">buon punto di partenza</emphasis>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Secure password on the Internet
it: Password sicure in Internet

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Many popular transportation layer services communicate messages including password authentication in the plain text. It is very bad idea to transmit password in the plain text over the wild Internet where it can be intercepted.  You can run these services over "<ulink url="&transportlayersecurity;">Transport Layer Security</ulink>" (TLS) or its predecessor, "Secure Sockets Layer" (SSL) to secure entire communication including password by the encryption.
it: Molti servizi per livello di trasporto popolari comunicano i loro messaggi, compresa l'autenticazione con password, in puro testo. È una pessima idea trasmettere password in puro testo attraverso l'Internet selvaggia dove possono essere intercettate. Si possono eseguire questi servizi attraverso "<ulink url="&transportlayersecurity;">TLS</ulink>" (Transport Layer Security, sicurezza del livello di trasporto), o il suo predecessore "SSL" (Secure Sockets Layer, livello per socket sicuri), per rendere sicura tramite cifratura tutta la comunicazione, compresa la password.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of insecure and secure services and ports
it: Elenco di servizi e porte sicuri e non sicuri

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: insecure service name
it: nome del servizio non sicuro

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: port
it: porta

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: secure service name
it: nome del servizio sicuro

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: smtp (mail)
it: smtp (posta)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The encryption costs CPU time.  As a CPU friendly alternative, you can keep communication in plain text while securing just the password with the secure authentication protocol such as "Authenticated Post Office Protocol" (APOP) for POP and "Challenge-Response Authentication Mechanism MD5" (CRAM-MD5) for SMTP and IMAP.  (For sending mail messages over the Internet to your mail server from your mail client, it is recently popular to use new message submission port 587 instead of traditional SMTP port 25 to avoid port 25 blocking by the network provider while authenticating yourself with CRAM-MD5.)
it: La cifratura ha un costo in termini di tempo CPU. Come alternativa leggera per la CPU, si può mantenere la comunicazione in testo semplice, rendendo allo stesso tempo sicura la sola password con un protocollo di autenticazione sicura come "APOP" (Authenticated Post Office Protocol) per POP e "CRAMD-MD5" (Challenge-Response Authentication Mechanism MD5) per SMTP e IMAP. (Per inviare messaggi di posta elettronica via Internet dal proprio programma di posta al proprio server di posta è diventato popolare recentemente l'uso per SMTP della porta 587 invece della porta tradizionale 25, per evitare il blocco da parte del fornitore del servizio Internet della porta 25 autenticandosi allo stesso tempo con CRAM-MD5.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Secure Shell
it: Secure Shell, shell sicura

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <ulink url="&secureshellssh;">Secure Shell (SSH)</ulink> program provides secure encrypted communications between two untrusted hosts over an insecure network with the secure authentication. It consists of the <ulink url="&openssh;">OpenSSH</ulink> client, <literal>ssh</literal>(1), and the <ulink url="&openssh;">OpenSSH</ulink> daemon, <literal>sshd</literal>(8).  This SSH can be used to tunnel an insecure protocol communication such as POP and X securely over the Internet with the port forwarding feature.
it: Il programma  <ulink url="&secureshellssh;">Secure Shell (SSH</ulink> fornisce comunicazioni sicure cifrate tra due host non fidati attraverso una rete non sicura, grazie ad un'autenticazione sicura. Consiste del client <ulink url="&openssh;">OpenSSH</ulink>, <literal>ssh</literal>(1) e del demone <ulink url="&openssh;">OpenSSH</ulink>, <literal>sshd</literal>(8). SSH può essere usato per fare da tunnel sicuro attraverso Internet per le comunicazioni con protocollo non sicuro come POP ed X, con la funzionalità di inoltro delle porte.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The client tries to authenticate itself using host-based authentication, public key authentication, challenge-response authentication, or password authentication.  The use of public key authentication enables the remote password-less login. See <xref linkend="_the_remote_access_server_and_utilities_ssh"/>.
it: Il client cerca di autenticarsi usando un'autenticazione basata sull'host, su una chiave pubblica, challenge-response o con password. L'uso di un'autenticazione con chiave pubblica permette il login remoto senza password. Vedere <xref linkend="_the_remote_access_server_and_utilities_ssh"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Extra security measures for the Internet
it: Misure aggiuntive di sicurezza per Internet

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Even when you run secure services such as <ulink url="&secureshellssh;">Secure Shell (SSH)</ulink> and <ulink url="&pointtopointtunnlingprotocolpptp;">Point-to-point tunneling protocol (PPTP)</ulink> servers, there are still chances for the break-ins using brute force password guessing attack etc. from the Internet.  Use of the firewall policy (see <xref linkend="_netfilter_infrastructure"/>) together with the following security tools may improve the security situation.
it: Anche quando si eseguono servizi sicuri, come server <ulink url="&secureshellssh;">SSH (Secure shell)</ulink> e <ulink url="&pointtopointtunnlingprotocolpptp;">PPTP (Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol)</ulink>, esiste sempre la possibilità di un'intrusione da Internet con attacchi basati sull'indovinare la password usando metodi con forza bruta, ecc. L'uso di una politica di firewall (vedere  <xref linkend="_netfilter_infrastructure"/>) insieme agli strumenti di sicurezza elencati in seguito, può migliorare la sicurezza generale.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of tools to provide extra security measures
it: Elenco di strumenti per fornire misure aggiuntive di sicurezza

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: small port-knock daemon <literal>knockd</literal>(1) and client <literal>knock</literal>(1)
it: demone, <literal>knockd</literal>(1), e client, <literal>knock</literal>(1) piccoli per bussare alle porte

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: ban IPs that cause multiple authentication errors
it: strumento per interdire IP che causano errori di autenticazione multipli

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: lock out remote attackers trying password guessing
it: blocca all'esterno gli attacchi remoti che cercano di indovinare le password

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Securing the root password
it: Rendere sicura la password di root

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: To prevent people to access your machine with root privilege, you need to make following actions.
it: Per impedire che qualcuno possa accedere alla propria macchina con privilegi di root, è necessario compiere le azioni seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Lock UEFI/BIOS and prevent booting from the removable media
it: Bloccare UEFI/BIOS ed impedire l'avvio da supporti removibili

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Set password for GRUB interactive session
it: Impostare una password per la sessione interattiva di GRUB

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Lock GRUB menu from editing
it: Bloccare il menu di GRUB impedendo i cambiamenti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Mount root partition with read/write access.
it: Montare la partizione root con accesso in lettura e scrittura

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Edit "<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>" in the root partition and make the second entry for the <literal>root</literal> account empty.
it: Modificare il file "<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>" nella partizione root e rendere la seconda voce per l'account di <literal>root</literal> vuota.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you have edit access to the GRUB menu entry (see <xref linkend="_stage_2_the_boot_loader"/>) for <literal>grub-rescue-pc</literal> at boot time, it is even easier with following steps.
it: Se si ha l'accesso in modifica alle voci di menu di GRUB (vedere <xref linkend="_stage_2_the_boot_loader"/>) per <literal>grub-rescue-pc</literal> all'avvio, è ancora più semplice, seguendo i passi seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Boot system with the kernel parameter changed to something like "<literal>root=/dev/sda6 rw init=/bin/sh</literal>".
it: Avviare il sistema con i parametri del kernel modificati in qualcosa del tipo "<literal>root=/dev/sda6 rw init=/bin/sh</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Edit "<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>" and make the second entry for the <literal>root</literal> account empty.
it: Modificare il file "<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>" e rendere la seconda voce per l'account di <literal>root</literal> vuota.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Reboot system.
it: Riavviare il sistema.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The root shell of the system is now accessible without password.
it: Si può ora accedere alla shell di root del sistema senza password.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: Once one has root shell access, he can access everything on the system and reset any passwords on the system.  Further more, he may compromise password for all user accounts using brute force password cracking tools such as <literal>john</literal> and <literal>crack</literal> packages (see <xref linkend="_system_security_and_integrity_check"/>).  This cracked password may lead to compromise other systems.
it: Una volta ottenuto l'accesso alla shell di root, si ha l'accesso a qualsiasi cosa sul sistema e si può reimpostare qualsiasi password. Inoltre, si possono compromettere le password per tutti gli account utente usando strumenti di violazione delle password con attacchi a forza bruta, come quelli nei pacchetti <literal>john</literal> e <literal>crack</literal> (vedere <xref linkend="_system_security_and_integrity_check"/>). Queste password violate possono portare alla compromissione di altri sistemi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The only reasonable software solution to avoid all these concerns is to use software encrypted root partition (or "<literal>/etc</literal>" partition) using <ulink url="&dmcrypt;">dm-crypt</ulink> and initramfs (see <xref linkend="_data_encryption_tips"/>).  You always need password to boot the system, though.
it: L'unica soluzione software ragionevole per evitare tutte queste preoccupazioni è l'uso di una partizione root (o partizione "<literal>/etc</literal>") cifrata, usando <ulink url="&dmcrypt;">dm-crypt</ulink> e initramfs (vedere <xref linkend="_data_encryption_tips"/>). Tuttavia è sempre necessaria la password per avviare il sistema.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Other access controls
it: Altri controlli sugli accessi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: There are access controls to the system other than the password based authentication and file permissions.
it: Esistono controlli degli accessi al sistema diversi dall'autenticazione basata su password e dei permessi dei file.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><note><para>
en: See <xref linkend="_alt_sysrq_key"/> for restricting the kernel <ulink url="&secureattentionkeysak;">secure attention key (SAK)</ulink> feature.
it: Vedere <xref linkend="_alt_sysrq_key"/> per limitare la funzionalità <ulink url="&secureattentionkeysak;">SAK (Secure Attention Key)</ulink> del kernel.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Access control lists (ACLs)
it: ACL (Access Control List, liste di controllo degli accessi)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: ACLs are a superset of the regular permissions as explained in <xref linkend="_filesystem_permissions"/>.
it: Le ACL sono un sovrainsieme dei permessi regolari, come spiegato in <xref linkend="_filesystem_permissions"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You encounter ACLs in action on modern desktop environment.  When a formatted USB storage device is auto mounted as, e.g., "<literal>/media/penguin/USBSTICK</literal>", a normal user <literal>penguin</literal> can execute:
it: Si trovano le ACL in funzione negli ambienti desktop moderni. Quando un dispositivo di archiviazione USB formattato viene montato automaticamente, ad esempio come "<literal>/media/penguin/USBSTICK</literal>", un normale utente <literal>penguin</literal> può eseguire:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here:
it: Qui:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>user::rwx</literal>", "<literal>group::---</literal>", and "<literal>other::---</literal>" correspond to the regular owner, group, and other permissions.
it: "<literal>user::rwx</literal>", "<literal>group::---</literal>", e "<literal>other::---</literal>" corrispondono ai regolari permessi per proprietario, gruppo e altri.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The ACL "<literal>user:penguin:r-x</literal>" allows a normal user <literal>penguin</literal> to have "<literal>r-x</literal>" permissions.  This enabled "<literal>ls -la</literal>" to list directory content.
it: La ACL "<literal>user:penguin:r-x</literal>" permette a un normale utente <literal>penguin</literal> di avere permessi "<literal>r-x</literal>". Ciò ha permesso a "<literal>ls -la</literal>" di elencare il contenuto della directory.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The ACL "<literal>mask::r-x</literal>" sets the upper bound of permissions.
it: La ACL "<literal>mask::r-x</literal>" imposta il limite in alto per i permessi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See "<ulink url="&posixaccesscontrollistsonlinux;">POSIX Access Control Lists on Linux</ulink>", <literal>acl</literal>(5), <literal>getfacl</literal>(1), and <literal>setfacl</literal>(1) for more.
it: Vedere "<ulink url="&posixaccesscontrollistsonlinux;">Liste di controllo degli accessi POSIX in Linux</ulink>", <literal>acl</literal>(5), <literal>getfacl</literal>(1) e <literal>setfacl</literal>(1) per maggiori informazioni.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <literal>sudo</literal>(8) is a program designed to allow a sysadmin to give limited root privileges to users and log root activity. <literal>sudo</literal> requires only an ordinary user's password.  Install <literal>sudo</literal> package and activate it by setting options in "<literal>/etc/sudoers</literal>".  See configuration example at "<literal>/usr/share/doc/sudo/examples/sudoers</literal>" and <xref linkend="_sudo_configuration"/>.
it: <literal>sudo</literal>(8) è un programma progettato per permettere ad un amministratore di sistema di dare privilegi di root limitati ad utenti, e di registrare l'attività come root. <literal>sudo</literal> richiede solo la password di un utente regolare. Installare il pacchetto <literal>sudo</literal> e attivarlo impostando le opzioni in "<literal>/etc/sudoers</literal>". Vedere esempi di configurazione in "<literal>/usr/share/doc/sudo/examples/sudoers</literal>" e <xref linkend="_sudo_configuration"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: My usage of <literal>sudo</literal> for the single user system (see <xref linkend="_sudo_configuration"/>) is aimed to protect myself from my own stupidity. Personally, I consider using <literal>sudo</literal> a better alternative than using the system from the root account all the time.  For example, the following changes the owner of "<literal><emphasis>some_file</emphasis></literal>" to "<literal><emphasis>my_name</emphasis></literal>".
it: Il mio uso di <literal>sudo</literal> per un sistema con un singolo utente (vedere <xref linkend="_sudo_configuration"/>) è mirato a proteggere me stesso dalla mia stupidità. Personalmente condidero l'uso di <literal>sudo</literal> come un'alternativa migliore all'uso costante del sistema dall'account root. Per esempio, il comando seguente cambia il proprietario di "<literal><emphasis>un_certo_file</emphasis></literal>" in "<literal><emphasis>mio_nome</emphasis></literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Of course if you know the root password (as self-installed Debian users do), any command can be run under root from any user's account using "<literal>su -c</literal>".
it: Naturalmente se si conosce la password di root (come accade per ogni utente Debian che ha installato il proprio sistema), qualsiasi comando può essere eseguito come utente root da qualsiasi account utente usando "<literal>su -c</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <ulink url="&policykit;">PolicyKit</ulink> is an operating system component for controlling system-wide privileges in Unix-like operating systems.
it: <ulink url="&policykit;">PolicyKit</ulink> è un componente del sistema operativo per controllare privilegi a livello di sistema in sistemi operativi simil-Unix.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Newer GUI applications are not designed to run as privileged processes. They talk to privileged processes via PolicyKit to perform administrative operations.
it: Le applicazioni GUI più recenti non sono pensate per essere eseguite come processi privilegiati. Per effettuare operazioni amministrative comunicano con processi privilegiati attraverso PolicyKit.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: PolicyKit limits such operations to user accounts belonging to the <literal>sudo</literal> group on the Debian system.
it: PolicyKit limita tali operazioni agli account utente che appartengono al gruppo <literal>sudo</literal>, in sistemi Debian.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See <literal>polkit</literal>(8).
it: Vedere <literal>polkit</literal>(8).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Restricting access to some server services
it: Limitare l'accesso ad alcuni servizi server

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For system security, it is a good idea to disable as much server programs as possible.  This becomes critical for network servers.  Having unused servers, activated either directly as <ulink url="&daemon;">daemon</ulink> or via <ulink url="&superserver;">super-server</ulink> program, are considered security risks.
it: Per la sicurezza del sistema è una buona idea disabilitare il maggior numero di programmi server possibile. Questo aspetto diventa critico per i server di rete. Avere server inutilizzati, attivati direttamente come <ulink url="&daemon;">demoni</ulink> o attraverso un programma <ulink url="&superserver;">super-server</ulink>, è considerato un rischio per la sicurezza.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Many programs, such as <literal>sshd</literal>(8), use PAM based access control.  There are many ways to restrict access to some server services.
it: Molti programmi, come <literal>sshd</literal>(8), usano un controllo degli accessi basato su PAM. Ci sono molti modi per limitare gli accessi ad un qualche servizio server.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: configuration files: "<literal>/etc/default/<emphasis>program_name</emphasis></literal>"
it: file di configurazione: "<literal>/etc/default/<emphasis>nome_programma</emphasis></literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Systemd service unit configuration for <ulink url="&daemon;">daemon</ulink>
it: configurazione dell'unità di servizio di systemd per il <ulink url="&daemon;">demone</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/etc/inetd.conf</literal>" for <ulink url="&superserver;">super-server</ulink>
it: "<literal>/etc/inetd.conf</literal>" per il <ulink url="&superserver;">super-server</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/etc/hosts.deny</literal>" and "<literal>/etc/hosts.allow</literal>" for <ulink url="&tcpwrapper;">TCP wrapper</ulink>, <literal>tcpd</literal>(8)
it: "<literal>/etc/hosts.deny</literal>" e "<literal>/etc/hosts.allow</literal>" per il <ulink url="&tcpwrapper;">wrapper TCP</ulink>, <literal>tcpd</literal>(8)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/etc/rpc.conf</literal>" for <ulink url="&sunrpc;">Sun RPC</ulink>
it: "<literal>/etc/rpc.conf</literal>" per <ulink url="&sunrpc;">Sun RPC</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/etc/at.allow</literal>" and "<literal>/etc/at.deny</literal>" for <literal>atd</literal>(8)
it: "<literal>/etc/at.allow</literal>" e "<literal>/etc/at.deny</literal>" per <literal>atd</literal>(8)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/etc/cron.allow</literal>" and "<literal>/etc/cron.deny</literal>" for <literal>crontab</literal>(1)
it: "<literal>/etc/cron.allow</literal>" e "<literal>/etc/cron.deny</literal>" per <literal>crontab</literal>(1)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&networkfirewall;">Network firewall</ulink> of <ulink url="&netfilter;">netfilter</ulink> infrastructure
it: il <ulink url="&networkfirewall;">firewall di rete</ulink> della infrastruttura <ulink url="&netfilter;">netfilter</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See <xref linkend="_system_management_operations"/>, <xref linkend="_configuration_files_accessed_by_pam_and_nss"/>, and <xref linkend="_netfilter_infrastructure"/>.
it: Vedere <xref linkend="_system_management_operations"/>, <xref linkend="_configuration_files_accessed_by_pam_and_nss"/> e <xref linkend="_netfilter_infrastructure"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: <ulink url="&sunrpc;">Sun RPC</ulink> services need to be active for <ulink url="&nfs;">NFS</ulink> and other RPC based programs.
it: I servizi <ulink url="&sunrpc;">Sun RPC</ulink> devono essere attivi per i programmi <ulink url="&nfs;">NFS</ulink> ed altri programmi basati su RPC.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: If you have problems with remote access in a recent Debian system, comment out offending configuration such as "<literal>ALL: PARANOID</literal>" in "<literal>/etc/hosts.deny</literal>" if it exists.  (But you must be careful on security risks involved with this kind of action.)
it: Se si hanno problemi con l'accesso remoto in sistemi Debian recenti, commentare la configurazione responsabile come "<literal>ALL: PARANOID</literal>" in "<literal>/etc/hosts.deny</literal>", se esiste. (Essere però consapevoli dei rischi per la sicurezza che questo tipo di azione comporta.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Linux security features
it: Funzionalità di sicurezza di Linux

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Linux kernel has evolved and supports security features not found in traditional UNIX implementations.
it: Il kernel Linux si è evoluto e gestisce funzionalità di sicurezza che non sono presenti nelle implementazioni UNIX tradizionali.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Linux supports <ulink url="&extendedattributes;">extended attributes</ulink> which extend the traditional UNIX attributes (see <literal>xattr</literal>(7)).
it: Linux gestisce gli <ulink url="&extendedattributes;">attributi estesi</ulink> che estendono gli attributi UNIX tradizionali (vedere <literal>xattr</literal>(7)).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Linux divides the privileges traditionally associated with superuser into distinct units, known as <literal>capabilities</literal>(7), which can be independently enabled and disabled.  Capabilities are a per-thread attribute since kernel version 2.2.
it: Linux divide i privilegi tradizionalmente associati con il superutente in unità distinte, note come <literal>capabilities</literal>(7), che possono essere abilitate e disabilitate in modo indipendente. Le capabilities sono un attributo per singolo thread a partire dalla versione 2.2 del kernel.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <ulink url="&linuxsecuritymodulelsmframework;">Linux Security Module (LSM) framework</ulink> provides a <ulink url="&mechanismforvariussecuritychecks;">mechanism for various security checks</ulink> to be hooked by new kernel extensions. For example:
it: L'<ulink url="&linuxsecuritymodulelsmframework;">infrastruttura Linux Security Module (LSM)</ulink> fornisce un <ulink url="&mechanismforvariussecuritychecks;">meccanismo per vari controlli di sicurezza</ulink> in modo che nuove estensioni del kernel si aggancino ad essi. Per esempio:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Since these extensions may tighten privilege model tighter than the ordinary Unix-like security model policies, even the root power may be restricted.  You are advised to read the <ulink url="&linuxsecuritymodumentatkernelorg;">Linux Security Module (LSM) framework document at kernel.org</ulink>.
it: Dato che queste estensioni possono restringere il modello dei privilegi in modo più stringente delle politiche del normale modello di sicurezza in stile Unix, anche i poteri di root possono essere ristretti. È consigliato leggere la <ulink url="&linuxsecuritymodumentatkernelorg;">documentazione dell'infrastruttura Linux Security Module (LSM) su kernel.org</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Linux <ulink url="&namespaces;">namespaces</ulink> wrap a global system resource in an abstraction that makes it appear to the processes within the namespace that they have their own isolated instance of the global resource.  Changes to the global resource are visible to other processes that are members of the namespace, but are invisible to other processes.  Since kernel version 5.6, there are 8 kinds of namespaces (see <literal>namespaces</literal>(7), <literal>unshare</literal>(1), <literal>nsenter</literal>(1)).
it: Gli <ulink url="&namespaces;">spazi dei nomi</ulink> Linux creano un involucro (wrap) per una risorsa di sistema globale come astrazione che fa sembrare ai processi all'interno dello spazio dei nomi di avere una propria istanza isolata della risorsa globale. Le modifiche alla risorsa globale sono visibile agli altri processi che sono membri dello spazio dei nomi, ma sono invisibili agli altri processi. A partire dalla versione 5.6 del kernel, ci sono 8 tipi di spazi dei nomi (vedere <literal>namespaces</literal>(7), <literal>unshare</literal>(1), <literal>nsenter</literal>(1)).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: As of Debian 11 Bullseye (2021), Debian uses unified cgroup hierarchy (a.k.a. <ulink url="&cgroupsvc;">cgroups-v2</ulink>).
it: In Debian 11 Bullseye (2021) Debian usa la gerarchia cgroup unificata (alias <ulink url="&cgroupsvc;">cgroups-v2</ulink>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Usage examples of <ulink url="&namespaces;">namespaces</ulink> with <ulink url="&cgroups;">cgroups</ulink> to isolate their processes and to allow resource control are:
it: Esempi di uso di <ulink url="&namespaces;">spazi dei nomi</ulink> con <ulink url="&cgroups;">cgroups</ulink> per isolare i loro processi e permettere il controllo delle risorse sono:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&systemd;">Systemd</ulink>.  See <xref linkend="_systemd_init"/>.
it: <ulink url="&systemd;">Systemd</ulink>. Vedere <xref linkend="_systemd_init"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&sandboxenvironment;">Sandbox environment</ulink>.  See <xref linkend="_sandbox"/>.
it: <ulink url="&sandboxenvironment;">Ambiente sandbox</ulink>. Vedere <xref linkend="_sandbox"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&linuxcontainers;">Linux containers</ulink> such as <ulink url="&docker;">Docker</ulink>, <ulink url="&lxc;">LXC</ulink>.  See <xref linkend="_virtualized_system"/>.
it: <ulink url="&linuxcontainers;">Contenitori Linux</ulink> come <ulink url="&docker;">Docker</ulink>, <ulink url="&lxc;">LXC</ulink>. Vedere <xref linkend="_virtualized_system"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: These functionalities can't be realized by <xref linkend="_normal_unix_authentication"/>.  These advanced topics are mostly out-of-scope for this introductory document.
it: Queste funzionalità non possono essere realizzate con <xref linkend="_normal_unix_authentication"/>. Questi argomenti avanzati sono per lo più al di fuori di questo documento introduttivo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
en: Network setup
it: Impostazione della rete

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><tip><para>
en: For modern Debian specific guide to the networking, read <ulink url="&thedebianadminisguringthenetwork;">The Debian Administrator's Handbook — Configuring the Network</ulink>.
it: Per una guida moderna sull'uso della rete  specifica per Debian, leggere <ulink url="&thedebianadminisguringthenetwork;">The Debian Administrator's Handbook — Configuring the Network</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><tip><para>
en: Under <ulink url="&systemd;">systemd</ulink>, <ulink url="&networkd;">networkd</ulink> may be used to manage networks.  See <literal>systemd-networkd</literal>(8).
it: In <ulink url="&systemd;">systemd</ulink>, si può usare <ulink url="&networkd;">networkd</ulink> per gestire il le reti. Vedere <literal>systemd-networkd</literal>(8).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: The basic network infrastructure
it: L'infrastruttura base di rete

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Let's review the basic network infrastructure on the modern Debian system.
it: In questa sezione viene descritta in breve l'infrastruttura base di rete in un sistema Debian moderno.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of network configuration tools
it: Elenco degli strumenti di configurazione della rete

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: packages
it: pacchetto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&networkmanager;">NetworkManager</ulink> (daemon): manage the network automatically
it: <ulink url="&networkmanager;">NetworkManager</ulink> (demone): gestisce la rete automaticamente

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&networkmanager;">NetworkManager</ulink> (GNOME frontend)
it: <ulink url="&networkmanager;">NetworkManager</ulink> (frontend GNOME)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&netplan;">Netplan</ulink> (generator): Unified, declarative interface to NetworkManager and systemd-networkd backends
it: <ulink url="&netplan;">Netplan</ulink> (generatore): interfaccia unificata, dichiarativa ai backend NetworkManager e systemd-networkd

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: standardized tool to bring up and down the network (Debian specific)
it: strumento standard per attivare e disattivare la rete (specifico di Debian)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: DHCP client
it: client DHCP

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: configuration helper for PPPoE connection
it: strumento di aiuto di configurazione per la connessione PPPoE

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: client support for WPA and WPA2 (IEEE 802.11i)
it: supporto client per WPA e WPA2 (IEEE 802.11i)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Qt GUI client for wpa_supplicant
it: client GUI Qt per WPA supplicant

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: tools for manipulating Linux Wireless Extensions
it: strumenti per manipolare le estensioni wireless per Linux

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: tool for configuring Linux wireless devices
it: strumento per configurare dispositivi wireless per Linux

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&iproutec;">iproute2</ulink>, IPv6 and other advanced network configuration: <literal>ip</literal>(8), <literal>tc</literal>(8), etc
it: <ulink url="&iproutec;">iproute2</ulink>, IPv6 e altra configurazione di rete avanzata: <literal>ip</literal>(8), <literal>tc</literal>(8), ecc.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: administration tools for packet filtering and NAT (<ulink url="&netfilter;">Netfilter</ulink>)
it: strumenti amministrativi per filtraggio di pacchetti di rete e NAT (<ulink url="&netfilter;">Netfilter</ulink>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: administration tools for packet filtering and NAT (<ulink url="&netfilter;">Netfilter</ulink>) (successor to {ip,ip6,arp,eb}tables)
it: strumenti amministrativi per filtraggio di pacchetti di rete e NAT (<ulink url="&netfilter;">Netfilter</ulink>) (successore di {ip,ip6,arp,eb}tables)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: test network reachability of a remote host by <ulink url="&hostname;">hostname</ulink> or <ulink url="&ipaddress;">IP address</ulink> (<ulink url="&iproutec;">iproute2</ulink>)
it: testa la raggiungibilità di rete di un host remoto con <ulink url="&hostname;">nome host</ulink> o <ulink url="&ipaddress;">indirizzo IP</ulink> (<ulink url="&iproutec;">iproute2</ulink>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: test network reachability of a remote host specified by the <ulink url="&arp;">ARP</ulink> address
it: testa la raggiungibilità di rete di un host remoto specificato con il suo indirizzo <ulink url="&arp;">ARP</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: trace the network path to a remote host
it: traccia il percorso di rete verso un host remoto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display or change Ethernet device settings
it: mostra e modifica le impostazioni dei device Ethernet

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: trace the network path to a remote host (curses)
it: traccia il percorso di rete verso un host remoto (curses)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: trace the network path to a remote host (curses and GTK)
it: traccia il percorso di rete verso un host remoto (curses e GTK)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: tools for common network information operations (GNOME)
it: strumenti per operazioni comuni sulle informazioni di rete (GNOME)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: network mapper / port scanner (<ulink url="&nmap;">Nmap</ulink>, console)
it: strumento per mappatura della rete / esplorazione delle porte (<ulink url="&nmap;">Nmap</ulink>, console)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: network traffic analyzer (<ulink url="&tcpdump;">Tcpdump</ulink>, console)
it: analizzatore del traffico di rete (<ulink url="&tcpdump;">Tcpdump</ulink>, console)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: network traffic analyzer (<ulink url="&wireshark;">Wireshark</ulink>, GTK)
it: analizzatore del traffico di rete (<ulink url="&wireshark;">Wireshark</ulink>, GTK)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: network traffic analyzer (console)
it: analizzatore del traffico di rete (console)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: produce a summarization of the connections from <literal>tcpdump</literal> output
it: produce un riassunto delle connessioni dall'output di <literal>tcpdump</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display network usage in web browser
it: mostra l'uso della rete nel browser web

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: network clients provided with <ulink url="&bind;">BIND</ulink>: <literal>nslookup</literal>(8), <literal>nsupdate</literal>(8), <literal>dig</literal>(8)
it: client di rete forniti con <ulink url="&bind;">BIND</ulink>: <literal>nslookup</literal>(8), <literal>nsupdate</literal>(8), <literal>dig</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: check <ulink url="&dns;">DNS</ulink> zone information using nameserver lookups
it: controlla l'informazione <ulink url="&dns;">DNS</ulink> di zona usando interrogazioni del server di nomi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: trace a chain of <ulink url="&dns;">DNS</ulink> servers to the source
it: traccia una catena di server <ulink url="&dns;">DNS</ulink> fino alla sorgente

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The hostname resolution
it: Risoluzione dei nomi di host

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The hostname resolution is currently supported by the <ulink url="&nssnameserviceswitch;">NSS (Name Service Switch)</ulink> mechanism too.  The flow of this resolution is the following.
it: La risoluzione del nome host è attualmente supportata dal meccanismo <ulink url="&nssnameserviceswitch;">NSS (Name Service Switch)</ulink>. Il flusso di eventi nella risoluzione è il seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: The "<literal>/etc/nsswitch.conf</literal>" file with stanza like "<literal>hosts: files dns</literal>" dictates the hostname resolution order. (This replaces the old functionality of the "<literal>order</literal>" stanza in "<literal>/etc/host.conf</literal>".)
it: Il file "<literal>/etc/nsswitch.conf</literal>" con blocchi tipo "<literal>hosts: files dns</literal>" detta l'ordine di risoluzione dei nomi di host. (Questo rimpiazza la vecchia funzionalità del blocco "<literal>order</literal> in "<literal>/etc/host.conf</literal>".)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: The <literal>files</literal> method is invoked first.  If the hostname is found in the "<literal>/etc/hosts</literal>" file, it returns all valid addresses for it and exits. (The "<literal>/etc/host.conf</literal>" file contains "<literal>multi on</literal>".)
it: Il metodo <literal>files</literal> è invocato per primo. Se il nome host viene trovato nel file "<literal>/etc/hosts</literal>", vengono restituiti tutti gli indirizzi validi per esso e il programma termina. (Il file "<literal>/etc/host.conf</literal>" contiene "<literal>multi on</literal>".)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: The <literal>dns</literal> method is invoked.  If the hostname is found by the query to the <ulink url="&internetdomainnamesystemdns;">Internet Domain Name System (DNS)</ulink> identified by the "<literal>/etc/resolv.conf</literal>" file, it returns all valid addresses for it and exits.
it: Viene invocato il metodo <literal>dns</literal>. Se il nome host viene trovato dalla interrogazione al <ulink url="&internetdomainnamesystemdns;">DNS (Internet Domain Name System, sistema dei nomi di dominio Internet)</ulink>, identificato dal file "<literal>/etc/resolv.conf</literal>", vengono restituiti tutti gli indirizzi validi per esso e il programma termina.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: A typical workstation may be installed with its host name set to, e.g., "<emphasis>host_name</emphasis>" and its optional domain name set to an empty string.  Then, "<literal>/etc/hosts</literal>" looks like the following.
it: Una postazione di lavoro tipica può essere installata con il nome host impostato, ad esempio, come "<emphasis>host_name</emphasis>" e il suo nome di dominio opzionale impostato come stringa vuota. Poi, <literal>/etc/hosts</literal>" avrà l'aspetto seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Each line starts with a <ulink url="&ipaddress;">IP address</ulink> and it is followed by the associated <ulink url="&hostname;">hostname</ulink>.
it: Ogni riga inizia con un <ulink url="&ipaddress;">indirizzo IP</ulink> e prosegue con l'<ulink url="&hostname;">hostname</ulink> associato.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The IP address <literal>127.0.1.1</literal> in the second line of this example may not be found on some other Unix-like systems.  The <ulink url="&debianinstaller;">Debian Installer</ulink> creates this entry for a system without a permanent IP address as a workaround for some software (e.g., GNOME) as documented in the <ulink url="&bughbjgcb;">bug #719621</ulink>.
it: L'indirizzo IP <literal>127.0.1.1</literal> nella seconda riga dell'esempio può non essere presente in altri sistemi simil-Unix. L'<ulink url="&debianinstaller;">Installatore Debian</ulink> crea questa voce per i sistemi senza un indirizzo IP permanente come soluzione per alcuni software (es., GNOME) come documentato nel <ulink url="&bughbjgcb;">bug#719621</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <emphasis>host_name</emphasis> matches the hostname defined in the "<literal>/etc/hostname</literal>" (see <xref linkend="_the_hostname"/>).
it: Il <emphasis>nome_host</emphasis> corrisponde al nome host definito in "<literal>/etc/hostname</literal>" (vedere <xref linkend="_the_hostname"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For a system with a permanent IP address, that permanent IP address should be used here instead of <literal>127.0.1.1</literal>.
it: Per un sistema con un indirizzo IP permanente, si dovrebbe usare qui tale indirizzo invece di <literal>127.0.1.1</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For a system with a permanent IP address and a <ulink url="&fullyqualifieddomainnamefqdn;">fully qualified domain name (FQDN)</ulink> provided by the <ulink url="&domainnamesystemdns;">Domain Name System (DNS)</ulink>, that canonical <emphasis>host_name</emphasis>.<emphasis>domain_name</emphasis> should be used instead of just <emphasis>host_name</emphasis>.
it: Per un sistema con un indirizzo IP permanente e un <ulink url="&fullyqualifieddomainnamefqdn;">FQDN (Fully Qualified Domain Name, nome di dominio pienamente qualificato)</ulink> fornito dal <ulink url="&domainnamesystemdns;">DNS (Domain Name System)</ulink>, dovrebbe essere usato qui il canonico <emphasis>nome_host</emphasis>.<emphasis>nome_dominio</emphasis>, invece del semplice <emphasis>nome_host</emphasis>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The "<literal>/etc/resolv.conf</literal>" is a static file if the <literal>resolvconf</literal> package is not installed.  If installed, it is a symbolic link.  Either way, it contains information that initialize the resolver routines. If the DNS is found at IP="<literal>192.168.11.1</literal>", it contains the following.
it: Il file "<literal>/etc/resolv.conf</literal>" è un file statico se non è installato il pacchetto <literal>resolvconf</literal>. Se invece quest'ultimo è installato il file è un collegamento simbolico. In ogni caso contiene le informazioni che inizializzano le routine del risolutore. Se il DNS si trova all'IP="<literal>192.168.11.1</literal>", il file conterrà la riga seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <literal>resolvconf</literal> package makes this "<literal>/etc/resolv.conf</literal>" into a symbolic link and manages its contents by the hook scripts automatically.
it: Il pacchetto <literal>resolvconf</literal> rendo questo file "<literal>/etc/resolv.conf</literal>" un collegamento simbolico e gestisce il suo contenuto con script eseguiti in automatico.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For the PC workstation on the typical adhoc LAN environment, the hostname can be resolved via <ulink url="&multicastdns;">Multicast DNS</ulink> (mDNS) in addition to the basic <literal>files</literal> and <literal>dns</literal> methods.
it: Per le postazioni PC nei tipici ambienti LAN ad hoc, il nome host può essere risolto usando il <ulink url="&multicastdns;">Multicast DNS</ulink> (mDNS) in aggiunta ai metodi di base con <literal>file</literal> e <literal>dns</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&avahi;">Avahi</ulink> provides a framework for Multicast DNS Service Discovery on Debian.
it: <ulink url="&avahi;">Avahi</ulink> fornisce un'infrastruttura per il Multicast DNS Service Discovery in Debian.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: It is equivalent of <ulink url="&applebonjourapplerendezvous;">Apple Bonjour / Apple Rendezvous</ulink>.
it: È equivalente a <ulink url="&applebonjourapplerendezvous;">Apple Bonjour / Apple Rendezvous</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The <literal>libnss-mdns</literal> plugin package provides host name resolution via mDNS for the GNU Name Service Switch (NSS) functionality of the GNU C Library (glibc).
it: Il pacchetto plugin <literal>libnss-mdns</literal> fornisce la risoluzione dei nomi host attraverso mDNS per la funzionalità GNU Name Service Switch (NSS) della libreria C GNU (glibc).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The "<literal>/etc/nsswitch.conf</literal>" file should have stanza like "<literal>hosts: files mdns4_minimal [NOTFOUND=return] dns</literal>" (see <literal>/usr/share/doc/libnss-mdns/README.Debian</literal> for other configurations).
it: Il file "<literal>/etc/nsswitch.conf</literal>" dovrebbe contenere una sezione simile a "<literal>hosts: files mdns4_minimal [NOTFOUND=return] dns</literal>" (vedere <literal>/usr/share/doc/libnss-mdns/README.Debian</literal> per altre configurazioni).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: A host name suffixed with the <ulink url="&local;">".local"</ulink> <ulink url="&pseudotopleveldomain;">pseudo-top-level domain</ulink> is resolved by sending a mDNS query message in a multicast UDP packet using IPv4 address "<literal>224.0.0.251</literal>" or IPv6 address "<literal>FF02::FB</literal>".
it: I nomi host che terminano con lo <ulink url="&pseudotopleveldomain;">pseudo-dominio di livello più alto</ulink> <ulink url="&local;">".local"</ulink> vengono risolti inviando un messaggio di interrogazione mDNS in un pacchetto UDP multicast usando l'indirizzo IPv4 "<literal>224.0.0.251</literal>" o l'indirizzo IPv6 "<literal>FF02::FB</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: The <ulink url="&expansionofgenerleveldomainsgtld;">expansion of generic Top-Level Domains (gTLD)</ulink> in the <ulink url="&domainnamesystem;">Domain Name System</ulink> is underway.  Watch out for the <ulink url="&namecollision;">name collision</ulink> when chosing a domain name used only within LAN.
it: L'<ulink url="&expansionofgenerleveldomainsgtld;">espansione dei gTLD (generic Top-Level Domain, domini di più alto livello generici)</ulink> nel <ulink url="&domainnamesystem;">Domain Name System</ulink> (Sistema di nomi di dominio) è in corso d'opera. Fare attenzione a possibili <ulink url="&namecollision;">collisioni di nomi</ulink> quando si sceglie un nome di dominio usato solamente all'interno di una LAN.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: Use of packages such as <literal>libnss-resolve</literal> together with <literal>systemd-resolved</literal>, or <literal>libnss-myhostname</literal>, or <literal>libnss-mymachine</literal>, with coressponding listings on the "<literal>hosts</literal>" line in the "<literal>/etc/nsswitch.conf</literal>" file may override the traditional network configuration discussed in the above.  See <literal>nss-resolve</literal>(8), <literal>systemd-resolved</literal>(8), <literal>nss-myhostname</literal>(8), and <literal>nss-mymachines</literal>(8) for more.
it: L'uso di pacchetti come <literal>libnss-resolve</literal> insieme a <literal>systemd-resolved</literal>, o <literal>libnss-myhostname</literal>, o <literal>libnss-mymachine</literal>, con quanto corrispondente elencato nella riga "<literal>hosts</literal>" nel file "<literal>/etc/nsswitch.conf</literal>" può scavalcare la configurazione di rete tradizionale discussa sopra. Vedere <literal>nss-resolve</literal>(8), <literal>systemd-resolved</literal>(8), <literal>nss-myhostname</literal>(8) e <literal>nss-mymachines</literal>(8) per maggiori informazioni.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The network interface name
it: Il nome dell'interfaccia di rete

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <ulink url="&systemd;">systemd</ulink> uses "<ulink url="&predictablenetworkinterfacenames;">Predictable Network Interface Names</ulink>" such as "<literal>enp0s25</literal>".
it: <ulink url="&systemd;">systemd</ulink> usa "<ulink url="&predictablenetworkinterfacenames;">nomi di interfacce di rete prevedibili (Predictable Network Interface Name)</ulink>", come "<literal>enp0s25</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The network address range for the LAN
it: L'intervallo degli indirizzi di rete per la LAN

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Let us be reminded of the IPv4 32 bit address ranges in each class reserved for use on the <ulink url="&localareanetworkslans;">local area networks (LANs)</ulink> by <ulink url="&rfcbjbi;">rfc1918</ulink>.  These addresses are guaranteed not to conflict with any addresses on the Internet proper.
it: Ecco un ripasso degli intervalli di indirizzi IPv4 a 32 bit in ciascuna classe, riservati per l'uso in <ulink url="&localareanetworkslans;">reti locali (LAN)</ulink> dalla <ulink url="&rfcbjbi;">rfc1918</ulink>. È garantito che questi indirizzi non creino conflitti con altri indirizzi della vera e propria rete Internet.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: IP address written with colon are <ulink url="&ipvgaddress;">IPv6 address</ulink>, e.g., "<literal>::1</literal>" for <literal>localhost</literal>.
it: Indirizzi IP scritti con i due punti sono <ulink url="&ipvgaddress;">indirizzi IPv6</ulink>, es. "<literal>::1</literal>" per <literal>localhost</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of network address ranges
it: Elenco di intervalli di indirizzi di rete

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: Class
it: Classe

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: network addresses
it: indirizzi di rete

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: net mask
it: maschera di rete

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: net mask /bits
it: maschera rete /bit

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: number of subnets
it: numero di sottoreti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: If one of these addresses is assigned to a host, then that host must not access the Internet directly but must access it through a gateway that acts as a proxy for individual services or else does <ulink url="&networkaddresstranslationnat;">Network Address Translation (NAT)</ulink>.  The broadband router usually performs NAT for the consumer LAN environment.
it: Se uno di questi indirizzi viene assegnato ad un host, allora l'host non deve accedere ad Internet direttamente, ma deve accedervi attraverso un gateway che agisca da proxy per i singoli servizi o che, in alternativa, faccia da <ulink url="&networkaddresstranslationnat;">NAT (Network Address Translation, traduzione degli indirizzi di rete)</ulink>. I router a banda larga di solito agiscono da NAT per l'ambiente LAN dell'utente finale.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The network device support
it: Il supporto per i dispositivi di rete

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Although most hardware devices are supported by the Debian system, there are some network devices which require <ulink url="&dfsg;">DFSG</ulink> non-free firmware to support them.  Please see <xref linkend="_hardware_drivers_and_firmware"/>.
it: Nonostante la maggior parte dei dispositivi hardware sia supportata dal sistema Debian, ci sono alcuni dispositivi di rete che necessitano, per essere supportati, firmware non libero secondo la definizione nelle <ulink url="&dfsg;">DFSG</ulink>. Vedere <xref linkend="_hardware_drivers_and_firmware"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: The modern network configuration for desktop
it: La configurazione moderna della rete per il desktop

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Debian can manage the network connection via management <ulink url="&daemon;">daemon</ulink> software such as <ulink url="&networkmanagernm;">NetworkManager (NM)</ulink> (network-manager and associated packages).
it: Debian può gestire la connessione di rete attraverso software per <ulink url="&daemon;">demoni</ulink> di gestione come <ulink url="&networkmanagernm;">NetworkManager (NM)</ulink> (network-manager e pacchetti associati).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: They come with their own <ulink url="&gui;">GUI</ulink> and command-line programs as their user interfaces.
it: Questi sono forniti con propri programmi per l'interfaccia utente con <ulink url="&gui;">GUI</ulink> o a riga di comando.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: They come with their own <ulink url="&daemon;">daemon</ulink> as their backend system.
it: Sono forniti con un proprio <ulink url="&daemon;">demone</ulink> come sistema di backend.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: They allow easy connection of your system to the Internet.
it: Permettono al proprio sistema di connettersi facilmente ad Internet.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: They allow easy management of wired and wireless network configuration.
it: Permettono una facile gestione della configurazione delle reti cablate e wireless.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: They allow us to configure network independent of the legacy <literal>ifupdown</literal> package.
it: Permettono di configurare la rete in modo indipendente dal datato pacchetto <literal>ifupdown</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><note><para>
en: Do not use these automatic network configuration tools for servers.  These are aimed primarily for mobile desktop users on laptops.
it: Non usare questi strumenti di configurazione automatica della rete per server. Sono pensati principalmente per utenti con desktop mobili su portatili.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: These modern network configuration tools need to be configured properly to avoid conflicting with the legacy <literal>ifupdown</literal> package and its configuration file "<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>".
it: Questi strumenti moderni di configurazione della rete devono essere configurati in modo corretto per evitare conflitti con il datato pacchetto <literal>ifupdown</literal> e con il suo file di configurazione "<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: GUI network configuration tools
it: Strumenti grafici di configurazione della rete

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Official documentations for NM on Debian are provided in "<literal>/usr/share/doc/network-manager/README.Debian</literal>".
it: La documentazione ufficiale per NM in Debian è fornita in "<literal>/usr/share/doc/network-manager/README.Debian</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Essentially, the network configuration for desktop is done as follows.
it: Fondamentalmente, la configurazione di rete per il desktop viene fatta nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Make desktop user, e.g. <literal>foo</literal>, belong to group "<literal>netdev</literal>" by the following (Alternatively, do it automatically via <ulink url="&dbus;">D-bus</ulink> under modern desktop environments such as GNOME and KDE).
it: Aggiungere l'utente desktop, ad esempio <literal>pippo</literal>, al gruppo "<literal>netdev</literal>" con il comando seguente. (In alternativa farlo automaticamente attraverso <ulink url="&dbus;">D-bus</ulink> nei moderni ambienti desktop come GNOME e KDE).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Keep configuration of "<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>" as simple as in the following.
it: Mantenere la configurazione di "<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>" semplice come la seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Restart NM by the following.
it: Riavviare NM con il comando seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Configure your network via GUI.
it: Configurare la propria rete attraverso l'interfaccia grafica.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: Only interfaces which are <emphasis role="strong">not</emphasis> listed in "<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>" are managed by NM to avoid conflict with <literal>ifupdown</literal>.
it: Solo le interfacce che <emphasis role="strong">non</emphasis> sono elencate in "<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>" sono gestite da NM, per evitare conflitti con <literal>ifupdown</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: If you wish to extend network configuration capabilities of NM, please seek appropriate plug-in modules and supplemental packages such as <literal>network-manager-openconnect</literal>, <literal>network-manager-openvpn-gnome</literal>, <literal>network-manager-pptp-gnome</literal>, <literal>mobile-broadband-provider-info</literal>, <literal>gnome-bluetooth</literal>, etc.
it: Se si desiderano estendere le capacità di configurazione della rete di NM, cercare i moduli plugin appropriati e i pacchetti supplementari, quali <literal>network-manager-openconnect</literal>, <literal>network-manager-openvpn-gnome</literal>, <literal>network-manager-pptp-gnome</literal>, <literal>mobile-broadband-provider-info</literal>, <literal>gnome-bluetooth</literal>, ecc.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: The modern network configuration without GUI
it: La configurazione moderna della rete senza GUI

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Under <ulink url="&systemd;">systemd</ulink>, the network may be configured in <literal>/etc/systemd/network/</literal> instead.  See <literal>systemd-resolved</literal>(8), <literal>resolved.conf</literal>(5), and <literal>systemd-networkd</literal>(8).
it: Con <ulink url="&systemd;">systemd</ulink>, la rete può essere configurata invece in <literal>/etc/systemd/network/</literal>.  Vedere <literal>systemd-resolved</literal>(8), <literal>resolved.conf</literal>(5) e <literal>systemd-networkd</literal>(8).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: This allows the modern network configuration without GUI.
it: Ciò permette la configurazione moderna della rete senza GUI.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: A DHCP client configuration can be set up by creating "<literal>/etc/systemd/network/dhcp.network</literal>".  E.g.:
it: Una configurazione di client DHCP può essere impostata creando "<literal>/etc/systemd/network/dhcp.network</literal>". Es.:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: A static network configuration can be set up by creating "<literal>/etc/systemd/network/static.network</literal>".  E.g.:
it: Una configurazione di rete statica può essere impostata creando "<literal>/etc/systemd/network/static.network</literal>". Es.:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: The modern network configuration for cloud
it: La configurazione moderna della rete per il cloud

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The modern network configuration for cloud may use <literal>cloud-init</literal> and <literal>netplan.io</literal> packages (see <xref linkend="_cloud_system_initialization"/>).
it: La configurazione moderna della rete per il cloud può usare i pacchetti <literal>cloud-init</literal> e <literal>netplan.io</literal> (vedere <xref linkend="_cloud_system_initialization"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The <literal>netplan.io</literal> package supports <literal>systemd-networkd</literal> and <literal>NetworkManager</literal> as its network configuration backends, and enables the declarative network configuration using <ulink url="&yaml;">YAML</ulink> data.  When you change YAML:
it: Il pacchetto <literal>netplan.io</literal> supporta <literal>systemd-networkd</literal> e <literal>NetworkManager</literal> come suoi backend di configurazione della rete, e permette la configurazione dichiarativa della rete usando dati <ulink url="&yaml;">YAML</ulink>. Quando si cambia YAML:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Run "<literal>netplan generate</literal>" command to generate all the necessary backend configuration from <ulink url="&yaml;">YAML</ulink>.
it: eseguire il comando "<literal>netplan generate</literal>" per generare tutta la necessaria configurazione del backend da <ulink url="&yaml;">YAML</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Run "<literal>netplan apply</literal>" command to apply the generated configuration to the backends.
it: Eseguire il comando "<literal>netplan apply</literal>" per applicare la configurazione generata ai backend.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: See <ulink url="&netplandocumentation;">"Netplan documentation"</ulink>, <literal>netplan</literal>(5), <literal>netplan-generate</literal>(8), and <literal>netplan-apply</literal>(8).
it: Vedere la <ulink url="&netplandocumentation;">"documentazione di Netplan"</ulink>, <literal>netplan</literal>(5), <literal>netplan-generate</literal>(8) e <literal>netplan-apply</literal>(8).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: See also <ulink url="&cloudinitdocumentation;">"Cloud-init documentation"</ulink> (especially around <ulink url="&configurationsources;">"Configuration sources"</ulink> and <ulink url="&netplanpassthrough;">"Netplan Passthrough"</ulink>) for how <literal>cloud-init</literal> can integrate <literal>netplan.io</literal> configuration with alternative data sources.
it: Vedere anche la <ulink url="&cloudinitdocumentation;">"documentazione di Cloud-init"</ulink> (in particolare relativamente alle <ulink url="&configurationsources;">"fonti di configurazione"</ulink> e <ulink url="&netplanpassthrough;">"Netplan Passthrough"</ulink>) per come <literal>cloud-init</literal> può integrare la configurazione di <literal>netplan.io</literal> con fonti alternative di dati.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The modern network configuration for cloud with DHCP
it: La configurazione moderna della rete per il cloud con DHCP

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: A DHCP client configuration can be set up by creating a data source file "<literal>/etc/netplan/50-dhcp.yaml</literal>":
it: Una configurazione di client DHCP può essere impostata creando un file di sorgente di dati "<literal>/etc/netplan/50-dhcp.yaml</literal>":

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The modern network configuration for cloud with static IP
it: La configurazione moderna della rete per il cloud con IP statico

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: A static network configuration can be set up by creating a data source file "<literal>/etc/netplan/50-static.yaml</literal>":
it: Una configurazione di rete statica può essere impostata creando un file di sorgente di dati "<literal>/etc/netplan/50-static.yaml</literal>":

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The modern network configuration for cloud with Network Manager
it: La configurazione moderna della rete per il cloud con Network Manager

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The network client configuration using Network Manager infrastructure can be set up by creating a data source file "<literal>/etc/netplan/00-network-manager.yaml</literal>":
it: Una configurazione di client di rete che usa l'infrastruttura Network Manager può essere impostata creando un file di sorgente di dati "<literal>/etc/netplan/00-network-manager.yaml</literal>":

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: The low level network configuration
it: Configurazione della rete a basso livello

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: For the low level network configuration on Linux, use the <ulink url="&iproutec;">iproute2</ulink> programs (<literal>ip</literal>(8), …) .
it: Per la configurazione di rete a basso livello in Linux usare i programmi <ulink url="&iproutec;">iproute2</ulink> (<literal>ip</literal>(8), …) .

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Iproute2 commands
it: Comandi iproute2

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <ulink url="&iproutec;">Iproute2</ulink> commands offer complete low-level network configuration capabilities. Here is a translation table from obsolete <ulink url="&nettools;">net-tools</ulink> commands to new <ulink url="&iproutec;">iproute2</ulink> etc. commands.
it: I comandi <ulink url="&iproutec;">Iproute2</ulink> offrono funzionalità complete di configurazione della rete a basso livello. Quella che segue è una tabella di traduzione dai comandi obsoleti di <ulink url="&nettools;">net-tools</ulink> ai nuovi comandi <ulink url="&iproutec;">iproute2</ulink> ecc.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: Translation table from obsolete <literal>net-tools</literal> commands to new <literal>iproute2</literal> commands
it: Tabella di traduzione dai comandi obsoleti <literal>net-tools</literal> ai nuovi comandi <literal>iproute2</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: obsolete net-tools
it: net-tools obsoleti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: new iproute2 etc.
it: nuovi iproute2, ecc.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: manipulation
it: manipolazione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: protocol (IP or IPv6) address on a device
it: indirizzo di protocollo (IP o IPv6) di un device

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: routing table entry
it: voce nella tabella di instradamento

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: ARP or NDISC cache entry
it: voce nella cache ARP o NDISC

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: multicast address
it: indirizzo multicast

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: name network interfaces based on MAC addresses
it: nomina le interfacce di rete in base all'indirizzo MAC

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Ethernet device settings
it: impostazioni del device Ethernet

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See <literal>ip</literal>(8) and <ulink url="&linuxadvancedroungtrafficcontrol;">Linux Advanced Routing &amp; Traffic Control</ulink>.
it: Vedere <literal>ip</literal>(8) e <ulink url="&linuxadvancedroungtrafficcontrol;">Linux Advanced Routing &amp; Traffic Control</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Safe low level network operations
it: Operazioni sicure a basso livello sulla rete

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You may use low level network commands as follows safely since they do not change network configuration.
it: Si possono usare i comandi a basso livello per la rete seguenti in modo sicuro dato che non cambiano la configurazione della rete.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of low level network commands
it: Elenco di comandi di rete a basso livello

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display the link and address status of active interfaces
it: mostra lo stato del collegamento e l'indirizzo delle interfacce attive

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display all the routing table in numerical addresses
it: mostra tutta la tabella di instradamento in indirizzi numerici

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display the current content of the <ulink url="&arp;">ARP</ulink> cache tables
it: mostra l'attuale contenuto delle tabelle cache <ulink url="&arp;">ARP</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display ppp daemon log
it: mostra il registro del demone ppp

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: check the Internet connection to "<literal>yahoo.com</literal>"
it: controlla la connessione Internet verso "<literal>yahoo.com</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: check who registered "<literal>yahoo.com</literal>" in the domains database
it: controlla chi ha registrato "<literal>yahoo.com</literal>" nel database dei domini

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: trace the Internet connection to "<literal>yahoo.com</literal>"
it: traccia la connessione Internet verso "<literal>yahoo.com</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: trace the Internet connection to "<literal>yahoo.com</literal>" (repeatedly)
it: traccia la connessione Internet verso "<literal>yahoo.com</literal>" (ripetutamente)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>dig [@dns-server.com] example.com [{a|mx|any}]</literal>
it: <literal>dig [@dns-server.com] esempio.com [{a|mx|any}]</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: check <ulink url="&dns;">DNS</ulink> records of "<literal>example.com</literal>" by "<literal>dns-server.com</literal>" for a "<literal>a</literal>", "<literal>mx</literal>", or "<literal>any</literal>" record
it: controlla i record <ulink url="&dns;">DNS</ulink> di "<literal>esempio.com</literal>" con "<literal>dns-server.com</literal>" alla ricerca di un record "<literal>a</literal>", "<literal>mx</literal>" o "<literal>any</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: check packet filter
it: controlla il filtraggio dei pacchetti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: find all open ports
it: trova tutte le porte aperte

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: find listening ports
it: trova le porte in ascolto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: find listening TCP ports (numeric)
it: trova le porte (numeriche) TCP in ascolto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>dlint example.com</literal>
it: <literal>dlint esempio.com</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: check DNS zone information of "<literal>example.com</literal>"
it: controlla le informazioni DNS di zona per "<literal>esempio.com</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Some of these low level network configuration tools reside in "<literal>/usr/sbin/</literal>".  You may need to issue full command path such as "<literal>/usr/sbin/ifconfig</literal>" or add "<literal>/usr/sbin</literal>" to the "<literal>$PATH</literal>" list in your "<literal>~/.bashrc</literal>".
it: Alcuni di questi strumenti di configurazione di basso livello della rete sono contenuti in "<literal>/usr/sbin/</literal>". Potrebbe essere necessario fornire il percorso completo dei comandi, come "<literal>/usr/sbin/ifconfig</literal>" o aggiungere "<literal>/usr/sbin</literal>" all'elenco in "<literal>$PATH</literal>" nel proprio file "<literal>~/.bashrc</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Network optimization
it: Ottimizzazione della rete

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Generic network optimization is beyond the scope of this documentation.  I touch only subjects pertinent to the consumer grade connection.
it: L'ottimizzazione generale della rete va oltre gli scopi che questo documento si prefigge. Vengono trattati solo quegli argomenti che interessano le connessioni dei computer personali.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of network optimization tools
it: Elenco degli strumenti di ottimizzazione della rete

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display bandwidth usage information on an network interface
it: mostra informazioni sull'uso della banda su di un'interfaccia di rete

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Internet Protocol bandwidth measuring tool
it: strumento di misurazione della banda del protocollo Internet

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: InterFace STATistics Monitoring
it: Monitoraggio delle STATistiche sulle InterFacce

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: portable bandwidth monitor and rate estimator
it: strumento portabile per monitoraggio della banda e stime della velocità

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: script that quickly measures network device throughput
it: script che misura velocemente la quantità di dati passanti per un device di rete

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: empirical stochastic bandwidth tester
it: tester empirico stocastico della banda

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: small and simple console-based bandwidth monitor
it: strumento piccolo e semplice basato sulla console per il monitoraggio della banda

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: console-based Ethernet statistics monitor
it: strumento basato su console per il monitoraggio delle statistiche Ethernet

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: bandwidth analysis tool
it: strumento di analisi della banda

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Finding optimal MTU
it: Trovare l'MTU ottimale

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: NM normally sets optimal <ulink url="&maximumtransmissionunitmtu;">Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU)</ulink> automatically.
it: NM di solito imposta automaticamente la <ulink url="&maximumtransmissionunitmtu;">Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU)</ulink> ottimale.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: In some occasion, you may wish to set MTU manually after experiments with <literal>ping</literal>(8) with "<literal>-M do</literal>" option to send a ICMP packet with various data packet size.  MTU is the maximum succeeding data packet size without IP fragmentation plus 28 bytes for the IPv4 and plus 48 bytes for the IPv6.  For example the following finds MTU for IPv4 connection to be 1460 and MTU for IPv6 connection to be 1500.
it: In alcune occasioni si può volere impostare l'MTU manualmente dopo esperimenti con <literal>ping</literal>(8) con l'opzione "<literal>-M do</literal>" per inviare un pacchetto ICMP con varie dimensioni di pacchetti di dati. MTU è la dimensione massima di pacchetti dati con successo senza frammentazione IP più 28 byte per IPv4 e 48 byte per IPv6. Per esempio, quanto segue scopre che l'MTU per la connessione IPv4 è 1460 e l'MTU per la connessione IPv6 è 1500.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This process is <ulink url="&pathmtupmtudiscovery;">Path MTU (PMTU) discovery</ulink> (<ulink url="&rfcbbjb;">RFC1191</ulink>) and the <literal>tracepath</literal>(8) command can automate this.
it: Questo processo si chiama "<ulink url="&pathmtupmtudiscovery;">Path MTU (PMTU) discovery</ulink> (<ulink url="&rfcbbjb;">RFC1191</ulink>) e il comado <literal>tracepath</literal>(8) può automatizzarlo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: Basic guide lines of the optimal MTU value
it: Linee guida di base per il valore di MTU ottimale

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: network environment
it: ambiente di rete

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: rationale
it: motivo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Dial-up link (IP: PPP)
it: collegamento dial-up (IP: PPP)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Ethernet link (IP: DHCP or fixed)
it: collegamento Ethernet (IP: DHCP o statico)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: standard and default
it: standard e predefinito

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: In addition to these basic guide lines, you should know the following.
it: In aggiunta a queste linee guida di base si dovrebbe sapere quanto segue.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Any use of tunneling methods (<ulink url="&vpn;">VPN</ulink> etc.) may reduce optimal MTU further by their overheads.
it: Qualsiasi uso di metodi di tunnelling (<ulink url="&vpn;">VPN</ulink>, ecc.) può ridurre ulteriormente l'MTU ottimale per il loro carico.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The MTU value should not exceed the experimentally determined PMTU value.
it: Il valore di MTU non dovrebbe superare il valore di PMTU determinato sperimentalmente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The bigger MTU value is generally better when other limitations are met.
it: A patto di seguire le indicazioni precedenti un valore maggiore di MTU è meglio.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <ulink url="&maximumsegmentsize;">maximum segment size</ulink> (MSS) is used as an alternative measure of packet size.  The relationship between MSS and MTU are the following.
it: Il valore di <ulink url="&maximumsegmentsize;">MSS (Maximum Segment Size, dimensione massima di segmento)MSS</ulink> è usato come misura alternativa della dimensione dei pacchetti. Le relazioni tra MSS e MTU sono le seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: MSS = MTU - 40 for IPv4
it: MSS = MTU - 40 per IPv4

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: MSS = MTU - 60 for IPv6
it: MSS = MTU - 60 per IPv6

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: The <literal>iptables</literal>(8) (see <xref linkend="_netfilter_infrastructure"/>) based optimization can clamp packet size by the MSS and is useful for the router.  See "TCPMSS" in <literal>iptables</literal>(8).
it: L'ottimizzazione basata su <literal>iptables</literal>(8) (vedere <xref linkend="_netfilter_infrastructure"/>) può bloccare la dimensione dei pacchetti al valore MSS ed è utile per il router. Vedere "TCPMSS" in <literal>iptables</literal>(8).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: WAN TCP optimization
it: Ottimizzazione di TCP per la WAN

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The TCP throughput can be maximized by adjusting TCP buffer size parameters as in "<ulink url="&tcptuning;">TCP tuning</ulink>" for the modern high-bandwidth and high-latency WAN.  So far, the current Debian default settings serve well even for my LAN connected by the fast 1G bps FTTP service.
it: Il flusso TCP può essere massimizzato regolando i parametri di dimensione del buffer TCP come descritto in "<ulink url="&tcptuning;">TCP tuning</ulink>" per le moderne WAN a larga banda e alta latenza. Per adesso, le attuali impostazioni predefinite di Debian funzionano bene persino per la mia LAN connessa con un servizio FTTP veloce a 1G bps.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Netfilter infrastructure
it: Infrastruttura netfilter

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: <ulink url="&netfilter;">Netfilter</ulink> provides infrastructure for <ulink url="&statefulfirewall;">stateful firewall</ulink> and <ulink url="&networkaddresstranslationnat;">network address translation (NAT)</ulink> with <ulink url="&linuxkernel;">Linux kernel</ulink> modules (see <xref linkend="_the_kernel_module_initialization"/>).
it: <ulink url="&netfilter;">Netfilter</ulink> fornisce un'infrastruttura per <ulink url="&statefulfirewall;">firewall con stati</ulink> e <ulink url="&networkaddresstranslationnat;">traduzione di indirizzi di rete (NAT)</ulink> con moduli del <ulink url="&linuxkernel;">kernel Linux</ulink> (vedere <xref linkend="_the_kernel_module_initialization"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of firewall tools
it: Elenco di strumenti per firewall

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: administration tools for <ulink url="&netfilter;">netfilter</ulink> (<literal>iptables</literal>(8) for IPv4, <literal>ip6tables</literal>(8) for IPv6)
it: strumenti di amministrazione per <ulink url="&netfilter;">netfilter</ulink> (<literal>iptables</literal>(8) per IPv4, <literal>ip6tables</literal>(8) per IPv6)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: administration tools for <ulink url="&netfilter;">netfilter</ulink> (<literal>arptables</literal>(8) for ARP)
it: strumenti di amministrazione per <ulink url="&netfilter;">netfilter</ulink> (<literal>arptables</literal>(8) per ARP)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: administration tools for <ulink url="&netfilter;">netfilter</ulink> (<literal>ebtables</literal>(8) for Ethernet bridging)
it: strumenti di amministrazione per <ulink url="&netfilter;">netfilter</ulink> (<literal>ebtables</literal>(8) per bridge Ethernet)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: continuously monitor <ulink url="&netfilter;">netfilter</ulink> state (similar to <literal>top</literal>(1))
it: monitora continuamente lo stato di <ulink url="&netfilter;">netfilter</ulink> (in modo simile a <literal>top</literal>(1))

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&uncomplicatedfirewallufw;">Uncomplicated Firewall (UFW)</ulink> is a program for managing a netfilter firewall
it: <ulink url="&uncomplicatedfirewallufw;">Uncomplicated Firewall (UFW)</ulink> è un programma per gestire un firewall netfilter

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: graphical user interface for <ulink url="&uncomplicatedfirewallufw;">Uncomplicated Firewall (UFW)</ulink>
it: interfaccia utente grafica per <ulink url="&uncomplicatedfirewallufw;">Uncomplicated Firewall (UFW)</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&firewalld;">firewalld</ulink> is a dynamically managed firewall program with support for network zones
it: <ulink url="&firewalld;">firewalld</ulink> è un programma per firewall gestito dinamicamente con supporto per le zone di rete

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: graphical user interface for <ulink url="&firewalld;">firewalld</ulink>
it: interfaccia utente grafica per <ulink url="&firewalld;">firewalld</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&shorelinefirewall;">Shoreline Firewall</ulink> initialization
it: inizializzazione di <ulink url="&shorelinefirewall;">Shoreline Firewall</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&shorelinefirewall;">Shoreline Firewall</ulink>, <ulink url="&netfilter;">netfilter</ulink> configuration file generator
it: generatore di file di configurazione per <ulink url="&shorelinefirewall;">Shoreline Firewall</ulink>, <ulink url="&netfilter;">netfilter</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&shorelinefirewall;">Shoreline Firewall</ulink>, <ulink url="&netfilter;">netfilter</ulink> configuration file generator (light version)
it: generatore di file di configurazione per <ulink url="&shorelinefirewall;">Shoreline Firewall</ulink>, <ulink url="&netfilter;">netfilter</ulink> (versione leggera)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&shorelinefirewall;">Shoreline Firewall</ulink>, <ulink url="&netfilter;">netfilter</ulink> configuration file generator (IPv6 version)
it: generatore di file di configurazione per <ulink url="&shorelinefirewall;">Shoreline Firewall</ulink>, <ulink url="&netfilter;">netfilter</ulink> (versione IPv6)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&shorelinefirewall;">Shoreline Firewall</ulink>, <ulink url="&netfilter;">netfilter</ulink> configuration file generator (IPv6, light version)
it: generatore di file di configurazione per <ulink url="&shorelinefirewall;">Shoreline Firewall</ulink>, <ulink url="&netfilter;">netfilter</ulink> (versione IPv6 leggera)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Main user space program of <ulink url="&netfilter;">netfilter</ulink> is <literal>iptables</literal>(8).  You can manually configure <ulink url="&netfilter;">netfilter</ulink> interactively from shell, save its state with <literal>iptables-save</literal>(8), and restore it via init script with <literal>iptables-restore</literal>(8) upon system reboot.
it: Il principale programma in spazio utente di <ulink url="&netfilter;">netfilter</ulink> è <literal>iptables</literal>(8). Si può configurare manualmente <ulink url="&netfilter;">netfilter</ulink> in modo interattivo dalla shell, salvare il suo stato con <literal>iptables-save</literal>(8) e ripristinarlo attraverso uno script di init con <literal>iptables-restore</literal>(8) al riavvio del sistema.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Configuration helper scripts such as <ulink url="&shorewall;">shorewall</ulink> ease this process.
it: Script di aiuto per la configurazione come <ulink url="&shorewall;">shorewall</ulink> facilitano questo processo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: See documentations at <ulink url="&netfilterdocumentation;">Netfilter Documentation</ulink> (or in "<literal>/usr/share/doc/iptables/html/</literal>").
it: Vedere la documentazione in <ulink url="&netfilterdocumentation;">Netfilter Documentation</ulink> (o in "<literal>/usr/share/doc/iptables/html/</literal>").

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
en: Although these were written for Linux <emphasis role="strong">2.4</emphasis>, both <literal>iptables</literal>(8) command and netfilter kernel function apply for Linux <emphasis role="strong">2.6</emphasis> and <emphasis role="strong">3.x</emphasis> kernel series.
it: Anche se questi documenti sono stati scritti per Linux <emphasis role="strong">2.4</emphasis>, sia il comando <literal>iptables</literal>(8) sia la funzione netfilter del kernel sono validi per gli attuali kernel Linux <emphasis role="strong">2.6</emphasis> e <emphasis role="strong">3.x</emphasis>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
en: Network applications
it: Applicazioni per la rete

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
en: After establishing network connectivity (see <xref linkend="_network_setup"/>), you can run various network applications.
it: Dopo aver stabilito la connessione di rete (vedere <xref linkend="_network_setup"/>), si possono eseguire svariate applicazioni per la rete.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><tip><para>
en: For modern Debian specific guide to the network infrastructure, read <ulink url="&thedebianadminisrkinfrastructure;">The Debian Administrator's Handbook — Network Infrastructure</ulink>.
it: Per una guida moderna sull'infrastruttura di rete specifica per Debian leggere <ulink url="&thedebianadminisrkinfrastructure;">The Debian Administrator's Handbook — Network Infrastructure</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><tip><para>
en: If you enabled "2-Step Verification" with some ISP, you need to obtain an application password to access POP and SMTP services from your program.  You may need to approve your host IP in advance.
it: Se si abilita la "Verifica in 2 passaggi" con alcuni ISP è necessario ottenere una password di applicazione per accedere ai servizi POP e SMTP dal proprio programma. Può essere necessario approvare l'IP del proprio host in anticipo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Web browsers
it: Browser web

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: There are many <ulink url="&webbrowser;">web browser</ulink> packages to access remote contents with <ulink url="&hypertexttransferprotocol;">Hypertext Transfer Protocol</ulink> (HTTP).
it: Ci sono molti pacchetti per <ulink url="&webbrowser;">browser web</ulink> per accedere a contenuti remoti tramite <ulink url="&hypertexttransferprotocol;">HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of web browsers
it: Elenco di browser web

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: description of web browser
it: descrizione del browser web

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: X
it: per X

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&chromium;">Chromium</ulink>, (open-source browser from Google)
it: <ulink url="&chromium;">Chromium</ulink>, (browser open-source da Google)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&firefox;">Firefox</ulink>, (open-source browser from Mozilla, only available in Debian Unstable)
it: <ulink url="&firefox;">Firefox</ulink>, (browser open-source da Mozilla, disponibile solo in Debian Unstable)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&gnome;">GNOME</ulink>, <ulink url="&hig;">HIG</ulink> compliant, <ulink url="&epiphany;">Epiphany</ulink>
it: <ulink url="&epiphany;">Epiphany</ulink>, per <ulink url="&gnome;">GNOME</ulink>, aderente alle <ulink url="&hig;">HIG</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&kde;">KDE</ulink>, <ulink url="&konqueror;">Konqueror</ulink>
it: <ulink url="&konqueror;">Konqueror</ulink>, per <ulink url="&kde;">KDE</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&dillo;">Dillo</ulink>, (light weight browser, <ulink url="&fltk;">FLTK</ulink> based)
it: <ulink url="&dillo;">Dillo</ulink>, (browser leggero, basato su <ulink url="&fltk;">FLTK</ulink>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: text
it: testuali

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&links;">Links</ulink> (text only)
it: <ulink url="&links;">Links</ulink> (solo testo)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: graphics
it: grafici

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&links;">Links</ulink> (console graphics without X)
it: <ulink url="&links;">Links</ulink> (grafica in console senza X)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Spoofing the User-Agent string
it: Falsificare la stringa User-Agent

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: In order to access some overly restrictive web sites, you may need to spoof the <ulink url="&useragent;">User-Agent</ulink> string returned by the web browser program.  See:
it: Per potere accedere ad alcuni siti web eccessivamente restrittivi si può dover falsificare la stringa <ulink url="&useragent;">User-Agent</ulink> restituita dal programma del browser web. Vedere:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><ulink>
en: How to Change User-Agent in Chrome, Firefox, Safari, and more
it: Come cambiare User-Agent in Chrome, Firefox, Safari e altri

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><ulink>
en: How to Change Your Browser’s User Agent Without Installing Any Extensions
it: Come cambiare l'User Agent del proprio browser senza installare alcuna estensione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><ulink>
en: How to change the User Agent in Gnome Web (epiphany)
it: Come cambiare l'User Agent in Gnome Web (epiphany)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: Spoofed user-agent string may cause <ulink url="&badsideeffectswithjava;">bad side effects with Java</ulink>.
it: La stringa user-agent falsificata può causare dei <ulink url="&badsideeffectswithjava;">brutti effetti collaterali con Java</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Browser extension
it: Estensione per il browser

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: All modern GUI browsers support source code based <ulink url="&browserextension;">browser extension</ulink> and it is becoming standardized as <ulink url="&webextensions;">web extensions</ulink>.
it: Tutti i browser con GUI moderni supportano <ulink url="&browserextension;">estensioni per il browser</ulink> basate su codice sorgente e ciò sta diventando standardizzato come <ulink url="&webextensions;">estensioni web</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: The mail system
it: Il sistema di posta

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: This section focuses on typical mobile workstations on consumer grade Internet connections.
it: Questa sezione si focalizza su tipiche postazioni di lavoro mobile con connessioni Internet di largo consumo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><caution><para>
en: If you are to set up the mail server to exchange mail directly with the Internet, you should be better than reading this elementary document.
it: Se si desidera impostare il server di posta per scambiare la posta direttamente con Internet, si dovrebbe leggere una documentazione più dettagliata di questo documentazione base.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Email basics
it: Nozioni di base sulla posta elettronica

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: An <ulink url="&email;">email</ulink> message consists of three components, the message envelope, the message header, and the message body.
it: Un messaggio <ulink url="&email;">email</ulink> è formato da tre componenti: la busta del messaggio, l'intestazione del messaggio e il corpo del messaggio.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The "To" and "From" information in the message envelope is used by the <ulink url="&smtp;">SMTP</ulink> to deliver the email. (The "From" information in the message envelope is also called <ulink url="&bounceaddress;">bounce address</ulink>, From_, etc.).
it: Le informazioni "To" e "From" nella busta del messaggio vengono usate dall'<ulink url="&smtp;">SMTP</ulink> per consegnare l'email. (L'informazione "From" nella busta del messaggio è anche chiamata <ulink url="&bounceaddress;">indirizzo di bounce</ulink>, From_, ecc.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The "To" and "From" information in the message header is displayed by the <ulink url="&emailclient;">email client</ulink>. (While it is most common for these to be the same as ones in the message envelope, such is not always the case.)
it: Le informazioni "To" e "From" nell'intestazione del messaggio vengono visualizzate dal <ulink url="&emailclient;">programma di posta</ulink>. (Benché nella maggior parte dei casi questi sono identici a quelli nella busta del messaggio, può non essere sempre così.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The email message format covering header and body data is extended by <ulink url="&multipurposeinteilextensionsmime;">Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME)</ulink> from the plain ASCII text to other character encodings, as well as attachments of audio, video, images, and application programs.
it: Il formato dei messaggi di email che copre i dati nell'intestazione e nel corpo è esteso da <ulink url="&multipurposeinteilextensionsmime;">MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions)</ulink> dal semplice testo ASCII ad altre codifiche di caratteri, oltre ad allegati per audio, video, immagini e programmi applicativi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Full featured GUI based <ulink url="&emailclients;">email clients</ulink> offer all the following functions using the GUI based intuitive configuration.
it: I <ulink url="&emailclients;">programmi di posta</ulink> completi basati su GUI offrono tutte le funzioni seguenti utilizzando una configurazione intuitiva basata su GUI.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: It creates and interprets the message header and body data using <ulink url="&multipurposeinteilextensionsmime;">Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME)</ulink> to deal the content data type and encoding.
it: Creano e interpretano i dati nell'intestazione e nel corpo del messaggio usando <ulink url="&multipurposeinteilextensionsmime;">MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions)</ulink> per gestire il tipo di dati e la codifica del contenuto.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: It authenticates itself to the ISP's SMTP and IMAP servers using the legacy <ulink url="&basicaccessauthentication;">basic access authentication</ulink> or modern <ulink url="&oauthca;">OAuth 2.0</ulink>.  (For <ulink url="&oauthca;">OAuth 2.0</ulink>, set it via Desktop environment settings.  E.g., "Settings" -&gt; "Online Accounts".)
it: Si autenticano con i server SMTP e IMAP dell'ISP usando la vecchia <ulink url="&basicaccessauthentication;">autenticazione di accesso di base</ulink> o la moderna <ulink url="&oauthca;">OAuth 2.0</ulink>. (Per <ulink url="&oauthca;">OAuth 2.0</ulink>, impostarla attraverso le impostazioni dell'ambiente desktop. Ad esempio "Impostazioni" -&gt; "Account online".)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: It sends the message to the ISP's smarthost SMTP server listening to the message submission port (587).
it: Inviano i messaggi al server smarthost SMTP dell'ISP in ascolto per l'arrivo dei messaggi sulla porta (587).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: It receives the stored message on the ISP's server from the TLS/IMAP4 port (993).
it: Ricevono i messaggi memorizzati sul server dell'ISP dalla porta TLS/IMAP4 (993).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: It can filter mails by their attributes.
it: Possono filtrare la posta in base ai suoi attributi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: It may offer additional functionalities: Contacts, Calendar, Tasks, Memos.
it: Possono offrire funzionalità aggiuntive: contatti, calendario, attività, promemoria.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of mail user agent (MUA)
it: Elenco di programmi di posta (MUA)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: X GUI program (GTK, <ulink url="&mozillathunderbird;">Mozilla Thunderbird</ulink>)
it: programma per X con interfaccia utente grafica (GTK, <ulink url="&mozillathunderbird;">Mozilla Thunderbird</ulink>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: X GUI program (KDE)
it: programma per X con interfaccia utente grafica (KDE)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: character terminal program probably used with <literal>vim</literal>
it: programma basato su terminale a caratteri probabilmente usato con <literal>vim</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: character terminal program under <literal>(x)emacs</literal>
it: programma basato su terminale a caratteri in <literal>(x)emacs</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Modern mail service limitation
it: Limitazioni moderne ai servizi di posta

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Modern mail service are under some limitations in order to minimize exposure to the spam (unwanted and unsolicited email) problems.
it: Ai servizi di posta moderni vengono applicate alcune restrizioni al fine di minimizzare l'esposizione ai problemi di spam (posta non desiderata e non richiesta).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: It is not realistic to run SMTP server on the consumer grade network to send mail directly to the remote host reliably.
it: Eseguire un server SMTP su una rete di un utente privato per inviare posta in modo diretto ad host remoti in modo affidabile non è un'ipotesi realistica.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: A mail may be rejected by any host en route to the destination quietly unless it appears as authentic as possible.
it: Un messaggio di posta può essere rifiutato in modo silenzioso da qualsiasi host sul percorso verso la destinazione, a meno che non appaia il più autentico possibile.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: It is not realistic to expect a single smarthost to send mails of unrelated source mail addresses to the remote host reliably.
it: Non è realistico attendersi che un singolo smarthost invii messaggi di indirizzi di posta di origine non correlati ad host remoti in modo affidabile.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This is because:
it: Questo perché:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The SMTP port (25) connections from hosts serviced by the consumer grade network to the Internet are blocked.
it: Le connessioni alla porta SMTP (25) da host serviti dalla connessione alla rete Internet per normali consumatori sono bloccate.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The SMTP port (25) connections to hosts serviced by the consumer grade network from the Internet are blocked.
it: Le connessioni alla porta SMTP (25) verso host serviti dalla connessione alla rete Internet per normali consumatori sono bloccate.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The outgoing messages from hosts serviced by the consumer grade network to the Internet can only be sent via the message submission port (587).
it: I messaggi in uscita da host serviti dalla connessione alla rete Internet per normali consumatori possono essere inviati solamente attraverso la porta di invio dei messaggi (587).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&antispamtechniques;">Anti-spam techniques</ulink> such as <ulink url="&domainkeysidentifiedmaildkim;">DomainKeys Identified Mail (DKIM)</ulink>, <ulink url="&sender_policy_frameworkspf;">Sender_Policy_Framework (SPF)</ulink>, and <ulink url="&domainbasedmessaconformancedmarc;">Domain-based Message Authentication, Reporting and Conformance (DMARC)</ulink> are widely used for the <ulink url="&emailfiltering;">email filtering</ulink>.
it: <ulink url="&antispamtechniques;">Tecniche anti-spam</ulink> come <ulink url="&domainkeysidentifiedmaildkim;">DKIM (DomainKeys Identified Mail)</ulink> e <ulink url="&sender_policy_frameworkspf;">SPF (Sender_Policy_Framework)</ulink> e <ulink url="&domainbasedmessaconformancedmarc;">DMARC (Domain-based Message Authentication, Reporting and Conformance)</ulink> sono usate di frequente per il <ulink url="&emailfiltering;">filtraggio delle email</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The <ulink url="&domainkeysidentifiedmail;">DomainKeys Identified Mail</ulink> service may be provided for your mail sent through the smarthost.
it: Il servizio <ulink url="&domainkeysidentifiedmail;">DomainKeys Identified Mail</ulink> può essere fornito per la propria posta inviata attraverso uno smarthost.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The smarthost may rewrite the source mail address in the message header to your mail account on the smarthost to prevent email address spoofing.
it: Lo smarthost può riscrivere l'indirizzo di posta dell'origine nell'intestazione del messaggio con l'account di posta dell'utente sullo smarthost per evitare la falsificazione dell'indirizzo email.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Historic mail service expectation
it: Attese storiche da un servizio di posta

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Some programs on Debian expect to access the <literal>/usr/sbin/sendmail</literal> command to send emails as their default or customized setting since the mail service on a UNIX system functioned historically as:
it: Alcuni programmi in Debian si aspettano, come impostazione predefinita o personalizzata, di accedere al comando <literal>/usr/sbin/sendmail</literal> per inviare email dato che il servizio di posta in un sistema UNIX storicamente funzionava così:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: An email is created as a text file.
it: Viene creato un messaggio email come file di testo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The email is handed to the <literal>/usr/sbin/sendmail</literal> command.
it: L'email viene passata al comando <literal>/usr/sbin/sendmail</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: For the destination address on the same host, the <literal>/usr/sbin/sendmail</literal> command makes local delivery of the email by appending it to the <literal>/var/mail/$username</literal> file.
it: Per un indirizzo di destinazione sullo stesso host il comando <literal>/usr/sbin/sendmail</literal> fa una consegna locale dell'email aggiungendola in fondo al file <literal>/var/mail/$username</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Commands expecting this feature: <literal>apt-listchanges</literal>, <literal>cron</literal>, <literal>at</literal>, ...
it: Comandi che si aspettano questa funzionalità: <literal>apt-listchanges</literal>, <literal>cron</literal>, <literal>at</literal>, ...

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: For the destination address on the remote host, the <literal>/usr/sbin/sendmail</literal> command makes remote transfer of the email to the destination host found by the DNS MX record using SMTP.
it: Per un indirizzo di destinazione su un host remoto, il comando <literal>/usr/sbin/sendmail</literal> fa un trasferimento remoto usando SMTP dell'email all'host di destinazione trovato dal record MX del DNS.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Commands expecting this feature: <literal>popcon</literal>, <literal>reportbug</literal>, <literal>bts</literal>, ...
it: Comandi che si aspettano questa funzionalità: <literal>popcon</literal>, <literal>reportbug</literal>, <literal>bts</literal>, ...

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Mail transport agent (MTA)
it: Agente di trasporto della posta (MTA)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Debian mobile workstations can be configured just with full featured GUI based <ulink url="&emailclients;">email clients</ulink> without <ulink url="&mailtransferagentmta;">mail transfer agent (MTA)</ulink> program after Debian 12 Bookworm.
it: Le macchine Debian portatili possono essere configurate semplicemente con <ulink url="&emailclients;">programmi di posta</ulink> completi con GUI senza un programma <ulink url="&mailtransferagentmta;">MTA (agente di trasferimento posta)</ulink> a partire da Debian 12 Bookworm.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Debian traditionally installed some MTA program to support programs expecting the <literal>/usr/sbin/sendmail</literal> command.  Such MTA on mobile workstations must cope with <xref linkend="_modern_mail_service_limitation"/> and <xref linkend="_historic_mail_service_expectation"/>.
it: Debian tradizionalmente installava un programma MTA per supportare i programmi che si aspettano il comando <literal>/usr/sbin/sendmail</literal>. Un tale MTA in una macchina portatile deve vedersela con <xref linkend="_modern_mail_service_limitation"/> e <xref linkend="_historic_mail_service_expectation"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For mobile workstations, the typical choice of MTA is either <literal>exim4-daemon-light</literal> or <literal>postfix</literal> with its installation option such as "Mail sent by smarthost; received via SMTP or fetchmail" selected.  These are light weight MTAs that respect "<literal>/etc/aliases</literal>".
it: Per le postazioni di lavoro mobile, la scelta tipica per un MTA è <literal>exim4-daemon-light</literal> o <literal>postfix</literal> con selezionata la loro opzione di installazione tipo "Mail inviata via smarthost; ricevuta con SMTP o fetchmail". Questi sono MTA leggeri che rispettano "<literal>/etc/aliases</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Configuring <literal>exim4</literal> to send the Internet mail via multiple corresponding smarthosts for multiple source email addresses is non-trivial.  If you need such capability for some programs, set them up to use <literal>msmtp</literal> which is easy to set up for multiple source email addresses.  Then leave main MTA only for a single email address.
it: Configurare <literal>exim4</literal> per inviare la posta Internet usando smarthost multipli che corrispondono a indirizzi email di origine multipli non è banale. Se è necessaria questa funzionalità per alcuni programmi, impostarli per utilizzare <literal>msmtp</literal> che è facile da configurare per indirizzi email di origine multipli. Poi lasciare l'MTA principale solo per un singolo indirizzo email.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of basic mail transport agent related packages
it: Elenco di pacchetti base relativi ai server di trasporto della posta

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Exim4 mail transport agent (MTA: Debian default)
it: agente di trasporto della posta Exim4 (MTA predefinito in Debian)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Exim4 mail transport agent (MTA: flexible alternative)
it: agente di trasferimento della posta Exim4 (MTA alternativo flessibile)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Exim4 documentation (text) and common files
it: documentazione (formato testo) e file comuni per Exim4

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Exim4 documentation (html)
it: documentazione per Exim4 (in formato HTML)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Exim4 documentation (info)
it: documentazione per Exim4 (in formato info)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Postfix mail transport agent (MTA: secure alternative)
it: agente di trasferimento della posta Postfix (MTA, alternativa sicura)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Postfix documentation (html+text)
it: documentazione per Postfix (formati HTML e testo)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Cyrus SASL API implementation (supplement postfix for SMTP AUTH)
it: implementazione dell'API SASL Cyrus (di supporto a Postfix per SMTP AUTH)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Cyrus SASL - documentation
it: SASL Cyrus - documentazione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Light weight MTA
it: MTA leggero

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Light weight MTA (sendmail compatibility extension to <literal>msmtp</literal>)
it: MTA leggero (estensione per la compatibilità con sendmail per <literal>msmtp</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Light weight MTA (sendmail compatibility extension to <literal>esmtp</literal>)
it: MTA leggero (estensione per la compatibilità con sendmail per <literal>esmtp</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Strip down MTA, no local mail
it: MTA ridotto, niente posta locale

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Full featured MTA (only if you are already familiar)
it: MTA completo (solo se si ha già familiarità con esso)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Full featured MTA (web interface etc.)
it: MTA completo (interfaccia web, ecc.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>git-send-email</literal>(1) program for sending series of patch emails
it: il programma <literal>git-send-email</literal>(1) per inviare email con serie di patch

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title>
en: The configuration of exim4
it: La configurazione di exim4

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: For the Internet mail via smarthost, you (re)configure <literal>exim4-*</literal> packages as the following.
it: Per la posta di Internet attraverso uno smarthost, riconfigurare i pacchetti <literal>exim4-*</literal> nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: Select "mail sent by smarthost; received via SMTP or fetchmail" for "General type of mail configuration".
it: Selezionare "posta inviata tramite «uno smarthost», ricevuta via SMTP o fetchmail" per "Tipo di configurazione del sistema di posta".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: Set "System mail name:" to its default as the FQDN (see <xref linkend="_the_hostname_resolution"/>).
it: Impostare "Mail name del sistema:" al suo valore predefinito come FQDN (vedere <xref linkend="_the_hostname_resolution"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: Set "IP-addresses to listen on for incoming SMTP connections:" to its default as "127.0.0.1 ; ::1".
it: Impostare "indirizzi IP sui quali attendere connessioni SMTP in ingresso:" al suo valore predefinito "127.0.0.1 ; ::1".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: Unset contents of "Other destinations for which mail is accepted:".
it: Svuotare il contenuto di "Altre destinazioni per conto delle quali accettare posta:".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: Unset contents of "Machines to relay mail for:".
it: Svuotare il contenuto di "Sistemi per i quali fare il "relay":".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: Set "IP address or host name of the outgoing smarthost:" to "smtp.hostname.dom:587".
it: Impostare l'"Indirizzo IP o nome host dello smarthost per la posta in uscita:" a "smtp.hostname.dom:587".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: Select "No" for "Hide local mail name in outgoing mail?". (Use "<literal>/etc/email-addresses</literal>" as in <xref linkend="_the_mail_address_configuration"/>, instead.)
it: Selezionare "No" per "Omettere il mail name locale dai messaggi in uscita?". (Usare invece "<literal>/etc/email-addresses</literal>" come in <xref linkend="_the_mail_address_configuration"/>.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: Reply to "Keep number of DNS-queries minimal (Dial-on-Demand)?" as one of the following.
it: Rispondere a "Mantenere al minimo il numero di richieste DNS (Dial-on-Demand)?" in uno dei modi seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "No" if the system is connected to the Internet while booting.
it: "No", se il sistema è connesso ad Internet durante l'avvio.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "Yes" if the system is <emphasis role="strong">not</emphasis> connected to the Internet while booting.
it: "Sì", se il sistema <emphasis role="strong">non</emphasis> è connesso ad Internet durante l'avvio.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: Set "Delivery method for local mail:" to "mbox format in /var/mail/".
it: Impostare "Modalità di consegna per la posta locale:" a "Formato mbox in /var/mail/".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: Select "Yes" for "Split configuration into small files?:".
it: Selezionare "Sì" per "Dividere la configurazione in molti piccoli file?:".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: Create password entries for the smarthost by editing "<literal>/etc/exim4/passwd.client</literal>".
it: Creare voci per la password dello smarthost modificando il file "<literal>/etc/exim4/passwd.client</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: Configure <literal>exim4</literal>(8) with "<literal>QUEUERUNNER='queueonly'</literal>", "<literal>QUEUERUNNER='nodaemon'</literal>", etc. in "<literal>/etc/default/exim4</literal>" to minimize system resource usages. (optional)
it: Configurare <literal>exim4</literal>(8) con "<literal>QUEUERUNNER='queueonly'</literal>", "<literal>QUEUERUNNER='nodaemon'</literal> ecc. in "<literal>/etc/default/exim4</literal>" per minimizzare l'uso delle risorse di sistema (opzionale).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: Start <literal>exim4</literal> by the following.
it: Avviare <literal>exim4</literal> con il comando seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: The host name in "<literal>/etc/exim4/passwd.client</literal>" should not be the alias.  You check the real host name with the following.
it: Il nome host in "<literal>/etc/exim4/passwd.client</literal>" non dovrebbe essere l'alias. Si può controllare il vero nome host nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: I use regex in "<literal>/etc/exim4/passwd.client</literal>" to work around the alias issue.  SMTP AUTH probably works even if the ISP moves host pointed by the alias.
it: Per aggirare il problema degli alias, io uso espressioni regolari nel file "<literal>/etc/exim4/passwd.client</literal>" SMTP AUTH probabilmente funziona anche se il fornitore di servizi Internte sposta l'host a cui punta l'alias.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: You can manually update <literal>exim4</literal> configuration by the following:
it: Si può aggiornare manualmente la configurazione di <literal>exim4</literal> facendo quanto segue:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Update <literal>exim4</literal> configuration files in "<literal>/etc/exim4/</literal>".
it: Aggiornare i file di configurazione di <literal>exim4</literal> in "<literal>/etc/exim4/</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: creating "<literal>/etc/exim4/exim4.conf.localmacros</literal>" to set MACROs and editing "<literal>/etc/exim4/exim4.conf.template</literal>". (non-split configuration)
it: Creare "<literal>/etc/exim4/exim4.conf.localmacros</literal>" per impostare le MACRO e modificare "<literal>/etc/exim4/exim4.conf.template</literal>". (Configurazione non suddivisa.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: creating new files or editing existing files in the "<literal>/etc/exim4/exim4.conf.d</literal>" subdirectories. (split configuration)
it: Creare nuovi file o modificare quelli esistenti nelle sottodirectory "<literal>/etc/exim4/exim4.conf.d</literal>". (Configurazione suddivisa.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Run "<literal>systemctl reload exim4</literal>".
it: Eseguire "<literal>systemctl reload exim4</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><caution><para>
en: Starting <literal>exim4</literal> takes long time if "No" (default value) was chosen for the debconf query of "Keep number of DNS-queries minimal (Dial-on-Demand)?" and the system is <emphasis role="strong">not</emphasis> connected to the Internet while booting.
it: Se si è scelta la ripsosta "No" (risposta predefinita) per la domanda di debconf "Mantenere al minino il numero di richieste DNS (Dial-on-Demand)?" ed il sistema <emphasis role="strong">non</emphasis> è connesso ad Internet, l'avvio di <literal>exim4</literal> può richiedere un tempo molto lungo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: Please read the official guide at: "<literal>/usr/share/doc/exim4-base/README.Debian.gz</literal>" and <literal>update-exim4.conf</literal>(8).
it: Leggere la guida ufficiale in "<literal>/usr/share/doc/exim4-base/README.Debian.gz</literal>" e <literal>update-exim4.conf</literal>(8).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><warning><para>
en: For all practical consideration, use <ulink url="&smtp;">SMTP</ulink> with <ulink url="&starttls;">STARTTLS</ulink> on port 587 or <ulink url="&smtps;">SMTPS</ulink> (SMTP over SSL) on port 465, instead of plain SMTP on port 25.
it: In base a tutte le considerazioni pratiche, usare <ulink url="&smtp;">SMTP</ulink> con <ulink url="&starttls;">STARTTLS</ulink> sulla porta 587 o <ulink url="&smtps;">SMTPS</ulink> (SMTP via SSL) sulla porta 465, invece del semplice SMTP sulla porta 25.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title>
en: The configuration of postfix with SASL
it: La configurazione di Postfix con SASL

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: For the Internet mail via smarthost, you should first read <ulink url="&postfixdocumentation;">postfix documentation</ulink> and key manual pages.
it: Per la posta Internet via smarthost, si dovrebbe come prima cosa leggere la <ulink url="&postfixdocumentation;">documentazione di Postfix</ulink> e le pagine man principali.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><title>
en: List of important postfix manual pages
it: Elenco delle pagine di manuale di Postfix importanti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Postfix control program
it: programma di controllo di Postfix

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Postfix configuration utility
it: utilità di configurazione per Postfix

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Postfix configuration parameters
it: parametri di configurazione di Postfix

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Postfix lookup table maintenance
it: gestione delle tabelle di consultazione di Postfix

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Postfix alias database maintenance
it: gestione del database degli alias di Postfix

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: You (re)configure <literal>postfix</literal> and <literal>sasl2-bin</literal> packages as follows.
it: Si possono (ri)configurare i pacchetti <literal>postfix</literal> e <literal>sasl2-bin</literal> nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: Chose "Internet with smarthost".
it: Scegliere "Internet con smarthost".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: Set "SMTP relay host (blank for none):" to "<literal>[smtp.hostname.dom]:587</literal>" and configure it by the following.
it: Impostare "relay host SMTP (vuoto per nessuno):" a "<literal>[smtp.hostname.dom]:587</literal>" e configurarlo nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: Create password entries for the smarthost.
it: Creare le voci con le password per lo smarthost.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: Start the <literal>postfix</literal> by the following.
it: Avviare <literal>postfix</literal> con il comando seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: Here the use of "<literal>[</literal>" and "<literal>]</literal>" in the <literal>dpkg-reconfigure</literal> dialog and "<literal>/etc/postfix/sasl_passwd</literal>" ensures not to check MX record but directly use exact hostname specified.  See "Enabling SASL authentication in the Postfix SMTP client" in "<literal>/usr/share/doc/postfix/html/SASL_README.html</literal>".
it: In questo caso l'uso di "<literal>[</literal>" e "<literal>]</literal>" nel dialogo di <literal>dpkg-reconfigure</literal> e in "<literal>/etc/postfix/sasl_passwd</literal>" assocura che non venga controllato il record MX, ma usato direttamente l'esatto nome host specificato. Vedere "Abilitare l'autenticazione SASL nel client SMTP di Postfix" in "<literal>/usr/share/doc/postfix/html/SASL_README.html</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title>
en: The mail address configuration
it: La configurazione dell'indirizzo di posta

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: There are a few <ulink url="&mailaddressconfieryanduseragents;">mail address configuration files for mail transport, delivery and user agents</ulink>.
it: Ci sono diversi <ulink url="&mailaddressconfieryanduseragents;">file di configurazione dell'indirizzo di posta per gli strumenti di trasporto della posta, di consegna e per i programma di posta</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><title>
en: List of mail address related configuration files
it: Elenco dei file di configurazione correlati all'indirizzo di posta

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: application
it: applicazione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: default host name for (outgoing) mail
it: nome host predefinito per la posta (in uscita)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Debian specific, <literal>mailname</literal>(5)
it: specifico di Debian, <literal>mailname</literal>(5)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: host name spoofing for outgoing mail
it: sostituzione del home host per la posta in uscita

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>exim</literal>(8) specific, <literal>exim4-config_files</literal>(5)
it: specifico di <literal>exim</literal>(8), <literal>exim4-config_files</literal>(5)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>postfix</literal>(1) specific, activated after <literal>postmap</literal>(1) command execution.
it: specifico di <literal>postfix</literal>(1), attivato dopo l'esecuzione del comando <literal>postmap</literal>(1)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: account name alias for incoming mail
it: alias dei nomi degli account per la posta in entrata

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: general, activated after <literal>newaliases</literal>(1) command execution.
it: generale, attivato dopo l'esecuzione del comando <literal>newaliases</literal>(1)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: The <emphasis role="strong">mailname</emphasis> in the "<literal>/etc/mailname</literal>" file is usually a fully qualified domain name (FQDN) that resolves to one of the host's IP addresses.  For the mobile workstation which does not have a hostname with resolvable IP address, set this <emphasis role="strong">mailname</emphasis> to the value of "<literal>hostname -f</literal>". (This is safe choice and works for both <literal>exim4-*</literal> and <literal>postfix</literal>.)
it: Il <emphasis role="strong">nomeposta</emphasis> nel file "<literal>/etc/mailname</literal>" è solitamente un nome di dominio pienamente qualificato (FQDN) che è risolto ad uno degli indirizzi IP dell'host. Per le postazioni mobili che non hanno un nome host con un indirizzo IP risolvibile, impostare questo <emphasis role="strong">nomemail</emphasis> al valore di "<literal>hostname -f</literal>". (Questa è una scelta sicura e funziona sia per <literal>exim4-*</literal> sia per <literal>postfix</literal>.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><tip><para>
en: The contents of "<literal>/etc/mailname</literal>" is used by many non-MTA programs for their default behavior. For <literal>mutt</literal>, set "<literal>hostname</literal>" and "<literal>from</literal>" variables in <literal>~/muttrc</literal> file to override the <emphasis role="strong">mailname</emphasis> value.  For programs in the <literal>devscripts</literal> package, such as <literal>bts</literal>(1) and <literal>dch</literal>(1), export environment variables "<literal>$DEBFULLNAME</literal>" and "<literal>$DEBEMAIL</literal>" to override it.
it: Il contenuto di "<literal>/etc/mailname</literal>" è usato da molti programmi non MTA per determinare il loro comportamento predefinito. Per <literal>mutt</literal>, impostare le variabili "<literal>hostname</literal>" e <literal>from</literal>" nel file <literal>~/muttrc</literal> per sovrascrivere il valore di <emphasis role="strong">mailname</emphasis>. Per i programmi nel pacchetto <literal>devscripts</literal>, come <literal>bts</literal>(1) e <literal>dch</literal>(1), esportare le variabili d'ambiente "<literal>$DEBFULLNAME</literal>" e "<literal>$DEBEMAIL</literal>" per sovrascriverlo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><tip><para>
en: The <literal>popularity-contest</literal> package normally send mail from root account with FQDN.  You need to set <literal>MAILFROM</literal> in <literal>/etc/popularity-contest.conf</literal> as described in the <literal>/usr/share/popularity-contest/default.conf</literal> file.  Otherwise, your mail will be rejected by the smarthost SMTP server. Although this is tedious, this approach is safer than rewriting the source address for all mails from root by MTA and should be used for other daemons and cron scripts.
it: Il pacchetto <literal>popularity-contest</literal> normalmente invia posta dall'account di root con FQDN. È necessario impostare <literal>MAILFROM</literal> in <literal>/etc/popularity-contest.conf</literal> come descritto nel file <literal>/usr/share/popularity-contest/default.conf</literal>. In caso contrario la posta verrà rigettata dal server SMTP dello smarthost. Sebbene sia una scocciatura, questo approccio è più sicuro della riscrittura dell'indirizzo sorgente di tutta la posta di root da parte dell'MTA e dovrebbe essere usato per altri demoni e script cron.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: When setting the <emphasis role="strong">mailname</emphasis> to "<literal>hostname -f</literal>", the spoofing of the source mail address via MTA can be realized by the following.
it: Qunado si imposta <emphasis role="strong">mailname</emphasis> al valore di "<literal>hostname -f</literal>", la modifica dell'indirizzo di posta d'origine con il MTA può essere fatta nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/etc/email-addresses</literal>" file for <literal>exim4</literal>(8) as explained in the <literal>exim4-config_files</literal>(5)
it: Usando il file "<literal>/etc/email-addresses</literal>" per <literal>exim4</literal>(8), come spiegato in <literal>exim4-config_files</literal>(5).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/etc/postfix/generic</literal>" file for <literal>postfix</literal>(1) as explained in the <literal>generic</literal>(5)
it: Usando il file "<literal>/etc/postfix/generic</literal>" per <literal>postfix</literal>(8), come spiegato in <literal>generic</literal>(5).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: For <literal>postfix</literal>, the following extra steps are needed.
it: Per <literal>postfix</literal> sono necessarie, in aggiunta, le azioni seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: You can test mail address configuration using the following.
it: Si può testare la configurazione dell'indirizzo di posta nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>exim</literal>(8) with <literal>-brw, -bf, -bF, -bV, …</literal> options
it: per <literal>exim</literal>(8) con le opzioni <literal>-brw, -bf, -bF, -bV, …</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>postmap</literal>(1) with <literal>-q</literal> option.
it: per <literal>postmap</literal>(1) con l'opzione <literal>-q</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><tip><para>
en: Exim comes with several utility programs such as <literal>exiqgrep</literal>(8) and <literal>exipick</literal>(8).  See "<literal>dpkg -L exim4-base|grep man8/</literal>" for available commands.
it: Exim viene fornito con svariati programmi di utilità, come <literal>exiqgrep</literal>(8) e <literal>exipick</literal>(8). Per conoscere i comandi disponibili vedere "<literal>dpkg -L exim4-base|grep man8/</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title>
en: Basic MTA operations
it: Operazioni di base degli MTA

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: There are several basic MTA operations.  Some may be performed via <literal>sendmail</literal>(1) compatibility interface.
it: Ci sono svariate operazioni di base degli MTA. Alcune possono essere fatte usando l'interfaccia di compatibilità con <literal>sendmail</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><title>
en: List of basic MTA operation
it: Elenco di operazioni base degli MTA

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: exim command
it: comando exim

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: postfix command
it: comando postfix

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: read mails from standard input and arrange for delivery (<literal>-bm</literal>)
it: legge la posta dallo standard input e gestisce la consegna (<literal>-bm</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: list the mail queue with status and queue ID (<literal>-bp</literal>)
it: elenca la coda della posta con stato e ID dei messaggi in coda (<literal>-bp</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: initialize alias database (<literal>-I</literal>)
it: inizializza il database degli alias (<literal>-I</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: flush waiting mails (<literal>-q</literal>)
it: invia tutta la posta in attesa (<literal>-q</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: flush all mails
it: invia tutta la posta

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: flush even frozen mails
it: invia anche la posta congelata

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>exim4 -Mg queue_id</literal>
it: <literal>exim4 -Mg id_in_coda</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>postsuper -h queue_id</literal>
it: <literal>postsuper -h id_in_coda</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: freeze one message by its queue ID
it: congela un messaggio in base al suo ID nella coda

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>exim4 -Mrm queue_id</literal>
it: <literal>exim4 -Mrm id_in_coda</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>postsuper -d queue_id</literal>
it: <literal>postsuper -d id_in_coda</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: remove one message by its queue ID
it: rimuove un messaggio in base al suo ID nella coda

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: remove all messages
it: rimuove tutti i messaggi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><tip><para>
en: It may be a good idea to flush all mails by a script in "<literal>/etc/ppp/ip-up.d/*</literal>".
it: Può essere una buona idea far inviare tutta la posta da uno script in "<literal>/etc/ppp/ip-up.d/*</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: The remote access server and utilities (SSH)
it: Il server e le utilità per l'accesso remoto (SSH)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The <ulink url="&secureshell;">Secure SHell</ulink> (SSH) is the <emphasis role="strong">secure</emphasis> way to connect over the Internet.  A free version of SSH called <ulink url="&openssh;">OpenSSH</ulink> is available as <literal>openssh-client</literal> and <literal>openssh-server</literal> packages in Debian.
it: <ulink url="&secureshell;">SSH (Secure SHell)</ulink>  è il metodo <emphasis role="strong">sicuro</emphasis> per connettersi in Internet. Una versione libera di SSH chiamata <ulink url="&openssh;">OpenSSH</ulink> è disponibile nei pacchetti Debian <literal>openssh-client</literal> e <literal>openssh-server</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: For the user, <literal>ssh</literal>(1) functions as a smarter and more secure <literal>telnet</literal>(1).  Unlike <literal>telnet</literal> command, <literal>ssh</literal> command does not stop on the <literal>telnet</literal> escape character (initial default CTRL-]).
it: Per l'utente <literal>ssh</literal>(1) funziona come un  <literal>telnet</literal>(1) più intelligente e più sicuro. A differenza del comando <literal>telnet</literal>, <literal>ssh</literal> non si interrompe a seguito del carattere di escape di <literal>telnet</literal> (impostazione predefinita iniziale CTRL-]).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of remote access server and utilities
it: Elenco dei server e delle utilità per l'accesso remoto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: tool
it: strumento

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Secure shell client
it: client SSH

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Secure shell server
it: server SSH

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: asks user for a pass phrase for ssh-add (plain X)
it: chiede all'utente una passphrase per ssh-add (X semplice)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: asks user for a pass phrase for ssh-add (GNOME)
it: chiede all'utente una passphrase per ssh-add (GNOME)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: asks user for a pass phrase for ssh-add (GNOME) with extra eye candy
it: chiede all'utente una passphrase per ssh-add (GNOME) con abbellimenti aggiuntivi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: web server for <ulink url="&browseraccessiblterminalemulator;">browser accessible VT100 terminal emulator</ulink>
it: server web per <ulink url="&browseraccessiblterminalemulator;">emulatore di terminale VT100 accessibile dal browser</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Although <literal>shellinabox</literal> is not a SSH program, it is listed here as an interesting alternative for the remote terminal access.
it: Sebbene <literal>shellinabox</literal> non sia un programma SSH, è elencato qui come alternativa interessante per l'accesso remoto a terminale.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: See also <xref linkend="_x_server_connection"/> for connecting to remote X client programs.
it: Vedere anche <xref linkend="_x_server_connection"/> per le connessioni a programmi client X remoti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><caution><para>
en: See <xref linkend="_extra_security_measures_for_the_internet"/> if your SSH is accessible from the Internet.
it: Se il proprio SSH è accessibile da Internet, vedere <xref linkend="_extra_security_measures_for_the_internet"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
en: Please use the <literal>screen</literal>(1) program to enable remote shell process to survive the interrupted connection (see <xref linkend="_the_screen_program"/>).
it: Per permettere al processo della shell remota di sopravvivere all'interruzione della connessione, usare il programma <literal>screen</literal>(1) (vedere <xref linkend="_the_screen_program"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Basics of SSH
it: Nozioni di base su SSH

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The OpenSSH SSH daemon supports SSH protocol 2 only.
it: Il demone SSH OpenSSH ha solamente il supporto per il protocollo SSH.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Please read "<literal>/usr/share/doc/openssh-client/README.Debian.gz</literal>", <literal>ssh</literal>(1), <literal>sshd</literal>(8), <literal>ssh-keygen</literal>(1), <literal>ssh-add</literal>(1) and <literal>ssh-agent</literal>(1).
it: Leggere "<literal>/usr/share/doc/openssh-client/README.Debian.gz</literal>", <literal>ssh</literal>(1), <literal>sshd</literal>(8), <literal>ssh-keygen</literal>(1), <literal>ssh-add</literal>(1) e <literal>ssh-agent</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
en: "<literal>/etc/ssh/sshd_not_to_be_run</literal>" must not be present if one wishes to run the OpenSSH server.
it: Se si desidera eseguire il server OpenSSH, non deve esistere il file "<literal>/etc/ssh/sshd_not_to_be_run</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
en: Don't enable rhost based authentication (<literal>HostbasedAuthentication</literal> in <literal>/etc/ssh/sshd_config</literal>).
it: Non abilitare l'autenticazione basata su rhost (<literal>HostbasedAuthentication</literal> in <literal>/etc/ssh/sshd_config</literal>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of SSH configuration files
it: Elenco dei file di configurazione per SSH

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: description of configuration file
it: descrizione del file di configurazione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: SSH client defaults, see <literal>ssh_config</literal>(5)
it: impostazioni predefinite per il client SSH, vedere <literal>ssh_config</literal>(5)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: SSH server defaults, see <literal>sshd_config</literal>(5)
it: impostazioni predefinite per il server SSH, vedere <literal>ssh_config</literal>(5)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: default public SSH keys that clients use to connect to this account on this SSH server
it: chiavi SSH pubbliche predefinite che i client usano per connettersi a questo account su questo server SSH

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: secret SSH-2 RSA key of the user
it: chiave RSA SSH-2 segreta dell'utente

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>~/.ssh/id_<emphasis>key-type-name</emphasis></literal>
it: <literal>~/.ssh/id_<emphasis>nome-tipo-chiave</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: secret SSH-2 <emphasis>key-type-name</emphasis> key such as <literal>ecdsa</literal>, <literal>ed25519</literal>, ... of the user
it: chiave SSH-2 segreta <emphasis>nome-tipo-chiave</emphasis> come <literal>ecdsa</literal>, <literal>ed25519</literal>, ... dell'utente

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The following starts an <literal>ssh</literal>(1) connection from a client.
it: I comandi seguenti avviano una connessione <literal>ssh</literal>(1) da un client.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of SSH client startup examples
it: Elenco di esempi di avvio di client SSH

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>ssh username@hostname.domain.ext</literal>
it: <literal>ssh nomeutente@nomehost.dominio.ext</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: connect with default mode
it: connette nella modalità predefinita

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>ssh -v username@hostname.domain.ext</literal>
it: <literal>ssh -v nomeutente@nomehost.dominio.ext</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: connect with default mode with debugging messages
it: connette nella modalità predefinita con messaggi di debug

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>ssh -o PreferredAuthentications=password username@hostname.domain.ext</literal>
it: <literal>ssh -o PreferredAuthentications=password nomeutente@nomehost.dominio.ext</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: force to use password with SSH version 2
it: forza l'uso di password con SSH versione 2

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>ssh -t username@hostname.domain.ext passwd</literal>
it: <literal>ssh -t nomeutente@nomehost.dominio.ext passwd</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: run <literal>passwd</literal> program to update password on a remote host
it: esegue il programma <literal>passwd</literal> per aggiornare la password su un host remoto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: User name on the remote host
it: Nome utente sull'host remoto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you use the same user name on the local and the remote host, you can eliminate typing "<literal>username@</literal>".
it: Se si usa lo stesso nome utente sull'host locale e su quello remoto, si può evitare di digitare "<literal>nomeutente@</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Even if you use different user name on the local and the remote host, you can eliminate it using "<literal>~/.ssh/config</literal>".  For <ulink url="&debiansalsaservice;">Debian Salsa service</ulink> with account name "<literal>foo-guest</literal>", you set "<literal>~/.ssh/config</literal>" to contain the following.
it: Anche se si usa un nome utente diverso nell'host locale rispetto a quello remoto, si può evitare di digitare quella parte usando "<literal>~/.ssh/config</literal>". Per il <ulink url="&debiansalsaservice;">servizio Debian Salsa</ulink> con nome account "<literal>pippo-guest</literal>", impostare "<literal>~/.ssh/config</literal>" in modo che contenga quanto segue.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Connecting without remote passwords
it: Connettersi senza password remote

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: One can avoid having to remember passwords for remote systems by using "<literal>PubkeyAuthentication</literal>" (SSH-2 protocol).
it: Si può evitare di doversi ricordare le password per sistemi remoti usando  "<literal>PubkeyAuthentication</literal>" (protocollo SSH-2).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: On the remote system, set the respective entries, "<literal>PubkeyAuthentication yes</literal>", in "<literal>/etc/ssh/sshd_config</literal>".
it: Sul sistema remoto impostare in "<literal>/etc/ssh/sshd_config</literal>" le rispettive voci "<literal>PubkeyAuthentication yes</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Generate authentication keys locally and install the public key on the remote system by the following.
it: Generare localmente le chiavi di autenticazione ed installare la chiave pubblica sul sistema remoto con i comandi seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can add options to the entries in "<literal>~/.ssh/authorized_keys</literal>" to limit hosts and to run specific commands.  See <literal>sshd</literal>(8) "AUTHORIZED_KEYS FILE FORMAT".
it: Si possono aggiungere opzioni alle voci in "<literal>~/.ssh/authorized_keys</literal>" per limitare gli host e per eseguire comandi specifici. Vedere "AUTHORIZED_KEYS FILE FORMAT" in <literal>sshd</literal>(8).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Dealing with alien SSH clients
it: Gestire client SSH estranei

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There are some free <ulink url="&ssh;">SSH</ulink> clients available for other platforms.
it: Sono disponibili alcuni client <ulink url="&ssh;">SSH</ulink> liberi per altre piattaforme.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of free SSH clients for other platforms
it: Elenco di client SSH per altre piattaforme

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: environment
it: ambiente

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: free SSH program
it: programma ssh libero

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: puTTY (<ulink url="&puttyafreesshandtelnetclient;">PuTTY: a free SSH and Telnet client</ulink>) (GPL)
it: puTTY (<ulink url="&puttyafreesshandtelnetclient;">PuTTY: un client SSH e Telnet libero</ulink>) (GPL)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: SSH in cygwin (<ulink url="&cygwingetthatlinfeelingonwindows;">Cygwin: Get that Linux feeling - on Windows</ulink>) (GPL)
it: SSH in cygwin (<ulink url="&cygwingetthatlinfeelingonwindows;">Cygwin: l'esperienza Linux, in Windows</ulink>) (GPL)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: OpenSSH; use <literal>ssh</literal> in the Terminal application (GPL)
it: OpenSSH; usare <literal>ssh</literal> nell'applicazione Terminale (GPL)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Setting up ssh-agent
it: Impostare ssh-agent

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: It is safer to protect your SSH authentication secret keys with a pass phrase.  If a pass phrase was not set, use "<literal>ssh-keygen -p</literal>" to set it.
it: È meglio per ragioni di sicurezza proteggere la propria chiave segreta di autenticazione SSH con una passphrase. Se non è già stata impostata una passphrase usare "<literal>ssh-keygen -p</literal>" per farlo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Place your public SSH key (e.g.  "<literal>~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub</literal>") into "<literal>~/.ssh/authorized_keys</literal>" on a remote host using a password-based connection to the remote host as described above.
it: Mettere la propria chiav SSH pubblica (ad esempio "<literal>~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub</literal>") in "<literal>~/.ssh/authorized_keys</literal>" su un host remoto usando una connessione all'host remoto basata su password, come descritto in precedenza.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: No remote password needed from here on for the next command.
it: Per il comando successivo non sarà più necessaria da questo momento la password remota.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Press ^D to terminating ssh-agent session.
it: Premere ~D per terminare la sessione ssh-agent.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For the X server, the normal Debian startup script executes <literal>ssh-agent</literal> as the parent process.  So you only need to execute <literal>ssh-add</literal> once. For more, read <literal>ssh-agent</literal>(1) and <literal>ssh-add</literal>(1).
it: Per il server X, il normale script di avvio Debian esegue <literal>ssh-agent</literal> come processo genitore. Perciò è necessario eseguire <literal>ssh-add</literal> una volta sola. Per ulteriori informazioni, leggere <literal>ssh-agent</literal>(1) e <literal>ssh-add</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Sending a mail from a remote host
it: Inviare un messaggio di posta da un host remoto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you have an SSH shell account on a server with proper DNS settings, you can send a mail generated on your workstation as an email genuinely sent from the remote server.
it: Se si ha un account di shell SSH su un server con impostazioni DNS appropriate, si può inviare un messaggio di posta generato sulla propria postazione di lavoro come email genuinamente inviata dal server remoto.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Port forwarding for SMTP/POP3 tunneling
it: Forwarding della porta per tunnel SMTP/POP3

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: To establish a pipe to connect to port 25 of <literal>remote-server</literal> from port 4025 of <literal>localhost</literal>, and to port 110 of <literal>remote-server</literal> from port 4110 of <literal>localhost</literal> through <literal>ssh</literal>, execute on the local host as the following.
it: Per stabilire una pipe per connettersi alla porta 25 del <literal>server-remoto</literal> dalla porta 4025 dell'<literal>host locale</literal> e alla porta 110 del <literal>server-remoto</literal> dalla porta 4110 dell'<literal>host locale</literal> attraverso <literal>ssh</literal>, eseguire sull'host locale il comando seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This is a secure way to make connections to SMTP/POP3 servers over the Internet.  Set the "<literal>AllowTcpForwarding</literal>" entry to "<literal>yes</literal>" in "<literal>/etc/ssh/sshd_config</literal>" of the remote host.
it: Questo è un metodo sicuro di creare connessioni a server SMTP/POP3 in Internet. Impostare nel file "<literal>/etc/ssh/sshd_config</literal>" dell'host remoto la voce "<literal>AllowTcpForwarding</literal>" a "<literal>yes</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: How to shutdown the remote system on SSH
it: Spegnere il sistema remoto su SSH

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You need to protect the process doing "<literal>shutdown -h now</literal>" (see <xref linkend="_how_to_shutdown_the_system"/>) from the termination of SSH using the <literal>at</literal>(1) command (see <xref linkend="_scheduling_tasks_once"/>) by the following.
it: È necessario proteggere il processo che esegue "<literal>shutdown -h now</literal>" (vedere <xref linkend="_how_to_shutdown_the_system"/>) dalla terminazione di SSH usando il comando <literal>at</literal>(1) (vedere <xref linkend="_scheduling_tasks_once"/>) nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Running "<literal>shutdown -h now</literal>" in <literal>screen</literal>(1) (see <xref linkend="_the_screen_program"/>) session is another way to do the same.
it: Eseguire "<literal>shutdown -h now</literal>" in una sessione  <literal>screen</literal>(1) (vedere <xref linkend="_the_screen_program"/>) è un altro modo di ottenere lo stesso risultato.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Troubleshooting SSH
it: Risolvere il problemi con SSH

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you have problems, check the permissions of configuration files and run <literal>ssh</literal> with the "<literal>-v</literal>" option.
it: Se si hanno problemi, controllare i permessi dei file di configurazione ed eseguire <literal>ssh</literal> con l'opzione "<literal>-v</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Use the "<literal>-p</literal>" option if you are root and have trouble with a firewall; this avoids the use of server ports 1 — 1023.
it: Se si è root e si hanno problemi con un firewall usare l'opzione "<literal>-p</literal>"; questo evita l'uso delle porte 1 - 1023 del server.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If <literal>ssh</literal> connections to a remote site suddenly stop working, it may be the result of tinkering by the sysadmin, most likely a change in "<literal>host_key</literal>" during system maintenance.  After making sure this is the case and nobody is trying to fake the remote host by some clever hack, one can regain a connection by removing the "<literal>host_key</literal>" entry from "<literal>~/.ssh/known_hosts</literal>" on the local host.
it: Se le connessioni <literal>ssh</literal> ad un sito remoto smettono di funzionare improvvisamente, potrebbe essere a causa di modifiche fatte dall'amministratore di sistema, molto probabilmente cambiamenti in "<literal>host-key</literal>" durante l'amministrazione del sistema. Dopo essersi accertati che questa sia davvero la causa e che nessuna stia cercando di falsificare l'host remoto con qualche trucchetto, si può riottenere una connessione rimuovendo la voce "<literal>host-key</literal>" dal file "<literal>~/.ssh/known_hosts</literal>" sull'host locale.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: The print server and utilities
it: Server ed utilità per la stampa

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: In the old Unix-like system, the BSD <ulink url="&lineprinterdaemonlpd;">Line printer daemon (lpd)</ulink> was the standard and the standard print out format of the classic free software was <ulink url="&postscriptps;">PostScript (PS)</ulink>.  Some filter system was used along with <ulink url="&ghostscript;">Ghostscript</ulink> to enable printing to the non-PostScript printer.  See <xref linkend="_ghostscript"/>.
it: Nei vecchi sistemi in stile Unix, il <ulink url="&lineprinterdaemon;">demone di stampa in linea (lpd)</ulink> BSD era lo standard e il formato di stampa standard del software libero classico era <ulink url="&postscriptps;">PostScript (PS)</ulink>. Un sistema di filtri veniva usato insieme a <ulink url="&ghostscript;">Ghostscript</ulink> per permettere la stampa su stampanti non-PostScript. Vedere <xref linkend="_ghostscript"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: In the modern Debian system, the <ulink url="&commonunixprintingsystem;">Common UNIX Printing System</ulink> (CUPS) is the de facto standard and the standard print out format of the modern free software is <ulink url="&portabledocumentformatpdf;">Portable Document Format (PDF)</ulink>.
it: Nei sistemi Debian moderni, <ulink url="&commonunixprintingsystem;">Common UNIX Printing System</ulink> (CUPS) è lo standard di fatto e il formato standard per la stampa nel software libero moderno è <ulink url="&portabledocumentformatpdf;">Portable Document Format (PDF)</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Thanks to the file format dependent auto-conversion feature of the CUPS system, simply feeding any data to the <literal>lpr</literal> command should generate the expected print output. (In CUPS, <literal>lpr</literal> can be enabled by installing the <literal>cups-bsd</literal> package.)
it: Grazie alla funzionalità di auto-conversione in base al formato dei file del sistema CUPS, il semplice passaggio di qualsiasi tipo di dati al comando <literal>lpr</literal> dovrebbe generare l'output di stampa atteso. (In CUPS, il comando <literal>lpr</literal> può essere abilitato installando il pacchetto <literal>cups-bsd</literal>.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The Debian system has some notable packages for the print servers and utilities.
it: Il sistema Debian ha alcuni pacchetti degni di nota per ciò che riguarda i server e le utilità di stampa

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of print servers and utilities
it: Elenco di server e utilità di stampa

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: BSD lpr/lpd (<ulink url="&lineprinterdaemon;">Line printer daemon</ulink>)
it: lpr/lpd BSD (<ulink url="&lineprinterdaemon;">Line printer daemon</ulink>, demone di stampa in linea)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Internet Printing CUPS server
it: server CUPS di stampa Internet

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&systemvprintercommands;">System V printer commands</ulink> for CUPS: <literal>lp</literal>(1), <literal>lpstat</literal>(1), <literal>lpoptions</literal>(1), <literal>cancel</literal>(1), <literal>lpmove</literal>(8), <literal>lpinfo</literal>(8), <literal>lpadmin</literal>(8), …
it: <ulink url="&systemvprintercommands;">comandi System V per la stampa</ulink> con CUPS: <literal>lp</literal>(1), <literal>lpstat</literal>(1), <literal>lpoptions</literal>(1), <literal>cancel</literal>(1), <literal>lpmove</literal>(8), <literal>lpinfo</literal>(8), <literal>lpadmin</literal>(8), …

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&bsdprintercommands;">BSD printer commands</ulink> for CUPS: <literal>lpr</literal>(1), <literal>lpq</literal>(1), <literal>lprm</literal>(1), <literal>lpc</literal>(8)
it: <ulink url="&bsdprintercommands;">comandi BSD per la stampa</ulink> con CUPS: <literal>lpr</literal>(1), <literal>lpq</literal>(1), <literal>lprm</literal>(1), <literal>lpc</literal>(8)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Not applicable
it: Non applicabile

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: printer drivers for CUPS
it: driver di stampa per CUPS

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
en: You can configure CUPS system by pointing your web browser to "<ulink url="&httplocalhostgdb;">http://localhost:631/</ulink>" .
it: Si può configurare il sistema CUPS indirizzando il proprio browser web all'indirizzo "<ulink url="&httplocalhostgdb;">http://localhost:631/</ulink>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Other network application servers
it: Altri server di rete

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Here are other network application servers.
it: Ecco un elenco di altri server applicativi di rete.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of other network application servers
it: Elenco di altri server applicativi di rete

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: protocol
it: protocollo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: TELNET server
it: server TELNET

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Unix file sharing
it: condivisione di file Unix

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Windows file and printer sharing
it: condivisione di file e stampanti Windows

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Apple/Mac file and printer sharing (AppleTalk)
it: condivisione di file e stampanti Apple/Mac (AppleTalk)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: General file download
it: scaricamento generico di file

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: General web server
it: server web generico

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: General web <ulink url="&proxyserver;">proxy server</ulink>
it: <ulink url="&proxyserver;">server proxy</ulink> web generico

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: IP address for other hosts
it: indirizzo IP per altri host

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: IP address of client itself
it: indirizzo IP per il client stesso

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Common Internet File System Protocol (CIFS) is the same protocol as <ulink url="&servermessageblocksmb;">Server Message Block (SMB)</ulink> and is used widely by Microsoft Windows.
it: CIFS (Common Internet File System Protocol) è lo stesso protocollo di <ulink url="&servermessageblocksmb;">SMB (Server Message Block)</ulink> ed è ampiamente usato da Microsoft Windows.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
en: See <xref linkend="_the_modern_centralized_system_management"/> for integration of server systems.
it: Vedere <xref linkend="_the_modern_centralized_system_management"/> per l'integrazione di sistemi server.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
en: The hostname resolution is usually provided by the <ulink url="&dns;">DNS</ulink> server.  For the host IP address dynamically assigned by <ulink url="&dhcp;">DHCP</ulink>, <ulink url="&dynamicdns;">Dynamic DNS</ulink> can be set up for the hostname resolution using <literal>bind9</literal> and <literal>isc-dhcp-server</literal> as described in the <ulink url="&ddnspageonthedebianwiki;">DDNS page on the Debian wiki</ulink>.
it: La risoluzione del nome di host è solitamente fornita dal server <ulink url="&dns;">DNS</ulink>. Per l'indirizzo IP dell'host assegnato dinamicamente da <ulink url="&dhcp;">DHCP</ulink>, può essere impostato un <ulink url="&dynamicdns;">DNS dinamico</ulink> per la risoluzione del nome host, usando <literal>bind9</literal> e <literal>isc-dhcp-server</literal> come descritto nella <ulink url="&ddnspageonthedebianwiki;">pagina del Wiki Debian sui DDNS</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
en: Use of proxy server such as <literal>squid</literal> is much more efficient for saving bandwidth than use of local mirror server with the full Debian archive contents.
it: L'uso di server proxy come <literal>squid</literal> è molti più efficiente per risparmiare banda rispetto all'uso di server mirror locali con il completo contenuto dell'archivio Debian.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Other network application clients
it: Altri client di rete

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Here are other network application clients.
it: Ecco un elenco di altri client applicativi di rete.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of network application clients
it: Elenco di altri client applicativi di rete

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: TCP/IP swiss army knife
it: coltellino svizzero TCP/IP

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Secure Socket Layer (SSL) binary and related cryptographic tools
it: eseguibile SSL (Secure Socket Layer) e strumenti crittografici relativi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: universal SSL Wrapper
it: wrapper SSL universale

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: TELNET client
it: client TELNET

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: MS Windows file and printer sharing client
it: client per condivisione di file e stampanti MS Windows

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: mount and umount commands for remote MS Windows file
it: comandi mount e umount per file MS Windows remoti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&http;">HTTP</ulink> and <ulink url="&ftp;">FTP</ulink>
it: <ulink url="&http;">HTTP</ulink> e <ulink url="&ftp;">FTP</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: web downloader
it: scaricatore per web

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>host</literal>(1) from bind9, "<literal>Priority: standard</literal>"
it: <literal>host</literal>(1) da bind9, "<literal>Priorità: standard</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>dig</literal>(1) from bind, "<literal>Priority: standard</literal>"
it: <literal>dig</literal>(1) da bind, "<literal>Priorità: standard</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: obtain IP address
it: ottiene indirizzo IP

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: obtain data from LDAP server
it: ottiene dati da server LDAP

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: The diagnosis of the system daemons
it: Diagnosi dei demoni di sistema

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The <literal>telnet</literal> program enables manual connection to the system daemons and its diagnosis.
it: Il programma <literal>telnet</literal> permette la connessione manuale ai demoni di sistema e la loro diagnosi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: For testing plain <ulink url="&popd;">POP3</ulink> service, try the following
it: Per testare il semplice servizio <ulink url="&popd;">POP3</ulink> provare il comando seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: For testing the <ulink url="&tls;">TLS</ulink>/SSL enabled <ulink url="&popd;">POP3</ulink> service by some ISPs, you need TLS/SSL enabled <literal>telnet</literal> client by the <literal>telnet-ssl</literal> or <literal>openssl</literal> packages.
it: Per testare il servizio <ulink url="&popd;">POP3</ulink> con <ulink url="&tls;">TLS</ulink>/SSL abilitato di alcuni fornitori di servizi Internet, è necessario un client <literal>telnet</literal> con TLS/SSL abilitato fornito dal pacchdetto <literal>telnet-ssl</literal> o <literal>openssl</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The following <ulink url="&rfcs;">RFCs</ulink> provide required knowledge to each system daemon.
it: Le seguenti <ulink url="&rfcs;">RFC</ulink> forniscono le conoscenze necessarie per ciascun demone di sistema.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of popular RFCs
it: Elenco di RFC popolari

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&rfcbjdj;">rfc1939</ulink> and <ulink url="&rfcceej;">rfc2449</ulink>
it: <ulink url="&rfcbjdj;">rfc1939</ulink> e <ulink url="&rfcceej;">rfc2449</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&popd;">POP3</ulink> service
it: servzio <ulink url="&popd;">POP3</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&imape;">IMAP4</ulink> service
it: servizio <ulink url="&imape;">IMAP4</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&smtp;">SMTP</ulink> service
it: servizio <ulink url="&smtp;">SMTP</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Mail file format
it: formato file di posta

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&multipurposeinteilextensionsmime;">Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME)</ulink>
it: <ulink url="&multipurposeinteilextensionsmime;">MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions)</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&dns;">DNS</ulink> service
it: servizio <ulink url="&dns;">DNS</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&http;">HTTP</ulink> service
it: servizio <ulink url="&http;">HTTP</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&uri;">URI</ulink> definition
it: definizione di <ulink url="&uri;">URI</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The port usage is described in "<literal>/etc/services</literal>".
it: L'uso delle porte è descritto in "<literal>/etc/services</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
en: GUI System
it: Sistema GUI

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: GUI desktop environment
it: Ambiente desktop GUI

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: There are several choices for the full featured <ulink url="&gui;">GUI</ulink> desktop environment on the Debian system.
it: Ci sono diverse scelte di ambienti desktop <ulink url="&gui;">GUI</ulink> completi nel sistema Debian.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of desktop environment
it: Lista di ambienti desktop

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: task package
it: pacchetto con task

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&gnome;">GNOME</ulink> desktop environment
it: ambiente desktop <ulink url="&gnome;">GNOME</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&xfce;">Xfce</ulink> desktop environment
it: ambiente desktop <ulink url="&xfce;">Xfce</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&kdeplasma;">KDE Plasma</ulink> desktop environment
it: ambiente desktop <ulink url="&kde;">KDE Plasma</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&mate;">MATE</ulink> desktop environment
it: ambiente desktop <ulink url="&mate;">MATE</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&cinnamon;">Cinnamon</ulink> desktop environment
it: ambiente desktop <ulink url="&cinnamon;">Cinnamon</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&lxde;">LXDE</ulink> desktop environment
it: ambiente desktop <ulink url="&lxde;">LXDE</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&lxqt;">LXQt</ulink> desktop environment
it: ambiente desktop <ulink url="&lxqt;">LXQt</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&gnomeflashback;">GNOME Flashback</ulink> desktop environment
it: ambiente desktop <ulink url="&gnomeflashback;">GNOME Flashback</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
en: Dependency packages selected by a task metapackage may be out of sync with the latest package transition state under the Debian <literal>unstable</literal>/<literal>testing</literal> environment. For <literal>task-gnome-desktop</literal>, you may need to adjust package selections as follows:
it: I pacchetti di dipendenza selezionati da un metapacchetto per task possono essere fuori sincrono rispetto al più recente stato di transizione nell'ambiente Debian <literal>unstable</literal>/<literal>testing</literal>. Per <literal>task-gnome-desktop</literal>, può essere necessario aggiustare la selezione dei pacchetti come segue:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Start <literal>aptitude</literal>(8) as <literal>sudo aptitude -u</literal>.
it: Avviare <literal>aptitude</literal>(8) con <literal>sudo aptitude -u</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Move cursor to "Tasks" and press "Enter".
it: Spostare il cursore su "Task" e premere "Invio".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Move cursor to "End-user" press "Enter".
it: Spostare il cursore su "Utente finale" e premere "Invio".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Move cursor to "GNOME" press "Enter".
it: Spostare il cursore su "GNOME" e premere "Invio".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Move cursor to <literal>task-gnome-desktop</literal> and press "Enter".
it: Spostare il cursore su <literal>task-gnome-desktop</literal> e premere "Invio".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Move cursor to "Depends" and press "m" (manually selected).
it: Spostare il cursore su "Dipende" e premere "m" (selezionato manualmente).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Move cursor to "Recommends" and press "m" (manually selected).
it: Spostare il cursore su "Raccomanda" e premere "m" (selezionato manualmente).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Move cursor to "<literal>task-gnome-desktop</literal> and press "-". (drop)
it: Spostare il cursore su "<literal>task-gnome-desktop</literal>" e premere "-" (eliminare).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Adjust selected packages while dropping problematic ones causing package conflicts.
it: Aggiustare i pacchetti selezionati abbandonando quelli problematici che causano conflitti tra i pacchetti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Press "g" to start install.
it: Premere "g" per iniziare l'installazione.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: This chapter will focus mostly on the default desktop environment of Debian: <literal>task-gnome-desktop</literal> offering <ulink url="&gnome;">GNOME</ulink> on <ulink url="&wayland;">wayland</ulink>.
it: Questo capitolo si concentrerà soprattutto sull'ambiente desktop predefinito in Debian: <literal>task-gnome-desktop</literal> che fornisce <ulink url="&gnome;">GNOME</ulink> su <ulink url="&wayland;">wayland</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: GUI communication protocol
it: Il protocollo di comunicazione della GUI

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: GUI communication protocol used on the GNOME desktop can be:
it: Il protocollo di comunicazione della GUI usato nel desktop GNOME può essere:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&waylanddisplayserverprotocol;">Wayland (display server protocol)</ulink> (native)
it: <ulink url="&waylanddisplayserverprotocol;">Wayland (protocollo per display server)</ulink> (nativo)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&xwindowsystemcoreprotocol;">X Window System core protocol</ulink> (via <literal>xwayland</literal>)
it: <ulink url="&xwindowsystemcoreprotocol;">protocollo principale del sistema X Window</ulink> (via <literal>xwayland</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Please check <ulink url="&freedesktoporgsindowarchitecture;">freedesktop.org site for how Wayland architecture is different from X Window architecture</ulink>.
it: Controllare sul <ulink url="&freedesktoporgsindowarchitecture;">sito freedesktop.org in cosa l'architettura Wayland è differente dall'architettura X Window</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: From user's perspective, differences can be colloquially summarized as:
it: Dal punto di vista dell'utente le differenze possono essere a grandi linee riassunte in:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Wayland is a same-host GUI communication protocol: new, simpler, faster, no setuid root binary
it: Wayland è un protocollo di comunicazione GUI per unico host: nuovo, più semplice, più veloce, senza binario con setuid root

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: X Window is a network-capable GUI communication protocol: traditional, complex, slower, setuid root binary
it: X Window è un protocollo di comunicazione GUI con funzionalità di rete: tradizionale, complesso, più lento, con binario con setuid root

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: For applications using Wayland protocol, the access to their display contents from a remote host is supported by the <ulink url="&vnc;">VNC</ulink> or <ulink url="&rdp;">RDP</ulink>.  See <xref linkend="_remote_desktop"/>
it: Per le applicazioni che usano il protocollo Wayland, l'accesso al contenuto delle loro schermata da un host remoto è supportato da <ulink url="&vnc;">VNC</ulink> o <ulink url="&rdp;">RDP</ulink>. Vedere <xref linkend="_remote_desktop"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Modern X servers have <ulink url="&themitsharedmemoryextension;">the MIT Shared Memory Extension</ulink> and communicate with their local X clients using the local shared memory.  This bypasses the network transparent <ulink url="&xlib;">Xlib</ulink> interprocess communication channel and gains performance.  This situation was the <ulink url="&background;">background</ulink> of creating Wayland as a local-only GUI communication protocol.
it: I server X moderni hanno l'<ulink url="&themitsharedmemoryextension;">estensione MIT Shared Memory</ulink> e comunicano con i loro client X locali usando la memoria condivisa locale. Ciò scavalca il canale di comunicazione tra i processi <ulink url="&xlib;">Xlib</ulink> trasparente alla rete e fa guadagnare in prestazioni. Questa situazione è stata il <ulink url="&background;">punto di partenza</ulink> per la creazione di Wayland come protocollo di comunicazione GUI solo locale.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Using the <literal>xeyes</literal> program started from the GNOME terminal, you can check GUI communication protocol used by each GUI application.
it: Usando il programma <literal>xeyes</literal> avviato dal terminale GNOME si può controllare il protocollo di comunicazione GUI usato da ciascuna applicazione GUI.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: If the mouse cursor is on an application such as "GNOME terminal" which uses Wayland display server protocol, eyes don't move with the mouse cursor.
it: Se il cursore del mouse è su un'applicazione come "Terminale di GNOME", che usa il protocollo per display server Wayland, gli occhi non si muovono con il movimento del cursore.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: If the mouse cursor is on an application such as "xterm" which uses X Window System core protocol, eyes move with the mouse cursor exposing not-so-isolated nature of X Window architecture.
it: Se il cursore del mouse è su un'applicazione come "xterm", che usa il protocollo base del sistema X Window, gli occhi si muovono insieme al cursore del mouse rendendo evidente la natura non-così-isolata di un'architettura X Window.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: As of April 2021, many popular GUI applications such as GNOME and <ulink url="&libreofficelo;">LibreOffice (LO)</ulink> applications have been migrated to the Wayland display server protocol.  I see <literal>xterm</literal>, <literal>gitk</literal>, <literal>chromium</literal>, <literal>firefox</literal>, <literal>gimp</literal>, <literal>dia</literal>, and KDE applications still use X Window System core protocol.
it: Alla data di aprile 2021 molte popolari applicazioni GUI come GNOME e le applicazioni <ulink url="&libreofficelo;">LibreOffice (LO)</ulink> sono migrate al protocollo per display server Wayland. L'autore nota come <literal>xterm</literal>, <literal>gitk</literal>, <literal>chromium</literal>, <literal>firefox</literal>, <literal>gimp</literal>, <literal>dia</literal> e tutte le applicazioni KDE usino ancora il protocollo di base del sistema X Window.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><note><para>
en: For both the xwayland on Wayland or the native X Window System, the old X server configuration file "<literal>/etc/X11/xorg.conf</literal>" shouldn't exist on the system. The graphics and input devices are now configured by the kernel with <ulink url="&drm;">DRM</ulink>, <ulink url="&kms;">KMS</ulink>, and <ulink url="&udev;">udev</ulink>.  The native X server has been rewritten to use them.  See "<ulink url="&modedbdefaultvideomodesupport;">modedb default video mode support</ulink>" in the Linux kernel documentation.
it: Sia per xwayland in Wayland che per il sistema X Window nativo, il vecchio file di configurazione del server X "<literal>/etc/X11/xorg.conf</literal>" non dovrebbe esistere sul sistema. I dispositivi grafici e di input sono ora configurati dal kernel con <ulink url="&drm;">DRM</ulink>, <ulink url="&kms;">KMS</ulink> e <ulink url="&udev;">udev</ulink>. Il server X nativo è stato riscritto per usarli. Vedere "<ulink url="&modedbdefaultvideomodesupport;">supporto modedb predefinito delle modalità video</ulink>" nella documentazione del kernel Linux.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: GUI infrastructure
it: Infrastruttura GUI

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Here are notable GUI infrastructure packages for the GNOME on Wayland environment.
it: Questi sono pacchetti degni di nota dell'infrastruttura GUI per l'ambiente GNOME su Wayland.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of notable GUI infrastructure packages
it: Elenco di pacchetti importanti per l'infrastruttura GUI

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: package size
it: dimensione del pacchetto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: GNOME's <ulink url="&mutter;">mutter</ulink> window manager <emphasis role="strong">[auto]</emphasis>
it: Il gestore di finestre <ulink url="&mutter;">mutter</ulink> di GNOME <emphasis role="strong">[auto]</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: An X server running on top of <ulink url="&wayland;">wayland</ulink> <emphasis role="strong">[auto]</emphasis>
it: Un server X in esecuzione sopra a <ulink url="&wayland;">wayland</ulink> <emphasis role="strong">[auto]</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Remote desktop daemon for GNOME using PipeWire <emphasis role="strong">[auto]</emphasis>
it: Demone per desktop remoto per GNOME che usa PipeWire <emphasis role="strong">[auto]</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Advanced configuration settings for GNOME
it: Impostazioni avanzate di configurazione per GNOME

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Tool to enable / disable GNOME Shell extensions
it: Strumenti per abilitare/disabilitare le estensioni per GNOME Shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Here, "<emphasis role="strong">[auto]</emphasis>" means that these packages are automatically installed when <literal>task-gnome-desktop</literal> is installed.
it: Qui "<emphasis role="strong">[auto]</emphasis>" significa che questi pacchetti sono installati automaticamente quando viene installato <literal>task-gnome-desktop</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
en: <literal>gnome-tweaks</literal> is the indispensable configuration utility.  For example:
it: <literal>gnome-tweaks</literal> è l'indispensabile utilità di configurazione. Per esempio:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: You can force "Over-Amplification" of sound volume from "General".
it: Si può forzare la "sovra-amplificazione" del volume dell'audio da "Generale".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: You can force "Caps" to become "Esc" from "Keyboard &amp; Mouse" -&gt; "Keyboard" -&gt; "Additional Layout Option".
it: Si può forzare "Maiusc" a diventare "Esc" da "Tastiera e mouse" -&gt; "Tastiera" -&gt; "Opzioni aggiuntive disposizione".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
en: Detail features of GNOME desktop environment can be configured with utilities started by typing "<literal>settings</literal>", "<literal>tweaks</literal>", or "<literal>extensions</literal>" after pressing <literal>Super</literal>-key.
it: I dettagli delle funzionalità dell'ambiente desktop GNOME possono essere configurati con utilità avviate digitando "<literal>settings</literal>", "<literal>tweaks</literal>" o "<literal>extensions</literal>" dopo aver premuto il tasto <literal>Super</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: GUI applications
it: Applicazioni GUI

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Many useful GUI applications are available on Debian now.  Installing software packages such as <literal>scribus</literal> (KDE) on GNOME desktop environment are quite acceptable since corresponding functionality is not available under GNOME desktop environment.  But installing too many packages with duplicated functionalities may clutter your system.
it: In Debian sono ora disponibili molte utili applicazioni GUI. L'installazione di pacchetti software come <literal>scribus</literal> (KDE) nell'ambiente desktop GNOME è piuttosto accettabile dato che le funzionalità corrispondenti non sono disponibili nel desktop GNOME. Tuttavia l'installazione di troppi pacchetti con funzionalità duplicate può rendere il sistema affollato.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Here is a list of GUI applications which caught my eyes.
it: Ecco un elenco di applicazioni GUI che hanno attirato la mia attenzione.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of notable GUI applications
it: Elenco di applicazioni GUI degne di nota

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Personal information Management (groupware and email)
it: gestione di informazioni personali (groupware e posta elettronica)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Email client (<ulink url="&mozillathunderbird;">Mozilla Thunderbird</ulink>)
it: programma di posta (<ulink url="&mozillathunderbird;">Mozilla Thunderbird</ulink>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: word processor
it: elaboratore di testi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&desktoppublishing;">desktop publishing</ulink> editor to edit <ulink url="&pdf;">PDF</ulink> files
it: editor per <ulink url="&desktoppublishing;">desktop publishing</ulink> per modificare file <ulink url="&pdf;">PDF</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: label editor
it: editor di etichette

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: spreadsheet
it: foglio di calcolo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: presentation
it: presentazioni

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: database management
it: gestione di database

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: vector graphics editor (draw)
it: editor di grafica vettoriale (draw)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: flowchart and diagram editor
it: editor di grafi e diagrammi di flusso

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: bitmap graphics editor (paint)
it: editor di grafica bitmap (paint)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: digital photo organizer
it: organizzatore di foto digitali

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: lighttable and darkroom for photographers
it: tavolo luminoso e camera oscura per fotografi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: project management
it: gestione progetti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: personal accounting
it: contabilità personale

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: music typesetter
it: impaginatore di musica

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Qt-app
it: applicazione Qt

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: computer-aided design (CAD) system (2D)
it: sistema CAD (Computer-Aided Design) (2D)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: computer-aided design (CAD) system (3D)
it: sistema CAD (Computer-Aided Design) (3D)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: electronic schematic and PCB design software
it: sofware per progettazione di schemi elettronici e PCB

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: scanner frontend
it: frontend per lo scanner

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: mathematical equation/formula editor
it: editor di equazioni matematiche e formule

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: e-book converter and library management
it: convertitore e gestione di una biblioteca per libri elettronici

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: e-book reader
it: Lettori di ebook

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: document(pdf) viewer
it: visualizzatore di documenti (pdf)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: pure X-app
it: applicazione X pura

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>xeyes</literal>(1), etc.
it: <literal>xeyes</literal>(1), ecc.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>xev</literal>(1), <literal>xwininfo</literal>(1), etc.
it: <literal>xev</literal>(1), <literal>xwininfo</literal>(1), ecc.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: User directories
it: Directory dell'utente

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Default names for user directories such as "<literal>~/Desktop</literal>", "<literal>~/Documents</literal>", ..., used by the Desktop environment depend on the locale used for the system installation.  You can reset them to the English ones by:
it: I nomi predefiniti per le directory dell'utente, come "<literal>~/Desktop</literal>", "<literal>~/Documenti</literal>", ..., usate dagli ambienti desktop dipendono dalla localizzazione usata per l'installazione del sistema. Possono essere reimpostate a quelle in inglese usando:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Then you manually move all the data to the newer directories.  See <literal>xdg-user-dirs-update</literal>(1).
it: Poi si spostano manualmente tutti i dati nelle nuove directory. Vedere <literal>xdg-user-dirs-update</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: You can also set them to any names by editing "<literal>~/.config/user-dirs.dirs</literal>".  See <literal>user-dirs.dirs</literal>(5).
it: È anche possibile impostarle manualmente a qualsiasi nome modificando "<literal>~/.config/user-dirs.dirs</literal>". Vedere <literal>user-dirs.dirs</literal>(5).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Fonts
it: Tipi di carattere

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Many useful scalable fonts are available for users on Debian.  User's concern is how to avoid redundancy and how to configure parts of installed fonts to be disabled.  Otherwise, useless font choices may clutter your GUI application menus.
it: In Debian sono a disposizione degli utenti molti tipi di carattere utili scalabili. La preoccupazione per l'utente è come evitare ridondanze e come configurare la disabilitazione di parte dei tipi di carattere installati. Altrimenti scelte di tipi di carattere inutili possono ingombrare i menu delle applicazioni GUI.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Debian system uses <ulink url="&freetype;">FreeType</ulink> 2.0 library to rasterise many scalable font formats for screen and print:
it: Il sistema Debia usa la libreria <ulink url="&freetype;">FreeType</ulink> 2.0 per rasterizzare molti formati di tipi di carattere scalabili per lo schermo e la stampa:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&typebpostscriptfonts;">Type 1 (PostScript) fonts</ulink> which use cubic <ulink url="&bziercurves;">Bézier curves</ulink> (almost obsolete format)
it: <ulink url="&typebpostscriptfonts;">Tipi di carattere Type 1 (PostScript)</ulink> che usano <ulink url="&bziercurves;">curve di Bézier</ulink> cubiche (formato quasi obsoleto)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&truetypefonts;">TrueType fonts</ulink> which use quadratic <ulink url="&bziercurves;">Bézier curves</ulink> (good choice format)
it: <ulink url="&truetypefonts;">Tipi di carattere TrueType</ulink> che usano <ulink url="&bziercurves;">curve di Bézier</ulink> quadratiche (buona scelta di formato)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&opentypefonts;">OpenType fonts</ulink> which use cubic <ulink url="&bziercurves;">Bézier curves</ulink> (best choice format)
it: <ulink url="&opentypefonts;">Tipi di carattere OpenType</ulink> che usano <ulink url="&bziercurves;">curve di Bézier</ulink> cubiche (migliora scelta per il formato)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Basic fonts
it: Tipi di carattere base

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The following table is compiled in the hope to help users to chose appropriate scalable fonts with clear understanding of the metric compatibility and the glyph coverage.  Most fonts cover all Latin, Greek, and Cyril characters.  The final choice of activated fonts can also be affected by your aesthetics.  These fonts can be used for the screen display or for the paper printing.
it: La tabella seguente è compilata nella speranza che aiuti gli utenti a scegliere i tipi di carattere scalabili appropriati con una chiara idea della compatibilità delle metriche e delle coperture dei glifi. La maggior parte dei tipi di carattere copre tutti i caratteri latini, greci e cirillici. La scelta finale dei tipi di carattere da attivare può anche essere influenzata da gusti estetici personali. Questi tipi di carattere possono essere usati per la visualizzazione a schermo o per la stampa su carta.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of notable <ulink url="&truetype;">TrueType</ulink> and <ulink url="&opentype;">OpenType</ulink> fonts
it: Elenco di tipi di carattere <ulink url="&truetype;">TrueType</ulink> e <ulink url="&opentype;">OpenType</ulink> degni di nota

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&sans;">sans</ulink>
it: <ulink url="&sans;">senza grazie</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&serif;">serif</ulink>
it: <ulink url="&serif;">con grazie</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&mono;">mono</ulink>
it: <ulink url="&mono;">monospazio</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: note on font
it: nota sul carattere

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&cantarell;">Cantarell</ulink> (GNOME 3, display)
it: <ulink url="&cantarell;">Cantarell</ulink> (GNOME 3, visualizzazione)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&notofonts;">Noto fonts</ulink> (Google, multi-lingual with CJK)
it: <ulink url="&notofonts;">Tipi di carattere Noto</ulink> (Google, multi-lingua con CJK)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&dejavu;">DejaVu</ulink> (GNOME 2, MCM:<ulink url="&verdana;">Verdana</ulink>, extended <ulink url="&bitstreamvera;">Bitstream Vera</ulink>)
it: <ulink url="&dejavu;">DejaVu</ulink> (GNOME 2, MCM:<ulink url="&verdana;">Verdana</ulink>, <ulink url="&bitstreamvera;">Bitstream Vera</ulink> esteso)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&liberationfonts;">Liberation fonts</ulink> for <ulink url="&libreoffice;">LibreOffice</ulink> (Red Hat, MCMATC)
it: <ulink url="&liberationfonts;">Tipi di carattere Liberation</ulink> per <ulink url="&libreoffice;">LibreOffice</ulink> (Red Hat, MCMATC)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&chromeosarimotinosandcousine;">Chrome OS: Arimo, Tinos and Cousine</ulink> (Google, MCMATC)
it: <ulink url="&chromeosarimotinosandcousine;">Chrome OS: Arimo, Tinos e Cousine</ulink> (Google, MCMATC)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&chromeoscaladea;">Chrome OS: Caladea</ulink> (Google, MCM:<ulink url="&cambria;">Cambria</ulink> ) (Latin only )
it: <ulink url="&chromeoscaladea;">Chrome OS: Caladea</ulink> (Google, MCM:<ulink url="&cambria;">Cambria</ulink> ) (solo latini)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&gnufreefont;">GNU FreeFont</ulink> (extended <ulink url="&urwnimbus;">URW Nimbus</ulink>)
it: <ulink url="&gnufreefont;">GNU FreeFont</ulink> (<ulink url="&urwnimbus;">URW Nimbus</ulink> esteso)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Debian task-desktop, <ulink url="&quicksand;">Quicksand</ulink> (display, Latin only)
it: <ulink url="&quicksand;">Quicksand</ulink> del task-desktop Debian (visualizzazione, solo latini)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: A typeface designed for source code <ulink url="&hack;">Hack</ulink> (Facebook)
it: Un carattere progettato per il codice sorgente, <ulink url="&hack;">Hack</ulink> (Facebook)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&ubuntufonts;">Ubuntu fonts</ulink> (display)
it: <ulink url="&ubuntufonts;">Tipi di carattere Ubuntu</ulink> (visualizzazione)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&coolretroterminalfonts;">Cool retro terminal fonts</ulink>
it: <ulink url="&coolretroterminalfonts;">Bei tipi di carattere per terminale retrò</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Downloader of Microsoft non-free fonts (see below)
it: Scaricatore per tipi di carattere non liberi di Microsoft (vedere più sotto)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "MCM" stands for "metric compatible with fonts provided by Microsoft"
it: "MCM" sta per "Metrica Compatibile con tipi di carattere forniti da Microsoft"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "MCMATC" stands for "metric compatible with fonts provided by Microsoft: <ulink url="&arial;">Arial</ulink>, <ulink url="&timesnewroman;">Times New Roman</ulink>, <ulink url="&couriernew;">Courier New</ulink>"
it: "MCMATC" sta per "Metrica Compatibile con tipi di carattere forniti da Microsoft: <ulink url="&arial;">Arial</ulink>, <ulink url="&timesnewroman;">Times New Roman</ulink>, <ulink url="&couriernew;">Courier New</ulink>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "MCAHTC" stands for "metric compatible with fonts provided by <ulink url="&adobe;">Adobe</ulink>: Helvetica, Times, Courier"
it: "MCAHTC" sta per "Metrica Compatibile con tipi di carattere forniti da <ulink url="&adobe;">Adobe</ulink>: Helvetica, Times, Courier"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Numbers in font type columns stands for the rough relative "M" width for the same point size font.
it: I numeri nelle colonne del tipo di carattere rappresentano la larghezza "M" approssimata relativa per il carattere alla stessa dimensione di punto.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "P" in mono font type columns stands for its usability for programming having clearly distinguishable "0"/"O" and "1"/"I"/"l".
it: "P" nelle colonne dei tipi di carattere mono a spaziatura fissa rappresenta l'usabilità per la programmazione grazie a "0"/"O" e "1"/"I"/"l" chiaramente distinguibili.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The <literal>ttf-mscorefonts-installer</literal> package downloads Microsoft's "<ulink url="&corefontsfortheweb;">Core fonts for the Web</ulink>" and installs <ulink url="&arial;">Arial</ulink>, <ulink url="&timesnewroman;">Times New Roman</ulink>, <ulink url="&couriernew;">Courier New</ulink>, <ulink url="&verdana;">Verdana</ulink>, ... . These installed font data are non-free data.
it: Il pacchetto <literal>ttf-mscorefonts-installer</literal> scarica i "<ulink url="&corefontsfortheweb;">Tipi di carattere principali per il Web</ulink>" di Microsoft e installa <ulink url="&arial;">Arial</ulink>, <ulink url="&timesnewroman;">Times New Roman</ulink>, <ulink url="&couriernew;">Courier New</ulink>, <ulink url="&verdana;">Verdana</ulink>, ... Questi tipi di carattere installati sono dati non liberi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Many free Latin fonts have their lineage traced to <ulink url="&urwnimbus;">URW Nimbus</ulink> family or <ulink url="&bitstreamvera;">Bitstream Vera</ulink>.
it: Molti tipi di carattere Latin sono una discendenza dalla famiglia <ulink url="&urwnimbus;">URW Nimbus</ulink> o <ulink url="&bitstreamvera;">Bitstream Vera</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: If your locale needs fonts not covered well by the above fonts, please use aptitude to check under task packages listed under "Tasks" -&gt; "Localization".  The font packages listed as "Depends:" or "Recommends:" in the localization task packages are the primary candidates.
it: Se la propria localizzazione necessita di tipi di carattere non coperti bene dai tipi di carattere elencati sopra, usare aptitude per controllare nei pacchetti task elencati in "Task" -&gt; "Localizzazione". I pacchetti di tipi di carattere elencati come "Dipende:" o "Raccomanda:" nei pacchetti dei task di localizzazione sono i candidati principali.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Font rasterization
it: Rasterizzazione dei tipi di carattere

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Debian uses <ulink url="&freetype;">FreeType</ulink> to rasterize fonts. Its font choice infrastructure is provided by the <ulink url="&fontconfig;">Fontconfig</ulink> font configuration library.
it: Debia usa <ulink url="&freetype;">FreeType</ulink> per rasterizzare i tipi di carattere. La sua infrastruttura di scelta dei caratteri è fornita dalla libreria per configurazione dei tipi di carattere <ulink url="&fontconfig;">Fontconfig</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of notable font environment and related packages
it: Elenco di ambienti per i tipi di carattere degli di nota e pacchetti correlati

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&freetype;">FreeType</ulink> font rasterization library
it: <ulink url="&freetype;">FreeType</ulink>, libreria per rasterizzazione di tipi di carattere

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&fontconfig;">Fontconfig</ulink> font configuration library
it: <ulink url="&fontconfig;">Fontconfig</ulink>, libreria per la configurazione dei tipi di carattere

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>fc-*</literal>: CLI commands for <ulink url="&fontconfig;">Fontconfig</ulink>
it: <literal>fc-*</literal>: comandi CLI per <ulink url="&fontconfig;">Fontconfig</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&fontmanager;">Font Manager</ulink>: GUI command for <ulink url="&fontconfig;">Fontconfig</ulink>
it: <ulink url="&fontmanager;">Font Manager</ulink>: comando GUI per <ulink url="&fontconfig;">Fontconfig</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Nautilus extension for <ulink url="&fontmanager;">Font Manager</ulink>
it: Estensione di Nautilus per <ulink url="&fontmanager;">Font Manager</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Some font packages such as <literal>fonts-noto*</literal> install too many fonts. You may also want to keep some font packages installed but disabled under the normal use situation.  The multiple <ulink url="&glyphs;">glyphs</ulink> are expected for some <ulink url="&unicode;">Unicode</ulink> code points due to <ulink url="&hanunification;">Han unification</ulink> and unwanted gliphs may be chosen by the unconfigured Fontconfig library.  One of the most annoying case is "U+3001 IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA" and "U+3002 IDEOGRAPHIC FULL STOP" among CJK countries.  You can avoid this problematic situation easily by configuring font availability using Font Manager GUI (<ulink url="&fontmanager;">font-manager</ulink>).
it: Alcuni pacchetti di tipi di carattere, come <literal>fonts-noto*</literal> installano troppi tipi di carattere. Si può anche voler mantenere installati alcuni pacchetti di caratteri ma disabilitarli per le situazioni normali d'uso. Per alcuni punti del codice <ulink url="&unicode;">Unicode</ulink> sono necessari <ulink url="&glyphs;">glifi</ulink> multipli a causa della <ulink url="&hanunification;">unificazione Han</ulink> e glifi non desiderati possono essere scelti dalla libreria Fontconfig non configurata. Uno dei casi più noiosi sono "U+3001 IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA" e "U+3002 IDEOGRAPHIC FULL STOP" nei paesi CJK. Si può facilmente evitare questa situazione problematica configurando la disponibilità dei tipi di carattere usando la GUI per la gestione dei tipi di carattere (<ulink url="&fontmanager;">font-manager</ulink>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can list font configuration state from the command line, too.
it: È possibile anche elencare lo stato di configurazione dei tipi di carattere dalla riga di comando.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>fc-match(1)</literal>" for fontconfig font default
it: "<literal>fc-match(1)</literal>" per le impostazioni predefinite per i tipi di carattere di fontconfig

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>fc-list(1)</literal>" for available fontconfig fonts
it: "<literal>fc-list(1)</literal>" per i tipi di carattere disponibili per fontconfig

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can configure font configuration state from the text editor but this is non-trivial.  See <literal>fonts.conf</literal>(5).
it: Si può impostare lo stato di configurazione di un tipo di carattere dall'editor di testo, ma non è una cosa banale. Vedere <literal>fonts.conf</literal>(5).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Many mostly GUI applications on Linux are available in binary formats from non-Debian sources.
it: Molte applicazioni, soprattutto GUI, in Linux sono disponibili solamente in forma binaria da fonti non-Debian.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&appimagelinuxappsthatrunanywhere;"> AppImage -- Linux apps that run anywhere </ulink>
it: <ulink url="&appimagelinuxappsthatrunanywhere;"> AppImage -- App Linux che funzionano ovunque </ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&flathubappsforlinuxrighthere;"> FLATHUB -- Apps for Linux, right here </ulink>
it: <ulink url="&flathubappsforlinuxrighthere;"> FLATHUB -- App per Linux, proprio qui </ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&snapcrafttheappstoreforlinux;"> snapcraft -- The app store for Linux </ulink>
it: <ulink url="&snapcrafttheappstoreforlinux;"> snapcraft -- Negozio di app per Linux </ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><warning><para>
en: Binaries from these sites may include proprietary non-free software packages.
it: I binari da questi siti possono includere pacchetti software proprietari non liberi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: There is some raison d'être for these binary format distributions for Free Software aficionados using Debian since these can accommodate clean set of libraries used for each application by the respective upstream developer independent of the ones provided by Debian.
it: Esiste una ragione d'essere per queste distribuzioni in formato binario per gli aficionados del Software Libero che usano Debian, dato che queste possono fornire un insieme pulito di librerie usato per ciascuna applicazione dal corrispondente sviluppatore a monte, indipendentemente da quelle fornite da Debian.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The inherent risk of running external binaries can be reduced by using the <ulink url="&sandboxenvironment;">sandbox environment</ulink> which leverages modern Linux security features (see <xref linkend="_linux_security_features"/>).
it: Il rischio intrinseco dell'esecuzione di binari esterni può essere ridotto utilizzando un <ulink url="&sandboxenvironment;">ambiente sandbox</ulink> che sfrutta le funzionalità di sicurezza moderne di Linux (vedere <xref linkend="_linux_security_features"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: For binaries from AppImage and some upstream sites, run them in <ulink url="&firejail;"> firejail </ulink> with <ulink url="&manualconfiguration;">manual configuration</ulink>.
it: Per i binari da AppImage e alcuni siti a monte, eseguirli in <ulink url="&firejail;"> firejail </ulink> con <ulink url="&manualconfiguration;">configurazione manuale</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: For binaries from FLATHUB, run them in <ulink url="&flatpak;"> Flatpak </ulink>. (No manual configuration required.)
it: Per i binari da FLATHUB, eseguirli in <ulink url="&flatpak;"> Flatpak </ulink>. (Non è necessaria una configurazione manuale).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: For binaries from snapcraft, run them in <ulink url="&snap;"> Snap </ulink>. (No manual configuration required. Compatible with daemon programs.)
it: Per i binari da snapcraft, eseguirli in <ulink url="&snap;"> Snap </ulink>. (Nessuna configurazione manuale richiesta; compatibile con programmi demone.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The <literal>xdg-desktop-portal</literal> package provides a standardized API to common desktop features.  See <ulink url="&xdgdesktopportalflatpak;"> xdg-desktop-portal (flatpak) </ulink> and <ulink url="&xdgdesktopportalsnap;"> xdg-desktop-portal (snap) </ulink>.
it: Il pacchetto <literal>xdg-desktop-portal</literal> fornisce un'API standardizzata per le funzionalità comuni del desktop. Vedere <ulink url="&xdgdesktopportalflatpak;">xdg-desktop-portal (flatpak)</ulink> e <ulink url="&xdgdesktopportalsnap;">xdg-desktop-portal (snap)</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of notable sandbox environment and related packages
it: Elenco di ambienti sandbox degni di nota e pacchetti correlati

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&flatpak;">Flatpak</ulink> application deployment framework for desktop apps
it: <ulink url="&flatpak;">Flatpak</ulink>, infrastruttura di messa in produzione di applicazioni per app per desktop

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Flatpak support for GNOME Software
it: Supporto Flatpak per il Software GNOME

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Daemon and tooling that enable <ulink url="&snap;">snap</ulink> packages
it: Demone e strumentazione che abilitano i pacchetti <ulink url="&snap;">snap</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Snap support for GNOME Software
it: Supporto Snap per il Software GNOME

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: desktop integration portal for Flatpak and Snap
it: Portale di integrazione nel desktop per Flatpak e Snap

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&xdgdesktopportalckendforgtkgnome;"> xdg-desktop-portal backend for gtk (GNOME) </ulink>
it: <ulink url="&xdgdesktopportalckendforgtkgnome;">backend xdg-desktop-portal per GTK (GNOME) </ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&xdgdesktopportalbackendforqtkde;"> xdg-desktop-portal backend for Qt (KDE) </ulink>
it: <ulink url="&xdgdesktopportalbackendforqtkde;">backend xdg-desktop-portal per Qt (KDE) </ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&xdgdesktopportalorwlrootswayland;"> xdg-desktop-portal backend for wlroots (Wayland) </ulink>
it: <ulink url="&xdgdesktopportalorwlrootswayland;">backend xdg-desktop-portal per wlroots (Wayland) </ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: a SUID security sandbox program <ulink url="&firejail;">firejail</ulink> for use with <ulink url="&appimage;">AppImage</ulink>
it: programma per sandbox con sicurezza SUID <ulink url="&firejail;">firejail</ulink> per l'uso con <ulink url="&appimage;">AppImage</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: This sandbox environment technology is very much like apps on smart phone OS where apps are executed under controlled resource accesses.
it: Questa tecnologia per ambiente sandbox è molto simile a come le app nei SO degli smartphone vengono eseguite con accesso controllato alle risorse.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Some large GUI applications such as web browsers on Debian also use sandbox environment technology internally to make them more secure.
it: Anche alcune grandi applicazioni GUI come browser web in Debian usano internamente la tecnologia degli ambienti sandbox per renderle più sicure.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Remote desktop
it: Desktop remoto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><para>
en: Access to the desktop and applications which use Wayland protocol and run on the remote host is supported by the <ulink url="&gnomeremotedesktop;">GNOME Remote Desktop</ulink> on the remote host through <ulink url="&vnc;">VNC</ulink> or <ulink url="&rdp;">RDP</ulink> to the local client.
it: L'accesso al desktop e alle applicazioni che usano il protocollo Wayland e sono eseguite su un host remoto è supportato da <ulink url="&gnomeremotedesktop;">GNOME Remote Desktop</ulink> sull'host remoto attraverso <ulink url="&vnc;">VNC</ulink> o <ulink url="&rdp;">RDP</ulink> al client locale.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><para>
en: Access to the desktop capabilities of all QEMU virtual machines is supported by the <ulink url="&spicethesimpleprtingenvironments;">SPICE (the Simple Protocol for Independent Computing Environments)</ulink> protocol.
it: L'accesso alle funzionalità del desktop di tutte le macchine virtuali QEMU è supportato dal protocollo <ulink url="&spicethesimpleprtingenvironments;">SPICE (the Simple Protocol for Independent Computing Environments, il semplice protocollo per ambienti di calcolo indipendenti)</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of notable remote access server
it: Elenco di server per l'accesso remoto degni di nota

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: protocols
it: protocolli

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&gnomeremotedesktop;">GNOME Remote Desktop</ulink> server
it: server <ulink url="&gnomeremotedesktop;">GNOME Remote Desktop</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&xrdp;">xrdp</ulink>, Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) server
it: <ulink url="&xrdp;">xrdp</ulink>, server RDP (Remote Desktop Protocol)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&xbbvnc;">x11vnc</ulink>, Remote Framebuffer Protocol (VNC) server
it: <ulink url="&xbbvnc;">x11vnc</ulink>, server Remote Framebuffer Protocol (VNC)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&tigervnc;">TigerVNC</ulink>, Remote Framebuffer Protocol (VNC) server
it: <ulink url="&tigervnc;">TigerVNC</ulink>, server Remote Framebuffer Protocol (VNC)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&gnomeremotedesktopclient;">GNOME remote desktop client</ulink>
it: <ulink url="&gnomeremotedesktopclient;">client per desktop remoto GNOME</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&vinagregnomeremotedesktopclient;">Vinagre: GNOME remote desktop client</ulink>
it: <ulink url="&vinagregnomeremotedesktopclient;">Vinagre: client per desktop remoto di GNOME</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&remminagtkremotedesktopclient;">Remmina: GTK remote desktop client</ulink>
it: <ulink url="&remminagtkremotedesktopclient;">Remmina: client GTK per desktop remoto</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&krdckderemotedesktopclient;">KRDC: KDE remote desktop client</ulink>
it: <ulink url="&krdckderemotedesktopclient;">KRDC: client KDE per desktop remoto</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&virtualmachinemanager;">Virtual Machine Manager</ulink>'s GUI display client of guest OS
it: client con display GUI di <ulink url="&virtualmachinemanager;">Virtual Machine Manager</ulink> del sistema operativo ospite

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: X server connection
it: Connessione a server X

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: There are several ways to connect from an application on a remote host to the X server including <literal>xwayland</literal> on the local host.
it: Ci sono diversi modi per connettersi da un'applicazione su un host remoto al server X, incluso <literal>xwayland</literal> sull'host locale.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of connection methods to the X server
it: Elenco di metodi di connessione al server X

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>sshd</literal> with option <literal>X11-forwarding</literal>
it: <literal>sshd</literal> con l'opzione <literal>X11-forwarding</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&ssh;">SSH</ulink> server (secure)
it: server <ulink url="&ssh;">SSH</ulink> (sicuro)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&ssh;">SSH</ulink> client (secure)
it: client <ulink url="&ssh;">SSH</ulink> (sicuro)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: X authority file utility
it: utilità per file X authority

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: server access control for X
it: controllo degli accessi al server per X

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: X server local connection
it: Connessione locale al server X

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Access to the local X server by the local applications which use X core protocol can be locally connected through a local UNIX domain socket.  This can be authorized by the authority file holding <ulink url="&accesscookie;">access cookie</ulink>. The authority file location is identified by the "<literal>$XAUTHORITY</literal>" environment variable and X display is identified by the "<literal>$DISPLAY</literal>" environment variable.  Since these are normally set automatically, no special action is needed, e.g. "<literal>gitk</literal>" as the following.
it: L'accesso al server X locale da parte delle applicazioni locali che usano il protocollo di base X può essere connesso localmente attraverso un socket locale di dominio UNIX. Ciò può essere autorizzato dal file di autorità che contiene i <ulink url="&accesscookie;">cookie di accesso</ulink>. Il file authority è identificato dalla variabile d'ambiente "<literal>$XAUTHORITY</literal>" e il display X è identificato dalla variabile d'ambiente "<literal>$DISPLAY</literal>". Dato che queste vengono normalmente impostate automaticamente, non è necessaria alcuna azione speciale, ad es. "<literal>gitk</literal>" come segue.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: For <literal>xwayland</literal>, <literal>XAUTHORITY</literal> holds value like "<literal>/run/user/1000/.mutter-Xwaylandauth.YVSU30</literal>".
it: Per <literal>xwayland</literal>, <literal>XAUTHORITY</literal> contiene un valore come "<literal>/run/user/1000/.mutter-Xwaylandauth.YVSU30</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: X server remote connection
it: Connessione remota a server X

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Access to the local X server display from the remote applications which use X core protocol is supported by using the X11 forwarding feature.
it: L'accesso al display del server X locale da parte di applicazioni remote che usano il protocollo principale X è supportato usando la funzionalità di inoltro di X11.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Open an <literal>gnome-terminal</literal> on the local host.
it: Aprire un <literal>gnome-terminal</literal> sull'host locale.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Run <literal>ssh</literal>(1) with <literal>-X</literal> option to establish a connection with the remote site as the following.
it: Eseguire <literal>ssh</literal>(1) con l'opzione <literal>-X</literal> per stabilire una connessione con il sito remoto nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Run an X application command, e.g. "<literal>gitk</literal>", on the remote site as the following.
it: Eseguire un comando applicativo X, ad esempio "<literal>gitk</literal>", sul sito remoto nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This method can display the output from a remote X client as if it were locally connected through a local UNIX domain socket.
it: Questo metodo può mostrare l'output da un client X remoto come se fosse connesso localmente attraverso un socket UNIX locale.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See <xref linkend="_the_remote_access_server_and_utilities_ssh"/> for SSH/SSHD.
it: Vedere <xref linkend="_the_remote_access_server_and_utilities_ssh"/> per SSH/SSHD.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
en: A remote <ulink url="&tcp;">TCP</ulink>/<ulink url="&ip;">IP</ulink> connection to the X server is disabled by default on the Debian system for security reasons.  Don't enable them by simply setting "<literal>xhost +</literal>" nor by enabling <ulink url="&xdmcpconnection;">XDMCP connection</ulink>, if you can avoid it.
it: La connessione <ulink url="&tcp;">TCP</ulink>/<ulink url="&ip;">IP</ulink> remota al server X è disabilitata in modo predefinito nel sistema Debian per ragioni di sicurezza. Non abilitarla impostando semplicemente "<literal>xhost +</literal>", né abilitando <ulink url="&xdmcpconnection;">connessioni XDMCP</ulink>, se lo si può evitare.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: X server chroot connection
it: Connessione chroot a server X

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Access to the X server by the applications which use X core protocol and run on the same host but in an environment such as chroot where the authority file is not accessible, can be authorized securely with <literal>xhost</literal> by using the <ulink url="&userbasedaccess;">User-based access</ulink>, e.g. "<literal>gitk</literal>" as the following.
it: L'accesso al server X da parte delle applicazioni che usano il protocollo centrale di X e vengono eseguite sullo stesso host ma in un ambiente come una chroot dove il file di autorità non è accessibile può essere autorizzato in maniera sicura con <literal>xhost</literal> usando l'<ulink url="&userbasedaccess;">accesso basato su utente</ulink>, es. "<literal>gitk</literal>" come segue:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Clipboard
it: Appunti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: For clipping text to clipboard, see <xref linkend="_mouse_operations"/>.
it: Per ritagliare testo negli appunti, vedere <xref linkend="_mouse_operations"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: For clipping graphics to clipboard, see <xref linkend="_graphic_data_tools"/>.
it: Per tagliare grafica negli appunti vedere <xref linkend="_graphic_data_tools"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Some CLI commands can manipulate character clipboard (PRIMARY and CLIPBOARD), too.
it: Anche alcuni comandi CLI possono manipolare gli appunti a carattere (PRIMARY e CLIPBOARD).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of programs related to manipulating character clipboard
it: Elenco di programmi correlati con la manipolazione degli appunti a caratteri

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: command line interface to X selections (clipboard)
it: interfaccia a riga di comando per la selezione in X (appunti)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>wl-copy</literal> <literal>wl-paste</literal>: command line interface to <ulink url="&waylandclipboard;">Wayland clipboard</ulink>
it: <literal>wl-copy</literal> <literal>wl-paste</literal>: interfaccia a riga di comando per gli <ulink url="&waylandclipboard;">appunti di Wayland</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Linux console
it: Console Linux

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: a daemon that captures mouse events on Linux console
it: un demone che cattura eventi del mouse sulla console Linux

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
en: I18N and L10N
it: I18N e L10N

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
en: <ulink url="&multilingualizatelanguagesupport;">Multilingualization (M17N) or Native Language Support</ulink> for an application software is done in 2 steps.
it: Il <ulink url="&multilingualizatelanguagesupport;">supporto per le lingue native o M17N (Multilingualization)</ulink> per un software applicativo è ottenuto in 2 passi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Internationalization (I18N): To make a software potentially handle multiple locales.
it: L'internazionalizzazione (I18N): per rendere un software capace di gestire potenzialmente localizzazioni multiple.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Localization (L10N): To make a software handle an specific locale.
it: Localizzazione (L10N): per fare gestire dal software una localizzazione specifica.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><tip><para>
en: There are 17, 18, or 10 letters between "m" and "n", "i" and "n", or "l" and "n" in multilingualization, internationalization, and localization which correspond to M17N, I18N, and L10N. See <ulink url="&internationalizanandlocalization;">Internationalization and localization</ulink> for details.
it: Ci sono 17, 18 o 10 lettere tra le lettere "m" e "n", "i" e "n" o "l" e "n" in, rispettivamente, "multilingualization", "internazionalization" e "localization" che sono i termini inglesi corrispondenti a M17N, I18N e L10N. Per i dettagli vedere <ulink url="&internationalizanandlocalization;">Internationalizzazione e localizzazione</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: The locale
it: La localizzazione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The behavior of programs supporting internationalization are configured by the environment variable "<literal>$LANG</literal>" to support localization.  Actual support of locale dependent features by the <literal>libc</literal> library requires to install <literal>locales</literal> or <literal>locales-all</literal> packages.  The <literal>locales</literal> package requires to be initialized properly.
it: Il comportamento dei programmi che supportano l'internazionalizzazione è configurato dalla variabile d'ambiente "<literal>$LANG</literal>" per supportare la localizzazione. L'effettivo supporto delle funzionalità dipendenti dalla localizzazione da parte della libreria <literal>libc</literal> richiede l'installazione dei pacchetti <literal>locales</literal> o <literal>locales-all</literal>. Il pacchetto <literal>locales</literal> deve essere inizializzato correttamente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: If neither <literal>locales</literal> or <literal>locales-all</literal> package are installed, support of locale features are lost and system uses US English messages and handles data as <emphasis role="strong">ASCII</emphasis>.  This behavior is the same way as "<literal>$LANG</literal>" is set by "<literal>LANG=</literal>", "<literal>LANG=C</literal>", or "<literal>LANG=POSIX</literal>".
it: Se non è installato né il pacchetto <literal>locales</literal> né <literal>locales-all</literal>, il supporto delle funzionalità di localizzazione è perso e il sistema usa i messaggi in inglese US e gestisce i dati come <emphasis role="strong">ASCII</emphasis>. Questo comportamento è uguale a quando "<literal>$LANG</literal>" è impostato a "<literal>LANG=</literal>", "<literal>LANG=C</literal>" o "<literal>LANG=POSIX</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The modern software such as GNOME and KDE are multilingualized.  They are internationalized by making them handle <ulink url="&utfi;">UTF-8</ulink> data and localized by providing their translated messages through the <literal>gettext</literal>(1) infrastructure.  Translated messages may be provided as separate localization packages.
it: Il software moderno, come GNOME e KDE ha il supporto per più lingue. È internazionalizzato rendendolo capace di gestire dati <ulink url="&utfi;">UTF-8</ulink> e localizzato fornendo i messaggi tradotti attraverso l'infrastruttura <literal>gettext</literal>(1). I messaggi tradotti possono essere forniti in pacchetti separati di localizzazione.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The current Debian desktop GUI system normally sets the locale under GUI environment as "<literal>LANG=xx_YY.UTF-8</literal>".  Here, "<literal>xx</literal>" is <ulink url="&isogdjlanguagecodes;">ISO 639 language codes</ulink> and "<literal>YY</literal>" is <ulink url="&isodbggcountrycodes;">ISO 3166 country codes</ulink>.  These values are set by the desktop configuration GUI dialogue and change the program behavior.  See <xref linkend="_the_literal_lang_literal_variable"/>
it: L'attuale sistema GUI del desktop Debian normalmente imposta la localizzazione nell'ambiente GUI come "<literal>LANG=xx_YY.UTF-8</literal>". Qui "<literal>xx</literal>" è il <ulink url="&isogdjlanguagecodes;">codice ISO 639 di lingua</ulink> e "<literal>YY</literal>" è il <ulink url="&isodbggcountrycodes;">codice ISO 3166 di paese</ulink>. Questi valori sono impostati dal dialogo GUI di configurazione del desktop e cambiano il comportamento del programma. Vedere <xref linkend="_the_literal_lang_literal_variable"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Rationale for UTF-8 locale
it: Logica alla base dell'uso della localizzazione UTF-8

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The simplest representation of the text data is <emphasis role="strong">ASCII</emphasis> which is sufficient for English and uses less than 127 characters (representable with 7 bits).
it: La più semplice rappresentazione di dati testuali è <emphasis role="strong">ASCII</emphasis> che è sufficiente per l'inglese e usa meno di 127 caratteri (rappresentabili con 7 bit).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Even plain English text may contain non-ASCII characters, e.g. slightly curly left and right quotation marks are not available in ASCII.
it: Anche un testo in semplice inglese può contenere caratteri non ASCII; le virgolette singole ricurve destra e sinistra per esempio non sono disponibili in ASCII.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: In order to support more characters, many character sets and encoding systems have been used to support many languages (see <xref linkend="list-of-encoding-values"/>).
it: Per poter gestire più caratteri, molti insiemi di caratteri e sistemi di codifica sono stati usati per supportare molte lingue (vedere <xref linkend="list-of-encoding-values"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <ulink url="&unicode;">Unicode</ulink> character set can represent practically all characters known to human with 21 bit code point range (i.e., 0 to 10FFFF in hexadecimal notation).
it: L'insieme di caratteri <ulink url="&unicode;">Unicode</ulink> può rappresentare praticamente tutti i caratteri conosciuti con un intervallo di codici a 21 bit (cioè da 0 a10FFFF in notazione esadecimale).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Text encoding system <ulink url="&utfi;">UTF-8</ulink> fits Unicode code points into a sensible 8 bit data stream mostly compatible with the ASCII data processing system.  This makes <emphasis role="strong">UTF-8</emphasis> the modern preferred choice.  <emphasis role="strong">UTF</emphasis> stands for Unicode Transformation Format.  When <ulink url="&ascii;">ASCII</ulink> plain text data is converted to <ulink url="&utfi;">UTF-8</ulink> one, it has exactly the same content and size as the original ASCII one.  So you loose nothing by deploying UTF-8 locale.
it: Il sistema di codifica <ulink url="&utfi;">UTF-8</ulink> fa rientrare i codici Unicode in un flusso di dati ragionevole a 8 bit per la maggior parte compatibile con il sistema di elaborazione dei dati ASCII. Questo fa di <emphasis role="strong">UTF-8</emphasis> la scelta moderna preferita. <emphasis role="strong">UTF</emphasis> sta per Unicode Transformation Format (formato di trasformazione di Unicode). Quando i dati in testo semplice <ulink url="&ascii;">ASCII</ulink> sono convertiti in dati <ulink url="&utfi;">UTF-8</ulink>, questi hanno esattamente lo stesso contenuto e dimensione di quelli ASCII originali. Perciò non si perde nulla utilizzando la localizzazione UTF-8.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Under <ulink url="&utfi;">UTF-8</ulink> locale with the compatible application program, you can display and edit any foreign language text data as long as required fonts and input methods are installed and enabled.  For example under "<literal>LANG=fr_FR.UTF-8</literal>" locale, <literal>gedit</literal>(1) (text editor for the GNOME desktop) can display and edit Chinese character text data while presenting menus in French.
it: Nella localizzazione <ulink url="&utfi;">UTF-8</ulink>, se si usa un programma applicativo compatibile, si possono visualizzare e modificare dati di testo in qualsiasi lingua straniera, purché siano installati e abilitati i tipi di carattere e i metodi di input richiesti. Per esempio, nella localizzazione "<literal>LANG=it_IT.UTF-8</literal>", <literal>gedit</literal>(1) (editor di testo per il desktop GNOME) può visualizzare e modificare dati testuali in caratteri cinesi continuando a presentare i menu in italiano.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Both the new standard "<literal>en_US.UTF-8</literal>" locale and the old standard "<literal>C</literal>"/"<literal>POSIX</literal>" locale use the standard US English message, they have subtle differences in sorting order etc.  If you want to handle not only ASCII characters but also handle all UTF-8 encoded characters gracefully while maintaining the old "<literal>C</literal>" local behavior, use the non-standard "<literal>C.UTF-8</literal>" locale on Debian.
it: Sia la nuova localizzazione standard "<literal>en_US.UTF-8</literal>", sia la vecchia localizzazione standard "<literal>C</literal>"/"<literal>POSIX</literal>" usano i messaggi in inglese americano standard, ma hanno sottili differenze negli ordinamenti, ecc. Se si desidera gestire in maniera corretta non solo caratteri ASCII, ma anche tutti i caratteri codificati UTF-8 pur mantenendo il vecchio comportamento locale "<literal>C</literal>", usare in Debian la localizzazione non standard "<literal>C.UTF-8</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: Some programs consume more memory after supporting I18N.  This is because they are coded to use <ulink url="&utfdcucse;">UTF-32(UCS4)</ulink> internally to support Unicode for speed optimization and consume 4 bytes per each ASCII character data independent of locale selected.  Again, you loose nothing by deploying UTF-8 locale.
it: Alcuni programmi usano più memoria dopo l'inclusione del supporto per l'internazionalizzazione. Questo avviene perché il loro codice è programmato per usare internamente <ulink url="&utfdcucse;">UTF-32(UCS4)</ulink> per supportare Unicode al fine di ottimizzare la velocità e consumano 4 byte per ogni dato di carattere ASCII, indipendentemente dalla localizzazione selezionata. Ancora una volta usando la localizzazione UTF-8 non si perde nulla.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The reconfiguration of the locale
it: La (ri)configurazione della localizzazione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: In order for the system to access a particular locale, the locale data must be compiled from the locale database.
it: Per far sì che un sistema abbia accesso ad una localizzazione particolare, è necessario che i dati della localizzazione siano stati compilati a partire dal database della localizzazione.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <literal>locales</literal> package does <emphasis role="strong">not</emphasis> come with pre-compiled locale data.  You need to configure it as:
it: Il pacchetto <literal>locales</literal> <emphasis role="strong">non</emphasis> viene fornito con dati di localizzazione pre-compilati. È necessario configurarlo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This process involves 2 steps.
it: Questo processo comprende 2 passi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Select all required locale data to be compiled into the binary form. (Please make sure to include at least one UTF-8 locale)
it: Selezionare tutti i dati di localizzazione richiesti per la compilazione in formato binario. (Assicurarsi di includere almeno una localizzazione UTF-8.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Set the system wide default locale value by creating "<literal>/etc/default/locale</literal>" for use by PAM (see <xref linkend="_pam_and_nss"/>).
it: Impostare il valore della localizzazione predefinita a livello di tutto il sistema creando "<literal>/etc/default/locale</literal>", per l'uso da parte di PAM (vedere <xref linkend="_pam_and_nss"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The system wide default locale value set in "<literal>/etc/default/locale</literal>" may be overridden by the GUI configuration for GUI applications.
it: Il valore della localizzazione predefinita a livello di sistema impostato in "<literal>/etc/default/locale</literal>" può essere scavalcato dalla configurazione con GUI delle applicazioni GUI.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: Actual traditional encoding system can be identified by "<literal>/usr/share/i18n/SUPPORTED</literal>".  Thus, the "<literal>LANG=en_US</literal>" is "<literal>LANG=en_US.ISO-8859-1</literal>".
it: I sistemi di codifica tradizionali possono essere identificati da "<literal>/usr/share/i18n/SUPPORTED</literal>". Perciò "<literal>LANG=en_US</literal>" è "<literal>LANG=en_US.ISO-8859-1</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <literal>locales-all</literal> package comes with pre-compiled locale data for all locale data.  Since it doesn't create "<literal>/etc/default/locale</literal>", you may still need to install the <literal>locales</literal> package, too.
it: Il pacchetto <literal>locales-all</literal> viene fornito con tutti i dati di localizzazione pre-compilati. Dato che non crea "<literal>/etc/default/locale</literal>" può essere sempre necessario installare anche il pacchetto<literal>locales</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: The <literal>locales</literal> package of some Debian derivative distributions come with pre-compiled locale data for all locale data. You need to install both <literal>locales</literal> and <literal>locales-all</literal> packages on Debian to emulate such system environment.
it: Il pacchetto <literal>locales</literal> di alcune distribuzioni derivate da Debian viene fornito con dati di localizzazione precompilati per tutte le localizzazioni. Per emulare un tale ambiente di sistema in Debian è necessario installare entrambi i pacchetti <literal>locales</literal> e <literal>locales-all</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Filename encoding
it: Codifica per i nomi di file

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For cross platform data exchanges (see <xref linkend="_removable_storage_device"/>), you may need to mount some filesystem with particular encodings.  For example, <literal>mount</literal>(8) for <ulink url="&vfatfilesystem;">vfat filesystem</ulink> assumes <ulink url="&cpedh;">CP437</ulink> if used without option.  You need to provide explicit mount option to use <ulink url="&utfi;">UTF-8</ulink> or <ulink url="&cpjdc;">CP932</ulink> for filenames.
it: Per lo scambia di dati interpiattaforma (vedere <xref linkend="_removable_storage_device"/>), può essere necessario montare alcuni file system con codifiche particolari. Per esempio, <literal>mount</literal>(8), se usato senza opzioni, assume che venga usata la codifica <ulink url="&cpedh;">CP437</ulink> per il <ulink url="&vfatfilesystem;">file system vfat</ulink>. È necessario fornire esplicitamente opzioni di montaggio per usare nomi di file <ulink url="&utfi;">UTF-8</ulink> o <ulink url="&cpjdc;">CP932</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: If you are upgrading system or moving disk drives from older non-UTF-8 system, file names with non-ASCII characters may be encoded in the historic and deprecated encodings such as <ulink url="&isoiifjb;">ISO-8859-1</ulink> or <ulink url="&eucjp;">eucJP</ulink>.  Please seek help of text conversion tools to convert them to <ulink url="&utfi;">UTF-8</ulink>. See <xref linkend="_text_data_conversion_tools"/>.
it: Se si sta facendo l'aggiornamento di un sistema o spostando dischi da un sistema non UTF-8, i nomi di file con caratteri non ASCII potranno essere codificati con codifiche usate una volta e ora deprecate, come <ulink url="&isoiifjb;">ISO-8859-1</ulink> o <ulink url="&eucjp;">eucJP</ulink>. Cercare aiuto sugli strumenti di conversione dei testi per convrtirli in <ulink url="&utfi;">UTF-8</ulink>. Vedere <xref linkend="_text_data_conversion_tools"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <ulink url="&samba;">Samba</ulink> uses Unicode for newer clients (Windows NT, 200x, XP) but uses <ulink url="&cpifa;">CP850</ulink> for older clients (DOS and Windows 9x/Me) as default.  This default for older clients can be changed using "<literal>dos charset</literal>" in the "<literal>/etc/samba/smb.conf</literal>" file, e.g., to <ulink url="&cpjdc;">CP932</ulink> for Japanese.
it: <ulink url="&samba;">Samba</ulink> usa in modo predefinito Unicode per i client più moderni (Windows NT, 200x, XP), ma usa <ulink url="&cpifa;">CP850</ulink> per client più vecchi (DOS e Windows 9x/Me). Questo comportamento predefinito per i client più vecchi può essere modificato usando "<literal>dos charset</literal>" nel file "<literal>/etc/samba/smb.conf</literal>", per esempio usando "<ulink url="&cpjdc;">CP932</ulink>" per il giapponese.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Localized messages and translated documentation
it: Messaggi localizzati e documentazione tradotta

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Translations exist for many of the text messages and documents that are displayed in the Debian system, such as error messages, standard program output, menus, and manual pages.  <ulink url="&gnugettextbcommandtoolchain;">GNU gettext(1) command tool chain</ulink> is used as the backend tool for most translation activities.
it: Esistono le traduzioni di molti dei messaggi di testo e dei documenti che sono mostrati nel sistema Debian, come messaggi di errore, output standard dei programmi, menu e pagine di manuale. L'insieme di strumenti <ulink url="&gnugettextbcommandtoolchain;">GNU gettext(1)</ulink> è usato come strumento di backend per la maggior parte delle attività di traduzione.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Under "Tasks" → "Localization" <literal>aptitude</literal>(8) provides an extensive list of useful binary packages which add localized messages to applications and provide translated documentation.
it: <literal>aptitude</literal>(8) fornisce in "Task" → "Localizzazione" un ampio elenco di utili pacchetti binari che aggiungono alle applicazioni messaggi localizzati e che forniscono documentazione nella versione tradotta.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For example, you can obtain the localized message for manpage by installing the <literal>manpages-<emphasis>LANG</emphasis></literal> package. To read the Italian-language manpage for <emphasis>programname</emphasis> from "<literal>/usr/share/man/it/</literal>", execute as the following.
it: Per esempio, si possono ottenere i messaggi localizzati per le pagine man installando il pacchetto <literal>manpages-<emphasis>LINGUA</emphasis></literal>. Per leggere le pagine man di <emphasis>nomeprogramma</emphasis> in italiano contenute in "<literal>/usr/share/man/it/</literal>", eseguire il comando seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: GNU gettext can accommodate priority list of translation languages with <literal>$LANGUAGE</literal> environment variable. For example:
it: GNU gettext può gestire liste di priorità delle lingue di traduzione con la variabile d'ambiente <literal>$LANGUAGE</literal>. Per esempio:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For more, see <literal>info gettext</literal> and read the section "The LANGUAGE variable".
it: Per ulteriori informazioni vedere <literal>info gettext</literal> e leggere la sezione "The LANGUAGE variable".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Effects of the locale
it: Effetti della localizzazione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The sort order of characters with <literal>sort</literal>(1) and <literal>ls</literal>(1) are affected by the locale. Exporting <literal>LANG=en_US.UTF-8</literal> sorts in the dictionary <literal>A-&gt;a-&gt;B-&gt;b...-&gt;Z-&gt;z</literal> order, while exporting <literal>LANG=C.UTF-8</literal> sorts in ASCII binary <literal>A-&gt;B-&gt;...-&gt;Z-&gt;a-&gt;b...</literal> order.
it: Il criterio di ordinamento dei caratteri con <literal>sort</literal>(1) e <literal>ls</literal>(1) è influenzato dalla localizzazione. Esportando <literal>LANG=en_US.UTF-8</literal> l'ordinamento avviene nell'ordine <literal>A-&gt;a-&gt;B-&gt;b...-&gt;Z-&gt;z</literal>, mentre se si esporta <literal>LANG=C.UTF-8</literal> l'ordinamento avviene come in ASCII binario <literal>A-&gt;B-&gt;...-&gt;Z-&gt;a-&gt;b...</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The date format of <literal>ls</literal>(1) is affected by the locale (see <xref linkend="_customized_display_of_time_and_date"/>).
it: Il formato della data di <literal>ls</literal>(1) è influenzato dalla localizzazione (vedere <xref linkend="_customized_display_of_time_and_date"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The date format of <literal>date</literal>(1) is affected by the locale.  For example:
it: Il formato della data di <literal>date</literal>(1) è influenzato dalla localizzazione. Ad esempio:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Number punctuation are different for locales.  For example, in English locale, one thousand point one is displayed as "<literal>1,000.1</literal>" while in German locale, it is displayed as "<literal>1.000,1</literal>".  You may see this difference in spreadsheet program.
it: I caratteri di punteggiatura usati per i numeri sono diversi nelle varie localizzazioni. Per esempio, nella localizzazione inglese mille virgola uno è rappresentato come "<literal>1,000.1</literal>", mentre nella localizzazione in italiano è mostrato come "<literal>1.000,1</literal>". Si può vedere questa differenza nei programmi per fogli di calcolo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Each detail feature of "<literal>$LANG</literal>" environment variable may be overridden by setting "<literal>$LC_*</literal>" variables.  These environment variables can be overridden again by setting "<literal>$LC_ALL</literal>" variable.  See <literal>locale</literal>(7) manpage for the details.  Unless you have strong reason to create complicated configuration, please stay away from them and use only "<literal>$LANG</literal>" variable set to one of the UTF-8 locales.
it: Ogni caratteristica specifica della variabile d'ambiente "<literal>$LANG</literal>" può essere scavalcata impostando le variabili "<literal>$LC_*</literal>". Queste variabili d'ambiente a loro volta possono essere scavalcate impostando la variabile "<literal>$LC_ALL</literal>". Vedere la pagina di manuale <literal>locale</literal>(7) per i dettagli. A meno di non avere forti motivi per creare configurazioni complesse, stare lontani da esse e usare solo la variabile "<literal>$LANG</literal>" impostata ad una delle localizzazioni UTF-8.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: The keyboard input
it: L'input da tastiera

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The keyboard input for Linux console and X Window
it: L'input da tastiera per la console Linux e X Window

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The Debian system can be configured to work with many international keyboard arrangements using the <literal>keyboard-configuration</literal> and <literal>console-setup</literal> packages.
it: Il sistema Debian può essere configurato per funzionare con molte disposizioni di tastiera internazionali usando i pacchetti <literal>keyboard-configuration</literal> e <literal>console-setup</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For the Linux console and the X Window system, this updates configuration parameters in "<literal>/etc/default/keyboard</literal>" and "<literal>/etc/default/console-setup</literal>". This also configures the Linux console font.  Many non-ASCII characters including accented characters used by many European languages can be made available with <ulink url="&deadkey;">dead key</ulink>, <ulink url="&altgrkey;">AltGr key</ulink>, and <ulink url="&composekey;">compose key</ulink>.
it: Per la console Linux e il sistema X Window, questi aggiornano i parametri di configurazione in "<literal>/etc/default/keyboard</literal>" e "<literal>/etc/default/console-setup</literal>". Viene anche configurato il tipo di carattere per la console Linux. Molti caratteri non ASCII, inclusi quelli accentati usati da molte lingue europee, possono essere resi disponibili con il <ulink url="&deadkey;">"tasto morto" (dead key)</ulink>, il <ulink url="&altgrkey;">tasto AltGr</ulink> e il <ulink url="&composekey;">tasto di composizione (compose)</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The keyboard input for Wayland
it: L'input da tastiera per Wayland

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For GNOME on Wayland desktop system, <xref linkend="_the_keyboard_input_for_linux_console_and_x_window"/> can't support non-English European languages.  <ulink url="&ibus;">IBus</ulink> was made to support not only Asian languages but also European languages.  The package dependency of GNOME desktop Environment recommends "<literal>ibus</literal>" via "<literal>gnome-shell</literal>".  The code of "<literal>ibus</literal>" has been updated to integrate <literal>setxkbmap</literal> and XKB option functionalities.  You need to configure <literal>ibus</literal> from "GNOME Settings" or "GNOME Tweaks" for the multilingualized keyboard input.
it: Per GNOME nei sistemi desktop Wayland, <xref linkend="_the_keyboard_input_for_linux_console_and_x_window"/> non può gestire le lingue europee diverse dall'inglese. <ulink url="&ibus;">IBus</ulink> è stato creato per supportare non solo le lingue asiatiche, ma anche quelle europee. Le dipendenze dai pacchetti dell'ambiente desktop GNOME raccomandano "<literal>ibus</literal>" attraverso "<literal>gnome-shell</literal>". Il codice di "<literal>ibus</literal>" è stato aggiornato per integrare tutte le fuzionalità delle opzioni di <literal>setxkbmap</literal> e XKB. È necessario configurare <literal>ibus</literal> dalle "Impostazioni di GNOME" o con "GNOME Tweaks" per l'input da tastiera multilingua.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: If ibus is active, your classic X keyboard configuration by the <literal>setxkbmap</literal> may be overridden by <literal>ibus</literal> even under classic X-based desktop environment.  You can disable installed <literal>ibus</literal> using <literal>im-config</literal> to set input method to "None".  For more, see <ulink url="&debianwikionkeyboard;">Debian Wiki on keyboard</ulink>.
it: Se ibus è attivo, la configurazione classica della tastiera X tramite <literal>setxkbmap</literal> può essere scavalcata da <literal>ibus</literal> anche neli ambienti desktop classici basati su X. Si può disabilitare un <literal>ibus</literal> installato usando <literal>im-config</literal> per impostare il metodo di input a "None" (Nessuno). Per ulteriori informazioni, vedere <ulink url="&debianwikionkeyboard;">le inforzioni del Debian Wiki sulla tastiera</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The input method support with IBus
it: Il supporto per metodo di input con IBus

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Since GNOME desktop Environment recommends "<literal>ibus</literal>" via "<literal>gnome-shell</literal>", "<literal>ibus</literal>" is the good choice for input method.
it: Dato che l'ambiente desktop GNOME raccomanda "<literal>ibus</literal>" attraverso "<literal>gnome-shell</literal>", "<literal>ibus</literal>" è una buona scelta come metodo di input.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Multilingual input to the application is processed as:
it: L'input multilingua verso l'applicazione è elaborato così:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The list of IBus and its engine packages are the following.
it: Ecco l'elenco dei pacchetti di IBus e del suo motore.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of IBus and its engine packages
it: Elenco di pacchetti di IBus e del suo motore

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: supported locale
it: localizzazioni supportate

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: input method framework using dbus
it: infrastruttura per metodo di input che usa dbus

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Japanese
it: giapponese

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Chinese (for zh_CN)
it: cinese (per zh_CN)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: , , (for zh_TW)
it: " " (per zh_TW)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: , , (for zh_CN/zh_TW)
it: " " (per zh_CN/zh_TW)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: , , (for zh_HK)
it: " " (per zh_HK)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Korean
it: coreano

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Thai
it: thailandese

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Vietnamese
it: vietnamita

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Multilingual: <ulink url="&keyman;">Keyman</ulink> engine for over 2000 languages
it: multilingue: motore <ulink url="&keyman;">Keyman</ulink> per più di 2000 lingue

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: table engine for IBus
it: motore di tabelle per IBus

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Multilingual: Indic, Arabic and others
it: multilingue: indico, arabico e altri

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: additional widgets for Plasma 5 containing Keyboard Indicator
it: widget aggiuntivi per Plasma 5 contenenti Keyboard Indicator

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: For Chinese, "<literal>fcitx5</literal>" may be an alternative input method framework.  For Emacs aficionados, "<literal>uim</literal>" may be an alternative.  Either cases, you may need to do extra manual configuration with <literal>im-config</literal>.  Some old classic <ulink url="&inputmethods;">input methods</ulink> such as "<literal>kinput2</literal>" may still exist in Debian repository but are not recommended for the modern environment.
it: Per il cinese, "<literal>fcitx</literal>" può essere un'infrastruttura per metodo di input alternativa. Per chi è abituato ad Emacs, "<literal>uim</literal>" può essere un'alternativa. In entrambi i casi, può essere necessario fare una configurazione manuale aggiuntiva con <literal>im-config</literal>. Alcuni vecchi <ulink url="&inputmethods;">metodi di input</ulink> classici, come "<literal>kinput2</literal>" possono ancora esistere nei repository Debian, ma non sono raccomandati per gli ambienti moderni.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: An example for Japanese
it: Un esempio per il giapponese

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: I find the Japanese input method started under English environment ("<literal>en_US.UTF-8</literal>") very useful.  Here is how I did this with IBus for GNOME on Wayland:
it: Trovo che il metodo di input per il giapponese avviato dall'ambiente inglese ("<literal>en_US.UTF-8</literal>") sia molto utile. Ecco come farlo con IBus per GNOME in Wayland:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Install the Japanese input tool package <literal>ibus-mozc</literal> (or <literal>ibus-anthy</literal>) with its recommended packages such as <literal>im-config</literal>.
it: Installare il pacchetto con gli strumenti di input per il giapponese <literal>ibus-mozc</literal> (o <literal>ibus-anthy</literal>) insieme ai pacchetti che raccomanda, come <literal>im-config</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Select "Settings" → "Keyboard" → "Input Sources" → click "<literal>+</literal>" in "Input Sources" → "Japanese" → "Japanese mozc (or anthy)" and click "Add" if it hasn't been activated.
it: Selezionare "Impstazioni" → "Tastiera" → "Input Sources" → fare clic su "<literal>+</literal>" in  "Input Sources" → "Japanese" → "Japanese mozc (o anthy)" e fare clic su "Aggiungi" se non è stato attivato.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: You may chose as many input sources.
it: Si possono scegliere più sorgenti di input.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Relogin to user's account.
it: Rieseguire il login nell'account utente

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Setup each input source by right clicking the GUI toolbar icon.
it: Impostare ciascuna fonte di input cliccando con il pulsante destro sull'icona della barra degli strumenti GUI.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Switch among installed input sources by SUPER-SPACE. (SUPER is normally the Windows key.)
it: Passare da una all'altra delle fonti di input installate con SUPER-SPAZIO. (SUPER è solitamente il tasto Windows.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: If you wish to have access to alphabet only keyboard environment with the physical Japanese keyboard on which shift-<literal>2</literal> has <literal>"</literal> (double quotation mark) engraved, you select "Japanese" in the above procedure.  You can enter Japanese using "Japanese mozc (or anthy)" with physical "US" keyboard on which shift-<literal>2</literal> has <literal>@</literal> (at mark) engraved.
it: Se si desidera avere accesso ad un ambiente tastiera con solo alfabeto con la tastiera fisica giapponese in cui Maiusc-<literal>2</literal> ha stampato <literal>"</literal> (virgolette doppie), selezionare "Japanese" nella procedura descritta sopra. Si può inserire giapponese usando "Japanese mozc (o anthy)" con una tastiera fisica "US" in cui Maiusc-<literal>2</literal> ha stampato <literal>@</literal> (la chiocciolina).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The GUI menu entry for <literal>im-config</literal>(8) is "Input method".
it: La voce di menu GUI per <literal>im-config</literal>(8) è "Input method".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Alternatively, execute "<literal>im-config</literal>" from user's shell.
it: In alternativa eseguire "<literal>im-config</literal>" dalla shell dell'utente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>im-config</literal>(8) behaves differently if command is executed from root or not.
it: <literal>im-config</literal>(8) si comporta in modo diverso a seconda se è eseguito da root o no.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>im-config</literal>(8) enables the best input method on the system as default without any user actions.
it: <literal>im-config</literal>(8) abilita il miglior metodo di input sul sistema come impostazione predefinita senza alcuna azione dell'utente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: The display output
it: L'output sul display

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Linux console can only display limited characters.  (You need to use special terminal program such as <literal>jfbterm</literal>(1) to display non-European languages on the non-GUI console.)
it: La console Linux può mostrare solamente un numero limitato di caratteri. (È necessario usare speciali programmi per terminale come <literal>jfbterm</literal>(1) per mostrare lingue non Europee nella console non-GUI.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: GUI environment (<xref linkend="_gui_system"/>) can display any characters in the UTF-8 as long as required fonts are installed and enabled. (The encoding of the original font data is taken care and transparent to the user.)
it: L'ambiente GUI (<xref linkend="_gui_system"/>) può mostrare qualsiasi carattere in UTF-8 purché siano installati e abilitati i tipi di carattere richiesti. (La codifica dei dati dei tipi di carattere originali viene gestita in modo trasparente per l'utente.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: East Asian Ambiguous Character Width Characters
it: Caratteri dell'Asia dell'est con larghezza ambigua

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: You can work around this problem:
it: Questo problema può essere aggirato:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>gnome-terminal</literal>: Preferences → Profiles → <emphasis>Profile name</emphasis> → Compatibility → Ambiguous-wide characters → Narrow
it: <literal>gnome-terminal</literal>: Modifica → Preferenze → Profili → <emphasis>Nome del profilo</emphasis> → Compatibilità → Caratteri a larghezza ambigua → Stretto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>ncurses</literal>: Set environment <literal>export NCURSES_NO_UTF8_ACS=0</literal>.
it: <literal>ncurses</literal>: impostare l'ambiente <literal>export NCURSES_NO_UTF8_ACS=0</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
en: System tips
it: Suggerimenti per il sistema

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
en: Here, I describe basic tips to configure and manage systems, mostly from the console.
it: In questa sezione vengono descritti suggerimenti base per configurare e gestire il sistema, per lo più dalla console.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: The console tips
it: Suggerimenti per la console

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: There are some utility programs to help your console activities.
it: Esistono alcuni programmi di utilità per aiutare nelle attività in console.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of programs to support console activities
it: Elenco di programmi che supportano le attività in console

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: See <xref linkend="_midnight_commander_mc"/>
it: Vedere <xref linkend="_midnight_commander_mc"/>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>script</literal>(1) command to make a record of terminal session
it: Il comando <literal>script</literal>(1) per creare trascrizioni della sessione in terminale

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: terminal multiplexer with VT100/ANSI terminal emulation
it: multiplexer per terminale con emulazione di terminale VT100/ANSI

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: terminal multiplexer alternative (Use "Control-B" instead)
it: alternativa per multiplexer per terminale (usare invece "Control-B")

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: fuzzy text finder
it: strumento per ricerca di testo fuzzy

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: readline feature command line wrapper
it: wrapper a riga di comando per la funzionalità readline

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: fast recursive string search in the source code tree with automatic filtering
it: ricerca veloce e ricorsiva di stringhe nell'albero del codice sorgente con filtraggio automatico

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Recording the shell activities cleanly
it: Registrare le attività della shell in modo pulito

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The simple use of <literal>script</literal>(1) (see <xref linkend="_recording_the_shell_activities"/>) to record shell activity produces a file with control characters.  This can be avoided by using <literal>col</literal>(1) as the following.
it: Il semplice uso di <literal>script</literal>(1) (vedere <xref linkend="_recording_the_shell_activities"/>) per registrare l'attività della shell produce un file con caratteri di controllo. Ciò può essere evitato usando <literal>col</literal>(1) nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Do whatever … and press <literal>Ctrl-D</literal> to exit <literal>script</literal>.
it: Fare tutto quello che si vuole … e poi premere <literal>Ctrl-D</literal> per uscire da <literal>script</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There are alternative methods to record the shell activities:
it: Ci sono metodi alternativi per registrare le attività nella shell:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Use <literal>tee</literal> (usable during the boot process in the initramfs):
it: Usare <literal>tee</literal> (utilizzabile durante il processo di avvio nell'initramfs):

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Use <literal>gnome-terminal</literal> with the extend line buffer for scrollback.
it: Usare <literal>gnome-terminal</literal> con il buffer delle righe esteso per scorrere all'indietro.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Use <literal>screen</literal> with "<literal>^A H</literal>" (see <xref linkend="_the_screen_program"/>) to perform recording of console.
it: Usare <literal>screen</literal> con "<literal>^A H</literal>" (vedere <xref linkend="_the_screen_program"/>) per effettuare la registrazione della console.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Use <literal>vim</literal> with "<literal>:terminal</literal>" to enter the terminal mode.  Use "<literal>Ctrl-W N</literal>" to exit from terminal mode to normal mode.  Use "<literal>:w typescript</literal>" to write the buffer to a file.
it: Usare <literal>vim</literal> con "<literal>:terminal</literal>" per entrare nella modalità terminale. Usare "<literal>Ctrl-W N</literal>" per uscire dalla modalità terminale nella modalità normale. Usare "<literal>:w typescript</literal>" per scrivere il buffer in un file.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Use <literal>emacs</literal> with "<literal>M-x shell</literal>", "<literal>M-x eshell</literal>", or "<literal>M-x term</literal>" to enter recording console.  Use "<literal>C-x C-w</literal>" to write the buffer to a file.
it: Usare <literal>emacs</literal> con "<literal>M-x shell</literal>", "<literal>M-x eshell</literal>" o "<literal>M-x term</literal>" per entrare nella console di registrazione. Usare "<literal>C-x C-w</literal>" per scrivere il buffer in un file.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The screen program
it: Il programma screen

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <literal>screen</literal>(1) not only allows one terminal window to work with multiple processes, but also allows <emphasis role="strong">remote shell process to survive interrupted connections</emphasis>.  Here is a typical use scenario of <literal>screen</literal>(1).
it: <literal>screen</literal>(1) non permette solamente il funzionamento di una finestra di terminale con processi multipli, ma permette anche ai <emphasis role="strong">processi in shell remote di sopravvivere a connessioni interrotte</emphasis>. Quello che segue è un tipico scenario di uso di <literal>screen</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: You login to a remote machine.
it: Si fa il login in una macchina remota.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: You start <literal>screen</literal> on a single console.
it: Si avvia <literal>screen</literal> in una console singola.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: You execute multiple programs in <literal>screen</literal> windows created with <literal>^A c</literal> ("Control-A" followed by "c").
it: Si eseguono svariati programmi in finestre <literal>screen</literal> create con <literal>^A c</literal> ("Control-A" seguito da "c").

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: You switch among the multiple <literal>screen</literal> windows by <literal>^A n</literal> ("Control-A" followed by "n").
it: Ci si sposta tra le svariate finestre <literal>screen</literal> create con <literal>^A n</literal> ("Control-A" seguito da "n").

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Suddenly you need to leave your terminal, but you don't want to lose your active work by keeping the connection.
it: All'improvviso si ha la necessità di lasciare il terminale, ma non si vuole perdere il lavoro attivo e si vuole mantenere la connessione.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: You may <emphasis role="strong">detach</emphasis> the <literal>screen</literal> session by any methods.
it: Si può <emphasis role="strong">scollegare</emphasis> la sessione <literal>screen</literal> in uno qualsiasi dei metodi seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Brutally unplug your network connection
it: Scollegare brutalmente la connessione di rete

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Type <literal>^A d</literal> ("Control-A" followed by "d") and manually logging out from the remote connection
it: Digitare <literal>^A d</literal> ("Control-A" seguito da "d") e fare manualmente il log out dalla connessione remota.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Type <literal>^A DD</literal> ("Control-A" followed by "DD") to have <literal>screen</literal> detach and log you out
it: Digitare <literal>^A DD</literal> ("Control-A" seguito da "DD") per far si che <literal>screen</literal> si scolleghi e faccia il log out.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: You log in again to the same remote machine (even from a different terminal).
it: Ci si ricollega alla stessa macchina remota (anche da un terminale diverso).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: You start <literal>screen</literal> as "<literal>screen -r</literal>".
it: Si avvia <literal>screen</literal> con "<literal>screen -r</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>screen</literal> magically <emphasis role="strong">reattaches</emphasis> all previous <literal>screen</literal> windows with all actively running programs.
it: <literal>screen</literal> magicamente <emphasis role="strong">ricollega</emphasis> tutte le finestre <literal>screen</literal> precedente con tutti i programmi in esecuzione attivi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: You can save connection fees with <literal>screen</literal> for metered network connections such as dial-up and packet ones, because you can leave a process active while disconnected, and then re-attach it later when you connect again.
it: Con <literal>screen</literal> si può risparmiare sui costi di connessione per connessioni a tempo, come dial-up o conteggiate a pacchetti, perché si può lasciare un processo attivo mentre si è disconnessi e poi ricollegarvisi successivamente quando è possibile connettersi di nuovo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: In a <literal>screen</literal> session, all keyboard inputs are sent to your current window except for the command keystroke.  All <literal>screen</literal> command keystrokes are entered by typing <literal>^A</literal> ("Control-A") plus a single key [plus any parameters].  Here are important ones to remember.
it: In una sessione <literal>screen</literal> tutto l'input da tastiera viene inviato alla finestra attuale, tranne per le combinazioni di tasti per i comandi. Tutte le combinazioni di tasti per i comandi di <literal>screen</literal> vengono inserite digitando <literal>^A</literal> ("Control-A") più un singolo tasto [più eventuali parametri]. Ecco alcune combinazioni di tasti importanti da ricordare.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of key bindings for screen
it: Elenco di associazioni di tasti per screen

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: show a help screen (display key bindings)
it: mostra una schermata di aiuto (visualizza le associazioni di tasti)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: create a new window and switch to it
it: crea una nuova finestra e si sposta in essa

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: go to next window
it: va alla finestra successiva

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: go to previous window
it: va alla finestra precedente

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: go to window number 0
it: va alla finestra numero 0

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: go to window number 1
it: va alla finestra numero 1

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: show a list of windows
it: mostra l'elenco delle finestre

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: send a Ctrl-A to current window as keyboard input
it: invia Ctrl-A alla finestra attuale come input da tastiera

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: write a hardcopy of current window to file
it: scrive una copia della schermata della finestra attuale in un file

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: begin/end logging current window to file
it: inizia/termina la registrazione dell'attività della finestra attuale in un file

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: lock the terminal (password protected)
it: blocca il terminale (protetto da password)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: detach screen session from the terminal
it: scollega la sessione screen dal terminale

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: detach screen session and log out
it: scollega la sessione di screen e fa il log out

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See <literal>screen</literal>(1) for details.
it: Vedere <literal>screen</literal>(1) per i dettagli.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See <literal>tmux</literal>(1) for functionalities of the alternative command.
it: Vedere <literal>tmux</literal>(1) per le funzionalità del comando alternativo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Navigating around directories
it: Navigare nelle directory

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: In <xref linkend="_customizing_bash"/>, 2 tips to allow quick navigation around directories are described: <literal>$CDPATH</literal> and <literal>mc</literal>.
it: In <xref linkend="_customizing_bash"/> sono descritti 2 suggerimenti per permettere una navigazione veloce nelle directory: <literal>$CDPATH</literal> e <literal>mc</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you use fuzzy text filter program, you can do without typing the exact path.  For <literal>fzf</literal>, include following in <literal>~/.bashrc</literal>.
it: Se si usa un programma per filtro di testo fuzzy, si può evitare di digitare il percorso esatto. Per <literal>fzf</literal>, includere quanto segue in <literal>~/.bashrc</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For example:
it: Per esempio:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: You can jump to a very deep subdirectory with minimal efforts.  You first type "<literal>cd **</literal>" and press <literal>Tab</literal>.  Then you will be prompted with candidate paths.  Typing in partial path strings, e.g., <literal>s/d/b foo</literal>, will narrow down candidate paths.  You select the path to be used by <literal>cd</literal> with cursor and return keys.
it: Ci si può spostare in una sottodirectory molto in profondità con uno sforzo minimo. Prima si digita "<literal>cd **</literal>" e si preme il tasto <literal>Tab</literal>. Poi verrano mostrati i percorsi candidati. Digitando stringhe parziali del percorso, ad esempio <literal>s/d/b foo</literal>, si possono restringere i percorsi candidati. Si seleziona il percorso che deve usare <literal>cd</literal> con i tasti per spostare il cursore e il tasto Invio.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: You can select a command from the command history more efficiently with minimal efforts.  You press <literal>Ctrl-R</literal> at the command prompt.  Then you will be prompted with candidate commands.  Typing in partial command strings, e.g., <literal>vim d</literal>, will narrow down candidates.  You select the one to be used with cursor and return keys.
it: Si può selezionare un comando dalla cronologia dei comandi in modo più efficiente con sforzo minimo. Si preme <literal>Ctrl-R</literal> al prompt dei comandi. Poi verranno mostrati comandi candidati. Digitando stringhe di comando parziali, es. <literal>vim d</literal>, si restringono i candidati. Si seleziona quello da utilizzare con i tasti per il cursore e il tasto Invio.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Readline wrapper
it: Wrapper per readline

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Some commands such as <literal>/usr/bin/dash</literal> which lacks command line history editing capability can add such functionality transparently by running under <literal>rlwrap</literal> or its equivalents.
it: Alcuni comandi come <literal>/usr/bin/dash</literal> che mancano della funzionalità di modifica della cronologia della riga di comando possono aggiungere tale funzionalità in modo trasparente venendo eseguito sotto <literal>rlwrap</literal> o un suo equivalente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This provides convenient platform to test subtle points for <literal>dash</literal> with friendly <literal>bash</literal>-like environment.
it: Questo fornisce una comoda piattaforma per testare dettagli per <literal>dash</literal> con un ambiente amichevole in stile <literal>bash</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Scanning the source code tree
it: Strumenti per la fusione di codice sorgente

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <literal>rg</literal>(1) command in the <literal>ripgrep</literal> package offers a faster alternative to the <literal>grep</literal>(1) command for scanning the source code tree for typical situation.  It takes advantage of modern multi-core CPUs and automatically applies reasonable filters to skip some files.
it: Il comando <literal>rg</literal>(1) nel pacchetto <literal>ripgrep</literal> offre un'alternativa più veloce al comando <literal>grep</literal>(1) per scansionare l'albero del codice sorgente nelle situazioni tipiche. Sfrutta le moderne CPU multi-core e applica automaticamente filtri ragionevoli per saltare alcuni file.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Customizing vim
it: Personalizzare vim

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: After you learn basics of <literal>vim</literal>(1) through <xref linkend="_using_vim"/>, please read Bram Moolenaar's "<ulink url="&sevenhabitsofeffetexteditingcaaa;">Seven habits of effective text editing (2000)</ulink>" to understand how <literal>vim</literal> should be used.
it: Dopo aver imparato le basi di <literal>vim</literal>(1) attraverso <xref linkend="_using_vim"/>, leggere"<ulink url="&sevenhabitsofeffetexteditingcaaa;">Seven habits of effective text editing (2000)</ulink>" di Bram Moolenaar per capire come <literal>vim</literal> dovrebbe essere usato.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Customizing vim with internal features
it: Personalizzare vim con le funzionalità interne

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The behavior of <literal>vim</literal> can be changed significantly by enabling its internal features through the <literal>Ex</literal>-mode commands such as "<literal>set ...</literal>" to set vim options.
it: Il comportamento di <literal>vim</literal> può essere modificato in modo significativo abilitando le sue funzionalità interne attraverso i comandi della modalità <literal>Ex</literal> come "<literal>set ...</literal>" per impostare le opzioni di vim.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
en: More elaborate customization examples: "<ulink url="&vimgalore;">Vim Galore</ulink>", "<ulink url="&sensiblevim;">sensible.vim</ulink>", ...
it: Esempi di personalizzazione più elaborati: "<ulink url="&vimgalore;">Vim Galore</ulink>", "<ulink url="&sensiblevim;">sensible.vim</ulink>", ...

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: These <literal>Ex</literal>-mode commands can be included in user's vimrc file, traditional "<literal>~/.vimrc</literal>" or git-friendly "<literal>~/.vim/vimrc</literal>".  Here is a very simple example <placeholder type="footnote" id="0"/>:
it: Questo comandi per la modalità <literal>Ex</literal> possono essere inclusi nel file vimrc dell'utente, tradizionalmente "<literal>~/.vimrc</literal>" o quello adatto a git "<literal>~/.vim/vimrc</literal>". Ecco un esempio molto semplice <placeholder type="footnote" id="0"/>:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The keymap of <literal>vim</literal> can be changed in user's vimrc file.  E.g.:
it: La mappa dei tasti di <literal>vim</literal> può essere modificata nel file vimrc dell'utente. Es.:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: Don't try to change the default key bindings without very good reasons.
it: Non cercare di cambiare le associazioni dei tasti predefinite senza ottime ragioni.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: In order for the above keybindings to function properly, the terminal program needs to be configured to generate "ASCII DEL" for <literal>Backspace</literal>-key and "Escape sequence" for <literal>Delete</literal>-key.
it: Per far sì che le associazioni di tasti precedenti funzionino correttamente, il programma di terminale deve essere configurato per generare "ASCII DEL" per il tasto <literal>Backspace</literal> e "sequenza Escape" per il tasto <literal>Canc</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Other miscellaneous configuration can be changed in user's vimrc file.  E.g.:
it: Altre configurazioni varie possono essere modificate nel file vimrc dell'utente. Es.:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Customizing vim with external packages
it: Personalizzare vim con pacchetti esterni

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Interesting external plugin packages can be found:
it: Pacchetti per plugin esterni interessanti possono essere trovati in:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&vimtheubiquitoustexteditor;"> Vim - the ubiquitous text editor </ulink> -- The official upstream site of Vim and vim scripts
it: <ulink url="&vimtheubiquitoustexteditor;"> Vim - the ubiquitous text editor </ulink> -- Il sito originale a monte ufficiale di Vim e degli script vim

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&vimawsome;"> VimAwsome </ulink> -- The listing of Vim plugins
it: <ulink url="&vimawsome;"> VimAwsome </ulink> -- Elenco di plugin per Vim

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&vimscripts;">vim-scripts</ulink> -- Debian package: a collection of vim scripts
it: <ulink url="&vimscripts;">vim-scripts</ulink> -- pacchetto Debian: una raccolta di script per vim

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Plugin packages in the <ulink url="&vimscripts;">vim-scripts</ulink> package can be enabled using user's vimrc file.  E.g.:
it: I pacchetti di plugin nel pacchetto <ulink url="&vimscripts;">vim-scripts</ulink> possono essere abilitati usando il file vimrc dell'utente. Es:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The new native Vim package system works nicely with "<literal>git</literal>" and "<literal>git submodule</literal>".  One such example configuration can be found at <ulink url="&mygitrepositorydotvim;">my git repository: dot-vim</ulink>.  This does essentially:
it: Il nuovo sistema di pacchetti nativo di Vim funziona bene con "<literal>git</literal>" e "<literal>git submodule</literal>". Una configurazione d'esempio di questo tipo può essere trovata in<ulink url="&mygitrepositorydotvim;">my git repository: dot-vim</ulink>. Essenzialmente fa:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: By using "<literal>git</literal>" and "<literal>git submodule</literal>", latest external packages, such as "<literal><emphasis>name</emphasis></literal>", are placed into <literal>~/.vim/pack/*/opt/<emphasis>name</emphasis></literal> and similar.
it: Usando "<literal>git</literal>" e "<literal>git submodule</literal>", i pacchetti esterni più recenti, come "<literal><emphasis>nome</emphasis></literal>", sono messi in <literal>~/.vim/pack/*/opt/<emphasis>nome</emphasis></literal> e simili.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: By adding <literal>:packadd! <emphasis>name</emphasis></literal> line to user's vimrc file, these packages are placed on <literal>runtimepath</literal>.
it: Aggiungendo la riga <literal>:packadd! <emphasis>nome</emphasis></literal> al file vimrc dell'utente, questi pacchetti vengono messi nel <literal>runtimepath</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Vim loads these packages on <literal>runtimepath</literal> during its initialization.
it: Vim carica questi pacchetti in <literal>runtimepath</literal> durante la sua inizializzazione.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: At the end of its initialization, tags for the installed documents are updated with "<literal>helptags ALL</literal>".
it: Al termine della sua inizializzazione, i tag per i documenti installati sono aggiornati con "<literal>helptags ALL</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For more, please start <literal>vim</literal> with "<literal>vim --startuptime vimstart.log</literal>" to check actual execution sequence and time spent for each step.
it: Per altro ancora, avviare <literal>vim</literal> con "<literal>vim --startuptime vimstart.log</literal>" per controllare l'effettiva sequenza di esecuzione e il tempo speso in ogni passo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
en: <ulink url="&vimpathogen;">vim-pathogen</ulink> was popular.
it: <ulink url="&vimpathogen;">vim-pathogen</ulink> era popolare.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: It is quite confusing to see too many ways<placeholder type="footnote" id="0"/> to manage and load these external packages to <literal>vim</literal>.  Checking the original information is the best cure.
it: Può essere fonte di confusione vedere troppi modi<placeholder type="footnote" id="0"/> per gestire e caricare questi pacchetti esterni in <literal>vim</literal>. Controllare le informazioni originali è la soluzione migliore.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: Information on the initialization of <literal>vim</literal>
it: Informazioni sull'inizializzazione di <literal>vim</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: information
it: informazioni

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>:help package</literal>
it: <literal>:help pacchetto</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: explanation on the vim package mechanism
it: spiegazione sul meccanismo dei pacchetti di vim

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: explanation on the <literal>runtimepath</literal> mechanism
it: spiegazione del meccanismo <literal>runtimepath</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: internal states including candidates for the vimrc file
it: stati interni inclusi i candidati per il file vimrc

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: the environment variable "<literal>$VIM</literal>" used to locate the vimrc file
it: la variabile d'ambiente "<literal>$VIM</literal>" usata per localizzare il file vimrc

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: list of directories which will be searched for all runtime support files
it: elenco di directory in cui verranno cercati tutti i file di supporto a runtime

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: the environment variable "<literal>$VIMRUNTIME</literal>" used to locate various system provided runtime support files
it: la variabile d'ambiente "<literal>$VIMRUNTIME</literal>" usata per localizzare vari file di supporto a runtime forniti dal sistema

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Data recording and presentation
it: Registrazione e presentazione di dati

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The log daemon
it: Demoni di registro

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Many traditional programs record their activities in the text file format under the "<literal>/var/log/</literal>" directory.
it: Molti programmi registrano le proprie attività in formato di file testuale nella directory "<literal>/var/log/</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <literal>logrotate</literal>(8) is used to simplify the administration of log files on a system which generates a lot of log files.
it: <literal>logrotate</literal>(8) viene usato per semplificare l'amministrazione dei file di log in un sistema che genera molti file di log.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Many new programs record their activities in the binary file format using <literal>systemd-journald</literal>(8) Journal service under the "<literal>/var/log/journal</literal>" directory.
it: Molti nuovi programmi registrano le loro attività nel formato di file binario, usando il servizio Journal <literal>systemd-journald</literal>(8), nella directory "<literal>/var/log/journal</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can log data to the <literal>systemd-journald</literal>(8) Journal from a shell script by using the <literal>systemd-cat</literal>(1) command.
it: Si può fare il registro di dati nel Journal <literal>systemd-journald</literal>(8) da uno script di shell usando il comando <literal>systemd-cat</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See <xref linkend="_the_system_message"/> and <xref linkend="_the_kernel_message"/>.
it: Vedere <xref linkend="_the_system_message"/> e <xref linkend="_the_kernel_message"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Log analyzer
it: Analizzatori di registro

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here are notable log analyzers ("<literal>~Gsecurity::log-analyzer</literal>" in <literal>aptitude</literal>(8)).
it: Quelli che seguono sono alcuni analizzatori di registro degni di nota ("<literal>~Gsecurity::log-analyzer</literal>" in <literal>aptitude</literal>(8)).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of system log analyzers
it: Elenco di analizzatori del registro di sistema

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: log analyzer with nice output written in Perl
it: analizzatore di registro scritto in Perl con un bell'output

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: web server log analyzer
it: analizzatore del registro di server web

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: powerful and featureful web server log analyzer
it: analizzatore potente e ricco di funzionalità per registro di server web

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: squid analysis report generator
it: generatore di rapporti sull'analisi di squid

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Postfix log entry summarizer
it: strumento per riassunti delle voci di registro di Postfix

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: firewall log analyzer
it: analizzatore del registro del firewall

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: monitor and analyze squid access.log files
it: monitora e analizza i file access.log di squid

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: log file viewer with regexp matching, highlighting, and hooks
it: visualizzatore di file di registro con corrispondenze con espressioni regolari, evidenziazione ed eventi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Controllable Regex Mutilator and Spam Filter (CRM114)
it: Controllable Regex Mutilator e filtro per spam (CRM114)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: interpret ICMP messages
it: interpreta i messaggi ICMP

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: <ulink url="&crmbbe;">CRM114</ulink> provides language infrastructure to write <emphasis role="strong">fuzzy</emphasis> filters with the <ulink url="&treregexlibrary;">TRE regex library</ulink>.  Its popular use is spam mail filter but it can be used as log analyzer.
it: <ulink url="&crmbbe;">CRM114</ulink> fornisce un'infrastruttura basata su un linguaggio per scrivere filtri <emphasis role="strong">fuzzy</emphasis> con la <ulink url="&treregexlibrary;">libreria per espressioni regolari TRE</ulink>. Il suo utilizzo più comune è come filtro per la posta spazzatura, ma può anche essere usato come analizzatore di registro.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Customized display of text data
it: Visualizzazione personalizzata di dati di testo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Although pager tools such as <literal>more</literal>(1) and <literal>less</literal>(1) (see <xref linkend="_the_pager"/>) and custom tools for highlighting and formatting (see <xref linkend="_highlighting_and_formatting_plain_text_data"/>) can display text data nicely, general purpose editors (see <xref linkend="_the_text_editor"/>) are most versatile and customizable.
it: Sebbene gli strumenti di paginazione, come <literal>more</literal>(1) e <literal>less</literal>(1) (vedere <xref linkend="_the_pager"/>) e gli strumenti personalizzati per l'evidenziazione e la formattazione (vedere <xref linkend="_highlighting_and_formatting_plain_text_data"/>) possano mostrare il testo in un modo piacevole, gli editor generici (vedere <xref linkend="_the_text_editor"/>) sono più versatili e personalizzabili.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: For <literal>vim</literal>(1) and its pager mode alias <literal>view</literal>(1), "<literal>:set hls</literal>" enables highlighted search.
it: Per <literal>vim</literal>(1) e la sua modalità per paginatore, ossia <literal>view</literal>(1), "<literal>:set hls</literal>" abilita la ricerca con evidenziazione.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Customized display of time and date
it: Visualizzazione personalizzata di date e orari

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The default display format of time and date by the "<literal>ls -l</literal>" command depends on the <emphasis role="strong">locale</emphasis> (see <xref linkend="_timestamps"/> for value).  The "<literal>$LANG</literal>" variable is referred first and it can be overridden by the "<literal>$LC_TIME</literal>" or "<literal>$LC_ALL</literal>" exported environment variables.
it: Il formato predefinito per la visualizzazione delle date e degli orari per il comando "<literal>ls -l</literal>" dipende dalla <emphasis role="strong">localizzazione</emphasis> (vedere <xref linkend="_timestamps"/> per il valore). Si fa dapprima riferimento alla variabile "<literal>$LANG</literal>" che può essere scavalcata dalle variabili d'ambiente "<literal>$LC_TIME</literal>" o "<literal>$LC_ALL</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The actual default display format for each locale depends on the version of the standard C library (the <literal>libc6</literal> package) used.  I.e., different releases of Debian had different defaults.  For iso-formats, see <ulink url="&isoigab;">ISO 8601</ulink>.
it: Il formato effettivo di visualizzazione predefinito per ciascuna localizzazione dipende dalla versione della libreria C standard (il pacchetto <literal>libc6</literal>) usata. Differenti rilasci di Debian hanno cioè valori predefiniti diversi. Per i formati ISO, vedere <ulink url="&isoigab;">ISO 8601</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you really wish to customize this display format of time and date beyond the <emphasis role="strong">locale</emphasis>, you should set the <emphasis role="strong">time style value</emphasis> by the "<literal>--time-style</literal>" argument or by the "<literal>$TIME_STYLE</literal>" value (see <literal>ls</literal>(1), <literal>date</literal>(1), "<literal>info coreutils 'ls invocation'</literal>").
it: Se si desidera veramente personalizzare questo formato di visualizzazione delle date e degli orari, oltre a ciò che è fatto con la <emphasis role="strong">localizzazione</emphasis>, si deve impostare il <emphasis role="strong">valore dello stile degli orari</emphasis> con l'opzione "<literal>--time-style</literal>" o con il valore di "<literal>$TIME_STYLE</literal>" (vedere <literal>ls</literal>(1), <literal>date</literal>(1), "<literal>info coreutils 'ls invocation'</literal>").

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: Display examples of time and date for the "<literal>ls -l</literal>" command with the <emphasis role="strong">time style value</emphasis>
it: Esempi di visualizzazione di date e orari per il comando "<literal>ls -l</literal>" con il <emphasis role="strong">valore dello stile per gli orari</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: time style value
it: valore dello stile per gli orari

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: locale
it: localizzazione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: display of time and date
it: visualizzazione di data e ora

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: any
it: qualsiasi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>C</literal> or <literal>en_US.UTF-8</literal>
it: <literal>C</literal> o <literal>en_US.UTF-8</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: You can eliminate typing long option on commandline using command alias (see <xref linkend="_command_alias"/>):
it: Si può evitare di digitare lunghe opzioni nella riga di comando usando alias per i comandi (vedere <xref linkend="_command_alias"/>):

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Colorized shell echo
it: Output colorato per la shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Shell echo to most modern terminals can be colorized using <ulink url="&ansiescapecode;">ANSI escape code</ulink> (see "<literal>/usr/share/doc/xterm/ctlseqs.txt.gz</literal>").
it: L'output inviato a schermo dalla shell nella maggior parte dei terminali moderni può essere colorato usando <ulink url="&ansiescapecode;">codici di escape ANSI</ulink> (vedere "<literal>/usr/share/doc/xterm/ctlseqs.txt.gz</literal>").

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Colorized commands
it: Comandi colorati

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Colorized commands are handy for inspecting their output in the interactive environment.  I include the following in my "<literal>~/.bashrc</literal>".
it: I comandi colorati sono comodi per ispezionare il loro output in modo interattivo. Nel mio file "<literal>~/.bashrc</literal>" io includo quanto segue.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The use of alias limits color effects to the interactive command usage.  It has advantage over exporting environment variable "<literal>export GREP_OPTIONS='--color=auto'</literal>" since color can be seen under pager programs such as <literal>less</literal>(1).  If you wish to suppress color when piping to other programs, use "<literal>--color=auto</literal>" instead in the above example for "<literal>~/.bashrc</literal>".
it: Questo uso degli alias limita gli effetti colorati all'uso interattivo dei comandi. Ha il vantaggio, rispetto all'esportazione della variabile d'ambiente "<literal>export GREP_OPTIONS='--color=auto'</literal>", che i colori possono essere visti in programmi di paginazione come <literal>less</literal>(1). Se si desidera eliminare i colori quando si invia l'output con una pipe ad altri comandi, usare nell'esempio precedente per "<literal>~/.bashrc</literal>" "<literal>--color=auto</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: You can turn off these colorizing aliases in the interactive environment by invoking shell with "<literal>TERM=dumb bash</literal>".
it: Questi alias di colorazione possono essere disattivati nell'ambiente interattivo invocando la shell con il comando "<literal>TERM=dumb bash</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Recording the editor activities for complex repeats
it: Registrare le attività dell'editor per ripetizioni complesse

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can record the editor activities for complex repeats.
it: È possibile registrare le attività dell'editor per ripetere azioni complesse.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For <ulink url="&vim;">Vim</ulink>, as follows.
it: Per <ulink url="&vim;">vim</ulink> fare nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>qa</literal>": start recording typed characters into named register "<literal>a</literal>".
it: "<literal>qa</literal>": avviare la registrazione dei caratteri digitati in un registro chiamato "<literal>a</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: … editor activities
it: … attività nell'editor

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>q</literal>": end recording typed characters.
it: "<literal>q</literal>": terminare la registrazione dei caratteri digitati.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>@a</literal>": execute the contents of register "<literal>a</literal>".
it: "<literal>@a</literal>": eseguire il contenuto del registro "<literal>a</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For <ulink url="&emacs;">Emacs</ulink>, as follows.
it: Per <ulink url="&emacs;">Emacs</ulink> fare nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>C-x (</literal>": start defining a keyboard macro.
it: "<literal>C-x (</literal>": iniziare la definizione di una macro da tastiera.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>C-x )</literal>": end defining a keyboard macro.
it: "<literal>C-x )</literal>": terminare la definizione di una macro da tastiera.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>C-x e</literal>": execute a keyboard macro.
it: "<literal>C-x e</literal>": eseguire la definizione di una macro da tastiera.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Recording the graphics image of an X application
it: Registrare l'immagine grafica di un'applicazione X

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There are few ways to record the graphics image of an X application, including an <literal>xterm</literal> display.
it: Ci sono alcuni modi per registrare l'immagine grafica di un'applicazione X, incluso il display di un <literal>xterm</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of graphics image manipulation tools
it: Elenco di strumenti di manipolazione di immagini grafiche

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: screen
it: Schermata

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: screenshot application for GNOME
it: applicazione per istantanee dello schermo per GNOME

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: screenshot application on steroid
it: applicazione per istantanee dello schermo sotto anabolizzanti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: screenshot in GUI menu
it: istantanee nel menu GUI

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Recording changes in configuration files
it: Registrare i cambiamenti a file di configurazione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There are specialized tools to record changes in configuration files with help of DVCS and to make system snapshots on <ulink url="&btrfs;">Btrfs</ulink>.
it: Esistono strumenti specializzati per registrare i cambiamenti nei file di configurazione con l'aiuto del sistema DVCS e per creare istantanee del sistema in <ulink url="&btrfs;">Btrfs</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of packages which can record configuration history
it: Elenco di pacchetti che possono registrare la cronologia della configurazione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: store configuration files and their metadata with <ulink url="&git;">Git</ulink> (default), <ulink url="&mercurial;">Mercurial</ulink>, or <ulink url="&gnubazaar;">GNU Bazaar</ulink>
it: archivia i file di configurazione ed i loro metadati con <ulink url="&git;">Git</ulink> (predefinito), <ulink url="&mercurial;">Mercurial</ulink> o <ulink url="&gnubazaar;">GNU Bazaar</ulink> (nuovo)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: system restore utility using rsync or BTRFS snapshots
it: utilità di ripristino del sistema che usa rsync o istantanee BTRFS

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Linux filesystem snapshot management tool
it: strumento di gestione di istantanee del file system Linux

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You may also think about local script <xref linkend="_backup_tips"/> approach.
it: Si può anche pensare di usare un approccio con script locale <xref linkend="_backup_tips"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Monitoring, controlling, and starting program activities
it: Monitorare, controllare ed avviare l'attività dei programmi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Program activities can be monitored and controlled using specialized tools.
it: Le attività dei programmi possono essere monitorare e controllate usando strumenti specializzati.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of tools for monitoring and controlling program activities
it: Elenco di strumenti per monitorare e controllare l'attività dei programmi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>nice</literal>(1): run a program with modified scheduling priority
it: <literal>nice</literal>(1): esegue un programma con priorità di schedulazione modificata

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>renice</literal>(1): modify the scheduling priority of a running process
it: <literal>renice</literal>(1): modifica la priorità di schedulazione di un processo in esecuzione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: "<literal>/proc</literal>" filesystem utilities: <literal>ps</literal>(1), <literal>top</literal>(1), <literal>kill</literal>(1), <literal>watch</literal>(1), …
it: utilità per il file system "<literal>/proc</literal>": <literal>ps</literal>(1), <literal>top</literal>(1), <literal>kill</literal>(1), <literal>watch</literal>(1), …

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: "<literal>/proc</literal>" filesystem utilities: <literal>killall</literal>(1), <literal>fuser</literal>(1), <literal>peekfd</literal>(1), <literal>pstree</literal>(1)
it: utilità per il file system "<literal>/proc</literal>": <literal>killall</literal>(1), <literal>fuser</literal>(1), <literal>peekfd</literal>(1), <literal>pstree</literal>(1)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>time</literal>(1): run a program to report system resource usages with respect to time
it: <literal>time</literal>(1): esegue un programma per riportare l'uso delle risorse di sistema in funzione del tempo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>sar</literal>(1), <literal>iostat</literal>(1), <literal>mpstat</literal>(1), …: system performance tools for Linux
it: <literal>sar</literal>(1), <literal>iostat</literal>(1), <literal>mpstat</literal>(1), …: strumenti per le prestazioni di sistema per Linux

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Interactive System Activity Grapher for sysstat
it: Interactive System Activity Grapher (tracciamento interattivo dell'attivita) per sysstat

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>lsof</literal>(8): list files opened by a running process using "<literal>-p</literal>" option
it: <literal>lsof</literal>(8): elenca, usando l'opzione "<literal>-p</literal>", i file aperti da un processo in esecuzione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>strace</literal>(1): trace system calls and signals
it: <literal>strace</literal>(1): traccia le chiamate e i segnali di sistema

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>ltrace</literal>(1): trace library calls
it: <literal>ltrace</literal>(1): traccia le chiamate di libreria

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>xtrace</literal>(1): trace communication between X11 client and server
it: <literal>xtrace</literal>(1): traccia la comunicazione tra client e server X11

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>powertop</literal>(1): information about system power use
it: <literal>powertop</literal>(1): informazioni sull'uso dell'alimentazione da parte del sistema

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: run processes according to a schedule in background from <literal>cron</literal>(8) daemon
it: esegue processi dal demone <literal>cron</literal>(8) sullo sfondo in base ad una pianificazione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: cron-like command scheduler for systems that don't run 24 hours a day
it: pianificatore di comandi in stile cron, per i sistemi che non sono in esecuzione 24 ore al giorno

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>at</literal>(1) or <literal>batch</literal>(1): run a job at a specified time or below certain load level
it: <literal>at</literal>(1) o <literal>batch</literal>(1): esegue un compito ad un orario specificato o quando il carico di sistema scende sotto un certo livello

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
en: The <literal>procps</literal> packages provide very basics of monitoring, controlling, and starting program activities.  You should learn all of them.
it: Il pacchetto <literal>procps</literal> fornisce strumenti estremamente di base per monitorare, controllare ed avviare le attività dei programmi. È consigliabile imparare ad usarli tutti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Timing a process
it: Cronometrare un processo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Display time used by the process invoked by the command.
it: Mostrare il tempo usato dal processo invocato da un comando.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The scheduling priority
it: Priorità di schedulazione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: A nice value is used to control the scheduling priority for the process.
it: Per controllare la priorità di schedulazione di un processo è usato il valore di nice.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of nice values for the scheduling priority
it: Elenco di valori di nice per la priorità di schedulazione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: nice value
it: valore di nice

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: scheduling priority
it: priorità di schedulazione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: lowest priority process (nice)
it: processo dalla priorità più bassa possibile (nice - gentile)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: very high priority process for user
it: processo a priorità molto alta per l'utente

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: very high priority process for root (not-nice)
it: processo a priorità molto alta per root (not-nice - non gentile)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Sometimes an extreme nice value does more harm than good to the system.  Use this command carefully.
it: A volte un valore molto alto di nice fa più male che bene al sistema; usare quindi questo comando con molta cautela.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The ps command
it: Il comando ps

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <literal>ps</literal>(1) command on a Debian system support both BSD and SystemV features and helps to identify the process activity statically.
it: Il comando <literal>ps</literal>(1) in un sistema Debian supporta sia le funzionalità BSD sia quelle SystemV ed aiuta ad identificare l'attività dei processi in modo statico.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of ps command styles
it: Elenco degli stili per il comando ps

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: style
it: stile

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: typical command
it: comando tipico

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: feature
it: funzione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display %CPU %MEM
it: mostra %CPU %MEM

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display PPID
it: mostra PPID

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For the zombie (defunct) children process, you can kill them by the parent process ID identified in the "<literal>PPID</literal>" field.
it: È possibile uccidere i processi figli zombie (defunti) tramite l'ID di processo del genitore identificato dal campo "<literal>PPID</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <literal>pstree</literal>(1) command display a tree of processes.
it: Il comando <literal>pstree</literal>(1) mostra un albero dei processi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The top command
it: Il comando top

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <literal>top</literal>(1) on the Debian system has rich features and helps to identify what process is acting funny dynamically.
it: <literal>top</literal>(1) in sistemi Debian ha molte funzionalità e aiuta ad identificare in modo dinamico i processi che si stanno comportando in modo strano.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: It is an interactive full screen program.  You can get its usage help press by pressing the "h"-key and terminate it by pressing the "q"-key.
it: È un programma interattivo a tutto schermo. Si possono ottenere le informazioni di aiuto sul suo uso premendo il tasto «h» e uscire premendo il tasto «q».

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Listing files opened by a process
it: Elencare i file aperti da un processo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can list all files opened by a process with a process ID (PID), e.g. 1, by the following.
it: È possibile elencare tutti i file aperti da un processo attraverso il suo PID (Identificativo di processo), ad esempio 1, con il comando seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: PID=1 is usually the <literal>init</literal> program.
it: Di solito il processo con PID=1 è il programma <literal>init</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Tracing program activities
it: Tenere traccia delle attività di un programma

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can trace program activity with <literal>strace</literal>(1), <literal>ltrace</literal>(1), or <literal>xtrace</literal>(1) for system calls and signals, library calls, or communication between X11 client and server.
it: Si può tenere traccia dell'attività di un programma con <literal>strace</literal>(1), <literal>ltrace</literal>(1) o <literal>xtrace</literal>(1) rispettivamente per quello che riguarda chiamate e segnali di sistema, chiamate di libreria o comunicazioni tra client e server X11.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can trace system calls of the <literal>ls</literal> command as the following.
it: Si può tenere traccia delle chiamate di sistema del comando <literal>ls</literal> nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Use <emphasis role="strong">strace-graph</emphasis> script found in <emphasis role="strong">/usr/share/doc/strace/examples/</emphasis> to make a nice tree view
it: Usare lo script <emphasis role="strong">strace-graph</emphasis> che si trova in <emphasis role="strong">/usr/share/doc/strace/examples/</emphasis> per creare una bella vista ad albero.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Identification of processes using files or sockets
it: Identificazione di processi in base a file o socket

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can also identify processes using files by <literal>fuser</literal>(1), e.g. for "<literal>/var/log/mail.log</literal>" by the following.
it: Usando <literal>fuser</literal>(1) è anche possibile identificare i processi in base ai file usando, ad esempio per "<literal>/var/log/mail.log</literal>" con il comando seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You see that file "<literal>/var/log/mail.log</literal>" is open for writing by the <literal>rsyslogd</literal>(8) command.
it: Come si vede il file "<literal>/var/log/mail.log</literal>" è aperto in scrittura dal comando <literal>rsyslogd</literal>(8).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can also identify processes using sockets by <literal>fuser</literal>(1), e.g. for "<literal>smtp/tcp</literal>" by the following.
it: Usando <literal>fuser</literal>(1) si può anche identificare i processi in base ai socket, ad esempio per "<literal>smtp/tcp</literal>" con il comando seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Now you know your system runs <literal>exim4</literal>(8) to handle <ulink url="&tcp;">TCP</ulink> connections to <ulink url="&smtp;">SMTP</ulink> port (25).
it: Ora si può vedere che sul sistema è in esecuzione <literal>exim4</literal>(8) per gestire le connessioni <ulink url="&tcp;">TCP</ulink> alla porta <ulink url="&smtp;">SMTP</ulink> (25).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Repeating a command with a constant interval
it: Ripetere un comando ad intervalli costanti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <literal>watch</literal>(1) executes a program repeatedly with a constant interval while showing its output in fullscreen.
it: <literal>watch</literal>(1) esegue un programma in modo ripetitivo ad intervalli regolari mostrando il suo output sullo schermo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This displays who is logged on to the system updated every 2 seconds.
it: Questo comando mostra chi è attualmente connesso al sistema in modo aggiornato ogni 2 secondi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Repeating a command looping over files
it: Ripetere un comando su diversi file

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There are several ways to repeat a command looping over files matching some condition, e.g. matching glob pattern "<literal>*.ext</literal>".
it: Ci sono svariati modi di ripetere uno stesso comando su diversi file che rispondono ad una qualche condizione, ad esempio che corrispondono al modello glob "<literal>*.ext</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Shell for-loop method (see <xref linkend="_shell_loops"/>):
it: Metodo del ciclo for nella shell (vedere <xref linkend="_shell_loops"/>):

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>find</literal>(1) and <literal>xargs</literal>(1) combination:
it: Combinazione di <literal>find</literal>(1) e <literal>xargs</literal>(1):

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>find</literal>(1) with "<literal>-exec</literal>" option with a command:
it: <literal>find</literal>(1) con l'opzione "<literal>-exec</literal>" con un comando:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>find</literal>(1) with "<literal>-exec</literal>" option with a short shell script:
it: <literal>find</literal>(1) con l'opzione "<literal>-exec</literal>" con un breve script di shell:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The above examples are written to ensure proper handling of funny file names such as ones containing spaces.  See <xref linkend="_idioms_for_the_selection_of_files"/> for more advance uses of <literal>find</literal>(1).
it: Gli esempi precedenti sono stati scritti per assicurare la gestione appropriata di nomi di file particolari come quelli contenenti spazi. Per usi più avanzati di <literal>find</literal>(1), vedere <xref linkend="_idioms_for_the_selection_of_files"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Starting a program from GUI
it: Avviare un programma dalla GUI

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For the <ulink url="&commandlineinterfacecli;">command-line interface (CLI)</ulink>, the first program with the matching name found in the directories specified in the <literal>$PATH</literal> environment variable is executed. See <xref linkend="_the_literal_path_literal_variable"/>.
it: Perl l'<ulink url="&commandlineinterfacecli;">interfaccia a riga di comando (CLI)</ulink>, viene eseguito il primo programma con un nome corrispondente trovato nelle directory specificate nella variabile d'ambiente <literal>$PATH</literal>. Vedere <xref linkend="_the_literal_path_literal_variable"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For the <ulink url="&graphicaluserinterfacegui;">graphical user interface (GUI)</ulink> compliant to the <ulink url="&freedesktoporg;">freedesktop.org</ulink> standards, the <literal>*.desktop</literal> files in the <literal>/usr/share/applications/</literal> directory provide necessary attributes for the GUI menu display of each program.  Each package which is compliant to Freedesktop.org's xdg menu system installs its menu data provided by "*.desktop" under "/usr/share/applications/". Modern desktop environments which are compliant to Freedesktop.org standard use these data to generate their menu using the xdg-utils package. See "/usr/share/doc/xdg-utils/README".
it: Per l'<ulink url="&graphicaluserinterfacegui;">interfaccia utente grafica (GUI)</ulink> conforme agli standard di <ulink url="&freedesktoporg;">freedesktop.org</ulink> i file <literal>*.desktop</literal> nella directory <literal>/usr/share/applications/</literal> forniscono gli attributi necessari per la visualizzazione di ogni programma nel menu della GUI. Ogni pacchetto che è conforme al sistema di menu xdg di Freedesktop.org installa i propri dati di menu forniti da "*.desktop" in "/usr/share/applications/". Gli ambienti desktop moderni che sono conformi allo standard Freedesktop.org usano questi dati per generare i loro menu usando il pacchetto xdg-utils. Vedere "/usr/share/doc/xdg-utils/README".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For example, the <literal>chromium.desktop</literal> file defines attributes for the "Chromium Web Browser" such as "Name" for the program name, "Exec" for the program execution path and arguments, "Icon" for the icon used, etc. (see the <ulink url="&desktopentryspecification;">Desktop Entry Specification</ulink>) as follows:
it: Per esempio, il file <literal>chromium.desktop</literal> definisce gli attributi per il «Browser Web Chromium» come «Name» per il nome di programma, «Exec» per il percorso e gli argomenti di esecuzione del programma, «Icon» per l'icona usata, ecc. (vedere la<ulink url="&desktopentryspecification;">Specifica per le voci per desktop</ulink>), nel modo seguente:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This is an oversimplified description. The <literal>*.desktop</literal> files are scanned as follows.
it: Questa è una descrizione molto semplificata. I file <literal>*.desktop</literal> vengono analizzati nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>$XDG_DATA_HOME</literal> is unset. (The default value of <literal>$HOME/.local/share</literal> is used.)
it: <literal>$XDG_DATA_HOME</literal> non è impostata. (Viene usato il valore predefinito: <literal>$HOME/.local/share</literal>.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>$XDG_DATA_DIRS</literal> is set to <literal>/usr/share/gnome:/usr/local/share/:/usr/share/</literal>.
it: <literal>$XDG_DATA_DIRS</literal> è impostata a <literal>/usr/share/gnome:/usr/local/share/:/usr/share/</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: So the base directories (see <ulink url="&xdgbasedirectoryspecification;">XDG Base Directory Specification</ulink>) and the <literal>applications</literal> directories are as follows.
it: Perciò le directory base (vedere la <ulink url="&xdgbasedirectoryspecification;">XDG Base Directory Specification</ulink>) e le directory <literal>applications</literal> sono le seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <literal>*.desktop</literal> files are scanned in these <literal>applications</literal> directories in this order.
it: I file <literal>*.desktop</literal> vengono analizzati all'interno di queste directory <literal>applications</literal> in tale ordine.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: A user custom GUI menu entry can be created by adding a <literal>*.desktop</literal> file in the <literal>$HOME/.local/share/applications/</literal> directory.
it: Una voce del menu GUI personalizzata dell'utente può essere creata aggiungendo un file <literal>*.desktop</literal> nella directory <literal>$HOME/.local/share/applications/</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: The "<literal>Exec=...</literal>" line isn't parsed by the shell.  Use the <literal>env</literal>(1) command if environment variables need to be set.
it: La riga "<literal>Exec=...</literal>" non viene analizzata dalla shell. Usare il comando <literal>env</literal>(1) se devono essere impostate variabili d'ambiente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Similarly, if a <literal>*.desktop</literal> file is created in the <literal>autostart</literal> directory under these base directories, the specified program in the <literal>*.desktop</literal> file is executed automatically when the desktop environment is started. See <ulink url="&desktopapplicatiartspecification;">Desktop Application Autostart Specification</ulink>.
it: In modo analogo, se viene creato un file <literal>*.desktop</literal> nella directory <literal>autostart</literal> all'interno di queste directory di base, il programma specificato nel file <literal>*.desktop</literal> viene eseguito automaticamente all'avvio dell'ambiente desktop. Vedere la specifica <ulink url="&desktopapplicatiartspecification;">Desktop Application Autostart Specification</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Similarly, if a <literal>*.desktop</literal> file is created in the <literal>$HOME/Desktop</literal> directory and the Desktop environment is configured to support the desktop icon launcher feature, the specified program in it is executed upon clicking the icon. Please note that the actual name of the <literal>$HOME/Desktop</literal> directory is locale dependent.  See <literal>xdg-user-dirs-update</literal>(1).
it: In modo simile, se viene creato un file <literal>*.desktop</literal> nella directory <literal>$HOME/Desktop</literal> e l'ambiente desktop è configurato per supportare la funzionalità di avviatore delle icone, il programma specificato in tale file viene eseguito quando si fa clic sull'icona. Notare che il nome effettivo della directory <literal>$HOME/Desktop</literal> dipende dalla localizzazione. Vedere <literal>xdg-user-dirs-update</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Customizing program to be started
it: Personalizzare i programmi da avviare

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Some programs start another program automatically.  Here are check points for customizing this process.
it: Alcuni programmi avviano automaticamente altri programmi. Quelli che seguono sono alcuni punti fondamentali per la personalizzazione di questo processo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Application configuration menu:
it: Menu di configurazione delle applicazioni:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Iceweasel browser: "Edit" → "Preferences" → "Applications"
it: Browser Iceweasel: "Modifica" → "Preferenze" → "Applicazioni"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Environment variables such as "<literal>$BROWSER</literal>", "<literal>$EDITOR</literal>", "<literal>$VISUAL</literal>", and "<literal>$PAGER</literal>" (see <literal>environ</literal>(7))
it: Variabili d'ambiente quali "<literal>$BROWSER</literal>", "<literal>$EDITOR</literal>", "<literal>$VISUAL</literal>" e "<literal>$PAGER</literal>" (vedere <literal>environ</literal>(7))

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The <literal>update-alternatives</literal>(1) system for programs such as "<literal>editor</literal>", "<literal>view</literal>", "<literal>x-www-browser</literal>", "<literal>gnome-www-browser</literal>", and "<literal>www-browser</literal>" (see <xref linkend="_setting_a_default_text_editor"/>)
it: Il sistema <literal>update-alternatives</literal>(1) per i programmi come "<literal>editor</literal>", "<literal>view</literal>", "<literal>x-www-browser</literal>", "<literal>gnome-www-browser</literal>" e "<literal>www-browser</literal>" (vedere <xref linkend="_setting_a_default_text_editor"/>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: the "<literal>~/.mailcap</literal>" and "<literal>/etc/mailcap</literal>" file contents which associate <ulink url="&mime;">MIME</ulink> type with program (see <literal>mailcap</literal>(5))
it: Il contenuto dei file "<literal>~/.mailcap</literal>" e "<literal>/etc/mailcap</literal>" che associano i tipi <ulink url="&mime;">MIME</ulink> con programmi (vedere <literal>mailcap</literal>(5))

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The "<literal>~/.mime.types</literal>" and "<literal>/etc/mime.types</literal>" file contents which associate file name extension with <ulink url="&mime;">MIME</ulink> type (see <literal>run-mailcap</literal>(1))
it: Il contenuto dei file "<literal>~/.mime.types</literal>" e "<literal>/etc/mime.types</literal>" che associano le estensioni dei nomi di file con tipi <ulink url="&mime;">MIME</ulink> (vedere <literal>run-mailcap</literal>(1))

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: <literal>update-mime</literal>(8) updates the "<literal>/etc/mailcap</literal>" file using "<literal>/etc/mailcap.order</literal>" file (see <literal>mailcap.order</literal>(5)).
it: <literal>update-mime</literal>(8) aggiorna il file "<literal>/etc/mailcap</literal>" usando il file "<literal>/etc/mailcap.order</literal>" (vedere <literal>mailcap.order</literal>(5)).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: The <literal>debianutils</literal> package provides <literal>sensible-browser</literal>(1), <literal>sensible-editor</literal>(1), and <literal>sensible-pager</literal>(1) which make sensible decisions on which editor, pager, and web browser to call, respectively.  I recommend you to read these shell scripts.
it: Il pacchetto <literal>debianutils</literal> fornisce <literal>sensible-browser</literal>(1), <literal>sensible-editor</literal>(1) e <literal>sensible-pager</literal>(1) che prendono decisioni sensate riguardo, rispettivamente, a quale browser web, editor e paginatore invocare. La lettura di questi script di shell è raccomandata.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: In order to run a console application such as <literal>mutt</literal> under GUI as your preferred application, you should create an GUI application as following and set "<literal>/usr/local/bin/mutt-term</literal>" as your preferred application to be started as described.
it: Per eseguire un'applicazione per console, come <literal>mutt</literal>, come applicazione preferita in X si dovrebbe creare un'applicazione X nel modo seguente ed impostare "<literal>/usr/local/bin/mutt-term</literal>" come applicazione preferite da avviare come descritto in precedenza.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Killing a process
it: Uccidere un processo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Use <literal>kill</literal>(1) to kill (or send a signal to) a process by the process ID.
it: Per uccidere un processo (o inviare ad esso un segnale) in base al suo ID (identificativo) usare <literal>kill</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Use <literal>killall</literal>(1) or <literal>pkill</literal>(1) to do the same by the process command name and other attributes.
it: Per fare la stessa cosa ma in base al nome del comando del processo o ad altri attributi, usare <literal>killall</literal>(1) o <literal>pkill</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of frequently used signals for kill command
it: Elenco dei segnali usati comunemente con il comando kill

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: signal value
it: valore del segnale

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: signal name
it: nome del segnale

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: note
it: nota

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: no signal is sent (see <literal>kill</literal>(2))
it: nessun segnale viene inviato (vedere <literal>kill</literal>(2))

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: check if process is running
it: controlla se il processo è in esecuzione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: terminate the process
it: termina il processo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: disconnected terminal (signal hang up)
it: terminale disconnesso (segnale hang up)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: interrupt from keyboard (<literal>CTRL-C</literal>)
it: interrupt dalla tastiera (<literal>CTRL-C</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: terminate the process and <ulink url="&dumpcore;">dump core</ulink>
it: termina il processo e fa un <ulink url="&dumpcore;">core dump</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: quit from keyboard (<literal>CTRL-\</literal>)
it: esce dalla tastiera (<literal>CTRL-\</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: unblockable kill signal
it: segnale di terminazione non bloccabile

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: blockable termination signal
it: segnale di terminazione bloccabile

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Scheduling tasks once
it: Pianificare compiti da eseguire una volta sola

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Run the <literal>at</literal>(1) command to schedule a one-time job by the following.
it: Per pianificare un compito da eseguire una volta soltanto eseguire il comando <literal>at</literal>(1) nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Scheduling tasks regularly
it: Pianificare compiti in modo regolare

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Use <literal>cron</literal>(8) to schedule tasks regularly.  See <literal>crontab</literal>(1) and <literal>crontab</literal>(5).
it: Per pianificare compiti in modo regolare usare <literal>cron</literal>(8). Vedere <literal>crontab</literal>(1) e <literal>crontab</literal>(5).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can schedule to run processes as a normal user, e.g. <literal>foo</literal> by creating a <literal>crontab</literal>(5) file as "<literal>/var/spool/cron/crontabs/foo</literal>" with "<literal>crontab -e</literal>" command.
it: Si può pianificare l'esecuzione di processi come utente normale, ad esempio l'utente <literal>pippo</literal>, creando un file <literal>crontab</literal>(5) come "<literal>/var/spool/cron/crontabs/pippo</literal>" con il comando "<literal>crontab -e</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here is an example of a <literal>crontab</literal>(5) file.
it: Quello seguente è un esempio di file <literal>crontab</literal>(5).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: For the system not running continuously, install the <literal>anacron</literal> package to schedule periodic commands at the specified intervals as closely as machine-uptime permits.  See <literal>anacron</literal>(8) and <literal>anacrontab</literal>(5).
it: Per i sistemi non in esecuzione in maniera continuata, installare il pacchetto <literal>anacron</literal> per pianificare l'esecuzione di comandi periodici, in maniera il più possibile vicina agli intervalli specificati, in base a quanto permesso dal tempo di attività della macchina. Vedere <literal>anacron</literal>(8) e <literal>anacrontab</literal>(5).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: For scheduled system maintenance scripts, you can run them periodically from root account by placing such scripts in "<literal>/etc/cron.hourly/</literal>", "<literal>/etc/cron.daily/</literal>", "<literal>/etc/cron.weekly/</literal>", or "<literal>/etc/cron.monthly/</literal>".  Execution timings of these scripts can be customized by "<literal>/etc/crontab</literal>" and "<literal>/etc/anacrontab</literal>".
it: Gli script con compiti pianificati di amministrazione del sistema possono essere eseguiti periodicamente dall'account di root, ponendoli in "<literal>/etc/cron.hourly/</literal>", "<literal>/etc/cron.daily/</literal>", "<literal>/etc/cron.weekly/</literal>" o "<literal>/etc/cron.monthly/</literal>". L'orario di esecuzione di questi script può essere personalizzato con "<literal>/etc/crontab</literal>" e "<literal>/etc/anacrontab</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <ulink url="&systemd;">Systemd</ulink> has low level capability to schedule programs to run without <literal>cron</literal> daemon.  For example, <literal>/lib/systemd/system/apt-daily.timer</literal> and <literal>/lib/systemd/system/apt-daily.service</literal> set up daily apt download activities.  See <literal>systemd.timer</literal>(5) .
it: <ulink url="&systemd;">Systemd</ulink> ha una funzionalità a basso livello per pianificare l'esecuzione di programmi senza il demone <literal>cron</literal>. Per esempio, <literal>/lib/systemd/system/apt-daily.timer</literal> e <literal>/lib/systemd/system/apt-daily.service</literal> impostano le attività giornaliere di scaricamento di apt. Vedere <literal>systemd.timer</literal>(5) .

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Scheduling tasks on event
it: Pianificare compiti da eseguire in caso di un evento

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <ulink url="&systemd;">Systemd</ulink> can schedule program not only on the timer event but also on the mount event.  See <xref linkend="_timer_event_triggered_backup"/> and <xref linkend="_mount_event_triggered_backup"/> for examples.
it: <ulink url="&systemd;">Systemd</ulink> può pianificare programmi non solo in base ad eventi temporizzati, ma anche in caso di eventi di mount. Vedere <xref linkend="_timer_event_triggered_backup"/> e <xref linkend="_mount_event_triggered_backup"/> per alcuni esempi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Alt-SysRq key
it: Tasto Alt-SysRq

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Pressing Alt-SysRq (PrtScr) followed by one keys does the magic of rescuing control of the system.
it: Premendo Alt-RSist (Stamp) seguito da un tasto fa la magia di ripristinare il controllo del sistema.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of notable SAK command keys
it: Elenco di tasti per il comando SAK degni di nota

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: key following Alt-SysRq
it: tasto premuto dopo Alt-R_Sist

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: description of action
it: descrizione dell'azione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <emphasis role="strong">k</emphasis>ill all processes on the <emphasis role="strong">current virtual console</emphasis> (<ulink url="&sak;">SAK</ulink>)
it: uccide (<emphasis role="strong">k</emphasis>ill) tutti i processi nella <emphasis role="strong">console virtuale attuale</emphasis> (<ulink url="&sak;">SAK</ulink>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <emphasis role="strong">s</emphasis>ync all mounted filesystems to avoid data corruption
it: <emphasis role="strong">s</emphasis>incronizza tutti i file system montati per evitare corruzione di dati

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: remount all mounted filesystems read-only (<emphasis role="strong">u</emphasis>mount)
it: monta nuovamente tutti i file system in sola letturra (<emphasis role="strong">u</emphasis>mount)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: restore the keyboard from <emphasis role="strong">r</emphasis>aw mode after X crashes
it: ripristina la tastiera dalla modalità <emphasis role="strong">r</emphasis>aw dopo un crash di X

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See more on <ulink url="&linuxkernelusersmrequestkeyhacks;">Linux kernel user’s and administrator’s guide » Linux Magic System Request Key Hacks</ulink>
it: Vedere ulteriori informazioni in <ulink url="&linuxkernelusersmrequestkeyhacks;">"Linux kernel user’s and administrator’s guide" » "Linux Magic System Request Key Hacks"</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: From SSH terminal etc., you can use the Alt-SysRq feature by writing to the "<literal>/proc/sysrq-trigger</literal>". For example, "<literal>echo s &gt; /proc/sysrq-trigger; echo u &gt; /proc/sysrq-trigger</literal>" from the root shell prompt <emphasis role="strong">s</emphasis>yncs and <emphasis role="strong">u</emphasis>mounts all mounted filesystems.
it: Si può usare la funzione Alt-R_Sist da un terminale SSH, ecc. scrivendo su "<literal>/proc/sysrq-trigger</literal>". Per esempio, "<literal>echo s &gt; /proc/sysrq-trigger; echo u &gt; /proc/sysrq-trigger</literal>" dal prompt di shell di root <emphasis role="strong">s</emphasis>incronizza ed esegue <emphasis role="strong">u</emphasis>mount per tutti i file system montati.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The current (2021) Debian amd64 Linux kernel has <literal>/proc/sys/kernel/sysrq=438=0b110110110</literal>:
it: L'attuale (2021) kernel Linux amd64 di Debian ha <literal>/proc/sys/kernel/sysrq=438=0b110110110</literal>:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: 2 = 0x2 - enable control of console logging level (ON)
it: 2 = 0x2 - abilitare il controllo del livello di log della console (ON)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: 4 = 0x4 - enable control of keyboard (SAK, unraw) (ON)
it: 4 = 0x4 - abilitare il controllo della tastiera (SAK, unraw) (ON)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: 8 = 0x8 - enable debugging dumps of processes etc. (OFF)
it: 8 = 0x8 - abilitare dump di debug dei processi, ecc. (OFF)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: 16 = 0x10 - enable sync command (ON)
it: 16 = 0x10 - abilitare commando sync (ON)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: 32 = 0x20 - enable remount read-only (ON)
it: 32 = 0x20 - abiitare il ri-montaggio in sola lettura (ON)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: 64 = 0x40 - enable signaling of processes (term, kill, oom-kill) (OFF)
it: 64 = 0x40 - abilitare il segnali per i processi (term, kill, oom-kill) (OFF)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: 128 = 0x80 - allow reboot/poweroff (ON)
it: 128 = 0x80 - permettere riavvio/spegnimento (ON)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: 256 = 0x100 - allow nicing of all RT tasks (ON)
it: 256 = 0x100 - permettere l'impostazione valore di nice di tutte le attività RT (ON)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: System maintenance tips
it: Suggerimenti per l'amministrazione del sistema

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Who is on the system?
it: Chi è nel sistema?

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can check who is on the system by the following.
it: Si può controllare chi è connesso al sistema nei modi seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>who</literal>(1) shows who is logged on.
it: <literal>who</literal>(1) mostra chi ha fatto il login ed è connesso.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>w</literal>(1) shows who is logged on and what they are doing.
it: <literal>w</literal>(1) mostra l'elenco di chi ha fatto il login ed è connesso e cosa sta facendo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>last</literal>(1) shows listing of last logged in user.
it: <literal>last</literal>(1) mostra l'elenco degli utenti che hanno fatto il login più recentemente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>lastb</literal>(1) shows listing of last bad logged in users.
it: <literal>lastb</literal>(1) mostra l'elenco degli utenti che hanno tentato il login non riuscendovi più recentemente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: "<literal>/var/run/utmp</literal>", and "<literal>/var/log/wtmp</literal>" hold such user information.  See <literal>login</literal>(1) and <literal>utmp</literal>(5).
it: Queste informazioni sugli utenti sono contenute in "<literal>/var/run/utmp</literal>" e "<literal>/var/log/wtmp</literal>". Vedere <literal>login</literal>(1) e <literal>utmp</literal>(5).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Warning everyone
it: Avvertire tutti gli utenti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can send message to everyone who is logged on to the system with <literal>wall</literal>(1) by the following.
it: Si può mandare un messaggio a tutti gli utenti che sono connessi al sistema con <literal>wall</literal>(1) nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Hardware identification
it: Identificazione dell'hardware

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For the <ulink url="&pci;">PCI</ulink>-like devices (<ulink url="&agp;">AGP</ulink>, <ulink url="&pciexpress;">PCI-Express</ulink>, <ulink url="&cardbus;">CardBus</ulink>, <ulink url="&expresscard;">ExpressCard</ulink>, etc.), <literal>lspci</literal>(8) (probably with "<literal>-nn</literal>" option) is a good start for the hardware identification.
it: Per i dispositivi di tipo simil-<ulink url="&pci;">PCI</ulink> (<ulink url="&agp;">AGP</ulink>, <ulink url="&pciexpress;">PCI-Express</ulink>, <ulink url="&cardbus;">CardBus</ulink>, <ulink url="&expresscard;">ExpressCard</ulink>, ecc.), <literal>lspci</literal>(8) (probabilmente con l'opzione "<literal>-nn</literal>") è un buon punto di partenza per l'identificazione dell'hardware.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Alternatively, you can identify the hardware by reading contents of "<literal>/proc/bus/pci/devices</literal>" or browsing directory tree under "<literal>/sys/bus/pci</literal>" (see <xref linkend="_procfs_and_sysfs"/>).
it: In alternativa, si può identificare l'hardware leggendo il contenuto di "<literal>/proc/bus/pci/devices</literal>" o sfogliando l'albero di directory in "<literal>/sys/bus/pci</literal>" (vedere <xref linkend="_procfs_and_sysfs"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of hardware identification tools
it: Elenco di strumenti per l'identificazione dell'hardware

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Linux PCI Utilities: <literal>lspci</literal>(8)
it: utilità PCI Linux: <literal>lspci</literal>(8)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Linux USB utilities: <literal>lsusb</literal>(8)
it: utilità Linux USB: <literal>lsusb</literal>(8)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: NVMe utilities for Linux: <literal>nvme</literal>(1)
it: utilità NVMe per Linux: <literal>nvme</literal>(1)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: PCMCIA utilities for Linux: <literal>pccardctl</literal>(8)
it: utilità PCMCIA per Linux: <literal>pccardctl</literal>(8)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: collection of tools for SCSI hardware management: <literal>lsscsi</literal>(8)
it: raccosta di strumenti per la gestione dell'hardware SCSI:<literal>lsscsi</literal>(8)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: system information obtained from "<literal>/proc</literal>": <literal>lsdev</literal>(8)
it: informazioni sul sistema ottenute da "<literal>/proc</literal>": <literal>lsdev</literal>(8)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: information about hardware configuration: <literal>lshw</literal>(1)
it: informazioni sulla configurazione hardware: <literal>lshw</literal>(1)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: hardware identification system: <literal>discover</literal>(8)
it: sistema di identificazione dell'hardware: <literal>discover</literal>(8)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Hardware configuration
it: Configurazione dell'hardware

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Although most of the hardware configuration on modern GUI desktop systems such as GNOME and KDE can be managed through accompanying GUI configuration tools, it is a good idea to know some basics methods to configure them.
it: Sebbene nei moderni sistemi desktop con interfaccia grafica, come GNOME e KDE, la maggior parte della configurazione dell'hardware possa essere gestita attraverso strumenti di configurazione con interfaccia grafica da essi forniti, è bene conoscere alcuni metodi di base di configurazione.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of hardware configuration tools
it: Elenco di strumenti di configurazione dell'hardware

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Linux console font and keytable utilities
it: utilità Linux per i tipi di carattere e la mappa di tastiera in console

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: X server utilities: <literal>xset</literal>(1), <literal>xmodmap</literal>(1)
it: utilità del server X: <literal>xset</literal>(1), <literal>xmodmap</literal>(1)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: daemon to manage events delivered by the Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI)
it: demone per gestire eventi inviati dall'ACPI (Advanced Configuration and Power Interface, interfaccia avanzata per configurazione ed energia)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: utility to display information on ACPI devices
it: utilità per mostrare informazioni sui device ACPI

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: daemon to put a laptop to sleep during inactivity
it: demone per sospendere un portatile durante l'inattività

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: hard disk access optimization (see <xref linkend="_optimization_of_hard_disk"/>)
it: ottimizzazione degli accessi al disco fisso (vedere <xref linkend="_optimization_of_hard_disk"/>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: control and monitor storage systems using <ulink url="&smart;">S.M.A.R.T.</ulink>
it: controllo e monitoraggio dei sistemi di archiviazione usando <ulink url="&smart;">S.M.A.R.T.</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: collection of tools for serial port management
it: raccolta di strumenti per la gestione delle porte seriali

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: collection of tools for memory hardware management
it: raccolta di strumenti per la gestione di hardware di memoria

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: collection of tools for <ulink url="&scsi;">SCSI</ulink> hardware management
it: raccolta di strumenti per la gestione di hardware <ulink url="&scsi;">SCSI</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: compact disc drive access optimization
it: ottimizzazione dell'accesso alle unità CD

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: larger mouse cursors for X
it: puntatori del mouse più grandi per X

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here, <ulink url="&acpi;">ACPI</ulink> is a newer framework for the power management system than <ulink url="&apm;">APM</ulink>.
it: <ulink url="&acpi;">ACPI</ulink> è un'infrastruttura per il sistema di gestione dell'energia più nuovo di <ulink url="&apm;">APM</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: CPU frequency scaling on modern system is governed by kernel modules such as <literal>acpi_cpufreq</literal>.
it: La modifica della frequenza della CPU nei sistemi moderni è controllata da moduli del kernel come <literal>acpi_cpufreq</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: System and hardware time
it: Orario di sistema e hardware

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The following sets system and hardware time to MM/DD hh:mm, CCYY.
it: I comandi seguenti impostano l'ora di sistema e hardware a MM/GG hh:mm, AAAA.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Times are normally displayed in the local time on the Debian system but the hardware and system time usually use <ulink url="&utcgmt;">UTC(GMT)</ulink>.
it: Nei sistemi Debian, gli orari sono mostrati normalmente come ora locale, ma l'ora di sistema e quella hardware usano di solito l'ora <ulink url="&utcgmt;">UTC(GMT)</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If the hardware time is set to UTC, change the setting to "<literal>UTC=yes</literal>" in the "<literal>/etc/default/rcS</literal>".
it: Se l'ora hardware è impostata ad UTC, modificare l'impostazione nel file "<literal>/etc/default/rcS</literal>" ad "<literal>UTC=yes</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The following reconfigure the timezone used by the Debian system.
it: Il comando seguente riconfigura il fuso orario utilizzato dal sistema Debian.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you wish to update system time via network, consider to use the <ulink url="&ntp;">NTP</ulink> service with the packages such as <literal>ntp</literal>, <literal>ntpdate</literal>, and <literal>chrony</literal>.
it: Se si desidera tenere aggiornata l'ora di sistema attraverso la rete, si consideri l'uso del servizion <ulink url="&ntp;">NTP</ulink> con pacchetti come <literal>ntp</literal>, <literal>ntpdate</literal> e <literal>chrony</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Under <ulink url="&systemd;">systemd</ulink>, use <literal>systemd-timesyncd</literal> for the network time synchronization instead.  See <literal>systemd-timesyncd</literal>(8).
it: In <ulink url="&systemd;">systemd</ulink>, usare invece <literal>systemd-timesyncd</literal> per l'ora di rete. Vedere <literal>systemd-timesyncd</literal>(8).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See the following.
it: Vedere la documentazione seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&ntppublicservicesproject;">NTP Public Services Project</ulink>
it: <ulink url="&ntppublicservicesproject;">Progetto servizi NTP pubblici</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The <literal>ntp-doc</literal> package
it: Il pacchetto <literal>ntp-doc</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: <literal>ntptrace</literal>(8) in the <literal>ntp</literal> package can trace a chain of NTP servers back to the primary source.
it: <literal>ntptrace</literal>(8), nel pacchetto <literal>ntp</literal> può tracciare una catena di server NTP all'indietro fino alla fonte originaria.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The terminal configuration
it: Configurazione del terminale

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There are several components to configure character console and <literal>ncurses</literal>(3) system features.
it: Ci sono diversi componenti per configurare le funzionalità della console a caratteri e il sistema <literal>ncurses</literal>(3).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The "<literal>/etc/terminfo/*/*</literal>" file (<literal>terminfo</literal>(5))
it: Il file "<literal>/etc/terminfo/*/*</literal>" (<literal>terminfo</literal>(5))

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The "<literal>$TERM</literal>" environment variable (<literal>term</literal>(7))
it: La variabile d'ambiente "<literal>$TERM</literal>" (<literal>term</literal>(7))

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>setterm</literal>(1), <literal>stty</literal>(1), <literal>tic</literal>(1), and <literal>toe</literal>(1)
it: <literal>setterm</literal>(1), <literal>stty</literal>(1), <literal>tic</literal>(1) e <literal>toe</literal>(1)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If the <literal>terminfo</literal> entry for <literal>xterm</literal> doesn't work with a non-Debian <literal>xterm</literal>, change your terminal type, "<literal>$TERM</literal>", from "<literal>xterm</literal>" to one of the feature-limited versions such as "<literal>xterm-r6</literal>" when you log in to a Debian system remotely.  See "<literal>/usr/share/doc/libncurses5/FAQ</literal>" for more.  "<literal>dumb</literal>" is the lowest common denominator for "<literal>$TERM</literal>".
it: Se, con un <literal>xterm</literal> non Debian, la voce <literal>terminfo</literal> per <literal>xterm</literal> non funziona, cambiare il tipo di terminale "<literal>$TERM</literal>" da "<literal>xterm</literal>" ad una delle versioni con funzionalità limitate come "<literal>xterm-r6</literal>" quando si fa il login ad un sistema Debian da remoto. Per ulteriori informazioni vedere "<literal>/usr/share/doc/libncurses5/FAQ</literal>" . "<literal>dumb</literal>" è il minimo denominatore comune per "<literal>$TERM</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The sound infrastructure
it: L'infrastruttura audio

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Device drivers for sound cards for current Linux are provided by <ulink url="&advancedlinuxsouarchitecturealsa;">Advanced Linux Sound Architecture (ALSA)</ulink>.  ALSA provides emulation mode for previous <ulink url="&opensoundsystemoss;">Open Sound System (OSS)</ulink> for compatibility.
it: I driver di dispositivo per le schede audio per l'attuale Linux sono forniti da <ulink url="&advancedlinuxsouarchitecturealsa;">ALSA (Advanced Linux Sound Architecture)</ulink>. ALSA fornisce una modalità di emulazione per la compatibilità con il precedente sistema <ulink url="&opensoundsystemoss;">OSS (Open Sound System)</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Application softwares may be configured not only to access sound devices directly but also to access them via some standardized sound server system.  Currently, PulseAudio, JACK, and PipeWire are used as sound server system.  See <ulink url="&debianwikipageonsound;">Debian wiki page on Sound</ulink> for the latest situation.
it: I software applicativi possono essere configurati non solo per accedere direttamente a device audio, ma anche per accedervi attraverso un qualche sistema server audio standardizzato. Attualmente PulseAudio, JACK e PipeWire vengono usati come sistemi per server audio. Vedere la <ulink url="&debianwikipageonsound;">pagina del wiki Debian sull'Audio</ulink> per la situazione più recente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There is usually a common sound engine for each popular desktop environment. Each sound engine used by the application can choose to connect to different sound servers.
it: Normalmente esiste un motore audio comune per ciascun ambiente desktop. Ciascun motore audio usato dalle applicazioni può scegliere di connettersi a diversi server audio.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Use "<literal>cat /dev/urandom &gt; /dev/audio</literal>" or <literal>speaker-test</literal>(1) to test speaker (^C to stop).
it: Per testare l'altoparlante usare "<literal>cat /dev/urandom &gt; /dev/audio</literal>" oppure <literal>speaker-test</literal>(1) (^C per interrompere).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: If you can not get sound, your speaker may be connected to a muted output.  Modern sound system has many outputs.  <literal>alsamixer</literal>(1) in the <literal>alsa-utils</literal> package is useful to configure volume and mute settings.
it: Se non si ottiene l'audio, è possibile che l'altroparlante sia connesso ad un output impostato come muto. I moderni sistemi sonori hanno svariati output. <literal>alsamixer</literal>(1) nel pacchetto <literal>alsa-utils</literal> è utile per configurare le impostazioni del volume e di muto.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of sound packages
it: Elenco di pacchetti relativi all'audio

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: utilities for configuring and using ALSA
it: utilità per configurare ed usare ALSA

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: OSS compatibility under ALSA preventing "<literal>/dev/dsp not found</literal>" errors
it: compatibilità OSS in ALSA per prevenire errori "<literal>/dev/dsp not found</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&audioandvideopromultimediaserver;">audio and video processing engine multimedia server</ulink> - metapackage
it: <ulink url="&audioandvideopromultimediaserver;">server multimediale per motore di elaborazione audio e video</ulink> - metapacchetto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&audioandvideopromultimediaserver;">audio and video processing engine multimedia server</ulink> - audio server and CLI programs
it: <ulink url="&audioandvideopromultimediaserver;">server multimediale per motore di elaborazione audio e video</ulink> - server e CLI audio

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&audioandvideopromultimediaserver;">audio and video processing engine multimedia server</ulink> - audio server to replace ALSA
it: <ulink url="&audioandvideopromultimediaserver;">server multimediale per motore di elaborazione audio e video</ulink> - server audio per rimpiazzare ALSA

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&audioandvideopromultimediaserver;">audio and video processing engine multimedia server</ulink> - audio server to replace PulseAudio
it: <ulink url="&audioandvideopromultimediaserver;">server multimediale per motore di elaborazione audio e video</ulink> - server audio per rimpiazzare PulseAudio

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&pulseaudio;">PulseAudio</ulink> server
it: server <ulink url="&pulseaudio;">PulseAudio</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&pulseaudio;">PulseAudio</ulink> client library
it: libreria client <ulink url="&pulseaudio;">PulseAudio</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&jackaudioconnectionkitjack;">JACK Audio Connection Kit. (JACK)</ulink> server (low latency)
it: server <ulink url="&jackaudioconnectionkitjack;">JACK (JACK Audio Connection Kit)</ulink> (bassa latenza)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&jackaudioconnectionkitjack;">JACK Audio Connection Kit. (JACK)</ulink> library (low latency)
it: libreria <ulink url="&jackaudioconnectionkitjack;">JACK (JACK Audio Connection Kit)</ulink> (bassa latenza)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&gstreamer;">GStreamer</ulink>: GNOME sound engine
it: <ulink url="&gstreamer;">GStreamer</ulink>: motore audio di GNOME

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&phonon;">Phonon</ulink>: KDE sound engine
it: <ulink url="&phonon;">Phonon</ulink>: motore audio di KDE

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Disabling the screen saver
it: Disabilitare il salvaschermo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For disabling the screen saver, use following commands.
it: Per disabilitare il salvaschermo usare i comandi seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of commands for disabling the screen saver
it: Elenco di comandi per disabilitare il salvaschermo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: The Linux console
it: Console Linux

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: The X Window (turning off screensaver)
it: X Window (disabilitare il salvaschermo)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: The X Window (disabling dpms)
it: X Window (disabilitare DPMS)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: The X Window (GUI configuration of screen saver)
it: X Window (configurazione tramite GUI del salvaschermo)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Disabling beep sounds
it: Disabilitare i bip sonori

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: One can always unplug the PC speaker to disable beep sounds.  Removing <literal>pcspkr</literal> kernel module does this for you.
it: Per disabilitare i bip sonori è sempre possibile disconnettere l'altoparlante del PC; la rimozione del modulo <literal>pcspkr</literal> del kernel fa stessa cosa per conto dell'utente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The following prevents the <literal>readline</literal>(3) program used by <literal>bash</literal>(1) to beep when encountering an alert character (ASCII=7).
it: Il comando seguente evita che il programma <literal>readline</literal>(3) usato da <literal>bash</literal>(1) emetta suoni bip quando incontra un carattere di allerta (ASCII=7).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Memory usage
it: Uso della memoria

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There are 2 resources available for you to get the memory usage situation.
it: Ci sono 2 risorse disponibile per l'utente per ottenere la situazione dell'uso della memoria.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The kernel boot message in the "<literal>/var/log/dmesg</literal>" contains the total exact size of available memory.
it: I messaggi di avvio del kernel nel file "<literal>/var/log/dmesg</literal>" contengono la dimensione esatta della memoria disponibile.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>free</literal>(1) and <literal>top</literal>(1) display information on memory resources on the running system.
it: <literal>free</literal>(1) e <literal>top</literal>(1) mostrano informazioni sulle risorse di memoria nel sistema mentre è in funzione.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here is an example.
it: Ecco un esempio.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You may be wondering "dmesg tells me a free of 990 MB, and free -k says 320 MB is free. More than 600 MB missing …".
it: Ci si potrebbe chiedere perché dmesg dice che ci sono 990 MB liberi e free -k dice che sono liberi 320 MB. Ne mancano più di 600 MB.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Do not worry about the large size of "<literal>used</literal>" and the small size of "<literal>free</literal>" in the "<literal>Mem:</literal>" line, but read the one under them (675404 and 321780 in the example above) and relax.
it: Non ci si deve preoccupare della grande dimensione del valore "<literal>used</literal>" (usata) e del piccolo valore di "<literal>free</literal>" (libera) nella riga "<literal>Mem:</literal>", ma si può invece leggere la riga sottostante (con 675404 e 321780 nell'esempio precedente) e rilassarsi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For my MacBook with 1GB=1048576k DRAM (video system steals some of this), I see the following.
it: Per il mio MacBook con 1GB=1048576k DRAM (il sistema video ne ruba un po'), vedo le informazioni seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of memory sizes reported
it: Elenco di dimensioni della memoria riportate

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: report
it: fonte

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Total size in dmesg
it: Dimensione totale in dmesg

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Free in dmesg
it: Libera in dmesg

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Total under shell
it: Dimensione totale nella shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Free under shell
it: Libera nella shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: 20256k (but effectively 321780k)
it: 20256k (ma in effetti 321780k)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: System security and integrity check
it: Verifica della sicurezza e dell'integrità del sistema

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Poor system maintenance may expose your system to external exploitation.
it: Una cattiva manutenzione del sistema può esporlo ad attacchi esterni.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For system security and integrity check, you should start with the following.
it: Per verificare la sicurezza e l'integrità del sistema, si dovrebbe iniziare dai punti seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The <literal>debsums</literal> package, see <literal>debsums</literal>(1) and <xref linkend="_top_level_release_file_and_authenticity"/>.
it: Il pacchetto <literal>debsums</literal>; vedere <literal>debsums</literal>(1) e <xref linkend="_top_level_release_file_and_authenticity"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The <literal>chkrootkit</literal> package, see <literal>chkrootkit</literal>(1).
it: Il pacchetto <literal>chkrootkit</literal>; vedere <literal>chkrootkit</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The <literal>clamav</literal> package family, see <literal>clamscan</literal>(1) and <literal>freshclam</literal>(1).
it: La famiglia di pacchetti <literal>clamav</literal>; vedere <literal>clamscan</literal>(1) e <literal>freshclam</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&debiansecurityfaq;">Debian security FAQ</ulink>.
it: <ulink url="&debiansecurityfaq;">FAQ Debian Security</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&securingdebianmanual;">Securing Debian Manual</ulink>.
it: <ulink url="&securingdebianmanual;">Manuale Securing Debian</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of tools for system security and integrity check
it: Elenco di strumenti per verificare la sicurezza e l'integrità del sistema

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: daemon to mail anomalies in the system logfiles to the administrator
it: demone per inviare via posta anomalie nei file di registro di sistema all'amministratore

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: utility to verify installed package files against MD5 checksums
it: utilità per controllare i file dei pacchetti installati con le somme di controllo MD5

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&rootkit;">rootkit</ulink> detector
it: rilevatore di <ulink url="&rootkit;">rootkit</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: anti-virus utility for Unix - command-line interface
it: utilità anti-virus per Unix - interfaccia a riga di comando

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: report system security vulnerabilities
it: riporta vulnerabilità nella sicurezza di sistema

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: file and directory integrity checker
it: strumento di controllo dell'integrità di file e directory

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: active password cracking tool
it: strumento di violazione delle password attive

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Advanced Intrusion Detection Environment - static binary
it: AIDE - ambiente avanzato di rilevamento delle intrusioni - binario statico

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: file integrity verification program
it: programma di controllo dell'integrità di file

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: password guessing program
it: programma per indovinare password

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here is a simple script to check for typical world writable incorrect file permissions.
it: Con il piccolo script seguente è possibile controllare la presenza di tipici errori con permessi di scrittura per tutti per i file sbagliati.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: Since the <literal>debsums</literal> package uses <ulink url="&mdf;">MD5</ulink> checksums stored locally, it can not be fully trusted as the system security audit tool against malicious attacks.
it: Data che il pacchetto <literal>debsums</literal> usa le somme di controllo <ulink url="&mdf;">MD5</ulink> salvate localmente, non può essere completamente affidabile come strumento di controllo della sicurezza del sistema contro attacchi malevoli.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Data storage tips
it: Suggerimenti per l'archiviazione dei dati

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: You may need to <literal>umount</literal>(8) some devices manually from the command line before operating on them if they are automatically mounted by the GUI desktop system.
it: Può essere necessario smontare manualmente dalla riga di comando con <literal>umount</literal>(8) alcuni dispositivi prima di operare su di essi se sono stati automaticamente montati dal sistema desktop GUI.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Disk space usage
it: Uso dello spazio su disco

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The disk space usage can be evaluated by programs provided by the <literal>mount</literal>, <literal>coreutils</literal>, and <literal>xdu</literal> packages:
it: L'uso dello spazio su disco può essere valutato con i programmi forniti dai pacchetti <literal>mount</literal>, <literal>coreutils</literal> e <literal>xdu</literal>:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>mount</literal>(8) reports all mounted filesystems (= disks).
it: <literal>mount</literal>(8) mostra tutti i file system (= dischi) montati.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>df</literal>(1) reports the disk space usage for the file system.
it: <literal>df</literal>(1) mostra l'uso dello spazio su disco da parte dei file system.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>du</literal>(1) reports the disk space usage for the directory tree.
it: <literal>du</literal>(1) mostra l'uso dello spazio su disco da parte dell'albero di directory.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: You can feed the output of <literal>du</literal>(8) to <literal>xdu</literal>(1x) to produce its graphical and interactive presentation with "<literal>du -k . |xdu</literal>", "<literal>sudo du -k -x / |xdu</literal>", etc.
it: Si può indirizzare l'output di <literal>du</literal>(8) a <literal>xdu</literal>(1x) per far sì che che produca la sua rappresentazione grafica e interattiva, usando "<literal>du -k . |xdu</literal>", "<literal>sudo du -k -x / |xdu</literal>", ecc.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Disk partition configuration
it: Configurazione del partizionamento dei dischi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For <ulink url="&diskpartition;">disk partition</ulink> configuration, although <literal>fdisk</literal>(8) has been considered standard, <literal>parted</literal>(8) deserves some attention.  "Disk partitioning data", "partition table", "partition map", and "disk label" are all synonyms.
it: Per la configurazione del <ulink url="&diskpartition;">partizionamento dei dischi</ulink>, benché <literal>fdisk</literal>(8) sia considerato lo strumento standard, <literal>parted</literal>(8) merita un po' di attenzione. "Dati di partizionamento del disco", "tabella delle partizioni", "mappa delle partizioni" e "etichetta del disco" sono tutti sinonimi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Older PCs use the classic <ulink url="&masterbootrecordmbr;">Master Boot Record (MBR)</ulink> scheme to hold <ulink url="&diskpartitioning;">disk partitioning</ulink> data in the first sector, i.e., <ulink url="&lba;">LBA</ulink> sector 0 (512 bytes).
it: I PC più vecchi usano il classico schema basato su <ulink url="&masterbootrecordmbr;">MBR (Master Boot Record)</ulink> per contenere i dati sul <ulink url="&diskpartitioning;">partizionamento del disco</ulink> nel primo settore, cioè il settore <ulink url="&lba;">LBA</ulink> 0 (512 byte).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Recent PCs with <ulink url="&unifiedextensiblareinterfaceuefi;">Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI)</ulink>, including Intel-based Macs, use <ulink url="&guidpartitiontablegpt;">GUID Partition Table (GPT)</ulink> scheme to hold <ulink url="&diskpartitioning;">disk partitioning</ulink> data not in the first sector.
it: I PC recenti con <ulink url="&unifiedextensiblareinterfaceuefi;">Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI)</ulink>, compresi i Mac basati su Intel, usano lo schema <ulink url="&guidpartitiontablegpt;">GPT (GUID Partition Table)</ulink> per contenere i dati sul <ulink url="&diskpartitioning;">partizionamento del disco</ulink> non nel primo settore.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Although <literal>fdisk</literal>(8) has been standard for the disk partitioning tool, <literal>parted</literal>(8) is replacing it.
it: Sebbene <literal>fdisk</literal>(8) sia stato lo strumento standard per il partizionamento dei dischi, <literal>parted</literal>(8) lo sta sostituendo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of disk partition management packages
it: Elenco di pacchetti di gestione delle partizioni dei dischi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: miscellaneous system utilities including <literal>fdisk</literal>(8) and <literal>cfdisk</literal>(8)
it: utilità di sistema varie inclusi <literal>fdisk</literal>(8) e <literal>cfdisk</literal>(8)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: GNU Parted disk partition resizing program
it: programma GNU Parted per il ridimensionamento delle partizioni dei dischi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: GNOME partition editor based on <literal>libparted</literal>
it: editor delle partizioni di GNOME basato su <literal>libparted</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: partition editor for the GPT/MBR hybrid disk
it: editor delle partizioni per i dischi ibridi GPT/MBR

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: program to create device mappings for partitions
it: programma per creare la mappatura a device per le partizioni

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: Although <literal>parted</literal>(8) claims to create and to resize filesystem too, it is safer to do such things using best maintained specialized tools such as <literal>mkfs</literal>(8) (<literal>mkfs.msdos</literal>(8), <literal>mkfs.ext2</literal>(8), <literal>mkfs.ext3</literal>(8), <literal>mkfs.ext4</literal>(8), …) and <literal>resize2fs</literal>(8).
it: Sebbene <literal>parted</literal>(8) sostenga di creare e ridimensionare anche i file system, è più sicuro fare queste cose usando gli strumenti specializzati meglio mantenuti, come <literal>mkfs</literal>(8) (<literal>mkfs.msdos</literal>(8), <literal>mkfs.ext2</literal>(8), <literal>mkfs.ext3</literal>(8), <literal>mkfs.ext4</literal>(8), …) e <literal>resize2fs</literal>(8).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: In order to switch between <ulink url="&gpt;">GPT</ulink> and <ulink url="&mbr;">MBR</ulink>, you need to erase first few blocks of disk contents directly (see <xref linkend="_clearing_file_contents"/>) and use "<literal>parted /dev/sdx mklabel gpt</literal>" or "<literal>parted /dev/sdx mklabel msdos</literal>" to set it.  Please note "<literal>msdos</literal>" is use here for <ulink url="&mbr;">MBR</ulink>.
it: Per poter commutare tra <ulink url="&gpt;">GPT</ulink> e <ulink url="&mbr;">MBR</ulink>, è necessario cancellare direttamente i primi pochi blocchi del contenuto del disco (vedere <xref linkend="_clearing_file_contents"/>) e usare "<literal>parted /dev/sdx mklabel gpt</literal>" o "<literal>parted /dev/sdx mklabel msdos</literal>", per fare il cambiamento. Notare che in questo contesto è usato "<literal>msdos</literal>" per <ulink url="&mbr;">MBR</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Accessing partition using UUID
it: Accedere alle partizioni usando UUID

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Although reconfiguration of your partition or activation order of removable storage media may yield different names for partitions, you can access them consistently. This is also helpful if you have multiple disks and your BIOS/UEFI doesn't give them consistent device names.
it: Anche se la riconfigurazione delle partizioni o l'ordine di attivazione di supporti di archiviazione removibili può portare ad avere nomi diversi per le partizioni, è possibile accedere ad esse in modo coerente. Ciò è utile anche se si hanno più dischi ed il BIOS/UEFI non assegna loro un nome di dispositivo costante.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>mount</literal>(8) with "<literal>-U</literal>" option can mount a block device using <ulink url="&uuid;">UUID</ulink>, instead of using its file name such as "<literal>/dev/sda3</literal>".
it: <literal>mount</literal>(8) con l'opzione "<literal>-U</literal>" può montare un device a blocchi usando l'<ulink url="&uuid;">UUID</ulink> invece di usare il suo nome di file come "<literal>/dev/sda3</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/etc/fstab</literal>" (see <literal>fstab</literal>(5)) can use <ulink url="&uuid;">UUID</ulink>.
it: Il file "<literal>/etc/fstab</literal>" (vedere <literal>fstab</literal>(5)) può usare gli <ulink url="&uuid;">UUID</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Boot loaders (<xref linkend="_stage_2_the_boot_loader"/>) may use <ulink url="&uuid;">UUID</ulink> too.
it: Anche i bootloader (<xref linkend="_stage_2_the_boot_loader"/>) possono usare gli <ulink url="&uuid;">UUID</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: You can probe <ulink url="&uuid;">UUID</ulink> of a block special device with <literal>blkid</literal>(8).
it: Si può scoprire l'<ulink url="&uuid;">UUID</ulink> di un device a blocchi speciale con <literal>blkid</literal>(8).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: You can also probe UUID and other information with "<literal>lsblk -f</literal>".
it: Si può anche sondare UUID e altre informazioni con "<literal>lsblk -f</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: LVM2 is a <ulink url="&logicalvolumemanager;">logical volume manager</ulink> for the Linux kernel.  With LVM2, disk partitions can be created on logical volumes instead of the physical harddisks.
it: LVM2 è un <ulink url="&logicalvolumemanager;">gestore di volumi logici</ulink> per il kernel Linux. Con LVM2 si possono creare partizioni dei dischi in volumi logici invece che sugli hard disk fisici.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: LVM requires the following.
it: LVM richiede quanto segue.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: device-mapper support in the Linux kernel (default for Debian kernels)
it: la gestione di device-mapper nel kernel Linux (predefinita per i kernel Debian)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: the userspace device-mapper support library (<literal>libdevmapper*</literal> package)
it: la libreria per la gestione di device-mapper in spazio utente (pacchetto <literal>libdevmapper*</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: the userspace LVM2 tools (<literal>lvm2</literal> package)
it: gli strumenti LVM2 in spazio utente (pacchetto <literal>lvm2</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Please start learning LVM2 from the following manpages.
it: Per iniziare a comprendere LVM2 guardare le pagine di manuale seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>lvm</literal>(8): Basics of LVM2 mechanism (list of all LVM2 commands)
it: <literal>lvm</literal>(8): Principi di base del meccanismo LVM2 (elenco di tutti i comandi di LVM2)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>lvm.conf</literal>(5): Configuration file for LVM2
it: <literal>lvm.conf</literal>(5): File di configurazione per LVM2

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>lvs</literal>(8): Report information about logical volumes
it: <literal>lvs</literal>(8): Riporta informazioni sui volumi logici

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>vgs</literal>(8): Report information about volume groups
it: <literal>vgs</literal>(8): Riporta informazioni sui gruppi di volumi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>pvs</literal>(8): Report information about physical volumes
it: <literal>pvs</literal>(8): Riporta informazioni sui volumi fisici

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Filesystem configuration
it: Configurazione del file system

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For <ulink url="&exte;">ext4</ulink> filesystem, the <literal>e2fsprogs</literal> package provides the following.
it: Per il file system <ulink url="&exte;">ext4</ulink>, il pacchetto <literal>e2fsprogs</literal> fornisce gli strumenti seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>mkfs.ext4</literal>(8) to create new <ulink url="&exte;">ext4</ulink> filesystem
it: <literal>mkfs.ext3</literal>(8) per creare nuovi file system <ulink url="&exte;">ext4</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>fsck.ext4</literal>(8) to check and to repair existing <ulink url="&exte;">ext4</ulink> filesystem
it: <literal>fsck.ext4</literal>(8) per controllare e riparare file system <ulink url="&exte;">ext4</ulink> esistenti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>tune2fs</literal>(8) to configure superblock of <ulink url="&exte;">ext4</ulink> filesystem
it: <literal>tune2fs</literal>(8) per configurare i superblocchi di un file system <ulink url="&exte;">ext4</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>debugfs</literal>(8) to debug <ulink url="&exte;">ext4</ulink> filesystem interactively. (It has <literal>undel</literal> command to recover deleted files.)
it: <literal>debugfs</literal>(8) per fare il debug di file system <ulink url="&exte;">ext4</ulink> in modo interattivo. (Ha un comando <literal>undel</literal> per ripristinare file eliminati.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <literal>mkfs</literal>(8) and <literal>fsck</literal>(8) commands are provided by the <literal>e2fsprogs</literal> package as front-ends to various filesystem dependent programs (<literal>mkfs.fstype</literal> and <literal>fsck.fstype</literal>). For <ulink url="&exte;">ext4</ulink> filesystem, they are <literal>mkfs.ext4</literal>(8) and <literal>fsck.ext4</literal>(8) (they are symlinked to <literal>mke2fs</literal>(8) and <literal>e2fsck</literal>(8)).
it: I comandi <literal>mkfs</literal>(8) e <literal>fsck</literal>(8) sono forniti dal pacchetto <literal>e2fsprogs</literal> come front-end per vari programmi dipendenti dal file syste (<literal>mkfs.tipofs</literal> e <literal>fsck.tipofs</literal>). Per il file system <ulink url="&exte;">ext4</ulink> , sono <literal>mkfs.ext4</literal>(8) e <literal>fsck.ext4</literal>(8) (sono un collegamento simbolico a <literal>mke2fs</literal>(8) e <literal>e2fsck</literal>(8)).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Similar commands are available for each filesystem supported by Linux.
it: Sono disponibili comandi simili per ciascun file system supportato da Linux.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of filesystem management packages
it: Elenco di pacchetti di gestione dei file system

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: utilities for the <ulink url="&extc;">ext2</ulink>/<ulink url="&extd;">ext3</ulink>/<ulink url="&exte;">ext4</ulink> filesystems
it: utilità per i file system <ulink url="&extc;">ext2</ulink>/<ulink url="&extd;">ext3</ulink>/<ulink url="&exte;">ext4</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: utilities for the <ulink url="&btrfs;">Btrfs</ulink> filesystem
it: utilità per i file system <ulink url="&btrfs;">Btrfs</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: utilities for the <ulink url="&reiserfs;">Reiserfs</ulink> filesystem
it: utilità per i file system <ulink url="&reiserfs;">Reiserfs</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: utilities for the <ulink url="&openzfs;">OpenZFS</ulink> filesystem
it: utilità per i file system <ulink url="&openzfs;">OpenZFS</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: utilities for the <ulink url="&fat;">FAT</ulink> filesystem. (Microsoft: MS-DOS, Windows)
it: utilità per i file system <ulink url="&fat;">FAT</ulink> (Microsoft: MS-DOS, Windows)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: utilities for the <ulink url="&exfat;">exFAT</ulink> filesystem maintained by Samsung.
it: utilità per i file system <ulink url="&exfat;">exFAT</ulink> mantenuti Samsung

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: read/write <ulink url="&exfat;">exFAT</ulink> filesystem (Microsoft) driver for FUSE.
it: driver (Microsoft) in lettura/scrittura per file system <ulink url="&exfat;">exFAT</ulink> per FUSE

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: utilities for the <ulink url="&xfs;">XFS</ulink> filesystem. (SGI: IRIX)
it: utilità per i file system <ulink url="&xfs;">XFS</ulink> (SGI: IRIX)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: read/write <ulink url="&ntfs;">NTFS</ulink> filesystem (Microsoft: Windows NT, …) driver for FUSE.
it: driver in lettura/scrittura per i file system <ulink url="&ntfs;">NTFS</ulink> (Microsoft: Windows NT, …) per FUSE

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: utilities for the <ulink url="&jfs;">JFS</ulink> filesystem. (IBM: AIX, OS/2)
it: utilità per i file system <ulink url="&jfs;">JFS</ulink> (IBM: AIX, OS/2)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: utilities for the <ulink url="&reisere;">Reiser4</ulink> filesystem
it: utilità per i file system <ulink url="&reisere;">Reiser4</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: utilities for <ulink url="&hfs;">HFS</ulink> and <ulink url="&hfsplus;">HFS Plus</ulink> filesystem. (Apple: Mac OS)
it: utilità per i file system <ulink url="&hfs;">HFS</ulink> e <ulink url="&hfsplus;">HFS Plus</ulink> (Apple: Mac OS)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: program to zero free blocks from ext2/3/4 filesystems
it: programma per impostare a 0 i blocchi liberi in file system ext2/3/4

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: <ulink url="&exte;">Ext4</ulink> filesystem is the default filesystem for the Linux system and strongly recommended to use it unless you have some specific reasons not to.
it: Il file system <ulink url="&exte;">Ext4</ulink> è il predefinito per il sistema Linux e il suo uso è caldamente raccomandato a meno che non sia abbiano specifiche ragioni per non farlo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: <ulink url="&btrfs;">Btrfs</ulink> status can be found at <ulink url="&debianwikionbtrfs;">Debian wiki on btrfs</ulink> and <ulink url="&kernelorgwikionbtrfs;">kernel.org wiki on btrfs</ulink>.  It is expected to be the next default filesystem after the ext4 filesystem.
it: Lo stato di <ulink url="&btrfs;">Btrfs</ulink> può essere trovato nelle pagine del <ulink url="&debianwikionbtrfs;">wiki Debian su btrfs</ulink> e in quelle del <ulink url="&kernelorgwikionbtrfs;">wiki di kernel.org su btrfs</ulink>. Ci si aspetta che sarà il prossimo file system predefinito dopo il file system ext4.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Some tools allow access to filesystem without Linux kernel support (see <xref linkend="_manipulating_files_without_mounting_disk"/>).
it: Alcuni strumenti permettono l'accesso a file system non supportati del kernel Linux (vedere <xref linkend="_manipulating_files_without_mounting_disk"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Filesystem creation and integrity check
it: Creare file system e verificarne l'integrità

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <literal>mkfs</literal>(8) command creates the filesystem on a Linux system. The <literal>fsck</literal>(8) command provides the filesystem integrity check and repair on a Linux system.
it: In un sistema Linux, il comando <literal>mkfs</literal>(8) crea i file system ed il comando <literal>fsck</literal>(8) fornisce funzioni di controllo dell'integrità e di riparazione dei file system.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Debian now defaults to no periodic <literal>fsck</literal> after filesystem creation.
it: Debian ora in modo predefinito non fa <literal>fsck</literal> periodici dopo la creazione del file system.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: It is generally not safe to run <literal>fsck</literal> on <emphasis role="strong">mounted filesystems</emphasis>.
it: In generale l'esecuzione di <literal>fsck</literal> su <emphasis role="strong">file system montati</emphasis> non è sicura.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: You can run the <literal>fsck</literal>(8) command safely on all filesystems including root filesystem on reboot by setting "<literal>enable_periodic_fsck</literal>" in "<literal>/etc/mke2fs.conf</literal>" and the max mount count to 0 using "<literal>tune2fs -c0 /dev/<emphasis>partition_name</emphasis></literal>".  See <literal>mke2fs.conf</literal>(5) and <literal>tune2fs</literal>(8).
it: Si può eseguire in modo sicuro il comando <literal>fsck</literal>(8) su tutti i file system, incluso il file system radice, al riavvio impostando "<literal>enable_periodic_fsck</literal>" in "<literal>/etc/mke2fs.conf</literal>" e il conteggio massimo di montaggi a 0 usando "<literal>tune2fs -c0 /dev/<emphasis>nome_partizione</emphasis></literal>".  Vedere <literal>mke2fs.conf</literal>(5) e <literal>tune2fs</literal>(8).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Check files in "<literal>/var/log/fsck/</literal>" for the result of the <literal>fsck</literal>(8) command run from the boot script.
it: Per vedere i risultati del comando <literal>fsck</literal>(8) avviato dallo script di avvio, controllare i file in "<literal>/var/log/fsck/</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Optimization of filesystem by mount options
it: Ottimizzare il file system con opzioni di mount

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The basic static filesystem configuration is given by "<literal>/etc/fstab</literal>".  For example,
it: La configurazione statica di base del file system è fornita da «<literal>/etc/fstab</literal>». Ad esempio,

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: <ulink url="&uuid;">UUID</ulink> (see <xref linkend="_accessing_partition_using_uuid"/>) may be used to identify a block device instead of normal block device names such as "<literal>/dev/sda1</literal>", "<literal>/dev/sda2</literal>", …
it: Per identificare un dispositivo a blocchi si può usare il suo <ulink url="&uuid;">UUID</ulink> (vedere <xref linkend="_accessing_partition_using_uuid"/>) invece del normale nome di device a blocchi quale «<literal>/dev/sda1</literal>», «<literal>/dev/sda2</literal>», …

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Since Linux 2.6.30, the kernel defaults to the behavior provided by "<literal>relatime</literal>" option.
it: A partire da Linux 2.6.30 il kernel ha in modo predefinito il comportamento fornito dalla opzione "<literal>relatime</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See <literal>fstab</literal>(5) and <literal>mount</literal>(8).
it: Vedere <literal>fstab</literal>(5) e <literal>mount</literal>(8).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Optimization of filesystem via superblock
it: Ottimizzare il file system tramite il superblocco

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Characteristics of a filesystem can be optimized via its superblock using the <literal>tune2fs</literal>(8) command.
it: Le caratteristiche di un file system possono essere ottimizzate attraverso il suo superblocco usando il comando <literal>tune2fs</literal>(8).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Execution of "<literal>sudo tune2fs -l /dev/sda1</literal>" displays the contents of the filesystem superblock on "<literal>/dev/sda1</literal>".
it: L'esecuzione di "<literal>sudo tune2fs -l /dev/sda1</literal>" mostra il contenuto del superblocco del file system in "<literal>/dev/sda1</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Execution of "<literal>sudo tune2fs -c 50 /dev/sda1</literal>" changes frequency of filesystem checks (<literal>fsck</literal> execution during boot-up) to every 50 boots on "<literal>/dev/sda1</literal>".
it: L'esecuzione di "<literal>sudo tune2fs -c 50 /dev/sda1</literal>" cambia per "<literal>/dev/sda1</literal>" la frequenza dei controlli dei file system (l'esecuzione di <literal>fsck</literal> all'avvio) a 50 avvii.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Execution of "<literal>sudo tune2fs -j /dev/sda1</literal>" adds journaling capability to the filesystem, i.e. filesystem conversion from <ulink url="&extc;">ext2</ulink> to <ulink url="&extd;">ext3</ulink> on "<literal>/dev/sda1</literal>".  (Do this on the unmounted filesystem.)
it: L'esecuzione di "<literal>sudo tune2fs -j /dev/sda1</literal>" aggiunge la funzionalità di journaling al file system in "<literal>/dev/sda1</literal>", cioè converte il file system da <ulink url="&extc;">ext2</ulink> a <ulink url="&extd;">ext3</ulink>. (Eseguire questo comando su file system non montati.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Execution of "<literal>sudo tune2fs -O extents,uninit_bg,dir_index /dev/sda1 &amp;&amp; fsck -pf /dev/sda1</literal>" converts it from <ulink url="&extd;">ext3</ulink> to <ulink url="&exte;">ext4</ulink> on "<literal>/dev/sda1</literal>".  (Do this on the unmounted filesystem.)
it: L'esecuzione di "<literal>sudo tune2fs -O extents,uninit_bg,dir_index /dev/sda1 &amp;&amp; fsck -pf /dev/sda1</literal>" converte il filesystem in "<literal>/dev/sda1</literal>" da <ulink url="&extd;">ext3</ulink> a <ulink url="&exte;">ext4</ulink>. (Eseguire questo comando su file system non montati.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Despite its name, <literal>tune2fs</literal>(8) works not only on the <ulink url="&extc;">ext2</ulink> filesystem but also on the <ulink url="&extd;">ext3</ulink> and <ulink url="&exte;">ext4</ulink> filesystems.
it: Nonostante il suo nome, <literal>tune2fs</literal>(8) non funziona soltanto sui file system <ulink url="&extc;">ext2</ulink>, ma anche sui file system <ulink url="&extd;">ext3</ulink> e <ulink url="&exte;">ext4</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Optimization of hard disk
it: Ottimizzare il disco rigido

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
en: Please check your hardware and read manpage of <literal>hdparm</literal>(8) before playing with hard disk configuration because this may be quite dangerous for the data integrity.
it: Prima di giocare con la configurazione dei dischi controllare il proprio hardware e leggere la pagina man di <literal>hdparm</literal>(8), perché è una cosa piuttosto pericolosa per l'integrità dei dati.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can test disk access speed of a hard disk, e.g. "<literal>/dev/sda</literal>", by "<literal>hdparm -tT /dev/sda</literal>". For some hard disk connected with (E)IDE, you can speed it up with "<literal>hdparm -q -c3 -d1 -u1 -m16 /dev/sda</literal>" by enabling the "(E)IDE 32-bit I/O support", enabling the "using_dma flag", setting "interrupt-unmask flag", and setting the "multiple 16 sector I/O" (dangerous!).
it: Si può testare la velocità di accesso ai dischi di un disco rigido, ad esempio "<literal>/dev/sda</literal>" con "<literal>hdparm -tT /dev/sda</literal>". È possibile velocizzare alcuni dischi fissi connessi con (E)IDE con "<literal>hdparm -q -c3 -d1 -u1 -m16 /dev/sda</literal>" che abilita il "supporto (E)IDE per I/O a 32 bit", l'uso dell'opzione "using_dma", imposta l'opzione "interrupt-unmask" e imposta l'"I/O di settori multipli a 16" (pericoloso!).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can test write cache feature of a hard disk, e.g. "<literal>/dev/sda</literal>", by "<literal>hdparm -W /dev/sda</literal>". You can disable its write cache feature with "<literal>hdparm -W 0 /dev/sda</literal>".
it: Si possono testare le capacità della cache in scrittura di un disco fisso, ad esempio "<literal>/dev/sda</literal>", con "<literal>hdparm -W /dev/sda</literal>". Si può disabilitare la funzionalità di cache in scrittura con "<literal>hdparm -W 0 /dev/sda</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You may be able to read badly pressed CDROMs on modern high speed CD-ROM drive by slowing it down with "<literal>setcd -x 2</literal>".
it: Potrebbe essere possibile leggere CDROM masterizzati male in unità CD-ROM moderne ad alta velocità rallentandole con "<literal>setcd -x 2</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Optimization of solid state drive
it: Ottimizzare le unità a stato solido

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <ulink url="&solidstatedrivessd;">Solid state drive (SSD)</ulink> is auto detected now.
it: Le <ulink url="&solidstatedrivessd;">unità SSD (Solid State Drive, a stato solido)</ulink> sono ora rilevate automaticamente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Reduce unnecessary disk accesses to prevent disk wear out by mounting "<literal>tmpfs</literal>" on volatile data path in <literal>/etc/fstab</literal>.
it: Ridurre accessi non necessari al disco per prevenire l'usura del disco montando "<literal>tmpfs</literal>" in percorsi dei dati volatili in <literal>/etc/fstab</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Using SMART to predict hard disk failure
it: Usare SMART per prevedere danni ai dischi fissi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can monitor and log your hard disk which is compliant to <ulink url="&smart;">SMART</ulink> with the <literal>smartd</literal>(8) daemon.
it: Con il demone <literal>smartd </literal>(8) è possibile monitorare e registrare i dischi fissi che sono conformi a <ulink url="&smart;">SMART</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Enable <ulink url="&smart;">SMART</ulink> feature in <ulink url="&bios;">BIOS</ulink>.
it: Abilitare la funzionalità <ulink url="&smart;">SMART</ulink> nel <ulink url="&bios;">BIOS</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Install the <literal>smartmontools</literal> package.
it: Installare il pacchetto <literal>smartmontools</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Identify your hard disk drives by listing them with <literal>df</literal>(1).
it: Identificare i dispositivi dei dischi fissi usando <literal>df</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Let's assume a hard disk drive to be monitored as "<literal>/dev/sda</literal>".
it: Si supponga che uno dei dispositivi dei dischi fissi da monitorare sia "<literal>/dev/sda</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Check the output of "<literal>smartctl -a /dev/sda</literal>" to see if <ulink url="&smart;">SMART</ulink> feature is actually enabled.
it: Controllare l'output di "<literal>smartctl -a /dev/sda</literal>" per vedere se la funzionalità <ulink url="&smart;">SMART</ulink> è veramente abilitata.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: If not, enable it by "<literal>smartctl -s on -a /dev/sda</literal>".
it: Se non la è, abilitarla con "<literal>smartctl -s on -a /dev/sda</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Enable <literal>smartd</literal>(8) daemon to run by the following.
it: Abilitare l'esecuzione del demone <literal>smartd</literal>(8) nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: uncomment "<literal>start_smartd=yes</literal>" in the "<literal>/etc/default/smartmontools</literal>" file.
it: Rimuovere il carattere iniziale di commento dalla riga "<literal>start_smartd=yes</literal>" nel file "<literal>/etc/default/smartmontools</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: restart the <literal>smartd</literal>(8) daemon by "<literal>sudo systemctl restart smartmontools</literal>".
it: Riavviare il demone <literal>smartd</literal>(8) con "<literal>sudo systemctl restart smartmontools</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: The <literal>smartd</literal>(8) daemon can be customized with the <literal>/etc/smartd.conf</literal> file including how to be notified of warnings.
it: Il demone <literal>smartd</literal>(8) può essere personalizzato con il file <literal>/etc/smartd.conf</literal>, incluso per ciò che riguarda le notifiche dei messaggi di avvertimento.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Specify temporary storage directory via $TMPDIR
it: Specificare una directory per l'archiviazione di dati temporanei usando $TMPDIR

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Applications create temporary files normally under the temporary storage directory "<literal>/tmp</literal>".  If "<literal>/tmp</literal>" does not provide enough space, you can specify such temporary storage directory via the <literal>$TMPDIR</literal> variable for well-behaving programs.
it: Le applicazioni creano file temporanei normalmente nella directory di memorizzazione temporanea «<literal>/tmp</literal>». Se «<literal>/tmp</literal>» non contiene abbastanza spazio, si può specificare una directory di memorizzazione temporanea usando la variabile <literal>$TMPDIR</literal> per i programmi che si comportano in modo corretto.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Expansion of usable storage space via LVM
it: Espandere lo spazio di archiviazione utilizzabile con LVM

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For partitions created on <ulink url="&logicalvolumemanagerlvm;">Logical Volume Manager (LVM)</ulink> (Linux feature) at install time, they can be resized easily by concatenating extents onto them or truncating extents from them over multiple storage devices without major system reconfiguration.
it: Le partizioni create al momento dell'installazione su <ulink url="&logicalvolumemanagerlvm;">LVM (Logical Volume Manager</ulink> (funzionalità di Linux) possono essere facilmente ridimensionate concatenando ad esse delle estensioni o suddividendo le loro estensioni su dispositivi di archiviazione multipli senza riconfigurazioni importanti del sistema.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Expansion of usable storage space by mounting another partition
it: Espandere lo spazio di archiviazione utilizzabile montando un'altra partizione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you have an empty partition (e.g., "<literal>/dev/sdx</literal>"), you can format it with <literal>mkfs.ext4</literal>(1) and <literal>mount</literal>(8) it to a directory where you need more space. (You need to copy original data contents.)
it: Se è disponibile una nuova partizione vuota (per esempio "<literal>/dev/sdx</literal>"), la si può formattare con <literal>mkfs.ext4</literal>(1) e montarla con <literal>mount</literal>(8) in una directory in cui è necessario avere più spazio. (È necessario copiare il contenuto originale della directory.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: You may alternatively mount an empty disk image file (see <xref linkend="_making_the_empty_disk_image_file"/>) as a loop device (see <xref linkend="_mounting_the_disk_image_file"/>).  The actual disk usage grows with the actual data stored.
it: In alternativa si può montare un file immagine vuoto del disco (vedere <xref linkend="_making_the_empty_disk_image_file"/>) come device loop (vedere <xref linkend="_mounting_the_disk_image_file"/>). Il reale uso del disco cresce mano a mano che vengono archiviati i dati.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Expansion of usable storage space by bind-mounting another directory
it: Espandere lo spazio di archiviazione utilizzabile montando un collegamento ad un'altra directory

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you have an empty directory (e.g., "<literal>/path/to/emp-dir</literal>") on another partition with usable space, you can mount(8) it with "<literal>--bind</literal>" option to a directory (e.g., "<literal>work-dir</literal>") where you need more space.
it: Se è disponibile una directory vuota (ad esempio "<literal>/percorso/della/dir-vuota</literal>") in un'altra partizione con spazio disponibile, si può, usando mount(8) con l'opzione "<literal>--bind</literal>", montarla in una directory (ad esempio "<literal>dir-di-lavoro</literal>") dove è necessario più spazio.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Expansion of usable storage space by overlay-mounting another directory
it: Espandere lo spazio di archiviazione utilizzabile montando un'altra directory da sovrapporre

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you have usable space in another partition (e.g., "<literal>/path/to/empty</literal>" and "<literal>/path/to/work</literal>"), you can create a directory in it and stack that on to an old directory (e.g., "<literal>/path/to/old</literal>") where you need space using the <ulink url="&overlayfs;">OverlayFS</ulink> for Linux kernel 3.18 or newer (Debian Stretch 9.0 or newer).
it: Se è disponibile dello spazio utilizzabile in un'altra partizione (ad esempio "<literal>/percorso/della/vuota</literal>" e "<literal>/percorso/di/lavoro</literal>"), si può creare in essa una directory e impilarla in una vecchia directory (es., "<literal>/percorso/della/vecchia</literal>") in cui si ha bisogno di spazio usando <ulink url="&overlayfs;">OverlayFS</ulink> con un kernel Linux 3.18 o successivo (Debian Stretch 9.0 o successiva).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here, "<literal>/path/to/empty</literal>" and "<literal>/path/to/work</literal>" should be on the RW-enabled partition to write on "<literal>/path/to/old</literal>".
it: Qui, "<literal>/percorso/della/vuota</literal>" e "<literal>/percorso/di/lavoro</literal>" devono essere nella partizione abilitata in lettura e scrittura da scrivere in "<literal>/percorso/della/vecchia</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Expansion of usable storage space using symlink
it: Espandere lo spazio di archiviazione utilizzabile usando collegamenti simbolici

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: This is a deprecated method.  Some software may not function well with "symlink to a directory".  Instead, use the "mounting" approaches described in the above.
it: Questo è un metodo deprecato. Certo software può non funzionare bene con i "collegamenti simbolici ad una directory". Usare invece gli approcci che usano il "mount" descritti in precedenza.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you have an empty directory (e.g., "<literal>/path/to/emp-dir</literal>") in another partition with usable space, you can create a symlink to the directory with <literal>ln</literal>(8).
it: Se è disponibile una directory vuota (ad esempio "<literal>/percorso/della/dir-vuota</literal>" in un'altra partizione con spazio disponibile, si può creare un collegamento simbolico alla directory con <literal>ln</literal>(8).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
en: Do not use "symlink to a directory" for directories managed by the system such as "<literal>/opt</literal>".  Such a symlink may be overwritten when the system is upgraded.
it: Non usare un "collegamento simbolico ad una directory" per le directory gestite dal sistema, come "<literal>/opt</literal>". Un collegamento simbolico simile potrebbe essere sovrascritto quando il sistema viene aggiornato.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: The disk image
it: Immagine del disco

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Here, we discuss manipulations of the disk image.
it: Questa sezione tratta della manipolazione di immagini di dischi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Making the disk image file
it: Creare un file con un'immagine di disco

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The disk image of the traditional PC's <ulink url="&masterbootrecordmbr;">master boot record (MBR)</ulink> (see <xref linkend="_disk_partition_configuration"/>) which reside on the first sector on the primary IDE disk can be made by using <literal>dd</literal>(1) by the following.
it: Si può creare l'immagine del disco del <ulink url="&masterbootrecordmbr;">MBR (master boot record)</ulink> dei PC tradizionali (vedere <xref linkend="_disk_partition_configuration"/>), che risiede nel primo settore del disco IDE primario usando <literal>dd</literal>(1) nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>mbr.img</literal>": The MBR with the partition table
it: "<literal>mbr.img</literal>": MBR con tabella delle partizioni

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>mbr-nopart.img</literal>": The MBR without the partition table
it: "<literal>mbr-nopart.img</literal>": MBR senza tabella delle partizioni

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>mbr-part.img</literal>": The partition table of the MBR only
it: "<literal>mbr-part.img</literal>": solamente la tabella delle partizioni nell'MBR

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you are making an image of a disk partition of the original disk, substitute "<literal>/dev/sda</literal>" with "<literal>/dev/sda1</literal>" etc.
it: Se si sta creando l'immagine di una partizione del disco originale, sostituire "<literal>/dev/sda</literal>" con "<literal>/dev/sda1</literal>", ecc.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Writing directly to the disk
it: Scrivere direttamente sul disco

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Similarly, the disk partition image file, "<literal>partition.img</literal>" can be written to an unmounted partition, e.g., the first partition of the second SCSI drive "<literal>/dev/sdb1</literal>" with matching size, by the following.
it: Analogamente il file immagine di una partizione del disco, "<literal>partizione.img</literal>" può essere scritto in una partizione non montata, ad esempio la prima partizione della seconda unità SCSI "<literal>/dev/sdb1</literal>" di dimensione corrispondente nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Mounting the disk image file
it: Montare un file con un'immagine di disco

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The disk image "<literal>partition.img</literal>" containing a single partition image can be mounted and unmounted by using the <ulink url="&loopdevice;">loop device</ulink> as follows.
it: Un'immagine di disco "<literal>partizione.img</literal>" contenente l'immagine di un'unica partizione, può essere montata e smontata usando il <ulink url="&loopdevice;">device loop</ulink> nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This can be simplified as follows.
it: Questo può essere semplificato nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Each partition of the disk image "<literal>disk.img</literal>" containing multiple partitions can be mounted by using the <ulink url="&loopdevice;">loop device</ulink>.
it: Ogni partizione di un'immagine di disco "<literal>disco.img</literal>" contentente più partizioni, può essere montata usando il <ulink url="&loopdevice;">device loop</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Alternatively, similar effects can be done by using the <ulink url="&devicemapper;">device mapper</ulink> devices created by <literal>kpartx</literal>(8) from the <literal>kpartx</literal> package as follows.
it: In alternativa, un risultato simile può essere ottenuto utilizzando i <ulink url="&devicemapper;">device mapper</ulink> creati da <literal>kpartx</literal>(8), contenuto nel pacchetto <literal>kpartx</literal>, nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Cleaning a disk image file
it: Pulire un file con un'immagine di disco

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: A disk image file, "<literal>disk.img</literal>" can be cleaned of all removed files into clean sparse image "<literal>new.img</literal>" by the following.
it: Si può pulire un file con immagine di disco "<literal>disco.img</literal>" da tutti i file cancellati creando un'immagine pulita "<literal>nuova.img</literal>" nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If "<literal>disk.img</literal>" is in ext2, ext3 or ext4, you can also use <literal>zerofree</literal>(8) from the <literal>zerofree</literal> package as follows.
it: Se "<literal>disco.img</literal>" è in ext2, ext3 o ext4, si può anche usare <literal>zerofree</literal>(8), contenuto nel pacchetto <literal>zerofree</literal>, nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Making the empty disk image file
it: Creare un file con immagine di disco vuoto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The empty disk image "<literal>disk.img</literal>" which can grow up to 5GiB can be made using <literal>dd</literal>(1) as follows.
it: Si può creare un'immagine di disco vuota "<literal>disco.img</literal>", che può crescere fino a 5GiB, usando <literal>dd</literal>(1) nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Instead of using <literal>dd</literal>(1), specialized <literal>fallocate</literal>(8) may be used here.
it: Invece di usare <literal>dd</literal>(1), qui si può usare lo specializzato <literal>fallocate</literal>(8).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can create an ext4 filesystem on this disk image "<literal>disk.img</literal>" using the <ulink url="&loopdevice;">loop device</ulink> as follows.
it: È possibile creare un file system ext4 in questa immagine di disco, "<literal>disco.img</literal>" usando il <ulink url="&loopdevice;">device loop</ulink> nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For "<literal>disk.img</literal>", its file size is 5.0 GiB and its actual disk usage is mere 83MiB.  This discrepancy is possible since <ulink url="&exte;">ext4</ulink> can hold <ulink url="&sparsefile;">sparse file</ulink>.
it: La dimensione del file "<literal>disco.img</literal>" è di 5.0GiB e il suo effettivo uso del disco è di soli 83MiB. Questa discrepanza è resa possibile dal fatto che il file system <ulink url="&exte;">ext4</ulink> può contentere <ulink url="&sparsefile;">file sparsi</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: The actual disk usage of <ulink url="&sparsefile;">sparse file</ulink> grows with data which are written to it.
it: L'uso effettivo del disco dei <ulink url="&sparsefile;">file sparsi</ulink> cresce insieme ai dati che in essi sono scritti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Using similar operation on devices created by the <ulink url="&loopdevice;">loop device</ulink> or the <ulink url="&devicemapper;">device mapper</ulink> devices as <xref linkend="_mounting_the_disk_image_file"/>, you can partition this disk image "<literal>disk.img</literal>" using <literal>parted</literal>(8) or <literal>fdisk</literal>(8), and can create filesystem on it using <literal>mkfs.ext4</literal>(8), <literal>mkswap</literal>(8), etc.
it: Usando operazioni simili su device creati dal <ulink url="&loopdevice;">device loop</ulink> o dal <ulink url="&devicemapper;">device mapper</ulink>, come in <xref linkend="_mounting_the_disk_image_file"/>, si può partizionare tale immagine di disco "<literal>disco.img</literal>" usando <literal>parted</literal>(8) o <literal>fdisk</literal>(8) e si può creare in essa file system usando <literal>mkfs.ext4</literal>(8), <literal>mkswap</literal>(8), ecc.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Making the ISO9660 image file
it: Creare un file con un'immagine ISO9660

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <ulink url="&isojgga;">ISO9660</ulink> image file, "<literal>cd.iso</literal>", from the source directory tree at "<literal>source_directory</literal>" can be made using <literal>genisoimage</literal>(1) provided by <ulink url="&cdrkit;">cdrkit</ulink> by the following.
it: Si può creare un file immagine <ulink url="&isojgga;">ISO9660</ulink> "<literal>cd.iso</literal>" dell'albero di directory originale in "<literal>directory_sorgente</literal>" usando <literal>genisoimage</literal>(1) fornito da <ulink url="&cdrkit;">cdrkit</ulink> nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Similarly, the bootable ISO9660 image file, "<literal>cdboot.iso</literal>", can be made from <literal>debian-installer</literal> like directory tree at "<literal>source_directory</literal>" by the following.
it: Analogamente, si può creare un file immagine ISO9660 avviabile, "<literal>cdboot.iso</literal>", da un albero di directory simile a quello del <literal>debian-installer</literal> in "<literal>directory_sorgente</literal>" nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here <ulink url="&isolinuxbootloader;">Isolinux boot loader</ulink> (see <xref linkend="_stage_2_the_boot_loader"/>) is used for booting.
it: In questo esempio viene usato per l'avvio il <ulink url="&isolinuxbootloader;">bootloader Isolinux</ulink> (vedere <xref linkend="_stage_2_the_boot_loader"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can calculate the md5sum value and make the ISO9660 image directly from the CD-ROM device as follows.
it: Si può calcolare il valore md5sum e creare l'immagine ISO9660 direttamente dal device CD-ROM nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
en: You must carefully avoid ISO9660 filesystem read ahead bug of Linux as above to get the right result.
it: Per ottenere un risultato corretto, si deve accuratamente evitare il bug di Linux riguardante il read ahead del file system ISO9660, come nell'esempio precedente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Writing directly to the CD/DVD-R/RW
it: Scrivere direttamente sul CD/DVD-R/RW

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can find a usable device by the following.
it: Si può trovare un device utilizzabile usando il comando seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Then the blank CD-R is inserted to the CD drive, and the ISO9660 image file, "<literal>cd.iso</literal>" is written to this device, e.g., "<literal>/dev/sda</literal>", using <literal>wodim</literal>(1) by the following.
it: Poi si inserisce un CD-R vergine nell'unità CD e si scrive il file immagine ISO9660 "<literal>cd.iso</literal>" su questo device, ad esempio "<literal>/dev/sda</literal>", usando <literal>wodim</literal>(1) nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If CD-RW is used instead of CD-R, do this instead by the following.
it: Se viene usato un CD-RW invece di un CD-R, usare quest'altro comando.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: If your desktop system mounts CDs automatically, unmount it by "<literal>sudo umount /dev/sda</literal>" from console before using <literal>wodim</literal>(1).
it: Se il sistema desktop usato monta automaticamente i CD, prima di usare <literal>wodim</literal>(1) smontarlo usando dalla console "<literal>sudo umount /dev/sda</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Mounting the ISO9660 image file
it: Montare un file con un'immagine ISO9660

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If "<literal>cd.iso</literal>" contains an ISO9660 image, then the following manually mounts it to "<literal>/cdrom</literal>".
it: Se "<literal>cd.iso</literal>" contiene un'immagine ISO9660, lo si può montare manualmente in "<literal>/cdrom</literal>" usando il comando seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Modern desktop system may mount removable media such as ISO9660 formatted CD automatically (see <xref linkend="_removable_storage_device"/>).
it: I sistemi desktop moderni possono montare automaticamente i supporti removibili come i CD in formato ISO9660 (vedere <xref linkend="_removable_storage_device"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: The binary data
it: I dati binari

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Here, we discuss direct manipulations of the binary data on storage media.
it: Questa sezione tratta della manipolazione diretta dei dati binari su supporti di archiviazione.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Viewing and editing binary data
it: Visualizzare e modificare dati binari

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The most basic viewing method of binary data is to use "<literal>od -t x1</literal>" command.
it: Il metodo di visualizzazione dei dati binai più basilare è l'uso del comando "<literal>od -t x1</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of packages which view and edit binary data
it: Elenco di pacchetti che visualizzano e modificano dati binari

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: basic package which has <literal>od</literal>(1) to dump files (HEX, ASCII, OCTAL, …)
it: pacchetto base che contiene <literal>od</literal>(1) per fare il dump di file (HEX, ASCII, OCTAL, …)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: utility package which has <literal>hd</literal>(1) to dump files (HEX, ASCII, OCTAL, …)
it: pacchetto di utilità che contiene <literal>hd</literal>(1) per fare il dump di file (HEX, ASCII, OCTAL, …)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: binary editor and viewer (HEX, ASCII)
it: visualizzatore ed editor binario (HEX, ASCII)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: full featured hexadecimal editor (GNOME)
it: editor esadecimale completo (GNOME)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: full featured hexadecimal editor (KDE4)
it: editor esadecimale completo (KDE4)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: binary editor and viewer (HEX, ASCII, EBCDIC)
it: visualizzatore ed editor binario (HEX, ASCII, EBCDIC)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: binary editor and viewer (HEX, ASCII, EBCDIC, OCTAL, …)
it: visualizzatore ed editor binario (HEX, ASCII, EBCDIC, OCTAL, …)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: HEX is used as an acronym for <ulink url="&hexadecimal;">hexadecimal</ulink> format with <ulink url="&radix;">radix</ulink> 16.  OCTAL is for <ulink url="&octal;">octal</ulink> format with <ulink url="&radix;">radix</ulink> 8.  ASCII is for <ulink url="&americanstandardationinterchange;">American Standard Code for Information Interchange</ulink>, i.e., normal English text code.  EBCDIC is for <ulink url="&extendedbinarycolinterchangecode;">Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code</ulink> used on <ulink url="&ibmmainframe;">IBM mainframe</ulink> operating systems.
it: HEX è usato come acronimo per il formato <ulink url="&hexadecimal;">esadecimale</ulink> con <ulink url="&radix;">base</ulink> 16. OCTAL è usato per il formato <ulink url="&octal;">ottale</ulink> con <ulink url="&radix;">base</ulink> 8. ASCII è usato per <ulink url="&americanstandardationinterchange;">American Standard Code for Information Interchange</ulink>, cioè la normale codifica per testi in inglese. EBCDIC è usato per <ulink url="&extendedbinarycolinterchangecode;">Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code</ulink> usato nei sistemi operativi dei<ulink url="&ibmmainframe;">mainframe IBM</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Manipulating files without mounting disk
it: Manipolare file senza montare i dischi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There are tools to read and write files without mounting disk.
it: Esistono strumenti per leggere e scrivere file senza montare i dischi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of packages to manipulate files without mounting disk
it: Elenco di pacchetti per manipolare file senza montare i dischi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: utilities for MSDOS files without mounting them
it: utilità per file MSDOS senza montarli

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: utilities for HFS and HFS+ files without mounting them
it: utilità per file HFS e HFS+ senza montarli

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Data redundancy
it: Dati ridondanti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Software <ulink url="&raid;">RAID</ulink> systems offered by the Linux kernel provide data redundancy in the kernel filesystem level to achieve high levels of storage reliability.
it: I sistemi software <ulink url="&raid;">RAID</ulink> offerti dal kernel Linux forniscono un livello di ridondanza dei dati nel file system a livello del kernel, allo scopo di ottenere una più alta affidabilità dell'archiviazione.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There are tools to add data redundancy to files in application program level to achieve high levels of storage reliability, too.
it: Esistono strumenti per aggiungere dati ridondanti a file a livello di programmi applicativi per ottenere anche in questo modo una più alta affidabilità dell'archiviazione.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of tools to add data redundancy to files
it: Elenco di strumenti per aggiungere dati ridondanti a file

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Parity Archive Volume Set, for checking and repair of files
it: insiemi di volumi di archivi di parità, per controllare e riparare file

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: data loss/scratch/aging protection for CD/DVD media
it: protezione contro perdita di dati/graffi/invecchiamento di supporti CD/DVD

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: backup tool using MiniDV camcorders (providing <literal>rsbep</literal>(1))
it: strumento di backup che usa camcorder MiniDV (fornisce <literal>rsbep</literal>(1))

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Data file recovery and forensic analysis
it: recupero di file dati ed analisi forensi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There are tools for data file recovery and forensic analysis.
it: Esistono strumenti per recuperare file dati e fare analisi forensi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of packages for data file recovery and forensic analysis
it: Elenco di pacchetti per recupero di file dati ed analisi forensi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: utilities for partition scan and disk recovery
it: utilità per scansione delle partizione e ripristino di dischi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: utility to recover files by looking for magic bytes
it: utilità per ripristinare file cercando byte magici

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: frugal, high performance file carver
it: strumento di escavazione di file frugale e ad alte prestazioni

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: rescue data from damaged harddisks
it: recupera dati da dischi fissi danneggiati

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: utility to undelete files on the ext3/4 filesystem
it: utilità per decancellare file da file system ext3/4

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: tool to help recover deleted files on the ext3 filesystem
it: strumento per aiutare a recuperare file cancellati da file system ext3

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: data recovery program for NTFS filesystems
it: programma di recupero di dati da file system NTFS

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: gzip recovery toolkit
it: insieme di strumenti di recupero di gzip

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: tools for forensics analysis. (Sleuthkit)
it: strumenti per analisi forensi (Sleuthkit)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: graphical interface to SleuthKit
it: interfaccia grafica per SleuthKit

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: forensics application to recover data
it: applicazione forense per il recupero dei dati

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: forensic imaging tool based on Qt
it: strumento forense per immagini basato su Qt

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: enhanced version of <literal>dd</literal> for forensics and security
it: versione migliorata di <literal>dd</literal> per analisi forensi e sicurezza

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: You can undelete files on the ext2 filesystem using <literal>list_deleted_inodes</literal> and <literal>undel</literal> commands of <literal>debugfs</literal>(8) in the <literal>e2fsprogs</literal> package.
it: Si possono ripristinare i file sui file system ext2 usando i comandi <literal>list_deleted_inodes</literal> e <literal>undel</literal> di <literal>debugfs</literal>(8) nel pacchetto <literal>e2fsprogs</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Splitting a large file into small files
it: Suddividere un file grande in file più piccoli

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: When a data is too big to backup as a single file, you can backup its content after splitting it into, e.g. 2000MiB chunks and merge those chunks back into the original file later.
it: Quando dei dati sono troppo grandi affinché ne venga fatto il backup in un file singolo, si può fare il backup dei suoi contenuti dopo averlo suddiviso in pezzi di, ad esempio 2000MiB, che saranno successivamente riuniti a formare il file originale.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: Please make sure you do not have any files starting with "<literal>x</literal>" to avoid name crashes.
it: Assicurarsi di non avere altri file che iniziano con "<literal>x</literal>" per evitare conflitti nei nomi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Clearing file contents
it: Pulire il contenuto di file

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: In order to clear the contents of a file such as a log file, do not use <literal>rm</literal>(1) to delete the file and then create a new empty file, because the file may still be accessed in the interval between commands.  The following is the safe way to clear the contents of the file.
it: Per ripulire i contenuti di un file, come un file di registro, non usare <literal>rm</literal>(1) per cancellarlo e poi crearne un altro, perché nell'intervallo tra i due comandi potrebbe essere ancora possibile accedere al file. Quello che segue è il metodo sicuro per pulire il contenuto di un file.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Dummy files
it: File fittizi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The following commands create dummy or empty files.
it: I comandi seguenti creano file fittizi o vuoti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You should find following files.
it: Dovrebbero essere ora presenti i seguenti file.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>5kb.file</literal>" is 5KB of zeros.
it: "<literal>5kb.file</literal>" è costituito da 5KB di zero.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>7mb.file</literal>" is 7MB of random data.
it: "<literal>7mb.file</literal>" è costituito da 7MB di dati casuali.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>zero.file</literal>" may be a 0 byte file.  If it existed, its <literal>mtime</literal> is updated while its content and its length are kept.
it: "<literal>zero.file</literal>" potrebbe essere un file di 0 byte. Se fosse stato preesistente, il suo orario <literal>mtime</literal> sarebbe stato aggiornato mentre sarebbero stati mantenuti i suoi contenuti e la sua grandezza.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>alwayszero.file</literal>" is always a 0 byte file.  If it existed, its <literal>mtime</literal> is updated and its content is reset.
it: "<literal>semprezero.file</literal>" è sempre un file di 0 byte. Se fosse stato preesistente, il suo orario <literal>mtime</literal> sarebbe stato aggiornato e il suo contenuto azzerato.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Erasing an entire hard disk
it: Cancellare un intero disco fisso

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Erase all the disk content by resetting data to 0 with the following.
it: Cancellare tutti i contenuti del disco reimpostando tutti i dati a 0 con il comando seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Erase everything by overwriting with random data as follows.
it: Cancellare tutto sovrascrivendo dati casuali con il comando seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Erase everything by overwriting with random data very efficiently as follows.
it: Cancellare tutto sovrascrivendo dati casuali in modo molto efficiente con il comando seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You may alternatively use <literal>badblocks</literal>(8) with <literal>-t random</literal> option.
it: In alternativa si può usare <literal>badblocks</literal>(8) con l'opzione <literal>-t random</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Since <literal>dd</literal>(1) is available from the shell of many bootable Linux CDs such as Debian installer CD, you can erase your installed system completely by running an erase command from such media on the system hard disk, e.g., "<literal>/dev/sda</literal>", "<literal>/dev/sda</literal>", etc.
it: Dato che <literal>dd</literal>(1) è disponibile dalla shell di molti CD Linux avviabili, come il CD dell'installatore Debian, si può cancellare completamente il sistema installato su un disco fisso, ad esemio "<literal>/dev/sda</literal>", "<literal>/dev/sda</literal>", ecc., eseguendo un comando di cancellazione da un supporto CD simile.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Erasing unused area of an hard disk
it: Cancellare area inutilizzate di un disco fisso

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Undeleting deleted but still open files
it: De-cancellare file cancellati ma ancora aperti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Even if you have accidentally deleted a file, as long as that file is still being used by some application (read or write mode), it is possible to recover such a file.
it: Anche se un file è stato cancellato per errore, fintanto che è usato da un'applicazione (in lettura o scrittura), è possibile recuperarlo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Execute on another terminal (when you have the <literal>lsof</literal> package installed) as follows.
it: Quando si ha il pacchetto <literal>lsof</literal> installato, eseguire in un altro terminale quanto segue.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Searching all hardlinks
it: Cercare tutti i collegamenti fisici

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Files with hardlinks can be identified by "<literal>ls -li</literal>".
it: I file con collegamenti fisici possono essere identificati usando "<literal>ls -li</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Both "<literal>baz</literal>" and "<literal>foo</literal>" have link counts of "2" (&gt;1) showing them to have hardlinks.  Their <ulink url="&inode;">inode</ulink> numbers are common "2738404".  This means they are the same hardlinked file.  If you do not happen to find all hardlinked files by chance, you can search it by the <ulink url="&inode;">inode</ulink>, e.g., "2738404" as the following.
it: Entrambi "<literal>pippo</literal>" e "<literal>pluto</literal>" hanno il numero di collegamenti uguale a "2" (&gt;1), il che mostra che hanno collegamenti fisici. Hanno il numero di <ulink url="&inode;">inode</ulink>, "2738404", in comune. Ciò significa che sono lo stesso file con un collegamento fisico. Nell'eventualità che non si trovino tutti i file con collegamento fisico, li si possono cercare in base all'<ulink url="&inode;">inode</ulink>, ad esempio "2738404", nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Invisible disk space consumption
it: Consumo invisibile dello spazio su disco

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: All deleted but open files consume disk space although they are not visible from normal <literal>du</literal>(1).  They can be listed with their size by the following.
it: Tutti i file cancellati ma aperti consumano spazio su disco, anche se non sono visibili con il normale comando <literal>du</literal>(1). Possono essere elencati, insieme alla loro dimensione, nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Data encryption tips
it: Suggerimenti per la cifratura dei dati

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: With physical access to your PC, anyone can easily gain root privilege and access all the files on your PC (see <xref linkend="_securing_the_root_password"/>).  This means that login password system can not secure your private and sensitive data against possible theft of your PC.  You must deploy data encryption technology to do it.  Although <ulink url="&gnuprivacyguard;">GNU privacy guard</ulink> (see <xref linkend="_data_security_infrastructure"/>) can encrypt files, it takes some user efforts.
it: Avendo l'accesso fisico alla macchina, chiunque può facilmente ottenere privilegi di root e accedere a tutti i file nel PC (vedere <xref linkend="_securing_the_root_password"/>). Ciò significa che il sistema delle password di login non può mettere al sicuro i dati privati e sensibili contro un possibile furto del PC. Per farlo deve essere usata una tecnologia di cifratura dei dati. Sebbene <ulink url="&gnuprivacyguard;">GNU Privacy Guard</ulink> (vedere <xref linkend="_data_security_infrastructure"/>) possa cifrare file, richiede un po' di lavoro da parte dell'utente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: <ulink url="&dmcrypt;">Dm-crypt</ulink> facilitates automatic data encryption via native Linux kernel modules with minimal user efforts using <ulink url="&devicemapper;">device-mapper</ulink>.
it: <ulink url="&dmcrypt;">dm-crypt</ulink> facilita la cifratura automatica dei dati attraverso moduli nativi del kernel Linux con un minimo lavoro da parte dell'utente usando <ulink url="&devicemapper;">device-mapper</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of data encryption utilities
it: Elenco di utilità per la cifratura dei dati

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: utilities for encrypted block device (<ulink url="&dmcrypt;">dm-crypt</ulink> / <ulink url="&luks;">LUKS</ulink>)
it: utilità per device a blocchi cifrati (<ulink url="&dmcrypt;">dm-crypt</ulink> / <ulink url="&luks;">LUKS</ulink>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: utilities for encrypted block device (<ulink url="&dmcrypt;">dm-crypt</ulink> / <ulink url="&luks;">LUKS</ulink>) with focus on mount/unmount by normal users
it: utilità per device a blocchi cifrati (<ulink url="&dmcrypt;">dm-crypt</ulink> / <ulink url="&luks;">LUKS</ulink>) con particolare attenzione al montaggio/smontaggio da parte di utenti normali

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: utilities for Linux filesystem encryption (<ulink url="&fscrypt;">fscrypt</ulink>)
it: utilità per file cifratura di file system Linux (<ulink url="&fscrypt;">fscrypt</ulink>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: PAM module for Linux filesystem encryption (<ulink url="&fscrypt;">fscrypt</ulink>)
it: modulo PAM per cifratura di file system Linux (<ulink url="&fscrypt;">fscrypt</ulink>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><caution><para>
en: Data encryption costs CPU time etc.  Encrypted data becomes inaccessible if its password is lost.  Please weigh its benefits and costs.
it: La cifratura dei dati consuma tempo della CPU, ecc. I dati cifrati diventano inaccessibili se la password viene persa. Valutare bene i suoi costi e benefici.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><note><para>
en: Entire Debian system can be installed on a encrypted disk by the <ulink url="&debianinstaller;">debian-installer</ulink> (lenny or newer) using <ulink url="&dmcrypt;">dm-crypt</ulink>/<ulink url="&luks;">LUKS</ulink> and initramfs.
it: È possibile installare un intero file system Debian in un disco cifrato con l'<ulink url="&debianinstaller;">Installatore Debian</ulink> (lenny o successivo) usando <ulink url="&dmcrypt;">dm-crypt</ulink>/<ulink url="&luks;">LUKS</ulink> e initramfs.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
en: See <xref linkend="_data_security_infrastructure"/> for user space encryption utility: <ulink url="&gnuprivacyguard;">GNU Privacy Guard</ulink>.
it: Per lo strumento di cifratura in spazio utente <ulink url="&gnuprivacyguard;">GNU Privacy Guard</ulink> vedere <xref linkend="_data_security_infrastructure"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Removable disk encryption with dm-crypt/LUKS
it: Cifratura di dischi removibili con dm-crypt/LUKS

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Then, it can be mounted just like normal one on to "<literal>/media/<emphasis>username/disk_label</emphasis></literal>", except for asking password (see <xref linkend="_removable_storage_device"/>) under modern desktop environment using the <literal>udisks2</literal> package.  The difference is that every data written to it is encrypted.  The password entry may be automated using keyring (see <xref linkend="_password_keyring"/>).
it: Si può poi montarla come una chiavetta qualunque in "<literal>/media/<emphasis>nomeutente/etichetta_disco</emphasis></literal>", tranne per il fatto che verrà chiesta la password (vedere <xref linkend="_removable_storage_device"/>) nei moderni ambienti desktop che usano il pacchetto <literal>udisks2</literal>. La differenza è che ogni dato scritto in essa è cifrato. L'inserimento della password può essere automatizzato usando un portachiavi (vedere <xref linkend="_password_keyring"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You may alternatively format media in different filesystem, e.g., ext4 with "<literal>mkfs.ext4 /dev/mapper/sdx1</literal>".  If btrfs is used instead, the <literal>udisks2-btrfs</literal> package needs to be installed.  For these filesystems, the file ownership and permissions may need to be configured.
it: In alternativa si può formattare il supporto con diversi file system, es. ext4 con "<literal>mkfs.ext4 /dev/mapper/sdx1</literal>". Se viene invece usato btrfs, deve essere installato il pacchetto <literal>udisks2-btrfs</literal>. Per questi file system può essere necessario configurare la proprietà e i permessi dei file.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Mounting encrypted disk with dm-crypt/LUKS
it: Montare dischi removibili con dm-crypt/LUKS

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For example, an encrypted disk partition created with dm-crypt/LUKS on "<literal>/dev/sdc5</literal>" by Debian Installer can be mounted onto "<literal>/mnt</literal>" as follows:
it: Ad esempio, una partizione di disco cifrata creata con dm-crypt/LUKS su "<literal>/dev/sdc5</literal>" dall'Installatore Debian può essere montata in "<literal>/mnt</literal>" nel modo seguente:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: The kernel
it: Il kernel

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Debian distributes modularized <ulink url="&linuxkernel;">Linux kernel</ulink> as packages for supported architectures.
it: Debian distribuisce, per le architetture supportate, <ulink url="&linuxkernel;">kernel Linux</ulink> modulari contenuti in pacchetti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: If you are reading this documentation, you probably don't need to compile Linux kernel by yourself.
it: Se si sta leggendo questa documentazione probabilmente non è necessario compilare in proprio il kernel Linux.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Kernel parameters
it: Parametri del kernel

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Many Linux features are configurable via kernel parameters as follows.
it: Molte caratteristiche di Linux possono essere configurate tramite parametri del kernel, nei modi seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Kernel parameters initialized by the bootloader (see <xref linkend="_stage_2_the_boot_loader"/>)
it: Parametri del kernel inizializzati dal bootloader (vedere <xref linkend="_stage_2_the_boot_loader"/>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Kernel parameters changed by <literal>sysctl</literal>(8) at runtime for ones accessible via sysfs (see <xref linkend="_procfs_and_sysfs"/>)
it: Se accessibili attraverso sysfs (vedere <xref linkend="_procfs_and_sysfs"/>), parametri del kernel modificati da <literal>sysctl</literal>(8) durante l'esecuzione del sistema.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Module parameters set by arguments of <literal>modprobe</literal>(8) when a module is activated (see <xref linkend="_mounting_the_disk_image_file"/>)
it: Parametri di moduli impostati dagli argomenti di <literal>modprobe</literal>(8) al momento dell'attivazione di un modulo (vedere <xref linkend="_mounting_the_disk_image_file"/>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See "<ulink url="&thelinuxkernelusinistratorsguide;">The Linux kernel user’s and administrator’s guide</ulink> » <ulink url="&thekernelscommandlineparameters;">The kernel’s command-line parameters</ulink>" for the detail.
it: Per i dettagli vedere "<ulink url="&thelinuxkernelusinistratorsguide;">The Linux kernel user’s and administrator’s guide</ulink> » <ulink url="&thekernelscommandlineparameters;">The kernel’s command-line parameters</ulink>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Kernel headers
it: Header del kernel

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Most <emphasis role="strong">normal programs</emphasis> don't need kernel headers and in fact may break if you use them directly for compiling. They should be compiled against the headers in "<literal>/usr/include/linux</literal>" and "<literal>/usr/include/asm</literal>" provided by the <literal>libc6-dev</literal> package (created from the <literal>glibc</literal> source package) on the Debian system.
it: La maggior parte dei <emphasis role="strong">normali programmi</emphasis> non ha bisogno degli header del kernel per essere compilata, anzi di fatto può corrompersi se si usano direttamente gli header. Questi programmi dovrebbero essere compilati nel sistema Debian usando gli header in "<literal>/usr/include/linux</literal>" e "<literal>/usr/include/asm</literal>" forniti dal pacchetto <literal>libc6-dev</literal> (creato dal pacchetto sorgente <literal>glibc</literal>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: For compiling some kernel-specific programs such as the kernel modules from the external source and the automounter daemon (<literal>amd</literal>), you must include path to the corresponding kernel headers, e.g. "<literal>-I/usr/src/linux-particular-version/include/</literal>", to your command line.
it: Per compilare alcuni programmi specifici per il kernel, come moduli per il kernel da fonti esterne e il demone automounter (<literal>amd</literal>), è necessario includere nella propria riga di comando il percorso ai corrispondenti header del kernel, ad esempio "<literal>-I/usr/src/linux-particular-version/include/</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Compiling the kernel and related modules
it: Compilare il kernel ed i moduli relativi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Debian has its own method of compiling the kernel and related modules.
it: Debian ha un proprio metodo di compilazione del kernel e dei moduli relativi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of key packages to be installed for the kernel recompilation on the Debian system
it: Elenco di pacchetti chiave da installare per la ricompilazione del kernel in un sistema Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: essential packages for building Debian packages: <literal>make</literal>, <literal>gcc</literal>, …
it: pacchetti essenziali per compilare pacchetti Debian: <literal>make</literal>, <literal>gcc</literal>, …

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: compress and decompress utilities for bz2 files
it: utilità di compressione e decompressione per file bz2

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: developer's libraries and docs for ncurses
it: librerie di sviluppo e documentazione per ncurses

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: git: distributed revision control system used by the Linux kernel
it: git: sistema distribuito di controllo delle revisioni usato dal kernel Linux

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: provide fakeroot environment for building package as non-root
it: fornisce un ambiente fakeroot per compilare pacchetti da utente non root

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: tool to build an initramfs (Debian specific)
it: strumento per compilare un initramfs (specifico di Debian)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&dynamickernelmodulesupportdkms;">dynamic kernel module support (DKMS)</ulink> (generic)
it: <ulink url="&dynamickernelmodulesupportdkms;">DKMS (Dynamic Kernel Module Support, supporto dinamico per i noduli del kernel)</ulink> (generico)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: helper tool to make module package (Debian specific)
it: script di aiuto per creare pacchetti di moduli (specifico di Debian)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: helper scripts for a Debian Package maintainer (Debian specific)
it: script di aiuto per i manutentori di pacchetti Debian (specifico di Debian)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you use <literal>initrd</literal> in <xref linkend="_stage_2_the_boot_loader"/>, make sure to read the related information in <literal>initramfs-tools</literal>(8), <literal>update-initramfs</literal>(8), <literal>mkinitramfs</literal>(8) and <literal>initramfs.conf</literal>(5).
it: Se si usa <literal>initrd</literal> nello <xref linkend="_stage_2_the_boot_loader"/>, ci si assicuri di leggere le informazioni relative in <literal>initramfs-tools</literal>(8), <literal>update-initramfs</literal>(8), <literal>mkinitramfs</literal>(8) e <literal>initramfs.conf</literal>(5).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
en: Do not put symlinks to the directories in the source tree (e.g. "<literal>/usr/src/linux*</literal>") from "<literal>/usr/include/linux</literal>" and "<literal>/usr/include/asm</literal>" when compiling the Linux kernel source. (Some outdated documents suggest this.)
it: Quando si compilano i sorgenti del kernel Linux, non mettere collegamenti simbolici alle directory nell'albero dei sorgenti (ad esempio, "<literal>/usr/src/linux*</literal>") in "<literal>/usr/include/linux</literal>" e "<literal>/usr/include/asm</literal>". (Alcuni documenti ormai datati suggeriscono di farlo.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: When compiling the latest Linux kernel on the Debian <literal>stable</literal> system, the use of backported latest tools from the Debian <literal>unstable</literal> may be needed.
it: Quando si compila il kernel Linux più recente nel sistema Debian <literal>stable</literal>, potrebbe essere necessario l'uso delle versioni backport degli strumenti piu recenti da Debian <literal>unstable</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: <literal>module-assistant</literal>(8) (or its short form <literal>m-a</literal>) helps users to build and install module package(s) easily for one or more custom kernels.
it: <literal>module-assistant</literal>(8) (o la sua forma abbreviata <literal>m-a</literal>) aiuta gli utenti a compilare e installare pacchetti di moduli facilmente per uno o più kernel personalizzati.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: The <ulink url="&dynamickernelmodulesupportdkms;">dynamic kernel module support (DKMS)</ulink> is a new distribution independent framework designed to allow individual kernel modules to be upgraded without changing the whole kernel. This is used for the maintenance of out-of-tree modules.  This also makes it very easy to rebuild modules as you upgrade kernels.
it: Il <ulink url="&dynamickernelmodulesupportdkms;">DKMS (Dynamic Kernel Module Support, supporto dinamico per i moduli del kernel)</ulink> è un nuova infrastruttura indipendente dalla distribuzione progettata per permettere l'aggiornamento di singoli moduli del kernel senza cambiare tutto il kernel. È utilizzata per il mantenimento dei moduli esterni all'albero dei sorgenti. Rende anche molto facile la ricompilazione dei moduli quando si aggiornano i kernel.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Compiling the kernel source: Debian Kernel Team recommendation
it: Compilare i sorgenti del kernel: il metodo raccomandato dal Team del Kernel di Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For building custom kernel binary packages from the upstream kernel source, you should use the "<literal>deb-pkg</literal>" target provided by it.
it: Per compilare pacchetti binari del kernel personalizzati a partire dai sorgenti originali del kernel, si deve usare il target "<literal>deb-pkg</literal> fornito.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: The linux-source-<emphasis>version</emphasis> package provides the Linux kernel source with Debian patches as "<literal>/usr/src/linux-<emphasis>version</emphasis>.tar.bz2</literal>".
it: Il pacchetto linux-source-<emphasis>versione</emphasis> fornisce i sorgenti del kernel Linux con le patch Debian come "<literal>/usr/src/linux-<emphasis>versione</emphasis>.tar.bz2</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For building specific binary packages from the Debian kernel source package, you should use the "<literal>binary-arch_<emphasis>architecture</emphasis>_<emphasis>featureset</emphasis>_<emphasis>flavour</emphasis></literal>" targets in "<literal>debian/rules.gen</literal>".
it: Per compilare pacchetti binari specifici a partire dal pacchetto Debian dei sorgenti del kernel, si devono usare i target "<literal>binary-arch_<emphasis>architettura</emphasis>_<emphasis>featureset</emphasis>_<emphasis>flavour</emphasis></literal>" in "<literal>debian/rules.gen</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See further information:
it: Ulteriori informazioni:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Debian Wiki: <ulink url="&kernelfaq;">KernelFAQ</ulink>
it: Wiki Debian: <ulink url="&kernelfaq;">FAQ del Kernel</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Debian Wiki: <ulink url="&debiankernel;">DebianKernel</ulink>
it: Wiki Debian: <ulink url="&debiankernel;">Kernel Debian</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Hardware drivers and firmware
it: Driver per hardware e firmware

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The hardware driver is the code running on the main CPUs of the target system. Most hardware drivers are available as free software now and are included in the normal Debian kernel packages in the <literal>main</literal> area.
it: Un driver hardware è il codice eseguito nelle CPU principali del sistema target. La maggior parte dei driver hardware è ora disponibile come software libero ed è inclusa nei normali pacchetti Debian dei kernel nell'area <literal>main</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&gpu;">GPU</ulink> driver
it: driver <ulink url="&gpu;">GPU</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Intel GPU driver (<literal>main</literal>)
it: driver GPU Intel (<literal>main</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: AMD/ATI GPU driver (<literal>main</literal>)
it: driver GPU AMD/ATI (<literal>main</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: NVIDIA GPU driver (<literal>main</literal> for <ulink url="&nouveau;">nouveau</ulink> driver, and <literal>non-free</literal> for binary-only drivers supported by the vendor.)
it: driver GPU NVIDIA (<literal>main</literal> per il driver <ulink url="&nouveau;">nouveau</ulink> e <literal>non-free</literal> per i driver solo binari supportati dal produttore.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The firmware is the code or data loaded on the device attach to the target system (e.g., CPU <ulink url="&microcode;">microcode</ulink>, rendering code running on GPU, or <ulink url="&fpga;">FPGA</ulink> / <ulink url="&cpld;">CPLD</ulink> data, …).  Some firmware packages are available as free software but many firmware packages are not available as free software since they contain sourceless binary data.  Installing these firmware data is essential for the device to function as expected.
it: Il firmware è il codice o i dati caricati sul dispositivo attaccato al sistema target (ad esempio <ulink url="&microcode;">microcodice</ulink> della CPU, codice di rendering eseguito nella GPU oppure dati <ulink url="&fpga;">FPGA</ulink>/<ulink url="&cpld;">CPLD</ulink>, …). Alcuni pacchetti firmware sono disponibili come software libero, ma molti pacchetti firmware non lo sono dato che contengono dati binari senza sorgenti. L'installazione di questi dati del firmware è necessaria affinché il dispositivo funzioni come atteso.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The firmware data packages containing data loaded to the volatile memory on the target device.
it: I pacchetti dei dati del firmware contengono dati caricati nella memoria volatile nel dispositivo obiettivo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The firmware update program packages which update data on the non-volatile memory on the target device.
it: I pacchetti dei programmi di aggiornamento del firmware che aggiornano i nella memoria non volatile del dispositivo target.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&fwupd;">fwupd</ulink> (<literal>main</literal>): Firmware update daemon which downloads firmware data from <ulink url="&linuxvendorfirmwareservice;">Linux Vendor Firmware Service</ulink>.
it: <ulink url="&fwupd;">fwupd</ulink> (<literal>main</literal>): demone per aggiornamento del firmware che scarica dati del firmware da <ulink url="&linuxvendorfirmwareservice;">Linux Vendor Firmware Service</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: gnome-firmware (<literal>main</literal>): GTK front end for fwupd
it: gnome-firmware (<literal>main</literal>): frontend GTK per fwupd

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: plasma-discover-backend-fwupd (<literal>main</literal>): Qt front end for fwupd
it: plasma-discover-backend-fwupd (<literal>main</literal>): frontend Qt per fwupd

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Please note that access to <literal>non-free-firmware</literal> packages are provided by the official installation media to offer functional installation experience to the user since Debian 12 Bookworm.  The <literal>non-free-firmware</literal> area is described in <xref linkend="_debian_archive_basics"/>.
it: Notare che l'accesso ai pacchetti <literal>non-free-firmware</literal> è fornito dai supporti ufficiali di installazione per offrire un'esperienza di installazione funzionale a partire da Debian 12 Bookworm. La sezione <literal>non-free-firmware</literal> è descritta in <xref linkend="_debian_archive_basics"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Please also note that the firmware data downloaded by <ulink url="&fwupd;">fwupd</ulink> from <ulink url="&linuxvendorfirmwareservice;">Linux Vendor Firmware Service</ulink> and loaded to the running Linux kernel may be <literal>non-free</literal>.
it: Notare anche che i dati di firmware che <ulink url="&fwupd;">fwupd</ulink> scarica da <ulink url="&linuxvendorfirmwareservice;">Linux Vendor Firmware Service</ulink> e che sono caricati nel kernel Linux in esecuzione potrebbero essere <literal>non-free</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Virtualized system
it: Sistema virtualizzato

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Use of virtualized system enables us to run multiple instances of system simultaneously on a single hardware.
it: L'uso di sistemi virtualizzati permette di eseguire più istanze di un sistema simultaneamente su un singolo hardware.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
en: See <ulink url="&debianwikionsystemvirtualization;">Debian wiki on SystemVirtualization</ulink>.
it: Vedere <ulink url="&debianwikisystemvirtualization;">wiki Debian: SystemVirtualization</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Virtualization and emulation tools
it: Strumenti per virtualizzazione ed emulazione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There are several <ulink url="&virtualization;">virtualization</ulink> and emulation tool platforms.
it: Ci sono diversi piattaforme di strumenti per la <ulink url="&virtualization;">virtualizzazione</ulink> e l'emulazione.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Complete <ulink url="&hardwareemulation;">hardware emulation</ulink> packages such as ones installed by the <ulink url="&gamesemulator;">games-emulator</ulink> metapackage
it: Pacchetti per l'<ulink url="&hardwareemulation;">emulazione hardware</ulink> completa come quelli installati dal metapacchetto <ulink url="&gamesemulator;">games-emulator</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Mostly CPU level emulation with some I/O device emulations such as <ulink url="&qemu;">QEMU</ulink>
it: Emulazione per lo più a livello di CPU con alcune emulazioni di dispositivi di I/O come <ulink url="&qemu;">QEMU</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Mostly CPU level virtualization with some I/O device emulations such as <ulink url="&kernelbasedvirtualmachinekvm;">Kernel-based Virtual Machine (KVM)</ulink>
it: Virtualizzazione per lo più a livello di CPU con alcune emulazioni di dispositivi di I/O come <ulink url="&kernelbasedvirtualmachinekvm;">macchine virtuali basate sul Kernel (KVM)</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: OS level container virtualization with the kernel level support such as <ulink url="&lxclinuxcontainers;">LXC (Linux Containers)</ulink>, <ulink url="&docker;">Docker</ulink>, <literal>systemd-nspawn</literal>(1), ...
it: Virtualizzazione in contenitori a livello di SO con supporto a livello del kernel come <ulink url="&lxclinuxcontainers;">LXC (Linux Containers)</ulink>, <ulink url="&docker;">Docker</ulink>, <literal>systemd-nspawn</literal>(1), ...

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: OS level filesystem access virtualization with the system library call override on the file path such as <ulink url="&chroot;">chroot</ulink>
it: Virtualizzazione dell'accesso al file system a livello di SO con override del percorso dei file nelle chiamate di libreria di sistema come <ulink url="&chroot;">chroot</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: OS level filesystem access virtualization with the system library call override on the file ownership such as <ulink url="&fakeroot;">fakeroot</ulink>
it: Virtualizzazione dell'accesso al file system a livello di SO con override della proprietà dei file nelle chiamate di libreria di sistema come <ulink url="&chroot;">chroot</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: OS API emulation such as <ulink url="&wine;">Wine</ulink>
it: Emulazione delle API del SO come <ulink url="&wine;">Wine</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Interpreter level virtualization with its executable selection and run-time library overrides such as <ulink url="&virtualenv;">virtualenv</ulink> and <ulink url="&venv;">venv</ulink> for Python
it: Virtualizzazione a livello di interprete con selezione del suo eseguibile e override della libreria a runtime come <ulink url="&virtualenv;">virtualenv</ulink> e <ulink url="&venv;">venv</ulink> per Python.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The container virtualization uses <xref linkend="_linux_security_features"/> and is the backend technology of <xref linkend="_sandbox"/>.
it: La virtualizzazione in contenitori usa <xref linkend="_linux_security_features"/> ed è la tecnologia che fa da backend per <xref linkend="_sandbox"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here are some packages to help you to setup the virtualized system.
it: Ecco alcuni pacchetti che aiutano a configurare un sistema virtualizzato.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of virtualization tools
it: Elenco di strumenti di virtualizzazione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: GNU core utilities which contain <literal>chroot</literal>(8)
it: utilità principali di GNU che contengono <literal>chroot</literal>(8)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: systemd container/nspawn tools which contain <literal>systemd-nspawn</literal>(1)
it: strumenti systemd container/nspawn che contengono <literal>systemd-nspawn</literal>(1)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: specialized tool for executing Debian binary packages in chroot
it: strumento specializzato per eseguire pacchetti Debian binari in chroot

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: tool for building Debian binary packages from Debian sources
it: strumento per compilare pacchetti Debian binari da sorgenti Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: bootstrap a basic Debian system (written in sh)
it: avviare un sistema Debian base (scritto in sh)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: bootstrap a Debian system (written in Perl)
it: avviare un sistema Debian (scritto in Perl)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: bootstrap a Debian system (written in C)
it: avviare un sistema Debian (scritto in C)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: cloud image management utilities
it: utilità di gestione di immagini cloud

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: cloud guest utilities
it: utilità cloud ospiti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&virtualmachinemanager;">Virtual Machine Manager</ulink>: desktop application for managing virtual machines
it: <ulink url="&virtualmachinemanager;">Virtual Machine Manager</ulink>: applicazione desktop per gestire macchine virtuali

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: programs for the <ulink url="&libvirt;">libvirt</ulink> library
it: programmi per la libreria <ulink url="&libvirt;">libvirt</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&incus;">Incus</ulink>: system container and virtual machine manager
it: <ulink url="&incus;">Incus</ulink>: contenitore per sistemi e gestore di macchine virtuali

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&podman;">podman</ulink>: engine to run OCI-based containers in Pods
it: <ulink url="&podman;">podman</ulink>: motore per eseguire contenitori basati su OCI in Pod

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: engine to run OCI-based containers in Pods - wrapper for docker
it: motore per eseguire contenitori basati su OCI in Pod - wrapper per docker

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&docker;">docker</ulink>: Linux container runtime
it: <ulink url="&docker;">docker</ulink>: runtime per contenitori Linux

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&gamesemulator;">games-emulator</ulink>: Debian's emulators for games
it: <ulink url="&gamesemulator;">games-emulator</ulink>: emulatori di Debian per i giochi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&bochs;">Bochs</ulink>: IA-32 PC emulator
it: <ulink url="&bochs;">Bochs</ulink>: emulatore PC IA-32

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&qemu;">QEMU</ulink>: full system emulation binaries
it: <ulink url="&qemu;">QEMU</ulink>: binari per emulazione completa del sistema

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&qemu;">QEMU</ulink>: user mode emulation binaries
it: <ulink url="&qemu;">QEMU</ulink>: binari per emulazione in spazio utente

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&qemu;">QEMU</ulink>: utilities
it: <ulink url="&qemu;">QEMU</ulink>: utilità

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&kvm;">KVM</ulink>: full virtualization on x86 hardware with the <ulink url="&hardwareassistedvirtualization;">hardware-assisted virtualization</ulink>
it: <ulink url="&kvm;">KVM</ulink>: virtualizzazione completa su hardware x86 con<ulink url="&hardwareassistedvirtualization;">virtualizzazione assistita da hardware</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&virtualbox;">VirtualBox</ulink>: x86 virtualization solution on i386 and amd64
it: <ulink url="&virtualbox;">VirtualBox</ulink>: soluzione per virtualizzazione i dx86 su i386 e amd64

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&boxes;">Boxes</ulink>: Simple GNOME app to access virtual systems
it: <ulink url="&boxes;">Boxes</ulink>: semplice applicazione GNOME per accedere a sistemi virtuali

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: tools to manage debian <ulink url="&xen;">XEN</ulink> virtual server
it: strumenti per gestire server virtuali <ulink url="&xen;">XEN</ulink> Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&wine;">Wine</ulink>: Windows API Implementation (standard suite)
it: <ulink url="&wine;">Wine</ulink>: implementazione della API Windows (suite standard)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&dosbox;">DOSBox</ulink>: x86 emulator with Tandy/Herc/CGA/EGA/VGA/SVGA graphics, sound and DOS
it: <ulink url="&dosbox;">DOSBox</ulink>: emulatore x86 con grafica Tandy/Herc/CGA/EGA/VGA/SVGA, suono e DOS

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&linuxcontainersuserspacetools;">Linux containers user space tools</ulink>
it: <ulink url="&linuxcontainersuserspacetools;">strumenti in spazio utente per contenitori Linux</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&venv;">venv</ulink> for creating virtual python environments (system library)
it: <ulink url="&venv;">venv</ulink> per creare ambienti Python virtuali (libreria di sistema)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&virtualenv;">virtualenv</ulink> for creating isolated virtual python environments
it: <ulink url="&virtualenv;">virtualenv</ulink> per creare ambienti Python virtuali isolati

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&pipx;">pipx</ulink> for installing python applications in isolated environments
it: <ulink url="&pipx;">pipx</ulink> per installare applicazioni Python in ambienti isolati

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See Wikipedia article <ulink url="&comparisonofplatmvirtualmachines;">Comparison of platform virtual machines</ulink> for detail comparison of different platform virtualization solutions.
it: Vedere l'articolo di Wikipedia <ulink url="&comparisonofplatmvirtualmachines;">Comparison of platform virtual machines</ulink> per una comparazione dettagliata di diverse soluzioni per la virtualizzazione di piattaforme.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Virtualization work flow
it: Fasi del processo di virtualizzazione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: Default Debian kernels support <ulink url="&kvm;">KVM</ulink> since <literal>lenny</literal>.
it: I kernel Debian predefiniti hanno il supporto per <ulink url="&kvm;">KVM</ulink> a partire da <literal>lenny</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Typical work flow for <ulink url="&virtualization;">virtualization</ulink> involves several steps.
it: Il tipico processo di <ulink url="&virtualization;">virtualizzazione</ulink> comporta diverse fasi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Create an empty filesystem (a file tree or a disk image).
it: Creare un file system vuoto (un albero di file o un'immagine di disco).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The file tree can be created by "<literal>mkdir -p /path/to/chroot</literal>".
it: L'albero di file può essere creato con "<literal>mkdir -p /percorso/di/chroot</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The raw disk image file can be created with <literal>dd</literal>(1) (see <xref linkend="_making_the_disk_image_file"/> and <xref linkend="_making_the_empty_disk_image_file"/>).
it: Il file immagine raw del disco può essere creato con <literal>dd</literal>(1) (vedere <xref linkend="_making_the_disk_image_file"/> e <xref linkend="_making_the_empty_disk_image_file"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>qemu-img</literal>(1) can be used to create and convert disk image files supported by <ulink url="&qemu;">QEMU</ulink>.
it: Si può usare <literal>qemu-img</literal>(1) per creare e convertire file immagine di dischi supportati da <ulink url="&qemu;">QEMU</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The raw and <ulink url="&vmdk;">VMDK</ulink> file format can be used as common format among virtualization tools.
it: I formati di file raw e <ulink url="&vmdk;">VMDK</ulink> possono essere usati come formati comuni tra i vari strumenti di virtualizzazione.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Mount the disk image with <literal>mount</literal>(8) to the filesystem (optional).
it: Montare l'immagine del disco con <literal>mount</literal>(8) nel file system (opzionale).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: For the raw disk image file, mount it as <ulink url="&loopdevice;">loop device</ulink> or <ulink url="&devicemapper;">device mapper</ulink> devices (see <xref linkend="_mounting_the_disk_image_file"/>).
it: Per il file immagine raw sel disco, montarlo come <ulink url="&loopdevice;">device loop</ulink> o <ulink url="&devicemapper;">device mapper</ulink> (vedere <xref linkend="_mounting_the_disk_image_file"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: For disk images supported by <ulink url="&qemu;">QEMU</ulink>, mount them as <ulink url="&networkblockdevice;">network block device</ulink> (see <xref linkend="_mounting_the_virtual_disk_image_file"/>).
it: Per le immagini disco supportate da <ulink url="&qemu;">QEMU</ulink>, montarle come <ulink url="&networkblockdevice;">device a blocchi di rete</ulink> (vedere <xref linkend="_mounting_the_virtual_disk_image_file"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Populate the target filesystem with required system data.
it: Popolare il file system obiettivo con i dati di sistema necessari.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The use of programs such as <literal>debootstrap</literal> and <literal>cdebootstrap</literal> helps with this process (see <xref linkend="_chroot_system"/>).
it: L'uso di programmi come <literal>debootstrap</literal> e <literal>cdebootstrap</literal> aiuta questo processo (vedere <xref linkend="_chroot_system"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Use installers of OSs under the full system emulation.
it: Usare gli installatori di sistemi operativi nell'emulazione di sistemi completi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Run a program under a virtualized environment.
it: Eseguire un programma in un ambiente virtualizzato.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&chroot;">chroot</ulink> provides basic virtualized environment enough to compile programs, run console applications, and run daemons in it.
it: <ulink url="&chroot;">chroot</ulink> fornisce un ambiente di virtualizzazione base sufficiente a compilare programmi, eseguire applicazioni in console ed eseguire demoni al suo interno.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&qemu;">QEMU</ulink> provides cross-platform CPU emulation.
it: <ulink url="&qemu;">QEMU</ulink> fornisce emulazione di CPU inter-piattaforma.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&qemu;">QEMU</ulink> with <ulink url="&kvm;">KVM</ulink> provides full system emulation by the <ulink url="&hardwareassistedvirtualization;">hardware-assisted virtualization</ulink>.
it: <ulink url="&qemu;">QEMU</ulink> con <ulink url="&kvm;">KVM</ulink> fornisce una completa emulazione di sistema con <ulink url="&hardwareassistedvirtualization;">virtualizzazione assistita da hardware</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&virtualbox;">VirtualBox</ulink> provides full system emulation on i386 and amd64 with or without the <ulink url="&hardwareassistedvirtualization;">hardware-assisted virtualization</ulink>.
it: <ulink url="&virtualbox;">VirtualBox</ulink> fornisce una completa emulazione del sistema in i386 e amd64 con o senza <ulink url="&hardwareassistedvirtualization;">virtualizzazione assistita da hardware</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Mounting the virtual disk image file
it: Montare il file immagine di disco virtuale

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For the raw disk image file, see <xref linkend="_the_disk_image"/>.
it: Per i file immagine raw di disco, vedere <xref linkend="_the_disk_image"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For other virtual disk image files, you can use <literal>qemu-nbd</literal>(8) to export them using <ulink url="&networkblockdevice;">network block device</ulink> protocol and mount them using the <literal>nbd</literal> kernel module.
it: Per altri file immagine di dischi virtuali, si può usare <literal>qemu-nbd</literal>(8) per esportarli usando il protocollo per <ulink url="&networkblockdevice;">device a blocchi di rete</ulink> e montarli usando il modulo <literal>nbd</literal> del kernel.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <literal>qemu-nbd</literal>(8) supports disk formats supported by <ulink url="&qemu;">QEMU</ulink>: raw, <ulink url="&qcowcqcow;">qcow2, qcow</ulink>, <ulink url="&vmdk;">vmdk</ulink>, <ulink url="&vdi;">vdi</ulink>, <ulink url="&bochs;">bochs</ulink>, cow (user-mode Linux copy-on-write), <ulink url="&parallels;">parallels</ulink>, <ulink url="&dmg;">dmg</ulink>, <ulink url="&cloop;">cloop</ulink>, <ulink url="&vpc;">vpc</ulink>, vvfat (virtual VFAT), and host_device.
it: <literal>qemu-nbd</literal>(8) supporta i formati di disco supportati da <ulink url="&qemu;">QEMU</ulink>: raw, <ulink url="&qcowcqcow;">qcow2, qcow</ulink>, <ulink url="&vmdk;">vmdk</ulink>, <ulink url="&vdi;">vdi</ulink>, <ulink url="&bochs;">bochs</ulink>, cow (copy-on-write di user-mode Linux), <ulink url="&parallels;">parallels</ulink>, <ulink url="&dmg;">dmg</ulink>, <ulink url="&cloop;">cloop</ulink>, <ulink url="&vpc;">vpc</ulink>, vvfat (VFAT virtuale) e host_device.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <ulink url="&networkblockdevice;">network block device</ulink> can support partitions in the same way as the <ulink url="&loopdevice;">loop device</ulink> (see <xref linkend="_mounting_the_disk_image_file"/>).  You can mount the first partition of "<literal>disk.img</literal>" as follows.
it: I <ulink url="&networkblockdevice;">device a blocchi di rete</ulink> possono supportare partizioni nello stesso modo dei  <ulink url="&loopdevice;">device loop</ulink> (vedere <xref linkend="_mounting_the_disk_image_file"/>). Si può montare la prima partizione di "<literal>disk.img</literal>" nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: You may export only the first partition of "<literal>disk.img</literal>" using "<literal>-P 1</literal>" option to <literal>qemu-nbd</literal>(8).
it: È possibile esportare solamente la prima partizione di "<literal>disk.img</literal>" usando l'opzione "<literal>-P 1</literal>"per <literal>qemu-nbd</literal>(8).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Chroot system
it: Sistema chroot

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you wish to try a new Debian environment from a terminal console, I recommend you to use <ulink url="&chroot;">chroot</ulink>.  This enables you to run console applications of Debian <literal>unstable</literal> and <literal>testing</literal> without usual risks associated and without rebooting.  <literal>chroot</literal>(8) is the most basic way.
it: Se si desidera provare un nuovo ambiente Debian da una console in terminale, è raccomandato usare <ulink url="&chroot;">chroot</ulink>. Ciò permette di eseguire applicazioni in console di Debian <literal>unstable</literal> e <literal>testing</literal> senza i consueti rischi associati e senza riavviare. <literal>chroot</literal>(8) è il metodo più basilare.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: Examples below assumes both parent system and chroot system share the same <literal>amd64</literal> CPU architecture.
it: Gli esempi seguenti presuppongono che entrambi i sistemi, quello genitore e quello chroot, condividano la stessa architettura <literal>amd64</literal> della CPU.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Although you can manually create a <literal>chroot</literal>(8) environment using <literal>debootstrap</literal>(1), this requires non-trivial efforts.
it: Sebbene sia possibile creare manualmente un ambiente <literal>chroot</literal>(8) usando <literal>debootstrap</literal>(1), ciò richiede un impegno non banale.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <ulink url="&sbuild;">sbuild</ulink> package to build Debian packages from source uses the chroot environment managed by the <ulink url="&schroot;">schroot</ulink> package.  It comes with helper script <literal>sbuild-createchroot</literal>(1).  Let's learn how it works by running it as follows.
it: Il pacchetto <ulink url="&sbuild;">sbuild</ulink> per compilare pacchetti Debian da sorgenti usa l'ambiente chroot gestito dal pacchetto <ulink url="&schroot;">schroot</ulink>. Viene fornito con uno script ausiliario <literal>sbuild-createchroot</literal>(1). Vediamo come funziona eseguendolo nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You see how <literal>debootstrap</literal>(8) populates system data for <literal>unstable</literal> environment under "<literal>/srv/chroot/unstable-amd64-sbuild</literal>" for a minimal build system.
it: Si può vedere come <literal>debootstrap</literal>(8) popoli i dati di sistema per l'ambiente <literal>unstable</literal> sotto "<literal>/srv/chroot/unstable-amd64-sbuild</literal>" per un sistema di compilazione minimale.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can login to this environment using <literal>schroot</literal>(1).
it: Si può fare il login in questo ambiente usando <literal>schroot</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You see how a system shell running under <literal>unstable</literal> environment is created.
it: Si può vedere come venga creata una shell di sistema in esecuzione nell'ambiente <literal>unstable</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: The "<literal>/usr/sbin/policy-rc.d</literal>" file which always exits with 101 prevents daemon programs to be started automatically on the Debian system.  See "<literal>/usr/share/doc/init-system-helpers/README.policy-rc.d.gz</literal>".
it: Il file "<literal>/usr/sbin/policy-rc.d</literal>" che termina sempre con 101 evita che, in un sistema Debian, i programmi demone vengano avviati automaticamente. Vedere "<literal>/usr/share/doc/init-system-helpers/README.policy-rc.d.gz</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: Some programs under chroot may require access to more files from the parent system to function than <literal>sbuild-createchroot</literal> provides as above.  For example, "<literal>/sys</literal>", "<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>", "<literal>/etc/group</literal>", "<literal>/var/run/utmp</literal>", "<literal>/var/log/wtmp</literal>", etc. may need to be bind-mounted or copied.
it: Alcuni programmi in chroot per funzionare possono aver bisogno dell'accesso a più file nel sistema genitore di quanti ne fornisca <literal>sbuild-createchroot</literal>. Per esempio, può essere necessario montare con bind o copiare "<literal>/sys</literal>", "<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>", "<literal>/etc/group</literal>", "<literal>/var/run/utmp</literal>", "<literal>/var/log/wtmp</literal>", ecc.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: The <literal>sbuild</literal> package helps to construct a chroot system and builds a package inside the chroot using <literal>schroot</literal> as its backend.  It is an ideal system to check build-dependencies.  See more on <ulink url="&sbuildatdebianwiki;">sbuild at Debian wiki</ulink> and <ulink url="&sbuildconfiguratebianmaintainers;">sbuild configuration example in "Guide for Debian Maintainers"</ulink>.
it: Il pacchetto <literal>sbuild</literal> aiuta a costruire un sistema chroot e compila un pacchetto dentro la chroot usando <literal>schroot</literal> come suo backend. È un sistema ideale per controllare le dipendenze di compilazione. Vedere ulteriori dettagli su <ulink url="&sbuildatdebianwiki;">sbuild nel wiki Debian</ulink> e l'<ulink url="&sbuildconfiguratebianmaintainers;">esempio di configurazione di sbuild nella "Guida per il Manutentore Debian"</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: The <literal>systemd-nspawn</literal>(1) command helps to run a command or OS in a light-weight container in similar ways to <literal>chroot</literal>.  It is more powerful since it uses namespaces to fully virtualize the the process tree, IPC, hostname, domain name and, optionally, networking and user databases.  See <ulink url="&systemdnspawn;">systemd-nspawn</ulink>.
it: Il comando <literal>systemd-nspawn</literal>(1) aiuta ad eseguire un comando o un sistema operativo in un contenitore leggero in modo simile a <literal>chroot</literal>. È più potente dato che usa gli spazi dei nomi per virtualizzare completamente l'albero dei processi, IPC, nome host, nome di dominio e, opzionalmente, la rete e i database degli utenti. Vedere <ulink url="&systemdnspawn;">systemd-nspawn</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Multiple desktop systems
it: Sistemi desktop multipli

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you wish to try a new GUI Desktop environment of any OS, I recommend you to use <ulink url="&qemu;">QEMU</ulink> or <ulink url="&kvm;">KVM</ulink> on a Debian <literal>stable</literal> system to run multiple desktop systems safely using <ulink url="&virtualization;">virtualization</ulink>.  These enable you to run any desktop applications including ones of Debian <literal>unstable</literal> and <literal>testing</literal> without usual risks associated with them and without rebooting.
it: Se si desidera provare un nuovo ambiente desktop con GUI per qualsiasi SO, l'autore raccomanda l'uso di <ulink url="&qemu;">QEMU</ulink> o <ulink url="&kvm;">KVM</ulink> in un sistema Debian <literal>stable</literal> per eseguire sistemi desktop multipli in maniera sicura usando la <ulink url="&virtualization;">virtualizzazione</ulink>. Permettono di eseguire qualsiasi applicazione desktop, incluse quelle di Debian <literal>unstable</literal> e <literal>testing</literal>, senza i consueti rischi ad esse associati e senza riavviare.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Since pure <ulink url="&qemu;">QEMU</ulink> is very slow, it is recommended to accelerate it with <ulink url="&kvm;">KVM</ulink> when the host system supports it.
it: Dato che <ulink url="&qemu;">QEMU</ulink> puro è molto lento, è raccomandata la sua velocizzazione con <ulink url="&kvm;">KVM</ulink> quando il sistema host lo permette.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <ulink url="&virtualmachinemanager;">Virtual Machine Manager</ulink> also known as <literal>virt-manager</literal> is a convenient GUI tool for managing KVM virtual machines via <ulink url="&libvirt;">libvirt</ulink>.
it: <ulink url="&virtualmachinemanager;">Virtual Machine Manager</ulink> noto anche come <literal>virt-manager</literal> è un comodo strumento GUI per gestire macchine virtuali KVM con <ulink url="&libvirt;">libvirt</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The virtual disk image "<literal>virtdisk.qcow2</literal>" containing a Debian system for <ulink url="&qemu;">QEMU</ulink> can be created using <ulink url="&debianinstallersmallcds;">debian-installer: Small CDs</ulink> as follows.
it: L'immagine disco virtuale "<literal>virtdisk.qcow2</literal>" contenente un sistema Debian per <ulink url="&qemu;">QEMU</ulink> si può creare con i <ulink url="&debianinstallersmallcds;">piccoli CD dell'installatore Debian</ulink> nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Running other GNU/Linux distributions such as <ulink url="&ubuntu;">Ubuntu</ulink> and <ulink url="&fedora;">Fedora</ulink> under <ulink url="&virtualization;">virtualization</ulink> is a great way to learn configuration tips.  Other proprietary OSs may be run nicely under this GNU/Linux <ulink url="&virtualization;">virtualization</ulink>, too.
it: Eseguire altre distribuzioni GNU/Linux come <ulink url="&ubuntu;">Ubuntu</ulink> e <ulink url="&fedora;">Fedora</ulink> in una <ulink url="&virtualization;">virtualizzazione</ulink> è un ottimo metodo per imparare trucchetti di configurazione. Anche altri sistemi operativi proprietari possono essere eseguiti tranquillamente in queste <ulink url="&virtualization;">virtualizzazioni</ulink> GNU/Linux.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See more tips at <ulink url="&debianwikisystemvirtualization;">Debian wiki: SystemVirtualization</ulink>.
it: Vedere ulteriori suggerimenti in <ulink url="&debianwikisystemvirtualization;">wiki Debian: SystemVirtualization</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
en: Data management
it: Gestione dei dati

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
en: Tools and tips for managing binary and text data on the Debian system are described.
it: In questo capitolo sono descritti strumenti e trucchi per gestire dati binari e di testo in un sistema Debian.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Sharing, copying, and archiving
it: Condividere, copiare ed archiviare

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><warning><para>
en: The uncoordinated write access to actively accessed devices and files from multiple processes must not be done to avoid the <ulink url="&racecondition;">race condition</ulink>.  <ulink url="&filelocking;">File locking</ulink> mechanisms using <literal>flock</literal>(1) may be used to avoid it.
it: L'accesso in scrittura non coordinato a device a cui si sta attivamente accedendo e a file da parte di processi diversi deve essere evitato per prevenire le <ulink url="&racecondition;">race condition</ulink>. Per evitare ciò devono essere usati i meccanismi di <ulink url="&filelocking;">lock dei file</ulink> utilizzando <literal>flock</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The security of the data and its controlled sharing have several aspects.
it: La sicurezza dei dati e la loro condivisione controllata hanno diversi aspetti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The creation of data archive
it: La creazione di archivi di dati

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The remote storage access
it: L'accesso ad archivi remoti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The duplication
it: La duplicazione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The tracking of the modification history
it: Il tenere traccia della cronologia delle modifiche

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The facilitation of data sharing
it: La facilitazione della condivisione dei dati

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The prevention of unauthorized file access
it: Il prevenire l'accesso non autorizzato ai file

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The detection of unauthorized file modification
it: La rilevazione di modifiche non autorizzate ai file

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: These can be realized by using some combination of tools.
it: Queste azioni possono essere realizzate usando una combinazione di strumenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Archive and compression tools
it: Strumenti di archiviazione e compressione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Copy and synchronization tools
it: Strumenti di copia e sincronizzazione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Network filesystems
it: file system di rete

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Removable storage media
it: Supporti di archiviazione removibili

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The secure shell
it: Secure Shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The authentication system
it: Il sistema di autenticazione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Version control system tools
it: Strumenti per sistemi di controllo delle versioni

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Hash and cryptographic encryption tools
it: Strumenti crittografici per hash e cifratura

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here is a summary of archive and compression tools available on the Debian system.
it: Ecco una tabella riassuntiva degli strumenti di archiviazione e compressione disponibili per il sistema Debian.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of archive and compression tools
it: Elenco di strumenti di archiviazione e compressione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: extension
it: estensione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: comment
it: commento

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: the standard archiver (de facto standard)
it: strumento di archiviazione standard (standard de facto)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Unix System V style archiver, use with <literal>find</literal>(1)
it: strumento di archiviazione Unix in stile System V, da usare con <literal>find</literal>(1)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: archiver for the creation of static libraries
it: strumento di archiviazione per la creazione di librerie statiche

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: archiver for Java (zip like)
it: strumento di archiviazione per Java (simile a zip)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: new POSIX standard archiver, compromise between <literal>tar</literal> and <literal>cpio</literal>
it: nuovo strumento POSIX di archiviazione, compromesso tra <literal>tar</literal> e <literal>cpio</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: GNU <ulink url="&lzhh;">LZ77</ulink> compression utility (de facto standard)
it: utilità GNU di compressione <ulink url="&lzhh;">LZ77</ulink> (standard de facto)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&burrowswheelerblrtingcompression;">Burrows-Wheeler block-sorting compression</ulink> utility with higher compression ratio than <literal>gzip</literal>(1) (slower than <literal>gzip</literal> with similar syntax)
it: utilità per <ulink url="&burrowswheelerblrtingcompression;">compressione con ordinamento dei blocchi Burrows-Wheeler</ulink> con maggiore rapporto di compressione di <literal>gzip</literal>(1) (più lenta di <literal>gzip</literal> con sintassi simile)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&lzma;">LZMA</ulink> compression utility with higher compression ratio than <literal>gzip</literal>(1)  (deprecated)
it: utilità di compressione <ulink url="&lzma;">LZMA</ulink> con maggiore rapporto di compressione di <literal>gzip</literal>(1) (deprecata)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&xz;">XZ</ulink> compression utility with higher compression ratio than <literal>bzip2</literal>(1) (slower than <literal>gzip</literal> but faster than <literal>bzip2</literal>; replacement for <ulink url="&lzma;">LZMA</ulink> compression utility)
it: utilità di compressione <ulink url="&xz;">XZ</ulink> con maggiore rapporto di compressione di <literal>bzip2</literal>(1) (più lenta di <literal>gzip</literal>, ma più veloce di <literal>bzip2</literal>; sostituto dell'utilità di compressione <ulink url="&lzma;">LZMA</ulink>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&zstandard;">Zstandard</ulink> fast lossless compression utility
it: utilità di compressione <ulink url="&zstandard;">Zstandard</ulink> veloce senza perdita di dati

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&hzip;">7-Zip</ulink> file archiver with high compression ratio (<ulink url="&lzma;">LZMA</ulink> compression)
it: strumento di archiviazione file <ulink url="&hzip;">7-Zip</ulink> con alto rapporto di compressione (compressione <ulink url="&lzma;">LZMA</ulink>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&hzip;">7-Zip</ulink> file archiver with high compression ratio (<ulink url="&lzma;">LZMA</ulink> compression and others)
it: strumento di archiviazione file <ulink url="&hzip;">7-Zip</ulink> con alto rapporto di compressione (compressione <ulink url="&lzma;">LZMA</ulink> e altre)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&lzo;">LZO</ulink> compression utility with higher compression and decompression speed than <literal>gzip</literal>(1) (lower compression ratio than <literal>gzip</literal> with similar syntax)
it: utilità di compressione <ulink url="&lzo;">LZO</ulink> con velocità di compressione e decompressione più alta di quella di <literal>gzip</literal>(1) (più basso rapporto di compressione di <literal>gzip</literal> con sintassi simile)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&infozip;">InfoZIP</ulink>: DOS archive and compression tool
it: <ulink url="&infozip;">InfoZIP</ulink>: strumento di archiviazione e compressione per DOS

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&infozip;">InfoZIP</ulink>: DOS unarchive and decompression tool
it: <ulink url="&infozip;">InfoZIP</ulink>: strumento di estrazione di archivi e decompressione per DOS

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
en: Do not set the "<literal>$TAPE</literal>" variable unless you know what to expect.  It changes <literal>tar</literal>(1) behavior.
it: Non impostare la variabile "<literal>$TAPE</literal>" a meno che non si sappia esattamente cosa aspettarsi. Cambia il comportamento di <literal>tar</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The gzipped <literal>tar</literal>(1) archive uses the file extension "<literal>.tgz</literal>" or "<literal>.tar.gz</literal>".
it: Gli archivi <literal>tar</literal>(1) compressi con gzip usano l'estensione di file "<literal>.tgz</literal>" o "<literal>.tar.gz</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The xz-compressed <literal>tar</literal>(1) archive uses the file extension "<literal>.txz</literal>" or "<literal>.tar.xz</literal>".
it: Gli archivi <literal>tar</literal>(1) compressi con xz usano l'estensione di file "<literal>.txz</literal>" o "<literal>.tar.xz</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Popular compression method in <ulink url="&foss;">FOSS</ulink> tools such as <literal>tar</literal>(1) has been moving as follows: <literal>gzip</literal> → <literal>bzip2</literal> → <literal>xz</literal>
it: La popolarità dei metodi di compressione negli strumenti <ulink url="&foss;">FOSS</ulink> come <literal>tar</literal>(1) è cambiata nel tempo nel modo seguente <literal>gzip</literal> → <literal>bzip2</literal> → <literal>xz</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>cp</literal>(1), <literal>scp</literal>(1) and <literal>tar</literal>(1) may have some limitation for special files.  <literal>cpio</literal>(1) is most versatile.
it: <literal>cp</literal>(1), <literal>scp</literal>(1) e <literal>tar</literal>(1) possono avere alcune limitazioni per file speciali. <literal>cpio</literal>(1) è più versatile.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>cpio</literal>(1) is designed to be used with <literal>find</literal>(1) and other commands and suitable for creating backup scripts since the file selection part of the script can be tested independently.
it: <literal>cpio</literal>(1) è progettato per essere usato con <literal>find</literal>(1) ed altri comandi adatti per creare script di backup, dato che la porzione di selezione dei file dello script può essere testata in modo autonomo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Internal structure of Libreoffice data files are "<literal>.jar</literal>" file which can be opened also by <literal>unzip</literal>.
it: La struttura interna dei file di dati di LibreOffice è quella dei file «<literal>.jar</literal>» che può essere aperta anche da <literal>unzip</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The de-facto cross platform archive tool is <literal>zip</literal>.  Use it as "<literal>zip -rX</literal>" to attain the maximum compatibility.  Use also the "<literal>-s</literal>" option, if the maximum file size matters.
it: Lo strumento multipiattaforma di fatto usato per gli archivi è <literal>zip</literal>. Usarlo come «<literal>zip -rX</literal>» per ottenere la massima compatibilità. Usare anche l'opzione «<literal>-s</literal>» se è importante la dimensione massima dei file.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here is a summary of simple copy and backup tools available on the Debian system.
it: Ecco una tabella riassuntiva dei semplici strumenti di copia e backup disponibili in un sistema Debian.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of copy and synchronization tools
it: Elenco di strumenti di copia e sincronizzazione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: locally copy files and directories ("-a" for recursive)
it: copia file e directory localmente ("-a" per modalità ricorsiva)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: remotely copy files and directories (client, "<literal>-r</literal>" for recursive)
it: copia file e directory da remoto (client, "<literal>-r</literal>" per modalità ricorsiva)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: remotely copy files and directories (remote server)
it: copia file e directory da remoto (server remoto)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: 1-way remote synchronization and backup
it: sincronizzazione e backup in remoto unidirezionale

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: 2-way remote synchronization and backup
it: sincronizzazione e backup in remoto bidirezionale

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Copying files with <literal>rsync</literal>(8) offers richer features than others.
it: La copia dei file con <literal>rsync</literal>(8) offre un insieme di funzionalità più ricco di altri strumenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: delta-transfer algorithm that sends only the differences between the source files and the existing files in the destination
it: l'algoritmo delta-transfer, che invia solamente le differenze tra il file sorgente ed il file esistente nella destinazione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: quick check algorithm (by default) that looks for files that have changed in size or in last-modified time
it: algoritmo veloce di verifica (predefinito) che cerca i file la cui dimensione o il cui orario di ultima modifica sono cambiati

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>--exclude</literal>" and "<literal>--exclude-from</literal>" options similar to <literal>tar</literal>(1)
it: opzioni "<literal>--exclude</literal>" e "<literal>--exclude-from</literal>" simili a quelle di <literal>tar</literal>(1)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "a trailing slash on the source directory" syntax that avoids creating an additional directory level at the destination.
it: sintassi con "una barra / alla fine della directory sorgente" che evita di dover creare un livello aggiuntivo di directory nella destinazione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Version control system (VCS) tools in <xref linkend="list-of-vcs"/> can function as the multi-way copy and synchronization tools.
it: Gli strumenti di controllo delle versioni VCS (Version control system) in <xref linkend="list-of-vcs"/> possono essere usati come strumenti di copia e sincronizzazione multidirezionali.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Idioms for the archive
it: Esempi di invocazione per archivi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here are several ways to archive and unarchive the entire content of the directory "<literal>./source</literal>" using different tools.
it: Ecco diversi modi di archiviare ed estrarre archivi con l'intero contenuto della directory "<literal>./sorgente</literal>", usando diversi strumenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Alternatively, by the following.
it: In alternativa usare i comandi seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Idioms for the copy
it: Esempi di invocazione per la copia

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here are several ways to copy the entire content of the directory "<literal>./source</literal>" using different tools.
it: Ecco diversi modi di copiare l'intero contenuto della directory "<literal>./sorgente</literal>", usando diversi strumenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Local copy: "<literal>./source</literal>" directory → "<literal>/dest</literal>" directory
it: Copia locale: directory "<literal>./sorgente</literal>" → directory "<literal>/dest</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Remote copy: "<literal>./source</literal>" directory at local host → "<literal>/dest</literal>" directory at "<literal>user@host.dom</literal>" host
it: Copia remota: directory "<literal>./sourgente</literal>" sull'host locale → directory "<literal>/dest</literal>" sull'host "<literal>utente@host.dom</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can alternatively use "a trailing slash on the source directory" syntax.
it: In alternativa si può usare la sintassi con "una barra / alla fine della directory sorgente".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: GNU <literal>cp</literal>(1) and openSSH <literal>scp</literal>(1):
it: GNU <literal>cp</literal>(1) e openSSH <literal>scp</literal>(1):

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can substitute "<literal>.</literal>" with "<literal>foo</literal>" for all examples containing "<literal>.</literal>" to copy files from "<literal>./source/foo</literal>" directory to "<literal>/dest/foo</literal>" directory.
it: In tutti gli esempi contenenti "<literal>.</literal>", si può sostituire "<literal>.</literal>" con "<literal>pippo</literal>" per copiare i file dalla directory "<literal>./sorgente/pippo</literal>" alla directory "<literal>/dest/pippo</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can substitute "<literal>.</literal>" with the absolute path "<literal>/path/to/source/foo</literal>" for all examples containing "<literal>.</literal>" to drop "<literal>cd ./source;</literal>".  These copy files to different locations depending on tools used as follows.
it: In tutti gli esempi contenenti "<literal>.</literal>", si può sostituire "<literal>.</literal>" con il percorso assoluto "<literal>/percorso/di/sorgente/pippo</literal>" per evitare di fare "<literal>cd ./sorgente;</literal>". I file verranno copiati in posizioni diverse a seconda dello strumento utilizzato, come descritto qui di seguito.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/dest/foo</literal>": <literal>rsync</literal>(8), GNU <literal>cp</literal>(1), and <literal>scp</literal>(1)
it: in "<literal>/dest/pippo</literal>": <literal>rsync</literal>(8), GNU <literal>cp</literal>(1) e <literal>scp</literal>(1)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/dest/path/to/source/foo</literal>": GNU <literal>tar</literal>(1), and <literal>cpio</literal>(1)
it: "<literal>/dest/percorso/di/sorgente/pippo</literal>": GNU <literal>tar</literal>(1) e <literal>cpio</literal>(1)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: <literal>rsync</literal>(8) and GNU <literal>cp</literal>(1) have option "<literal>-u</literal>" to skip files that are newer on the receiver.
it: <literal>rsync</literal>(8) e GNU <literal>cp</literal>(1) hanno l'opzione "<literal>-u</literal>" per saltare i file che sono più recenti nella destinazione.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Idioms for the selection of files
it: Esempi di invocazione per la selezione di file

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <literal>find</literal>(1) is used to select files for archive and copy commands (see <xref linkend="_idioms_for_the_archive"/> and <xref linkend="_idioms_for_the_copy"/>) or for <literal>xargs</literal>(1) (see <xref linkend="_repeating_a_command_looping_over_files"/>).  This can be enhanced by using its command arguments.
it: <literal>find</literal>(1) viene usato per selezionare i  file per i comandi di archiviazione e copia (vedere <xref linkend="_idioms_for_the_archive"/> e <xref linkend="_idioms_for_the_copy"/>) o per <literal>xargs</literal>(1) (vedere <xref linkend="_repeating_a_command_looping_over_files"/>).  Questo funzionamento può essere migliorato usando le sue opzioni di comando.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Basic syntax of <literal>find</literal>(1) can be summarized as the following.
it: La sintassi base di <literal>find</literal>(1) può essere riassunta nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Its conditional arguments are evaluated from left to right.
it: Gli argomenti condizionali sono valutati da sinistra a destra.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: This evaluation stops once its outcome is determined.
it: Questa valutazione si ferma una volta che il risultato è determinato.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "Logical <emphasis role="strong">OR</emphasis>" (specified by "<literal>-o</literal>" between conditionals) has lower precedence than "logical <emphasis role="strong">AND</emphasis>" (specified by "<literal>-a</literal>" or nothing between conditionals).
it: L'operatore "<emphasis role="strong">OR</emphasis> logico" (specificato con "<literal>-o</literal>" tra condizioni) ha una precedenza più bassa dell'operatore "<emphasis role="strong">AND</emphasis> logico" (specificato da "<literal>-a</literal>" o dall'assenza di un operatore tra condizioni).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "Logical <emphasis role="strong">NOT</emphasis>" (specified by "<literal>!</literal>" before a conditional) has higher precedence than "logical <emphasis role="strong">AND</emphasis>".
it: L'operatore "<emphasis role="strong">NOT</emphasis> logico" (specificato da "<literal>!</literal>" prima di una condizione) ha una precedenza più alta di un operatore "<emphasis role="strong">AND</emphasis> logico".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>-prune</literal>" always returns logical <emphasis role="strong">TRUE</emphasis> and, if it is a directory, searching of file is stopped beyond this point.
it: L'opzione "<literal>-prune</literal>" restituisce sempre una condizione di <emphasis role="strong">VERO</emphasis> logico e, se si tratta di una directory, la ricerca si ferma a questo punto.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>-name</literal>" matches the base of the filename with shell glob (see <xref linkend="_shell_glob"/>) but it also matches its initial "<literal>.</literal>" with metacharacters such as "<literal>*</literal>" and "<literal>?</literal>". (New <ulink url="&posix;">POSIX</ulink> feature)
it: L'opzione "<literal>-name</literal> trova corrispondenze con il nome base del file tramite espressioni glob di shell (vedere <xref linkend="_shell_glob"/>), ma fa corrispondenza anche con il carattere iniziale "<literal>.</literal>" con l'uso di metacaratteri come "<literal>*</literal>" e "<literal>?</literal>". (Nuova funzionalità <ulink url="&posix;">POSIX</ulink>.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>-regex</literal>" matches the full path with emacs style <emphasis role="strong">BRE</emphasis> (see <xref linkend="_regular_expressions"/>) as default.
it: L'opzione "<literal>-regex</literal>" trova corrispondenze con il percorso completo usando, in modo predefinito, <emphasis role="strong">BRE</emphasis> in stile emacs (vedere <xref linkend="_regular_expressions"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>-size</literal>" matches the file based on the file size (value precedented with "<literal>+</literal>" for larger, precedented with "<literal>-</literal>" for smaller)
it: L'opzione "<literal>-size</literal>" trova corrispondenze con file in base alla loro dimensione (valori preceduti da "<literal>+</literal>" o "<literal>-</literal>" per cercare dimensioni, rispettivamente, più grandi o piccole del valore).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>-newer</literal>" matches the file newer than the one specified in its argument.
it: L'opzione "<literal>-newer</literal>" trova corrispondenze con file più recenti di quello specificato come argomento dell'opzione.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>-print0</literal>" always returns logical <emphasis role="strong">TRUE</emphasis> and print the full filename (<ulink url="&nullterminated;">null terminated</ulink>) on the standard output.
it: L'opzione "<literal>-print0</literal>" restituisce sempre il valore logico <emphasis role="strong">VERO</emphasis> e stampa il nome file completo (<ulink url="&nullterminated;">terminato dal carattere null</ulink>) sullo standard output.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <literal>find</literal>(1) is often used with an idiomatic style as the following.
it: <literal>find</literal>(1) è spesso usato con uno stile di invocazione come il seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This means to do following actions.
it: Il comando precedente si traduce nelle azioni seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Search all files starting from "<literal>/path/to</literal>"
it: Cercare tutti i file a partire da "<literal>/percorso/di</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Globally limit its search within its starting filesystem and uses <emphasis role="strong">ERE</emphasis> (see <xref linkend="_regular_expressions"/>) instead
it: Limitare globalmente la ricerca al file system da cui è richiamato e usare espressioni regolari <emphasis role="strong">ERE</emphasis> (vedere <xref linkend="_regular_expressions"/>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Exclude files matching regex of "<literal>.*\.cpio</literal>" or "<literal>.*~</literal>" from search by stop processing
it: Escludere i file che corrispondono all'espressione regolare "<literal>.*\.cpio</literal>" o "<literal>.*~</literal>" dalla ricerca fermando la loro elaborazione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Exclude directories matching regex of "<literal>.*/\.git</literal>" from search by stop processing
it: Escludere le directory che corrispondono all'espressione regolare "<literal>.*/\.git</literal>" dalla ricerca fermando la loro elaborazione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Exclude files larger than 99 Megabytes (units of 1048576 bytes) from search by stop processing
it: Escludere i file più grandi di 99 Megabyte (unità di 1048576 byte) dalla ricerca fermando la loro elaborazione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Print filenames which satisfy above search conditions and are newer than "<literal>/path/to/timestamp</literal>"
it: Stampare i nomi di file che soddisfano le condizioni di ricerca precedenti e che siano più recenti di "<literal>/percorso/di/marcaturaorario</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Please note the idiomatic use of "<literal>-prune -o</literal>" to exclude files in the above example.
it: Notare nell'esempio precedente l'uso della parte di comando "<literal>-prune -o</literal> per escludere file.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: For non-Debian <ulink url="&unixlike;">Unix-like</ulink> system, some options may not be supported by <literal>find</literal>(1). In such a case, please consider to adjust matching methods and replace "<literal>-print0</literal>" with "<literal>-print</literal>".  You may need to adjust related commands too.
it: Alcune opzioni per <literal>find</literal>(1) potrebbero non essere supportate per i sistemi <ulink url="&unixlike;">*nix</ulink> non Debian. In questi casi, cambiare le invocazioni in quelle adatte corrispondenti e sostituire "<literal>-print0</literal>" con "<literal>-print</literal>". Potrebbe essere necessario modificare anche comandi correlati.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Archive media
it: Supporti di archiviazione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: When choosing <ulink url="&computerdatastoragemedia;">computer data storage media</ulink> for important data archive, you should be careful about their limitations.  For small personal data backup, I use CD-R and DVD-R by the brand name company and store in a cool, shaded, dry, clean environment.  (Tape archive media seem to be popular for professional use.)
it: Quando si deve scegliere il <ulink url="&computerdatastoragemedia;">supporto di archiviazione di dati informatici</ulink> per un importante archivio di dati, si dovrebbe porre attenzione alle limitazioni dei supporti. Per piccoli backup di dati personali, io uso CD-R e DVD-R scegliendoli in base alla marca del produtttore e conservandoli in un ambiente fresco, all'ombra, asciutto e pulito. (I supporti di archiviazione a nastro sembrano molto popolari per gli usi professionali.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: <ulink url="&afireresistantsafe;">A fire-resistant safe</ulink> are meant for paper documents.  Most of the computer data storage media have less temperature tolerance than paper. I usually rely on multiple secure encrypted copies stored in multiple secure locations.
it: Le <ulink url="&afireresistantsafe;">casseforti a prova di fuoco</ulink> sono pensate per i documenti cartacei. La maggior parte dei supporti di archiviazione di dati informatici ha una tolleranza più bassa alle alte temperature rispetto alla carta. Di solito mi affido a copie multiple cifrate sicure conservate in diverse posizioni sicure.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Optimistic storage life of archive media seen on the net (mostly from vendor info).
it: Durata di vita ottimistica di diversi supporti di archiviazione da dati raccolti in rete (per lo più dalle informazioni dei produttori).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: 100+ years : Acid free paper with ink
it: 100+ anni: carta senza acidi con inchiostro

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: 100 years : Optical storage (CD/DVD, CD/DVD-R)
it: 100 anni: supporti ottici (CD/DVD, CD/DVD-R)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: 30 years : Magnetic storage (tape, floppy)
it: 30 anni: supporti magnetici (nastri, dischetti floppy)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: 20 years : Phase change optical storage (CD-RW)
it: 20 anni: supporti ottici a cambio di fase (CD-RW)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: These do not count on the mechanical failures due to handling etc.
it: Questi tempi non tengono conto dei danni meccanici causati dal maneggiamento, ecc.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Optimistic write cycle of archive media seen on the net (mostly from vendor info).
it: Cicli di scrittura ottimistici di diversi supporti di archiviazione da dati raccolti in rete (per lo più dalle informazioni dei produttori).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: 250,000+ cycles : Harddisk drive
it: 250,000+ cicli: unità a disco fisso

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: 10,000+ cycles : Flash memory
it: 10,000+ cicli: memoria flash

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: 1,000 cycles : CD/DVD-RW
it: 1,000 cicli: CD/DVD-RW

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: 1 cycles : CD/DVD-R, paper
it: 1 ciclo: CD/DVD-R, carta

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: Figures of storage life and write cycle here should not be used for decisions on any critical data storage.  Please consult the specific product information provided by the manufacture.
it: I valori di durata di vita e dei cicli di scrittura riportati non dovrebbero essere usati per prendere decisioni riguardo all'archiviazione di dati critici. Consultare le informazioni specifiche per ciascun prodotto forniti dal produttore.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Since CD/DVD-R and paper have only 1 write cycle, they inherently prevent accidental data loss by overwriting.  This is advantage!
it: Dato che i CD/DVD-R e la carta hanno un solo ciclo di scrittura, prevengono per loro stessa natura le perdite accidentali di dati per sovrascrittura. Questo è un vantaggio!

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: If you need fast and frequent backup of large amount of data, a hard disk on a remote host linked by a fast network connection, may be the only realistic option.
it: Se è necessario fare backup frequenti e veloci di una grande quantità di dati, un disco fisso su un host remoto connesso con una connessione veloce, potrebbe essere l'unica soluzione realistica.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: If you use re-writable media for your backups, use of filesystem such as <ulink url="&btrfs;">btrfs</ulink> or <ulink url="&zfs;">zfs</ulink> which supports read-only snapshots may be a good idea.
it: Se si usano supporti riscrivibili per i backup, l'uso di file system come <ulink url="&btrfs;">btrfs</ulink> o <ulink url="&zfs;">zfs</ulink> che supportano solo istantanee in sola lettura potrebbe essere una buona idea.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Removable storage device
it: Supporti di archiviazione removibili

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Removable storage devices may be any one of the following.
it: Un support di archiviazione removibile può essere uno dei seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&usbflashdrive;">USB flash drive</ulink>
it: <ulink url="&usbflashdrive;">Unità flash USB</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&harddiskdrive;">Hard disk drive</ulink>
it: <ulink url="&harddiskdrive;">Unità a disco fisso</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&opticaldiscdrive;">Optical disc drive</ulink>
it: <ulink url="&opticaldiscdrive;">Unità a dischi ottici</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Digital camera
it: Fotocamera digitale

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Digital music player
it: Lettore audio digitale

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: They may be connected via any one of the following.
it: Possono essere connessi in uno dei modi seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&pccard;">PC Card</ulink>
it: <ulink url="&pccard;">Scheda PC</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Modern desktop environments such as GNOME and KDE can mount these removable devices automatically without a matching "<literal>/etc/fstab</literal>" entry.
it: Gli ambienti desktop moderni, come GNOME e KDE, possono montare questi dispositivi removibili automaticamente senza una voce corrispondente in "<literal>/etc/fstab</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>udisks2</literal> package provides a daemon and associated utilities to mount and unmount these devices.
it: Il pacchetto <literal>udisks2</literal> fornisce un demone e le utilità associate per montare e smontare questi dispositivi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&dbus;">D-bus</ulink> creates events to initiate automatic processes.
it: <ulink url="&dbus;">D-bus</ulink> crea eventi per dare inizio ai processi automatici.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&policykit;">PolicyKit</ulink> provides required privileges.
it: <ulink url="&policykit;">PolicyKit</ulink> fornisce i privilegi necessari.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Automounted devices may have the "<literal>uhelper=</literal>" mount option which is used by <literal>umount</literal>(8).
it: I dispositivi montati automaticamente hanno l'opzione di mount "<literal>uhelper=</literal>" che viene usata da <literal>umount</literal>(8).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Automounting under modern desktop environment happens only when those removable media devices are not listed in "<literal>/etc/fstab</literal>".
it: Nei moderni ambienti desktop il montaggio automatico avviene solo quando i device dei supporti removibili non sono elencati in "<literal>/etc/fstab</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Mount point under modern desktop environment is chosen as "<literal>/media/<emphasis>username/disk_label</emphasis></literal>" which can be customized by the following.
it: Il punto di mount negli ambienti desktop moderni viene scelto come "<literal>/media/<emphasis>nomeutente/etichetta_disco</emphasis></literal>" che può essere personalizzato nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>mlabel</literal>(1) for FAT filesystem
it: <literal>mlabel</literal>(1) per file system FAT

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>genisoimage</literal>(1) with "<literal>-V</literal>" option for ISO9660 filesystem
it: <literal>genisoimage</literal>(1) con l'opzione "<literal>-V</literal>" per file system ISO9660

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>tune2fs</literal>(1) with "<literal>-L</literal>" option for ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem
it: <literal>tune2fs</literal>(1) con l'opzione "<literal>-L</literal>" per file system ext2/ext3/ext4

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: The choice of encoding may need to be provided as mount option (see <xref linkend="_filename_encoding"/>).
it: Può essere necessario fornire come opzione di montaggio la scelta della codifica (vedere <xref linkend="_filename_encoding"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: The use of the GUI menu to unmount a filesystem may remove its dynamically generated device node such as "<literal>/dev/sdc</literal>".  If you wish to keep its device node, unmount it with the <literal>umount</literal>(8) command from the shell prompt.
it: L'uso del menu GUI per smontare un file system può rimuovere il suo nodo di device generato dinamicamente come "<literal>/dev/sdc</literal>".  Se si desidera mantenere il suo nodo di device, smontarlo con il comando <literal>umount</literal>(8) dal prompt di shell.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Filesystem choice for sharing data
it: Scelta del file system per la condivisione di dati

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: When sharing data with other system via removable storage device, you should format it with common <ulink url="&filesystem;">filesystem</ulink> supported by both systems. Here is a list of filesystem choices.
it: Quando si condividono dati con un altro sistema attraverso dispositivi di archiviazione removibili, quest'ultimi andrebbero formattati con un <ulink url="&filesystem;">filesystem</ulink> comune supportato da entrambi i sistemi. Quello che segue è un elenco delle scelte possibili per il file system.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of filesystem choices for removable storage devices with typical usage scenarios
it: Elenco di possibili scelte per il file system di dispositivi di archiviazione removibili con scenari di uso tipici

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: filesystem name
it: nome del file system

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: typical usage scenario
it: scenario di uso tipico

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: cross platform sharing of data on the floppy disk (&lt;32MiB)
it: condivisione interpiattaforma di dati su dischetti floppy (&lt;32MiB)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: cross platform sharing of data on the small hard disk like device (&lt;2GiB)
it: condivisione interpiattaforma di dati su dispositivi come piccoli dischi fissi (&lt;2GiB)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: cross platform sharing of data on the large hard disk like device (&lt;8TiB, supported by newer than MS Windows95 OSR2)
it: condivisione interpiattaforma di dati su dispositivi come grandi dischi fissi (&lt;8TiB, supportato da sistemi più recenti di MS Windows95 OSR2)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: cross platform sharing of data on the large hard disk like device (&lt;512TiB, supported by WindowsXP, Mac OS X Snow Leopard 10.6.5, and Linux kernel since 5.4 release)
it: condivisione interpiattaforma di dati su dispositivi come grandi dischi fissi (&lt;512TiB, supportato da WindowsXP, Mac OS X Snow Leopard 10.6.5 e kernel Linux sin dal rilascio 5.4.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: cross platform sharing of data on the large hard disk like device (supported natively on <ulink url="&mswindowsnt;">MS Windows NT</ulink> and later version, and supported by <ulink url="&ntfsdg;">NTFS-3G</ulink> via <ulink url="&fuse;">FUSE</ulink> on Linux)
it: condivisione interpiattaforma di dati su dispositivi come grandi dischi fissi (supportato nativamente su <ulink url="&mswindowsnt;">MS Windows NT</ulink> e versioni successive e supportato da <ulink url="&ntfsdg;">NTFS-3G</ulink> attraverso <ulink url="&fuse;">FUSE</ulink> in Linux)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: cross platform sharing of static data on CD-R and DVD+/-R
it: condivisione interpiattaforma di dati statici su CD-R e DVD+/-R

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: incremental data writing on CD-R and DVD+/-R (new)
it: scrittura incrementale di dati su CD-R e DVD+/-R (nuovo)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: space efficient unix file data storage on the floppy disk
it: archiviazione, efficiente in termini di spazio, di file dati unix su dischetti floppy

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: sharing of data on the hard disk like device with older Linux systems
it: condivisione di dati su dispositivi come dischi fissi con sistemi Linux più vecchi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: sharing of data on the hard disk like device with current Linux systems
it: condivisione di dati su dispositivi come dischi fissi con sistemi Linux recenti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: sharing of data on the hard disk like device with current Linux systems with read-only snapshots
it: condivisione di dati su dispositivi come dischi fissi con sistemi Linux recenti con istantanee in sola lettura

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: See <xref linkend="_removable_disk_encryption_with_dm_crypt_luks"/> for cross platform sharing of data using device level encryption.
it: Vedere <xref linkend="_removable_disk_encryption_with_dm_crypt_luks"/> per la condivisione interpiattaforma di dati usando cifratura a livello di dispositivo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The FAT filesystem is supported by almost all modern operating systems and is quite useful for the data exchange purpose via removable hard disk like media.
it: Il file system FAT è supportato da quasi tutti i sistemi operativi moderni ed è piuttosto utile per scopi di scambio di dati attraverso supporti come dischi fissi removibili.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: When formatting removable hard disk like devices for cross platform sharing of data with the FAT filesystem, the following should be safe choices.
it: Quando si formatta un dispositivo come un disco fisso removibile con il file system FAT per la condivisione interpiattaforma di dati, le scelte seguenti dovrebbero essere quelle più sicure.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Partitioning them with <literal>fdisk</literal>(8), <literal>cfdisk</literal>(8) or <literal>parted</literal>(8) (see <xref linkend="_disk_partition_configuration"/>) into a single primary partition and to mark it as the following.
it: Partizionare con <literal>fdisk</literal>(8), <literal>cfdisk</literal>(8) o <literal>parted</literal>(8) (vedere <xref linkend="_disk_partition_configuration"/>) creando un'unica partizione primaria e marcarla nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Type "6" for FAT16 for media smaller than 2GB.
it: Tipo "6", cioè FAT16, per supporti più piccoli di 2GB.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Type "c" for FAT32 (LBA) for larger media.
it: Tipo "c", cioè FAT32 (LBA), per supporti più grandi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Formatting the primary partition with <literal>mkfs.vfat</literal>(8) with the following.
it: Formattare la partizione primaria con <literal>mkfs.vfat</literal>(8) nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Just its device name, e.g. "<literal>/dev/sda1</literal>" for FAT16
it: Per FAT16, semplicemente con il suo nome di device, ad esempio "<literal>/dev/sda1</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The explicit option and its device name, e.g. "<literal>-F 32 /dev/sda1</literal>" for FAT32
it: Per FAT32, con il suo nome di device e l'opzione esplicita, ad esempio "<literal>-F 32 /dev/sda1</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: When using the FAT or ISO9660 filesystems for sharing data, the following should be the safe considerations.
it: Quando si usano i file system FAT o ISO9660 per la condivisione dei dati, per essere sicuri dei risultati, si dovrebbero considerare i seguenti aspetti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Archiving files into an archive file first using <literal>tar</literal>(1), or <literal>cpio</literal>(1) to retain the long filename, the symbolic link, the original Unix file permission and the owner information.
it: Archiviare prima i file in un file di archivio usando <literal>tar</literal>(1) o <literal>cpio</literal>(1) per mantenere i nomi di file lunghi, i collegamenti simbolici, i permessi Unix sui file originali e le informazioni sui proprietari.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Splitting the archive file into less than 2 GiB chunks with the <literal>split</literal>(1) command to protect it from the file size limitation.
it: Suddividere il file di archivio in pezzi più piccoli di 2 GiB con il comando <literal>split</literal>(1) per proteggerli da limitazioni sulla dimensione dei file.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Encrypting the archive file to secure its contents from the unauthorized access.
it: Cifrare il file archivio per proteggere i suoi contenuti da accesso non autorizzato.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: For FAT filesystems by its design, the maximum file size is <literal>(2^32 - 1) bytes = (4GiB - 1 byte)</literal>. For some applications on the older 32 bit OS, the maximum file size was even smaller <literal>(2^31 - 1) bytes = (2GiB - 1 byte)</literal>.  Debian does not suffer the latter problem.
it: Il file system FAT, per sua stessa natura, permette una dimensione massima per i file di <literal>(2^32 - 1) byte = (4GiB - 1 byte)</literal>. Per alcune applicazioni su sistemi operativi a 32 bit più vecchi, la dimensione massima per i file era ancora più piccola: <literal>(2^31 - 1) byte = (2GiB - 1 byte)</literal>. Debian non soffre di quest'ultima limitazione.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: Microsoft itself does not recommend to use FAT for drives or partitions of over 200 MB.  Microsoft highlights its short comings such as inefficient disk space usage in their "<ulink url="&overviewoffathpfdntfsfilesystems;">Overview of FAT, HPFS, and NTFS File Systems</ulink>".  Of course, we should normally use the ext4 filesystem for Linux.
it: La stessa Microsoft non raccomanda l'uso di FAT per le unità o le partizioni più grandi di 200 MB. Microsoft evidenzia le sue limitazioni, quali un uso inefficiente dello spazio su disco, nel documento "<ulink url="&overviewoffathpfdntfsfilesystems;">Overview of FAT, HPFS, and NTFS File Systems</ulink>". Naturalmente per Linux si dovrebbe normalmente usare il file system ext4.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: For more on filesystems and accessing filesystems, please read "<ulink url="&filesystemshowto;">Filesystems HOWTO</ulink>".
it: Per maggiori informazioni sui file system e sull'accesso ad essi, leggere il "<ulink url="&filesystemshowto;">Filesystems HOWTO</ulink>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Sharing data via network
it: Condividere dati attraverso una rete

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: When sharing data with other system via network, you should use common service. Here are some hints.
it: Quando si condividono dati con un altro sistema attraverso una rete, si dovrebbero tenere a mente i servizi comuni. Ecco alcuni suggerimenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of the network service to chose with the typical usage scenario
it: Elenco dei servizi di rete da scegliere in base allo scenario di uso tipico

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: network service
it: servizio di rete

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: description of typical usage scenario
it: descrizione dello scenario di uso tipico

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&smbcifs;">SMB/CIFS</ulink> network mounted filesystem with <ulink url="&samba;">Samba</ulink>
it: file system montato di rete <ulink url="&smbcifs;">SMB/CIFS</ulink> con <ulink url="&samba;">Samba</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: sharing files via "Microsoft Windows Network", see <literal>smb.conf</literal>(5) and <ulink url="&theofficialsambandreferenceguide;">The Official Samba 3.x.x HOWTO and Reference Guide</ulink> or the <literal>samba-doc</literal> package
it: condivisione di file attraverso "rete Microsoft Windows", vedere <literal>smb.conf</literal>(5) e <ulink url="&theofficialsambandreferenceguide;">The Official Samba 3.x.x HOWTO and Reference Guide</ulink> o il pacchetto <literal>samba-doc</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&nfs;">NFS</ulink> network mounted filesystem with the Linux kernel
it: file system montato di rete <ulink url="&nfs;">NFS</ulink> con il kernel Linux

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: sharing files via "Unix/Linux Network", see <literal>exports</literal>(5) and <ulink url="&linuxnfshowto;">Linux NFS-HOWTO</ulink>
it: condivisione di file attraverso "rete Unix/Linux", vedere <literal>exports</literal>(5) e <ulink url="&linuxnfshowto;">Linux NFS-HOWTO</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: sharing file between the web server/client
it: condivisione di file tra client/server web

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&https;">HTTPS</ulink> service
it: servizio <ulink url="&https;">HTTPS</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: sharing file between the web server/client with encrypted Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) or <ulink url="&transportlayersecurity;">Transport Layer Security</ulink> (TLS)
it: condivisione di file tra client/server web con SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) cifrato o <ulink url="&transportlayersecurity;">TLS (Transport Layer Security)</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&ftp;">FTP</ulink> service
it: servizio <ulink url="&ftp;">FTP</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: sharing file between the FTP server/client
it: condivisione di file tra client/server FTP

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Although these filesystems mounted over network and file transfer methods over network are quite convenient for sharing data, these may be insecure.  Their network connection must be secured by the following.
it: Sebbene questi file system montati in rete e metodi di trasferimento di file attraverso la rete siano piuttosto comodi per la condivisione dei dati, possono essere non sicuri. La loro connessione di rete deve essere resa sicura nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Encrypt it with <ulink url="&ssltls;">SSL/TLS</ulink>
it: Cifrarli con <ulink url="&ssltls;">SSL/TLS</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Tunnel it via <ulink url="&ssh;">SSH</ulink>
it: Usarli in tunnel <ulink url="&ssh;">SSH</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Tunnel it via <ulink url="&vpn;">VPN</ulink>
it: Usarli in tunnel <ulink url="&vpn;">VPN</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Limit it behind the secure firewall
it: Limitarli dietro ad un firewall sicuro

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See also <xref linkend="_other_network_application_servers"/> and <xref linkend="_other_network_application_clients"/>.
it: Vedere anche <xref linkend="_other_network_application_servers"/> e <xref linkend="_other_network_application_clients"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Backup and recovery
it: Backup e ripristino

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: We all know that computers fail sometime or human errors cause system and data damages.  Backup and recovery operations are the essential part of successful system administration.  All possible failure modes hit you some day.
it: Tutti sanno che i computer a volte si danneggiano oppure errori umani causano danni al sistema e ai dati. Le operazioni di backup e ripristino sono una parte essenziale di un'amministrazione di sistema di successo. Tutte i possibili modi in cui si possono creare danni si verificano prima o poi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
en: Keep your backup system simple and backup your system often.  Having backup data is more important than how technically good your backup method is.
it: Mantenere il proprio sistema di backup semplice e fare il backup di sistema spesso. Avere dati di backup è più importante della qualità tecnica del metodo di backup.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Backup and recovery policy
it: Politica di backup e ripristino

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There are 3 key factors which determine actual backup and recovery policy.
it: Ci sono 3 fattori chiave che determinano la reale politica di backup e ripristino.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Knowing what to backup and recover.
it: Sapere di cosa fare il backup ed il ripristino

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Data files directly created by you: data in "<literal>~/</literal>"
it: I file dati direttamente creati dall'utente: in "<literal>~/</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Data files created by applications used by you: data in "<literal>/var/</literal>" (except "<literal>/var/cache/</literal>", "<literal>/var/run/</literal>", and "<literal>/var/tmp/</literal>")
it: I file dati creati da applicazioni usate dall'utente: dati in "<literal>/var/</literal>" (tranne "<literal>/var/cache/</literal>", "<literal>/var/run/</literal>" e "<literal>/var/tmp/</literal>")

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: System configuration files: data in "<literal>/etc/</literal>"
it: File di configurazione del sistema: dati in "<literal>/etc/</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Local programs: data in "<literal>/usr/local/</literal>" or "<literal>/opt/</literal>"
it: Programmi locali: dati in "<literal>/usr/local/</literal>" o "<literal>/opt/</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: System installation information: a memo in plain text on key steps (partition, …)
it: Informazioni di installazione del sistema: un memorandum in puro testo sui passi chiave (partizioni, …)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Proven set of data: confirmed by experimental recovery operations in advance
it: Insiemi di dati comprovati: confermati da operazioni preventive sperimentali di ripristino

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Cron job as a user process: files in "<literal>/var/spool/cron/crontabs</literal>" directory and restart <literal>cron</literal>(8).  See <xref linkend="_scheduling_tasks_regularly"/> for <literal>cron</literal>(8) and <literal>crontab</literal>(1).
it: Compito di cron come processo di un utente; file nella directory "<literal>/var/spool/cron/crontabs</literal>" e riavvio di <literal>cron</literal>(8). Vedere <xref linkend="_scheduling_tasks_regularly"/> per <literal>cron</literal>(8) e <literal>crontab</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Systemd timer jobs as user processes: files in "<literal>~/.config/systemd/user</literal>" directory.  See <literal>systemd.timer</literal>(5) and <literal>systemd.service</literal>(5).
it: Compiti temporizzati di systemd come processi utente: file nella directory "<literal>~/.config/systemd/user</literal>". Vedere <literal>systemd.timer</literal>(5) e <literal>systemd.service</literal>(5).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Autostart jobs as user processes: files in "<literal>~/.config/autostart</literal>" directory.  See <ulink url="&desktopapplicatiartspecification;">Desktop Application Autostart Specification</ulink>.
it: Compiti automatici all'avvio come processi utente: file nella directory "<literal>~/.config/autostart</literal>". Vedere <ulink url="&desktopapplicatiartspecification;">Specifica per l'avvio automatico di applicazioni desktop</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Knowing how to backup and recover.
it: Sapere come fare il backup ed il ripristino

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Secure storage of data: protection from overwrite and system failure
it: Rendere sicura l'archiviazione dei dati: protezione da sovrascritture e fallimenti del sistema

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Frequent backup: scheduled backup
it: Backup frequenti: backup pianificati

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Redundant backup: data mirroring
it: Backup ridondanti: mirror di dati

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Fool proof process: easy single command backup
it: Procedura a prova di idioti: singolo facile comando di backup

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Assessing risks and costs involved.
it: Valutazione dei rischi e dei costi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Risk of data when lost
it: Rischio della perdita di dati

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para>
en: A write-once media such as CD/DVD-R can prevent overwrite accidents.  (See <xref linkend="_the_binary_data"/> for how to write to the storage media from the shell commandline.  GNOME desktop GUI environment gives you easy access via menu: "Places→CD/DVD Creator".)
it: Supporti scrivibili una sola volta, come CD/DVD-R possono prevenire incidenti di sovrascrittura. (Vedere <xref linkend="_the_binary_data"/> per come scrivere sul supporto di archiviazione dalla riga di comando della shell. L'ambiente desktop GNOME con interfaccia grafica fornisce un facile accesso tramite menu: "Risorse→Creazione CD/DVD".)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Data should be at least on different disk partitions preferably on different disks and machines to withstand the filesystem corruption.  Important data are best stored on a read-only filesystem.  <placeholder type="footnote" id="0"/>
it: I dati dovrebbere come minimo essere su partizioni del disco diverse, preferibilmente su dischi e macchine diversi per sopravvivere alla corruzione del file system. È meglio archiviare i dati importanti su un file system in sola lettura. <placeholder type="footnote" id="0"/>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Risk of data when breached
it: Rischio dell'accesso non consentito a dati

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para>
en: Some of these data can not be regenerated by entering the same input string to the system.
it: Alcuni di questi dati non possono essere rigenerati inserendo la stessa stringa di input nel sistema.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Sensitive identity data such as "<literal>/etc/ssh/ssh_host_*_key</literal>", "<literal>~/.gnupg/*</literal>", "<literal>~/.ssh/*</literal>", "<literal>~/.local/share/keyrings/*</literal>", "<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>", "<literal>/etc/shadow</literal>", "<literal>popularity-contest.conf</literal>", "<literal>/etc/ppp/pap-secrets</literal>", and "<literal>/etc/exim4/passwd.client</literal>" should be backed up as encrypted.  <placeholder type="footnote" id="0"/> (See <xref linkend="_data_encryption_tips"/>.)
it: Dati sensibili relativi all'identità dell'utente, come "<literal>/etc/ssh/ssh_host_*_key</literal>", "<literal>~/.gnupg/*</literal>", "<literal>~/.ssh/*</literal>", "<literal>~/.local/share/keyrings/*</literal>", "<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>", "<literal>/etc/shadow</literal>", "<literal>popularity-contest.conf</literal>", "<literal>/etc/ppp/pap-secrets</literal>" e "<literal>/etc/exim4/passwd.client</literal>" dovrebbero essere archiviati in backup cifrati <placeholder type="footnote" id="0"/> (Vedere <xref linkend="_data_encryption_tips"/>.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Never hard code system login password nor decryption passphrase in any script even on any trusted system.  (See <xref linkend="_password_keyring"/>.)
it: Non inserire mai in modo fisso la password di login nel sistema o la passphrase di decifrazione nel codice di alcun script, nemmeno in un sistema fidato. (Vedere <xref linkend="_password_keyring"/>.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Failure mode and their possibility
it: Modi in cui le cose possono andare storte e loro probabilità

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Hardware (especially HDD) will break
it: L'hardware (specialmente gli HDD) si rompe

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Filesystem may be corrupted and data in it may be lost
it: I file system possono diventare corrotti e i dati in essi possono venire persi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Remote storage system can't be trusted for security breaches
it: Non ci si può fidare che i sistemi di archiviazione in remoto non abbiano falle di sicurezza.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Weak password protection can be easily compromised
it: Una protezione con password deboli può essere facilmente compromessa

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: File permission system may be compromised
it: Il sistema dei permessi dei file può venir compromesso

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Required resources for backup: human, hardware, software, …
it: Risorse necessarie per il backup: umane, hardware, software, …

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Automatic scheduled backup with cron job or systemd timer job
it: Backup automatici pianificati con compiti di cron o temporizzati di systemd

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: You can recover debconf configuration data with "<literal>debconf-set-selections debconf-selections</literal>" and dpkg selection data with "<literal>dpkg --set-selection &lt;dpkg-selections.list</literal>".
it: Si possono ripristinare i dati di configurazione di debconf con "<literal>debconf-set-selections debconf-selections</literal>" ed i dati delle selezioni di dpkg con "<literal>dpkg --set-selection &lt;dpkg-selections.list</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: Do not back up the pseudo-filesystem contents found on <literal>/proc</literal>, <literal>/sys</literal>, <literal>/tmp</literal>, and <literal>/run</literal> (see <xref linkend="_procfs_and_sysfs"/> and <xref linkend="_tmpfs"/>).  Unless you know exactly what you are doing, they are huge useless data.
it: Non fare il backup dei contenuti dei pseudo file system che si trovano in <literal>/proc</literal>, <literal>/sys</literal>, <literal>/tmp</literal> e <literal>/run</literal> (vedere <xref linkend="_procfs_and_sysfs"/> e <xref linkend="_tmpfs"/>). A meno di non sapere esattamente ciò che si sta facendo, sono un'enorme mole di dati senza utilità.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: You may wish to stop some application daemons such as MTA (see <xref linkend="_mail_transport_agent_mta"/>) while backing up data.
it: Durante il backup dei dati può essere preferibile fermare alcuni demoni applicativi come l'MTA (vedere <xref linkend="_mail_transport_agent_mta"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Backup utility suites
it: Suite con utilità di backup

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here is a select list of notable backup utility suites available on the Debian system.
it: Quello che segue è un elenco di importanti suite di utilità di backup disponibili in un sistema Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of backup suite utilities
it: Elenco di suite con utilità di backup

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&bacula;">Bacula</ulink>: network backup, recovery and verification - common support files
it: <ulink url="&bacula;">Bacula</ulink>: backup, ripristino e controllo in rete - file comuni di supporto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&bacula;">Bacula</ulink>: network backup, recovery and verification - client meta-package
it: <ulink url="&bacula;">Bacula</ulink>: backup, ripristino e controllo in rete - metapacchetto client

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&bacula;">Bacula</ulink>: network backup, recovery and verification - text console
it: <ulink url="&bacula;">Bacula</ulink>: backup, ripristino e controllo in rete - console testuale

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&bacula;">Bacula</ulink>: network backup, recovery and verification - server meta-package
it: <ulink url="&bacula;">Bacula</ulink>: backup, ripristino e controllo in rete - metapacchetto server

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&amanda;">Amanda</ulink>: Advanced Maryland Automatic Network Disk Archiver (Libs)
it: <ulink url="&amanda;">Amanda</ulink>: Advanced Maryland Automatic Network Disk Archiver (Librerie)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&backuppc;">BackupPC</ulink> is a high-performance, enterprise-grade system for backing up PCs (disk based)
it: <ulink url="&backuppc;">BackupPC</ulink> è un sistema ad altre prestazioni di qualità professionale per il backup di PC (basato su dischi)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: (remote) incremental backup
it: backup incrementali (remoti)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: GUI frontend for duplicity
it: Interfaccia GUI per duplicity

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: (remote) deduplicating backup
it: backup (remoto) con deduplicazione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: borgbackup helper
it: strumento ausiliario per borgbackup

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: lightweight, extensible <emphasis role="strong">meta-backup</emphasis> system
it: sistema di <emphasis role="strong">meta-backup</emphasis> leggero ed estensibile

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: command-line backup tool
it: strumento di backup a riga di comando

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: low-maintenance backup/restore tool for mountable media (disk based)
it: strumento di backup/ripristino per supporti montabile (basato su dischi) che richiede bassa manutenzione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Backup tools have their specialized focuses.
it: Gli strumenti di backup hanno una propria specializzazione.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&mondorescue;">Mondo Rescue</ulink> is a backup system to facilitate restoration of complete system quickly from backup CD/DVD etc. without going through normal system installation processes.
it: <ulink url="&mondorescue;">Mondo Rescue</ulink> è un sistema di backup per facilitare il ripristino veloce di un sistema completo a partire da backup su CD/DVD ecc., senza dover affrontare il normale processo di installazione del sistema.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&bacula;">Bacula</ulink>, <ulink url="&amanda;">Amanda</ulink>, and <ulink url="&backuppc;">BackupPC</ulink> are full featured backup suite utilities which are focused on regular backups over network.
it: <ulink url="&bacula;">Bacula</ulink>, <ulink url="&amanda;">Amanda</ulink> e <ulink url="&backuppc;">BackupPC</ulink> sono suite di utilità di backup complete che sono pensate per backup regolari in rete.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&duplicity;">Duplicity</ulink>, and <ulink url="&borg;">Borg</ulink> are simpler backup utilities for typical workstations.
it: <ulink url="&duplicity;">Duplicity</ulink> e <ulink url="&borg;">Borg</ulink> sono utilità per backup più semplici per le postazioni di lavoro tipiche.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Backup tips
it: Suggerimenti per i backup

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For a personal workstation, full featured backup suite utilities designed for the server environment may not serve well.  At the same time, existing backup utilities for workstations may have some shortcomings.
it: Per una postazione di lavoro personale, utilità da suite di backup complete pensate per ambienti server possono non essere adatte. Allo stesso tempo le utilità di backup esistenti per le postazioni di lavoro possono avere alcune limitazioni.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here are some tips to make backup easier with minimal user efforts.  These techniques may be used with any backup utilities.
it: Ecco alcuni suggerimenti per rendere più facili i backup con un minimo sforzo da parte dell'utente. Queste tecniche possono essere utilizzati con qualsiasi utilità di backup.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For demonstration purpose, let's assume the primary user and group name to be <literal>penguin</literal> and create a backup and snapshot script example "<literal>/usr/local/bin/bkss.sh</literal>" as:
it: Per illustrare la cosa, supponiamo che il nome dell'utente principale e del suo gruppo siano <literal>penguin</literal> e si creerà un esempio di script di backup e per istantanea "<literal>/usr/local/bin/bkss.sh</literal>" con:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here, only the basic tool <literal>rsync</literal>(1) is used to facilitate system backup and the storage space is efficiently used by <ulink url="&btrfs;">Btrfs</ulink>.
it: Qui viene usato solo lo strumento di base <literal>rsync</literal>(1) per facilitare il backup di sistema e lo spazio di archiviazione viene usato efficientemente da <ulink url="&btrfs;">Btrfs</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: FYI: This author uses his own similar shell script "<ulink url="&bssbtrfssubvolumesnapshotutility;">bss: Btrfs Subvolume Snapshot Utility</ulink>" for his workstation.
it: Notare che l'autore usa uno script di shell personale simile "<ulink url="&bssbtrfssubvolumesnapshotutility;">bss: Btrfs Subvolume Snapshot Utility</ulink>" per le sue postazioni di lavoro.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title>
en: GUI backup
it: Backup con GUI

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: Here is an example to setup the single GUI click backup.
it: Ecco un esempio di come impostare un backup con GUI con un unico clic.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Prepare a USB storage device to be used for backup.
it: Preparare un dispositivo USB di archiviazione da usare per il backup.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Format a USB storage device with one partition in btrfs with its label name as "<literal>BKUP</literal>".  This can be encrypted (see <xref linkend="_removable_disk_encryption_with_dm_crypt_luks"/>).
it: Formattare un dispositivo USB di archiviazione con una partizione in btrfs con etichetta chiamata "<literal>BKUP</literal>". Può essere cifrata (vedere <xref linkend="_removable_disk_encryption_with_dm_crypt_luks"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Plug this in to your system.  The desktop system should automatically mount it as "<literal>/media/penguin/BKUP</literal>".
it: Connetterlo al sistema. Il sistema desktop dovrebbe montarlo automaticamente come "<literal>/media/penguin/BKUP</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Execute "<literal>sudo chown penguin:penguin /media/penguin/BKUP</literal>" to make it writable by the user.
it: Eseguire "<literal>sudo chown penguin:penguin /media/penguin/BKUP</literal>" per renderlo scrivibile dall'utente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Create "<literal>~/.local/share/applications/BKUP.desktop</literal>" following techniques written in <xref linkend="_starting_a_program_from_gui"/> as:
it: Creare "<literal>~/.local/share/applications/BKUP.desktop</literal>" seguendo le tecniche descritte in <xref linkend="_starting_a_program_from_gui"/>, come:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: For each GUI click, your data is backed up from "<literal>~/Documents</literal>" to a USB storage device and a read-only snapshot is created.
it: Per ogni clic nella GUI, viene fatto il backup dei dati da "<literal>~/Documenti</literal>" in un dispositivo USB di archiviazione e viene creata un'istantanea in sola lettura.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title>
en: Mount event triggered backup
it: Backup attivato da eventi di mount

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: Here is an example to setup for the automatic backup triggered by the mount event.
it: Ecco un esempio di come impostare un backup automatico attivato da un evento di mount.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Prepare a USB storage device to be used for backup as in <xref linkend="_gui_backup"/>.
it: Preparare un dispositivo USB di archiviazione da usare per il backup come in <xref linkend="_gui_backup"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Create a systemd service unit file "<literal>~/.config/systemd/user/back-BKUP.service</literal>" as:
it: Creare un file con un'unità di servizio di systemd "<literal>~/.config/systemd/user/back-BKUP.service</literal>", come:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Enable this systemd unit configuration with the following:
it: Abilitare questa configurazione con unità di systemd usando:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: For each mount event, your data is backed up from "<literal>~/Documents</literal>" to a USB storage device and a read-only snapshot is created.
it: Per ogni evento di mount, viene fatto il backup dei dati da "<literal>~/Documenti</literal>" in un dispositivo USB di archiviazione e viene creata un'istantanea in sola lettura.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: Here, names of systemd mount units that systemd currently has in memory can be asked to the service manager of the calling user with "<literal>systemctl --user list-units --type=mount</literal>".
it: Si possono chiedere i nomi delle unità di mount che systemd ha attualmente in memoria al gestore del servizio dell'utente in uso con "<literal>systemctl --user list-units --type=mount</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title>
en: Timer event triggered backup
it: Backup attivato da un evento timer

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: Here is an example to setup for the automatic backup triggered by the timer event.
it: Ecco un esempio di come impostare un backup automatico attivato da un evento di mount.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Create a systemd timer unit file "<literal>~/.config/systemd/user/snap-Documents.timer</literal>" as:
it: Creare un file con un'unità timer di systemd "<literal>~/.config/systemd/user/snap-Documents.timer</literal>", come:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Create a systemd service unit file "<literal>~/.config/systemd/user/snap-Documents.service</literal>" as:
it: Creare un file di unità di servizio di systemd "<literal>~/.config/systemd/user/snap-Documents.service</literal>", come:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: For each timer event, your data is backed up from "<literal>~/Documents</literal>" to a USB storage device and a read-only snapshot is created.
it: Per ogni evento timer, viene fatto il backup dei dati da "<literal>~/Documenti</literal>" in un dispositivo USB di archiviazione e viene creata un'istantanea in sola lettura.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: Here, names of systemd timer user units that systemd currently has in memory can be asked to the service manager of the calling user with "<literal>systemctl --user list-units --type=timer</literal>".
it: Si possono chiedere i nomi delle unità timer che systemd ha attualmente in memoria al gestore del servizio dell'utente in uso con "<literal>systemctl --user list-units --type=timer</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: For the modern desktop system, this systemd approach can offer more fine grained control than the traditional Unix ones using <literal>at</literal>(1), <literal>cron</literal>(8), or <literal>anacron</literal>(8).
it: Per i sistemi desktop moderni questo approccio che usa systemd può offrire un controllo più dettagliato rispetto a quelli Unix tradizionali che usano <literal>at</literal>(1), <literal>cron</literal>(8) o <literal>anacron</literal>(8).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Data security infrastructure
it: Infrastruttura di sicurezza dei dati

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The data security infrastructure is provided by the combination of data encryption tool, message digest tool, and signature tool.
it: L'infrastruttura di sicurezza dei dati viene fornita dalla combinazione di strumenti di cifratura dei dati, strumenti message digest e strumenti di firma.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of data security infrastructure tools
it: Elenco di strumenti per l'infrastruttura di sicurezza dei dati

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&gnuprivacyguard;">GNU Privacy Guard</ulink> - OpenPGP encryption and signing tool
it: <ulink url="&gnuprivacyguard;">GNU Privacy Guard</ulink> - strumento OpenPGP di cifratura e firma

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&gnuprivacyguard;">GNU Privacy Guard</ulink> - OpenPGP signature verification tool
it: <ulink url="&gnuprivacyguard;">GNU Privacy Guard</ulink> - strumento OpenPGP di verifica delle firme

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&sequoiapgp;">Sequoia-PGP</ulink> - OpenPGP encryption and signing tool
it: <ulink url="&sequoiapgp;">Sequoia-PGP</ulink> - strumento OpenPGP di cifratura e firma

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&sequoiapgp;">Sequoia-PGP</ulink> - OpenPGP signature verification tool
it: <ulink url="&sequoiapgp;">Sequoia-PGP</ulink> - OpenPGP signature <ulink url="&sequoiapgp;">Sequoia-PGP</ulink> - strumento OpenPGP di verifica delle firme

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: extract just the secret information out of OpenPGP secret keys
it: estrae solamente le informazioni segrete da chiavi OpenPGP segrete

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: utilities for <ulink url="&dmcrypt;">dm-crypt</ulink> block device encryption supporting <ulink url="&luks;">LUKS</ulink>
it: utilità per la cifratura <ulink url="&dmcrypt;">dm-crypt</ulink> per i device a blocchi con supporto di <ulink url="&luks;">LUKS</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: compute and check MD5 message digest
it: calcola e controlla message digest MD5

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: compute and check SHA1 message digest
it: calcola e controlla message digest SHA1

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: compute message digest with "<literal>openssl dgst</literal>" (OpenSSL)
it: calcola message digest con "<literal>openssl dgst</literal>" (OpenSSL)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: store and retrieve passwords (CLI)
it: archivia e recupera password (CLI)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: key management tool (GNOME)
it: strumento di gestione delle chiavi (GNOME)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: See <xref linkend="_data_encryption_tips"/> on <ulink url="&dmcrypt;">dm-crypt</ulink> and <ulink url="&fscrypt;">fscrypt</ulink> which implement automatic data encryption infrastructure via Linux kernel modules.
it: Vedere <xref linkend="_data_encryption_tips"/> su <ulink url="&dmcrypt;">dm-crypt</ulink> e <ulink url="&fscrypt;">fscrypt</ulink> che implementano un'infrastruttura di cifratura automatica dei dati usando moduli del kernel Linux.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Key management for GnuPG
it: Gestione delle chiavi per GnuPG

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here are <ulink url="&gnuprivacyguard;">GNU Privacy Guard</ulink> commands for the basic key management.
it: Quelli che seguono sono alcuni comandi per <ulink url="&gnuprivacyguard;">GNU Privacy Guard</ulink> per la gestione base delle chiavi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of GNU Privacy Guard commands for the key management
it: Elenco di comandi per GNU Privacy Guard per la gestione delle chiavi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: generate a new key
it: Genera una nuova chiave

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>gpg --gen-revoke my_user_ID</literal>
it: <literal>gpg --gen-revoke mio_ID_utente</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: generate revoke key for my_user_ID
it: genera una chiave di revoca per mio_ID_utente

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: edit key interactively, "help" for help
it: modifica la chiave in modo interattivo, "help" per l'aiuto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: import all keys from file
it: importa tutte le chiavi da un file

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>gpg --send-keys user_ID</literal>
it: <literal>gpg --send-keys ID_utente</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: send key of user_ID to keyserver
it: invia la chiave di ID_utente al server di chiavi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>gpg --recv-keys user_ID</literal>
it: <literal>gpg --recv-keys ID_utente</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: recv. key of user_ID from keyserver
it: riceve la chiave di ID_utente dal server di chiavi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>gpg --list-keys user_ID</literal>
it: <literal>gpg --list-keys ID_utente</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: list keys of user_ID
it: elenca le chiavi di ID_utente

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>gpg --list-sigs user_ID</literal>
it: <literal>gpg --list-sigs ID_utente</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: list sig. of user_ID
it: elenca le firme di ID_utente

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>gpg --check-sigs user_ID</literal>
it: <literal>gpg --check-sigs ID_utente</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: check sig. of user_ID
it: controlla le firme di ID_utente

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>gpg --fingerprint user_ID</literal>
it: <literal>gpg --fingerprint ID_utente</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: check fingerprint of user_ID
it: controlla le impronte digitali di ID_utente

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: update local keyring
it: aggiorna il portachiavi locale

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here is the meaning of the trust code.
it: Quelli seguenti sono i significati dei codici di fiducia.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of the meaning of the trust code
it: Elenco dei significati dei codici di fiducia

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: code
it: codice

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: description of trust
it: descrizione della fiducia

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: no owner trust assigned / not yet calculated
it: nessuna fiducia assegnata dal proprietario / ancora non calcolata

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: trust calculation failed
it: calcolo della fiducia fallito

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: not enough information for calculation
it: informazioni insufficienti per il calcolo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: never trust this key
it: non fidarsi mai di questa chiave

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: marginally trusted
it: marginalmente affidabile

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: fully trusted
it: completamente fidata

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: ultimately trusted
it: definitivamente fidata

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The following uploads my key "<literal>9563FC29932C409F1A77F9C1AB8A1522D8234C6A</literal>" to the popular keyserver "<literal>hkp://keys.gnupg.net</literal>".
it: Il comando seguente carica la mia chiave "<literal>9563FC29932C409F1A77F9C1AB8A1522D8234C6A</literal>" sul popolare server di chiavi "<literal>hkp://keys.gnupg.net</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: A good default keyserver set up in "<literal>~/.gnupg/gpg.conf</literal>" (or old location "<literal>~/.gnupg/options</literal>") contains the following.
it: Un buon server di chiavi predefinito impostato in "<literal>~/.gnupg/gpg.conf</literal>" (o nella vecchia posizione "<literal>~/.gnupg/options</literal>") si ottiene la voce seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The following obtains unknown keys from the keyserver.
it: Il comando seguente recupera le chiavi sconosciute dal server di chiavi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There was a bug in <ulink url="&openpgppublickeyserver;">OpenPGP Public Key Server</ulink> (pre version 0.9.6) which corrupted key with more than 2 sub-keys.  The newer <literal>gnupg</literal> (&gt;1.2.1-2) package can handle these corrupted subkeys.  See <literal>gpg</literal>(1) under "<literal>--repair-pks-subkey-bug</literal>" option.
it: In <ulink url="&openpgppublickeyserver;">OpenPGP Public Key Server</ulink> (versioni pre-0.9.6) esisteva un bug che corrompeva le chiavi con più di 2 sottochiavi. I pacchetti <literal>GnuPG</literal> più recenti (&gt;1.2.1-2) possono gestire queste sottochiavi corrotte. Vedere l'opzione "<literal>--repair-pks-subkey-bug</literal> in <literal>gpg</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Using GnuPG on files
it: Usare GnuPG su file

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here are examples for using <ulink url="&gnuprivacyguard;">GNU Privacy Guard</ulink> commands on files.
it: Quelli seguenti sono esempi di comandi per usare <ulink url="&gnuprivacyguard;">GNU Privacy Guard</ulink> su file.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of GNU Privacy Guard commands on files
it: Elenco di comandi GNU Privacy Guard per file

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: sign file into <ulink url="&ascii;">ASCII</ulink> armored file.asc
it: firma un file in file.asc con corazza <ulink url="&ascii;">ASCII</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: clear-sign message
it: inserisce una firma leggibile nel messaggio

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>gpg --clearsign file|mail foo@example.org</literal>
it: <literal>gpg --clearsign file|mail pippo@example.org</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: mail a clear-signed message to <literal>foo@example.org</literal>
it: invia un messaggio di posta firmato leggibile a <literal>pippo@example.org</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: clear-sign patchfile
it: inserisce una firma leggibile in patchfile

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: verify clear-signed file
it: verifica un file con firma leggibile

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: create detached signature
it: crea una firma staccata

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: verify file with file.sig
it: verifica file con file.sig

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>gpg -o crypt_file.gpg -r name -e file</literal>
it: <literal>gpg -o cifr_file.gpg -r nome -e file</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: public-key encryption intended for name from file to binary crypt_file.gpg
it: cifratura di file nel file binario cifr_file.gpg usando la chiave pubblica indirizzata a nome

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>gpg -o crypt_file.gpg --recipient name --encrypt file</literal>
it: <literal>gpg -o cifr_file.gpg --recipient nome --encrypt file</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>gpg -o crypt_file.asc -a -r name -e file</literal>
it: <literal>gpg -o cifr_file.asc -a -r nome -e file</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: public-key encryption intended for name from file to <ulink url="&ascii;">ASCII</ulink> armored crypt_file.asc
it: cifratura di file nel file con cifratura corazzata <ulink url="&ascii;">ASCII</ulink> cifr_file.asc usando la chiave pubblica indirizzata a nome

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>gpg -o crypt_file.gpg -c file</literal>
it: <literal>gpg -o cifr_file.gpg -c file</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: symmetric encryption from file to crypt_file.gpg
it: cifratura simmetrica da file a cifr_file.gpg

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>gpg -o crypt_file.gpg --symmetric file</literal>
it: <literal>gpg -o cifr_file.gpg --symmetric file</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>gpg -o crypt_file.asc -a -c file</literal>
it: <literal>gpg -o cifr_file.asc -a -c file</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: symmetric encryption intended for name from file to <ulink url="&ascii;">ASCII</ulink> armored crypt_file.asc
it: cifratura simmetrica pensata per nome di file nel file con cifratura corazzata <ulink url="&ascii;">ASCII</ulink> cifr_file.asc

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>gpg -o file -d crypt_file.gpg -r name</literal>
it: <literal>gpg -o file -d cifr_file.gpg -r nome</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: decryption
it: decifratura

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>gpg -o file --decrypt crypt_file.gpg</literal>
it: <literal>gpg -o file --decrypt cifr_file.gpg</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Using GnuPG with Mutt
it: Usare GnuPG con Mutt

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Add the following to "<literal>~/.muttrc</literal>" to keep a slow GnuPG from automatically starting, while allowing it to be used by typing "<literal>S</literal>" at the index menu.
it: Aggiungere quanto seguie al file "<literal>~/.muttrc</literal>" per evitare che il lento GnuPG venga avviato automaticamente, permettendo allo stesso tempo di richiamarlo digitando "<literal>S</literal>" nel menu della vista indice.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Using GnuPG with Vim
it: Usare GnuPG con Vim

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
en: If you use "<literal>~/.vimrc</literal>" instead of "<literal>~/.vim/vimrc</literal>", please substitute accordingly.
it: Se si usa "<literal>~/.vimrc</literal>" invece di "<literal>~/.vim/vimrc</literal>", modificare di conseguenza.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <literal>gnupg</literal> plugin let you run GnuPG transparently for files with extension "<literal>.gpg</literal>", "<literal>.asc</literal>", and "<literal>.pgp</literal>".<placeholder type="footnote" id="0"/>
it: Il plugin <literal>gnupg</literal> permette di eseguire GnuPG in modo trasparente per i file con estensione "<literal>.gpg</literal>", "<literal>.asc</literal>" e "<literal>.pgp</literal>".<placeholder type="footnote" id="0"/>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The MD5 sum
it: Somme di controllo MD5

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <literal>md5sum</literal>(1) provides utility to make a digest file using the method in <ulink url="&rfcbdcb;">rfc1321</ulink> and verifying each file with it.
it: <literal>md5sum</literal>(1) fornisce un'utilità per creare un file digest usando il metodo descritto nella <ulink url="&rfcbdcb;">rfc1321</ulink> e per verificare i file con esso.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: The computation for the <ulink url="&mdf;">MD5</ulink> sum is less CPU intensive than the one for the cryptographic signature by <ulink url="&gnuprivacyguardgnupg;">GNU Privacy Guard (GnuPG)</ulink>. Usually, only the top level digest file is cryptographically signed to ensure data integrity.
it: Il calcolo delle somme di controllo <ulink url="&mdf;">MD5</ulink> è meno dispendioso in termini di CPU di quello delle firme crittografiche di <ulink url="&gnuprivacyguardgnupg;">GNU Privacy Guard (GnuPG)</ulink>. Di solito solamente il file digest di più alto livello è firmato crittograficamente per assicurare l'integrità dei dati.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Password keyring
it: Portachiavi per le password

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: On GNOME system, the GUI tool <literal>seahorse</literal>(1) manages passwords and stores them securely in the keyring <literal>~/.local/share/keyrings/*</literal>.
it: Nei sistemi GNOME lo strumento GUI <literal>seahorse</literal>(1) gestisce le password e le archivia in modo sicuro nel portachiavi <literal>~/.local/share/keyrings/*</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <literal>secret-tool</literal>(1) can store password to the keyring from the command line.
it: <literal>secret-tool</literal>(1) può archiviare le password nel portachiavi dalla riga di comando.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Let's store passphrase used for LUKS/dm-crypt encrypted disk image
it: Memorizziamo le passphrase usate per l'immagine del disco cifrata con LUKS/dm-crypt

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This stored password can be retrieved and fed to other programs, e.g., <literal>cryptsetup</literal>(8).
it: Questa password archiviata può essere recuperata e passata ad altri programmi, es. <literal>cryptsetup</literal>(8).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Whenever you need to provide password in a script, use <literal>secret-tool</literal> and avoid directly hardcoding the passphrase in it.
it: Ogni qual volta si deve fornire la password in uno script, usare <literal>secret-tool</literal> ed evitare di inserire direttamente nel codice la password.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Source code merge tools
it: Strumenti per la fusione di codice sorgente

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: There are many merge tools for the source code.  Following commands caught my eyes.
it: Esistono molti strumenti per la fusione di codice sorgente. Quello che segue è un elenco di strumenti che hanno catturato la mia attenzione.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of source code merge tools
it: Elenco di strumenti per la fusione di codice sorgente

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: apply a diff file to an original
it: applica un file diff ad un originale

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: compare 2 files side by side in vim
it: confronta 2 file uno di fianco all'altro in vim

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: interactive full screen 2/3-way merge tool
it: strumento interattivo a tutto schermo per unione di modifiche a 2/3 vie

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: compare and merge files (GTK)
it: confronta e fonde file (GTK)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: apply rejected patches
it: applica le patch respinte

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: compare files line by line
it: confronta i file riga per riga

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: compare and merges three files line by line
it: confronta e fonde tre file riga per riga

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: manage series of patches
it: gestisce serie di patch

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display word differences between text files
it: mostra le differenze di parole tra file di testo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: produce a histogram of changes by the diff
it: produce un istogramma delle modifiche apportate da un diff

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: create a cumulative patch from two incremental patches
it: crea una patch cumulativa da due patch incrementali

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: extract a diff from an HTML page
it: estrae un diff da una pagina HTML

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: extract or excludes diffs from a diff file
it: estrae o esclude diff da un file diff

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: fix diff files created by CVS that <literal>patch</literal>(1) mis-interprets
it: aggiusta file diff creati da CVS che sono male interpretati da <literal>patch</literal>(1)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: exchange the order of two patches
it: scambia l'ordine di due patch

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: show which files are modified by a patch matching a regex
it: mostra quali file siano modificati da una patch che fa corrispondenza con un'espressione regolare

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: show differences between two unified diff files
it: mostra le differenze tra due file diff unificati

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: show which files are modified by a patch
it: mostra quali file vengano modificati da una patch

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: recompute counts and offsets in unified context diffs
it: ricalcola conteggi e offset in diff unificati

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: fix offsets and counts of a hand-edited diff
it: aggiusta conteggi ed offset di un diff modificato a mano

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: separate out incremental patches
it: separa due patch incrementali

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: demangle patches that have been word-wrapped
it: ripristina patch il cui contenuto è stato mandato a capo automaticamente

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display differences and merge changes between directory trees
it: mostra le differenze ed apporta i cambiamenti tra alberi di directory

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: compare two files word by word / char by char
it: confronta due file parola per parola / carattere per carattere

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: generate extended patch files
it: genera file patch estesi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: apply extended patch files
it: applica file patch estesi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Extracting differences for source files
it: Estrarre differenze da file sorgenti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The following procedures extract differences between two source files and create unified diff files "<literal>file.patch0</literal>" or "<literal>file.patch1</literal>" depending on the file location.
it: Si possono estrarre le differenze tra due file sorgenti e creare file diff unificati "<literal>file.patch0</literal>" o "<literal>file.patch1</literal>", a seconda della posizione del file, con le procedure seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Merging updates for source files
it: Fondere aggiornamenti per file sorgenti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The diff file (alternatively called patch file) is used to send a program update.  The receiving party applies this update to another file by the following.
it: I file diff (chiamati anche file patch) sono usati per inviare aggiornamenti per un programma. Chi li riceve applica questo aggiornamento ad un altro file nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Interactive merge
it: Unione (merge) interattiva

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you have two versions of a source code, you can perform 2-way merge interactively using <literal>imediff</literal>(1) by the following.
it: Se si hanno due versioni di un codice sorgente, è possibile effettuare una unione a 2 vie interattiva usando <literal>imediff</literal>(1) nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you have three versions of a source code, you can perform 3-way merge interactively using <literal>imediff</literal>(1) by the following.
it: Se si hanno tre versioni di un codice sorgente, è possibile effettuare una unione a 3 vie interattiva usando <literal>imediff</literal>(1) nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Git is the tool of choice these days for the <ulink url="&versioncontrolsystemvcs;">version control system (VCS)</ulink> since Git can do everything for both local and remote source code management.
it: Git oggi giorno è lo strumento più usato per il <ulink url="&versioncontrolsystemvcs;">sistema di controllo di versione(VCS)</ulink> dato che Git può fare tutto per la gestione del codice sia locale che remota.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Debian provides free Git services via <ulink url="&debiansalsaservice;">Debian Salsa service</ulink>.  Its documentation can be found at <ulink url="&httpswikidebianorgsalsa;">https://wiki.debian.org/Salsa</ulink> .
it: Debian fornisce servizi Git liberi attraverso il <ulink url="&debiansalsaservice;">servizio Debian Salsa</ulink>. La sua documentazione è reperibile su <ulink url="&httpswikidebianorgsalsa;">https://wiki.debian.org/Salsa</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Here are some Git related packages.
it: Ecco alcuni pacchetti correlati a Git.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of git related packages and commands
it: Elenco di pacchetti e comandi relativi a Git

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Git, the fast, scalable, distributed revision control system
it: Git, il sistema di controllo delle revisioni veloce, scalabile e distribuito

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: GUI Git repository browser with history
it: browser degli archivi Git con interfaccia utente grafica e cronologia

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: GUI for Git (No history)
it: interfaccia utente grafica per Git (senza cronologia)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: send a collection of patches as email from the Git
it: invia una raccolta di patch come messaggio di posta da Git

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: automate the Debian packaging with the Git
it: automatizza la creazione di pacchetti Debian con Git

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: git interoperability with the Debian archive
it: interoperabilità di git con l'archivio Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: interactive git commit split helper tool
it: strumento ausialiario per aiutare a suddividere commit di git

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: quilt on top of git (Python)
it: quilt sopra a git (Python)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: official documentation for Git
it: documentazione ufficiale per Git

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: "Git Magic", easier to understand guide for Git
it: "Git Magic", una guida per Git più semplice da capire

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Configuration of Git client
it: Configurazione del client Git

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You may wish to set several global configuration in "<literal>~/.gitconfig</literal>" such as your name and email address used by Git by the following.
it: È possibile che si desideri impostare diverse configurazioni globali, come il nome e l'indirizzo di posta elettronica usati da Git, in "<literal>~/.gitconfig</literal>" nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You may also customize the Git default behavior by the following.
it: Si può anche personalizzare il comportamento predefinito di Git nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you are too used to CVS or Subversion commands, you may wish to set several command aliases by the following.
it: Se si è abituati ai comandi di CVS o Subversion, si potrebbe volere impostare alcuni alias per i comandi nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can check your global configuration by the following.
it: La configurazione globale può essere controllata con il comando seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Basic Git commands
it: Comandi Git di base

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Git operation involves several data.
it: Il funzionamento di Git coinvolge diversi dati.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The working tree which holds user facing files and to which you make changes.
it: L'albero di lavoro che contiene i file che l'utente vede e ai quali fa le modifiche.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The changes to be recorded must be explicitly selected and staged to the index.  This is <literal>git add</literal> and <literal>git rm</literal> commands.
it: Le modifiche da registrare devono essere selezionate esplicitamente e posizionate in attesa nell'indice. Questo viene fatto con i comandi <literal>git add</literal> e <literal>git rm</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The index which holds staged files.
it: L'indice che contiene i file pronti per il commit (staged).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Staged files will be committed to the local repository upon the subsequent request.  This is <literal>git commit</literal> command.
it: Il commit nel repository locale dei file preparati nell'indice (staged) verrà fatto alla successiva richiesta. Ciò viene fatto con il comando <literal>git commit</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The local repository which holds committed files.
it: Il repository locale che contiene i file di cui è stato fatto il commit.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Git records the linked history of the committed data and organizes them as branches in the repository.
it: Git registra la cronologia collegata dei dati di cui è fatto il commit e li organizza come rami nel repository.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The local repository can send data to the remote repository by <literal>git push</literal> command.
it: Il repository locale può inviare dati al repository remoto con il comando <literal>git push</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The local repository can receive data from the remote repository by <literal>git fetch</literal> and <literal>git pull</literal> commands.
it: Il repository locale può ricevere dati dal repository remoto con i comandi <literal>git fetch</literal> e <literal>git pull</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The <literal>git pull</literal> command performs <literal>git merge</literal> or <literal>git rebase</literal> command after <literal>git fetch</literal> command.
it: Il comando <literal>git pull</literal> effettua un comando <literal>git merge</literal> o <literal>git rebase</literal> dopo il comando <literal>git fetch</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Here, <literal>git merge</literal> combines two separate branches of history at the end to a point.  (This is default of <literal>git pull</literal> without customization and may be good for upstream people who publish branch to many people.)
it: Qui, <literal>git merge</literal> combina due rami separati della cronologia per finire in un unico punto. (Questo è il comportamento predefinito di <literal>git pull</literal> senza alcuna personalizzazione e può essere buono per le persone che lavorano a monte che pubblicano rami verso molte persone.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Here, <literal>git rebase</literal> creates one single branch of sequential history of the remote branch one followed by the local branch one.  (This is <literal>pull.rebase true</literal> customization case and may be good for rest of us.)
it: Qui, <literal>git rebase</literal> crea un singolo ramo di cronologia in sequenza del ramo remoto seguita da quella del ramo locale. (Questo è il caso della personalizzazione <literal>pull.rebase true</literal> e può essere adatto per il resto delle persone.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The remote repository which holds committed files.
it: Il repository remoto che contiene i file di cui è stato fatto il commit.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The communication to the remote repository uses secure communication protocols such as SSH or HTTPS.
it: La comunicazione con il repository remoto utilizza protocolli di comunicazione sicuri, come SSH o HTTPS.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The working tree is files outside of the <literal>.git/</literal> directory.  Files inside of the <literal>.git/</literal> directory hold the index, the local repository data, and some git configuration text files.
it: L'albero di lavoro è fuori dalla directory <literal>.git/</literal>. I file dentro alla directory <literal>.git/</literal> contengono l'indice, i dati del repository locale e alcuni file di testo di configurazione di git.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here is an overview of main Git commands.
it: Ecco una panoramica dei principali comandi di Git.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: Main Git commands
it: Principali comandi Git

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: Git command
it: Comando Git

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: create the (local) repository
it: creazione dell'archivio (locale)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: clone the remote repository to a local repository with the working tree
it: clona il repository remoto in un repository locale con l'albero di lavoro

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: update the local <literal>main</literal> branch by the remote repository <literal>origin</literal>
it: aggiorna il ramo <literal>main</literal> locale in base al repository remoto <literal>origin</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: add file(s) in the working tree to the index for pre-existing files in index only
it: aggiunge il/i file nell'albero di lavoro all'indice solo per i file già presenti nell'indice

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: add file(s) in the working tree to the index for all files including removals
it: aggiunge il/i file nell'albero di lavoro all'indice per tutti i file, incluse le rimozioni

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>git rm filename</literal>
it: <literal>git rm nomefile</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: remove file(s) from the working tree and the index
it: rimuove il/i file dall'albero di lavoro e dall'indice

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: commit staged changes in the index to the local repository
it: fa il commit dei cambiamenti in attesa nell'indice nel repository locale

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: add all changes in the working tree to the index and commit them to the local repository (add + commit)
it: aggiunge tutte le modifiche all'albero di lavoro nell'indice e ne fa il commit nel repository locale (add + commit)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>git push -u origin branch_name</literal>
it: <literal>git push -u origin nome_ramo</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: update the remote repository <literal>origin</literal> by the local <literal>branch_name</literal> branch (initial invocation)
it: aggiorna il repository remoto <literal>origin</literal> con il ramo locale <literal>nome_ramo</literal> (invocazione iniziale)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>git push origin branch_name</literal>
it: <literal>git push origin nome_ramo</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: update the remote repository <literal>origin</literal> by the local <literal>branch_name</literal> branch (subsequent invocation)
it: aggiorna il repository remoto <literal>origin</literal> con il ramo locale <literal>nome_ramo</literal> (invocazione successiva)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: show difference between <emphasis>treeish1</emphasis> commit and <emphasis>treeish2</emphasis> commit
it: mostra le differenza tra il commit <emphasis>treeish1</emphasis> e il commit <emphasis>treeish2</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: GUI display of VCS repository branch history tree
it: visualizzazione GUI dell'albero della cronologia dei rami del repository

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: Git tips
it: Suggerimenti per Git

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here are some Git tips.
it: Ecco alcuni suggerimenti per Git.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: Git command line
it: Riga di comando di Git

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: see complete Git history and operate on them such as resetting HEAD to another commit, cheery-picking patches, creating tags and branches ...
it: per vedere la cronologia completa di Git e operare su di essa, come reimpostare HEAD ad un altro commit, scegliere una a una le patch, creare etichette e rami...

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: get the clean working tree without loosing data
it: ottenere un albero di lavoro pulito senza perdere dati

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: check settings for remote
it: controllare le impostazioni per il repository remoto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: check settings for branch
it: controllare le impostazioni per il ramo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: show working tree status
it: mostrare lo stato dell'albero di lavoro

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: list git settings
it: elencare le impostazioni di Git

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: revert all working tree changes and clean them up completely
it: annullare tutte le modifiche all'albero di lavoro e ripulirle completamente

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>git rm --cached filename</literal>
it: <literal>git rm --cached nomefile</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: revert staged index changed by <literal>git add filename</literal>
it: annullare l'indice con modifiche in stage cambiato con <literal>git add nomefile</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: get reference log (useful for recovering commits from the removed branch)
it: ottenere il registro dei riferimenti (utile per ripristinare commit da un ramo rimosso)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>git branch new_branch_name HEAD@{6}</literal>
it: <literal>git branch nome_nuovo_ramo HEAD@{6}</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: create a new branch from reflog information
it: crea un nuovo ramo dalle informazioni reflog

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>git remote add new_remote URL</literal>
it: <literal>git remote add nuovo_remoto URL</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: add a <literal>new_remote</literal> remote repository pointed by URL
it: aggiunge un repository remoto <literal>nuovo_remoto</literal> a cui punta l'URL

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: rename the remote repository name from <literal>origin</literal> to <literal>upstream</literal>
it: rinomina il repository remoto da <literal>origin</literal> a <literal>upstream</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>git branch -u upstream/branch_name</literal>
it: <literal>git branch -u upstream/nome_ramo</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: set the remote tracking to the remote repository <literal>upstream</literal> and its branch name <literal>branch_name</literal>.
it: imposta il tracciamento remoto al repository remoto <literal>upstream</literal> e al suo ramo <literal>nome_ramo</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>git remote set-url origin https://foo/bar.git</literal>
it: <literal>git remote set-url origin https://pippo/pluto.git</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: change URL of <literal>origin</literal>
it: cambia l'URL di <literal>origin</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: disable push to <literal>upstream</literal> (Edit <literal>.git/config</literal> to re-enable)
it: disabilita il push verso <literal>upstream</literal> (Modificare <literal>.git/config</literal> per riabilitarlo)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: fetch updates of all remote branches in the <literal>upstream</literal> repository
it: prende gli aggiornamenti di tutti i rami remoti nel repository <literal>upstream</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: create a local (possibly orphan) <literal>upstream-foo</literal> branch as a copy of <literal>foo</literal> branch in the <literal>upstream</literal> repository
it: crea un ramo locale (possibilmente orfano) <literal>upstream-foo</literal> come copia del ramo <literal>foo</literal> nel repository <literal>upstream</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>git checkout -b topic_branch ; git push -u topic_branch origin</literal>
it: <literal>git checkout -b ramo_topic ; git push -u ramo_topic origin</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: make a new <literal>topic_branch</literal> and push it to <literal>origin</literal>
it: crea un nuovo <literal>ramo_topic</literal> e ne fa il push verso <literal>origin</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>git branch -m oldname newname</literal>
it: <literal>git branch -m vecchionome nuovonome</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: rename local branch name
it: rinomina il nome locale del ramo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>git push -d origin branch_to_be_removed</literal>
it: <literal>git push -d origin ramo_da_rimuovere</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: remove remote branch (new method)
it: rimuove il ramo remoto (nuovo metodo)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>git push origin :branch_to_be_removed</literal>
it: <literal>git push origin :ramo_da_rimuovere</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: remove remote branch (old method)
it: rimuove il ramo remoto (vecchio metodo)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: create a new <literal>unconnected</literal> branch
it: crea un nuovo ramo <literal>unconnected</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: reorder/drop/squish commits from <literal>origin/main</literal> to clean branch history
it: riordina/abbandona/fa lo squish dei commit da <literal>origin/main</literal> per ripulire la cronologia del ramo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: squash last 2 commits into one
it: schiaccia gli ultimi 2 commit in uno solo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>git checkout topic_branch ; git merge --squash topic_branch </literal>
it: <literal>git checkout ramo_topic ; git merge --squash ramo_topic </literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: squash entire <literal>topic_branch</literal> into a commit
it: schiaccia l'intero <literal>ramo_topic</literal> in un commit

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: convert a shallow clone to the full clone of all branches
it: converte un clone shallow in un clone completo di tutti i rami

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: split the last commit into a series of file-by-file smaller commits etc. (<literal>imediff</literal> package required)
it: suddivide l'ultimo commit in una serie di commit più piccoli file-per-file (è richiesto il pacchetto <literal>imediff</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: repack the local repository into single pack (this may limit chance of lost data recovery from erased branch etc.)
it: reimpacchetta il repository locale in un singolo pacchetto (ciò può limitare la possibilità di ripristinare dati persi da rami cancellati, ecc.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
en: Do not use the tag string with spaces in it even if some tools such as <literal>gitk</literal>(1) allow you to use it.  It may choke some other <literal>git</literal> commands.
it: Non usare stringhe per etichette contenenti spazi, anche se alcuni strumenti come <literal>gitk</literal>(1) lo permettono. Altri comandi <literal>git</literal> potrebbero avere problemi con esse.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: If a local branch which has been pushed to remote repository is rebased or squashed, pushing this branch has risks and requires <literal>--force</literal> option.  This is usually not an acceptable for <literal>main</literal> branch but may be acceptable for a topic branch before merging to <literal>main</literal> branch.
it: Se viene fatto il rebase o lo squash di un ramo locale di cui è stato fatto il push sul repository remoto, fare il push di tale ramo ha rischi e richiede l'opzione <literal>--force</literal>. Solitamente ciò non è accettabile per il ramo <literal>main</literal> ma può essere accettabile per un ramo di specifico argomento prima dell'unione nel ramo <literal>main</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: Invoking a <literal>git</literal> subcommand directly as "<literal>git-xyz</literal>" from the command line has been deprecated since early 2006.
it: A partire dall'inizio del 2006, l'invocazione diretta, dalla riga di comando, di un sottocomando di <literal>git</literal> come "<literal>git-xyz</literal>" è diventata deprecata.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: If there is a executable file <literal>git-foo</literal> in the path specified by <literal>$PATH</literal>, entering "<literal>git foo</literal>" without hyphen to the command line invokes this <literal>git-foo</literal>.  This is a feature of the <literal>git</literal> command.
it: Se c'è un file eseguibile <literal>git-pippo</literal> nel percorso specificato da <literal>$PATH</literal>, l'inserimento nella riga di comando di "<literal>git pippo</literal>" senza trattino invoca tale <literal>git-pippo</literal>. Questa è una funzionalità del comando <literal>git</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Git references
it: Documenti di consultazione per Git

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&manpagegitb;">manpage: git(1)</ulink> (<literal>/usr/share/doc/git-doc/git.html</literal>)
it: <ulink url="&manpagegitb;">pagina man: git(1)</ulink> (<literal>/usr/share/doc/git-doc/git.html</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&gitusersmanual;">Git User's Manual</ulink> (<literal>/usr/share/doc/git-doc/user-manual.html</literal>)
it: <ulink url="&gitusersmanual;">Manuale utente di Git</ulink> (<literal>/usr/share/doc/git-doc/user-manual.html</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&atutorialintroductiontogit;">A tutorial introduction to git</ulink> (<literal>/usr/share/doc/git-doc/gittutorial.html</literal>)
it: <ulink url="&atutorialintroductiontogit;">Un tutorial introduttivo su git</ulink> (<literal>/usr/share/doc/git-doc/gittutorial.html</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&atutorialintrodutiontogitparttwo;">A tutorial introduction to git: part two</ulink> (<literal>/usr/share/doc/git-doc/gittutorial-2.html</literal>)
it: <ulink url="&atutorialintrodutiontogitparttwo;">Un tutorial introduttivo su git: parte seconda</ulink> (<literal>/usr/share/doc/git-doc/gittutorial-2.html</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&everydaygitwithcacommandsorso;">Everyday GIT With 20 Commands Or So</ulink> (<literal>/usr/share/doc/git-doc/giteveryday.html</literal>)
it: <ulink url="&everydaygitwithcacommandsorso;">Uso quotidiano di GIT con 20 comandi o poco più</ulink> (<literal>/usr/share/doc/git-doc/giteveryday.html</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Other version control systems
it: Altri sistemi di controllo delle versioni

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <ulink url="&versioncontrolsystemsvcs;">version control systems (VCS)</ulink> is sometimes known as the revision control system (RCS), or the software configuration management (SCM).
it: Un <ulink url="&versioncontrolsystemsvcs;">sistema di controllo delle versioni (VCS)</ulink> è a volte noto come sistema di controllo delle revisioni (RCS) o gestione delle configurazione del software (SCM).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here is a summary of the notable other non-Git VCS on the Debian system.
it: Ecco un riassunto degli altri VCS diversi da Git nel sistema Debian degni di nota.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of other version control system tools
it: Elenco di altri strumenti per sistemi di controllo delle versioni

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: VCS type
it: tipo di VCS

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: distributed
it: distribuito

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: DVCS in Python and some C
it: DVCS in Python e un po' di C

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: DVCS with smart algebra of patches (slow)
it: DVCS con algebra intelligente per le patch (lento)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: DVCS influenced by <literal>tla</literal> written in Python (<ulink url="&historic;">historic</ulink>)
it: DVCS influenzato da <literal>tla</literal>, scritto in Python (<ulink url="&historic;">storico</ulink>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: DVCS mainly by Tom Lord (historic)
it: DVCS principalmente da Tom Lord (storico)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: remote
it: remoto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: "CVS done right", newer standard remote VCS (historic)
it: "CVS fatto bene", un più nuovo standard per VCS remoto (storico)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: previous standard remote VCS (historic)
it: precedente standard per VCS remoto (storico)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: GUI display of VCS (CVS, Subversion, RCS) repository tree
it: visualizzazione GUI di alberi di archivi VCS (CVS, Subversion, RCS)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: local
it: locale

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: "<ulink url="&unixsccs;">Unix SCCS</ulink> done right" (historic)
it: "<ulink url="&unixsccs;">SCCS Unix</ulink> fatto bene" (storico)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: clone of the <ulink url="&unixsccs;">Unix SCCS</ulink> (historic)
it: clone di <ulink url="&unixsccs;">SCCS Unix</ulink> (storico)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
en: Data conversion
it: Conversione di dati

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
en: Tools and tips for converting data formats on the Debian system are described.
it: In questo capitolo sono descritti strumenti e trucchi per convertire tra diversi formati di dati in un sistema Debian.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
en: Standard based tools are in very good shape but support for proprietary data formats are limited.
it: Gli strumenti standard sono eccellenti, ma il supporto per i formati proprietari per i dati è limitato.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Text data conversion tools
it: Strumenti di conversione di dati testuali

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Following packages for the text data conversion caught my eyes.
it: Quelli che seguono sono pacchetti per la conversione dei dati testuali che hanno attirato la mia attenzione.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of text data conversion tools
it: Elenco di strumenti di conversione di dati testuali

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: keyword
it: parola chiave

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: charset
it: set di caratteri

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: text encoding converter between locales by <literal>iconv</literal>(1) (fundamental)
it: convertitore della codifica del testo tra localizzazioni usando <literal>iconv</literal>(1) (fondamentale)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: charset+eol
it: set caratteri+carattere fine riga

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: text encoding converter between locales (versatile, more aliases and features)
it: convertitore della codifica del testo tra localizzazioni (versatile, maggior numero di alias e funzionalità)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: text encoding converter between locales (fancy)
it: convertitore della codifica tra localizzazioni (elegante)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: character set translator for Japanese
it: traduttore del set di caratteri per il giapponese

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: character set translator
it: traduttore del set di caratteri

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: replace accented letters by their unaccented equivalent
it: sostituisce le lettere accentate con le equivalenti senza accento

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: eol
it: carattere fine riga

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: text format converter between DOS and Unix: <literal>fromdos</literal>(1) and <literal>todos</literal>(1)
it: convertitore del formato di testo tra DOS e Unix: <literal>fromdos</literal>(1) e <literal>todos</literal>(1)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: text format converter between Macintosh and Unix: <literal>frommac</literal>(1) and <literal>tomac</literal>(1)
it: convertitore del formato di testo tra Macintosh e Unix: <literal>frommac</literal>(1) e <literal>tomac</literal>(1)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Converting a text file with iconv
it: Convertire un file di testo con iconv

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: <literal>iconv</literal>(1) is provided as a part of the <literal>libc6</literal> package and it is always available on practically all Unix-like systems to convert the encoding of characters.
it: <literal>iconv</literal>(1) viene fornito come parte del pacchetto <literal>libc6</literal> ed è sempre disponibile praticamente su tutti i sistemi in stile Unix, per fare la conversione della codifica dei caratteri.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can convert encodings of a text file with <literal>iconv</literal>(1) by the following.
it: Si può convertire la codifica di un file di testo con <literal>iconv</literal>(1) nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Encoding values are case insensitive and ignore "<literal>-</literal>" and "<literal>_</literal>" for matching.  Supported encodings can be checked by the "<literal>iconv -l</literal>" command.
it: Nel trovare corrispondenze con i valori delle codifiche non viene tenuto conto delle lettere maiuscole o minuscole e vengono ignorati i caratteri "<literal>-</literal>" e "<literal>_</literal>". Si possono controllare le codifiche supportate con il comando "<literal>iconv -l</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of encoding values and their usage
it: Elenco dei valori delle codifiche e loro uso

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: encoding value
it: valore della codifica

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&americanstandardationinterchange;">American Standard Code for Information Interchange</ulink>, 7 bit code w/o accented characters
it: <ulink url="&americanstandardationinterchange;">American Standard Code for Information Interchange</ulink>, codifica americana standard per lo scambio di informazioni, codice a 7 bit senza caratteri accentati

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: current multilingual standard for all modern OSs
it: attuale standard multilingua per tutti i sistemi operativi moderni

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: old standard for western European languages, ASCII + accented characters
it: vecchio standard per le lingue europee occidentali, ASCII + caratteri accentati

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: old standard for eastern European languages, ASCII + accented characters
it: vecchio standard per le lingue europee orientali, ASCII + caratteri accentati

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: old standard for western European languages, <ulink url="&isoiifjb;">ISO-8859-1</ulink> with euro sign
it: vecchio standard per le lingue europee occidentali, <ulink url="&isoiifjb;">ISO-8859-1</ulink> con simbolo dell'euro

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: code page 850, Microsoft DOS characters with graphics for western European languages, <ulink url="&isoiifjb;">ISO-8859-1</ulink> variant
it: code page 850, caratteri Microsoft DOS con caratteri grafici per le lingue europee occidentali, variante di <ulink url="&isoiifjb;">ISO-8859-1</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: code page 932, Microsoft Windows style <ulink url="&shiftjis;">Shift-JIS</ulink> variant for Japanese
it: code page 932, variante in stile Microsoft Windows di <ulink url="&shiftjis;">Shift-JIS</ulink> per il giapponese

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: code page 936, Microsoft Windows style <ulink url="&gbcdbc;">GB2312</ulink>, <ulink url="&gbk;">GBK</ulink> or <ulink url="&gbbiada;">GB18030</ulink> variant for Simplified Chinese
it: code page 936, variante in stile Microsoft Windows di <ulink url="&gbcdbc;">GB2312</ulink>, <ulink url="&gbk;">GBK</ulink> o <ulink url="&gbbiada;">GB18030</ulink> per il cinese semplificato

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: code page 949, Microsoft Windows style <ulink url="&euckr;">EUC-KR</ulink> or Unified Hangul Code variant for Korean
it: code page 949, variante in stile Microsoft Windows di <ulink url="&euckr;">EUC-KR</ulink> o Unified Hangul Code per il coreano

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: code page 950, Microsoft Windows style <ulink url="&bigf;">Big5</ulink> variant for Traditional Chinese
it: code page 950, variante in stile Microsoft Windows di <ulink url="&bigf;">Big5</ulink> per il cinese tradizionale

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: code page 1251, Microsoft Windows style encoding for the Cyrillic alphabet
it: code page 1251, codifica in stile Microsoft Windows per l'alfabeto cirillico

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: code page 1252, Microsoft Windows style <ulink url="&isoiifjbf;">ISO-8859-15</ulink> variant for western European languages
it: code page 1252, variante in stile Microsoft Windows di <ulink url="&isoiifjbf;">ISO-8859-15</ulink> per le lingue europee occidentali

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: old Russian UNIX standard for the Cyrillic alphabet
it: vecchio standard UNIX russo per l'alfabeto cirillico

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: standard encoding for Japanese email which uses only 7 bit codes
it: codifica standard per la posta elettronica in giapponese che usa solo codici a 7 bit

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: old Japanese UNIX standard 8 bit code and completely different from <ulink url="&shiftjis;">Shift-JIS</ulink>
it: vecchio standard UNIX giapponese con codici a 8 bit completamente diverso da <ulink url="&shiftjis;">Shift-JIS</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: JIS X 0208 Appendix 1 standard for Japanese (see <ulink url="&cpjdc;">CP932</ulink>)
it: standard JIS X 0208 Appendix 1 per il giapponese (vedere <ulink url="&cpjdc;">CP932</ulink>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: Some encodings are only supported for the data conversion and are not used as locale values (<xref linkend="_the_locale"/>).
it: Alcune codifiche sono gestite solo per la conversione dei dati e non sono utilizzate come valori di localizzazione (<xref linkend="_the_locale"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For character sets which fit in single byte such as <ulink url="&ascii;">ASCII</ulink> and <ulink url="&isoiifj;">ISO-8859</ulink> character sets, the <ulink url="&characterencoding;">character encoding</ulink> means almost the same thing as the character set.
it: Per i set di caratteri contenuti in un singolo byte, come i set di caratteri <ulink url="&ascii;">ASCII</ulink> e <ulink url="&isoiifj;">ISO-8859</ulink>, la <ulink url="&characterencoding;">codifica di carattere</ulink> è quasi la stessa cosa del set di caratteri.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For character sets with many characters such as <ulink url="&jisxacbd;">JIS X 0213</ulink> for Japanese or <ulink url="&universalcharactunicodeisobagegb;">Universal Character Set (UCS, Unicode, ISO-10646-1)</ulink> for practically all languages, there are many encoding schemes to fit them into the sequence of the byte data.
it: Per i set di caratteri con molti caratteri, come <ulink url="&jisxacbd;">JIS X 0213</ulink> per il giapponese o <ulink url="&universalcharactunicodeisobagegb;">Universal Character Set (UCS, Unicode, ISO-10646-1)</ulink> per praticamente tutte le lingue, esistono molti schemi di codifica per inserirli nella sequenza dei byte dati.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&euc;">EUC</ulink> and <ulink url="&isoieccaccalsoknownasjisxacac;">ISO/IEC 2022 (also known as JIS X 0202)</ulink> for Japanese
it: <ulink url="&euc;">EUC</ulink> e <ulink url="&isoieccaccalsoknownasjisxacac;">ISO/IEC 2022 (chiamato anche JIS X 0202)</ulink> per il giapponese

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&utfi;">UTF-8</ulink>, <ulink url="&utfbgucsc;">UTF-16/UCS-2</ulink> and <ulink url="&utfdcucse;">UTF-32/UCS-4</ulink> for Unicode
it: <ulink url="&utfi;">UTF-8</ulink>, <ulink url="&utfbgucsc;">UTF-16/UCS-2</ulink> e <ulink url="&utfdcucse;">UTF-32/UCS-4</ulink> per Unicode

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For these, there are clear differentiations between the character set and the character encoding.
it: In questi casi c'è una netta differenza tra il set di caratteri e la codifica di caratteri.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <ulink url="&codepage;">code page</ulink> is used as the synonym to the character encoding tables for some vendor specific ones.
it: Il termine <ulink url="&codepage;">code page</ulink> è usato come sinonimo di tabella di codifica dei caratteri per alcune tabelle specifiche di produttori.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: Please note most encoding systems share the same code with ASCII for the 7 bit characters.  But there are some exceptions. If you are converting old Japanese C programs and URLs data from the casually-called shift-JIS encoding format to UTF-8 format, use "<literal>CP932</literal>" as the encoding name instead of "<literal>shift-JIS</literal>" to get the expected results: <literal>0x5C</literal> → "<literal>\</literal>" and <literal>0x7E</literal> → "<literal>~</literal>".  Otherwise, these are converted to wrong characters.
it: Notare che la maggior parte dei sistemi di codifica condividono con ASCII gli stessi codici per i caratteri a 7 bit. Ci sono però alcune eccezioni. Se si stanno convertendo dati di vecchi programmi C o URL in giapponese dal formato di codifica volgarmente chiamato Shift-JIS in formato UTF-8, usare "<literal>CP932</literal>" come nome di codifica invece di "<literal>shift-JIS</literal>" per ottenere i risultati attesi: <literal>0x5C</literal> → "<literal>\</literal>" e <literal>0x7E</literal> → "<literal>~</literal>". Altrimenti questi vengono convertiti nei caratteri sbagliati.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: <literal>recode</literal>(1) may be used too and offers more than the combined functionality of <literal>iconv</literal>(1), <literal>fromdos</literal>(1), <literal>todos</literal>(1), <literal>frommac</literal>(1), and <literal>tomac</literal>(1).  For more, see "<literal>info recode</literal>".
it: Si può anche usare <literal>recode</literal>(1) che offre più della semplice combinazione delle funzionalità di <literal>iconv</literal>(1), <literal>fromdos</literal>(1), <literal>todos</literal>(1), <literal>frommac</literal>(1) e <literal>tomac</literal>(1). Per maggiori informazioni vedere "<literal>info recode</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Checking file to be UTF-8 with iconv
it: Controllare se un file è in UTF-8 con iconv

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can check if a text file is encoded in UTF-8 with <literal>iconv</literal>(1) by the following.
it: Si può controllare se un file di testo è nella codifica UTF-8 usando <literal>iconv</literal>(1) nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Use "<literal>--verbose</literal>" option in the above example to find the first non-UTF-8 character.
it: Usare l'opzione "<literal>--verbose</literal>" nell'esempio precedente per trovare il primo carattere non UTF-8.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Converting file names with iconv
it: Convertire nomi di file con iconv

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here is an example script to convert encoding of file names from ones created under older OS to modern UTF-8 ones in a single directory.
it: Ecco uno script d'esempio per convertire in una directory la codifica dei nomi di file dai nomi creati in un vecchio sistema operativo a quelli UTF-8 moderni.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The "<literal>$ENCDN</literal>" variable specifies the original encoding used for file names under older OS as in <xref linkend="list-of-encoding-values"/>.
it: La variabile "<literal>$ENCDN</literal>" specifica la codifica originale usata per i nomi di file nei sistemi operativi più vecchi come in <xref linkend="list-of-encoding-values"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For more complicated case, please mount a filesystem (e.g. a partition on a disk drive) containing such file names with proper encoding as the <literal>mount</literal>(8) option (see <xref linkend="_filename_encoding"/>) and copy its entire contents to another filesystem mounted as UTF-8 with "<literal>cp -a</literal>" command.
it: Per scenari più complessi, montare, usando come opzione di <literal>mount</literal>(8) la codifica appropriata (vedere <xref linkend="_filename_encoding"/>), il file system (ad esempio una partizione in un disco fisso) contenente tali nomi di file e copiare usando il comando "<literal>cp-a</literal>" il suo intero contenuto in un altro file system montato come UTF-8.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: EOL conversion
it: Conversione del carattere di fine riga

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The text file format, specifically the end-of-line (EOL) code, is dependent on the platform.
it: Il formato dei file di testo e specificatamente il codice EOL (End of line, fine riga) è dipendente dalla piattaforma.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of EOL styles for different platforms
it: Elenco di stili per EOL per differenti piattaforme

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: platform
it: piattaforma

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: EOL code
it: codice EOL

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: control
it: carattere di controllo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: decimal
it: decimale

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: hexadecimal
it: esadecimale

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: MSDOS and Windows
it: MSDOS e Windows

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Apple's Macintosh
it: Macintosh di Apple

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The EOL format conversion programs, <literal>fromdos</literal>(1), <literal>todos</literal>(1), <literal>frommac</literal>(1), and <literal>tomac</literal>(1), are quite handy.  <literal>recode</literal>(1) is also useful.
it: I programmi di conversione del formato di EOL, <literal>fromdos</literal>(1), <literal>todos</literal>(1), <literal>frommac</literal>(1) e <literal>tomac</literal>(1), sono piuttosto comodi. Anche <literal>recode</literal>(1) è utile.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: Some data on the Debian system, such as the wiki page data for the <literal>python-moinmoin</literal> package, use MSDOS style CR-LF as the EOL code.  So the above rule is just a general rule.
it: Alcuni dati nel sistema Debian, come i dati della pagina wiki per il pacchetto <literal>python-moinmoin</literal>, usano CR-LF in stile MSDOS come codice EOL. Perciò la regola sopra descritta è solamente una regola generale.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: Most editors (eg. <literal>vim</literal>, <literal>emacs</literal>, <literal>gedit</literal>, …) can handle files in MSDOS style EOL transparently.
it: La maggior parte degli editor (es. <literal>vim</literal>, <literal>emacs</literal>, <literal>gedit</literal>, …) può gestire file con EOL in stile MSDOS in modo trasparente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: The use of "<literal>sed -e '/\r$/!s/$/\r/'</literal>" instead of <literal>todos</literal>(1) is better when you want to unify the EOL style to the MSDOS style from the mixed MSDOS and Unix style.  (e.g., after merging 2 MSDOS style files with <literal>diff3</literal>(1).)  This is because <literal>todos</literal> adds CR to all lines.
it: È meglio usare "<literal>sed -e '/\r$/!s/$/\r/'</literal>" invece di <literal>todos</literal>(1) quando si desidere unificare lo stile EOL allo stile MSDOS da uno stile misto MSDOS e Unix (ad esempio dopo la fusione di 2 file in stile MSDOS con <literal>diff3</literal>(1)). Questo perché <literal>todos</literal> aggiunge CR a tutte le righe.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: TAB conversion
it: Conversione di tabulazioni

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There are few popular specialized programs to convert the tab codes.
it: Esistono alcuni programmi popolari specializzati nella conversione dei codici di tabulazione.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of TAB conversion commands from <literal>bsdmainutils</literal> and <literal>coreutils</literal> packages
it: Elenco di comandi di conversione di TAB dai pacchetti <literal>bsdmainutils</literal> e <literal>coreutils</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: expand tab to spaces
it: espande le tabulazioni in spazi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: unexpand tab from spaces
it: de-espande gli spazi in tabulazioni

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <literal>indent</literal>(1) from the <literal>indent</literal> package completely reformats whitespaces in the C program.
it: <literal>indent</literal>(1) nel pacchetto <literal>indent</literal> riformatta completamente gli spazi bianchi nei programmi C.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Editor programs such as <literal>vim</literal> and <literal>emacs</literal> can be used for TAB conversion, too.  For example with <literal>vim</literal>, you can expand TAB with "<literal>:set expandtab</literal>" and "<literal>:%retab</literal>" command sequence.  You can revert this with "<literal>:set noexpandtab</literal>" and "<literal>:%retab!</literal>" command sequence.
it: Anche programmi editor come <literal>vim</literal> ed <literal>emacs</literal> possono essere usati per la conversione di TAB. Per esempio con <literal>vim</literal>, è possibile espandere i TAB con la sequenza di comandi "<literal>:set expandtab</literal>" e "<literal>:%retab</literal>". Si può annullare questa azione con la sequenza di comandi "<literal>:set noexpandtab</literal>" e "<literal>:%retab!</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Editors with auto-conversion
it: Editor con auto-conversione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Intelligent modern editors such as the <literal>vim</literal> program are quite smart and copes well with any encoding systems and any file formats.  You should use these editors under the UTF-8 locale in the UTF-8 capable console for the best compatibility.
it: Gli editor moderni intelligenti come il programma<literal>vim</literal> sono piuttosto bravi e gestiscono bene qualsiasi sistema di codifica e formato di file. Per una migliore compatibilità questi editor andrebbero usati con la localizzazione UTF-8 in console con capacità UTF-8.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: An old western European Unix text file, "<literal>u-file.txt</literal>", stored in the latin1 (iso-8859-1) encoding can be edited simply with <literal>vim</literal> by the following.
it: Un vecchio file di testo Unix in lingua europea occidentale, "<literal>u-file.txt</literal>" salvato nella codifica latin1 (iso-8859-1) può essere modificato con <literal>vim</literal> semplicemente con il comando seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This is possible since the auto detection mechanism of the file encoding in <literal>vim</literal> assumes the UTF-8 encoding first and, if it fails, assumes it to be latin1.
it: Ciò è reso possibile dal fatto che il meccanismo di rivelazione automatica della codifica dei file di <literal>vim</literal> presuppone come prima cosa che la codifica sia UTF-8 e, se ciò fallisce, presuppone che sia latin1.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: An old Polish Unix text file, "<literal>pu-file.txt</literal>", stored in the latin2 (iso-8859-2) encoding can be edited with <literal>vim</literal> by the following.
it: Un vecchio file di testo Unix in lingua polacca, "<literal>pu-file.txt</literal>" salvato nella codifica latin1 (iso-8859-1) può essere modificato con <literal>vim</literal> con il comando seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: An old Japanese unix text file, "<literal>ju-file.txt</literal>", stored in the eucJP encoding can be edited with <literal>vim</literal> by the following.
it: Un vecchio file di testo Unix in giapponese, "<literal>ju-file.txt</literal>" salvato nella codifica eucJP può essere modificato con <literal>vim</literal> con il comando seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: An old Japanese MS-Windows text file, "<literal>jw-file.txt</literal>", stored in the so called shift-JIS encoding (more precisely: CP932) can be edited with <literal>vim</literal> by the following.
it: Un vecchio file di testo MS-Windows in giapponese, "<literal>jw-file.txt</literal>" salvato nella cosiddetta codifica shift-JIS (più precisamente CP932) può essere modificato con <literal>vim</literal> con il comando seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: When a file is opened with "<literal>++enc</literal>" and "<literal>++ff</literal>" options, "<literal>:w</literal>" in the Vim command line stores it in the original format and overwrite the original file.  You can also specify the saving format and the file name in the Vim command line, e.g., "<literal>:w ++enc=utf8 new.txt</literal>".
it: Quando un file viene aperto con le opzioni "<literal>++enc</literal>" e "<literal>++ff</literal>", l'uso di "<literal>:w</literal>" nella riga di comando di Vim lo salva nel formato originale sovrascrivendo il file originale. Si può anche specificare nella riga di comando di Vim il formato e il nome con cui salvare il file, ad esempio "<literal>:w ++enc=utf8 nuovo.txt</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Please refer to the mbyte.txt "multi-byte text support" in <literal>vim</literal> on-line help and <xref linkend="list-of-encoding-values"/> for locale values used with "<literal>++enc</literal>".
it: Fare riferimento a mbyte.txt per il "supporto di testi multi-byte" nell'aiuto in linea di <literal>vim</literal> e a <xref linkend="list-of-encoding-values"/> per i valori delle localizzazione usati con "<literal>++enc</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <literal>emacs</literal> family of programs can perform the equivalent functions.
it: La famiglia di programmi <literal>emacs</literal> può svolgere funzioni equivalenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Plain text extraction
it: Estrazione del testo puro

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The following reads a web page into a text file.  This is very useful when copying configurations off the Web or applying basic Unix text tools such as <literal>grep</literal>(1) on the web page.
it: Il comando seguente legge una pagina web mettendola in un file di testo. È molto utile quando si copiano configurazioni dal Web o per applicare strumenti di testo base Unix come <literal>grep</literal>(1) sulla pagina web.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Similarly, you can extract plain text data from other formats using the following.
it: In modo analogo, si possono estrarre dati in testo puro da altri formati con gli strumenti seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of tools to extract plain text data
it: Elenco di strumenti per estrarre dati in testo puro

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: html→text
it: html→testo puro

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: HTML to text converter with the "<literal>w3m -dump</literal>" command
it: conversione da HTML a testo semplice con il comando "<literal>w3m -dump</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: advanced HTML to text converter (ISO 8859-1)
it: convertitore avanzato da HTML a testo semplice (ISO 8859-1)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: HTML to text converter with the "<literal>lynx -dump</literal>" command
it: conversione da HTML a testo semplice con il comando "<literal>lynx -dump</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: HTML to text converter with the "<literal>elinks -dump</literal>" command
it: conversione da HTML a testo semplice con il comando "<literal>elinks -dump</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: HTML to text converter with the "<literal>links -dump</literal>" command
it: conversione da HTML a testo semplice con il comando "<literal>links -dump</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: HTML to text converter with the "<literal>links2 -dump</literal>" command
it: conversione da HTML a testo semplice con il comando "<literal>links2 -dump</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: MSWord→text,TeX
it: MSWord→testo puro, TeX

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: convert MSWord files to plain text or TeX
it: converte file MSWord in testo puro o TeX

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: MSWord→text,ps
it: MSWord→testo puro, ps

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: convert MSWord files to plain text or ps
it: converte file MSWord in testo puro o ps

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: remove the markup tags from an HTML file
it: rimuove i tag marcatori da file HTML

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: odt→text
it: odt→testo puro

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: converter from OpenDocument Text to text
it: converte da OpenDocument Text in testo puro

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Highlighting and formatting plain text data
it: Evidenziare e formattare dati in puro testo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can highlight and format plain text data by the following.
it: È possibile evidenziare e formattare dati in testo puro usando gli strumenti seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of tools to highlight plain text data
it: Elenco di strumenti per evidenziare dati in testo puro

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: highlight
it: evidenziare

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Vim MACRO to convert source code to HTML with "<literal>:source $VIMRUNTIME/syntax/html.vim</literal>"
it: MACRO Vim per convertire codice sorgente in HTML con "<literal>:source $VIMRUNTIME/syntax/html.vim</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: converter for the C program to latex and HTML (C language)
it: convertitore per programmi C in latex e HTML (linguaggio C)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: convert many source codes to TeX (C language)
it: converte molti codici sorgenti in TeX (linguaggio C)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: convert many source codes to HTML, XHTML, LaTeX, Texinfo, ANSI color escape sequences and DocBook files with highlight (C++)
it: converte molti codici sorgenti in file HTML, XHTML, LaTeX, Texinfo, sequenze di escape per colori ANSI e DocBook con evidenziazione (C++)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: convert many source codes to HTML, XHTML, RTF, LaTeX, TeX or XSL-FO files with highlight (C++)
it: converte molti codici sorgenti in file HTML, XHTML, RTF, LaTeX, TeX o XSL-FO con evidenziazione (C++)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: text→color
it: testo→colori

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: generic colouriser for everything (Python)
it: colorazione generica per tutto (Python)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: text→any
it: testo→tutto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: general markup converter (Haskell)
it: convertitore universale di marcatori (Haskel)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: ReStructured Text document formatter to XML (Python)
it: formattatore di documenti ReStructured Text in XML (Python)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: text→html
it: testo→html

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Markdown text document formatter to (X)HTML (Perl)
it: formattatore Markdown di documenti di testo in (X)HTML (Perl)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: AsciiDoc text document formatter to XML/HTML (Ruby)
it: formattatore AsciiDoc di documenti di testo in XML/HTML (Ruby)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: ReStructured Text based document publication system (Python)
it: sistema di pubblicazione di documenti basati su ReStructured Text (Python)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Markdown based static site publication system (Go)
it: sistema di pubblicazione di siti statici basato su Markdown (Go)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: XML data
it: Dati XML

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: <ulink url="&theextensiblemarkuplanguagexml;">The Extensible Markup Language (XML)</ulink> is a markup language for documents containing structured information.
it: <ulink url="&theextensiblemarkuplanguagexml;">XML (Extensible Markup Language)</ulink> è un linguaggio a marcatori per documenti contenenti informazioni strutturate.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: See introductory information at <ulink url="&xmlcom;">XML.COM</ulink>.
it: Vedere informazioni introduttive su <ulink url="&xmlcom;">XML.COM</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&whatisxml;">"What is XML?"</ulink>
it: <ulink url="&whatisxml;">"Cosa è XML?"</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&whatisxslt;">"What Is XSLT?"</ulink>
it: <ulink url="&whatisxslt;">"Cosa è XSLT?"</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&whatisxslfo;">"What Is XSL-FO?"</ulink>
it: <ulink url="&whatisxslfo;">"Cosa è XSL-FO?"</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&whatisxlink;">"What Is XLink?"</ulink>
it: <ulink url="&whatisxlink;">"Cosa è XLink?"</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Basic hints for XML
it: Suggerimenti base per XML

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: XML text looks somewhat like <ulink url="&html;">HTML</ulink>.  It enables us to manage multiple formats of output for a document.  One easy XML system is the <literal>docbook-xsl</literal> package, which is used here.
it: I testi XML hanno un aspetto simile all'<ulink url="&html;">HTML</ulink>. Permettono di gestire formati di output multipli per un documento. Un facile sistema per XML è il pacchetto <literal>docbook-xsl</literal> che è stato usato per questo documento.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Each XML file starts with standard XML declaration as the following.
it: Ogni file XML inizia con una dichiarazione XML standard come la seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The basic syntax for one XML element is marked up as the following.
it: La sintassi di base per un elemento XML usa un marcatore come il seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: XML element with empty content is marked up in the following short form.
it: Gli elementi XML senza contenuto sono indicati nella seguente forma breve.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The "<literal>attribute="value"</literal>" in the above examples are optional.
it: La parte "<literal>attributo="valore"</literal>" negli esempi precedenti è opzionale.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The comment section in XML is marked up as the following.
it: In XML una sezione di commento è marcata nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Other than adding markups, XML requires minor conversion to the content using predefined entities for following characters.
it: A parte l'aggiunta dei marcatori, XML richiede solo una minima conversione dei contenuti usando entità predefinite per i caratteri seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of predefined entities for XML
it: Elenco di entità predefinite per XML

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: predefined entity
it: entità predefinita

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: character to be converted into
it: carattere in cui convertire

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>"</literal> : quote
it: <literal>"</literal> : virgolette

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>'</literal> : apostrophe
it: <literal>'</literal> : apostrofo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>&lt;</literal> : less-than
it: <literal>&lt;</literal> : minore-di

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>&gt;</literal> : greater-than
it: <literal>&gt;</literal> : maggiore-di

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>&amp;</literal> : ampersand
it: <literal>&amp;</literal> : e-commerciale

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: "<literal>&lt;</literal>" or "<literal>&amp;</literal>" can not be used in attributes or elements.
it: "<literal>&lt;</literal>" e "<literal>&amp;</literal>"  non possono essere usati in attributi o elementi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: When SGML style user defined entities, e.g. "<literal>&amp;some-tag;</literal>", are used, the first definition wins over others.  The entity definition is expressed in "<literal>&lt;!ENTITY some-tag "entity value"&gt;</literal>".
it: Quando vengono usate entità definite in stile SGML, ad esempio "<literal>&amp;qualche-tag;</literal>", la prima definizione prevale su tutte le altre. La definizione di entità è espressa nella forma "<literal>&lt;!ENTITY qualche-tag "valore entità"&gt;</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: As long as the XML markup are done consistently with certain set of the tag name (either some data as content or attribute value), conversion to another XML is trivial task using <ulink url="&extensiblestylesnsformationsxslt;">Extensible Stylesheet Language Transformations (XSLT)</ulink>.
it: Fintanto che i marcatori XML sono usati in modo coerente con un certo set dei nomi di tag (qualche dato usato come contenuto o valore di attributo), la conversione in un altro XML è un compito banale usando <ulink url="&extensiblestylesnsformationsxslt;">XSLT (Extensible Stylesheet Language Trasformations</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: XML processing
it: Elaborazione XML

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There are many tools available to process XML files such as <ulink url="&theextensiblestysheetlanguagexsl;">the Extensible Stylesheet Language (XSL)</ulink>.
it: Sono disponibili molti strumenti per elaborare file XML, come l'<ulink url="&theextensiblestysheetlanguagexsl;">XSL (Extensible Stylesheet Language)</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Basically, once you create well formed XML file, you can convert it to any format using <ulink url="&extensiblestylesnsformationsxslt;">Extensible Stylesheet Language Transformations (XSLT)</ulink>.
it: Fondamentalmente, una volta creato un file XML ben formato, lo si può convertire in qualsiasi formato usando <ulink url="&extensiblestylesnsformationsxslt;">XSLT (Extensible Stylesheet Language Transformation)</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <ulink url="&extensiblestylestingobjectsxslfo;">Extensible Stylesheet Language for Formatting Objects (XSL-FO)</ulink> is supposed to be solution for formatting. The <literal>fop</literal> package is new to the Debian <literal>main</literal> archive due to its dependence to the <ulink url="&javaprograminglanguage;">Java programing language</ulink>. So the LaTeX code is usually generated from XML using XSLT and the LaTeX system is used to create printable file such as DVI, PostScript, and PDF.
it: <ulink url="&extensiblestylestingobjectsxslfo;">XSL-FO (Extensible Stylesheet Language for Formatting Object)</ulink>, linguaggio per fogli di stile estensibile per la formattazione di oggetti, è pensato per essere una soluzione per la formattazione. Il pacchetto <literal>fop</literal> è una novità nell'archivio Debian <literal>main</literal> a causa delle sue dipendenze dal <ulink url="&javaprograminglanguage;">linguaggio di programmazione Java</ulink>. Perciò il codice LaTeX è solitamente generato dall'XML usando XSLT ed il sistema LaTeX viene usato per creare file adatti alla stampa come DVI, PostScript e PDF.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of XML tools
it: Elenco di strumenti XML

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: XML document type definition (DTD) for DocBook
it: DTD (Document Type Definition) XML per DocBook

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: XSL stylesheets for processing DocBook XML to various output formats with XSLT
it: fogli di stile XSL per elaborare XML DocBook con XSLT in vari formati di output

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: XSLT command line processor (XML→ XML, HTML, plain text, etc.)
it: elaboratore a riga di comando XSLT (XML→ XML, HTML, testo semplice, ecc.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: XML-to-any converter with XSLT
it: convertitore da-XML-a-tutto con XSLT

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: convert Docbook XML files to PDF
it: converte file XML DocBook in PDF

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: convert Docbook files to DVI, PostScript, PDF documents with XSLT
it: converte file DocBook con XSLT in documenti DVI, PostScript, PDF

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: DocBook XML to .epub converter
it: convertitore da XML DocBook a .epub

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Since XML is subset of <ulink url="&standardgeneralirkuplanguagesgml;">Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML)</ulink>, it can be processed by the extensive tools available for SGML, such as <ulink url="&documentstylesemionlanguagedsssl;">Document Style Semantics and Specification Language (DSSSL)</ulink>.
it: Dato che XML è un sottoinsieme di <ulink url="&standardgeneralirkuplanguagesgml;">SGML (Standard Generalized Markup Language)</ulink>, può essere elaborato dagli strumenti completi disponibili per SGML, come <ulink url="&documentstylesemionlanguagedsssl;">DSSSL (Document Style Semantics and Specification Language)</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of DSSSL tools
it: Elenco di strumenti DSSSL

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: ISO/IEC 10179:1996 standard DSSSL processor (latest)
it: elaboratore standard DSSSL ISO/IEC 10179:1996 (più recente)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: DSSSL stylesheets for processing DocBook XML to various output formats with DSSSL
it: fogli di stile DSSSL per elaborare XML DocBook con DSSSL in vari formati di output

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: utilities for DocBook files including conversion to other formats (HTML, RTF, PS, man, PDF) with <literal>docbook2*</literal> commands with DSSSL
it: utilità per file DocBook, inclusa la conversione in altri formati (HTML, RTF, PS, man, PDF) con comandi <literal>docbook2*</literal> con DSSSL

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: <ulink url="&gnome;">GNOME</ulink>'s <literal>yelp</literal> is sometimes handy to read <ulink url="&docbook;">DocBook</ulink> XML files directly since it renders decently on X.
it: A volte <literal>yelp</literal> di <ulink url="&gnome;">GNOME</ulink> è utile per leggere file XML <ulink url="&docbook;">DocBook</ulink> direttamente dato che li visualizza in modo decente in X.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The XML data extraction
it: Estrazione di dati XML

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can extract HTML or XML data from other formats using followings.
it: Si possono esstrarre dati HTML o XML da altri formati usando gli strumenti seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of XML data extraction tools
it: Elenco di strumenti di estrazione di dati XML

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: manpage→html
it: pagine man→html

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: converter from manpage to HTML (CGI support)
it: convertitore da pagine man a HTML (supporto CGI)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: converter from troff to DocBook XML
it: convertitore da troff a XML DocBook

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: converter from Texinfo to HTML
it: convertitore da texinfo a HTML

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: converter from GNU info to HTML (CGI support)
it: convertitore da GNU info a HTML (supporto CGI)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: MSWord→any
it: MSWord→tutto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: document converter from Microsoft Word to HTML, LaTeX, etc.
it: convertitore di documenti da Microsoft Word a HTML, LaTeX, ecc.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: document converter from RTF to HTML, etc
it: convertitore di documenti da RTF a HTML, ecc.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: WordPerfect→any
it: WordPerfect→tutto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: WordPerfect 5.0 and 5.1 files to TeX, LaTeX, troff, GML and HTML
it: da file WordPerfect 5.0 e 5.1 a TeX, LaTeX, troff, GML e HTML

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The XML data lint
it: Pulizia di dati XML

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For non-XML HTML files, you can convert them to XHTML which is an instance of well formed XML.  XHTML can be processed by XML tools.
it: I file HTML non-XML possono essere convertiti in XHTML che è un'istanza di XML ben strutturato. XHTML può essere elaborato con strumenti XML.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Syntax of XML files and goodness of URLs found in them may be checked.
it: La sintassi dei file XML e la correttezza deli URL in essi può essere verificata.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of XML pretty print tools
it: Elenco di strumenti per belle stampe XML

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: command line XML tool with <literal>xmllint</literal>(1) (syntax check, reformat, lint, …)
it: strumento XML a riga di comando con <literal>xmllint</literal>(1) (controllo di sintassi, riformattazione, eliminazione sporcizia, …)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: HTML syntax checker and reformatter
it: controllore della sintassi e riformattatore per HTML

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: syntax and minimal style checker for HTML
it: strumento di controllo della sintassi e dello stile di base per HTML

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: link check
it: controllo dei collegamenti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: fast link checker and web site maintenance tool
it: controllore veloce di collegamenti e strumento per manutenzione di siti web

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Once proper XML is generated, you can use XSLT technology to extract data based on the mark-up context etc.
it: Una volta che è stato generato codice XML corretto, si può usare la tecnologia XSLT per estrarre dati in base al contesto dei marcatori

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Type setting
it: Impaginazione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The Unix <ulink url="&troff;">troff</ulink> program originally developed by AT&amp;T can be used for simple typesetting.  It is usually used to create manpages.
it: Per semplici impaginazioni si può usare il programma Unix <ulink url="&troff;">troff</ulink> sviluppato da AT&amp;T. Viene di solito usato per creare pagine man.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: <ulink url="&tex;">TeX</ulink> created by Donald Knuth is a very powerful type setting tool and is the de facto standard. <ulink url="&latex;">LaTeX</ulink> originally written by Leslie Lamport enables a high-level access to the power of TeX.
it: <ulink url="&tex;">TeX</ulink>, creato da Donald Knuth è uno strumento di impaginazione molto potente ed è lo standard di fatto. <ulink url="&latex;">LaTeX</ulink>, scritto originariamente da Leslie Lamport, permette un accesso alla potenza di TeX a più alto livello.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of type setting tools
it: Elenco di strumenti per impaginazione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: TeX system for typesetting, previewing and printing
it: sistema TeX per impaginazione, anteprima e stampa

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: GNU troff text-formatting system
it: sistema di formattazione di testi GNU troff

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: roff typesetting
it: Impaginazione roff

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Traditionally, <ulink url="&roff;">roff</ulink> is the main Unix text processing system.  See <literal>roff</literal>(7), <literal>groff</literal>(7), <literal>groff</literal>(1), <literal>grotty</literal>(1), <literal>troff</literal>(1), <literal>groff_mdoc</literal>(7), <literal>groff_man</literal>(7), <literal>groff_ms</literal>(7), <literal>groff_me</literal>(7), <literal>groff_mm</literal>(7), and "<literal>info groff</literal>".
it: Tradizionalmente il sistema di elaborazione di testi Unix principale è <ulink url="&roff;">roff</ulink>. Vedere <literal>roff</literal>(7), <literal>groff</literal>(7), <literal>groff</literal>(1), <literal>grotty</literal>(1), <literal>troff</literal>(1), <literal>groff_mdoc</literal>(7), <literal>groff_man</literal>(7), <literal>groff_ms</literal>(7), <literal>groff_me</literal>(7), <literal>groff_mm</literal>(7) e "<literal>info groff</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can read or print a good tutorial and reference on "<literal>-me</literal>" <ulink url="&macro;">macro</ulink> in "<literal>/usr/share/doc/groff/</literal>" by installing the <literal>groff</literal> package.
it: Si può leggere o stampare un buon tutorial e documento di consultazione sulla <ulink url="&macro;">macro</ulink> "<literal>-me</literal>" in "<literal>/usr/share/doc/groff/</literal>", dopo aver installato il  pacchetto <literal>groff</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: "<literal>groff -Tascii -me -</literal>" produces plain text output with <ulink url="&ansiescapecode;">ANSI escape code</ulink>.  If you wish to get manpage like output with many "^H" and "_", use "<literal>GROFF_NO_SGR=1 groff -Tascii -me -</literal>" instead.
it: "<literal>groff -Tascii -me -</literal>" produce output in puro testo con <ulink url="&ansiescapecode;">codici di escape ANSI</ulink>.  Se si desidera produrre un output in stile pagine man con molti "^H" e "_", usare invece "<literal>GROFF_NO_SGR=1 groff -Tascii -me -</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: To remove "^H" and "_" from a text file generated by <literal>groff</literal>, filter it by "<literal>col -b -x</literal>".
it: Per rimuovere i "^H" e "_" da un file di testo generato con <literal>groff</literal>, filtrarlo con "<literal>col -b -x</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <ulink url="&texlive;">TeX Live</ulink> software distribution offers a complete TeX system.  The <literal>texlive</literal> metapackage provides a decent selection of the <ulink url="&texlive;">TeX Live</ulink> packages which should suffice for the most common tasks.
it: La distribuzione software <ulink url="&texlive;">TeX Live</ulink> offre un sistema TeX completo. Il metapacchetto <literal>texlive</literal> fornisce una buona selezione dei pacchetti <ulink url="&texlive;">TeX Live</ulink> che dovrebbe essere sufficiente per la maggior parte dei compiti più comuni.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There are many references available for <ulink url="&tex;">TeX</ulink> and <ulink url="&latex;">LaTeX</ulink>.
it: Ci sono molti documenti consultabili disponibili per <ulink url="&tex;">TeX</ulink> e <ulink url="&latex;">LaTeX</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&thetetexhowtothextetexlocalguide;">The teTeX HOWTO: The Linux-teTeX Local Guide</ulink>
it: <ulink url="&thetetexhowtothextetexlocalguide;">teTeX HOWTO: The Linux-teTeX Local Guide</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "The TeXbook", by Donald E. Knuth, (Addison-Wesley)
it: "The TeXbook", di Donald E. Knuth, (Addison-Wesley)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "LaTeX - A Document Preparation System", by Leslie Lamport, (Addison-Wesley)
it: "LaTeX - A Document Preparation System", di Leslie Lamport, (Addison-Wesley)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "The LaTeX Companion", by Goossens, Mittelbach, Samarin, (Addison-Wesley)
it: "The LaTeX Companion", di Goossens, Mittelbach, Samarin, (Addison-Wesley)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This is the most powerful typesetting environment.  Many <ulink url="&sgml;">SGML</ulink> processors use this as their back end text processor.  <ulink url="&lyx;">Lyx</ulink> provided by the <literal>lyx</literal> package and <ulink url="&gnutexmacs;">GNU TeXmacs</ulink> provided by the <literal>texmacs</literal> package offer nice <ulink url="&wysiwyg;">WYSIWYG</ulink> editing environment for <ulink url="&latex;">LaTeX</ulink> while many use <ulink url="&emacs;">Emacs</ulink> and <ulink url="&vim;">Vim</ulink> as the choice for the source editor.
it: Questo è l'ambiente di impaginazione più potente. Molti elaboratori <ulink url="&sgml;">SGML</ulink> lo usano come backend per l'elaborazione del testo. <ulink url="&lyx;">Lyx</ulink>, fornito dal pacchetto <literal>lyx</literal>, e <ulink url="&gnutexmacs;">GNUTeXmacs</ulink>, fornito dal pacchetto <literal>texmacs</literal>, offrono un bell'ambiente <ulink url="&wysiwyg;">WYSIWYG</ulink> per <ulink url="&latex;">LaTeX</ulink>; inoltre molti usano <ulink url="&emacs;">Emacs</ulink> e <ulink url="&vim;">Vim</ulink> come scelta di editor per i sorgenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There are many online resources available.
it: Sono disponibili molte risorse in rete.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The TEX Live Guide - TEX Live 2007 ("<literal>/usr/share/doc/texlive-doc-base/english/texlive-en/live.html</literal>") (<literal>texlive-doc-base</literal> package)
it: The TEX Live Guide - TEX Live 2007 ("<literal>/usr/share/doc/texlive-doc-base/english/texlive-en/live.html</literal>") (pacchetto <literal>texlive-doc-base</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: When documents become bigger, sometimes TeX may cause errors.  You must increase pool size in "<literal>/etc/texmf/texmf.cnf</literal>" (or more appropriately edit "<literal>/etc/texmf/texmf.d/95NonPath</literal>" and run <literal>update-texmf</literal>(8)) to fix this.
it: Quando i documenti crescono di dimensioni, a volte TeX può generare errori. Per risolvere queto problema si deve aumentare la dimensione di pool in "<literal>/etc/texmf/texmf.cnf</literal>" (o in modo più corretto, modificare "<literal>/etc/texmf/texmf.d/95NonPath</literal>" ed eseguire <literal>update-texmf</literal>(8)).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: The TeX source of "The TeXbook" is available at <ulink url="&wwwctanorgtexarcitefortexbooktex;">www.ctan.org tex-archive site for texbook.tex</ulink>. This file contains most of the required macros.  I heard that you can process this document with <literal>tex</literal>(1) after commenting lines 7 to 10 and adding "<literal>\input manmac \proofmodefalse</literal>". It's strongly recommended to buy this book (and all other books from Donald E. Knuth) instead of using the online version but the source is a great example of TeX input!
it: Il sorgente TeX di "The TeXbook" è disponibile all'indirizzo <ulink url="&wwwctanorgtexarcitefortexbooktex;">www.ctan.org tex-archive site for texbook.tex</ulink>. Questo file contiene la maggior parte delle macro necessarie. Mi è stato detto che si può elaborare questo documento con <literal>tex</literal>(1) dopo aver commentato le righe da 7 a 10 ed aggiungendo "<literal>\input manmac \proofmodefalse</literal>". È caldamente raccomandabile comprare questo libro (e tutti gli altri libri di Donald E. Knuth) invece di usare le versioni in rete, ma il sorgente è un meraviglioso esempio di input TeX!

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Pretty print a manual page
it: Fare una bella stampa di una pagina di manuale

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can print a manual page in PostScript nicely by one of the following commands.
it: Si può stampare una pagina di manuale in PostScript in un bel modo usando uno dei comandi seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Creating a manual page
it: Creare una pagina di manuale

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Although writing a manual page (manpage) in the plain <ulink url="&troff;">troff</ulink> format is possible, there are few helper packages to create it.
it: Benché sia possibile scrivere una pagina di manuale (pagina man) in formato <ulink url="&troff;">troff</ulink> semplice, ci sono alcuni pacchetti di aiuto per farlo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of packages to help creating the manpage
it: Elenco di pacchetti che aiutano a creare una pagina man

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: SGML→manpage
it: SGML→paginaman

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: converter from DocBook SGML into roff man macros
it: convertitore da SGML DocDook in macro roff man

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: text→manpage
it: testo→paginaman

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: automatic manpage generator from --help
it: generatore automatico di pagine man da --help

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: info→manpage
it: info→paginaman

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: converter from GNU info to POD or man pages
it: convertitore da GNU info a POD o pagine man

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: convert flat ASCII text to man page format
it: converte testo in puro ASCII nel formato delle pagine man

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Printable data
it: Dati stampabili

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Printable data is expressed in the <ulink url="&postscript;">PostScript</ulink> format on the Debian system.  <ulink url="&commonunixprintingsystemcups;">Common Unix Printing System (CUPS)</ulink> uses Ghostscript as its rasterizer backend program for non-PostScript printers.
it: In un sistema Debian i dati stampabili sono presentati in formato <ulink url="&postscript;">PostScript</ulink>. <ulink url="&commonunixprintingsystemcups;">CUPS (Common Unix Printing System)</ulink> usa Ghostscript come suo programma backend per la rasterizzazione per le stampanti non-PostScript.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Printable data may also be expressed in the <ulink url="&pdf;">PDF</ulink> format on the recent Debian system.
it: I dati stampabili possono anche essere prodotti nel formato <ulink url="&pdf;">PDF</ulink> nei sistemi Debian recenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: PDF files can displayed and its form entries may be filled using GUI viewer tools such as <ulink url="&evince;">Evince</ulink> and <ulink url="&okular;">Okular</ulink> (see <xref linkend="_gui_applications"/>); and modern browsers such as <ulink url="&chromium;">Chromium</ulink>.
it: I file PDF possono essere visualizzati e i campi nei loro moduli possono essere riempiti usando strumenti GUI per visualizzazione come <ulink url="&evince;">Evince</ulink> e <ulink url="&okular;">Okular</ulink> (vedere <xref linkend="_gui_applications"/>) e i browser moderni come <ulink url="&chromium;">Chromium</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: PDF files can be edited using some graphics tools such as <ulink url="&libreoffice;">LibreOffice</ulink>, <ulink url="&scribus;">Scribus</ulink>, and <ulink url="&inkscape;">Inkscape</ulink> (see <xref linkend="_graphic_data_tools"/>).
it: I file PDF possono essere modificati usando alcuni strumenti grafici come <ulink url="&libreoffice;">LibreOffice</ulink>, <ulink url="&scribus;">Scribus</ulink> e <ulink url="&inkscape;">Inkscape</ulink> (vedere <xref linkend="_graphic_data_tools"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
en: You can read a PDF file with <ulink url="&gimp;">GIMP</ulink> and convert it into <ulink url="&png;">PNG</ulink> format using higher than 300 dpi resolution.  This may be used as a background image for <ulink url="&libreoffice;">LibreOffice</ulink> to produce a desirable altered printout with minimum efforts.
it: Si può leggere un file PDF con <ulink url="&gimp;">GIMP</ulink> e convertirlo in formato <ulink url="&png;">PNG</ulink> usando una risoluzione maggiore di 300 dpi. Ciò può essere usato come immagine di sfondo per <ulink url="&libreoffice;">LibreOffice</ulink>, per produrre una stampa modificata come si desidera con uno sforzo minimo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The core of printable data manipulation is the <ulink url="&ghostscript;">Ghostscript</ulink> <ulink url="&postscriptps;">PostScript (PS)</ulink> interpreter which generates raster image.
it: Il cuore centrale della manipolazione dei dati da stampare è l'interprete <ulink url="&postscriptps;">PostScript (PS)</ulink> <ulink url="&ghostscript;">Ghostscript</ulink> che genera immagini raster.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of Ghostscript PostScript interpreters
it: Elenco di interpreti PostScript Ghostscript

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&thegplghostscripptpdfinterpreter;">The GPL Ghostscript PostScript/PDF interpreter</ulink>
it: <ulink url="&thegplghostscripptpdfinterpreter;">interprete PostScript/PDF GPL Ghostscript</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: GPL Ghostscript PostScript/PDF interpreter - X display support
it: interprete PostScript/PDF GPL Ghostscript - supporto per display X

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: PDF rendering library forked from the xpdf PDF viewer
it: libreria di rendering per PDF risultato di un fork del visualizzatore di PDF xpdf

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: PDF rendering library (GLib-based shared library)
it: libreria di rendering per PDF (libreria condivisa basata su GLib)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: CMaps for PDF rendering library (for <ulink url="&cjk;">CJK</ulink> support: Adobe-*)
it: CMaps per la libreria di rendering per PDF (per supporto <ulink url="&cjk;">CJK</ulink>: Adobe-*)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: "<literal>gs -h</literal>" can display the configuration of Ghostscript.
it: La configurazione di Ghostscript può essere visualizzata con "<literal>gs -h</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Merge two PS or PDF files
it: Unire due file PS o PDF

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can merge two <ulink url="&postscriptps;">PostScript (PS)</ulink> or <ulink url="&portabledocumentformatpdf;">Portable Document Format (PDF)</ulink> files using <literal>gs</literal>(1) of Ghostscript.
it: È possibile unire due file <ulink url="&postscriptps;">PostScript (PS)</ulink> o <ulink url="&portabledocumentformatpdf;">PDF (Portable Document Format)</ulink> usando <literal>gs</literal>(1) di Ghostscript.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: The <ulink url="&pdf;">PDF</ulink>, which is a widely used cross-platform printable data format, is essentially the compressed <ulink url="&ps;">PS</ulink> format with few additional features and extensions.
it: Il formato <ulink url="&pdf;">PDF</ulink> che è un formato ampiamente usato per dati stampabili multipiattaforma, è essenzialmente il formato  <ulink url="&ps;">PS</ulink> compresso con alcune funzionalità ed estensioni aggiuntive.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: For command line, <literal>psmerge</literal>(1) and other commands from the <literal>psutils</literal> package are useful for manipulating PostScript documents.  <literal>pdftk</literal>(1) from the <literal>pdftk</literal> package is useful for manipulating PDF documents, too.
it: Per manipolare dalla riga di comando documenti PostScript sono utili <literal>psmerge</literal>(1) e altri comandi nel pacchetto <literal>psutils</literal>. Anche <literal>pdftk</literal>(1), nel pacchetto <literal>pdftk</literal>, è utile per manipolare documenti PDF.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Printable data utilities
it: Utilità per dati stampabili

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The following packages for the printable data utilities caught my eyes.
it: Quello che segue è un elenco di pacchetti con utilità per dati stampabili che hanno attirato la mia attenzione.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of printable data utilities
it: Elenco di utilità per dati stampabili

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: pdf→ps,text,…
it: pdf→ps,testo,…

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: PDF utilities: <literal>pdftops</literal>, <literal>pdfinfo</literal>, <literal>pdfimages</literal>, <literal>pdftotext</literal>, <literal>pdffonts</literal>
it: utilità PDF: <literal>pdftops</literal>, <literal>pdfinfo</literal>, <literal>pdfimages</literal>, <literal>pdftotext</literal>, <literal>pdffonts</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: PostScript document conversion tools
it: strumenti di conversione di documenti PostScript

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: create large posters out of PostScript pages
it: crea grandi poster da pagine PostScript

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: text→ps, html, rtf
it: testo→ps, html, rtf

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: convert ASCII text to PostScript, HTML, RTF or Pretty-Print
it: converte testo ASCII in PostScript, HTML, RTF o Pretty-Print

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: text→ps
it: testo→ps

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: 'Anything to PostScript' converter and pretty-printer
it: convertitore e creatore di belle stampe "Da tutto a PostScript"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: PDF document conversion tool: <literal>pdftk</literal>
it: strumento di conversione di documenti PDF: <literal>pdftk</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: converter from HTML to PostScript
it: converte da HTML aPostScript

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: converter from html to latex
it: convertitore da HTML a latex

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: convert documents from LaTeX to RTF which can be read by MS Word
it: converte documenti da LaTeX a RTF leggibili da MS Word

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: converter from PostScript to EPS (Encapsulated PostScript)
it: converte da PostScript a EPS (Encapsulated PostScript)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Text to PostScript converter with Japanese encoding support
it: convertitore da testo a PostScript con supporto per la codifica giapponese

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: PostScript utilities
it: Utilità PostScript

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: pretty print many source codes (C, C++, Java, Pascal, Perl, Pike, Sh, and Verilog) to PostScript. (C language)
it: belle stampe di molti tipi di codice sorgente (C, C++, Java, Pascal, Perl, Pike, Sh e Verilog) in PostScript. (linguaggio C)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: converter from PDF to <ulink url="&scalablevectorgraphics;">Scalable vector graphics</ulink> format
it: convertitore da PDF al formato <ulink url="&scalablevectorgraphics;">SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics)</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: converter from PDF to IPE's XML format
it: convertitore da PDF al formato XML di IPE

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Printing with CUPS
it: Stampare con CUPS

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Both <literal>lp</literal>(1) and <literal>lpr</literal>(1) commands offered by <ulink url="&commonunixprintingsystemcups;">Common Unix Printing System (CUPS)</ulink> provides options for customized printing the printable data.
it: Entrambi i comandi <literal>lp</literal>(1) e <literal>lpr</literal>(1) forniti da <ulink url="&commonunixprintingsystemcups;">CUPS (Common Unix Printing System)</ulink> forniscono opzioni per stampe personalizzate dei dati stampabili.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can print 3 copies of a file collated using one of the following commands.
it: Si possono stampare 3 copie fascicolate di un file usando uno dei comandi seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can further customize printer operation by using printer option such as "<literal>-o number-up=2</literal>", "<literal>-o page-set=even</literal>", "<literal>-o page-set=odd</literal>", "<literal>-o scaling=200</literal>", "<literal>-o natural-scaling=200</literal>", etc., documented at <ulink url="&commandlineprintingandoptions;">Command-Line Printing and Options</ulink>.
it: Si può personalizzare ulteriormente l'operazione di stampa usando opzioni come "<literal>-o number-up=2</literal>", "<literal>-o page-set=even</literal>", "<literal>-o page-set=odd</literal>", "<literal>-o scaling=200</literal>", "<literal>-o natural-scaling=200</literal>", ecc., documentate in <ulink url="&commandlineprintingandoptions;">Stampa dalla riga di comando ed opzioni relative</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: The mail data conversion
it: Conversione dei dati di posta

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The following packages for the mail data conversion caught my eyes.
it: Quelli che seguono sono pacchetti per la conversione dei dati di posta che hanno attirato la mia attenzione.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of packages to help mail data conversion
it: Elenco di pacchetto che aiutano a convertire dati di posta

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: mail
it: posta

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: encoding and decoding of <ulink url="&mime;">MIME</ulink> messages: <literal>mpack</literal>(1) and <literal>munpack</literal>(1)
it: codifica e decodifica di messaggi<ulink url="&mime;">MIME</ulink>: <literal>mpack</literal>(1) e <literal>munpack</literal>(1)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: unpacking <ulink url="&mime;">MIME</ulink> attachments of type "application/ms-tnef" which is a Microsoft only format
it: spacchettamento di allegati <ulink url="&mime;">MIME</ulink> di tipo "application/ms-tnef" che è un formato esclusivo di Microsoft

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: encoder and decoder for the following formats: <ulink url="&uuencode;">uuencode</ulink>, <ulink url="&xxencode;">xxencode</ulink>, <ulink url="&basege;">BASE64</ulink>, <ulink url="&quotedprintable;">quoted printable</ulink>, and <ulink url="&binhex;">BinHex</ulink>
it: codificatore e decodificatore per i seguenti formati: <ulink url="&uuencode;">uuencode</ulink>, <ulink url="&xxencode;">xxencode</ulink>, <ulink url="&basege;">BASE64</ulink>, <ulink url="&quotedprintable;">quoted printable</ulink> e <ulink url="&binhex;">BinHex</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
en: The <ulink url="&internetmessageaccessprotocol;">Internet Message Access Protocol</ulink> version 4 (IMAP4) server may be used to move mails out from proprietary mail systems if the mail client software can be configured to use IMAP4 server too.
it: Se il software del programma di posta può essere configurato per usarlo, anche il server <ulink url="&internetmessageaccessprotocol;">IMAP</ulink>4 (Internet Message Access Protocol, versione 4) può essere usato per spostare la posta da sistemi proprietari.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Mail data basics
it: Nozioni di base sui dati di posta

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Mail (<ulink url="&smtp;">SMTP</ulink>) data should be limited to series of 7 bit data.  So binary data and 8 bit text data are encoded into 7 bit format with the <ulink url="&multipurposeinteilextensionsmime;">Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME)</ulink> and the selection of the charset (see <xref linkend="list-of-encoding-values"/>).
it: I dati di posta (<ulink url="&smtp;">SMTP</ulink>) dovrebbero essere limitati a serie di 7 bit di dati. Perciò dati binari e testi a 8 bit sono codificati in un formato a 7 bit con <ulink url="&multipurposeinteilextensionsmime;">MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions)</ulink> e la selezione del set di caratteri (vedere <xref linkend="list-of-encoding-values"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The standard mail storage format is mbox formatted according to <ulink url="&rfcciccupdatedrfcicc;">RFC2822 (updated RFC822)</ulink>.  See <literal>mbox</literal>(5) (provided by the <literal>mutt</literal> package).
it: Il formato standard per l'archiviazione della posta è mbox strutturato seguendo la <ulink url="&rfcciccupdatedrfcicc;">RFC2822 (che aggiorna RFC822)</ulink>. Vedere <literal>mbox</literal>(5) (fornito dal pacchetto <literal>mutt</literal>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For European languages, "<literal>Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable</literal>" with the ISO-8859-1 charset is usually used for mail since there are not much 8 bit characters. If European text is encoded in UTF-8, "<literal>Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable</literal>" is likely to be used since it is mostly 7 bit data.
it: Per le lingue europee, per la posta viene di solito usato "<literal>Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable</literal>" con il set di caratteri ISO-8859-1 dato che non ci sono molti caratteri a 8 bit. Se il testo europeo è codificato in UTF-8, è probabile venga usato "<literal>Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable</literal>" dato che sono per la maggior parte dati a 7 bit.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For Japanese, traditionally "<literal>Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-2022-JP</literal>" is usually used for mail to keep text in 7 bits.  But older Microsoft systems may send mail data in Shift-JIS without proper declaration.  If Japanese text is encoded in UTF-8, <ulink url="&basege;">Base64</ulink> is likely to be used since it contains many 8 bit data.  The situation of other Asian languages is similar.
it: Per il giapponese, per la posta viene tradizionalmente usato "<literal>Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-2022-JP</literal>" per mantenere il testo a 7 bit. Ma sistemi Microsoft più vecchi possono inviare dati di posta in Shift-JIS senza una dichiarazione appropriata. Se il testo giapponese è codificato in UTF-8, è probabile venga usato <ulink url="&basege;">Base64</ulink> dato che contiene molti dati a 8 bit. La situazione delle altre lingue asiatiche è simile.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: If your non-Unix mail data is accessible by a non-Debian client software which can talk to the IMAP4 server, you may be able to move them out by running your own IMAP4 server.
it: Se i dati di posta non-Unix sono accessibili da un software di posta non-Debian che può comunicare con il server IMAP4, potrebbe essere possibile spostarli eseguendo un proprio server IMAP4.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: If you use other mail storage formats, moving them to mbox format is the good first step.  The versatile client program such as <literal>mutt</literal>(1) may be handy for this.
it: Se si usano altri formati di archiviazione, spostarli nel formato mbox è un buon primo passo. Un versatile programma client come <literal>mutt</literal>(1) può essere di aiuto in questo caso.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can split mailbox contents to each message using <literal>procmail</literal>(1) and <literal>formail</literal>(1).
it: Si può suddividere il contenuto di una casella di posta nei singoli messaggi usando <literal>procmail</literal>(1) e <literal>formail</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Each mail message can be unpacked using <literal>munpack</literal>(1) from the <literal>mpack</literal> package (or other specialized tools) to obtain the MIME encoded contents.
it: Ciascun messaggio di posta può essere spachettato usando <literal>munpack</literal>(1), dal pacchetto <literal>mpack</literal>, (o con altri strumenti specializzati) per ottenere i contenuti codificati MIME.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Graphic data tools
it: Strumenti per dati grafici

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Although GUI programs such as <literal>gimp</literal>(1) are very powerful, command line tools such as <literal>imagemagick</literal>(1) are quite useful for automating image manipulation via scripts.
it: Sebbene programmi con interfaccia utente grafica come <literal>gimp</literal>(1) siano molto potenti, strumenti a riga di comando come <literal>imagemagick</literal>(1) sono piuttosto utili per manipolare in modo automatico immagini usando script.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The de facto image file format of the digital camera is the <ulink url="&exchangeableimagefileformat;">Exchangeable Image File Format</ulink> (EXIF) which is the <ulink url="&jpeg;">JPEG</ulink> image file format with additional metadata tags.  It can hold information such as date, time, and camera settings.
it: Il formato standard di fatto per i file immagini delle fotocamere digitali è <ulink url="&exchangeableimagefileformat;">EXIF (Exchangeable Image File Format) </ulink> che è il formato per file immagine <ulink url="&jpeg;">JPEG</ulink> con tag aggiuntivi con metadati. Può contenere informazioni come la data, l'orario e le impostazioni della fotocamera.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: <ulink url="&thelempelzivwelcsdatacompression;">The Lempel-Ziv-Welch (LZW) lossless data compression</ulink> patent has been expired.  <ulink url="&graphicsinterchangeformatgif;">Graphics Interchange Format (GIF)</ulink> utilities which use the LZW compression method are now freely available on the Debian system.
it: I diritti sulla <ulink url="&thelempelzivwelcsdatacompression;">compressione senza perdita di dati Lempel-Ziv-Welch (LZW) </ulink> sono scaduti. Le utilità <ulink url="&graphicsinterchangeformatgif;">GIF (Graphics Interchange Format)</ulink> che usano il metodo di compressione LZW sono ora disponibili liberamente sul sistema Debian.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
en: Any digital camera or scanner with removable recording media works with Linux through <ulink url="&usbstorage;">USB storage</ulink> readers since it follows the <ulink url="&designruleforcamerafilesystem;">Design rule for Camera Filesystem</ulink> and uses <ulink url="&fat;">FAT</ulink> filesystem. See <xref linkend="_removable_storage_device"/>.
it: Qualsiasi fotocamera digitale o scanner con un supporto di archiviazione removibile funziona in Linux attraverso i lettori di <ulink url="&usbstorage;">archiviazione USB</ulink> dato che segue le <ulink url="&designruleforcamerafilesystem;">regole progettuali per i file system delle fotocamere</ulink> e usa il file system <ulink url="&fat;">FAT</ulink>. Vedere <xref linkend="_removable_storage_device"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Graphic data tools (metapackage)
it: Strumenti per dati grafici (metapacchetto)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The following metapackages are good starting points for searching graphics data tools using <literal>aptitude</literal>(8).  "<ulink url="&packagesoverviewtoolsmaintainers;">Packages overview for Debian PhotoTools Maintainers</ulink>" can be another starting point.
it: I seguenti metapacchetti sono un buon punto di inizio per cercare strumenti per dati grafici usando <literal>aptitude</literal>(8). Un altro punto di partenza può essere "<ulink url="&packagesoverviewtoolsmaintainers;">Panoramica dei pacchetti per i manutentori degli strumenti per fotografia di Debian</ulink>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of graphics data tools (metapackage)
it: Elenco di strumenti per dati grafici (metapacchetto)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: metapackage for teaching graphics and pictural art.
it: metapacchetto per insegnare grafica e arti pittoriche.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: metapackage for open font design
it: metapacchetto per creazione di tipi di caratteri open

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Search more image tools using regex "<literal>~Gworks-with::image</literal>" in <literal>aptitude</literal>(8) (see <xref linkend="_search_method_options_with_aptitude"/>).
it: Cercare ulteriori strumenti per le immagini usando l'espressione regolare "<literal>~Gworks-with::image</literal>" in <literal>aptitude</literal>(8) (vedere <xref linkend="_search_method_options_with_aptitude"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Graphic data tools (GUI)
it: Strumenti per dati grafici (GUI)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The following packages for the GUI graphics data conversion, editing, and organization tools caught my eyes.
it: Quelli che seguono sono pacchetti di strumenti GUI per la conversione, la modifica e l'organizzazione di dati grafici che hanno attirato la mia attenzione.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of graphics data tools (GUI)
it: Elenco di strumenti per dati grafici (GUI)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: image(bitmap)
it: immagine(bitmap)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: GNU Image Manipulation Program
it: GNU Image Manipulation Program, programma GNU di manipolazione di immagini

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: GTK-based X11 frontend for SANE (Scanner Access Now Easy)
it: frontend X11 basato su GTK per SANE (Scanner Access Now Easy)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&scribus;">Scribus</ulink> DTP editor
it: editor DTP <ulink url="&scribus;">Scribus</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: image(vector)
it: immagine(vettoriale)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: LibreOffice office suite - drawing
it: suite per ufficio LibreOffice - disegno

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&svgscalablevectorgraphics;">SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics)</ulink> editor
it: editor <ulink url="&svgscalablevectorgraphics;">SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics)</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: diagram editor (Gtk)
it: editor di diagrammi (Gtk)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Facility for Interactive Generation of figures under X11
it: strumento per la generazione interattiva di figure in X11

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: image→text
it: immagine→testo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: free OCR software
it: software OCR libero

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: image(Exif)
it: immagine(Exif)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Eye of GNOME graphics viewer program
it: visualizzatore di immagini grafiche Eye of GNOME

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: image viewer and browser (GNOME)
it: navigatore e visualizzatore di immagini (GNOME)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: image viewer using GTK
it: visualizzatore d'immagini che usa GTK

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: digital photo organizer (GNOME)
it: organizzatore di foto digitali (GNOME)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: image viewer (KDE)
it: visualizzatore di immagini (KDE)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: digital camera support for KDE applications
it: supporto per fotocamere digitali in applicazioni KDE

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: digital photo management application for KDE
it: applicazione per la gestione delle foto digitali per KDE

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: virtual lighttable and darkroom for photographers
it: tavolo luminoso e camera oscura virtuali per fotografi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: panorama photo stitcher
it: ricucitore di foto per panorami

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: 2D CAD data editor
it: editor di dati CAD 2D

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: 3D CAD data editor
it: editor di dati CAD 3D

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: 3D content editor for animation etc
it: editor di contenuti 3D per animazioni, ecc.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: OpenGL based 3D model editor
it: editor di modelli 3D basato su OpenGL

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: font editor for PS, TrueType and OpenType fonts
it: editor di tipi di carattere per caratteri PS, TrueType e OpenType

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: program for <ulink url="&gridfittingandhinting;">gridfitting and hinting</ulink> TrueType fonts
it: programma per <ulink url="&gridfittingandhinting;">gridfitting e hinting</ulink> di tipi di carattere TrueType

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Graphic data tools (CLI)
it: Strumenti per dati grafici (CLI)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The following packages for the CLI graphics data conversion, editing, and organization tools caught my eyes.
it: Quelli che seguono sono pacchetti di strumenti CLI per la conversione, la modifica e l'organizzazione di dati grafici che hanno attirato la mia attenzione.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of graphics data tools (CLI)
it: Elenco di strumenti per dati grafici (CLI)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: image manipulation programs
it: programmi di manipolazione immagini

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: image manipulation programs (fork of <literal>imagemagick</literal>)
it: programmi di manipolazione di immagini (fork di <literal>imagemagick</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: graphics conversion tools
it: strumenti di conversione di dati grafici

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: convert <ulink url="&highefficiencyimgefileformatheif;">High Efficiency Image File Format (HEIF)</ulink> to JPEG, PNG, or Y4M formats with <literal>heif-convert</literal>(1) command
it: convertire il <ulink url="&highefficiencyimgefileformatheif;">formato High Efficiency Image File (HEIF)</ulink> nei formati JPEG, PNG o Y4M con il comando<literal>heif-convert</literal>(1)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: convert <ulink url="&mswindowsiconsanndfrompngformats;">MS Windows icons and cursors to and from PNG formats</ulink> (<ulink url="&faviconico;">favicon.ico</ulink>)
it: converte <ulink url="&mswindowsiconsanndfrompngformats;">icone e puntatori MS Windows da e verso il formato PNG</ulink> (<ulink url="&faviconico;">favicon.ico</ulink>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: ps/pdf→image(vector)
it: ps/pdf→immagine(vettoriale)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: PostScript and PDF files to editable vector graphics converter (SVG)
it: convertitore di file PostScript e PDF in grafica vettoriale modificabile (SVG)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Windows/image(vector)
it: Windows/immagine(vettoriale)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Windows metafile (vector graphics data) conversion tools
it: strumenti di conversione di metafile windows (dati di grafica vettoriale)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: fig→sxd(vector)
it: fig→sxd(vettoriale)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: convert XFig files to OpenOffice.org Draw format
it: converte file XFig nel formato di Draw di OpenOffice.org

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: image→image
it: immagine→immagine

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: post-processing tool for scanned pages for <ulink url="&ocr;">OCR</ulink>
it: strumento di post-elaborazione per pagine scansionate per <ulink url="&ocr;">OCR</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: free <ulink url="&ocr;">OCR</ulink> software based on the HP's commercial OCR engine
it: software <ulink url="&ocr;">OCR</ulink> libero basato sul motore OCR commerciale di HP

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: OCR engine data: tesseract-ocr language files for English text
it: dati per motore OCR: file di lingua tesseract-ocr per testi in inglese

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: command-line utility to show EXIF information in JPEG files
it: utilità a riga di comando per mostrare informazioni EXIF in file JPEG

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: EXIF/IPTC metadata manipulation tool
it: strumento di manipolazione di metadati EXIF/IPTC

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: transform digital camera jpeg images
it: trasforma immagini JPEG di fotocamere digitali

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: utility to read Exif tags from a digital camera JPEG file
it: utilità per leggere i tag EXIF da un file JPEG di una fotocamera digitale

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: read metadata from digital pictures
it: legge metadati da immagini digitali

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: image(Raw)→ppm
it: immagine(Raw)→ppm

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: decode raw digital camera images
it: decodifica immagini raw di fotocamere digitali

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: image→fingerprint
it: immagine→fingerprint

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: find visually similar or duplicate images
it: trova immagini simili visivamente o duplicati

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: merge images to increase fidelity or create mosaics
it: fonde immagini per migliorarne la fedeltà o creare mosaici

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: image(Exif)→html
it: immagine(Exif)→html

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: generate static HTML galleries from images
it: genera gallerie HTML statiche da immagini

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: universal <ulink url="&steganographic;">Steganographic</ulink> tool
it: strumento <ulink url="&steganographic;">steganografico</ulink> universale

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: optimize <ulink url="&jpeg;">JPEG</ulink> files
it: ottimizza file <ulink url="&jpeg;">JPEG</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: optimize <ulink url="&png;">PNG</ulink> files, lossless compression
it: ottimizza file <ulink url="&png;">PNG</ulink>, con compressione senza perdita

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: optimize <ulink url="&png;">PNG</ulink> files, lossy compression
it: ottimizza file <ulink url="&png;">PNG</ulink>, con compressione senza perdita

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Miscellaneous data conversion
it: Conversioni di dati vari

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: There are many other programs for converting data. Following packages caught my eyes using regex "<literal>~Guse::converting</literal>" in <literal>aptitude</literal>(8) (see <xref linkend="_search_method_options_with_aptitude"/>).
it: Ci sono molti altri programmi per convertire dati. I pacchetti seguenti, trovati usando l'espressione regolare "<literal>~Guse::converting</literal>" in <literal>aptitude</literal>(8) (vedere <xref linkend="_search_method_options_with_aptitude"/>), hanno catturato la mia attenzione.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of miscellaneous data conversion tools
it: Elenco di strumenti di conversione di dati vari

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: converter for the foreign package into the Debian package
it: convertitore di pacchetti estranei in pacchetti Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: converter from "Electric Book" (popular in Japan) to a single <ulink url="&jisxeaib;">JIS X 4081</ulink> format (a subset of the <ulink url="&epwing;">EPWING</ulink> V1)
it: convertitore da "Electric Book" (popolare in Giappone) in un singolo formato <ulink url="&jisxeaib;">JIS X 4081</ulink> (un sottoinsieme di <ulink url="&epwing;">EPWING</ulink> V1)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: any→EPUB
it: tutto→EPUB

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: You can also extract data from RPM format with the following.
it: Si possono estrarre i dati dal formato RPM anche nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
en: Programming
it: Programmazione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
en: I provide some pointers for people to learn programming on the Debian system enough to trace the packaged source code.  Here are notable packages and corresponding documentation packages for programming.
it: Vengono forniti in questo capitolo alcune informazioni base da cui partire per imparare a programmare su un sistema Debian abbastanza da seguire il codice sorgente impacchettato. Quello che segue è un elenco dei pacchetti importanti per la programmazione e dei corrispettivi pacchetti di documentazione.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
en: Online references are available by typing "<literal>man name</literal>" after installing <literal>manpages</literal> and <literal>manpages-dev</literal> packages. Online references for the GNU tools are available by typing "<literal>info program_name</literal>" after installing the pertinent documentation packages.  You may need to include the <literal>contrib</literal> and <literal>non-free</literal> archives in addition to the <literal>main</literal> archive since some GFDL documentations are not considered to be DFSG compliant.
it: Guide di riferimento in linea sono disponibili digitando "<literal>man nome</literal>" dopo aver installato i pacchetti <literal>manpages</literal> e <literal>manpages-dev</literal>. Le guide di riferimento in linea per gli strumenti GNU sono disponibili digitando "<literal>info nome_programma</literal>", dopo aver installato i pertinenti pacchetti di documentazione. Può essere necessario includere gli archivi "<literal>contrib</literal> e <literal>non-free</literal>, oltre all'archivio <literal>main</literal>, dato che alcune documentazioni GFDL non sono considerate conformi alle DFSG.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
en: Please consider to use version control system tools.  See <xref linkend="_git"/>.
it: Considerare l'uso degli strumenti dei sistemi di controllo di versione. Vedere <xref linkend="_git"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><warning><para>
en: Do not use "<literal>test</literal>" as the name of an executable test file.  "<literal>test</literal>" is a shell builtin.
it: Non usare "<literal>test</literal>" come nome di un file di prova eseguibile. "<literal>test</literal>" è un comando interno della shell.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><caution><para>
en: You should install software programs directly compiled from source into "<literal>/usr/local</literal>" or "<literal>/opt</literal>" to avoid collision with system programs.
it: I programmi software compilati direttamente dai sorgenti andrebbero installati in "<literal>/usr/local</literal>" o "<literal>/opt</literal>" per evitare conflitti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><tip><para>
en: <ulink url="&codeexamplesofcrgjjbottlesofbeer;">Code examples of creating "Song 99 Bottles of Beer"</ulink> should give you good ideas of practically all the programming languages.
it: <ulink url="&codeexamplesofcrgjjbottlesofbeer;">Esempi di codice per creare la "Canzone 99 bottiglie di birra"</ulink> dovrebbe dare buone idee per praticamente tutti i linguaggi di programmazione.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: The shell script
it: Script shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The <ulink url="&shellscript;">shell script</ulink> is a text file with the execution bit set and contains the commands in the following format.
it: Uno <ulink url="&shellscript;">script di shell</ulink> è un file di testo con il bit di esecuzione impostato e contiene i comandi nel formato seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The first line specifies the shell interpreter which read and execute this file contents.
it: La prima riga specifica l'interprete di shell che legge ed esegue il contenuto di questo file.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Reading shell scripts is the <emphasis role="strong">best</emphasis> way to understand how a Unix-like system works.  Here, I give some pointers and reminders for shell programming. See "Shell Mistakes" (<ulink url="&httpswwwgreenendkcaabaeshellhtml;">https://www.greenend.org.uk/rjk/2001/04/shell.html</ulink>) to learn from mistakes.
it: Leggere script di shell è il modo <emphasis role="strong">migliore</emphasis> per capire come funzioni un sistema *nix. In questa sezione vengono forniti alcune nozioni di riferimento e promemoria per la programmazione di shell. Vedere "Errori in shell" (<ulink url="&httpswwwgreenendkcaabaeshellhtml;">https://www.greenend.org.uk/rjk/2001/04/shell.html</ulink>) per imparare dagli errori.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Unlike shell interactive mode (see <xref linkend="_the_simple_shell_command"/> and <xref linkend="_unix_like_text_processing"/>), shell scripts frequently use parameters, conditionals, and loops.
it: A differenza della modalità interattiva della shell (vedere <xref linkend="_the_simple_shell_command"/> e <xref linkend="_unix_like_text_processing"/>), gli script di shell usano spesso parametri, costrutti condizionali e cicli.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: POSIX shell compatibility
it: Compatibilità con la shell POSIX

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Many system scripts may be interpreted by any one of <ulink url="&posix;">POSIX</ulink> shells (see <xref linkend="list-of-shell-programs"/>).
it: Molti script di sistema possono essere interpretati da una qualsiasi delle shell <ulink url="&posix;">POSIX</ulink> (vedere <xref linkend="list-of-shell-programs"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The default non-interactive POSIX shell "<literal>/usr/bin/sh</literal>" is a symlink pointing to <literal>/usr/bin/dash</literal> and used by many system programs.
it: La shell POSIX non interattiva predefinita "<literal>/usr/bin/sh</literal>" è un collegamento simbolico che punta a <literal>/usr/bin/dash</literal> ed è usata da molti programmi di sistema.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The default interactive POSIX shell is <literal>/usr/bin/bash</literal>.
it: La shell POSIX interattiva predefinita è <literal>/usr/bin/bash</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Avoid writing a shell script with <emphasis role="strong">bashisms</emphasis> or <emphasis role="strong">zshisms</emphasis> to make it portable among all POSIX shells.  You can check it using <literal>checkbashisms</literal>(1).
it: Evitare di scrivere uno script di shell con <emphasis role="strong">bashismi</emphasis> o <emphasis role="strong">zshismi</emphasis> per renderlo portabile tra tutte le shell POSIX. Si può controllare uno script con <literal>checkbashisms</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of typical bashisms
it: Elenco di bashismi tipici

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: Good: POSIX
it: Buono: POSIX

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: Avoid: bashism
it: Da evitare: bashismo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>if [ "$foo" = "$bar" ] ; then …</literal>
it: <literal>if [ "$pippo" = "$pluto" ] ; then …</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>if [ "$foo" == "$bar" ] ; then …</literal>
it: <literal>if [ "$pippo" == "$pluto" ] ; then …</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>mkdir /foobar /foobaz</literal>
it: <literal>mkdir /pippopluto /pippopaperino</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>mkdir /foo{bar,baz}</literal>
it: <literal>mkdir /pippo{pluto,paperino}</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>funcname() { … }</literal>
it: <literal>nomefunzione() { … }</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>function funcname() { … }</literal>
it: <literal>function nomefunzione() { … }</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: octal format: "<literal>\377</literal>"
it: formato ottale: "<literal>\377</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: hexadecimal format: "<literal>\xff</literal>"
it: formato esadecimale: "<literal>\xff</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The "<literal>echo</literal>" command must be used with following cares since its implementation differs among shell builtin and external commands.
it: Il comando "<literal>echo</literal>" deve essere usato con le precauzioni seguenti dato che la sua implementazione è diversa negli svariati comandi interni della shell ed esterni.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Avoid using any command options except "<literal>-n</literal>".
it: Evitare l'uso di qualsiasi opzione di comando tranne "<literal>-n</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Avoid using escape sequences in the string since their handling varies.
it: Evitare l'uso di sequenze di escape nelle stringhe dato che la loro gestione è variabile.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: Although "<literal>-n</literal>" option is <emphasis role="strong">not</emphasis> really POSIX syntax, it is generally accepted.
it: Sebbene l'opzione "<literal>-n</literal>" <emphasis role="strong">non</emphasis> faccia veramente parte della sintassi POSIX, è generalmente accettata.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Use the "<literal>printf</literal>" command instead of the "<literal>echo</literal>" command if you need to embed escape sequences in the output string.
it: Se è necessario inserire sequenze di escape nella stringa in output, usare il comando "<literal>printf</literal>" al posto del comando "<literal>echo</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Shell parameters
it: Parametri di shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Special shell parameters are frequently used in the shell script.
it: Negli script di shell vengono spesso usati parametri speciali.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of shell parameters
it: Elenco di parametri di shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: shell parameter
it: parametro di shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: name of the shell or shell script
it: nome della shell o dello script di shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: first (1st) shell argument
it: primo (1°) argomento di shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: ninth (9th) shell argument
it: nono (9°) argomento di shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: number of positional parameters
it: numero di parametri posizionali

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: exit status of the most recent command
it: stato d'uscita del comando più recente

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: PID of this shell script
it: PID dello script di shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: PID of most recently started background job
it: PID del compito sullo sfondo avviato più recentemente

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Basic <emphasis role="strong">parameter expansions</emphasis> to remember are as follows.
it: Le nozioni base da ricordare riguardanti la <emphasis role="strong">espansione dei parametri</emphasis> sono le seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of shell parameter expansions
it: Elenco di espansioni di parametri di shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: parameter expression form
it: forma della espressione con parametri

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: value if <literal>var</literal> is set
it: valore se <literal>var</literal> è impostata

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: value if <literal>var</literal> is not set
it: valore se <literal>var</literal> non è impostata

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>${var:-string}</literal>
it: <literal>${var:-stringa}</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: "<literal>string</literal>"
it: "<literal>stringa</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>${var:+string}</literal>
it: <literal>${var:+stringa}</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>${var:=string}</literal>
it: <literal>${var:=stringa}</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: "<literal>string</literal>" (and run "<literal>var=string</literal>")
it: "<literal>stringa</literal>" (ed esegue "<literal>var=stringa</literal>")

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: echo "<literal>string</literal>" to <emphasis role="strong">stderr</emphasis> (and exit with error)
it: invia con echo "<literal>stringa</literal>" allo <emphasis role="strong">stderr</emphasis> (ed esce con stato di errore)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here, the colon "<literal>:</literal>" in all of these operators is actually optional.
it: I due punti "<literal>:</literal>" in tutti gli operatori nell'elenco precedente sono di fatto opzionali.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">with</emphasis> "<literal>:</literal>" = operator test for <emphasis role="strong">exist</emphasis> and <emphasis role="strong">not null</emphasis>
it: <emphasis role="strong">con</emphasis> "<literal>:</literal>" l'operatore = controlla che il suo operando <emphasis role="strong">esista</emphasis> e sia <emphasis role="strong">non nullo</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">without</emphasis> "<literal>:</literal>" = operator test for <emphasis role="strong">exist</emphasis> only
it: <emphasis role="strong">senza</emphasis> "<literal>:</literal>" l'operatore = controlla solo che il suo operando <emphasis role="strong">esista</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of key shell parameter substitutions
it: Elenco di sostituzioni chiave di parametri di shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: parameter substitution form
it: forma della sostituzione di parametri

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: result
it: risultato

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>${var%suffix}</literal>
it: <literal>${var%suffisso}</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: remove smallest suffix pattern
it: rimuove il più piccolo modello di suffisso

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>${var%%suffix}</literal>
it: <literal>${var%%suffisso}</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: remove largest suffix pattern
it: rimuove il più grande modello di suffisso

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>${var#prefix}</literal>
it: <literal>${var#prefisso}</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: remove smallest prefix pattern
it: rimuove il più piccolo modello di prefisso

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>${var##prefix}</literal>
it: <literal>${var##prefisso}</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: remove largest prefix pattern
it: rimuove il più grande modello di prefisso

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Shell conditionals
it: Costrutti condizionali della shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Each command returns an <emphasis role="strong">exit status</emphasis> which can be used for conditional expressions.
it: Ogni comando restituisce uno <emphasis role="strong">stato di uscita</emphasis> che può essere usato in costrutti condizionali.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Success: 0 ("True")
it: Successo: 0 ("Vero")

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Error: non 0 ("False")
it: Errore: non 0 ("Falso")

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: "0" in the shell conditional context means "True", while "0" in the C conditional context means "False".
it: "0" nel contesto condizionale della shell significa "Vero", mentre "0" nel contesto condizionale in C significa "Falso".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: "<literal>[</literal>" is the equivalent of the <literal>test</literal> command, which evaluates its arguments up to "<literal>]</literal>" as a conditional expression.
it: "<literal>[</literal>" è l'equivalente del comando "<literal>test</literal> che valuta i propri argomenti sino a "<literal>]</literal>" come un'espressione condizionale.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Basic <emphasis role="strong">conditional idioms</emphasis> to remember are the following.
it: Le <emphasis role="strong">espressioni condizionali</emphasis> di base che è bene ricordare sono le seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal><emphasis>command</emphasis> &amp;&amp; <emphasis>if_success_run_this_command_too</emphasis> || true</literal>"
it: "<literal><emphasis>comando</emphasis> &amp;&amp; <emphasis>se_successo_esegue_anche_questo_comando</emphasis> || true</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal><emphasis>command</emphasis> || <emphasis>if_not_success_run_this_command_too</emphasis> || true</literal>"
it: "<literal><emphasis>comando</emphasis> || <emphasis>se_non_successo_esegue_anche_questo_comando</emphasis> || true</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: A multi-line script snippet as the following
it: Una porzione su più righe di script come la seguente

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here trailing "<literal>|| true</literal>" was needed to ensure this shell script does not exit at this line accidentally when shell is invoked with "<literal>-e</literal>" flag.
it: In questo caso il "<literal>|| true</literal>" finale era necessario per assicurare che lo script non termini accidentalmente a tale riga quando la shell è invocata con l'opzione "<literal>-e</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of file comparison operators in the conditional expression
it: Elenco di operatori per paragonare file in espressioni condizionali

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: equation
it: equazione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: condition to return logical true
it: condizione perché venga restituito il valore logico "vero"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <emphasis>file</emphasis> exists
it: <emphasis>file</emphasis> esiste

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <emphasis>file</emphasis> exists and is a directory
it: <emphasis>file</emphasis> esiste ed è una directory

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <emphasis>file</emphasis> exists and is a regular file
it: <emphasis>file</emphasis> esiste ed è un file regolare

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <emphasis>file</emphasis> exists and is writable
it: <emphasis>file</emphasis> esiste ed è scrivibile

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <emphasis>file</emphasis> exists and is executable
it: <emphasis>file</emphasis> esiste ed è eseguibile

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <emphasis>file1</emphasis> is newer than <emphasis>file2</emphasis> (modification)
it: <emphasis>file1</emphasis> è più recente di <emphasis>file2</emphasis> (data di modifica)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <emphasis>file1</emphasis> is older than <emphasis>file2</emphasis> (modification)
it: <emphasis>file1</emphasis> è più vecchio di <emphasis>file2</emphasis> (data di modifica)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <emphasis>file1</emphasis> and <emphasis>file2</emphasis> are on the same device and the same inode number
it: <emphasis>file1</emphasis> e <emphasis>file2</emphasis> sono sullo stesso device e stesso numero inode

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of string comparison operators in the conditional expression
it: Elenco di operatori per paragonare stringhe in espressioni condizionali

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: the length of <emphasis>str</emphasis> is zero
it: la lunghezza di <emphasis>str</emphasis> è zero

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: the length of <emphasis>str</emphasis> is non-zero
it: la lunghezza di <emphasis>str</emphasis> è diversa da zero

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <emphasis>str1</emphasis> and <emphasis>str2</emphasis> are equal
it: <emphasis>str1</emphasis> e <emphasis>str2</emphasis> sono uguali

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <emphasis>str1</emphasis> and <emphasis>str2</emphasis> are not equal
it: <emphasis>str1</emphasis> e <emphasis>str2</emphasis> non sono uguali

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <emphasis>str1</emphasis> sorts before <emphasis>str2</emphasis> (locale dependent)
it: se ordinate, <emphasis>str1</emphasis> viene prima di <emphasis>str2</emphasis> (dipendente dalla localizzazione)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <emphasis>str1</emphasis> sorts after <emphasis>str2</emphasis> (locale dependent)
it: se ordinate, <emphasis>str1</emphasis> viene dopo di <emphasis>str2</emphasis> (dipendente dalla localizzazione)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">Arithmetic</emphasis> integer comparison operators in the conditional expression are "<literal>-eq</literal>", "<literal>-ne</literal>", "<literal>-lt</literal>", "<literal>-le</literal>", "<literal>-gt</literal>", and "<literal>-ge</literal>".
it: Gli operatori <emphasis role="strong">aritmetici</emphasis> di comparazione di interi nelle espressioni condizionali sono "<literal>-eq</literal>", "<literal>-ne</literal>", "<literal>-lt</literal>", "<literal>-le</literal>", "<literal>-gt</literal>" e "<literal>-ge</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Shell loops
it: Cicli di shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There are several loop idioms to use in POSIX shell.
it: Ci sono diverse espressioni per cicli usabili nella shell POSIX.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>for x in foo1 foo2 … ; do command ; done</literal>" loops by assigning items from the list "<literal>foo1 foo2 …</literal>" to variable "<literal>x</literal>" and executing "<literal>command</literal>".
it: "<literal>for x in pippo1 pippo2 … ; do comando ; done</literal>" ripete il ciclo assegnando gli elementi nell'elenco "<literal>pippo1 pippo2 …</literal>" alla variabile "<literal>x</literal>" ed eseguendo "<literal>comando</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>while condition ; do command ; done</literal>" repeats "<literal>command</literal>" while "<literal>condition</literal>" is true.
it: "<literal>while condizione ; do comando ; done</literal>" ripete "<literal>comando</literal>" fintanto che "<literal>condizione</literal>" è vera.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>until condition ; do command ; done</literal>" repeats "<literal>command</literal>" while "<literal>condition</literal>" is not true.
it: "<literal>until condizione ; do comando ; done</literal>" ripete "<literal>comando</literal>" fintanto che "<literal>condition</literal>" è non vera.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>break</literal>" enables to exit from the loop.
it: "<literal>break</literal>" permette di uscire dal ciclo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>continue</literal>" enables to resume the next iteration of the loop.
it: "<literal>continue</literal>" permette di riprendere dalla successiva iterazione del ciclo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: The <ulink url="&c;">C</ulink>-language like numeric iteration can be realized by using <literal>seq</literal>(1) as the "<literal>foo1 foo2 …</literal>" generator.
it: L'iterazione numerica in stile linguaggio <ulink url="&c;">C</ulink> può essere realizzata usando <literal>seq</literal>(1) come "<literal>pippo1 pippo2 …</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: See <xref linkend="_repeating_a_command_looping_over_files"/>.
it: Vedere <xref linkend="_repeating_a_command_looping_over_files"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Shell environment variables
it: Variabile d'ambiente della shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Some popular environment variables for the normal shell command prompt may not be available under the execution environment of your script.
it: Alcune popolari variabili d'ambiente per il normale prompt dei comandi della shell possono non essere disponibili nell'ambiente di esecuzione di uno script utente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: For "<literal>$USER</literal>", use "<literal>$(id -un)</literal>"
it: Per "<literal>$USER</literal>", usare "<literal>$(id -un)</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: For "<literal>$UID</literal>", use "<literal>$(id -u)</literal>"
it: Per "<literal>$UID</literal>", usare "<literal>$(id -u)</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: For "<literal>$HOME</literal>", use "<literal>$(getent passwd "$(id -u)"|cut -d ":" -f 6)</literal>" (this works also on <xref linkend="_the_modern_centralized_system_management"/>)
it: Per "<literal>$HOME</literal>", usare "<literal>$(getent passwd "$(id -u)"|cut -d ":" -f 6)</literal>" (questo funziona anche con <xref linkend="_the_modern_centralized_system_management"/>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The shell command-line processing sequence
it: La sequenza di elaborazione della riga di comando di shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The shell processes a script roughly as the following sequence.
it: A grandi linee la shell elabora uno script nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The shell reads a line.
it: La shell legge una riga.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The shell groups a part of the line as <emphasis role="strong">one token</emphasis> if it is within <literal>"…"</literal> or <literal>'…'</literal>.
it: La shell raggruppa parte della riga come <emphasis role="strong">un unico elemento</emphasis> se è racchiusa in <literal>"…"</literal> o <literal>'…'</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The shell splits other part of a line into <emphasis role="strong">tokens</emphasis> by the following.
it: La shell spezza le altre parti della riga in <emphasis role="strong">elementi</emphasis> in base ai caratteri seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Whitespaces: <literal><emphasis>space</emphasis> <emphasis>tab</emphasis> <emphasis>newline</emphasis></literal>
it: Spazi bianchi: <literal><emphasis>spazio</emphasis> <emphasis>tabulazione</emphasis> <emphasis>a capo</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Metacharacters: <literal>&lt; &gt; | ; &amp; ( )</literal>
it: Metacaratteri: <literal>&lt; &gt; | ; &amp; ( )</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The shell checks the <emphasis role="strong">reserved word</emphasis> for each token to adjust its behavior if not within <literal>"…"</literal> or <literal>'…'</literal>.
it: La shell controlla, per ciascun elemento non racchiuso tra <literal>"…"</literal> o <literal>'…'</literal>, la presenza di <emphasis role="strong">parole riservate</emphasis> per regolare il proprio comportamento.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">reserved word</emphasis>: <literal>if then elif else fi for in while unless do done case esac</literal>
it: <emphasis role="strong">Parole riservate</emphasis>: <literal>if then elif else fi for in while unless do done case esac</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The shell expands <emphasis role="strong">alias</emphasis> if not within <literal>"…"</literal> or <literal>'…'</literal>.
it: La shell espande gli <emphasis role="strong">alias</emphasis> se non sono racchiusi in <literal>"…"</literal> o <literal>'…'</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The shell expands <emphasis role="strong">tilde</emphasis> if not within <literal>"…"</literal> or <literal>'…'</literal>.
it: La shell espande il carattere <emphasis role="strong">tilde</emphasis> se non è racchiuso in <literal>"…"</literal> o <literal>'…'</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>~</literal>" → current user's home directory
it: "<literal>~</literal>" → directory home dell'utente attuale

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>~<emphasis>user</emphasis></literal>" → <literal><emphasis>user</emphasis></literal>'s home directory
it: "<literal>~<emphasis>utente</emphasis></literal>" → directory home di <literal><emphasis>utente</emphasis></literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The shell expands <emphasis role="strong">parameter</emphasis> to its value if not within <literal>'…'</literal>.
it: La shell espande <emphasis role="strong">parametri</emphasis> nei loro valori, se non sono racchiusi in <literal>'…'</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">parameter</emphasis>: "<literal>$PARAMETER</literal>" or "<literal>${PARAMETER}</literal>"
it: <emphasis role="strong">Parametro</emphasis>: "<literal>$PARAMETRO</literal>" o "<literal>${PARAMETRO}</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The shell expands <emphasis role="strong">command substitution</emphasis> if not within <literal>'…'</literal>.
it: La shell espande <emphasis role="strong">sostituzioni di comandi</emphasis>, se non sono racchiuse in <literal>'…'</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>$( command )</literal>" → the output of "<literal>command</literal>"
it: "<literal>$( comando )</literal>" → output di "<literal>comando</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>` command `</literal>" → the output of "<literal>command</literal>"
it: "<literal>` command `</literal>" → output di "<literal>comando</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The shell expands <emphasis role="strong">pathname glob</emphasis> to matching file names if not within <literal>"…"</literal> or <literal>'…'</literal>.
it: La shell espande <emphasis role="strong">glob di nomi percorso</emphasis> nei nomi di file corrispondenti, se non sono racchiusi in <literal>"…"</literal> o <literal>'…'</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>*</literal> → any characters
it: <literal>*</literal> → qualsiasi carattere

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>?</literal> → one character
it: <literal>?</literal> → un carattere

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>[…]</literal> → any one of the characters in "<literal>…</literal>"
it: <literal>[…]</literal> → uno qualunque dei caratteri in "<literal>…</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The shell looks up <emphasis role="strong">command</emphasis> from the following and execute it.
it: La shell cerca <emphasis role="strong">comando</emphasis> tra le cose seguenti e lo esegue.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">function</emphasis> definition
it: Definizione di <emphasis role="strong">funzione</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">builtin</emphasis> command
it: comando <emphasis role="strong">interno</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">executable file</emphasis> in "<literal>$PATH</literal>"
it: <emphasis role="strong">file eseguibile</emphasis> in "<literal>$PATH</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The shell goes to the next line and repeats this process again from the top of this sequence.
it: La shell si sposta alla riga seguente e ripete nuovamente questo processo dall'inizio di questa sequenza.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Single quotes within double quotes have no effect.
it: Virgolette singole all'interno di virgolette doppie non hanno alcun effetto.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Executing "<literal>set -x</literal>" in the shell or invoking the shell with "<literal>-x</literal>" option make the shell to print all of commands executed.  This is quite handy for debugging.
it: L'esecuzione di "<literal>set -x</literal>" nella shell o l'invocazione della shell con l'opzione "<literal>-x</literal>" fanno sì che la shell stampi tutti i comandi eseguiti. Ciò è piuttosto utile per il debug.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Utility programs for shell script
it: Programmi di utilità per script di shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: In order to make your shell program as portable as possible across Debian systems, it is a good idea to limit utility programs to ones provided by <emphasis role="strong">essential</emphasis> packages.
it: Per far sì che il proprio programma di shell sia il più portabile possibile tra i sistemi Debian, è una buona idea limitare i programmi di utilità a quelli forniti dai pacchetti <emphasis role="strong">essenziali</emphasis>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>aptitude search ~E</literal>" lists <emphasis role="strong">essential</emphasis> packages.
it: "<literal>aptitude search ~E</literal>" elenca i pacchetti <emphasis role="strong">essenziali</emphasis>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>dpkg -L <emphasis>package_name</emphasis> |grep '/man/man.*/'</literal>" lists manpages for commands offered by <literal><emphasis>package_name</emphasis></literal> package.
it: "<literal>dpkg -L <emphasis>nome_pacchetto</emphasis> |grep '/man/man.*/'</literal>" elenca le pagine man per i comandi forniti dal pacchetto <literal><emphasis>nome_pacchetto</emphasis></literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of packages containing small utility programs for shell scripts
it: Elenco di pacchetti contenenti piccoli programmi di utilità per script di shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: small and fast POSIX-compliant shell for <literal>sh</literal>
it: piccola e veloce shell conforme a POSIX per <literal>sh</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: GNU core utilities
it: Utilità GNU di base

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: GNU <literal>grep</literal>, <literal>egrep</literal> and <literal>fgrep</literal>
it: GNU <literal>grep</literal>, <literal>egrep</literal> e <literal>fgrep</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: small and fast <literal>awk</literal>
it: <literal>awk</literal> piccolo e veloce

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: miscellaneous utilities specific to Debian
it: utilità varie specifiche di Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: basic utilities from 4.4BSD-Lite
it: utilità di base per 4.4BSD-Lite

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: extra utilities from 4.4BSD-Lite
it: utilità aggiuntive da 4.4BSD-Lite

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: additional Unix utilities
it: utilità Unix aggiuntive

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Although <literal>moreutils</literal> may not exist outside of Debian, it offers interesting small programs.  Most notable one is <literal>sponge</literal>(8) which is quite useful when you wish to overwrite original file.
it: Sebbene <literal>moreutils</literal> possa non esistere al di fuori di Debian, offre piccoli programmi interessanti. Quello più degno di nota è <literal>sponge</literal>(8) che è piuttosto utile quando si desidera sovrascrivere il file originale.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See <xref linkend="_unix_like_text_processing"/> for examples.
it: Vedere <xref linkend="_unix_like_text_processing"/> per esempi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Scripting in interpreted languages
it: Creazione di script in linguaggi interpretati

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of interpreter related packages
it: Elenco di pacchetti relativi ad interpreti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: documentation
it: documentazione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&sh;">sh</ulink>: small and fast POSIX-compliant shell for <literal>sh</literal>
it: <ulink url="&sh;">sh</ulink>: piccola e veloce shell conforme a POSIX per <literal>sh</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&sh;">sh</ulink>: "<literal>info bash</literal>" provided by <literal>bash-doc</literal>
it: <ulink url="&sh;">sh</ulink>: "<literal>info bash</literal>" fornito da <literal>bash-doc</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&awk;">AWK</ulink>: small and fast <literal>awk</literal>
it: <ulink url="&awk;">AWK</ulink>: <literal>awk</literal> piccolo e veloce

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&awk;">AWK</ulink>: "<literal>info gawk</literal>" provided by <literal>gawk-doc</literal>
it: <ulink url="&awk;">AWK</ulink>: "<literal>info gawk</literal>" fornito da <literal>gawk-doc</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&perl;">Perl</ulink>: <literal>perl</literal>(1) and html pages provided by <literal>perl-doc</literal> and <literal>perl-doc-html</literal>
it: <ulink url="&perl;">Perl</ulink>: <literal>perl</literal>(1) e pagine HTML fornite da <literal>perl-doc</literal> e <literal>perl-doc-html</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Perl extension for the GNU ReadLine/History Library: <literal>perlsh</literal>(1)
it: Estensione Perl per la libreria GNU ReadLine/History: <literal>perlsh</literal>(1)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: REPL for Perl: <literal>reply</literal>(1)
it: REPL per Perl: <literal>reply</literal>(1)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: REPL for Perl: <literal>re.pl</literal>(1)
it: REPL per Perl: <literal>re.pl</literal>(1)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&python;">Python</ulink>: <literal>python3</literal>(1) and html pages provided by <literal>python3-doc</literal>
it: <ulink url="&python;">Python</ulink>: <literal>python3</literal>(1) e pagine HTML fornite da <literal>python3-doc</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&tcl;">Tcl</ulink>: <literal>tcl</literal>(3) and detail manual pages provided by <literal>tcl-doc</literal>
it: <ulink url="&tcl;">Tcl</ulink>: <literal>tcl</literal>(3) e le pagine dettagliate di manuale fornite da <literal>tcl-doc</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&tk;">Tk</ulink>: <literal>tk</literal>(3) and detail manual pages provided by <literal>tk-doc</literal>
it: <ulink url="&tk;">Tk</ulink>: <literal>tk</literal>(3) e le pagine dettagliate di manuale fornite da <literal>tk-doc</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: When you wish to automate a task on Debian, you should script it with an interpreted language first.  The guide line for the choice of the interpreted language is:
it: Quando si desidera automatizzare un compito in Debian, si dovrebbe prima creare uno script per esso con un linguaggio interpretato. Le linee guida per la scelta del linguaggio interpretato sono:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Use <literal>dash</literal>, if the task is a simple one which combines CLI programs with a shell program.
it: Usare <literal>dash</literal> se il compito è semplice e combina programmi CLI con un programma della shell.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Use <literal>python3</literal>, if the task isn't a simple one and you are writing it from scratch.
it: Usare <literal>python3</literal> se il compito non è semplice e si sta cercando di scriverlo da zero.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Use <literal>perl</literal>, <literal>tcl</literal>, <literal>ruby</literal>, ... if there is an existing code using one of these languages on Debian which needs to be touched up to do the task.
it: Usare <literal>perl</literal>, <literal>tcl</literal>, <literal>ruby</literal>, ... se è disponibile del codice preesistente in Debian che usa uno di questi linguaggi e che deve essere ritoccato per fare il compito.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: If the resulting code is too slow, you can rewrite only the critical portion for the execution speed in a compiled language and call it from the interpreted language.
it: Se il codice risultante è troppo lento, si può riscrivere solo la porzione critica per la velocità d'esecuzione in un linguaggio compilato e chiamarla dal linguaggio interpretato.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Debugging interpreted language codes
it: Fare il debug di codice di linguaggi interpretati

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Most interpreters offer basic syntax check and code tracing functionalities.
it: La maggior parte degli interpreti offre un controllo di base della sintassi e funzionalità di tracciamento del codice.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: “<emphasis role="strong">dash -n</emphasis> <emphasis>script.sh</emphasis>” - Syntax check of a Shell script
it: “<emphasis role="strong">dash -n</emphasis> <emphasis>script.sh</emphasis>” - Controllo della sintassi di uno script di Shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: “<emphasis role="strong">dash -x</emphasis> <emphasis>script.sh</emphasis>” - Trace a Shell script
it: “<emphasis role="strong">dash -x</emphasis> <emphasis>script.sh</emphasis>” - Tracciamento di uno script di Shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: “<emphasis role="strong">python -m py_compile</emphasis> <emphasis>script.py</emphasis>” - Syntax check of a Python script
it: “<emphasis role="strong">python -m py_compile</emphasis> <emphasis>script.py</emphasis>” - Controllo della sintassi di uno script Python

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: “<emphasis role="strong">python -mtrace --trace</emphasis> <emphasis>script.py</emphasis>” - Trace a Python script
it: “<emphasis role="strong">python -mtrace --trace</emphasis> <emphasis>script.py</emphasis>” - Tracciamento di uno script Python

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: “<emphasis role="strong">perl -I ../libpath -c</emphasis> <emphasis>script.pl</emphasis>” - Syntax check of a Perl script
it: “<emphasis role="strong">perl -I ../libpath -c</emphasis> <emphasis>script.pl</emphasis>” - Controllo della sintassi di uno script Perl

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: “<emphasis role="strong">perl -d:Trace</emphasis> <emphasis>script.pl</emphasis>” - Trace a Perl script
it: “<emphasis role="strong">perl -d:Trace</emphasis> <emphasis>script.pl</emphasis>” - Tracciamento di uno script Perl

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For testing code for <literal>dash</literal>, try <xref linkend="_readline_wrapper"/> which accommodates <literal>bash</literal>-like interactive environment.
it: Per testare codice per <literal>dash</literal>, provare <xref linkend="_readline_wrapper"/> che è adatto ad ambienti interattivi in stile <literal>bash</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For testing code for <literal>perl</literal>, try REPL environment for Perl which accommodates <ulink url="&python;">Python</ulink>-like <ulink url="&replreadevalprintloop;">REPL (=READ + EVAL + PRINT + LOOP)</ulink> environment for <ulink url="&perl;">Perl</ulink>.
it: Per testare codice per <literal>perl</literal> provare l'ambiente REPL per Perl che crea un ambiente <ulink url="&replreadevalprintloop;">REPL (=READ + EVAL + PRINT + LOOP)</ulink> in stile <ulink url="&python;">Python</ulink> per <ulink url="&perl;">Perl</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: GUI program with the shell script
it: Programma GUI con script di shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The shell script can be improved to create an attractive GUI program.  The trick is to use one of so-called dialog programs instead of dull interaction using <literal>echo</literal> and <literal>read</literal> commands.
it: Uno script di shell può essere migliorato per creare un attraente programma GUI. Il trucco è di usare uno dei cosiddetti programmi di dialogo invece di interazioni tristi che usano i comandi <literal>echo</literal> e <literal>read</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of dialog programs
it: Elenco di programmi per dialoghi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>xmessage</literal>(1): display a message or query in a window (X)
it: <literal>xmessage</literal>(1): mostra un messaggio o richiesta in una finestra (X)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: displays user-friendly dialog boxes from shell scripts (newt)
it: mostra riquadri di dialogo amichevoli da script di shell (newt)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: displays user-friendly dialog boxes from shell scripts (ncurses)
it: mostra riquadri di dialogo amichevoli da script di shell (ncurses)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display graphical dialog boxes from shell scripts (GTK)
it: mostra riquadri di dialogo grafici da script di shell (GTK)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Shell Scripts Frontend Tool (wrapper for zenity, kdialog, and dialog with gettext)
it: Shell Scripts Frontend Tool, strumento per frontend per script di shell (contenitore per zenity, kdialog, e dialog con gettext)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: "<literal>/usr/bin/gettext.sh</literal>": translate message
it: "<literal>/usr/bin/gettext.sh</literal>": traduce messaggi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here is an example of GUI program to demonstrate how easy it is just with a shell script.
it: Ecco un esempio di programma con GUI per dimostrare come è semplice facile farlo con uno script di shell.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This script uses <literal>zenity</literal> to select a file (default <literal>/etc/motd</literal>) and display it.
it: Questo script usa <literal>zenity</literal> per selezionare un file (in maniera predefinita <literal>/etc/motd</literal>) e visualizzarlo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: GUI launcher for this script can be created following <xref linkend="_starting_a_program_from_gui"/>.
it: L'avviatore GUI per questo script può essere creato seguendo <xref linkend="_starting_a_program_from_gui"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This kind of approach to GUI program with the shell script is useful only for simple choice cases.  If you are to write any program with complexities, please consider writing it on more capable platform.
it: Questo tipo di approccio ad un programma GUI con script di shell è utile solamente per casi di scelta semplice. Se si sta scrivendo un programma con funzioni complesse, considerare l'idea di scriverlo con una piattaforma con più potenzialità.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Custom actions for GUI filer
it: Azioni personalizzate per un gestore di file con GUI

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: GUI filer programs can be extended to perform some popular actions on selected files using additional extension packages.  They can also made to perform very specific custom actions by adding your specific scripts.
it: I programmi di gestione di file con GUI possono essere estesi per effettuare alcune azioni comuni su file selezionati usando pacchetti di estensione aggiuntivi. È anche possibile fargli fare azioni personalizzate specifiche aggiungendo script specifici dell'utente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: For GNOME, see <ulink url="&nautilusscriptshowto;">NautilusScriptsHowto</ulink>.
it: Per GNOME, vedere <ulink url="&nautilusscriptshowto;">NautilusScriptsHowto</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: For KDE, see <ulink url="&creatingdolphinservicemenus;">Creating Dolphin Service Menus</ulink>.
it: Per KDE, vedere <ulink url="&creatingdolphinservicemenus;">Creating Dolphin Service Menus</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: For Xfce, see <ulink url="&thunarcustomactions;">Thunar - Custom Actions</ulink> and <ulink url="&httpshelpubuntucnarcustomactions;">https://help.ubuntu.com/community/ThunarCustomActions</ulink>.
it: Per Xfce, vedere <ulink url="&thunarcustomactions;">Thunar - Custom Actions</ulink> e <ulink url="&httpshelpubuntucnarcustomactions;">https://help.ubuntu.com/community/ThunarCustomActions</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: For LXDE, see <ulink url="&customactions;">Custom Actions</ulink>.
it: Per LXDE, vedere <ulink url="&customactions;">Custom Actions</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Perl short script madness
it: Pazzie con corti script Perl

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: In order to process data, <literal>sh</literal> needs to spawn sub-process running <literal>cut</literal>, <literal>grep</literal>, <literal>sed</literal>, etc., and is slow.  On the other hand, <literal>perl</literal> has internal capabilities to process data, and is fast.  So many system maintenance scripts on Debian use <literal>perl</literal>.
it: Per elaborare dati, <literal>sh</literal> deve generare sottoprocessi che eseguono <literal>cut</literal>, <literal>grep</literal>, <literal>sed</literal>, ecc., ed è lento. D'altro canto, <literal>perl</literal> ha capacità interne per elaborare i dati, perciò è veloce. Molti script di manutenzione del sistema in Debian usano <literal>perl</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Let's think following one-liner AWK script snippet and its equivalents in Perl.
it: Si consideri il seguente pezzetto di script AWK e i suoi equivalenti in Perl.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This is equivalent to any one of the following lines.
it: Ciò equivale ad una qualsiasi delle righe seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The last one is a riddle.  It took advantage of following Perl features.
it: L'ultima è una sorta di indovinello; sfrutta le seguenti caratteristiche di Perl.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The whitespace is optional.
it: Gli spazi bianchi sono opzionali.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The automatic conversion exists from number to the string.
it: Esiste una conversione automatica da numero a stringa.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Perl execution tricks via command line options: <literal>perlrun</literal>(1)
it: Trucchi di esecuzione di Perl attraverso opzioni della riga di comando: <literal>perlrun</literal>(1)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Perl special variables: <literal>perlvar</literal>(1)
it: Variabili speciali di Perl: <literal>perlvar</literal>(1)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This flexibility is the strength of Perl.  At the same time, this allows us to create cryptic and tangled codes.  So be careful.
it: La flessibilità è il punto di forza di Perl. Al contempo, ciò permette di creare codici criptici e ingarbugliati. Perciò fare attenzione.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Coding in compiled languages
it: Scrivere codice in linguaggi compilati

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of compiler related packages
it: Elenco di pacchetti relativi al compilatore

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: GNU C compiler
it: Compilatore di GNU C

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: GNU C Library: Development Libraries and Header Files
it: Libreria GNU C: librerie di sviluppo e file header

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: GNU C++ compiler
it: Compilatore di GNU C++

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: GNU Standard C++ Library v3 (development files)
it: Libreria GNU Standard C++ v3 (file di sviluppo)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: GNU C preprocessor
it: Preprocessore GNU C

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: GNU Internationalization utilities
it: Utilità GNU Internationalization

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: GTK User Interface Builder
it: Costruttore dell'interfaccia utente GTK

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: C# like language for the GObject system
it: Linguaggio in stile C# per il sistema GObject

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&lex;">LEX</ulink>-compatible <ulink url="&fastlexicalanalyzergenerator;">fast lexical analyzer generator</ulink>
it: <ulink url="&fastlexicalanalyzergenerator;">Veloce generatore di analizzatori lessicali</ulink> compatibile con <ulink url="&lex;">LEX</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&yacc;">YACC</ulink>-compatible <ulink url="&parsergenerator;">parser generator</ulink>
it: <ulink url="&parsergenerator;">generatore di parser</ulink> compatibile con <ulink url="&yacc;">YACC</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: fetch "<ulink url="&thesingleunixspecificationsvc;">The Single UNIX Specifications v2</ulink>"
it: scarica le specifiche "<ulink url="&thesingleunixspecificationsvc;">The Single UNIX Specifications v2</ulink>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: fetch "<ulink url="&thesingleunixspecificationsvd;">The Single UNIX Specifications v3</ulink>"
it: scarica le specifiche "<ulink url="&thesingleunixspecificationsvd;">The Single UNIX Specifications v3</ulink>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: fetch "<ulink url="&thesingleunixspecificationsve;">The Single UNIX Specifications v4</ulink>"
it: scarica le specifiche "<ulink url="&thesingleunixspecificationsve;">The Single UNIX Specifications v4</ulink>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Go programming language compiler
it: Compilatore del linguaggio di programmazione Go

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Rust systems programming language
it: Linguaggio di programmazione Rust

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: GNU Fortran 95 compiler
it: Compilatore GNU Fortran 95

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Here, <xref linkend="_flex_a_better_lex"/> and <xref linkend="_bison_a_better_yacc"/> are included to indicate how compiler-like program can be written in C language by compiling higher level description into C language.
it: Qui sono inclusi <xref linkend="_flex_a_better_lex"/> e <xref linkend="_bison_a_better_yacc"/> per indicare come programmi simili a compilatori possono essere scritti in linguaggio C compilando descrizioni di più alto livello in linguaggio C.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can set up proper environment to compile programs written in the <ulink url="&cprogramminglanguage;">C programming language</ulink> by the following.
it: Si può impostare l'ambiente appropriato per compilare programmi scritti nel <ulink url="&cprogramminglanguage;">linguaggio di programmazione C</ulink> nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <literal>libc6-dev</literal> package, i.e., GNU C Library, provides <ulink url="&cstandardlibrary;">C standard library</ulink> which is collection of header files and library routines used by the C programming language.
it: Il pacchetto <literal>libc6-dev</literal>, cioè la libreria GNU C, fornisce la <ulink url="&cstandardlibrary;">libreria standard C</ulink> che è una raccolta di file header e routine di libreria usati dal linguaggio di programmazione C.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See references for C as the following.
it: Vedere come documenti di riferimento per C i seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>info libc</literal>" (C library function reference)
it: "<literal>info libc</literal>" (documento di riferimento per le funzioni della libreria C)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>gcc</literal>(1) and "<literal>info gcc</literal>"
it: <literal>gcc</literal>(1) e "<literal>info gcc</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>each_C_library_function_name</literal>(3)
it: <literal>ogni_nome_di_funzione_della_libreria_C</literal>(3)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Simple C program (gcc)
it: Semplice programma in C (gcc)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: A simple example "<literal>example.c</literal>" can compiled with a library "<literal>libm</literal>" into an executable "<literal>run_example</literal>" by the following.
it: Un semplice esempio "<literal>esempio.c</literal>" può essere compilato con una libreria "<literal>libm</literal>" in un eseguibile "<literal>eseg_esempio</literal>" nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here, "<literal>-lm</literal>" is needed to link library "<literal>/usr/lib/libm.so</literal>" from the <literal>libc6</literal> package for <literal>sqrt</literal>(3).  The actual library is in "<literal>/lib/</literal>" with filename "<literal>libm.so.6</literal>", which is a symlink to "<literal>libm-2.7.so</literal>".
it: In questo esempio, l'uso di "<literal>-lm</literal>" è necessario per fare il link alla libreria "<literal>/usr/lib/libm.so</literal>" nel pacchetto <literal>libc6</literal> per <literal>sqrt</literal>(3). La libreria reale è in "<literal>/lib/</literal>" con nome file "<literal>libm.so.6</literal>", che è un collegamento simbolico a "<literal>libm-2.7.so</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Look at the last parameter in the output text.  There are more than 10 characters even though "<literal>%10s</literal>" is specified.
it: Si guardi l'ultimo elemento nel testo di output: ci sono più di 10 caratteri anche se è stato specificato "<literal>%10s</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The use of pointer memory operation functions without boundary checks, such as <literal>sprintf</literal>(3) and <literal>strcpy</literal>(3), is deprecated to prevent buffer overflow exploits that leverage the above overrun effects.  Instead, use <literal>snprintf</literal>(3) and <literal>strncpy</literal>(3).
it: L'uso di funzioni che operano su puntatori di memoria senza controlli sui limiti, come <literal>sprintf</literal>(3) e <literal>strcpy</literal>(3) è deprecato per prevenire exploit di tipo buffer overflow che sfruttano gli effetti di superamento dei limiti di grandezza dei dati. Usare invece <literal>snprintf</literal>(3) e <literal>strncpy</literal>(3).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Flex — a better Lex
it: Flex - un Lex migliorato

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <ulink url="&flex;">Flex</ulink> is a <ulink url="&lex;">Lex</ulink>-compatible fast <ulink url="&lexicalanalyzer;">lexical analyzer</ulink> generator.
it: <ulink url="&flex;">Flex</ulink> è un veloce generatore di <ulink url="&lexicalanalyzer;">analizzatori lessicali</ulink> compatibile con <ulink url="&lex;">Lex</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Tutorial for <literal>flex</literal>(1) can be found in "<literal>info flex</literal>".
it: Un tutorial per <literal>flex</literal>(1) viene fornito da "<literal>info flex</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para>
en: Some <ulink url="&tweaks;">tweaks</ulink> may be required to get them work under the current system.
it: Potrebbero essere necessarie alcune <ulink url="&tweaks;">regolazioni</ulink> per far sì che funzionino nel sistema attuale.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Many simple examples can be found under "<literal>/usr/share/doc/flex/examples/</literal>".  <placeholder type="footnote" id="0"/>
it: Molti esempi semplici possono essere trovati in "<literal>/usr/share/doc/flex/examples/</literal>". <placeholder type="footnote" id="0"/>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Bison — a better Yacc
it: Bison - Yacc migliorato

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Several packages provide a <ulink url="&yacc;">Yacc</ulink>-compatible lookahead <ulink url="&lrparser;">LR parser</ulink> or <ulink url="&lalrparser;">LALR parser</ulink> generator in Debian.
it: Svariati pacchetti Debian forniscono un generatore di <ulink url="&lrparser;">parser LR</ulink> lookahead o <ulink url="&lalrparser;">parser LALR</ulink> combatibile con <ulink url="&yacc;">Yacc</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of Yacc-compatible LALR parser generators
it: Elenco di generatori di parser LALR compatibili con Yacc

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&gnulalrparsergenerator;">GNU LALR parser generator</ulink>
it: <ulink url="&gnulalrparsergenerator;">generatore GNU di parser LALR</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Berkeley LALR parser generator
it: generatore Berkeley di parser LALR

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: backtracking parser generator based on <literal>byacc</literal>
it: generatore di parser backtracking basato su <literal>byacc</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Tutorial for <literal>bison</literal>(1) can be found in "<literal>info bison</literal>".
it: Un tutorial per <literal>bison</literal>(1) viene fornito da "<literal>info bison</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You need to provide your own "<literal>main()</literal>" and "<literal>yyerror()</literal>".  "<literal>main()</literal>" calls "<literal>yyparse()</literal>" which calls "<literal>yylex()</literal>", usually created with Flex.
it: È necessario fornire i propri "<literal>main()</literal>" e "<literal>yyerror()</literal>". "<literal>main()</literal>" chiama "<literal>yyparse()</literal>" che a sua volta chiama "<literal>yylex()</literal>", solitamente creato con Flex.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here is an example to create a simple terminal calculator program.
it: Ecco un esempio di come creare un semplice programma per calcolatrice nel terminale.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Let's create <literal>example.y</literal>:
it: Creare <literal>example.y</literal>:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Let's create, <literal>example.l</literal>:
it: Creare <literal>example.l</literal>:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Then execute as follows from the shell prompt to try this:
it: Poi eseguire quanto segue dal prompt di shell per testarlo:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Static code analysis tools
it: Strumenti di analisi statica del codice

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: <ulink url="&lint;">Lint</ulink> like tools can help automatic <ulink url="&staticcodeanalysis;">static code analysis</ulink>.
it: Strumenti simili a <ulink url="&lint;">lint</ulink> possono aiutare nell'<ulink url="&staticcodeanalysis;">analisi statica del codice</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: <ulink url="&indent;">Indent</ulink> like tools can help human code reviews by reformatting source codes consistently.
it: Strumenti simili ad <ulink url="&indent;">Indent</ulink> possono aiutare nella revisione manuale del codice riformattando in modo coerente il codice sorgente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: <ulink url="&ctags;">Ctags</ulink> like tools can help human code reviews by generating an index (or tag) file of names found in source codes.
it: Strumenti simili a <ulink url="&ctags;">Ctags</ulink> possono aiutare nella revisione manuale del codice generando un file indice (o tag) dei nomi trovati nel codice sorgente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
en: Configuring your favorite editor (<literal>emacs</literal> or <literal>vim</literal>) to use asynchronous lint engine plugins helps your code writing.  These plugins are getting very powerful by taking advantage of <ulink url="&languageserverprotocol;">Language Server Protocol</ulink>.  Since they are moving fast, using their upstream code instead of Debian package may be a good option.
it: Configurare il proprio editor preferito (<literal>emacs</literal> o <literal>vim</literal>) in modo che usi plugin per motori per lint asincroni aiuta nella scrittura di codice. Questi plugin stanno diventando molto potenti poiché sfruttano il <ulink url="&languageserverprotocol;">Language Server Protocol</ulink>. Dato che sono in continuo sviluppo, usare il codice originale a monte, invece dei pacchetti Debian, potrebbe essere una buona opzione.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of tools for static code analysis
it: Elenco di strumenti per l'analisi statica del codice

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Asynchronous Lint Engine for Vim 8 and NeoVim
it: motore per lint asincrono per Vim 8 e NeoVim

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Syntax checking hacks for vim
it: trucchi per controllo della sintassi per vim

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: modern on-the-fly syntax checking for Emacs
it: controllo della sintassi al-volo moderno per Emacs

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Emacs Lisp regexp mistake finder
it: strumento per trovare errori in regexp per Emacs Lisp

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: tool for static C/C++ code analysis (GUI)
it: strumento per l'analisi statica del codice C/C++ (GUI)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: lint tool for shell scripts
it: strumento lint per script di shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: passive checker of Python 3 programs
it: controllo passivo di programmi Python 3

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Python code static checker
it: strumento di controllo statico del codice Python

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: interpreter with internal static code checker: <literal>B::Lint</literal>(3perl)
it: interprete con controllore interno statico del codice: <literal>B::Lint</literal>(3perl)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Ruby static code analyzer
it: strumento di analisi statica del codice Ruby

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: clang-based C++ linter tool
it: strumento per ling per C++ basato su Clang

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: tool for statically checking C programs for bugs
it: strumento per controllare staticamente la presenza di bug in programmi C

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: tool to examine C/C++ source code and looks for security weaknesses
it: strumento per esaminare codice sorgente C/C++ e per cercare punti deboli per la sicurezza

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: uncompromising Python code formatter
it: formattatore di codice Python senza compromessi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Perl script indenter and reformatter
it: strumento per rientri e riformattazione di script Perl

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: C language source code formatting program
it: programma per formattazione di codice sorgente in linguaggio C

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Source code indenter for C, C++, Objective-C, C#, and Java
it: strumento per rientri in codice sorgente per C, C++, Objective-C, C# e Java

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: C(++) beautifier
it: abbellitore di C(++)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: XML stream reformatter
it: riformattatore di flussi XML

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Source code search and browse tools
it: strumenti per ricerca e navigazione di codice sorgente

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: build tag file indexes of source code definitions
it: costruzione di file indice di tag di definizioni di codice sorgente

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Debug is important part of programming activities.  Knowing how to debug programs makes you a good Debian user who can produce meaningful bug reports.
it: Il debug è un'importante fase del processo di programmazione. Sapere come fare il debug dei programmi rende buoni utenti Debian in grado di creare segnalazioni di bug sensate.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of debug packages
it: Elenco di pacchetti relativi al debug

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: "<literal>info gdb</literal>" provided by <literal>gdb-doc</literal>
it: "<literal>info gdb</literal>" fornito da <literal>gdb-doc</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: "<literal>info ddd</literal>" provided by <literal>ddd-doc</literal>
it: "<literal>info ddd</literal>" fornito da <literal>ddd-doc</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Basic gdb execution
it: Esecuzione base di gdb

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Primary <ulink url="&debugger;">debugger</ulink> on Debian is <literal>gdb</literal>(1) which enables you to inspect a program while it executes.
it: Lo <ulink url="&debugger;">strumento di debug</ulink> principale in Debian è <literal>gdb</literal>(1) che permette di ispezionare un programma mentre viene eseguito.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Let's install <literal>gdb</literal> and related programs by the following.
it: Installare <literal>gdb</literal> e i programmi correlati nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Good tutorial of <literal>gdb</literal> can be found:
it: Un buon tutorial per <literal>gdb</literal> può essere trovato su:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: “<ulink url="&tutorialontheweb;">tutorial on the web</ulink>”
it: “<ulink url="&tutorialontheweb;">tutorial sul web</ulink>”

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here is a simple example of using <literal>gdb</literal>(1) on a "<literal>program</literal>" compiled with the "<literal>-g</literal>" option to produce debugging information.
it: Quello che segue è un piccolo esempio d'uso di <literal>gdb</literal>(1) su di un "<literal>programma</literal>" compilato con l'opzione "<literal>-g</literal>" per produrre informazioni di debug.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Many <literal>gdb</literal>(1) commands can be abbreviated.  Tab expansion works as in the shell.
it: Molti comandi <literal>gdb</literal>(1) possono essere abbreviati. L'espansione del tasto di tabulazione funziona come nella shell.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Debugging the Debian package
it: Fare il debug di pacchetti Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Since all installed binaries should be stripped on the Debian system by default, most debugging symbols are removed in the normal package.  In order to debug Debian packages with <literal>gdb</literal>(1), <literal>*-dbgsym</literal> packages need to be installed (e.g. <literal>coreutils-dbgsym</literal> in the case of <literal>coreutils</literal>).  The source packages generate <literal>*-dbgsym</literal> packages automatically along with normal binary packages and those debug packages are placed separately in <ulink url="&debiandebug;">debian-debug</ulink> archive. Please refer to <ulink url="&articlesondebianwiki;">articles on Debian Wiki</ulink> for more information.
it: Dato che tutti i binari installati in un sistema Debian dovrebbero avere, in maniera predefinita, le informazioni di debug rimosse, la maggior parte dei simboli di debug non sono presenti nei normali pacchetti. Per poter fare il debug dei pacchetti Debian con <literal>gdb</literal>(1), è necessario installare i pacchetti <literal>*-dbgsym</literal> (es. <literal>coreutils-dbgsym</literal> in the case of <literal>coreutils</literal>). I pacchetti sorgente generano automaticamente pacchetti <literal>*-dbgsym</literal> insieme ai pacchetti binari normale e tali pacchetti di debug vengono messi nell'archivio separato <ulink url="&debiandebug;">debian-debug</ulink>. Per maggiori informazioni fare riferimento agli <ulink url="&articlesondebianwiki;">articoli nel Wiki Debian</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If a package to be debugged does not provide its <literal>*-dbgsym</literal> package, you need to install it after rebuilding it by the following.
it: Se un pacchetto di cui si deve fare il debug non fornisce il proprio pacchetto <literal>*-dbgsym</literal>, è necessario installarlo dopo averlo ricompilato nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Fix bugs if needed.
it: Correggere i bug se necessario.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Bump package version to one which does not collide with official Debian versions, e.g. one appended with "<literal>+debug1</literal>" when recompiling existing package version, or one appended with "<literal>~pre1</literal>" when compiling unreleased package version by the following.
it: Spostare la versione del pacchetto ad una che non crei conflitti con le versioni ufficiali di Debian, ad esempio una che termini con "<literal>+debug1</literal>" quando si ricompilano versioni di cui esiste un pacchetto, o una che termini con "<literal>~pre1</literal>" quando si ricompilano versioni non ancora rilasciate in pacchetti nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Compile and install packages with debug symbols by the following.
it: Compilare ed installare i pacchetti con i simboli di debug nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You need to check build scripts of the package and ensure to use "<literal>CFLAGS=-g -Wall</literal>" for compiling binaries.
it: È necessario controllare gli script di compilazione del pacchetto ed assicurarsi di usare "<literal>CFLAGS=-g -Wall</literal>" per la compilazione di binari.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Obtaining backtrace
it: Ottenere un backtrace

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: When you encounter program crash, reporting bug report with cut-and-pasted backtrace information is a good idea.
it: Quando un programma va in crash, è una buona idea inviare un segnalazione di bug riportando le informazioni di backtrace.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The backtrace can be obtained by <literal>gdb</literal>(1) using one of the following approaches:
it: Il backtrace può essere ottenuto da <literal>gdb</literal>(1) utilizzando uno dei seguenti approcci:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Crash-in-GDB approach:
it: Approccio "crash in GDB":

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Run the program from GDB.
it: Eseguire il programma da GDB.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Crash the program.
it: Mandare in crash il programma.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Type "<literal>bt</literal>" at the GDB prompt.
it: Digitare "<literal>bt</literal>" al prompt di GDB.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Crash-first approach:
it: Approccio "prima il crash":

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Update the “<emphasis role="strong">/etc/security/limits.conf</emphasis>” file to include the following:
it: Aggiornare il file “<emphasis role="strong">/etc/security/limits.conf</emphasis>” in modo che includa quanto segue:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Type "<literal>ulimit -c unlimited</literal>" to the shell prompt.
it: Digitare "<literal>ulimit -c unlimited</literal>" al prompt di shell.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Run the program from this shell prompt.
it: Eseguire il programma da questo prompt di shell.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Crash the program to produce a <ulink url="&coredump;">core dump</ulink> file.
it: Mandare in crash il programma per produrre un file <ulink url="&coredump;">core dump</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Load the <ulink url="&coredump;">core dump</ulink> file to GDB as "<literal>gdb gdb ./program_binary core</literal>" .
it: Caricare il file del <ulink url="&coredump;">core dump</ulink> in GDB con "<literal>gdb gdb ./program_binary core</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For infinite loop or frozen keyboard situation, you can force to crash the program by pressing <literal>Ctrl-\</literal> or <literal>Ctrl-C</literal> or executing “<literal>kill -ABRT <emphasis>PID</emphasis></literal>”.  (See <xref linkend="_killing_a_process"/>)
it: Per situazioni con cicli infiniti o tastiera bloccata, si può forzare il crash del programma premendo <literal>Ctrl-\</literal> o <literal>Ctrl-C</literal> o eseguendo “<literal>kill -ABRT <emphasis>PID</emphasis></literal>”. (Vedere <xref linkend="_killing_a_process"/>.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Often, you see a backtrace where one or more of the top lines are in "<literal>malloc()</literal>" or "<literal>g_malloc()</literal>". When this happens, chances are your backtrace isn't very useful. The easiest way to find some useful information is to set the environment variable "<literal>$MALLOC_CHECK_</literal>" to a value of 2 (<literal>malloc</literal>(3)). You can do this while running <literal>gdb</literal> by doing the following.
it: Spesso si vede un backtrace in cui una o più delle prime righe sono in "<literal>malloc()</literal>" o "<literal>g_malloc()</literal>". Quando ciò accade è probabile che il backtrace non sia molto utile. Il metodo più semplice per trovare informazioni utili è di impostare la variabile d'ambiente "<literal>$MALLOC_CHECK_</literal>" al valore 2 (<literal>malloc</literal>(3)). Lo si può fare mentre si esegue <literal>gdb</literal> nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Advanced gdb commands
it: Comandi gdb avanzati

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of advanced gdb commands
it: Elenco di comandi gdb avanzati

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: description for command objectives
it: descrizione degli scopi del comando

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: get a backtrace for all threads for multi-threaded program
it: ottenere un backtrace per tutti i thread di un programma multi-thread

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: get parameters came on the stack of function calls
it: ottenere i parametri nello stack delle chiamate di funzione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: get a backtrace and parameters as the combination of the preceding options
it: ottenere un backtrace e parametri: combinazione delle due opzioni precedenti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: get a backtrace and parameters for top 10 calls to cut off irrelevant output
it: ottenere un backtrace e i parametri per le prime dieci chiamate nello stack per eliminare l'output irrilevante

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: write log of <literal>gdb</literal> output to a file (the default is "<literal>gdb.txt</literal>")
it: scrivere un registro dell'output di <literal>gdb</literal> in un file (il file predefinito è "<literal>gdb.txt</literal>")

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Check dependency on libraries
it: Controllare le dipendenze dalle librerie

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Use <literal>ldd</literal>(1) to find out a program's dependency on libraries by the followings.
it: Per scoprire le dipendenze di un programma da librerie, usare <literal>ldd</literal>(1) nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For <literal>ls</literal>(1) to work in a `chroot`ed environment, the above libraries must be available in your `chroot`ed environment.
it: Affinché <literal>ls</literal>(1) funzioni in un ambiente "chroot", le librerie in questione devono essere disponibili nell'ambiente "chroot".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See <xref linkend="_tracing_program_activities"/>.
it: Vedere <xref linkend="_tracing_program_activities"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Dynamic call tracing tools
it: Strumenti per tracciamento di chiamate dinamiche

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There are several dynamic call tracing tools available in Debian.  See <xref linkend="_monitoring_controlling_and_starting_program_activities"/>.
it: In Debian sono disponibili diversi strumenti di tracciamento di chiamate dinamiche. Vedere <xref linkend="_monitoring_controlling_and_starting_program_activities"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Debugging X Errors
it: Fare il debug di errori X

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If a GNOME program <literal>preview1</literal> has received an X error, you should see a message as follows.
it: Se un programma gnome <literal>preview1</literal> ha ricevuto un errore X, si dovrebbe leggere un messaggio del tipo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If this is the case, you can try running the program with "<literal>--sync</literal>", and break on the "<literal>gdk_x_error</literal>" function in order to obtain a backtrace.
it: Se ciò avviene, si può provare ad eseguire il programma con "<literal>--sync</literal>" ed interrompere alla funzione "<literal>gdk_x_error</literal>" per ottenere un backtrace.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Memory leak detection tools
it: Strumenti per rilevazione di memory leak

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There are several memory leak detection tools available in Debian.
it: In Debian sono disponibili svariati strumenti di rilevazione di memory leak.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of memory leak detection tools
it: Elenco di strumenti per rilevazione di memory leak

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>mtrace</literal>(1): malloc debugging functionality in glibc
it: <literal>mtrace</literal>(1): funzionalità di debug malloc in glibc

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: memory debugger and profiler
it: strumento di debug e profilazione per la memoria

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>malloc</literal>(3) debugger
it: strumento di debug <literal>malloc</literal>(3)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: debug memory allocation library
it: libreria per il debug dell'allocazione di memoria

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: library to detect buffer overruns and under-runs in C and C++ programs
it: libreria per rilevare buffer overrun e underrun in programmi C e C++

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: memory-leak tracer for C++ programs
it: tracciatore di memory leak per programmi C++

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Disassemble binary
it: Disassemblatore di binari

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can disassemble binary code with <literal>objdump</literal>(1) by the following.
it: Si può disassemblare codice binario con <literal>objdump</literal>(1) nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: <literal>gdb</literal>(1) may be used to disassemble code interactively.
it: Per disassemblare codice in modo interattivo si può usare <literal>gdb</literal>(1).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Build tools
it: Strumenti di compilazione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of build tool packages
it: Elenco di pacchetti relativi alla compilazione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: "<literal>info make</literal>" provided by <literal>make-doc</literal>
it: "<literal>info make</literal>" fornito da <literal>make-doc</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: "<literal>info autoconf</literal>" provided by <literal>autoconf-doc</literal>
it: "<literal>info autoconf</literal>" fornito da <literal>autoconf-doc</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: "<literal>info automake</literal>" provided by <literal>automake1.10-doc</literal>
it: "<literal>info automake</literal>" fornito da <literal>automake1.10-doc</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: "<literal>info libtool</literal>" provided by <literal>libtool-doc</literal>
it: "<literal>info libtool</literal>" fornito da <literal>libtool-doc</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>cmake</literal>(1) cross-platform, open-source make system
it: <literal>cmake</literal>(1), multipiattaforma, sistema make open source

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>ninja</literal>(1) small build system closest in spirit to Make
it: <literal>ninja</literal>(1), piccolo sistema di compilazione, il più vicino in spirito a Make

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>meson</literal>(1) high productivity build system on top of <literal>ninja</literal>
it: <literal>meson</literal>(1), sistema di compilazione ad alta produttività sulla base di <literal>ninja</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>imake</literal>(1), <literal>xmkmf</literal>(1), etc.
it: <literal>imake</literal>(1), <literal>xmkmf</literal>(1), ecc.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <ulink url="&make;">Make</ulink> is a utility to maintain groups of programs. Upon execution of <literal>make</literal>(1), <literal>make</literal> read the rule file, "<literal>Makefile</literal>", and updates a target if it depends on prerequisite files that have been modified since the target was last modified, or if the target does not exist.  The execution of these updates may occur concurrently.
it: <ulink url="&make;">Make</ulink> è un'utilità per mantenere gruppi di programmi. Quando <literal>make</literal>(1) viene eseguito, <literal>make</literal> legge il file di regole, "<literal>Makefile</literal>" e aggiorna il file target se dipende da file prerequisiti che sono stati modificati dall'ultima volta che esso stesso è stato modificato oppure se il file target non esiste. L'esecuzione di questi aggiornamenti può avvenire in modo concorrente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The rule file syntax is the following.
it: La sintassi del file di regole è la seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here "<literal>[TAB]</literal>" is a TAB code.  Each line is interpreted by the shell after make variable substitution.  Use "<literal>\</literal>" at the end of a line to continue the script.  Use "<literal>$$</literal>" to enter "<literal>$</literal>" for environment values for a shell script.
it: Qui "<literal>[TAB]</literal> è il codice di TAB. Ciascuna riga è interpretata dalla shell dopo la sostituzione delle variabili di make. Usare "<literal>\</literal>" alla fine di una riga per continuare lo script. Usare "<literal>$$</literal>" per inserire "<literal>$</literal>" per valori di ambiente per uno script di shell.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Implicit rules for the target and prerequisites can be written, for example, by the following.
it: Regole implicite per il target ed i prerequisiti possono essere scritte, per esempio, nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here, the target contains the character "<literal>%</literal>" (exactly one of them). The "<literal>%</literal>" can match any nonempty substring in the actual target filenames. The prerequisites likewise use "<literal>%</literal>" to show how their names relate to the actual target name.
it: In questo caso il target contiene il carattere "<literal>%</literal>" (esattamente un carattere). Il "<literal>%</literal>" fa corrispondenza con qualsiasi sottostringa non vuota nei nomi di file dei target effettivi. Similmente i prerequisiti usano "<literal>%</literal>" per mostrare come i loro nomi trovino corrispondenza nei nomi dei target effettivi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of make automatic variables
it: Elenco di variabili automatiche di make

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: automatic variable
it: variabile automatica

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: first prerequisite
it: primo prerequisito

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: all newer prerequisites
it: tutti i prerequisiti più recenti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: all prerequisites
it: tutti i prerequisiti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: "<literal>%</literal>" matched stem in the target pattern
it: "<literal>%</literal>" nome base con corrispondenza con il modello target

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of make variable expansions
it: Elenco di espansioni delle variabili di make

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: variable expansion
it: espansione di variabile

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>foo1 := bar</literal>
it: <literal>pippo1 := pluto</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: one-time expansion
it: espansione valida una volta sola

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>foo2 = bar</literal>
it: <literal>pippo2 = pluto</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: recursive expansion
it: espansione ricorsiva

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>foo3 += bar</literal>
it: <literal>pippo3 += pluto</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: append
it: accoda

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Run "<literal>make -p -f/dev/null</literal>" to see automatic internal rules.
it: Eseguire "<literal>make -p -f/dev/null</literal>" per vedere le regole interne automatiche.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <ulink url="&autotools;">Autotools</ulink> is a suite of programming tools designed to assist in making source code packages portable to many <ulink url="&unixlike;">Unix-like</ulink> systems.
it: <ulink url="&autotools;">Autotools</ulink> è una suite di strumenti per programmazione progettata per assistere nella creazione di pacchetti di codice sorgente portabili su molti sistemi <ulink url="&unixlike;">simil-UNIX</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&autoconf;">Autoconf</ulink> is a tool to produce a shell script "<literal>configure</literal>" from "<literal>configure.ac</literal>".
it: <ulink url="&autoconf;">Autoconf</ulink> è uno strumento per produrre uno script di shell chiamato "<literal>configure</literal>" da "<literal>configure.ac</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>configure</literal>" is used later to produce "<literal>Makefile</literal>" from "<literal>Makefile.in</literal>" template.
it: "<literal>configure</literal>" è successivamente usato per produrre "<literal>Makefile</literal>" da un modello "<literal>Makefile.in</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&automake;">Automake</ulink> is a tool to produce "<literal>Makefile.in</literal>" from "<literal>Makefile.am</literal>".
it: <ulink url="&automake;">Automake</ulink> è uno strumento per produrre "<literal>Makefile.in</literal>" da "<literal>Makefile.am</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&libtool;">Libtool</ulink> is a shell script to address the software portability problem when compiling shared libraries from source code.
it: <ulink url="&libtool;">Libtool</ulink> è uno script di shell per affrontare il problema della portabilità del software quando si compilano librerie condivise da codice sorgente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title>
en: Compile and install a program
it: Compilare ed installare un programma

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><warning><para>
en: Do not overwrite system files with your compiled programs when installing them.
it: Non sovrascrivere mai file di sistema quando si installano programmi compilati in proprio.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: Debian does not touch files in "<literal>/usr/local/</literal>" or "<literal>/opt</literal>".  So if you compile a program from source, install it into "<literal>/usr/local/</literal>" so it does not interfere with Debian.
it: Debian non tocca i file in "<literal>/usr/local/</literal>" o "<literal>/opt</literal>". Perciò se si compila un programma dai sorgenti, installarlo in "<literal>/usr/local/</literal>" in modo che non interferisca con Debian.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title>
en: Uninstall program
it: Disinstallare un programma

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: If you have the original source and if it uses <literal>autoconf</literal>(1)/<literal>automake</literal>(1) and if you can remember how you configured it, execute as follows to uninstall the program.
it: Se si hanno i sorgenti originali e questi usano <literal>autoconf</literal>(1)/<literal>automake</literal>(1), e se ci si ricorda la configurazione usata, eseguire quanto segue per disinstallare un programma.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: Alternatively, if you are absolutely sure that the install process puts files only under "<literal>/usr/local/</literal>" and there is nothing important there, you can erase all its contents by the following.
it: In alternativa, se si è assolutamente certi che il processo di installazione mette i file solo in "<literal>/usr/local/</literal>" e lì non c'è nulla di importante, si può cancellare tutto ciò che contiene con la riga di comando seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para>
en: If you are not sure where files are installed, you should consider using <literal>checkinstall</literal>(8) from the <literal>checkinstall</literal> package, which provides a clean path for the uninstall.  It now supports to create a Debian package with "<literal>-D</literal>" option.
it: Se non si è sicuri di dove siano installati i file, si dovrebbe prendere in considerazione l'uso di <literal>checkinstall</literal>(8) dal pacchetto <literal>checkinstall</literal>, che fornisce un percorso di disinstallazione pulita. Ora permette di creare un pacchetto Debian con l'opzione "<literal>-D</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The software build system has been evolving:
it: Il sistema di compilazione del software si sta evolvendo:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&autotools;">Autotools</ulink> on the top of <ulink url="&make;">Make</ulink> has been the de facto standard for the portable build infrastructure since 1990s.  This is extremely slow.
it: <ulink url="&autotools;">Autotools</ulink> basato su <ulink url="&make;">Make</ulink> è stato lo standard di fatto per le infrustrutture di compilazione portabili sin dagli anni '90. È estremamente lento.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&cmake;">CMake</ulink> initially released in 2000 improved speed significantly but was originally built on the top of inherently slow <ulink url="&make;">Make</ulink>.  (Now <ulink url="&ninja;">Ninja</ulink> can be its backend.)
it: <ulink url="&cmake;">CMake</ulink> inizialmente rilasciato nel 2000 ha migliorato significativamente la velocità, ma era ancora costruito sulla base dell'intrinsicamente lento <ulink url="&make;">Make</ulink>. (Ora <ulink url="&ninja;">Ninja</ulink> può essere il suo backend.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&ninja;">Ninja</ulink> initially released in 2012 is meant to replace Make for the further improved build speed and is designed to have its input files generated by a higher-level build system.
it: <ulink url="&ninja;">Ninja</ulink> inizialmente rilasciato nel 2012 è pensato per rimpiazzare Make per una velocità di compilazione ulteriormente migliorata ed è progettato per avere i propri file di input generati da un sistema di compilazione di più alto livello.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&meson;">Meson</ulink> initially released in 2013 is the new popular and fast higher-level build system which uses <ulink url="&ninja;">Ninja</ulink> as its backend.
it: <ulink url="&meson;">Meson</ulink> rilasciato inizialmente nel 2013 è il nuovo popolare e veloce sistema di compilazione di più alto livello che usa <ulink url="&ninja;">Ninja</ulink> come suo backend.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See documents found at "<ulink url="&themesonbuildsystem;">The Meson Build system</ulink>" and "<ulink url="&theninjabuildsystem;">The Ninja build system</ulink>".
it: Vedere la documentazione in "<ulink url="&themesonbuildsystem;">The Meson Build system</ulink>" e "<ulink url="&theninjabuildsystem;">The Ninja build system</ulink>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Basic interactive dynamic web pages can be made as follows.
it: Pagine web dinamiche interattive di base possono essere create nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Queries are presented to the browser user using <ulink url="&html;">HTML</ulink> forms.
it: Le interrogazioni vengono presentate all'utente del browser usando moduli <ulink url="&html;">HTML</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Filling and clicking on the form entries sends one of the following <ulink url="&url;">URL</ulink> string with encoded parameters from the browser to the web server.
it: La compilazione e il cliccare sulle voci nel modulo invia una delle stringhe <ulink url="&url;">URL</ulink> seguenti con i parametri codificati dal browser al web server.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>%nn</literal>" in URL is replaced with a character with hexadecimal <literal>nn</literal> value.
it: "<literal>%nn</literal>" nell'URL viene sostituito dal carattere con valore esadecimale <literal>nn</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The environment variable is set as: "<literal>QUERY_STRING="VAR1=VAL1 VAR2=VAL2 VAR3=VAL3"</literal>".
it: Viene impostata la variabile d'ambiente: "<literal>QUERY_STRING="VAR1=VAL1 VAR2=VAL2 VAR3=VAL3"</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&cgi;">CGI</ulink> program (any one of "<literal>program.*</literal>") on the web server executes itself with the environment variable "<literal>$QUERY_STRING</literal>".
it: Il programma <ulink url="&cgi;">CGI</ulink> (uno qualsiasi dei "<literal>program.*</literal>") sul server web è eseguito con la variabile d'ambiente "<literal>$QUERY_STRING</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>stdout</literal> of CGI program is sent to the web browser and is presented as an interactive dynamic web page.
it: Lo <literal>stdout</literal> del programma CGI viene inviato al browser web ed è presentato come pagina web dinamica interattiva.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: For security reasons it is better not to hand craft new hacks for parsing CGI parameters.  There are established modules for them in Perl and Python.  <ulink url="&php;">PHP</ulink> comes with these functionalities.  When client data storage is needed, <ulink url="&httpcookies;">HTTP cookies</ulink> are used.  When client side data processing is needed, <ulink url="&javascript;">Javascript</ulink> is frequently used.
it: Per ragioni di sicurezza è bene non creare a mano nuovi metodi per analizzare i parametri CGI. Per loro esistono moduli Perl e Python comprovati. <ulink url="&php;">PHP</ulink> è fornito con queste funzionalità. Quando è necessaria l'archiviazione dei dati client vengono usati i <ulink url="&httpcookies;">cookie HTTP</ulink>. Quando è necessaria l'elaborazione dei dati lato client, viene spesso usato <ulink url="&javascript;">Javascript</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: For more, see the <ulink url="&commongatewayinterface;">Common Gateway Interface</ulink>, <ulink url="&theapachesoftwarefoundation;">The Apache Software Foundation</ulink>, and <ulink url="&javascript;">JavaScript</ulink>.
it: Per maggiori informazioni vedere <ulink url="&commongatewayinterface;">CGI (Common Gateway Interface)</ulink>, <ulink url="&theapachesoftwarefoundation;">Apache Software Foundation</ulink> e <ulink url="&javascript;">JavaScript</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Searching "CGI tutorial" on Google by typing encoded URL <ulink url="&httpswwwgooglecoutfiqcgitutorial;">https://www.google.com/search?hl=en&amp;ie=UTF-8&amp;q=CGI+tutorial</ulink> directly to the browser address is a good way to see the CGI script in action on the Google server.
it: Cercare "CGI tutorial" su Google digitando l'URL codificato <ulink url="&httpswwwgooglecoutfiqcgitutorial;">https://www.google.com/search?hl=en&amp;ie=UTF-8&amp;q=CGI+tutorial</ulink> direttamente nell'indirizzo del browser è un buon modo per vedere lo script CGI in azione sul server di Google.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: The source code translation
it: Traduzione di codice sorgente

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: There are programs to convert source codes.
it: Esistono programmi per convertire codice sorgente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of source code translation tools
it: Elenco di strumenti per la traduzione di codice sorgente

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: convert source codes from AWK to PERL: <literal>a2p</literal>(1)
it: converte codice sorgente da AWK a PERL:<literal>a2p</literal>(1)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: convert source codes from FORTRAN 77 to C/C++: <literal>f2c</literal>(1)
it: converte codice sorgente da FORTRAN 77 a C/C++: <literal>f2c</literal>(1)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: converter from NASM (Intel format) to the GNU Assembler (GAS)
it: convertitore da NASM (formato Intel) a GAS (GNU Assembler)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Making Debian package
it: Creare pacchetti Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: If you want to make a Debian package, read followings.
it: Se si desidera creare un pacchetto Debian, leggere i documenti seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <xref linkend="_debian_package_management"/> to understand the basic package system
it: <xref linkend="_debian_package_management"/> per capire le basi del sistema dei pacchetti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <xref linkend="_porting_a_package_to_the_stable_system"/> to understand basic porting process
it: <xref linkend="_porting_a_package_to_the_stable_system"/> per capire le basi del processo di port

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <xref linkend="_chroot_system"/> to understand basic chroot techniques
it: <xref linkend="_chroot_system"/> per capire le basi delle tecniche chroot

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>debuild</literal>(1), and <literal>sbuild</literal>(1)
it: <literal>debuild</literal>(1) e <literal>sbuild</literal>(1)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <xref linkend="_debugging_the_debian_package"/> for recompiling for debugging
it: <xref linkend="_debugging_the_debian_package"/> per la ricompilazione per il debug

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&guidefordebianmaintainers;">Guide for Debian Maintainers</ulink> (the <literal>debmake-doc</literal> package)
it: <ulink url="&guidefordebianmaintainers;">Guide for Debian Maintainers</ulink> (il pacchetto <literal>debmake-doc</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&debiandevelopersreference;">Debian Developer's Reference</ulink> (the <literal>developers-reference</literal> package)
it: <ulink url="&debiandevelopersreference;">Debian Developer's Reference</ulink> (pacchetto <literal>developers-reference</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&debianpolicymanual;">Debian Policy Manual</ulink> (the <literal>debian-policy</literal> package)
it: <ulink url="&debianpolicymanual;">Manuale Debian Policyl</ulink> (pacchetto <literal>debian-policy</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: There are packages such as <literal>debmake</literal>, <literal>dh-make</literal>, <literal>dh-make-perl</literal>, etc., which help packaging.
it: Ci sono pacchetti come <literal>debmake</literal>, <literal>dh-make</literal>, <literal>dh-make-perl</literal>, ecc., che aiutano nella creazione dei pacchetti.

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><title>
en: Appendix
it: Appendice

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><para>
en: Here are backgrounds of this document.
it: Ecco il dietro le quinte di questo documento.

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><title>
en: The Debian maze
it: Il labirinto Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><para>
en: The Linux system is a very powerful computing platform for a networked computer.  However, learning how to use all its capabilities is not easy. Setting up the LPR printer queue with a non-PostScript printer was a good example of stumble points. (There are no issues anymore since newer installations use the new CUPS system.)
it: Il sistema Linux è una piattaforma informatica molto potente per un computer in rete. Tuttavia imparare come usare tutte le sue funzionalità non è semplice. Impostare la coda di stampa LPR con una stampante non PostScript è stato un buon esempio di problema su cui si può inciampare. (Ora non ci sono più problemi dato che le installazioni più recenti usano il nuovo sistema CUPS.)

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><para>
en: There is a complete, detailed map called the "SOURCE CODE".  This is very accurate but very hard to understand.  There are also references called HOWTO and mini-HOWTO.  They are easier to understand but tend to give too much detail and lose the big picture.  I sometimes have a problem finding the right section in a long HOWTO when I need a few commands to invoke.
it: Esiste una mappa dettagliata completa chiamata "CODICE SORGENTE". È molto accurata, ma estremamente difficile da capire. Esistono anche documenti di consultazione chiamati HOWTO e mini-HOWTO; sono più facili da comprendere ma tendono a dare troppi dettagli e a perdere di vista il quadro generale. Io ho a volte dei problemi a trovare la giusta sezione in un lungo HOWTO quando ho bisogno di trovare un paio di comandi da eseguire.

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><para>
en: I hope this "Debian Reference (version &dr-version;)" (&build-date;) provides a good starting direction for people in the Debian maze.
it: Spero che questa "Debian Reference (versione &dr-version;)" (&build-date;) possa fornire un buon punto di partenza per le persone nel labirinto Debian.

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><title>
en: Copyright history
it: Storia del copyright

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><para>
en: The Debian Reference was initiated by me, Osamu Aoki &lt;osamu at debian dot org&gt;, as a personal system administration memo. Many contents came from the knowledge I gained from <ulink url="&thedebianusermailinglist;">the debian-user mailing list</ulink> and other Debian resources.
it: La Debian Reference è stata iniziata da Osamu Aoki &lt;osamu at debian dot org&gt; come promemoria personale per l'amministrazione di sistema. Molti dei contenuti derivano dalle conoscenze ottenute dalla <ulink url="&thedebianusermailinglist;">mailing-list debian-user</ulink> e da altre risorse Debian.

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><para>
en: Following a suggestion from Josip Rodin, who was very active with the <ulink url="&debiandocumentationprojectddp;">Debian Documentation Project (DDP)</ulink>, "Debian Reference (version 1, 2001-2007)" was created as a part of DDP documents.
it: Seguendo un suggerimento di Josip Rodin, che è stato molto attivo nel <ulink url="&debiandocumentationprojectddp;">DDP (Debian Documentation Project)</ulink>, è stata creata la "Debian Reference (versione 1, 2001-2007) come parte della documentazione del DDP.

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><para>
en: After 6 years, I realized that the original "Debian Reference (version 1)" was outdated and started to rewrite many contents.  New "Debian Reference (version 2)" is released in 2008.
it: Dopo 6 anni, Osamu ha realizzato che la "Debian Reference (versione 1)" era sorpassata ed ha iniziato a riscrivere molti dei suoi contenuti. La nuova "Debian Reference (versione 2)" è stata rilasciata nel 2008.

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><para>
en: I have updated "Debian Reference (version 2)" to address new topics (Systemd, Wayland, IMAP, PipeWire, Linux kernel 5.10) and removed outdated topics (SysV init, CVS, Subversion, SSH protocol 1, Linux kernels before 2.5).  References to &release-outdated; release situation or older are mostly removed.
it: L'autore ha aggiornato la "Debian Reference (versione 2)" per affrontare nuovi argomenti (Systemd, Wayland, IMAP, PipeWire, Linux kernel 5.10) e per rimuovere argomenti sorpassati (SysV init, CVS, Subversion, SSH protocol 1, kernel Linux pre-2.5). I riferimenti a situazioni del rilascio &release-outdated; o precedenti sono stati per lo più rimossi.

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><para>
en: This "Debian Reference (version &dr-version;)" (&build-date;) covers mostly &Codename-doc-1; and &Codename-doc-2; Debian releases.
it: Questa "Debian Reference (versione &dr-version;)" (&build-date;) copre per lo più i rilasci Debian &Codename-doc-1; e &Codename-doc-2;.

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><para>
en: The tutorial contents can trace its origin and its inspiration in followings.
it: Si può rintracciare l'origine e l'ispirazione del tutorial nelle fonti seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<ulink url="&linuxusersguide;">Linux User's Guide</ulink>" by Larry Greenfield (December 1996)
it: "<ulink url="&linuxusersguide;">Linux User's Guide</ulink>" di Larry Greenfield (dicembre 1996)

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: obsoleted by "Debian Tutorial"
it: reso obsoleto dal "Debian Tutorial"

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "Debian Tutorial" by Havoc Pennington. (11 December, 1998)
it: "Debian Tutorial" di Havoc Pennington. (11 dicembre, 1998)

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: partially written by Oliver Elphick, Ole Tetlie, James Treacy, Craig Sawyer, and Ivan E. Moore II
it: scritto in parte da Oliver Elphick, Ole Tetlie, James Treacy, Craig Sawyer e Ivan E. Moore II

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: obsoleted by "Debian GNU/Linux: Guide to Installation and Usage"
it: reso obsoleto da "Debian GNU/Linux: Guide to Installation and Usage"

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<ulink url="&debiangnulinuxguallationandusage;">Debian GNU/Linux: Guide to Installation and Usage</ulink>" by John Goerzen and Ossama Othman (1999)
it: "<ulink url="&debiangnulinuxguallationandusage;">Debian GNU/Linux: Guide to Installation and Usage</ulink>" di John Goerzen ed Ossama Othman (1999)

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: obsoleted by "Debian Reference (version 1)"
it: reso obsoleto dalla "Debian Reference (versione 1)"

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><para>
en: The package and archive description can trace some of their origin and their inspiration in following.
it: Si può rintracciare parte dell'origine e dell'ispirazione per la descrizione dei pacchetti e degli archivi nei documenti seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<ulink url="&debianfaq;">Debian FAQ</ulink>" (March 2002 version, when this was maintained by Josip Rodin)
it: "<ulink url="&debianfaq;">Debian FAQ</ulink>" (versione marzo 2002, quando era mantenuta da Josip Rodin)

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><para>
en: The other contents can trace some of their origin and their inspiration in following.
it: Si può rintracciare parte dell'origine e dell'ispirazione per gli altri contenuti nei documenti seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "Debian Reference (version 1)" by Osamu Aoki (2001–2007)
it: "Debian Reference (versione 1)" di Osamu Aoki (2001–2007)

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: obsoleted by the newer "Debian Reference (version 2)" in 2008.
it: resa obsoleta da questa nuova "Debian Reference (versione 2)" nel 2008.

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><para>
en: The previous "Debian Reference (version 1)" was created with many contributors.
it: La precedente "Debian Reference (versione 1)" è stata creata con il contributo di molti.

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: the major contents contribution on network configuration topics by Thomas Hood
it: l'enorme contributo di Thomas Hood sugli argomenti di configurazione della rete

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: significant contents contribution on X and VCS related topics by Brian Nelson
it: il significativo contributo di Brian Nelson sugli argomenti relativi ad X ed a VCS

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: the help on the build scripts and many content corrections by Jens Seidel
it: l'aiuto sugli script build e molte correzioni nei contenuti da parte di Jens Seidel

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: extensive proofreading by David Sewell
it: l'accurata revisione di David Sewell

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: many contributions by the translators, contributors, and bug reporters
it: molti aiuti da parte di chi ha tradotto, contribuito e segnalato bug

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><para>
en: Many manual pages and info pages on the Debian system as well as upstream web pages and <ulink url="&wikipedia;">Wikipedia</ulink> documents were used as the primary references to write this document.  To the extent Osamu Aoki considered within the <ulink url="&fairuse;">fair use</ulink>, many parts of them, especially command definitions, were used as phrase pieces after careful editorial efforts to fit them into the style and the objective of this document.
it: Molte pagine di manuale e info del sistema Debian, oltre a pagine web di autori a monte e documenti <ulink url="&wikipedia;">Wikipedia</ulink> sono stati usati come riferimenti principali per la stesura di questo documento. Nella misura in cui Osamu Aoki ha ritenuto rientrasse nei limiti dell'<ulink url="&fairuse;">uso legittimo (fair use)</ulink>, molte parti de esse, specialmente le definizioni dei comandi, sono state riprese letteralmente dopo attenti sforzi editoriali per inserirle nello stile e nello scopo di questo documento.

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><para>
en: The gdb debugger description was expanded using <ulink url="&debianwikicontentsonbacktrace;">Debian wiki contents on backtrace</ulink> with consent by Ari Pollak, Loïc Minier, and Dafydd Harries.
it: La descrizione dello strumento di debug gdb è stata estesa usando i <ulink url="&debianwikicontentsonbacktrace;">contenuti del Debian wiki sul backtrace</ulink> con il consenso di Ari Pollak, Loïc Minier e Dafydd Harries.

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><para>
en: Contents of the current "Debian Reference (version &dr-version;)" (&build-date;) are mostly my own work except as mentioned above.  These has been updated by the contributors too.
it: I contenuti della "Debian Reference (versione &dr-version;)" (&build-date;) sono per la maggior parte miei tranne per quanto specificato in precedenza. Anche questi sono stati aggiornati grazie a contributi.

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><para>
en: The author, Osamu Aoki, thanks all those who helped make this document possible.
it: L'autore, Osamu Aoki, ringrazia tutti coloro che con il loro aiuto hanno reso questo documento possibile.

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><title>
en: Document format
it: Formato del documento

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><para>
en: The source of the English original document is currently written in <ulink url="&docbook;">DocBook</ulink> XML files.  This Docbook XML source are converted to HTML, plain text, PostScript, and PDF. (Some formats may be skipped for distribution.)
it: I sorgenti del documento originale inglese sono attualmente scritti in file XML <ulink url="&docbook;">DocBook</ulink>. Questi sorgenti XML Docbook vengono convertiti in HTML, testo semplice, PostScript e PDF. (Alcuni formati possono non essere saltati per la distribuzione.)
