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#: debian-reference.en.xmlt:375 msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libvirt" msgstr "" #. type: Content of the lilo entity #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:377 msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LILO_(boot_loader)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of the links entity #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:379 msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Links_(web_browser)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of the lint entity #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:380 msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lint_programming_tool" msgstr "" #. type: Content of the linuxcenathowto entity #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:381 msgid "http://www.netfilter.org/documentation/HOWTO/NAT-HOWTO.html" msgstr "" #. type: Content of the linuxcepacketfilteringhowto entity #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:382 msgid "http://www.netfilter.org/documentation/HOWTO/packet-filtering-HOWTO.html" msgstr "" #. type: Content of the linuxcontainers entity #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:383 msgid "http://lxc.sourceforge.net/" msgstr "" #. type: Content of the linux entity #: 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"http://supportweb.cs.bham.ac.uk/documentation/LaTeX/lguide/local-guide/local-guide.html" msgstr "" #. type: Content of the logicalvolumemanagerlvm entity #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:401 msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_Volume_Manager_(Linux)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of the loopdevice entity #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:402 msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loop_device" msgstr "" #. type: Content of the lrparser entity #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:403 msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LR_parser" msgstr "" #. type: Content of the luks entity #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:404 msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_Unified_Key_Setup" msgstr "" #. type: Content of the lxde entity #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:405 msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LXDE" msgstr "" #. type: Content of the lynx entity #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:406 msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynx_(web_browser)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of the lyx entity #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:407 msgid 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"http://lists.debian.org/debian-testing-security-announce/2010/01/msg00000.html" msgstr "" #. type: Content of the redhatlinux entity #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:552 msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Hat_Linux" msgstr "" #. type: Content of the regularexpressions entity #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:553 msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_expression" msgstr "" #. type: Content of the reisere entity #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:554 msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reiser4" msgstr "" #. type: Content of the reiserfs entity #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:555 msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reiserfs" msgstr "" #. type: Content of the releasenotes entity #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:556 msgid "http://www.debian.org/releases/stable/releasenotes" msgstr "" #. type: Content of the rfcbbjb entity #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:557 msgid "http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1191" msgstr "" #. type: Content of the rfcbdcb entity #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:558 msgid 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"http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2821" msgstr "" #. type: Content of the rfcciccupdatedrfcicc entity #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:567 debian-reference.en.xmlt:568 msgid "http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2822" msgstr "" #. type: Content of the rfcdfab entity #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:569 msgid "http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3501" msgstr "" #. type: Content of the rfceeaj entity #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:570 msgid "http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4409" msgstr "" #. type: Content of the rfcejfe entity #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:571 msgid "http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4954" msgstr "" #. type: Content of the rfcibj entity #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:572 msgid "http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc819" msgstr "" #. type: Content of the rfcicb entity #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:573 msgid "http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc821" msgstr "" #. type: Content of the rfcicc entity #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:574 msgid "http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc822" msgstr "" #. type: Content of the rfcs entity #: 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"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samba_(software)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of the svgscalablevectorgraphics entity #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:584 debian-reference.en.xmlt:633 msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalable_Vector_Graphics" msgstr "" #. type: Content of the scim entity #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:585 msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_Common_Input_Method" msgstr "" #. type: Content of the scribus entity #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:586 msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scribus" msgstr "" #. type: Content of the scsi entity #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:587 msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCSI" msgstr "" #. type: Content of the sections entity #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:588 msgid "http://www.debian.org/doc/debian-policy/ch-archive#s-subsections" msgstr "" #. type: Content of the secureapt entity #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:589 msgid "http://wiki.debian.org/SecureApt" msgstr "" #. type: Content of the ssh entity #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:591 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"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_set_identifier" msgstr "" #. type: Content of the sgml entity #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:600 msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Generalized_Markup_Language" msgstr "" #. type: Content of the shell entity #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:601 msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_(computing)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of the shellscript entity #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:602 msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_script" msgstr "" #. type: Content of the shiftjis entity #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:603 debian-reference.en.xmlt:604 msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shift_JIS" msgstr "" #. type: Content of the shorewall entity #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:605 debian-reference.en.xmlt:606 msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shorewall" msgstr "" #. type: Content of the slp entity #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:607 msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_Location_Protocol" msgstr "" #. type: Content of the smart entity #: 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#: debian-reference.en.xmlt:617 msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparse_file" msgstr "" #. type: Content of the spoofingtheuseragentstring entity #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:618 msgid "http://www.mozilla.org/unix/customizing.html#prefs" msgstr "" #. type: Content of the transportlayerseesocketslayerssl entity #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:620 debian-reference.en.xmlt:621 debian-reference.en.xmlt:622 debian-reference.en.xmlt:685 debian-reference.en.xmlt:687 debian-reference.en.xmlt:688 msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_Layer_Security" msgstr "" #. type: Content of the standaloneshell entity #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:623 msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stand-alone_shell" msgstr "" #. type: Content of the standardgeneralirkuplanguagesgml entity #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:624 msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SGML" msgstr "" #. type: Content of the statefulfirewall entity #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:625 msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stateful_firewall" msgstr "" #. type: Content of the staticcodeanalysis entity #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:626 msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tools_for_static_code_analysis" msgstr "" #. type: Content of the steganographic entity #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:627 msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steganography" msgstr "" #. type: Content of the subversion entity #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:629 msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subversion_(software)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of the superserver entity #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:631 msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super-server" msgstr "" #. type: Content of the superuser entity #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:632 msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superuser" msgstr "" #. type: Content of the symboliclinkorsymlink entity #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:634 msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolic_link" msgstr "" #. type: Content of the sysfs entity #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:635 msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sysfs" msgstr "" #. type: Content of the systemv entity #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:637 msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX_System_V" msgstr "" #. type: Content of the systemvprintercommands entity #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:638 msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_V_printing_system" msgstr "" #. type: Content of the tcl entity #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:639 msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tcl" msgstr "" #. type: Content of the tcpdump entity #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:640 msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tcpdump" msgstr "" #. type: Content of the tcp entity #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:641 msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" msgstr "" #. type: Content of the tcpip entity #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:642 msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP/IP" msgstr "" #. type: Content of the tcpipnetwork entity #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:643 msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol_Suite" msgstr "" #. type: Content of the tcptuningguide entity #: 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"http://www.reactivated.net/writing_udev_rules.html" msgstr "" #. type: Content of the udf entity #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:695 msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Disk_Format" msgstr "" #. type: Content of the udp entity #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:696 msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_Datagram_Protocol" msgstr "" #. type: Content of the uim entity #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:697 msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uim" msgstr "" #. type: Content of the unbranded entity #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:698 msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozilla_Corporation_software_rebranded_by_the_Debian_project" msgstr "" #. type: Content of the unicode entity #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:699 msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode" msgstr "" #. type: Content of the universalcharactunicodeisobagegb entity #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:700 msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Character_Set" msgstr "" #. type: Content of the unix entity #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:701 msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" msgstr "" #. type: Content of the unixvariants entity #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:702 debian-reference.en.xmlt:704 msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix-like" msgstr "" #. type: Content of the unixsccs entity #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:703 msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_Code_Control_System" msgstr "" #. type: Content of the uri entity #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:705 msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Identifier" msgstr "" #. type: Content of the url entity #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:706 msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Locator" msgstr "" #. type: Content of the urw entity #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:707 msgid "http://www.math.utah.edu/~beebe/fonts/urw.html" msgstr "" #. type: Content of the usb entity #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:708 msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Serial_Bus" msgstr "" #. type: Content of the usbstorage entity #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:709 msgid 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entity #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:771 msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xxencode" msgstr "" #. type: Content of the xz entity #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:772 msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xz" msgstr "" #. type: Content of the yacc entity #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:773 msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacc" msgstr "" #. type: Content of the yahoo entity #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:774 msgid "http://www.yahoo.com/" msgstr "" #. type: Content of the zeroconf entity #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:775 msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeroconf" msgstr "" #. type: Content of the zshell entity #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:776 msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z_shell" msgstr "" #. type: Attribute 'lang' of: #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:778 msgid "en" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:780 msgid "Debian Reference" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:781 msgid "" "<author> <firstname>Osamu</firstname> <surname>Aoki</surname> </author> " "<authorinitials>OA</authorinitials>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><abstract><para> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:787 msgid "" "This book is free; you may redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms " "of the GNU General Public License of any version compliant to the Debian " "Free Software Guidelines (DFSG)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:789 msgid "<copyright> <year>2007-2010</year> <holder>Osamu Aoki</holder> </copyright>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><legalnotice><para> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:794 msgid "" "This Debian Reference (v2) (&build-date;) is intended to provide a broad " "overview of the Debian system as a post-installation user's guide. It covers " "many aspects of system administration through shell-command examples for " "non-developers." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:798 msgid "Preface" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:799 msgid "" "This <ulink url=\"&debianreferenceversionc;\">Debian Reference (version " "2)</ulink> (&build-date;) is intended to provide a broad overview of Debian " "system administration as a post-installation user guide." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:800 msgid "" "The target reader is someone who is willing to learn shell scripts but who " "is not ready to read all the C sources to figure out how the <ulink " "url=\"&gnu;\">GNU</ulink>/<ulink url=\"&linux;\">Linux</ulink> system works." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:802 msgid "Disclaimer" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:803 msgid "" "All warranties are disclaimed. All trademarks are property of their " "respective trademark owners." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:804 msgid "" "The Debian system itself is a moving target. This makes its documentation " "difficult to be current and correct. Although the current unstable version " "of Debian system was used as the basis for writing this, some contents may " "be already outdated by the time you read this." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:805 msgid "" "Please treat this document as the secondary reference. This document does " "not replace any authoritative guides. The author and contributors do not " "take responsibility for consequences of errors, omissions or ambiguity in " "this document." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:808 msgid "What is Debian" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:809 msgid "" "The <ulink url=\"&debianproject;\">Debian Project</ulink> is an association " "of individuals who have made common cause to create a free operating " "system. It's distribution is characterized by the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:813 msgid "" "Commitment to the software freedom: <ulink " "url=\"&debiansocialcontreguidelinesdfsg;\">Debian Social Contract and Debian " "Free Software Guidelines (DFSG)</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:818 msgid "" "Internet based distributed unpaid volunteer effort: <ulink " "url=\"&httpwwwdebianorg;\">http://www.debian.org</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:823 msgid "Large number of pre-compiled high quality softwares" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:828 msgid "Focus on stability and security with easy access to the security updates" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:833 msgid "" "Focus on smooth upgrade to latest softwares with <literal>unstable</literal> " "and <literal>testing</literal> archives" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:838 msgid "Large number of supported hardware architectures" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:842 msgid "" "Free Software pieces in Debian come from <ulink url=\"&gnu;\">GNU</ulink>, " "<ulink url=\"&linux;\">Linux</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&bsd;\">BSD</ulink>, " "<ulink url=\"&x;\">X</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&isc;\">ISC</ulink>, <ulink " "url=\"&apache;\">Apache</ulink>, <ulink " "url=\"&ghostscript;\">Ghostscript</ulink>, <ulink " "url=\"&commonunixprintingsystem;\">Common Unix Printing System </ulink>, " "<ulink url=\"&samba;\">Samba</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&gnome;\">GNOME</ulink>, " "<ulink url=\"&kde;\">KDE</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&mozilla;\">Mozilla</ulink>, " "<ulink url=\"&openofficeorg;\">OpenOffice.org</ulink>, <ulink " "url=\"&vim;\">Vim</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&tex;\">TeX</ulink>, <ulink " "url=\"&latex;\">LaTeX</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&docbook;\">DocBook</ulink>, " "<ulink url=\"&perl;\">Perl</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&python;\">Python</ulink>, " "<ulink url=\"&tcl;\">Tcl</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&java;\">Java</ulink>, <ulink " "url=\"&ruby;\">Ruby</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&php;\">PHP</ulink>, <ulink " "url=\"&berkeleydb;\">Berkeley DB</ulink>, <ulink " "url=\"&mysql;\">MySQL</ulink>, <ulink " "url=\"&postgresql;\">PostgreSQL</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&exim;\">Exim</ulink>, " "<ulink url=\"&postfix;\">Postfix</ulink>, <ulink " "url=\"&mutt;\">Mutt</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&freebsd;\">FreeBSD</ulink>, " "<ulink url=\"&openbsd;\">OpenBSD</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&planj;\">Plan " "9</ulink> and many more independent free software projects. Debian " "integrates this diversity of Free Software into one system." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:845 msgid "About this document" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:847 msgid "Guiding rules" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:848 msgid "Following guiding rules are followed while compiling this document." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:852 msgid "" "Provide overview and skip corner cases. (<emphasis role=\"strong\">Big " "Picture</emphasis>)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:857 msgid "Keep It Short and Simple. (<emphasis role=\"strong\">KISS</emphasis>)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:862 msgid "" "Do not reinvent the wheel. (Use pointers to <emphasis role=\"strong\">the " "existing references</emphasis>)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:867 msgid "" "Focus on non-GUI tools and consoles. (Use <emphasis role=\"strong\">shell " "examples</emphasis>)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:872 msgid "Be objective. (Use <ulink url=\"&popcon;\">popcon</ulink> etc.)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:877 msgid "I tried to elucidate hierarchical aspects and lower levels of the system." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:881 msgid "Prerequisites" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><warning><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:883 msgid "" "You are expected to make good efforts to seek answers by yourself beyond " "this documentation. This document only gives efficient starting points." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:885 msgid "You must seek solution by yourself from primary sources." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:889 msgid "" "The Debian site at <ulink " "url=\"&httpwwwdebianorg;\">http://www.debian.org</ulink> for the general " "information" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:894 msgid "" "The documentation under the " "\"<literal>/usr/share/doc/<package_name></literal>\" directory" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:899 msgid "" "The Unix style <emphasis role=\"strong\">manpage</emphasis>: \"<literal>dpkg " "-L <package_name> |grep '/man/man.*/'</literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:904 msgid "" "The GNU style <emphasis role=\"strong\">info page</emphasis>: " "\"<literal>dpkg -L <package_name> |grep '/info/'</literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:909 msgid "" "The bug report: <ulink " "url=\"&httpbugsdebianorgpackage_name;\">http://bugs.debian.org/<package_name></ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:914 msgid "" "The Debian Wiki at <ulink " "url=\"&httpwikidebianorg;\">http://wiki.debian.org/</ulink> for the moving " "and specific topics" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:919 msgid "" "The HOWTOs from The Linux Documentation Project (TLDP) at <ulink " "url=\"&httptldporg;\">http://tldp.org/</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:924 msgid "" "The Single UNIX Specification from the Open Group's The UNIX System Home " "Page at <ulink url=\"&httpwwwunixorg;\">http://www.unix.org/</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:929 msgid "" "The free encyclopedia from Wikipedia at <ulink " "url=\"&httpwwwwikipediaorg;\">http://www.wikipedia.org/</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:934 msgid "" "For detailed documentation, you may need to install the corresponding " "documentation package named with \"<literal>-doc</literal>\" as its suffix." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:938 msgid "Conventions" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:939 msgid "" "This document provides information through the following simplified " "presentation style with <literal>bash</literal>(1) shell command examples." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:940 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# <command in root account>\n" "$ <command in user account>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:942 msgid "" "These shell prompts distinguish account used and correspond to set " "environment variables as: \"<literal>PS1='\\$'</literal>\" and " "\"<literal>PS2=' '</literal>\". These values are chosen for the sake of " "readability of this document and are not typical on actual installed system." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:944 msgid "" "See the meaning of the \"<literal>$PS1</literal>\" and " "\"<literal>$PS2</literal>\" environment variables in " "<literal>bash</literal>(1)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:946 msgid "" "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Action</emphasis> required by the system " "administrator is written in the imperative sentence, e.g. \"Type Enter-key " "after typing each command string to the shell.\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:947 msgid "" "The <emphasis role=\"strong\">description</emphasis> column and similar ones " "in the table may contain a <emphasis role=\"strong\">noun phrase</emphasis> " "following <ulink url=\"&thepackageshortdiptionconvention;\">the package " "short description convention</ulink> which drops leading articles such as " "\"a\" and \"the\". They may alternatively contain an infinitive phrase as a " "<emphasis role=\"strong\">noun phrase</emphasis> without leading \"to\" " "following the short command description convention in manpages. These may " "look funny to some people but are my intentional choices of style to keep " "this documentation as simple as possible. These <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">Noun phrases</emphasis> do not capitalize their starting nor " "end with periods following these short description convention." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:949 msgid "" "Proper nouns including command names keeps their case irrespective of their " "location." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:951 msgid "" "A <emphasis role=\"strong\">command snippet</emphasis> quoted in a text " "paragraph is referred by the typewriter font between double quotation marks, " "such as \"<literal>aptitude safe-upgrade</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:952 msgid "" "A <emphasis role=\"strong\">text data</emphasis> from a configuration file " "quoted in a text paragraph is referred by the typewriter font between double " "quotation marks, such as \"<literal>deb-src</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:953 msgid "" "A <emphasis role=\"strong\">command</emphasis> is referred by its name in " "the typewriter font optionally followed by its manpage section number in " "parenthesis, such as <literal>bash</literal>(1). You are encouraged to " "obtain information by typing the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:954 #, no-wrap msgid "$ man 1 bash" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:955 msgid "" "A <emphasis role=\"strong\">manpage</emphasis> is referred by its name in " "the typewriter font followed by its manpage section number in parenthesis, " "such as <literal>sources.list</literal>(5). You are encouraged to obtain " "information by typing the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:956 #, no-wrap msgid "$ man 5 sources.list" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:957 msgid "" "An <emphasis role=\"strong\">info page</emphasis> is referred by its command " "snippet in the typewriter font between double quotation marks, such as " "\"<literal>info make</literal>\". You are encouraged to obtain information " "by typing the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:958 #, no-wrap msgid "$ info make" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:959 msgid "" "A <emphasis role=\"strong\">filename</emphasis> is referred by the " "typewriter font between double quotation marks, such as " "\"<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>\". For configuration files, you are " "encouraged to obtain information by typing the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:960 #, no-wrap msgid "$ sensible-pager \"/etc/passwd\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:961 msgid "" "A <emphasis role=\"strong\">directory name</emphasis> is referred by the " "typewriter font between double quotation marks, such as " "\"<literal>/etc/init.d/</literal>\". You are encouraged to explore its " "contents by typing the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:962 #, no-wrap msgid "$ mc \"/etc/init.d/\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:963 msgid "" "A <emphasis role=\"strong\">package name</emphasis> is referred by its name " "in the typewriter font, such as <literal>vim</literal>. You are encouraged " "to obtain information by typing the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:964 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ dpkg -L vim\n" "$ apt-cache show vim\n" "$ aptitude show vim" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:967 msgid "" "A <emphasis role=\"strong\">documentation</emphasis> may indicate its " "location by the filename in the typewriter font between double quotation " "marks, such as " "\"<literal>/usr/share/doc/sysv-rc/README.runlevels.gz</literal>\" and " "\"<literal>/usr/share/doc/base-passwd/users-and-groups.html</literal>\"; or " "by its <ulink url=\"&url;\">URL</ulink>, such as <ulink " "url=\"&httpwwwdebianorg;\">http://www.debian.org</ulink>. You are " "encouraged to read the documentation by typing the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:968 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ zcat \"/usr/share/doc/sysv-rc/README.runlevels.gz\" | sensible-pager\n" "$ sensible-browser \"/usr/share/doc/base-passwd/users-and-groups.html\"\n" "$ sensible-browse \"http://www.debian.org\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:971 msgid "" "An <emphasis role=\"strong\">environment variable</emphasis> is referred by " "its name with leading \"<literal>$</literal>\" in the typewriter font " "between double quotation marks, such as \"<literal>$TERM</literal>\". You " "are encouraged to obtain its current value by typing the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:972 #, no-wrap msgid "$ echo \"$TERM\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:975 msgid "Debian BTS" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:976 msgid "" "Astarisk \"*\" placed right after each package name is linked to <ulink " "url=\"&debianbugtrackingsystembts;\">Debian bug tracking system " "(BTS)</ulink> of each package." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:979 msgid "The popcon" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:980 msgid "" "The <ulink url=\"&popcon;\">popcon</ulink> data is presented as the " "objective measure for the popularity of each package. It was downloaded on " "&pop-date; and contains the total submission of &pop-submissions; reports " "over &pop-packages; binary packages and &pop-architectures; architectures." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:982 msgid "" "Please note that the <literal>&arch;</literal> <literal>unstable</literal> " "archive contains only &all-packages; packages currently. The popcon data " "contains reports from many old system installations." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:984 msgid "" "The popcon number preceded with \"V:\" for \"votes\" is calculated by \"100 " "* (the popcon submissions for the package executed recently on the PC)/(the " "total popcon submissions)\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:985 msgid "" "The popcon number preceded with \"I:\" for \"installs\" is calculated by " "\"100 * (the popcon submissions for the package installed on the PC)/(the " "total popcon submissions)\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:987 msgid "" "The popcon figures should not be considered as absolute measures of the " "importance of packages. There are many factors which can skew statistics. " "For example, some system participating popcon may have mounted directories " "such as \"<literal>/bin</literal>\" with \"<literal>noatime</literal>\" " "option for system performance improvement and effectively disabled \"vote\" " "from such system." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:991 msgid "The package size" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:992 msgid "" "The package size data is also presented as the objective measure for each " "package. It is based on the \"<literal>Installed-Size:</literal>\" reported " "by \"<literal>apt-cache show</literal>\" or \"<literal>aptitude " "show</literal>\" command (currently on <literal>&arch;</literal> " "architecture for the <literal>unstable</literal> release). The reported " "size is in KiB (<ulink url=\"&kibibyte;\">Kibibyte</ulink> = unit for 1024 " "bytes)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:994 msgid "" "A package with a small numerical package size may indicate that the package " "in the <literal>unstable</literal> release is a dummy package which installs " "other packages with significant contents by the dependency. The dummy " "package enables a smooth transition or split of the package." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:997 msgid "" "A package size followed by \"(*)\" indicates that the package in the " "<literal>unstable</literal> release is missing and the package size for the " "<literal>experimental</literal> release is used instead." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1001 msgid "Bug reports on this document" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1002 msgid "" "Please file bug reports on the <literal>debian-reference</literal> package " "using <literal>reportbug</literal>(1) if you find any issues on this " "document. Please include correction suggestion by \"<literal>diff " "-u</literal>\" to the plain text version or to the source." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1006 msgid "Some quotes for new users" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1007 msgid "" "Here are some interesting quotes from the Debian mailing list which may help " "enlighten new users." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1011 msgid "" "\"This is Unix. It gives you enough rope to hang yourself.\" --- Miquel van " "Smoorenburg <literal><miquels at cistron.nl></literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1016 msgid "" "\"Unix IS user friendly… It's just selective about who its friends are.\" " "--- Tollef Fog Heen <literal><tollef at add.no></literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1023 msgid "GNU/Linux tutorials" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1024 msgid "" "I think learning a computer system is like learning a new foreign language. " "Although tutorial books and documentation are helpful, you have to practice " "it yourself. In order to help you get started smoothly, I elaborate a few " "basic points." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1025 msgid "" "The powerful design of <ulink url=\"&debian;\">Debian</ulink> <ulink " "url=\"&gnu;\">GNU</ulink>/<ulink url=\"&linux;\">Linux</ulink> comes from " "the <ulink url=\"&unix;\">Unix</ulink> operating system, i.e., a <ulink " "url=\"&multiuser;\">multiuser</ulink>, <ulink " "url=\"&multitasking;\">multitasking</ulink> operating system. You must " "learn to take advantage of the power of these features and similarities " "between Unix and GNU/Linux." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1026 msgid "" "Don't shy away from Unix oriented texts and don't rely solely on GNU/Linux " "texts, as this robs you of much useful information." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1028 msgid "" "If you have been using any <ulink url=\"&unixlike;\">Unix-like</ulink> " "system for a while with command line tools, you probably know everything I " "explain here. Please use this as a reality check and refresher." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1031 msgid "Console basics" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1033 msgid "The shell prompt" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1034 msgid "" "Upon starting the system, you are presented with the character based login " "screen if you did not install <ulink url=\"&xwindowsystem;\">X Window " "System</ulink> with the display manager such as " "<literal>gdm</literal>. Suppose your hostname is <literal>foo</literal>, the " "login prompt looks as follows." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1035 #, no-wrap msgid "foo login:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1036 msgid "" "If you did install a <ulink url=\"&gui;\">GUI</ulink> environment such as " "<ulink url=\"&gnome;\">GNOME</ulink> or <ulink url=\"&kde;\">KDE</ulink>, " "then you can get to a login prompt by Ctrl-Alt-F1, and you can return to the " "GUI environment via Alt-F7 (see <xref linkend=\"_virtual_consoles\"/> below " "for more)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1037 msgid "" "At the login prompt, you type your username, " "e.g. <literal>penguin</literal>, and press the Enter-key, then type your " "password and press the Enter-key again." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1039 msgid "" "Following the Unix tradition, the username and password of the Debian system " "are case sensitive. The username is usually chosen only from the " "lowercase. The first user account is usually created during the " "installation. Additional user accounts can be created with " "<literal>adduser</literal>(8) by root." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1041 msgid "" "The system starts with the greeting message stored in " "\"<literal>/etc/motd</literal>\" (Message Of The Day) and presents a command " "prompt." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1042 #, no-wrap msgid "" "Debian GNU/Linux lenny/sid foo tty1\n" "foo login: penguin\n" "Password:\n" "Last login: Sun Apr 22 09:29:34 2007 on tty1\n" "Linux snoopy 2.6.20-1-amd64 #1 SMP Sun Apr 15 20:25:49 UTC 2007 x86_64\n" "\n" "The programs included with the Debian GNU/Linux system are free software;\n" "the exact distribution terms for each program are described in the\n" "individual files in /usr/share/doc/*/copyright.\n" "\n" "Debian GNU/Linux comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY, to the extent\n" "permitted by applicable law.\n" "foo:~$" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1055 msgid "" "Here, the main part of the greeting message can be customized by editing the " "\"<literal>/etc/motd.tail</literal>\" file. The first line is generated from " "the system information using \"<literal>uname -snrvm</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1056 msgid "" "Now you are in the <ulink url=\"&shell;\">shell</ulink>. The shell " "interprets your commands." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1059 msgid "The shell prompt under X" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1060 msgid "" "If you installed <ulink url=\"&xwindowsystem;\">X Window System</ulink> with " "a display manager such as <ulink url=\"&gnome;\">GNOME</ulink>'s " "<literal>gdm</literal> by selecting \"Desktop environment\" task during the " "installation, you are presented with the graphical login screen upon " "starting your system. You type your username and your password to login to " "the non-privileged user account. Use tab to navigate between username and " "password, or use the mouse and primary click." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1061 msgid "" "You can gain the shell prompt under X by starting a " "<literal>x-terminal-emulator</literal> program such as " "<literal>gnome-terminal</literal>(1), <literal>rxvt</literal>(1) or " "<literal>xterm</literal>(1). Under the GNOME Desktop environment, clicking " "\"Applications\" → \"Accessories\" → \"Terminal\" does the trick." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1062 msgid "You can also see the section below <xref linkend=\"_virtual_consoles\"/>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1063 msgid "" "Under some other Desktop systems (like <literal>fluxbox</literal>), there " "may be no obvious starting point for the menu. If this happens, just try " "(right) clicking the center of the screen and hope for a menu to pop-up." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1066 msgid "The root account" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1067 msgid "" "The root account is also called <ulink url=\"&superuser;\">superuser</ulink> " "or privileged user. From this account, you can perform the following system " "administration tasks." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1071 msgid "" "Read, write, and remove any files on the system irrespective of their file " "permissions" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1076 msgid "Set file ownership and permissions of any files on the system" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1081 msgid "Set the password of any non-privileged users on the system" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1086 msgid "Login to any accounts without their passwords" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1090 msgid "" "This unlimited power of root account requires you to be considerate and " "responsible when using it." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1092 msgid "Never share the root password with others." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1095 msgid "" "File permissions of a file (including hardware devices such as CD-ROM " "etc. which are just another file for the Debian system) may render it " "unusable or inaccessible by non-root users. Although the use of root " "account is a quick way to test this kind of situation, its resolution should " "be done through proper setting of file permissions and user's group " "membership (see <xref linkend=\"_filesystem_permissions\"/>)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1099 msgid "The root shell prompt" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1100 msgid "" "Here are a few basic methods to gain the root shell prompt by using the root " "password." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1104 msgid "Type <literal>root</literal> at the character based login prompt." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1109 msgid "" "Click \"Applications\" → \"Accessories\" → \"Root Terminal\", under the " "GNOME Desktop environment." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1114 msgid "Type \"<literal>su -l</literal>\" from any user shell prompt." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1119 msgid "This does not preserve the environment of the current user." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1126 msgid "Type \"<literal>su</literal>\" from any user shell prompt." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1131 msgid "This preserves some of the environment of the current user." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1139 msgid "GUI system administration tools" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1140 msgid "" "When your desktop menu does not start GUI system administration tools " "automatically with the appropriate privilege, you can start them from the " "root shell prompt of the X terminal emulator, such as " "<literal>gnome-terminal</literal>(1), <literal>rxvt</literal>(1), or " "<literal>xterm</literal>(1). See <xref linkend=\"_the_root_shell_prompt\"/> " "and <xref linkend=\"_running_x_clients_as_root\"/>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1142 msgid "" "Never start the X display/session manager under the root account by typing " "in <literal>root</literal> to the prompt of the display manager such as " "<literal>gdm</literal>(1)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1145 msgid "" "Never run untrusted remote GUI program under X Window when critical " "information is displayed since it may eavesdrop your X screen." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1149 msgid "Virtual consoles" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1150 msgid "" "In the default Debian system, there are six switchable <ulink " "url=\"&vtbaalike;\">VT100-like</ulink> character consoles available to start " "the command shell directly on the Linux host. Unless you are in a GUI " "environment, you can switch between the virtual consoles by pressing the " "<literal>Left-Alt-key</literal> and one of the <literal>F1</literal> — " "<literal>F6</literal> keys simultaneously. Each character console allows " "independent login to the account and offers the multiuser environment. This " "multiuser environment is a great Unix feature, and very addictive." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1151 msgid "" "If you are under the X Window System, you gain access to the character " "console 1 by pressing <literal>Ctrl-Alt-F1</literal> key, i.e., the " "<literal>left-Ctrl-key</literal>, the <literal>left-Alt-key</literal>, and " "the <literal>F1-key</literal> are pressed together. You can get back to the " "X Window System, normally running on the virtual console 7, by pressing " "<literal>Alt-F7</literal>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1152 msgid "" "You can alternatively change to another virtual console, e.g. to the console " "1, from the commandline." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1153 #, no-wrap msgid "# chvt 1" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1156 msgid "How to leave the command prompt" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1157 msgid "" "You type <literal>Ctrl-D</literal>, i.e., the " "<literal>left-Ctrl-key</literal> and the <literal>d-key</literal> pressed " "together, at the command prompt to close the shell activity. If you are at " "the character console, you return to the login prompt with this. Even " "though these control characters are referred as \"control D\" with the upper " "case, you do not need to press the Shift-key. The short hand expression, " "<literal>^D</literal>, is also used for <literal>Ctrl-D</literal>. " "Alternately, you can type \"exit\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1158 msgid "" "If you are at <literal>x-terminal-emulator</literal>(1), you can close " "<literal>x-terminal-emulator</literal> window with this." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1161 msgid "How to shutdown the system" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1162 msgid "" "Just like any other modern OS where the file operation involves <ulink " "url=\"&cachingdata;\">caching data</ulink> in memory for improved " "performance, the Debian system needs the proper shutdown procedure before " "power can safely be turned off. This is to maintain the integrity of files, " "by forcing all changes in memory to be written to disk. If the software " "power control is available, the shutdown procedure automatically turns off " "power of the system. (Otherwise, you may have to press power button for few " "seconds after the shutdown procedure.)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1163 msgid "" "You can shutdown the system under the normal multiuser mode from the " "commandline." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1164 #, no-wrap msgid "# shutdown -h now" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1165 msgid "You can shutdown the system under the single-user mode from the commandline." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1166 #, no-wrap msgid "# poweroff -i -f" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1167 msgid "" "Alternatively, you may type <literal>Ctrl-Alt-Delete</literal> (The " "<literal>left-Ctrl-key</literal>, the <literal>left-Alt-Key</literal>, and " "the <literal>Delete</literal> are pressed together) to shutdown if " "\"<literal>/etc/inittab</literal>\" contains " "\"<literal>ca:12345:ctrlaltdel:/sbin/shutdown -t1 -a -h now</literal>\" in " "it. See <literal>inittab</literal>(5) for details." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1168 msgid "See <xref linkend=\"_how_to_shutdown_the_remote_system_on_ssh\"/>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1171 msgid "Recovering a sane console" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1172 msgid "" "When the screen goes berserk after doing some funny things such as " "\"<literal>cat <some-binary-file></literal>\", type " "\"<literal>reset</literal>\" at the command prompt. You may not be able to " "see the command echoed as you type. You may also issue " "\"<literal>clear</literal>\" to clean up the screen." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1175 msgid "Additional package suggestions for the newbie" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1176 msgid "" "Although even the minimal installation of the Debian system without any " "desktop environment tasks provides the basic Unix functionality, it is a " "good idea to install few additional commandline and curses based character " "terminal packages such as <literal>mc</literal> and <literal>vim</literal> " "with <literal>apt-get</literal>(8) for beginners to get started by the " "following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1177 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# apt-get update\n" " ...\n" "# apt-get install mc vim sudo\n" " ..." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1181 msgid "If you already had these packages installed, no new packages are installed." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1183 msgid "List of interesting text-mode program packages" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1192 debian-reference.en.xmlt:1276 debian-reference.en.xmlt:2649 debian-reference.en.xmlt:5079 debian-reference.en.xmlt:8769 debian-reference.en.xmlt:9120 debian-reference.en.xmlt:9346 debian-reference.en.xmlt:10324 debian-reference.en.xmlt:10394 debian-reference.en.xmlt:10945 debian-reference.en.xmlt:13946 debian-reference.en.xmlt:14100 debian-reference.en.xmlt:14287 debian-reference.en.xmlt:14381 debian-reference.en.xmlt:14882 debian-reference.en.xmlt:14999 debian-reference.en.xmlt:15124 debian-reference.en.xmlt:15322 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debian-reference.en.xmlt:30691 debian-reference.en.xmlt:30697 debian-reference.en.xmlt:30698 debian-reference.en.xmlt:30699 debian-reference.en.xmlt:30705 debian-reference.en.xmlt:30706 debian-reference.en.xmlt:30707 debian-reference.en.xmlt:30713 debian-reference.en.xmlt:30714 debian-reference.en.xmlt:30715 debian-reference.en.xmlt:30772 debian-reference.en.xmlt:30773 debian-reference.en.xmlt:30774 debian-reference.en.xmlt:30780 debian-reference.en.xmlt:30781 debian-reference.en.xmlt:30782 debian-reference.en.xmlt:30788 debian-reference.en.xmlt:30789 debian-reference.en.xmlt:30790 debian-reference.en.xmlt:30941 debian-reference.en.xmlt:30942 debian-reference.en.xmlt:30943 debian-reference.en.xmlt:30952 debian-reference.en.xmlt:30953 debian-reference.en.xmlt:30954 debian-reference.en.xmlt:30963 debian-reference.en.xmlt:30964 debian-reference.en.xmlt:30965 debian-reference.en.xmlt:30974 debian-reference.en.xmlt:30975 debian-reference.en.xmlt:30976 msgid "DUMMY" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1211 msgid "A text-mode full-screen file manager" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1219 msgid "A program to allow limited root privileges to users" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1227 msgid "Unix text editor Vi IMproved, a programmers text editor (standard version)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1235 msgid "Unix text editor Vi IMproved, a programmers text editor (compact version)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1243 msgid "GNU project Emacs, the Lisp based extensible text editor (version 23)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1251 msgid "Text-mode WWW browsers" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1259 msgid "The Unix style cut-and-paste on the text console (daemon)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1265 msgid "It may be a good idea to read some informative documentations." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1267 msgid "List of informative documentation packages" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1295 msgid "Debian Project documentation, (Debian FAQ) and other documents" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1303 msgid "Debian Policy Manual and related documents" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1311 msgid "Guidelines and information for Debian developers" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1319 msgid "Debian New Maintainers' Guide" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1327 msgid "History of the Debian Project" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1335 msgid "Debian FAQ" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1343 msgid "Linux HOWTOs and FAQ (text)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1351 msgid "Linux HOWTOs and FAQ (html)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1359 msgid "The Linux System Administrators' Guide" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1365 msgid "You can install some of these packages by the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1366 #, no-wrap msgid "# apt-get install package_name" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1369 msgid "An extra user account" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1370 msgid "" "If you do not want to use your main user account for the following training " "activities, you can create a training user account, " "e.g. <literal>fish</literal> by the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1371 #, no-wrap msgid "# adduser fish" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1372 msgid "Answer all questions." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1373 msgid "" "This creates a new account named as <literal>fish</literal>. After your " "practice, you can remove this user account and its home directory by the " "following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1374 #, no-wrap msgid "# deluser --remove-home fish" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1377 msgid "sudo configuration" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1378 msgid "" "For the typical single user workstation such as the desktop Debian system on " "the laptop PC, it is common to deploy simple configuration of " "<literal>sudo</literal>(8) as follows to let the non-privileged user, " "e.g. <literal>penguin</literal>, to gain administrative privilege just with " "his user password but without the root password." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1379 #, no-wrap msgid "# echo \"penguin ALL=(ALL) ALL\" >> /etc/sudoers" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1380 msgid "" "Alternatively, it is also common to do as follows to let the non-privileged " "user, e.g. <literal>penguin</literal>, to gain administrative privilege " "without any password." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1381 #, no-wrap msgid "# echo \"penguin ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD:ALL\" >> /etc/sudoers" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1382 msgid "" "This trick should only be used for the single user workstation which you " "administer and where you are the only user." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1384 msgid "" "Do not set up accounts of regular users on multiuser workstation like this " "because it would be very bad for system security." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1387 msgid "" "The password and the account of the <literal>penguin</literal> in the above " "example requires as much protection as the root password and the root " "account." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1390 msgid "" "Administrative privilege in this context belongs to someone authorized to " "perform the system administration task on the workstation. Never give some " "manager in the Admin department of your company or your boss such privilege " "unless they are authorized and capable." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1393 msgid "" "For providing access privilege to limited devices and limited files, you " "should consider to use <emphasis role=\"strong\">group</emphasis> to provide " "limited access instead of using the <literal>root</literal> privilege via " "<literal>sudo</literal>(8)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1396 msgid "" "With more thoughtful and careful configuration, <literal>sudo</literal>(8) " "can grant limited administrative privileges to other users on a shared " "system without sharing the root password. This can help with accountability " "with hosts with multiple administrators so you can tell who did what. On " "the other hand, you might not want anyone else to have such privileges." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1400 msgid "Play time" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1401 msgid "" "Now you are ready to play with the Debian system without risks as long as " "you use the non-privileged user account." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1402 msgid "" "This is because the Debian system is, even after the default installation, " "configured with proper file permissions which prevent non-privileged users " "from damaging the system. Of course, there may still be some holes which " "can be exploited but those who worry about these issues should not be " "reading this section but should be reading <ulink " "url=\"&securingdebianmanual;\">Securing Debian Manual</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1403 msgid "" "We learn the Debian system as a <ulink url=\"&unixlike;\">Unix-like</ulink> " "system with the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1406 msgid "<xref linkend=\"_unix_like_filesystem\"/> (basic concept)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1410 msgid "<xref linkend=\"_midnight_commander_mc\"/> (survival method)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1414 msgid "<xref linkend=\"_the_basic_unix_like_work_environment\"/> (basic method)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1418 msgid "<xref linkend=\"_the_simple_shell_command\"/> (shell mechanism)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1422 msgid "<xref linkend=\"_unix_like_text_processing\"/> (text processing method)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1429 msgid "Unix-like filesystem" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1430 msgid "" "In GNU/Linux and other <ulink url=\"&unixlike;\">Unix-like</ulink> operating " "systems, <ulink url=\"&files;\">files</ulink> are organized into <ulink " "url=\"&directories;\">directories</ulink>. All files and directories are " "arranged in one big tree rooted at \"<literal>/</literal>\". It's called a " "tree because if you draw the filesystem, it looks like a tree but it is " "upside down." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1431 msgid "" "These files and directories can be spread out over several " "devices. <literal>mount</literal>(8) serves to attach the filesystem found " "on some device to the big file tree. Conversely, " "<literal>umount</literal>(8) detaches it again. On recent Linux kernels, " "<literal>mount</literal>(8) with some options can bind part of a file tree " "somewhere else or can mount filesystem as shared, private, slave, or " "unbindable. Supported mount options for each filesystem are available in " "\"<literal>/share/doc/linux-doc-2.6.*/Documentation/filesystems/</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1432 msgid "" "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Directories</emphasis> on Unix systems are called " "<emphasis role=\"strong\">folders</emphasis> on some other systems. Please " "also note that there is no concept for <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">drive</emphasis> such as \"<literal>A:</literal>\" on any " "Unix system. There is one filesystem, and everything is included. This is a " "huge advantage compared to Windows." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1434 msgid "Unix file basics" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1435 msgid "Here are some Unix file basics." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1439 msgid "" "Filenames are <emphasis role=\"strong\">case sensitive</emphasis>. That is, " "\"<literal>MYFILE</literal>\" and \"<literal>MyFile</literal>\" are " "different files." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1444 msgid "" "The <emphasis role=\"strong\">root directory</emphasis> means root of the " "filesystem referred as simply \"<literal>/</literal>\". Don't confuse this " "with the home directory for the root user: \"<literal>/root</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1449 msgid "" "Every directory has a name which can contain any letters or symbols " "<emphasis role=\"strong\">except \"<literal>/</literal>\"</emphasis>. The " "root directory is an exception; its name is \"<literal>/</literal>\" " "(pronounced \"slash\" or \"the root directory\") and it cannot be renamed." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1454 msgid "" "Each file or directory is designated by a <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">fully-qualified filename</emphasis>, <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">absolute filename</emphasis>, or <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">path</emphasis>, giving the sequence of directories which " "must be passed through to reach it. The three terms are synonymous." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1459 msgid "" "All <emphasis role=\"strong\">fully-qualified filenames</emphasis> begin " "with the \"<literal>/</literal>\" directory, and there's a " "\"<literal>/</literal>\" between each directory or file in the filename. " "The first \"<literal>/</literal>\" is the top level directory, and the other " "\"<literal>/</literal>\"'s separate successive subdirectories, until we " "reach the last entry which is the name of the actual file. The words used " "here can be confusing. Take the following <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">fully-qualified filename</emphasis> as an example: " "\"<literal>/usr/share/keytables/us.map.gz</literal>\". However, people also " "refers to its basename \"<literal>us.map.gz</literal>\" alone as a filename." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1464 msgid "" "The root directory has a number of branches, such as " "\"<literal>/etc/</literal>\" and \"<literal>/usr/</literal>\". These " "subdirectories in turn branch into still more subdirectories, such as " "\"<literal>/etc/init.d/</literal>\" and \"<literal>/usr/local/</literal>\". " "The whole thing viewed collectively is called the <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">directory tree</emphasis>. You can think of an absolute " "filename as a route from the base of the tree (\"<literal>/</literal>\") to " "the end of some branch (a file). You also hear people talk about the " "directory tree as if it were a <emphasis role=\"strong\">family</emphasis> " "tree: thus subdirectories have <emphasis role=\"strong\">parents</emphasis>, " "and a path shows the complete ancestry of a file. There are also relative " "paths that begin somewhere other than the root directory. You should " "remember that the directory \"<literal>../</literal>\" refers to the parent " "directory. This terminology also applies to other directory like " "structures, such as hierarchical data structures." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1469 msgid "" "There's no special directory path name component that corresponds to a " "physical device, such as your hard disk. This differs from <ulink " "url=\"&rtbb;\">RT-11</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&cpm;\">CP/M</ulink>, <ulink " "url=\"&openvms;\">OpenVMS</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&msdos;\">MS-DOS</ulink>, " "<ulink url=\"&amigaos;\">AmigaOS</ulink>, and <ulink " "url=\"µsoftwindows;\">Microsoft Windows</ulink>, where the path " "contains a device name such as \"<literal>C:\\</literal>\". (However, " "directory entries do exist that refer to physical devices as a part of the " "normal filesystem. See <xref linkend=\"_filesystem_internals\"/>.)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1474 msgid "" "While you <emphasis role=\"strong\">can</emphasis> use almost any letters or " "symbols in a file name, in practice it is a bad idea to do so. It is better " "to avoid any characters that often have special meanings on the command " "line, including spaces, tabs, newlines, and other special characters: " "<literal>{ } ( ) [ ] ' ` \" \\ / > < | ; ! # & ^ * % @ $</literal> " ". If you want to separate words in a name, good choices are the period, " "hyphen, and underscore. You could also capitalize each word, " "\"<literal>LikeThis</literal>\". Experienced Linux users tend to avoid " "spaces in filenames." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1477 msgid "" "The word \"root\" can mean either \"root user\" or \"root directory\". The " "context of their usage should make it clear." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1480 msgid "" "The word <emphasis role=\"strong\">path</emphasis> is used not only for " "<emphasis role=\"strong\">fully-qualified filename</emphasis> as above but " "also for the <emphasis role=\"strong\">command search path</emphasis>. The " "intended meaning is usually clear from the context." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1482 msgid "" "The detailed best practices for the file hierarchy are described in the " "Filesystem Hierarchy Standard " "(\"<literal>/usr/share/doc/debian-policy/fhs/fhs-2.3.txt.gz</literal>\" and " "<literal>hier</literal>(7)). You should remember the following facts as the " "starter." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1484 msgid "List of usage of key directories" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1491 debian-reference.en.xmlt:1668 debian-reference.en.xmlt:9518 msgid "directory" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1494 msgid "usage of the directory" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1501 debian-reference.en.xmlt:3917 debian-reference.en.xmlt:6496 msgid "<literal>/</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1504 msgid "the root directory" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1509 msgid "<literal>/etc/</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1512 msgid "system wide configuration files" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1517 msgid "<literal>/var/log/</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1520 msgid "system log files" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1525 msgid "<literal>/home/</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1528 msgid "all the home directories for all non-privileged users" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1536 msgid "Filesystem internals" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1537 msgid "" "Following the <emphasis role=\"strong\">Unix tradition</emphasis>, the " "Debian GNU/Linux system provides the <ulink " "url=\"&filesystem;\">filesystem</ulink> under which physical data on hard " "disks and other storage devices reside, and the interaction with the " "hardware devices such as console screens and remote serial consoles are " "represented in an unified manner under \"<literal>/dev/</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1538 msgid "" "Each file, directory, named pipe (a way two programs can share data), or " "physical device on a Debian GNU/Linux system has a data structure called an " "<ulink url=\"&inode;\">inode</ulink> which describes its associated " "attributes such as the user who owns it (owner), the group that it belongs " "to, the time last accessed, etc. If you are really interested, see " "\"<literal>/usr/include/linux/fs.h</literal>\" for the exact definition of " "\"<literal>struct inode</literal>\" in the Debian GNU/Linux system. The idea " "of representing just about everything in the filesystem was a Unix " "innovation, and modern Linux kernels have developed this idea ever " "further. Now, even information about processes running in the computer can " "be found in the filesystem." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1539 msgid "" "This abstract and unified representation of physical entities and internal " "processes is very powerful since this allows us to use the same command for " "the same kind of operation on many totally different devices. It is even " "possible to change the way the kernel works by writing data to special files " "that are linked to running processes." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1541 msgid "" "If you need to identify the correspondence between the file tree and the " "physical entity, execute <literal>mount</literal>(8) with no arguments." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1545 msgid "Filesystem permissions" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1546 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&filesystempermissions;\">Filesystem permissions</ulink> of " "<ulink url=\"&unixlike;\">Unix-like</ulink> system are defined for three " "categories of affected users." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1550 msgid "" "The <emphasis role=\"strong\">user</emphasis> who owns the file (<emphasis " "role=\"strong\">u</emphasis>)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1555 msgid "" "Other users in the <emphasis role=\"strong\">group</emphasis> which the file " "belongs to (<emphasis role=\"strong\">g</emphasis>)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1560 msgid "" "All <emphasis role=\"strong\">other</emphasis> users (<emphasis " "role=\"strong\">o</emphasis>) also referred to as \"world\" and \"everyone\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1564 msgid "For the file, each corresponding permission allows following actions." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1568 msgid "" "The <emphasis role=\"strong\">read</emphasis> (<emphasis " "role=\"strong\">r</emphasis>) permission allows owner to examine contents of " "the file." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1573 msgid "" "The <emphasis role=\"strong\">write</emphasis> (<emphasis " "role=\"strong\">w</emphasis>) permission allows owner to modify the file." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1578 msgid "" "The <emphasis role=\"strong\">execute</emphasis> (<emphasis " "role=\"strong\">x</emphasis>) permission allows owner to run the file as a " "command." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1582 msgid "For the directory, each corresponding permission allows following actions." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1586 msgid "" "The <emphasis role=\"strong\">read</emphasis> (<emphasis " "role=\"strong\">r</emphasis>) permission allows owner to list contents of " "the directory." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1591 msgid "" "The <emphasis role=\"strong\">write</emphasis> (<emphasis " "role=\"strong\">w</emphasis>) permission allows owner to add or remove files " "in the directory." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1596 msgid "" "The <emphasis role=\"strong\">execute</emphasis> (<emphasis " "role=\"strong\">x</emphasis>) permission allows owner to access files in the " "directory." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1600 msgid "" "Here, the <emphasis role=\"strong\">execute</emphasis> permission on a " "directory means not only to allow reading of files in that directory but " "also to allow viewing their attributes, such as the size and the " "modification time." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1601 msgid "" "<literal>ls</literal>(1) is used to display permission information (and " "more) for files and directories. When it is invoked with the " "\"<literal>-l</literal>\" option, it displays the following information in " "the order given." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1604 msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Type of file</emphasis> (first character)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1609 msgid "" "Access <emphasis role=\"strong\">permission</emphasis> of the file (nine " "characters, consisting of three characters each for user, group, and other " "in this order)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1613 msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Number of hard links</emphasis> to the file" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1618 msgid "Name of the <emphasis role=\"strong\">user</emphasis> who owns the file" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1623 msgid "" "Name of the <emphasis role=\"strong\">group</emphasis> which the file " "belongs to" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1627 msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Size</emphasis> of the file in characters (bytes)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1631 msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Date and time</emphasis> of the file (mtime)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1635 msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Name</emphasis> of the file" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1640 msgid "List of the first character of \"<literal>ls -l</literal>\" output" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1647 msgid "character" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1650 debian-reference.en.xmlt:1768 debian-reference.en.xmlt:2036 debian-reference.en.xmlt:3681 debian-reference.en.xmlt:9278 debian-reference.en.xmlt:9801 debian-reference.en.xmlt:10093 debian-reference.en.xmlt:12070 debian-reference.en.xmlt:12503 debian-reference.en.xmlt:12667 debian-reference.en.xmlt:18656 debian-reference.en.xmlt:25772 debian-reference.en.xmlt:26013 msgid "meaning" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1657 debian-reference.en.xmlt:6416 debian-reference.en.xmlt:24534 msgid "<literal>-</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1660 msgid "normal file" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1665 msgid "<literal>d</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1673 debian-reference.en.xmlt:6488 msgid "<literal>l</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1676 msgid "symlink" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1681 debian-reference.en.xmlt:4536 debian-reference.en.xmlt:4539 msgid "<literal>c</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1684 msgid "character device node" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1689 debian-reference.en.xmlt:20639 msgid "<literal>b</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1692 msgid "block device node" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1697 msgid "<literal>p</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1700 msgid "named pipe" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1705 debian-reference.en.xmlt:20624 msgid "<literal>s</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1708 msgid "socket" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1714 msgid "" "<literal>chown</literal>(1) is used from the root account to change the " "owner of the file. <literal>chgrp</literal>(1) is used from the file's " "owner or root account to change the group of the file. " "<literal>chmod</literal>(1) is used from the file's owner or root account to " "change file and directory access permissions. Basic syntax to manipulate a " "<literal>foo</literal> file is the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1715 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# chown <newowner> foo\n" "# chgrp <newgroup> foo\n" "# chmod [ugoa][+-=][rwxXst][,...] foo" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1718 msgid "" "For example, you can make a directory tree to be owned by a user " "<literal>foo</literal> and shared by a group <literal>bar</literal> by the " "following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1719 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# cd /some/location/\n" "# chown -R foo:bar .\n" "# chmod -R ug+rwX,o=rX ." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1722 msgid "There are three more special permission bits." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1726 msgid "" "The <emphasis role=\"strong\">set user ID</emphasis> bit (<emphasis " "role=\"strong\">s</emphasis> or <emphasis role=\"strong\">S</emphasis> " "instead of user's <emphasis role=\"strong\">x</emphasis>)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1731 msgid "" "The <emphasis role=\"strong\">set group ID</emphasis> bit (<emphasis " "role=\"strong\">s</emphasis> or <emphasis role=\"strong\">S</emphasis> " "instead of group's <emphasis role=\"strong\">x</emphasis>)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1736 msgid "" "The <emphasis role=\"strong\">sticky</emphasis> bit (<emphasis " "role=\"strong\">t</emphasis> or <emphasis role=\"strong\">T</emphasis> " "instead of other's <emphasis role=\"strong\">x</emphasis>)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1740 msgid "" "Here the output of \"<literal>ls -l</literal>\" for these bits is <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">capitalized</emphasis> if execution bits hidden by these " "outputs are <emphasis role=\"strong\">unset</emphasis>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1741 msgid "" "Setting <emphasis role=\"strong\">set user ID</emphasis> on an executable " "file allows a user to execute the executable file with the owner ID of the " "file (for example <emphasis role=\"strong\">root</emphasis>). Similarly, " "setting <emphasis role=\"strong\">set group ID</emphasis> on an executable " "file allows a user to execute the executable file with the group ID of the " "file (for example <emphasis role=\"strong\">root</emphasis>). Because these " "settings can cause security risks, enabling them requires extra caution." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1742 msgid "" "Setting <emphasis role=\"strong\">set group ID</emphasis> on a directory " "enables the <ulink url=\"&bsdlike;\">BSD-like</ulink> file creation scheme " "where all files created in the directory belong to the <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">group</emphasis> of the directory." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1743 msgid "" "Setting the <emphasis role=\"strong\">sticky bit</emphasis> on a directory " "prevents a file in the directory from being removed by a user who is not the " "owner of the file. In order to secure contents of a file in world-writable " "directories such as \"<literal>/tmp</literal>\" or in group-writable " "directories, one must not only reset the <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">write</emphasis> permission for the file but also set the " "<emphasis role=\"strong\">sticky bit</emphasis> on the directory. " "Otherwise, the file can be removed and a new file can be created with the " "same name by any user who has write access to the directory." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1744 msgid "Here are a few interesting examples of file permissions." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1745 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ ls -l /etc/passwd /etc/shadow /dev/ppp /usr/sbin/exim4\n" "crw------- 1 root root 108, 0 2007-04-29 07:00 /dev/ppp\n" "-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1427 2007-04-16 00:19 /etc/passwd\n" "-rw-r----- 1 root shadow 943 2007-04-16 00:19 /etc/shadow\n" "-rwsr-xr-x 1 root root 700056 2007-04-22 05:29 /usr/sbin/exim4\n" "$ ls -ld /tmp /var/tmp /usr/local /var/mail /usr/src\n" "drwxrwxrwt 10 root root 4096 2007-04-29 07:59 /tmp\n" "drwxrwsr-x 10 root staff 4096 2007-03-24 18:48 /usr/local\n" "drwxrwsr-x 4 root src 4096 2007-04-27 00:31 /usr/src\n" "drwxrwsr-x 2 root mail 4096 2007-03-28 23:33 /var/mail\n" "drwxrwxrwt 2 root root 4096 2007-04-29 07:11 /var/tmp" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1756 msgid "" "There is an alternative numeric mode to describe file permissions with " "<literal>chmod</literal>(1). This numeric mode uses 3 to 4 digit wide octal " "(radix=8) numbers." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1758 msgid "" "The numeric mode for file permissions in <literal>chmod</literal>(1) " "commands" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1765 msgid "digit" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1775 msgid "1st optional digit" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1778 msgid "" "sum of <emphasis role=\"strong\">set user ID</emphasis> (=4), <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">set group ID</emphasis> (=2), and <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">sticky bit</emphasis> (=1)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1783 msgid "2nd digit" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1786 msgid "" "sum of <emphasis role=\"strong\">read</emphasis> (=4), <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">write</emphasis> (=2), and <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">execute</emphasis> (=1) permissions for <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">user</emphasis>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1791 msgid "3rd digit" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1794 msgid "ditto for <emphasis role=\"strong\">group</emphasis>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1799 msgid "4th digit" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1802 msgid "ditto for <emphasis role=\"strong\">other</emphasis>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1808 msgid "" "This sounds complicated but it is actually quite simple. If you look at the " "first few (2-10) columns from \"<literal>ls -l</literal>\" command output " "and read it as a binary (radix=2) representation of file permissions (\"-\" " "being \"0\" and \"rwx\" being \"1\"), the last 3 digit of the numeric mode " "value should make sense as an octal (radix=8) representation of file " "permissions to you." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1809 debian-reference.en.xmlt:2175 debian-reference.en.xmlt:3012 debian-reference.en.xmlt:3035 debian-reference.en.xmlt:3607 debian-reference.en.xmlt:4049 debian-reference.en.xmlt:4261 debian-reference.en.xmlt:4336 debian-reference.en.xmlt:4344 debian-reference.en.xmlt:4693 debian-reference.en.xmlt:4741 debian-reference.en.xmlt:4806 debian-reference.en.xmlt:4821 debian-reference.en.xmlt:13694 debian-reference.en.xmlt:19099 debian-reference.en.xmlt:24228 msgid "For example, try the following" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1810 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ touch foo bar\n" "$ chmod u=rw,go=r foo\n" "$ chmod 644 bar\n" "$ ls -l foo bar\n" "-rw-r--r-- 1 penguin penguin 17 2007-04-29 08:22 bar\n" "-rw-r--r-- 1 penguin penguin 12 2007-04-29 08:22 foo" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1817 msgid "" "If you need to access information displayed by \"<literal>ls -l</literal>\" " "in shell script, you should use pertinent commands such as " "<literal>test</literal>(1), <literal>stat</literal>(1) and " "<literal>readlink</literal>(1). The shell builtin such as " "\"<literal>[</literal>\" or \"<literal>test</literal>\" may be used too." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1821 msgid "Control of permissions for newly created files: umask" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1822 msgid "" "What permissions are applied to a newly created file or directory is " "restricted by the <literal>umask</literal> shell builtin command. See " "<literal>dash</literal>(1), <literal>bash</literal>(1), and " "<literal>builtins</literal>(7)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1823 #, no-wrap msgid " (file permissions) = (requested file permissions) & ~(umask value)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1825 msgid "The <emphasis role=\"strong\">umask</emphasis> value examples" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1834 msgid "umask" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1837 msgid "file permissions created" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1840 msgid "directory permissions created" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1843 debian-reference.en.xmlt:26479 msgid "usage" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1850 msgid "<literal>0022</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1853 debian-reference.en.xmlt:9989 debian-reference.en.xmlt:10023 msgid "<literal>-rw-r--r--</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1856 msgid "<literal>-rwxr-xr-x</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1859 msgid "writable only by the user" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1864 msgid "<literal>0002</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1867 msgid "<literal>-rw-rw-r--</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1870 msgid "<literal>-rwxrwxr-x</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1873 msgid "writable by the group" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1879 msgid "" "The Debian system uses a user private group (UPG) scheme as its default. A " "UPG is created whenever a new user is added to the system. A UPG has the " "same name as the user for which it was created and that user is the only " "member of the UPG. UPG scheme makes it is safe to set umask to " "<literal>0002</literal> since every user has their own private group. (In " "some Unix variants, it is quite common to setup all normal users belonging " "to a single <emphasis role=\"strong\"><literal>users</literal></emphasis> " "group and is good idea to set umask to <literal>0022</literal> for security " "in such cases.)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1882 msgid "Permissions for groups of users (group)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1883 msgid "" "In order to make group permissions to be applied to a particular user, that " "user needs to be made a member of the group using \"<literal>sudo " "vigr</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1885 msgid "" "Alternatively, you may dynamically add users to groups during the " "authentication process by adding \"<literal>auth optional " "pam_group.so</literal>\" line to " "\"<literal>/etc/pam.d/common-auth</literal>\" and setting " "\"<literal>/etc/security/group.conf</literal>\". (See <xref " "linkend=\"_authentication\"/>.)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1887 msgid "" "The hardware devices are just another kind of file on the Debian system. If " "you have problems accessing devices such as CD-ROM and USB memory stick from " "a user account, you should make that user a member of the relevant group." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1888 msgid "" "Some notable system-provided groups allow their members to access particular " "files and devices without <literal>root</literal> privilege." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1890 msgid "List of notable system-provided groups for file access" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1897 debian-reference.en.xmlt:1984 debian-reference.en.xmlt:9976 msgid "group" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1900 msgid "description for accessible files and devices" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1907 msgid "<literal>dialout</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1910 msgid "" "full and direct access to serial ports " "(\"<literal>/dev/ttyS[0-3]</literal>\")" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1915 msgid "<literal>dip</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1918 msgid "" "limited access to serial ports for <emphasis role=\"strong\">Dialup " "IP</emphasis> connection to trusted peers" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1923 msgid "<literal>cdrom</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1926 msgid "CD-ROM, DVD+/-RW drives" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1931 msgid "<literal>audio</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1934 msgid "audio device" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1939 msgid "<literal>video</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1942 msgid "video device" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1947 msgid "<literal>scanner</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1950 msgid "scanner(s)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1955 msgid "<literal>adm</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1958 msgid "system monitoring logs" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1963 msgid "<literal>staff</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1966 msgid "" "some directories for junior administrative work: " "\"<literal>/usr/local</literal>\", \"<literal>/home</literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1973 msgid "" "You need to belong to the <literal>dialout</literal> group to reconfigure " "modem, dial anywhere, etc. But if <literal>root</literal> creates " "pre-defined configuration files for trusted peers in " "\"<literal>/etc/ppp/peers/</literal>\", you only need to belong to the " "<literal>dip</literal> group to create <emphasis role=\"strong\">Dialup " "IP</emphasis> connection to those trusted peers using " "<literal>pppd</literal>(8), <literal>pon</literal>(1), and " "<literal>poff</literal>(1) commands." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1975 msgid "" "Some notable system-provided groups allow their members to execute " "particular commands without <literal>root</literal> privilege." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1977 msgid "List of notable system provided groups for particular command executions" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1987 msgid "accessible commands" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1994 msgid "<literal>sudo</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:1997 msgid "execute <literal>sudo</literal> without their password" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2002 msgid "<literal>lpadmin</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2005 msgid "execute commands to add, modify, and remove printers from printer databases" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2010 msgid "<literal>plugdev</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2013 msgid "" "execute <literal>pmount</literal>(1) for removable devices such as USB " "memories" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2019 msgid "" "For the full listing of the system provided users and groups, see the recent " "version of the \"Users and Groups\" document in " "\"<literal>/usr/share/doc/base-passwd/users-and-groups.html</literal>\" " "provided by the <literal>base-passwd</literal> package." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2020 msgid "" "See <literal>passwd</literal>(5), <literal>group</literal>(5), " "<literal>shadow</literal>(5), <literal>newgrp</literal>(1), " "<literal>vipw</literal>(8), <literal>vigr</literal>(8), and " "<literal>pam_group</literal>(8) for management commands of the user and " "group system." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2023 msgid "Timestamps" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2024 msgid "There are three types of timestamps for a GNU/Linux file." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2026 msgid "List of types of timestamps" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2033 debian-reference.en.xmlt:11097 debian-reference.en.xmlt:13955 debian-reference.en.xmlt:14891 debian-reference.en.xmlt:15331 debian-reference.en.xmlt:16696 debian-reference.en.xmlt:17681 debian-reference.en.xmlt:17947 msgid "type" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2043 msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">mtime</emphasis>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2046 msgid "the file modification time (<literal>ls -l</literal>)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2051 msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">ctime</emphasis>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2054 msgid "the file status change time (<literal>ls -lc</literal>)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2059 msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">atime</emphasis>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2062 msgid "the last file access time (<literal>ls -lu</literal>)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2069 msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">ctime</emphasis> is not file creation time." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2074 msgid "" "Overwriting a file changes all of the <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">mtime</emphasis>, <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">ctime</emphasis>, and <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">atime</emphasis> attributes of the file." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2079 msgid "" "Changing ownership or permission of a file changes the <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">ctime</emphasis> and <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">atime</emphasis> attributes of the file." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2084 msgid "" "Reading a file changes the <emphasis role=\"strong\">atime</emphasis> of the " "file." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2089 msgid "" "Even simply reading a file on the Debian system normally causes a file write " "operation to update <emphasis role=\"strong\">atime</emphasis> information " "in the <emphasis role=\"strong\">inode</emphasis>. Mounting a filesystem " "with \"<literal>noatime</literal>\" or \"<literal>relatime</literal>\" " "option makes the system skip this operation and results in faster file " "access for the read. This is often recommended for laptops, because it " "reduces hard drive activity and saves power. See " "<literal>mount</literal>(8)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2091 msgid "" "Use <literal>touch</literal>(1) command to change timestamps of existing " "files." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2092 msgid "" "For timestamps, the <literal>ls</literal> command outputs different strings " "under the modern English locale (\"<literal>en_US.UTF-8</literal>\") from " "under the old one (\"<literal>C</literal>\")." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2093 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ LANG=en_US.UTF-8 ls -l foo\n" "-rw-r--r-- 1 penguin penguin 3 2008-03-05 00:47 foo\n" "$ LANG=C ls -l foo\n" "-rw-r--r-- 1 penguin penguin 3 Mar 5 00:47 foo" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2098 msgid "" "See <xref linkend=\"_customized_display_of_time_and_date\"/> to customize " "\"<literal>ls -l</literal>\" output." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2102 msgid "Links" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2103 msgid "" "There are two methods of associating a file \"<literal>foo</literal>\" with " "a different filename \"<literal>bar</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2107 msgid "<ulink url=\"&hardlink;\">Hard link</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2112 msgid "Duplicate name for an existing file" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2117 msgid "\"<literal>ln foo bar</literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2124 msgid "<ulink url=\"&symboliclinkorsymlink;\">Symbolic link or symlink</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2129 msgid "Special file that points to another file by name" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2134 msgid "\"<literal>ln -s foo bar</literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2140 msgid "" "See the following example for changes in link counts and the subtle " "differences in the result of the <literal>rm</literal> command." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2141 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ echo \"Original Content\" > foo\n" "$ ls -li foo\n" "2398521 -rw-r--r-- 1 penguin penguin 17 2007-04-29 08:15 foo\n" "$ ln foo bar # hard link\n" "$ ln -s foo baz # symlink\n" "$ ls -li foo bar baz\n" "2398521 -rw-r--r-- 2 penguin penguin 17 2007-04-29 08:15 bar\n" "2398538 lrwxrwxrwx 1 penguin penguin 3 2007-04-29 08:16 baz -> foo\n" "2398521 -rw-r--r-- 2 penguin penguin 17 2007-04-29 08:15 foo\n" "$ rm foo\n" "$ echo \"New Content\" > foo\n" "$ ls -li foo bar baz\n" "2398521 -rw-r--r-- 1 penguin penguin 17 2007-04-29 08:15 bar\n" "2398538 lrwxrwxrwx 1 penguin penguin 3 2007-04-29 08:16 baz -> foo\n" "2398540 -rw-r--r-- 1 penguin penguin 12 2007-04-29 08:17 foo\n" "$ cat bar\n" "Original Content\n" "$ cat baz\n" "New Content" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2160 msgid "" "The hardlink can be made within the same filesystem and shares the same " "inode number which the \"<literal>-i</literal>\" option with " "<literal>ls</literal>(1) reveals." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2161 msgid "" "The symlink always has nominal file access permissions of " "\"<literal>rwxrwxrwx</literal>\", as shown in the above example, with the " "effective access permissions dictated by permissions of the file that it " "points to." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2163 msgid "" "It is generally good idea not to create complicated symbolic links or " "hardlinks at all unless you have a very good reason. It may cause " "nightmares where the logical combination of the symbolic links results in " "loops in the filesystem." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2166 msgid "" "It is generally preferable to use symbolic links rather than hardlinks " "unless you have a good reason for using a hardlink." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2168 msgid "" "The \"<literal>.</literal>\" directory links to the directory that it " "appears in, thus the link count of any new directory starts at 2. The " "\"<literal>..</literal>\" directory links to the parent directory, thus the " "link count of the directory increases with the addition of new " "subdirectories." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2169 msgid "" "If you are just moving to Linux from Windows, it soon becomes clear how " "well-designed the filename linking of Unix is, compared with the nearest " "Windows equivalent of \"shortcuts\". Because it is implemented in the " "filesystem, applications can't see any difference between a linked file and " "the original. In the case of hardlinks, there really is no difference." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2172 msgid "Named pipes (FIFOs)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2173 msgid "" "A <ulink url=\"&namedpipe;\">named pipe</ulink> is a file that acts like a " "pipe. You put something into the file, and it comes out the other end. " "Thus it's called a FIFO, or First-In-First-Out: the first thing you put in " "the pipe is the first thing to come out the other end." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2174 msgid "" "If you write to a named pipe, the process which is writing to the pipe " "doesn't terminate until the information being written is read from the " "pipe. If you read from a named pipe, the reading process waits until there " "is nothing to read before terminating. The size of the pipe is always zero " "--- it does not store data, it just links two processes like the shell " "\"<literal>|</literal>\". However, since this pipe has a name, the two " "processes don't have to be on the same command line or even be run by the " "same user. Pipes were a very influential innovation of Unix." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2176 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ cd; mkfifo mypipe\n" "$ echo \"hello\" >mypipe & # put into background\n" "[1] 8022\n" "$ ls -l mypipe\n" "prw-r--r-- 1 penguin penguin 0 2007-04-29 08:25 mypipe\n" "$ cat mypipe\n" "hello\n" "[1]+ Done echo \"hello\" >mypipe\n" "$ ls mypipe\n" "mypipe\n" "$ rm mypipe" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2189 msgid "Sockets" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2190 msgid "" "Sockets are used extensively by all the Internet communication, databases, " "and the operating system itself. It is similar to the named pipe (FIFO) and " "allows processes to exchange information even between different computers. " "For the socket, those processes do not need to be running at the same time " "nor to be running as the children of the same ancestor process. This is the " "endpoint for <ulink url=\"&theinterprocesscommunicationipc;\">the inter " "process communication (IPC)</ulink>. The exchange of information may occur " "over the network between different hosts. The two most common ones are " "<ulink url=\"&theinternetsocket;\">the Internet socket</ulink> and <ulink " "url=\"&theunixdomainsocket;\">the Unix domain socket</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2192 msgid "" "\"<literal>netstat -an</literal>\" provides a very useful overview of " "sockets that are open on a given system." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2196 msgid "Device files" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2197 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&devicefiles;\">Device files</ulink> refer to physical or " "virtual devices on your system, such as your hard disk, video card, screen, " "or keyboard. An example of a virtual device is the console, represented by " "\"<literal>/dev/console</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2198 msgid "There are 2 types of device files." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2202 msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Character device</emphasis>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2207 msgid "Accessed one character at a time" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2212 msgid "1 character = 1 byte" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2217 msgid "E.g. keyboard device, serial port, …" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2224 msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Block device</emphasis>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2229 msgid "accessed in larger units called blocks" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2234 msgid "1 block > 1 byte" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2239 msgid "E.g. hard disk, …" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2245 msgid "" "You can read and write device files, though the file may well contain binary " "data which may be an incomprehensible-to-humans gibberish. Writing data " "directly to these files is sometimes useful for the troubleshooting of " "hardware connections. For example, you can dump a text file to the printer " "device \"<literal>/dev/lp0</literal>\" or send modem commands to the " "appropriate serial port \"<literal>/dev/ttyS0</literal>\". But, unless this " "is done carefully, it may cause a major disaster. So be cautious." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2247 msgid "For the normal access to a printer, use <literal>lp</literal>(1)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2249 msgid "" "The device node number are displayed by executing <literal>ls</literal>(1) " "as the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2250 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ ls -l /dev/hda /dev/ttyS0 /dev/zero\n" "brw-rw---- 1 root cdrom 3, 0 2007-04-29 07:00 /dev/hda\n" "crw-rw---- 1 root dialout 4, 64 2007-04-29 07:00 /dev/ttyS0\n" "crw-rw-rw- 1 root root 1, 5 2007-04-29 07:00 /dev/zero" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2257 msgid "" "\"<literal>/dev/hda</literal>\" has the major device number 3 and the minor " "device number 0. This is read/write accessible by the user who belongs to " "<literal>cdrom</literal> group." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2262 msgid "" "\"<literal>/dev/ttyS0</literal>\" has the major device number 4 and the " "minor device number 64. This is read/write accessible by the user who " "belongs to <literal>dialout</literal> group." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2267 msgid "" "\"<literal>/dev/zero</literal>\" has the major device number 1 and the minor " "device number 5. This is read/write accessible by anyone." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2271 msgid "" "In the Linux 2.6 system, the filesystem under \"<literal>/dev/</literal>\" " "is automatically populated by the <literal>udev</literal>(7) mechanism." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2274 msgid "Special device files" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2275 msgid "There are some special device files." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2277 msgid "List of special device files" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2285 msgid "device file" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2288 debian-reference.en.xmlt:2940 debian-reference.en.xmlt:7348 debian-reference.en.xmlt:12458 debian-reference.en.xmlt:13060 msgid "action" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2291 debian-reference.en.xmlt:20216 msgid "description of response" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2298 debian-reference.en.xmlt:2309 msgid "<literal>/dev/null</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2301 debian-reference.en.xmlt:2323 debian-reference.en.xmlt:2334 debian-reference.en.xmlt:2345 msgid "read" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2304 msgid "return \"end-of-file (EOF) character\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2312 debian-reference.en.xmlt:2356 msgid "write" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2315 msgid "return nothing (a bottomless data dump pit)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2320 msgid "<literal>/dev/zero</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2326 msgid "" "return \"the <literal>\\0</literal> (NUL) character\" (not the same as the " "number zero ASCII)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2331 msgid "<literal>/dev/random</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2337 msgid "" "return random characters from a true random number generator, delivering " "real entropy (slow)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2342 msgid "<literal>/dev/urandom</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2348 msgid "" "return random characters from a cryptographically secure pseudorandom number " "generator" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2353 msgid "<literal>/dev/full</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2359 msgid "return the disk-full (ENOSPC) error" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2365 msgid "" "These are frequently used in conjunction with the shell redirection (see " "<xref linkend=\"_typical_command_sequences_and_shell_redirection\"/>)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2368 msgid "procfs and sysfs" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2369 msgid "" "The <ulink url=\"&procfs;\">procfs</ulink> and <ulink " "url=\"&sysfs;\">sysfs</ulink> mounted on \"<literal>/proc</literal>\" and " "\"<literal>/sys</literal>\" are the pseudo-filesystem and expose internal " "data structures of the kernel to the userspace. In other word, these " "entries are virtual, meaning that they act as a convenient window into the " "operation of the operating system." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2370 msgid "" "The directory \"<literal>/proc</literal>\" contains (among other things) one " "subdirectory for each process running on the system, which is named after " "the process ID (PID). System utilities that access process information, such " "as <literal>ps</literal>(1), get their information from this directory " "structure." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2371 msgid "" "The directories under \"<literal>/proc/sys/</literal>\" contain interface to " "change certain kernel parameters at run time. (You may do the same through " "specialized <literal>sysctl</literal>(8) command or its " "preload/configuration file \"<literal>/etc/sysctrl.conf</literal>\".)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2373 msgid "" "The Linux kernel may complain \"Too many open files\". You can fix this by " "increasing \"<literal>file-max</literal>\" value to a larger value from the " "root shell, e.g., \"<literal>echo \"65536\" > " "/proc/sys/fs/file-max</literal>\" (This was needed on older kernels)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2375 msgid "" "People frequently panic when they notice one file in particular - " "\"<literal>/proc/kcore</literal>\" - which is generally huge. This is (more " "or less) a copy of the content of your computer's memory. It's used to " "debug the kernel. It is a virtual file that points to computer memory, so " "don't worry about its size." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2376 msgid "" "The directory under \"<literal>/sys</literal>\" contains exported kernel " "data structures, their attributes, and their linkages between them. It also " "contains interface to change certain kernel parameters at run time." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2377 msgid "" "See \"<literal>proc.txt(.gz)</literal>\", " "\"<literal>sysfs.txt(.gz)</literal>\" and other related documents in the " "Linux kernel documentation " "(\"<literal>/usr/share/doc/linux-doc-2.6.*/Documentation/filesystems/*</literal>\") " "provided by the <literal>linux-doc-2.6.*</literal> package." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2381 msgid "Midnight Commander (MC)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2382 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&midnightcommandermc;\">Midnight Commander (MC)</ulink> is a " "GNU \"Swiss army knife\" for the Linux console and other terminal " "environments. This gives newbie a menu driven console experience which is " "much easier to learn than standard Unix commands." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2383 msgid "" "You may need to install the Midnight Commander package which is titled " "\"<literal>mc</literal>\" by the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2384 #, no-wrap msgid "$ sudo apt-get install mc" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2385 msgid "" "Use the <literal>mc</literal>(1) command to explore the Debian system. This " "is the best way to learn. Please explore few interesting locations just " "using the cursor keys and Enter key." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2389 msgid "\"<literal>/etc</literal>\" and its subdirectories" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2394 msgid "\"<literal>/var/log</literal>\" and its subdirectories" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2399 msgid "\"<literal>/usr/share/doc</literal>\" and its subdirectories" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2404 msgid "\"<literal>/sbin</literal>\" and \"<literal>/bin</literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2409 msgid "Customization of MC" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2410 msgid "" "In order to make MC to change working directory upon exit and " "<literal>cd</literal> to the directory, I suggest to modify " "\"<literal>~/.bashrc</literal>\" to include a script provided by the " "<literal>mc</literal> package." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2411 #, no-wrap msgid ". /usr/share/mc/bin/mc.sh" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2412 msgid "" "See <literal>mc</literal>(1) (under the \"<literal>-P</literal>\" option) " "for the reason. (If you do not understand what exactly I am talking here, " "you can do this later.)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2415 msgid "Starting MC" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2416 msgid "MC can be started by the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2417 #, no-wrap msgid "$ mc" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2418 msgid "" "MC takes care of all file operations through its menu, requiring minimal " "user effort. Just press F1 to get the help screen. You can play with MC " "just by pressing cursor-keys and function-keys." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2420 msgid "" "In some consoles such as <literal>gnome-terminal</literal>(1), key strokes " "of function-keys may be stolen by the console program. You can disable " "these features by \"Edit\" → \"Keyboard Shortcuts\" for " "<literal>gnome-terminal</literal>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2422 msgid "" "If you encounter character encoding problem which displays garbage " "characters, adding \"<literal>-a</literal>\" to MC's command line may help " "prevent problems." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2423 msgid "" "If this doesn't clear up your display problems with MC, see <xref " "linkend=\"_the_terminal_configuration\"/>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2426 msgid "File manager in MC" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2427 msgid "" "The default is two directory panels containing file lists. Another useful " "mode is to set the right window to \"information\" to see file access " "privilege information, etc. Following are some essential keystrokes. With " "the <literal>gpm</literal>(8) daemon running, one can use a mouse on Linux " "character consoles, too. (Make sure to press the shift-key to obtain the " "normal behavior of cut and paste in MC.)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2429 msgid "The key bindings of MC" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2436 debian-reference.en.xmlt:2810 debian-reference.en.xmlt:6368 msgid "key" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2439 debian-reference.en.xmlt:6371 debian-reference.en.xmlt:18653 msgid "key binding" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2446 msgid "<literal>F1</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2449 msgid "help menu" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2454 msgid "<literal>F3</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2457 msgid "internal file viewer" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2462 msgid "<literal>F4</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2465 msgid "internal editor" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2470 msgid "<literal>F9</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2473 msgid "activate pull down menu" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2478 msgid "<literal>F10</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2481 msgid "exit Midnight Commander" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2486 debian-reference.en.xmlt:2907 msgid "<literal>Tab</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2489 msgid "move between two windows" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2493 msgid "<literal>Insert</literal> or <literal>Ctrl-T</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2496 msgid "mark file for a multiple-file operation such as copy" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2501 msgid "<literal>Del</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2504 msgid "delete file (be careful---set MC to safe delete mode)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2509 msgid "Cursor keys" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2512 msgid "self-explanatory" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2520 msgid "Command-line tricks in MC" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2523 msgid "" "<literal>cd</literal> command changes the directory shown on the selected " "screen." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2527 msgid "" "<literal>Ctrl-Enter</literal> or <literal>Alt-Enter</literal> copies a " "filename to the command line. Use this with <literal>cp</literal>(1) and " "<literal>mv</literal>(1) commands together with command-line editing." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2531 msgid "<literal>Alt-Tab</literal> shows shell filename expansion choices." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2536 msgid "" "One can specify the starting directory for both windows as arguments to MC; " "for example, \"<literal>mc /etc /root</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2540 msgid "" "<literal>Esc</literal> + <literal>n-key</literal> → <literal>Fn</literal> " "(i.e., <literal>Esc</literal> + <literal>1</literal> → " "<literal>F1</literal>, etc.; <literal>Esc</literal> + <literal>0</literal> → " "<literal>F10</literal>)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2545 msgid "" "Pressing <literal>Esc</literal> before the key has the same effect as " "pressing the <literal>Alt</literal> and the key together.; i.e., type " "<literal>Esc</literal> + <literal>c</literal> for <literal>Alt-C</literal>. " "<literal>Esc</literal> is called meta-key and sometimes noted as " "\"<literal>M-</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2551 msgid "The internal editor in MC" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2552 msgid "" "The internal editor has an interesting cut-and-paste scheme. Pressing " "<literal>F3</literal> marks the start of a selection, a second " "<literal>F3</literal> marks the end of selection and highlights the " "selection. Then you can move your cursor. If you press F6, the selected " "area is moved to the cursor location. If you press F5, the selected area is " "copied and inserted at the cursor location. <literal>F2</literal> saves the " "file. <literal>F10</literal> gets you out. Most cursor keys work " "intuitively." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2553 msgid "" "This editor can be directly started on a file using one of the following " "commands." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2554 #, no-wrap msgid "$ mc -e filename_to_edit" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2555 #, no-wrap msgid "$ mcedit filename_to_edit" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2556 msgid "" "This is not a multi-window editor, but one can use multiple Linux consoles " "to achieve the same effect. To copy between windows, use Alt-F<n> " "keys to switch virtual consoles and use \"File→Insert file\" or \"File→Copy " "to file\" to move a portion of a file to another file." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2557 msgid "This internal editor can be replaced with any external editor of choice." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2558 msgid "" "Also, many programs use the environment variables " "\"<literal>$EDITOR</literal>\" or \"<literal>$VISUAL</literal>\" to decide " "which editor to use. If you are uncomfortable with " "<literal>vim</literal>(1) or <literal>nano</literal>(1) initially, you may " "set these to \"<literal>mcedit</literal>\" by adding the following lines to " "\"<literal>~/.bashrc</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2559 #, no-wrap msgid "" "export EDITOR=mcedit\n" "export VISUAL=mcedit" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2561 msgid "I do recommend setting these to \"<literal>vim</literal>\" if possible." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2562 msgid "" "If you are uncomfortable with <literal>vim</literal>(1), you can keep using " "<literal>mcedit</literal>(1) for most system maintenance tasks." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2565 msgid "The internal viewer in MC" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2566 msgid "" "MC is a very smart viewer. This is a great tool for searching words in " "documents. I always use this for files in the " "\"<literal>/usr/share/doc</literal>\" directory. This is the fastest way to " "browse through masses of Linux information. This viewer can be directly " "started using one of the following commands." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2567 #, no-wrap msgid "$ mc -v path/to/filename_to_view" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2568 #, no-wrap msgid "$ mcview path/to/filename_to_view" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2571 msgid "Auto-start features of MC" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2572 msgid "" "Press Enter on a file, and the appropriate program handles the content of " "the file (see <xref linkend=\"_customizing_program_to_be_started\"/>). This " "is a very convenient MC feature." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2574 msgid "The reaction to the enter key in MC" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2581 msgid "file type" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2584 msgid "reaction to enter key" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2591 msgid "executable file" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2594 msgid "execute command" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2599 msgid "man file" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2602 msgid "pipe content to viewer software" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2607 msgid "html file" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2610 msgid "pipe content to web browser" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2615 msgid "\"<literal>*.tar.gz</literal>\" and \"<literal>*.deb</literal>\" file" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2618 msgid "browse its contents as if subdirectory" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2624 msgid "" "In order to allow these viewer and virtual file features to function, " "viewable files should not be set as executable. Change their status using " "<literal>chmod</literal>(1) or via the MC file menu." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2627 msgid "FTP virtual filesystem of MC" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2628 msgid "" "MC can be used to access files over the Internet using FTP. Go to the menu " "by pressing <literal>F9</literal>, then type \"<literal>p</literal>\" to " "activate the FTP virtual filesystem. Enter a URL in the form " "\"<literal>username:passwd@hostname.domainname</literal>\", which retrieves " "a remote directory that appears like a local one." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2629 msgid "" "Try \"[http.us.debian.org/debian]\" as the URL and browse the Debian " "archive." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2633 msgid "The basic Unix-like work environment" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2634 msgid "" "Although MC enables you to do almost everything, it is very important for " "you to learn how to use the command line tools invoked from the shell prompt " "and become familiar with the Unix-like work environment." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2636 msgid "The login shell" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2637 msgid "You can select your login shell with <literal>chsh</literal>(1)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2639 msgid "List of shell programs" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2658 msgid "POSIX shell" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2671 debian-reference.en.xmlt:2690 debian-reference.en.xmlt:2701 debian-reference.en.xmlt:2711 debian-reference.en.xmlt:2732 debian-reference.en.xmlt:2742 debian-reference.en.xmlt:2764 msgid "Yes" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2673 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&bash;\">Bash</ulink>: the GNU Bourne Again SHell (de facto " "standard)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2681 debian-reference.en.xmlt:2722 debian-reference.en.xmlt:2753 msgid "No" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2683 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&tenexcshell;\">TENEX C Shell</ulink>: an enhanced version of " "<ulink url=\"&berkeleycsh;\">Berkeley csh</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2693 msgid "" "Debian <ulink url=\"&almquistshell;\">Almquist Shell</ulink>, good for shell " "script" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2703 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&zshell;\">Z shell</ulink>: the standard shell with many " "enhancements" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2714 msgid "public domain version of the <ulink url=\"&kornshell;\">Korn shell</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2724 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&openbsd;\">OpenBSD</ulink> C Shell, a version of <ulink " "url=\"&berkeleycsh;\">Berkeley csh</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2734 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&standaloneshell;\">Stand-alone shell</ulink> with builtin " "commands (Not meant for standard \"<literal>/bin/sh</literal>\")" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2745 msgid "" "the real, AT&T version of the <ulink url=\"&kornshell;\">Korn " "shell</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2756 msgid "" "implementation of the <ulink url=\"&attplanj;\">AT&T Plan 9</ulink> " "<ulink url=\"&rcshell;\">rc shell</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2767 msgid "Policy-compliant Ordinary SHell (<literal>pdksh</literal> derivative)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2773 msgid "" "In this tutorial chapter, the interactive shell always means " "<literal>bash</literal>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2776 msgid "Customizing bash" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2777 msgid "" "You can customize <literal>bash</literal>(1) behavior by " "\"<literal>~/.bashrc</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2778 debian-reference.en.xmlt:4120 msgid "For example, try the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2779 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# CD upon exiting MC\n" ". /usr/share/mc/bin/mc.sh\n" "\n" "# set CDPATH to good one\n" "CDPATH=.:/usr/share/doc:~:~/Desktop:~\n" "export CDPATH\n" "\n" "PATH=\"${PATH}\":/usr/sbin:/sbin\n" "# set PATH so it includes user's private bin if it exists\n" "if [ -d ~/bin ] ; then\n" " PATH=~/bin:\"${PATH}\"\n" "fi\n" "export PATH\n" "\n" "EDITOR=vim\n" "export EDITOR" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2796 msgid "" "You can find more <literal>bash</literal> customization tips, such as <xref " "linkend=\"_colorized_commands\"/>, in <xref linkend=\"_system_tips\"/>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2800 msgid "Special key strokes" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2801 msgid "" "In the <ulink url=\"&unixlike;\">Unix-like</ulink> environment, there are " "few key strokes which have special meanings. Please note that on a normal " "Linux character console, only the left-hand <literal>Ctrl</literal> and " "<literal>Alt</literal> keys work as expected. Here are few notable key " "strokes to remember." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2803 msgid "List of key bindings for bash" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2813 msgid "description of key binding" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2820 msgid "<literal>Ctrl-U</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2823 msgid "erase line before cursor" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2828 msgid "<literal>Ctrl-H</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2831 msgid "erase a character before cursor" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2836 msgid "<literal>Ctrl-D</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2839 msgid "terminate input (exit shell if you are using shell)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2844 msgid "<literal>Ctrl-C</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2847 msgid "terminate a running program" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2852 msgid "<literal>Ctrl-Z</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2855 msgid "temporarily stop program by moving it to the background job" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2860 msgid "<literal>Ctrl-S</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2863 msgid "halt output to screen" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2868 msgid "<literal>Ctrl-Q</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2871 msgid "reactivate output to screen" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2876 msgid "<literal>Ctrl-Alt-Del</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2879 msgid "reboot/halt the system, see <literal>inittab</literal>(5)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2883 msgid "<literal>Left-Alt-key</literal> (optionally, <literal>Windows-key</literal>)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2886 msgid "meta-key for Emacs and the similar UI" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2891 msgid "<literal>Up-arrow</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2894 msgid "start command history search under <literal>bash</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2899 msgid "<literal>Ctrl-R</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2902 msgid "start incremental command history search under <literal>bash</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2910 msgid "" "complete input of the filename to the command line under " "<literal>bash</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2915 msgid "<literal>Ctrl-V</literal> <literal>Tab</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2919 msgid "" "input <literal>Tab</literal> without expansion to the command line under " "<literal>bash</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2926 msgid "" "The terminal feature of <literal>Ctrl-S</literal> can be disabled using " "<literal>stty</literal>(1)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2930 msgid "Unix style mouse operations" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2931 msgid "Unix style mouse operations are based on the 3 button mouse system." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2933 msgid "List of Unix style mouse operations" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2943 msgid "response" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2950 msgid "Left-click-and-drag mouse" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2953 msgid "select and copy to the clipboard" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2958 msgid "Left-click" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2961 msgid "select the start of selection" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2966 msgid "Right-click" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2969 msgid "select the end of selection and copy to the clipboard" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2974 msgid "Middle-click" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2977 msgid "paste clipboard at the cursor" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2983 msgid "" "The center wheel on the modern wheel mouse is considered middle mouse button " "and can be used for middle-click. Clicking left and right mouse buttons " "together serves as the middle-click under the 2 button mouse system " "situation. In order to use a mouse in Linux character consoles, you need to " "have <literal>gpm</literal>(8) running as daemon." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2986 msgid "The pager" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2987 msgid "" "<literal>less</literal>(1) is the enhanced pager (file content browser). " "Hit \"<literal>h</literal>\" for help. It can do much more than " "<literal>more</literal>(1) and can be supercharged by executing " "\"<literal>eval $(lesspipe)</literal>\" or \"<literal>eval " "$(lessfile)</literal>\" in the shell startup script. See more in " "\"<literal>/usr/share/doc/lessf/LESSOPEN</literal>\". The " "\"<literal>-R</literal>\" option allows raw character output and enables " "ANSI color escape sequences. See <literal>less</literal>(1)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2990 msgid "The text editor" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2991 msgid "" "You should become proficient in one of variants of <ulink " "url=\"&vim;\">Vim</ulink> or <ulink url=\"&emacs;\">Emacs</ulink> programs " "which are popular in the Unix-like system." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2992 msgid "" "I think getting used to Vim commands is the right thing to do, since " "Vi-editor is always there in the Linux/Unix world. (Actually, original " "<literal>vi</literal> or new <literal>nvi</literal> are programs you find " "everywhere. I chose Vim instead for newbie since it offers you help through " "<literal>F1</literal> key while it is similar enough and more powerful.)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2993 msgid "" "If you chose either <ulink url=\"&emacs;\">Emacs</ulink> or <ulink " "url=\"&xemacs;\">XEmacs</ulink> instead as your choice of the editor, that " "is another good choice indeed, particularly for programming. Emacs has a " "plethora of other features as well, including functioning as a newsreader, " "directory editor, mail program, etc. When used for programming or editing " "shell scripts, it intelligently recognizes the format of what you are " "working on, and tries to provide assistance. Some people maintain that the " "only program they need on Linux is Emacs. Ten minutes learning Emacs now " "can save hours later. Having the GNU Emacs manual for reference when " "learning Emacs is highly recommended." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2994 msgid "" "All these programs usually come with tutoring program for you to learn them " "by practice. Start Vim by typing \"<literal>vim</literal>\" and press " "F1-key. You should at least read the first 35 lines. Then do the online " "training course by moving cursor to \"<literal>|tutor|</literal>\" and " "pressing <literal>Ctrl-]</literal>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:2996 msgid "" "Good editors, such as Vim and Emacs, can be used to handle UTF-8 and other " "exotic encoding texts correctly with proper option in the " "x-terminal-emulator on X under UTF-8 locale with proper font settings. " "Please refer to their documentation on multibyte text." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3000 msgid "Setting a default text editor" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3001 msgid "" "Debian comes with a number of different editors. We recommend to install the " "<literal>vim</literal> package, as mentioned above." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3002 msgid "" "Debian provides unified access to the system default editor via command " "\"<literal>/usr/bin/editor</literal>\" so other programs (e.g., " "<literal>reportbug</literal>(1)) can invoke it. You can change it by the " "following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3003 #, no-wrap msgid "$ sudo update-alternatives --config editor" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3004 msgid "" "The choice \"<literal>/usr/bin/vim.basic</literal>\" over " "\"<literal>/usr/bin/vim.tiny</literal>\" is my recommendation for newbies " "since it supports syntax highlighting." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3006 msgid "" "Many programs use the environment variables \"<literal>$EDITOR</literal>\" " "or \"<literal>$VISUAL</literal>\" to decide which editor to use (see <xref " "linkend=\"_the_internal_editor_in_mc\"/> and <xref " "linkend=\"_customizing_program_to_be_started\"/>). For the consistency on " "Debian system, set these to " "\"<literal>/usr/bin/editor</literal>\". (Historically, " "\"<literal>$EDITOR</literal>\" was \"<literal>ed</literal>\" and " "\"<literal>$VISUAL</literal>\" was \"<literal>vi</literal>\".)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3010 msgid "Customizing vim" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3011 msgid "" "You can customize <literal>vim</literal>(1) behavior by " "\"<literal>~/.vimrc</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3013 #, no-wrap msgid "" "\" -------------------------------\n" "\" Local configuration\n" "\"\n" "set nocompatible\n" "set nopaste\n" "set pastetoggle=<f2>\n" "syn on\n" "if $USER == \"root\"\n" " set nomodeline\n" " set noswapfile\n" "else\n" " set modeline\n" " set swapfile\n" "endif\n" "\" filler to avoid the line above being recognized as a modeline\n" "\" filler\n" "\" filler" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3032 msgid "Recording the shell activities" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3033 msgid "" "The output of the shell command may roll off your screen and may be lost " "forever. It is good practice to log shell activities into the file for you " "to review them later. This kind of record is essential when you perform any " "system administration tasks." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3034 msgid "" "The basic method of recording the shell activity is to run it under " "<literal>script</literal>(1)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3036 debian-reference.en.xmlt:18939 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ script\n" "Script started, file is typescript" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3038 msgid "Do whatever shell commands under <literal>script</literal>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3039 msgid "Press <literal>Ctrl-D</literal> to exit <literal>script</literal>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3040 #, no-wrap msgid "$ vim typescript" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3041 msgid "See <xref linkend=\"_recording_the_shell_activities_cleanly\"/> ." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3044 msgid "Basic Unix commands" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3045 msgid "" "Let's learn basic Unix commands. Here I use \"Unix\" in its generic sense. " "Any Unix clone OSs usually offer equivalent commands. The Debian system is " "no exception. Do not worry if some commands do not work as you wish now. If " "<literal>alias</literal> is used in the shell, its corresponding command " "outputs are different. These examples are not meant to be executed in this " "order." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3046 msgid "Try all following commands from the non-privileged user account." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3048 msgid "List of basic Unix commands" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3055 debian-reference.en.xmlt:6010 debian-reference.en.xmlt:7345 debian-reference.en.xmlt:10222 debian-reference.en.xmlt:10333 debian-reference.en.xmlt:12455 debian-reference.en.xmlt:13057 debian-reference.en.xmlt:13421 debian-reference.en.xmlt:14568 debian-reference.en.xmlt:15838 debian-reference.en.xmlt:18174 debian-reference.en.xmlt:19200 debian-reference.en.xmlt:21199 debian-reference.en.xmlt:22250 debian-reference.en.xmlt:24286 debian-reference.en.xmlt:24408 debian-reference.en.xmlt:24611 debian-reference.en.xmlt:24801 debian-reference.en.xmlt:26124 debian-reference.en.xmlt:30459 msgid "command" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3065 msgid "<literal>pwd</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3068 msgid "display name of current/working directory" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3073 msgid "<literal>whoami</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3076 msgid "display current user name" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3081 msgid "<literal>id</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3084 msgid "display current user identity (name, uid, gid, and associated groups)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3089 msgid "<literal>file <foo></literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3092 msgid "display a type of file for the file \"<literal><foo></literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3097 msgid "<literal>type -p <commandname></literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3100 msgid "" "display a file location of command " "\"<literal><commandname></literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3105 msgid "<literal>which <commandname></literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3108 debian-reference.en.xmlt:3132 debian-reference.en.xmlt:6676 debian-reference.en.xmlt:6684 debian-reference.en.xmlt:6692 debian-reference.en.xmlt:6700 debian-reference.en.xmlt:11121 debian-reference.en.xmlt:11132 debian-reference.en.xmlt:11143 debian-reference.en.xmlt:11154 debian-reference.en.xmlt:11165 debian-reference.en.xmlt:11176 debian-reference.en.xmlt:11197 debian-reference.en.xmlt:11207 debian-reference.en.xmlt:11217 debian-reference.en.xmlt:11238 debian-reference.en.xmlt:11249 debian-reference.en.xmlt:11260 debian-reference.en.xmlt:11271 debian-reference.en.xmlt:11303 debian-reference.en.xmlt:11314 debian-reference.en.xmlt:11336 debian-reference.en.xmlt:11347 debian-reference.en.xmlt:11380 debian-reference.en.xmlt:11391 debian-reference.en.xmlt:11413 debian-reference.en.xmlt:11424 debian-reference.en.xmlt:11435 debian-reference.en.xmlt:11457 debian-reference.en.xmlt:11468 debian-reference.en.xmlt:11490 debian-reference.en.xmlt:11501 debian-reference.en.xmlt:11512 debian-reference.en.xmlt:11523 debian-reference.en.xmlt:11534 debian-reference.en.xmlt:11545 debian-reference.en.xmlt:11556 debian-reference.en.xmlt:11567 debian-reference.en.xmlt:11578 debian-reference.en.xmlt:11589 debian-reference.en.xmlt:11600 debian-reference.en.xmlt:11611 debian-reference.en.xmlt:11622 debian-reference.en.xmlt:11633 debian-reference.en.xmlt:11644 debian-reference.en.xmlt:12521 debian-reference.en.xmlt:13980 debian-reference.en.xmlt:13989 debian-reference.en.xmlt:13999 debian-reference.en.xmlt:14008 debian-reference.en.xmlt:14028 debian-reference.en.xmlt:14039 debian-reference.en.xmlt:14050 debian-reference.en.xmlt:15482 debian-reference.en.xmlt:15504 debian-reference.en.xmlt:15514 debian-reference.en.xmlt:15656 debian-reference.en.xmlt:15667 debian-reference.en.xmlt:15678 debian-reference.en.xmlt:15689 debian-reference.en.xmlt:15711 debian-reference.en.xmlt:15722 debian-reference.en.xmlt:15733 debian-reference.en.xmlt:16067 debian-reference.en.xmlt:16122 debian-reference.en.xmlt:16125 debian-reference.en.xmlt:16144 debian-reference.en.xmlt:16147 debian-reference.en.xmlt:16155 debian-reference.en.xmlt:16166 debian-reference.en.xmlt:16169 debian-reference.en.xmlt:16270 debian-reference.en.xmlt:16292 debian-reference.en.xmlt:16325 debian-reference.en.xmlt:16347 debian-reference.en.xmlt:16350 debian-reference.en.xmlt:16358 debian-reference.en.xmlt:16379 debian-reference.en.xmlt:16382 debian-reference.en.xmlt:16400 debian-reference.en.xmlt:18247 debian-reference.en.xmlt:24632 debian-reference.en.xmlt:24680 debian-reference.en.xmlt:24704 debian-reference.en.xmlt:24728 debian-reference.en.xmlt:24752 msgid ", ," msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3113 msgid "<literal>type <commandname></literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3116 msgid "display information on command \"<literal><commandname></literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3121 msgid "<literal>apropos <key-word></literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3124 msgid "find commands related to \"<literal><key-word></literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3129 msgid "<literal>man -k <key-word></literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3137 msgid "<literal>whatis <commandname></literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3140 msgid "" "display one line explanation on command " "\"<literal><commandname></literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3145 msgid "<literal>man -a <commandname></literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3148 msgid "" "display explanation on command \"<literal><commandname></literal>\" " "(Unix style)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3153 msgid "<literal>info <commandname></literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3156 msgid "" "display rather long explanation on command " "\"<literal><commandname></literal>\" (GNU style)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3161 msgid "<literal>ls</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3164 msgid "list contents of directory (non-dot files and directories)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3169 msgid "<literal>ls -a</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3172 msgid "list contents of directory (all files and directories)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3177 msgid "<literal>ls -A</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3180 msgid "" "list contents of directory (almost all files and directories, i.e., skip " "\"<literal>..</literal>\" and \"<literal>.</literal>\")" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3185 msgid "<literal>ls -la</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3188 msgid "list all contents of directory with detail information" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3193 msgid "<literal>ls -lai</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3196 msgid "list all contents of directory with inode number and detail information" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3201 msgid "<literal>ls -d</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3204 msgid "list all directories under the current directory" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3209 msgid "<literal>tree</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3212 msgid "display file tree contents" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3217 msgid "<literal>lsof <foo></literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3220 msgid "list open status of file \"<literal><foo></literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3225 msgid "<literal>lsof -p <pid></literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3228 msgid "list files opened by the process ID: \"<literal><pid></literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3233 msgid "<literal>mkdir <foo></literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3236 msgid "" "make a new directory \"<literal><foo></literal>\" in the current " "directory" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3241 msgid "<literal>rmdir <foo></literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3244 msgid "" "remove a directory \"<literal><foo></literal>\" in the current " "directory" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3249 msgid "<literal>cd <foo></literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3252 msgid "" "change directory to the directory \"<literal><foo></literal>\" in the " "current directory or in the directory listed in the variable " "\"<literal>$CDPATH</literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3257 msgid "<literal>cd /</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3260 msgid "change directory to the root directory" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3265 msgid "<literal>cd</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3268 msgid "change directory to the current user's home directory" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3273 msgid "<literal>cd /<foo></literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3276 msgid "" "change directory to the absolute path directory " "\"<literal>/<foo></literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3281 msgid "<literal>cd ..</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3284 msgid "change directory to the parent directory" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3289 msgid "<literal>cd ~<foo></literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3292 msgid "" "change directory to the home directory of the user " "\"<literal><foo></literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3297 msgid "<literal>cd -</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3300 msgid "change directory to the previous directory" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3305 msgid "<literal></etc/motd pager</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3308 msgid "display contents of \"<literal>/etc/motd</literal>\" using the default pager" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3313 msgid "<literal>touch <junkfile></literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3316 msgid "create a empty file \"<literal><junkfile></literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3321 msgid "<literal>cp <foo> <bar></literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3324 msgid "" "copy a existing file \"<literal><foo></literal>\" to a new file " "\"<literal><bar></literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3329 msgid "<literal>rm <junkfile></literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3332 msgid "remove a file \"<literal><junkfile></literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3337 debian-reference.en.xmlt:3345 msgid "<literal>mv <foo> <bar></literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3340 msgid "" "rename an existing file \"<literal><foo></literal>\" to a new name " "\"<literal><bar></literal>\" (\"<literal><bar></literal>\" must " "not exist)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3348 msgid "" "move an existing file \"<literal><foo></literal>\" to a new location " "\"<literal><bar>/<foo></literal>\" (the directory " "\"<literal><bar></literal>\" must exist)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3353 msgid "<literal>mv <foo> <bar>/<baz></literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3356 msgid "" "move an existing file \"<literal><foo></literal>\" to a new location " "with a new name \"<literal><bar>/<baz></literal>\" (the " "directory \"<literal><bar></literal>\" must exist but the directory " "\"<literal><bar>/<baz></literal>\" must not exist)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3361 msgid "<literal>chmod 600 <foo></literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3364 msgid "" "make an existing file \"<literal><foo></literal>\" to be non-readable " "and non-writable by the other people (non-executable for all)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3369 msgid "<literal>chmod 644 <foo></literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3372 msgid "" "make an existing file \"<literal><foo></literal>\" to be readable but " "non-writable by the other people (non-executable for all)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3377 msgid "<literal>chmod 755 <foo></literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3380 msgid "" "make an existing file \"<literal><foo></literal>\" to be readable but " "non-writable by the other people (executable for all)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3385 msgid "<literal>find . -name <pattern></literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3388 msgid "" "find matching filenames using shell \"<literal><pattern></literal>\" " "(slower)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3393 msgid "<literal>locate -d . <pattern></literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3396 msgid "" "find matching filenames using shell \"<literal><pattern></literal>\" " "(quicker using regularly generated database)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3401 msgid "<literal>grep -e \"<pattern>\" *.html</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3404 msgid "" "find a \"<pattern>\" in all files ending with " "\"<literal>.html</literal>\" in current directory and display them all" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3409 msgid "<literal>top</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3412 msgid "" "display process information using full screen, type \"<literal>q</literal>\" " "to quit" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3417 msgid "<literal>ps aux | pager</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3420 msgid "display information on all the running processes using BSD style output" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3425 msgid "<literal>ps -ef | pager</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3428 msgid "" "display information on all the running processes using Unix system-V style " "output" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3433 msgid "<literal>ps aux | grep -e \"[e]xim4*\"</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3436 msgid "" "display all processes running \"<literal>exim</literal>\" and " "\"<literal>exim4</literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3441 msgid "<literal>ps axf | pager</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3444 msgid "display information on all the running processes with ASCII art output" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3449 msgid "<literal>kill <1234></literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3452 msgid "kill a process identified by the process ID: \"<1234>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3457 msgid "<literal>gzip <foo></literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3460 msgid "" "compress \"<literal><foo></literal>\" to create " "\"<literal><foo>.gz</literal>\" using the Lempel-Ziv coding (LZ77)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3465 msgid "<literal>gunzip <foo>.gz</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3468 msgid "" "decompress \"<literal><foo>.gz</literal>\" to create " "\"<literal><foo></literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3473 msgid "<literal>bzip2 <foo></literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3476 msgid "" "compress \"<literal><foo></literal>\" to create " "\"<literal><foo>.bz2</literal>\" using the Burrows-Wheeler block " "sorting text compression algorithm, and Huffman coding (better compression " "than <literal>gzip</literal>)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3481 msgid "<literal>bunzip2 <foo>.bz2</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3484 msgid "" "decompress \"<literal><foo>.bz2</literal>\" to create " "\"<literal><foo></literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3489 msgid "<literal>xz <foo></literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3492 msgid "" "compress \"<literal><foo></literal>\" to create " "\"<literal><foo>.xz</literal>\" using the Lempel–Ziv–Markov chain " "algorithm (better compression than <literal>bzip2</literal>)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3497 msgid "<literal>unxz <foo>.xz</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3500 msgid "" "decompress \"<literal><foo>.xz</literal>\" to create " "\"<literal><foo></literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3505 msgid "<literal>tar -xvf <foo>.tar</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3508 msgid "extract files from \"<literal><foo>.tar</literal>\" archive" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3513 msgid "<literal>tar -xvzf <foo>.tar.gz</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3516 msgid "extract files from gzipped \"<literal><foo>.tar.gz</literal>\" archive" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3521 msgid "<literal>tar -xvjf <foo>.tar.bz2</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3524 msgid "extract files from \"<literal><foo>.tar.bz2</literal>\" archive" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3529 msgid "<literal>tar -xvJf <foo>.tar.xz</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3532 msgid "extract files from \"<literal><foo>.tar.xz</literal>\" archive" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3537 msgid "<literal>tar -cvf <foo>.tar <bar>/</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3540 msgid "" "archive contents of folder \"<literal><bar>/</literal>\" in " "\"<literal><foo>.tar</literal>\" archive" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3545 msgid "<literal>tar -cvzf <foo>.tar.gz <bar>/</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3548 msgid "" "archive contents of folder \"<literal><bar>/</literal>\" in compressed " "\"<literal><foo>.tar.gz</literal>\" archive" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3553 msgid "<literal>tar -cvjf <foo>.tar.bz2 <bar>/</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3556 msgid "" "archive contents of folder \"<literal><bar>/</literal>\" in " "\"<literal><foo>.tar.bz2</literal>\" archive" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3561 msgid "<literal>tar -cvJf <foo>.tar.xz <bar>/</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3564 msgid "" "archive contents of folder \"<literal><bar>/</literal>\" in " "\"<literal><foo>.tar.xz</literal>\" archive" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3569 msgid "<literal>zcat README.gz | pager</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3572 msgid "" "display contents of compressed \"<literal>README.gz</literal>\" using the " "default pager" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3577 msgid "<literal>zcat README.gz > foo</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3580 msgid "" "create a file \"<literal>foo</literal>\" with the decompressed content of " "\"<literal>README.gz</literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3585 msgid "<literal>zcat README.gz >> foo</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3588 msgid "" "append the decompressed content of \"<literal>README.gz</literal>\" to the " "end of the file \"<literal>foo</literal>\" (if it does not exist, create it " "first)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3595 msgid "" "Unix has a tradition to hide filenames which start with " "\"<literal>.</literal>\". They are traditionally files that contain " "configuration information and user preferences." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3598 msgid "For <literal>cd</literal> command, see <literal>builtins</literal>(7)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3601 msgid "" "The default pager of the bare bone Debian system is " "<literal>more</literal>(1) which cannot scroll back. By installing the " "<literal>less</literal> package using command line \"<literal>apt-get " "install less</literal>\", <literal>less</literal>(1) becomes default pager " "and you can scroll back with cursor keys." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3604 msgid "" "The \"<literal>[</literal>\" and \"<literal>]</literal>\" in the regular " "expression of the \"<literal>ps aux | grep -e \"[e]xim4*\"</literal>\" " "command above enable <literal>grep</literal> to avoid matching itself. The " "\"<literal>4*</literal>\" in the regular expression means 0 or more repeats " "of character \"<literal>4</literal>\" thus enables <literal>grep</literal> " "to match both \"<literal>exim</literal>\" and \"<literal>exim4</literal>\". " "Although \"<literal>*</literal>\" is used in the shell filename glob and the " "regular expression, their meanings are different. Learn the regular " "expression from <literal>grep</literal>(1)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3606 msgid "" "Please traverse directories and peek into the system using the above " "commands as training. If you have questions on any of console commands, " "please make sure to read the manual page." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3608 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ man man\n" "$ man bash\n" "$ man builtins\n" "$ man grep\n" "$ man ls" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3613 msgid "" "The style of man pages may be a little hard to get used to, because they are " "rather terse, particularly the older, very traditional ones. But once you " "get used to it, you come to appreciate their succinctness." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3614 msgid "" "Please note that many Unix-like commands including ones from GNU and BSD " "display brief help information if you invoke them in one of the following " "ways (or without any arguments in some cases)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3615 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ <commandname> --help\n" "$ <commandname> -h" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3620 msgid "The simple shell command" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3621 msgid "" "Now you have some feel on how to use the Debian system. Let's look deep " "into the mechanism of the command execution in the Debian system. Here, I " "have simplified reality for the newbie. See <literal>bash</literal>(1) for " "the exact explanation." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3622 msgid "A simple command is a sequence of components." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3626 msgid "Variable assignments (optional)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3631 msgid "Command name" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3636 msgid "Arguments (optional)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3641 msgid "" "Redirections (optional: <literal>></literal> , " "<literal>>></literal> , <literal><</literal> , " "<literal><<</literal> , etc.)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3646 msgid "" "Control operator (optional: <literal>&&</literal> , " "<literal>||</literal> , <newline> , <literal>;</literal> , " "<literal>&</literal> , <literal>(</literal> , <literal>)</literal> )" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3651 msgid "Command execution and environment variable" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3652 msgid "" "Values of some <ulink url=\"&environmentvariables;\">environment " "variables</ulink> change the behavior of some Unix commands." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3653 msgid "" "Default values of environment variables are initially set by the PAM system " "and then some of them may be reset by some application programs." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3657 msgid "" "The display manager such as <literal>gdm</literal> resets environment " "variables." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3662 msgid "" "The shell in its start up codes resets environment variables in " "\"<literal>~/bash_profile</literal>\" and \"<literal>~/.bashrc</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3668 msgid "\"<literal>$LANG</literal>\" variable" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3669 msgid "" "The full locale value given to \"<literal>$LANG</literal>\" variable " "consists of 3 parts: \"<literal>xx_YY.ZZZZ</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3671 msgid "3 parts of locale value" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3678 msgid "locale value" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3688 msgid "<literal>xx</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3691 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&isogdjlanguagecoowercasesuchasen;\">ISO 639 language codes " "(lower case) such as \"en\"</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3696 msgid "<literal>YY</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3699 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&isodbggcountrycoppercasesuchasus;\">ISO 3166 country codes " "(upper case) such as \"US\"</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3704 msgid "<literal>ZZZZ</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3707 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&codesetalwayssettoutfi;\">codeset, always set to " "\"UTF-8\"</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3713 msgid "" "For language codes and country codes, see pertinent description in the " "\"<literal>info gettext</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3714 msgid "" "For the codeset on the modern Debian system, you should always set it to " "<emphasis role=\"strong\"><literal>UTF-8</literal></emphasis> unless you " "specifically want to use the historic one with good reason and background " "knowledge." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3715 msgid "" "For fine details of the locale configuration, see <xref " "linkend=\"_the_locale\"/>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3717 msgid "" "The \"<literal>LANG=en_US</literal>\" is not \"<literal>LANG=C</literal>\" " "nor \"<literal>LANG=en_US.UTF-8</literal>\". It is " "\"<literal>LANG=en_US.ISO-8859-1</literal>\" (see <xref " "linkend=\"_basics_of_encoding\"/>)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3720 msgid "List of locale recommendations" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3727 msgid "locale recommendation" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3730 msgid "Language (area)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3737 debian-reference.en.xmlt:19037 msgid "<literal>en_US.UTF-8</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3740 msgid "English(USA)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3745 msgid "<literal>en_GB.UTF-8</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3748 msgid "English(Great_Britain)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3753 msgid "<literal>fr_FR.UTF-8</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3756 msgid "French(France)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3761 msgid "<literal>de_DE.UTF-8</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3764 msgid "German(Germany)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3769 msgid "<literal>it_IT.UTF-8</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3772 msgid "Italian(Italy)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3777 debian-reference.en.xmlt:19048 debian-reference.en.xmlt:19080 msgid "<literal>es_ES.UTF-8</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3780 msgid "Spanish(Spain)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3785 msgid "<literal>ca_ES.UTF-8</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3788 msgid "Catalan(Spain)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3793 msgid "<literal>sv_SE.UTF-8</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3796 msgid "Swedish(Sweden)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3801 msgid "<literal>pt_BR.UTF-8</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3804 msgid "Portuguese(Brazil)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3809 msgid "<literal>ru_RU.UTF-8</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3812 msgid "Russian(Russia)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3817 msgid "<literal>zh_CN.UTF-8</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3820 msgid "Chinese(P.R._of_China)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3825 msgid "<literal>zh_TW.UTF-8</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3828 msgid "Chinese(Taiwan_R.O.C.)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3833 msgid "<literal>ja_JP.UTF-8</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3836 msgid "Japanese(Japan)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3841 msgid "<literal>ko_KR.UTF-8</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3844 msgid "Korean(Republic_of_Korea)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3849 msgid "<literal>vi_VN.UTF-8</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3852 msgid "Vietnamese(Vietnam)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3858 msgid "Typical command execution uses a shell line sequence as the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3859 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ date\n" "Sun Jun 3 10:27:39 JST 2007\n" "$ LANG=fr_FR.UTF-8 date\n" "dimanche 3 juin 2007, 10:27:33 (UTC+0900)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3863 msgid "" "Here, the program <literal>date</literal>(1) is executed with different " "values of the environment variable \"<literal>$LANG</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3867 msgid "" "For the first command, \"<literal>$LANG</literal>\" is set to the system " "default <ulink url=\"&locale;\">locale</ulink> value " "\"<literal>en_US.UTF-8</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3872 msgid "" "For the second command, \"<literal>$LANG</literal>\" is set to the French " "UTF-8 <ulink url=\"&locale;\">locale</ulink> value " "\"<literal>fr_FR.UTF-8</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3876 msgid "" "Most command executions usually do not have preceding environment variable " "definition. For the above example, you can alternatively execute as the " "following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3877 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ LANG=fr_FR.UTF-8\n" "$ date\n" "dimanche 3 juin 2007, 10:27:33 (UTC+0900)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3880 msgid "" "As you can see here, the output of command is affected by the environment " "variable to produce French output. If you want the environment variable to " "be inherited to subprocesses (e.g., when calling shell script), you need to " "<emphasis role=\"strong\">export</emphasis> it instead by the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3881 #, no-wrap msgid "$ export LANG" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3883 msgid "" "When filing a bug report, running and checking the command under " "\"<literal>LANG=en_US.UTF-8</literal>\" is good idea if you use non-English " "environment." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3885 msgid "" "See <literal>locale</literal>(5) and <literal>locale</literal>(7) for " "\"<literal>$LANG</literal>\" and related environment variables." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3887 msgid "" "I recommend you to configure the system environment just by the " "\"<literal>$LANG</literal>\" variable and to stay away from " "\"<literal>$LC_*</literal>\" variables unless it is absolutely needed." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3891 msgid "\"<literal>$PATH</literal>\" variable" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3892 msgid "" "When you type a command into the shell, the shell searches the command in " "the list of directories contained in the \"<literal>$PATH</literal>\" " "environment variable. The value of the \"<literal>$PATH</literal>\" " "environment variable is also called the shell's search path." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3893 msgid "" "In the default Debian installation, the \"<literal>$PATH</literal>\" " "environment variable of user accounts may not include " "\"<literal>/sbin</literal>\" and \"<literal>/usr/sbin</literal>\". For " "example, the <literal>ifconfig</literal> command needs to be issued with " "full path as \"<literal>/sbin/ifconfig</literal>\". (Similar " "<literal>ip</literal> command is located in \"<literal>/bin</literal>\".)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3894 msgid "" "You can change the \"<literal>$PATH</literal>\" environment variable of Bash " "shell by \"<literal>~/.bash_profile</literal>\" or " "\"<literal>~/.bashrc</literal>\" files." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3897 msgid "\"<literal>$HOME</literal>\" variable" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3898 msgid "" "Many commands stores user specific configuration in the home directory and " "changes their behavior by their contents. The home directory is identified " "by the environment variable \"<literal>$HOME</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3900 msgid "List of \"<literal>$HOME</literal>\" values" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3907 msgid "value of \"<literal>$HOME</literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3910 msgid "program execution situation" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3920 msgid "program run by the init process (daemon)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3925 debian-reference.en.xmlt:3957 msgid "<literal>/root</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3928 msgid "program run from the normal root shell" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3933 debian-reference.en.xmlt:3941 debian-reference.en.xmlt:3949 msgid "<literal>/home/<normal_user></literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3936 msgid "program run from the normal user shell" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3944 msgid "program run from the normal user GUI desktop menu" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3952 msgid "program run as root with \"<literal>sudo program</literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3960 msgid "program run as root with \"<literal>sudo -H program</literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3967 msgid "" "Shell expands \"<literal>~/</literal>\" to current user's home directory, " "i.e., \"<literal>$HOME/</literal>\". Shell expands " "\"<literal>~foo/</literal>\" to <literal>foo</literal>'s home directory, " "i.e., \"<literal>/home/foo/</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3971 msgid "Command line options" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3972 msgid "" "Some commands take arguments. Arguments starting with " "\"<literal>-</literal>\" or \"<literal>--</literal>\" are called options and " "control the behavior of the command." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3973 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ date\n" "Mon Oct 27 23:02:09 CET 2003\n" "$ date -R\n" "Mon, 27 Oct 2003 23:02:40 +0100" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3977 msgid "" "Here the command-line argument \"<literal>-R</literal>\" changes " "<literal>date</literal>(1) behavior to output <ulink " "url=\"&rfccicc;\">RFC2822</ulink> compliant date string." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3980 msgid "Shell glob" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3981 msgid "" "Often you want a command to work with a group of files without typing all of " "them. The filename expansion pattern using the shell <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">glob</emphasis>, (sometimes referred as <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">wildcards</emphasis>), facilitate this need." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3983 msgid "Shell glob patterns" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3990 msgid "shell glob pattern" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:3993 msgid "description of match rule" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4000 msgid "<literal>*</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4003 msgid "filename (segment) not started with \"<literal>.</literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4008 msgid "<literal>.*</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4011 msgid "filename (segment) started with \"<literal>.</literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4016 debian-reference.en.xmlt:6385 msgid "<literal>?</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4019 msgid "exactly one character" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4024 msgid "<literal>[…]</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4027 msgid "exactly one character with any character enclosed in brackets" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4032 msgid "<literal>[a-z]</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4035 msgid "" "exactly one character with any character between \"<literal>a</literal>\" " "and \"<literal>z</literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4040 msgid "<literal>[^…]</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4043 msgid "" "exactly one character other than any character enclosed in brackets " "(excluding \"<literal>^</literal>\")" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4050 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ mkdir junk; cd junk; touch 1.txt 2.txt 3.c 4.h .5.txt ..6.txt\n" "$ echo *.txt\n" "1.txt 2.txt\n" "$ echo *\n" "1.txt 2.txt 3.c 4.h\n" "$ echo *.[hc]\n" "3.c 4.h\n" "$ echo .*\n" ". .. .5.txt ..6.txt\n" "$ echo .*[^.]*\n" ".5.txt ..6.txt\n" "$ echo [^1-3]*\n" "4.h\n" "$ cd ..; rm -rf junk" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4064 msgid "See <literal>glob</literal>(7)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4066 msgid "" "Unlike normal filename expansion by the shell, the shell pattern " "\"<literal>*</literal>\" tested in <literal>find</literal>(1) with " "\"<literal>-name</literal>\" test etc., matches the initial " "\"<literal>.</literal>\" of the filename. (New <ulink " "url=\"&posix;\">POSIX</ulink> feature)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4069 msgid "" "BASH can be tweaked to change its glob behavior with its shopt builtin " "options such as \"<literal>dotglob</literal>\", " "\"<literal>noglob</literal>\", \"<literal>nocaseglob</literal>\", " "\"<literal>nullglob</literal>\", \"<literal>nocaseglob</literal>\", " "\"<literal>extglob</literal>\", etc. See <literal>bash</literal>(1)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4073 msgid "Return value of the command" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4074 msgid "" "Each command returns its exit status (variable: \"<literal>$?</literal>\") " "as the return value." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4076 msgid "Command exit codes" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4084 msgid "command exit status" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4087 msgid "numeric return value" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4090 msgid "logical return value" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4097 msgid "success" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4100 msgid "zero, 0" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4103 msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">TRUE</emphasis>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4108 msgid "error" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4111 msgid "non-zero, -1" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4114 msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">FALSE</emphasis>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4121 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ [ 1 = 1 ] ; echo $?\n" "0\n" "$ [ 1 = 2 ] ; echo $?\n" "1" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4126 msgid "" "Please note that, in the logical context for the shell, <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">success</emphasis> is treated as the logical <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">TRUE</emphasis> which has 0 (zero) as its value. This is " "somewhat non-intuitive and needs to be reminded here." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4130 msgid "Typical command sequences and shell redirection" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4131 msgid "" "Let's try to remember following shell command idioms typed in one line as a " "part of shell command." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4133 msgid "Shell command idioms" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4140 msgid "command idiom" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4150 msgid "<literal>command &</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4152 msgid "" "<emphasis role=\"strong\">background</emphasis> execution of " "<literal>command</literal> in the subshell" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4157 msgid "<literal>command1 | command2</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4159 msgid "" "<emphasis role=\"strong\">pipe</emphasis> the standard output of " "<literal>command1</literal> to the standard input of " "<literal>command2</literal> (<emphasis role=\"strong\">concurrent</emphasis> " "execution)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4164 msgid "<literal>command1 2>&1 | command2</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4166 msgid "" "<emphasis role=\"strong\">pipe</emphasis> both standard output and standard " "error of <literal>command1</literal> to the standard input of " "<literal>command2</literal> (<emphasis role=\"strong\">concurrent</emphasis> " "execution)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4171 msgid "<literal>command1 ; command2</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4174 msgid "" "execute <literal>command1</literal> and <literal>command2</literal> " "<emphasis role=\"strong\">sequentially</emphasis>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4179 msgid "<literal>command1 && command2</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4182 msgid "" "execute <literal>command1</literal>; if successful, execute " "<literal>command2</literal> <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">sequentially</emphasis> (return success if both " "<literal>command1</literal> <emphasis role=\"strong\">and</emphasis> " "<literal>command2</literal> are successful)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4187 msgid "<literal>command1 || command2</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4190 msgid "" "execute <literal>command1</literal>; if not successful, execute " "<literal>command2</literal> <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">sequentially</emphasis> (return success if " "<literal>command1</literal> <emphasis role=\"strong\">or</emphasis> " "<literal>command2</literal> are successful)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4195 msgid "<literal>command > foo</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4198 msgid "" "redirect standard output of <literal>command</literal> to a file " "<literal>foo</literal> (overwrite)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4203 msgid "<literal>command 2> foo</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4206 msgid "" "redirect standard error of <literal>command</literal> to a file " "<literal>foo</literal> (overwrite)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4211 msgid "<literal>command >> foo</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4214 msgid "" "redirect standard output of <literal>command</literal> to a file " "<literal>foo</literal> (append)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4219 msgid "<literal>command 2>> foo</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4222 msgid "" "redirect standard error of <literal>command</literal> to a file " "<literal>foo</literal> (append)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4227 msgid "<literal>command > foo 2>&1</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4230 msgid "" "redirect both standard output and standard error of " "<literal>command</literal> to a file \"<literal>foo</literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4235 msgid "<literal>command < foo</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4238 msgid "" "redirect standard input of <literal>command</literal> to a file " "<literal>foo</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4243 msgid "<literal>command << delimiter</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4246 msgid "" "redirect standard input of <literal>command</literal> to the following lines " "until \"<literal>delimiter</literal>\" is met (here document)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4251 msgid "<literal>command <<- delimiter</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4254 msgid "" "redirect standard input of <literal>command</literal> to the following lines " "until \"<literal>delimiter</literal>\" is met (here document, the leading " "tab characters are stripped from input lines)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4260 msgid "" "The Debian system is a multi-tasking system. Background jobs allow users to " "run multiple programs in a single shell. The management of the background " "process involves the shell builtins: <literal>jobs</literal>, " "<literal>fg</literal>, <literal>bg</literal>, and <literal>kill</literal>. " "Please read sections of bash(1) under \"SIGNALS\", and \"JOB CONTROL\", and " "<literal>builtins</literal>(1)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4262 #, no-wrap msgid "$ </etc/motd pager" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4263 #, no-wrap msgid "$ pager </etc/motd" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4264 #, no-wrap msgid "$ pager /etc/motd" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4265 #, no-wrap msgid "$ cat /etc/motd | pager" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4266 msgid "" "Although all 4 examples of shell redirections display the same thing, the " "last example runs an extra <literal>cat</literal> command and wastes " "resources with no reason." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4267 msgid "" "The shell allows you to open files using the <literal>exec</literal> builtin " "with an arbitrary file descriptor." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4268 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ echo Hello >foo\n" "$ exec 3<foo 4>bar # open files\n" "$ cat <&3 >&4 # redirect stdin to 3, stdout to 4\n" "$ exec 3<&- 4>&- # close files\n" "$ cat bar\n" "Hello" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4274 msgid "" "Here, \"<literal><emphasis>n</emphasis><&-</literal>\" and " "\"<literal><emphasis>n</emphasis>>&-</literal>\" mean to close the " "file descriptor \"<literal><emphasis>n</emphasis></literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4275 msgid "The file descriptor 0-2 are predefined." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4277 msgid "Predefined file descriptors" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4285 msgid "device" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4291 msgid "file descriptor" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4298 msgid "<literal>stdin</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4301 msgid "standard input" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4304 debian-reference.en.xmlt:9808 debian-reference.en.xmlt:20130 msgid "0" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4309 msgid "<literal>stdout</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4312 msgid "standard output" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4315 debian-reference.en.xmlt:8551 debian-reference.en.xmlt:9819 debian-reference.en.xmlt:11759 debian-reference.en.xmlt:20498 msgid "1" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4320 msgid "<literal>stderr</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4323 msgid "standard error" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4326 debian-reference.en.xmlt:9830 msgid "2" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4334 msgid "Command alias" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4335 msgid "You can set an alias for the frequently used command." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4337 #, no-wrap msgid "$ alias la='ls -la'" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4338 msgid "" "Now, \"<literal>la</literal>\" works as a short hand for \"<literal>ls " "-la</literal>\" which lists all files in the long listing format." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4339 msgid "" "You can list any existing aliases by <literal>alias</literal> (see " "<literal>bash</literal>(1) under \"SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS\")." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4340 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ alias\n" "...\n" "alias la='ls -la'" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4343 msgid "" "You can identity exact path or identity of the command by " "<literal>type</literal> (see <literal>bash</literal>(1) under \"SHELL " "BUILTIN COMMANDS\")." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4345 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ type ls\n" "ls is hashed (/bin/ls)\n" "$ type la\n" "la is aliased to ls -la\n" "$ type echo\n" "echo is a shell builtin\n" "$ type file\n" "file is /usr/bin/file" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4353 msgid "" "Here <literal>ls</literal> was recently searched while " "\"<literal>file</literal>\" was not, thus \"<literal>ls</literal>\" is " "\"hashed\", i.e., the shell has an internal record for the quick access to " "the location of the \"<literal>ls</literal>\" command." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4355 debian-reference.en.xmlt:4699 msgid "See <xref linkend=\"_colorized_commands\"/>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4360 msgid "Unix-like text processing" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4361 msgid "" "In Unix-like work environment, text processing is done by piping text " "through chains of standard text processing tools. This was another crucial " "Unix innovation." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4363 msgid "Unix text tools" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4364 msgid "" "There are few standard text processing tools which are used very often on " "the Unix-like system." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4368 msgid "No regular expression is used:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4372 msgid "<literal>cat</literal>(1) concatenates files and outputs the whole content." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4376 msgid "<literal>tac</literal>(1) concatenates files and outputs in reverse." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4380 msgid "<literal>cut</literal>(1) selects parts of lines and outputs." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4384 msgid "<literal>head</literal>(1) outputs the first part of files." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4388 msgid "<literal>tail</literal>(1) outputs the last part of files." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4392 msgid "<literal>sort</literal>(1) sorts lines of text files." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4396 msgid "<literal>uniq</literal>(1) removes duplicate lines from a sorted file." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4400 msgid "<literal>tr</literal>(1) translates or deletes characters." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4404 msgid "<literal>diff</literal>(1) compares files line by line." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4411 msgid "Basic regular expression (<emphasis role=\"strong\">BRE</emphasis>) is used:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4415 msgid "<literal>grep</literal>(1) matches text with patterns." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4419 msgid "<literal>ed</literal>(1) is a primitive line editor." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4423 msgid "<literal>sed</literal>(1) is a stream editor." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4427 msgid "<literal>vim</literal>(1) is a screen editor." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4431 msgid "" "<literal>emacs</literal>(1) is a screen editor. (somewhat extended <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">BRE</emphasis>)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4438 msgid "" "Extended regular expression (<emphasis role=\"strong\">ERE</emphasis>) is " "used:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4442 msgid "<literal>egrep</literal>(1) matches text with patterns." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4446 msgid "<literal>awk</literal>(1) does simple text processing." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4450 msgid "" "<literal>tcl</literal>(3tcl) can do every conceivable text processing: " "<literal>re_syntax</literal>(3). Often used with <literal>tk</literal>(3tk)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4454 msgid "" "<literal>perl</literal>(1) can do every conceivable text processing. " "<literal>perlre</literal>(1)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4458 msgid "" "<literal>pcregrep</literal>(1) from the <literal>pcregrep</literal> package " "matches text with <ulink url=\"&perlcompatiblererexpressionspcre;\">Perl " "Compatible Regular Expressions (PCRE)</ulink> pattern." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4462 msgid "" "<literal>python</literal>(1) with the <literal>re</literal> module can do " "every conceivable text processing. See " "\"<literal>/usr/share/doc/python/html/index.html</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4468 msgid "" "If you are not sure what exactly these commands do, please use " "\"<literal>man command</literal>\" to figure it out by yourself." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4470 msgid "" "Sort order and range expression are locale dependent. If you wish to obtain " "traditional behavior for a command, use <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">C</emphasis> locale instead of <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">UTF-8</emphasis> ones by prepnding command with " "\"<literal>LANG=C</literal>\" (see <xref " "linkend=\"_literal_lang_literal_variable\"/> and <xref " "linkend=\"_the_locale\"/>)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4473 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&perl;\">Perl</ulink> regular expressions " "(<literal>perlre</literal>(1)), <ulink " "url=\"&perlcompatiblererexpressionspcre;\">Perl Compatible Regular " "Expressions (PCRE)</ulink>, and <ulink url=\"&python;\">Python</ulink> " "regular expressions offered by the <literal>re</literal> module have many " "common extensions to the normal <emphasis role=\"strong\">ERE</emphasis>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4477 msgid "Regular expressions" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4478 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"®ularexpressions;\">Regular expressions</ulink> are used in " "many text processing tools. They are analogous to the shell globs, but they " "are more complicated and powerful." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4479 msgid "" "The regular expression describes the matching pattern and is made up of text " "characters and <emphasis role=\"strong\">metacharacters</emphasis>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4480 msgid "" "The <emphasis role=\"strong\">metacharacter</emphasis> is just a character " "with a special meaning. There are 2 major styles, <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">BRE</emphasis> and <emphasis role=\"strong\">ERE</emphasis>, " "depending on the text tools as described above." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4482 msgid "Metacharacters for BRE and ERE" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4490 msgid "BRE" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4493 msgid "ERE" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4496 msgid "description of the regular expression" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4503 msgid "<literal> \\ . [ ] ^ $ * </literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4506 msgid "<literal>\\ . [ ] ^ $ *</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4509 msgid "common <emphasis role=\"strong\">metacharacters</emphasis>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4514 msgid "<literal>\\+ \\? \\( \\) \\{ \\} \\|</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4517 debian-reference.en.xmlt:4525 msgid " " msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4520 msgid "" "BRE only \"<literal>\\</literal>\" escaped <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">metacharacters</emphasis>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4528 msgid "<literal>+ ? ( ) { } |</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4531 msgid "" "ERE only non-\"<literal>\\</literal>\" escaped <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">metacharacters</emphasis>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4542 msgid "" "match <emphasis role=\"strong\">non-metacharacter</emphasis> " "\"<literal>c</literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4547 debian-reference.en.xmlt:4550 msgid "<literal>\\c</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4553 msgid "" "match a literal character \"<literal>c</literal>\" even if " "\"<literal>c</literal>\" is <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">metacharacter</emphasis> by itself" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4558 debian-reference.en.xmlt:4561 msgid "<literal>.</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4564 msgid "match any character including newline" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4569 debian-reference.en.xmlt:4572 msgid "<literal>^</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4575 msgid "position at the beginning of a string" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4580 debian-reference.en.xmlt:4583 msgid "<literal>$</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4586 msgid "position at the end of a string" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4591 debian-reference.en.xmlt:4594 msgid "<literal>\\<</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4597 msgid "position at the beginning of a word" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4602 debian-reference.en.xmlt:4605 msgid "<literal>\\></literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4608 msgid "position at the end of a word" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4613 msgid "<literal>\\[abc…\\]</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4616 msgid "<literal>[abc…]</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4619 msgid "match any characters in \"<literal>abc…</literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4624 msgid "<literal>\\[^abc…\\]</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4627 msgid "<literal>[^abc…]</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4630 msgid "match any characters except in \"<literal>abc…</literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4635 debian-reference.en.xmlt:4638 msgid "<literal>r*</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4641 msgid "" "match zero or more regular expressions identified by " "\"<literal>r</literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4646 msgid "<literal>r\\+</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4649 msgid "<literal>r+</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4652 msgid "match one or more regular expressions identified by \"<literal>r</literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4657 msgid "<literal>r\\?</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4660 msgid "<literal>r?</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4663 msgid "match zero or one regular expressions identified by \"<literal>r</literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4668 msgid "<literal>r1\\|r2</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4671 msgid "<literal>r1|r2</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4674 msgid "" "match one of the regular expressions identified by \"<literal>r1</literal>\" " "or \"<literal>r2</literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4679 msgid "<literal>\\(r1\\|r2\\)</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4682 msgid "<literal>(r1|r2)</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4685 msgid "" "match one of the regular expressions identified by \"<literal>r1</literal>\" " "or \"<literal>r2</literal>\" and treat it as a <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">bracketed</emphasis> regular expression" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4691 msgid "" "The regular expression of <emphasis " "role=\"strong\"><literal>emacs</literal></emphasis> is basically <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">BRE</emphasis> but has been extended to treat " "\"<literal>+</literal>\"and \"<literal>?</literal>\" as the <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">metacharacters</emphasis> as in <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">ERE</emphasis>. Thus, there are no needs to escape them " "with \"<literal>\\</literal>\" in the regular expression of " "<literal>emacs</literal>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4692 msgid "" "<literal>grep</literal>(1) can be used to perform the text search using the " "regular expression." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4694 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ egrep 'GNU.*LICENSE|Yoyodyne' /usr/share/common-licenses/GPL\n" "GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE\n" "GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE\n" "Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright interest in the program" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4703 msgid "Replacement expressions" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4704 msgid "For the replacement expression, some characters have special meanings." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4706 msgid "The replacement expression" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4713 msgid "replacement expression" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4716 msgid "description of the text to replace the replacement expression" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4723 msgid "<literal>&</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4726 msgid "" "what the regular expression matched (use <literal>\\&</literal> in " "<literal>emacs</literal>)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4731 msgid "<literal>\\n</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4734 msgid "" "what the n-th <emphasis role=\"strong\">bracketed</emphasis> regular " "expression matched (\"n\" being number)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4740 msgid "" "For Perl replacement string, \"<literal>$n</literal>\" is used instead of " "\"<literal>\\n</literal>\" and \"<literal>&</literal>\" has no special " "meaning." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4742 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ echo zzz1abc2efg3hij4 | \\\n" "sed -e 's/\\(1[a-z]*\\)[0-9]*\\(.*\\)$/=&=/'\n" "zzz=1abc2efg3hij4=\n" "$ echo zzz1abc2efg3hij4 | \\\n" "sed -e 's/\\(1[a-z]*\\)[0-9]*\\(.*\\)$/\\2===\\1/'\n" "zzzefg3hij4===1abc\n" "$ echo zzz1abc2efg3hij4 | \\\n" "perl -pe 's/(1[a-z]*)[0-9]*(.*)$/$2===$1/'\n" "zzzefg3hij4===1abc\n" "$ echo zzz1abc2efg3hij4 | \\\n" "perl -pe 's/(1[a-z]*)[0-9]*(.*)$/=&=/'\n" "zzz=&=" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4754 msgid "" "Here please pay extra attention to the style of the <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">bracketed</emphasis> regular expression and how the matched " "strings are used in the text replacement process on different tools." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4755 msgid "" "These regular expressions can be used for cursor movements and text " "replacement actions in some editors too." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4756 msgid "" "The back slash \"<literal>\\</literal>\" at the end of line in the shell " "commandline escapes newline as a white space character and continues shell " "command line input to the next line." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4757 msgid "Please read all the related manual pages to learn these commands." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4760 msgid "Global substitution with regular expressions" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4761 msgid "" "The <literal>ed</literal>(1) command can replace all instances of " "\"<literal>FROM_REGEX</literal>\" with \"<literal>TO_TEXT</literal>\" in " "\"<literal>file</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4762 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ ed file <<EOF\n" ",s/FROM_REGEX/TO_TEXT/g\n" "w\n" "q\n" "EOF" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4767 msgid "" "The <literal>sed</literal>(1) command can replace all instances of " "\"<literal>FROM_REGEX</literal>\" with \"<literal>TO_TEXT</literal>\" in " "\"<literal>file</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4768 #, no-wrap msgid "$ sed file 's/FROM_REGEX/TO_TEXT/g' | sponge file" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4770 msgid "" "The <literal>sponge</literal>(8) command is a non-standard Unix tool offered " "by the <literal>moreutils</literal> package. This is quite useful when you " "wish to overwrite original file." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4772 msgid "" "The <literal>vim</literal>(1) command can replace all instances of " "\"<literal>FROM_REGEX</literal>\" with \"<literal>TO_TEXT</literal>\" in " "\"<literal>file</literal>\" by using <literal>ex</literal>(1) commands." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4773 #, no-wrap msgid "$ vim '+%s/FROM_REGEX/TO_TEXT/gc' '+w' '+q' file" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4775 msgid "" "The \"<literal>c</literal>\" flag in the above ensures interactive " "confirmation for each substitution." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4777 msgid "" "Multiple files (\"<literal>file1</literal>\", \"<literal>file2</literal>\", " "and \"<literal>file3</literal>\") can be processed with regular expressions " "similarly with <literal>vim</literal>(1) or <literal>perl</literal>(1)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4778 #, no-wrap msgid "$ vim '+argdo %s/FROM_REGEX/TO_TEXT/ge|update' '+q' file1 file2 file3" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4780 msgid "" "The \"<literal>e</literal>\" flag in the above prevents the \"No match\" " "error from breaking a mapping." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4782 #, no-wrap msgid "$ perl -i -p -e 's/FROM_REGEX/TO_TEXT/g;' file1 file2 file3" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4783 msgid "" "In the perl(1) example, \"<literal>-i</literal>\" is for in-place editing, " "\"<literal>-p</literal>\" is for implicit loop over files." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4785 msgid "" "Use of argument \"<literal>-i.bak</literal>\" instead of " "\"<literal>-i</literal>\" keeps each original file by adding " "\"<literal>.bak</literal>\" to its filename. This makes recovery from " "errors easier for complex substitutions." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4788 msgid "" "<literal>ed</literal>(1) and <literal>vim</literal>(1) are <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">BRE</emphasis>; <literal>perl</literal>(1) is <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">ERE</emphasis>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4792 msgid "Extracting data from text file table" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4793 msgid "" "Let's consider a text file called \"<literal>DPL</literal>\" in which some " "pre-2004 Debian project leader's names and their initiation days are listed " "in a space-separated format." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4795 #, no-wrap msgid "" "Ian Murdock August 1993\n" "Bruce Perens April 1996\n" "Ian Jackson January 1998\n" "Wichert Akkerman January 1999\n" "Ben Collins April 2001\n" "Bdale Garbee April 2002\n" "Martin Michlmayr March 2003" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4803 msgid "" "See <ulink url=\"&abriefhistoryofdebian;\">\"A Brief History of " "Debian\"</ulink> for the latest <ulink " "url=\"&debianleadershiphistory;\">Debian leadership history</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4805 msgid "Awk is frequently used to extract data from these types of files." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4807 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ awk '{ print $3 }' <DPL # month started\n" "August\n" "April\n" "January\n" "January\n" "April\n" "April\n" "March\n" "$ awk '($1==\"Ian\") { print }' <DPL # DPL called Ian\n" "Ian Murdock August 1993\n" "Ian Jackson January 1998\n" "$ awk '($2==\"Perens\") { print $3,$4 }' <DPL # When Perens started\n" "April 1996" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4820 msgid "Shells such as Bash can be also used to parse this kind of file." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4822 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ while read first last month year; do\n" " echo $month\n" " done <DPL\n" "... same output as the first Awk example" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4826 msgid "" "Here, the <literal>read</literal> builtin command uses characters in " "\"<literal>$IFS</literal>\" (internal field separators) to split lines into " "words." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4827 msgid "" "If you change \"<literal>$IFS</literal>\" to \"<literal>:</literal>\", you " "can parse \"<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>\" with shell nicely." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4828 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ oldIFS=\"$IFS\" # save old value\n" "$ IFS=':'\n" "$ while read user password uid gid rest_of_line; do\n" " if [ \"$user\" = \"bozo\" ]; then\n" " echo \"$user's ID is $uid\"\n" " fi\n" " done < /etc/passwd\n" "bozo's ID is 1000\n" "$ IFS=\"$oldIFS\" # restore old value" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4837 msgid "" "(If Awk is used to do the equivalent, use \"<literal>FS=':'</literal>\" to " "set the field separator.)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4838 msgid "" "IFS is also used by the shell to split results of parameter expansion, " "command substitution, and arithmetic expansion. These do not occur within " "double or single quoted words. The default value of IFS is <space>, " "<tab>, and <newline> combined." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4839 msgid "" "Be careful about using this shell IFS tricks. Strange things may happen, " "when shell interprets some parts of the script as its <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">input</emphasis>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4840 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ IFS=\":,\" # use \":\" and \",\" as IFS\n" "$ echo IFS=$IFS, IFS=\"$IFS\" # echo is a Bash builtin\n" "IFS= , IFS=:,\n" "$ date -R # just a command output\n" "Sat, 23 Aug 2003 08:30:15 +0200\n" "$ echo $(date -R) # sub shell --> input to main shell\n" "Sat 23 Aug 2003 08 30 36 +0200\n" "$ unset IFS # reset IFS to the default\n" "$ echo $(date -R)\n" "Sat, 23 Aug 2003 08:30:50 +0200" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4852 msgid "Script snippets for piping commands" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4853 msgid "The following scripts do nice things as a part of a pipe." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4855 msgid "List of script snippets for piping commands" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4862 msgid "script snippet (type in one line)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4865 msgid "effect of command" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4872 msgid "<literal>find /usr -print</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4875 msgid "find all files under \"<literal>/usr</literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4880 msgid "<literal>seq 1 100</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4883 msgid "print 1 to 100" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4888 msgid "<literal> | xargs -n 1 <command></literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4891 msgid "run command repeatedly with each item from pipe as its argument" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4896 msgid "<literal> | xargs -n 1 echo</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4899 msgid "split white-space-separated items from pipe into lines" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4904 msgid "<literal> | xargs echo</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4907 msgid "merge all lines from pipe into a line" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4912 msgid "<literal> | grep -e <regex_pattern></literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4915 msgid "extract lines from pipe containing <regex_pattern>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4920 msgid "<literal> | grep -v -e <regex_pattern></literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4923 msgid "extract lines from pipe not containing <regex_pattern>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4928 msgid "<literal> | cut -d: -f3 -</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4931 msgid "" "extract third field from pipe separated by \"<literal>:</literal>\" (passwd " "file etc.)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4936 msgid "<literal> | awk '{ print $3 }'</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4939 msgid "extract third field from pipe separated by whitespaces" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4944 msgid "<literal> | awk -F'\\t' '{ print $3 }'</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4947 msgid "extract third field from pipe separated by tab" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4952 msgid "<literal> | col -bx</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4955 msgid "remove backspace and expand tabs to spaces" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4960 msgid "<literal> | expand -</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4963 msgid "expand tabs" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4968 msgid "<literal> | sort| uniq</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4971 msgid "sort and remove duplicates" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4976 msgid "<literal> | tr 'A-Z' 'a-z'</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4979 msgid "convert uppercase to lowercase" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4984 msgid "<literal> | tr -d '\\n'</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4987 msgid "concatenate lines into one line" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4992 msgid "<literal> | tr -d '\\r'</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:4995 msgid "remove CR" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5000 msgid "<literal> | sed 's/^/# /'</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5003 msgid "add \"<literal>#</literal>\" to the start of each line" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5008 msgid "<literal> | sed 's/\\.ext//g'</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5011 msgid "remove \"<literal>.ext</literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5016 msgid "<literal> | sed -n -e 2p</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5019 msgid "print the second line" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5024 msgid "<literal> | head -n 2 -</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5027 msgid "print the first 2 lines" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5032 msgid "<literal> | tail -n 2 -</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5035 msgid "print the last 2 lines" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5041 msgid "" "One-line shell script can loop over many files using " "<literal>find</literal>(1) and <literal>xargs</literal>(1) to perform quite " "complicated tasks. See <xref " "linkend=\"_idioms_for_the_selection_of_files\"/> and <xref " "linkend=\"_repeating_a_command_looping_over_files\"/>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5042 msgid "" "When using the shell interactive mode becomes too complicated, please " "consider to write a shell script (see <xref " "linkend=\"_the_shell_script\"/>)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5047 msgid "Debian package management" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5049 msgid "" "This chapter is written assuming the latest stable release is codename: " "<literal>&codename-stable;</literal>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5051 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&debian;\">Debian</ulink> is a volunteer organization which " "builds <emphasis role=\"strong\">consistent</emphasis> distributions of " "pre-compiled binary packages of free software and distributes them from its " "archive." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5052 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&thedebianarchive;\">The Debian archive</ulink> is offered by " "<ulink url=\"&manyremotemirrorsites;\">many remote mirror sites</ulink> for " "access through HTTP and FTP methods. It is also available as <ulink " "url=\"&cdromdvd;\">CD-ROM/DVD</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5053 msgid "" "The Debian package management system, <emphasis role=\"strong\">when used " "properly</emphasis>, offers the user to install <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">consistent sets of binary packages</emphasis> to the system " "from the archive. Currently, there are &all-packages; packages available " "for the &arch; architecture." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5054 msgid "" "The Debian package management system has a rich history and many choices for " "the front end user program and back end archive access method to be used. " "Currently, we recommend the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5057 msgid "" "<literal>apt-get</literal>(8) for all commandline operations, including " "package installation and removal, and dist-upgrades." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5061 msgid "" "<literal>aptitude</literal>(8) for an interactive text interface to manage " "the installed packages and to search the available packages." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5065 msgid "" "<literal>update-manager</literal>(8) for keeping your system up-to-date if " "you're running the default GNOME desktop." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5070 msgid "List of Debian package management tools" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5098 msgid "" "Advanced Packaging Tool (APT), front-end for <literal>dpkg</literal> " "providing \"<literal>http</literal>\", \"<literal>ftp</literal>\", and " "\"<literal>file</literal>\" archive access methods " "(<literal>apt-get</literal>/<literal>apt-cache</literal> commands included)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5106 msgid "" "interactive terminal-based package manager with " "<literal>aptitude</literal>(8)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5114 msgid "" "GNOME application that manages software updates with " "<literal>update-manager</literal>(8)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5122 msgid "" "tool for selecting tasks for installation on Debian system (front-end for " "APT)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5130 msgid "" "enhancement package for APT to enable automatic installation of security " "upgrades" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5138 msgid "" "terminal-based package manager (previous standard, front-end for APT and " "other old access methods)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5146 msgid "package management system for Debian" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5154 msgid "graphical package manager (GNOME front-end for APT)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5162 msgid "" "APT utility programs: <literal>apt-extracttemplates</literal>(1), " "<literal>apt-ftparchive</literal>(1), and <literal>apt-sortpkgs</literal>(1)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5170 msgid "package change history notification tool" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5178 msgid "lists critical bugs before each APT installation" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5186 msgid "APT package searching utility — command-line interface" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5194 msgid "recursively lists package dependencies" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5201 msgid "Debian package management prerequisites" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5203 msgid "Package configuration" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5204 msgid "Here are some key points for package configuration on the Debian system." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5208 msgid "" "The manual configuration by the system administrator is respected. In other " "words, the package configuration system makes no intrusive configuration for " "the sake of convenience." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5213 msgid "" "Each package comes with its own configuration script with standardized user " "interface called <literal>debconf</literal>(7) to help initial installation " "process of the package." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5218 msgid "" "Debian Developers try their best to make your upgrade experience flawless " "with package configuration scripts." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5223 msgid "" "Full functionalities of packaged software are available to the system " "administrator. But ones with security risks are disabled in the default " "installation." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5228 msgid "" "If you manually activate a service with some security risks, you are " "responsible for the risk containment." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5233 msgid "" "Esoteric configuration may be manually enabled by the system administrator. " "This may creates interference with popular generic helper programs for the " "system configuration." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5239 msgid "Basic precautions" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5241 msgid "" "Do not install packages from random mixture of suites. It probably breaks " "the package consistency which requires deep system management knowledge, " "such as compiler <ulink url=\"&abi;\">ABI</ulink>, <ulink " "url=\"&library;\">library</ulink> version, interpreter features, etc." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5243 msgid "" "The <ulink url=\"&newbie;\">newbie</ulink> Debian system administrator " "should stay with the <emphasis " "role=\"strong\"><literal>stable</literal></emphasis> release of Debian while " "applying only security updates. I mean that some of the following valid " "actions are better avoided, as a precaution, until you understand the Debian " "system very well. Here are some reminders." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5247 msgid "" "Do not include <emphasis " "role=\"strong\"><literal>testing</literal></emphasis> or <emphasis " "role=\"strong\"><literal>unstable</literal></emphasis> in " "\"<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5252 msgid "" "Do not mix standard Debian with other non-Debian archives such as Ubuntu in " "\"<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5257 msgid "Do not create \"<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5262 msgid "" "Do not change default behavior of package management tools through " "configuration files without knowing their full impacts." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5267 msgid "" "Do not install random packages by \"<literal>dpkg -i " "<random_package></literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5272 msgid "" "Do not ever install random packages by \"<literal>dpkg --force-all -i " "<random_package></literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5277 msgid "Do not erase or alter files in \"<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5282 msgid "" "Do not overwrite system files by installing software programs directly " "compiled from source." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5287 msgid "" "Install them into \"<literal>/usr/local</literal>\" or " "\"<literal>/opt</literal>\", if needed." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5293 msgid "" "The non-compatible effects caused by above actions to the Debian package " "management system may leave your system unusable." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5294 msgid "" "The serious Debian system administrator who runs mission critical servers, " "should use extra precautions." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5298 msgid "" "Do not install any packages including security updates from Debian without " "thoroughly testing them with your particular configuration under safe " "conditions." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5303 msgid "You as the system administrator are responsible for your system in the end." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5308 msgid "The long stability history of Debian system is no guarantee by itself." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5316 msgid "Life with eternal upgrades" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5317 msgid "" "Despite my warnings above, I know many readers of this document wish to run " "the <literal>testing</literal> or <literal>unstable</literal> suites of " "Debian as their main system for <emphasis role=\"strong\">self-administered " "Desktop environments</emphasis>. This is because they work very well, are " "updated frequently, and offer the latest features." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5319 msgid "" "For your <emphasis role=\"strong\">production server</emphasis>, the " "<literal>stable</literal> suite with the security updates is recommended. " "The same can be said for desktop PCs on which you can spend limited " "administration efforts, e.g. for your mother's PC." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5321 msgid "" "It takes no more than simply setting the distribution string in the " "\"<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>\" to the suite name: " "\"<literal>testing</literal>\" or \"<literal>unstable</literal>\"; or the " "codename: \"<literal>&codename-testing;</literal>\" or " "\"<literal>&codename-unstable;</literal>\". This makes you live <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">the life of eternal upgrades</emphasis>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5322 msgid "" "The use of <literal>testing</literal> or <literal>unstable</literal> is " "<emphasis role=\"strong\">a lot of fun</emphasis> but comes with some " "risks. Even though the <literal>unstable</literal> suite of Debian system " "looks very stable for most of the times, there have been some package " "problems on the <literal>testing</literal> and <literal>unstable</literal> " "suite of Debian system and a few of them were not so trivial to resolve. It " "may be <emphasis role=\"strong\">quite painful</emphasis> for " "you. Sometimes, you may have a broken package or missing functionality for a " "few weeks." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5323 msgid "" "Here are some ideas to ensure quick and easy recovery from bugs in Debian " "packages." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5327 msgid "" "Make the system <emphasis role=\"strong\">dual bootable</emphasis> by " "installing the <literal>stable</literal> suite of Debian system to another " "partition" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5332 msgid "" "Make the installation CD handy for the <emphasis role=\"strong\">rescue " "boot</emphasis>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5337 msgid "" "Consider installing <literal>apt-listbugs</literal> to check the <ulink " "url=\"&debianbugtrackingsystembts;\">Debian Bug Tracking System " "(BTS)</ulink> information before the upgrade" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5342 msgid "Learn the package system infrastructure enough to work around the problem" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5347 msgid "" "Create a chroot or similar environment and run the latest system in it in " "advance (see <xref linkend=\"_virtualized_system\"/>)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5351 msgid "" "(If you can not do any one of these precautionary actions, you are probably " "not ready for the <literal>testing</literal> and <literal>unstable</literal> " "suites.)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5352 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&enlightenment;\">Enlightenment</ulink> with the following " "saves a person from the eternal <ulink url=\"&karmic;\">karmic</ulink> " "struggle of upgrade <ulink url=\"&hell;\">hell</ulink> and let him reach " "Debian <ulink url=\"&nirvana;\">nirvana</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5355 msgid "Debian archive basics" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5356 msgid "" "Let's look into <ulink url=\"&thedebianarchive;\">the Debian archive</ulink> " "from a system user's perspective." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5358 msgid "" "Official policy of the Debian archive is defined at <ulink " "url=\"&debianpolicymanuthedebianarchive;\">Debian Policy Manual, Chapter 2 - " "The Debian Archive</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5360 msgid "" "For the typical HTTP access, the archive is specified in the " "\"<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>\" file as the following, e.g. for " "the current <literal>stable</literal> = <literal>&codename-stable;</literal> " "system." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5361 #, no-wrap msgid "" "deb http://ftp.XX.debian.org/debian/ &codename-stable; main contrib " "non-free\n" "deb-src http://ftp.XX.debian.org/debian/ &codename-stable; main contrib " "non-free\n" "\n" "deb http://security.debian.org/ &codename-stable;/updates main contrib\n" "deb-src http://security.debian.org/ &codename-stable;/updates main contrib" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5366 msgid "" "Please note \"<literal>ftp.XX.debian.org</literal>\" must be replaced with " "appropriate mirror site URL for your location, for USA " "\"<literal>ftp.us.debian.org</literal>\", which can be found in <ulink " "url=\"&thelistofdebianwdwidemirrorsites;\">the list of Debian worldwide " "mirror sites</ulink>. The status of these servers can be checked at <ulink " "url=\"&debianmirrorcheckersite;\">Debian Mirror Checker site</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5367 msgid "" "Here, I tend to use codename \"<literal>&codename-stable;</literal>\" " "instead of suite name \"<literal>stable</literal>\" to avoid surprises when " "the next <literal>stable</literal> is released." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5368 msgid "" "The meaning of \"<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>\" is described in " "<literal>sources.list</literal>(5) and key points are followings." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5372 msgid "The \"<literal>deb</literal>\" line defines for the binary packages." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5377 msgid "The \"<literal>deb-src</literal>\" line defines for the source packages." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5382 msgid "The 1st argument is the root URL of the Debian archive." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5387 msgid "" "The 2nd argument is the distribution name: either the suite name or the " "codename." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5392 msgid "" "The 3rd and following arguments are the list of valid archive area names of " "the Debian archive." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5396 msgid "" "The \"<literal>deb-src</literal>\" lines can safely be omitted (or commented " "out by placing \"#\" at the start of the line) if it is just for " "<literal>aptitude</literal> which does not access source related meta " "data. It speeds up the updates of the archive meta data. The URL can be " "\"<literal>http://</literal>\", \"<literal>ftp://</literal>\", " "\"<literal>file://</literal>\", …." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5398 msgid "" "If \"<literal>sid</literal>\" is used in the above example instead of " "\"<literal>&codename-stable;</literal>\", the \"<literal>deb: <ulink " "url=\"&httpsecuritydebianorg;\">http://security.debian.org/</ulink> " "…</literal>\" line for security updates in the " "\"<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>\" is not required. This is " "because there is no security update archive for \"<literal>sid</literal>\" " "(<literal>unstable</literal>)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5400 msgid "" "Here is the list of URL of the Debian archive sites and suite name or " "codename used in the configuration file." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5402 msgid "List of Debian archive sites" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5410 msgid "archive URL" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5413 msgid "suite name (codename)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5416 msgid "purpose" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5423 debian-reference.en.xmlt:5433 debian-reference.en.xmlt:5443 debian-reference.en.xmlt:5453 debian-reference.en.xmlt:5464 debian-reference.en.xmlt:5497 msgid "" "<ulink " "url=\"&httpftpxxdebianorgdebian;\">http://ftp.XX.debian.org/debian/</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5425 msgid "<literal>stable</literal> (<literal>&codename-stable;</literal>)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5428 msgid "stable (&codename-stable;) release" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5435 msgid "<literal>testing</literal> (<literal>&codename-testing;</literal>)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5438 msgid "testing (&codename-testing;) release" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5445 msgid "<literal>unstable</literal> (<literal>&codename-unstable;</literal>)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5448 msgid "unstable (&codename-unstable;) release" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5456 msgid "<literal>experimental</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5459 msgid "experimental pre-release (optional, only for developer)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5467 msgid "<literal>stable-proposed-updates</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5470 msgid "Updates for the next stable point release (optional)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5475 debian-reference.en.xmlt:5486 msgid "<ulink url=\"&httpsecuritydebianorg;\">http://security.debian.org/</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5478 msgid "<literal>stable/updates</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5481 msgid "security updates for stable release (important)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5489 msgid "<literal>testing/updates</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5492 msgid "security updates for testing release (important)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5500 msgid "<literal>&codename-stable;-updates</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5503 msgid "compatible updates for spam filter, IM clients, etc. for &codename-stable;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5508 msgid "" "<ulink " "url=\"&httpbackportsdebgdebianbackports;\">http://backports.debian.org/debian-backports/</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5511 msgid "<literal>&codename-stable;-backports</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5514 msgid "newer backported packages for &codename-stable; (optional)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5521 msgid "" "Only pure <emphasis role=\"strong\"><literal>stable</literal></emphasis> " "release with security updates provides the best stability. Running mostly " "<emphasis role=\"strong\"><literal>stable</literal></emphasis> release mixed " "with some packages from <emphasis " "role=\"strong\"><literal>testing</literal></emphasis> or <emphasis " "role=\"strong\"><literal>unstable</literal></emphasis> release is riskier " "than running pure <emphasis " "role=\"strong\"><literal>unstable</literal></emphasis> release for library " "version mismatch etc. If you really need the latest version of some " "programs under <emphasis " "role=\"strong\"><literal>stable</literal></emphasis> release, please use " "packages from <ulink " "url=\"&codenamestableupdates;\">&codename-stable;-updates</ulink> and <ulink " "url=\"&backportsdebianorg;\">backports.debian.org</ulink> (see <xref " "linkend=\"_updates_and_backports\"/>) services. These services must be used " "with extra care." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5524 msgid "" "You should basically list only one of <literal>stable</literal>, " "<literal>testing</literal>, or <literal>unstable</literal> suites in the " "\"<literal>deb</literal>\" line. If you list any combination of " "<literal>stable</literal>, <literal>testing</literal>, and " "<literal>unstable</literal> suites in the \"<literal>deb</literal>\" line, " "APT programs slow down while only the latest archive is effective. Multiple " "listing makes sense for these when the " "\"<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>\" file is used with clear " "objectives (see <xref linkend=\"_tweaking_candidate_version\"/>)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5527 msgid "" "For the Debian system with the <literal>stable</literal> and " "<literal>testing</literal> suites, it is a good idea to include lines with " "\"<literal>http://security.debian.org/</literal>\" in the " "\"<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>\" to enable security updates as " "in the example above." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5530 msgid "" "The security bugs for the <literal>stable</literal> archive are fixed by the " "Debian security team. This activity has been quite rigorous and reliable. " "Those for the <literal>testing</literal> archive may be fixed by the Debian " "testing security team. For <ulink url=\"&several;\">several</ulink> <ulink " "url=\"&reasons;\">reasons</ulink>, this activity is not as rigorous as that " "for <literal>stable</literal> and you may need to wait for the migration of " "fixed <literal>unstable</literal> packages. Those for the " "<literal>unstable</literal> archive are fixed by the individual maintainer. " "Actively maintained <literal>unstable</literal> packages are usually in a " "fairly good shape by leveraging latest upstream security fixes. See <ulink " "url=\"&debiansecurityfaq;\">Debian security FAQ</ulink> for how Debian " "handles security bugs." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5533 msgid "List of Debian archive area" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5541 debian-reference.en.xmlt:14109 msgid "area" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5544 msgid "number of packages" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5547 msgid "criteria of package component" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5554 msgid "<literal>main</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5557 msgid "&main-packages;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5560 msgid "DSFG compliant and no dependency to <literal>non-free</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5565 msgid "<literal>contrib</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5568 msgid "&contrib-packages;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5571 msgid "DSFG compliant but having dependency to <literal>non-free</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5576 msgid "<literal>non-free</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5579 msgid "&non-free-packages;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5582 msgid "not DSFG compliant" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5588 msgid "" "Here the number of packages in the above is for the &arch; architecture. " "Strictly speaking, only the <literal>main</literal> area archive shall be " "considered as the Debian system." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5589 msgid "" "The Debian archive organization can be studied best by pointing your browser " "to the each archive URL appended with <literal>dists</literal> or " "<literal>pool</literal>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5590 msgid "" "The distribution is referred by two ways, the suite or <ulink " "url=\"&codename;\">codename</ulink>. The word distribution is alternatively " "used as the synonym to the suite in many documentations. The relationship " "between the suite and the codename can be summarized as the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5592 msgid "The relationship between suite and codename" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5601 msgid "Timing" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5604 msgid "suite = <literal>stable</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5607 msgid "suite = <literal>testing</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5610 msgid "suite = <literal>unstable</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5617 msgid "after the <literal>&codename-stable;</literal> release" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5620 msgid "codename = <literal>&codename-stable;</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5623 debian-reference.en.xmlt:5634 msgid "codename = <literal>&codename-testing;</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5626 debian-reference.en.xmlt:5640 msgid "codename = <literal>sid</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5631 msgid "after the <literal>&codename-testing;</literal> release" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5637 msgid "codename = <literal>&codename-nexttesting;</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5646 msgid "" "The history of codenames are described in <ulink " "url=\"&debianfaqgdbwhiceenusedinthepast;\">Debian FAQ: 6.3.1 Which other " "codenames have been used in the past?</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5647 msgid "" "In the stricter Debian archive terminology, the word \"section\" is " "specifically used for the categorization of packages by the application " "area. (Although, the word \"main section\" may sometimes be used to " "describe the Debian archive area named as \"main\".)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5648 msgid "" "Every time a new upload is done by the Debian developer (DD) to the " "<literal>unstable</literal> archive (via <ulink " "url=\"&incoming;\">incoming</ulink> processing), DD is required to ensure " "uploaded packages to be compatible with the latest set of packages in the " "latest <literal>unstable</literal> archive." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5649 msgid "" "If DD breaks this compatibility intentionally for important library upgrade " "etc, there is usually announcement to <ulink " "url=\"&thedebiandevelmailinglist;\">the debian-devel mailing list</ulink> " "etc." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5650 msgid "" "Before a set of packages are moved by the Debian archive maintenance script " "from the <literal>unstable</literal> archive to the " "<literal>testing</literal> archive, the archive maintenance script not only " "checks the maturity (about 10 days old) and the status of the RC bug reports " "for the packages but also tries to ensure them to be compatible with the " "latest set of packages in the <literal>testing</literal> archive. This " "process makes the <literal>testing</literal> archive very current and " "usable." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5651 msgid "" "Through the gradual archive freeze process led by the release team, the " "<literal>testing</literal> archive is matured to make it completely " "consistent and bug free with some manual interventions. Then the new " "<literal>stable</literal> release is created by assigning the codename for " "the old <literal>testing</literal> archive to the new " "<literal>stable</literal> archive and creating the new codename for the new " "<literal>testing</literal> archive. The initial contents of the new " "<literal>testing</literal> archive is exactly the same as that of the newly " "released <literal>stable</literal> archive." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5652 msgid "" "Both the <literal>unstable</literal> and the <literal>testing</literal> " "archives may suffer temporary glitches due to several factors." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5656 msgid "" "Broken package upload to the archive (mostly for " "<literal>unstable</literal>)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5661 msgid "" "Delay of accepting the new packages to the archive (mostly for " "<literal>unstable</literal>)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5666 msgid "" "Archive synchronization timing issue (both for <literal>testing</literal> " "and <literal>unstable</literal>)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5671 msgid "" "Manual intervention to the archive such as package removal (more for " "<literal>testing</literal>) etc." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5675 msgid "" "So if you ever decide to use these archives, you should be able to fix or " "work around these kinds of glitches." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5677 msgid "" "For about few months after a new <literal>stable</literal> release, most " "desktop users should use the <literal>stable</literal> archive with its " "security updates even if they usually use <literal>unstable</literal> or " "<literal>testing</literal> archives. For this transition period, both " "<literal>unstable</literal> and <literal>testing</literal> archives are not " "good for most people. Your system is difficult to keep in good working " "condition with the <literal>unstable</literal> archive since it suffers " "surges of major upgrades for core packages. The <literal>testing</literal> " "archive is not useful either since it contains mostly the same content as " "the <literal>stable</literal> archive without its security support (<ulink " "url=\"&debiantestingsectyannouncecaaibc;\">Debian testing-security-announce " "2008-12</ulink>). After a month or so, the <literal>unstable</literal> " "archive may be usable if you are careful." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5680 msgid "" "When tracking the <literal>testing</literal> archive, problem caused by a " "removed package is usually worked around by installing corresponding package " "from the <literal>unstable</literal> archive which is uploaded for bug fix." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5682 msgid "" "See <ulink url=\"&debianpolicymanual;\">Debian Policy Manual</ulink> for " "archive definitions." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5686 msgid "\"<ulink url=\"§ions;\">Sections</ulink>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5691 msgid "\"<ulink url=\"&priorities;\">Priorities</ulink>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5696 msgid "\"<ulink url=\"&basesystem;\">Base system</ulink>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5701 msgid "\"<ulink url=\"&essentialpackages;\">Essential packages</ulink>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5707 msgid "Package dependencies" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5708 msgid "" "The Debian system offers a consistent set of binary packages through its " "versioned binary dependency declaration mechanism in the control file " "fields. Here is a bit over simplified definition for them." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5712 msgid "\"Depends\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5717 msgid "" "This declares an absolute dependency and all of the packages listed in this " "field must be installed at the same time or in advance." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5724 msgid "\"Pre-Depends\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5729 msgid "" "This is like Depends, except that it requires completed installation of the " "listed packages in advance." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5736 msgid "\"Recommends\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5741 msgid "" "This declares a strong, but not absolute, dependency. Most users would not " "want the package unless all of the packages listed in this field are " "installed." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5748 msgid "\"Suggests\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5753 msgid "" "This declares a weak dependency. Many users of this package may benefit " "from installing packages listed in this field but can have reasonable " "functions without them." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5760 msgid "\"Enhances\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5765 msgid "" "This declares a week dependency like Suggests but works in the opposite " "direction." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5772 msgid "\"Breaks\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5777 msgid "" "This declares a package incompatibility usually with some version " "specification. Generally the resolution is to upgrade all of the packages " "listed in this field." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5784 msgid "\"Conflicts\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5789 msgid "" "This declares an absolute incompatibility. All of the packages listed in " "this field must be removed to install this package." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5796 msgid "\"Replaces\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5801 msgid "" "This is declared when files installed by this package replace files in the " "listed packages." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5808 msgid "\"Provides\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5813 msgid "" "This is declared when this package provide all of the files and " "functionality in the listed packages." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5820 msgid "" "Please note that defining, \"Provides\", \"Conflicts\" and \"Replaces\" " "simultaneously to an virtual package is the sane configuration. This " "ensures that only one real package providing this virtual package can be " "installed at any one time." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5822 msgid "" "The official definition including source dependency can be found in <ulink " "url=\"&thepolicymanualcsbetweenpackages;\">the Policy Manual: Chapter 7 - " "Declaring relationships between packages</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5825 msgid "The event flow of the package management" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5826 msgid "" "Here is a summary of the simplified event flow of the package management by " "APT." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5829 msgid "" "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Update</emphasis> (\"<literal>aptitude " "update</literal>\" or \"<literal>apt-get update</literal>\"):" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5834 msgid "Fetch archive metadata from remote archive" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5839 msgid "Reconstruct and update local metadata for use by APT" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5845 msgid "" "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Upgrade</emphasis> (\"<literal>aptitude " "safe-upgrade</literal>\" and \"<literal>aptitude full-upgrade</literal>\", " "or \"<literal>apt-get upgrade</literal>\" and \"<literal>apt-get " "dist-upgrade</literal>\"):" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5850 msgid "" "Chose candidate version which is usually the latest available version for " "all installed packages (see <xref linkend=\"_tweaking_candidate_version\"/> " "for exception)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5855 debian-reference.en.xmlt:5896 debian-reference.en.xmlt:5937 debian-reference.en.xmlt:5968 msgid "Make package dependency resolution" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5860 msgid "" "Fetch selected binary packages from remote archive if candidate version is " "different from installed version" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5865 debian-reference.en.xmlt:5906 msgid "Unpack fetched binary packages" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5870 debian-reference.en.xmlt:5911 msgid "Run <emphasis role=\"strong\">preinst</emphasis> script" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5875 debian-reference.en.xmlt:5916 msgid "Install binary files" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5880 debian-reference.en.xmlt:5921 msgid "Run <emphasis role=\"strong\">postinst</emphasis> script" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5886 msgid "" "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Install</emphasis> (\"<literal>aptitude install " "…</literal>\" or \"<literal>apt-get install …</literal>\"):" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5891 debian-reference.en.xmlt:5932 debian-reference.en.xmlt:5963 msgid "Chose packages listed on the command line" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5901 msgid "Fetch selected binary packages from remote archive" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5927 msgid "" "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Remove</emphasis> (\"<literal>aptitude remove " "…</literal>\" or \"<literal>apt-get remove …</literal>\"):" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5942 debian-reference.en.xmlt:5973 msgid "Run <emphasis role=\"strong\">prerm</emphasis> script" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5947 msgid "" "Remove installed files <emphasis role=\"strong\">except</emphasis> " "configuration files" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5952 debian-reference.en.xmlt:5983 msgid "Run <emphasis role=\"strong\">postrm</emphasis> script" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5958 msgid "" "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Purge</emphasis> (\"<literal>aptitude purge " "…</literal>\" or \"<literal>apt-get purge …</literal>\"):" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5978 msgid "" "Remove installed files <emphasis role=\"strong\">including</emphasis> " "configuration files" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5989 msgid "Here, I intentionally skipped technical details for the sake of big picture." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5992 msgid "First response to package management troubles" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5993 msgid "" "You should read the fine official documentation. The first document to read " "is the Debian specific " "\"<literal>/usr/share/doc/<package_name>/README.Debian</literal>\". " "Other documentation in " "\"<literal>/usr/share/doc/<package_name>/</literal>\" should be " "consulted too. If you set shell as <xref linkend=\"_customizing_bash\"/>, " "type the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5994 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ cd <package_name>\n" "$ pager README.Debian\n" "$ mc" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5997 msgid "" "You may need to install the corresponding documentation package named with " "\"<literal>-doc</literal>\" suffix for detailed information." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:5998 msgid "" "If you are experiencing problems with a specific package, make sure to check " "out <ulink url=\"&thedebianbugtrackingsystembts;\">the Debian bug tracking " "system (BTS)</ulink> sites, first." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6000 msgid "List of key web site to resolving problems with a specific package" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6007 msgid "web site" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6017 msgid "" "Home page of <ulink url=\"&thedebianbugtrackingsystembts;\">the Debian bug " "tracking system (BTS)</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6020 msgid "<literal>sensible-browser \"http://bugs.debian.org/\"</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6025 msgid "The bug report of a known package name" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6028 msgid "" "<literal>sensible-browser " "\"http://bugs.debian.org/<package_name>\"</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6033 msgid "The bug report of known bug number" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6036 msgid "" "<literal>sensible-browser " "\"http://bugs.debian.org/<bug_number>\"</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6042 msgid "" "Search <ulink url=\"&google;\">Google</ulink> with search words including " "\"<literal>site:debian.org</literal>\", " "\"<literal>site:wiki.debian.org</literal>\", " "\"<literal>site:lists.debian.org</literal>\", etc." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6043 msgid "" "When you file a bug report, please use <literal>reportbug</literal>(1) " "command." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6047 msgid "Basic package management operations" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6048 msgid "" "Basic package management operations on the Debian system can be performed by " "any package management tools available on the Debian system. Here, we " "explain basic package management tools: <literal>apt-get</literal> / " "<literal>apt-cache</literal> and <literal>aptitude</literal>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6049 msgid "" "For the package management operation which involves package installation or " "updates package metadata, you need to have root privilege." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6051 msgid "" "<literal>apt-get</literal> / <literal>apt-cache</literal> " "vs. <literal>aptitude</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6052 msgid "" "The <literal>apt-get</literal> and <literal>apt-cache</literal> commands are " "the most <emphasis role=\"strong\">basic</emphasis> package management tool." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6055 msgid "" "<literal>apt-get</literal> and <literal>apt-cache</literal> offer only the " "commandline user interface." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6059 msgid "" "<literal>apt-get</literal> is most suitable for the <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">major system upgrade</emphasis> between releases, etc." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6063 msgid "" "<literal>apt-get</literal> offers a <emphasis role=\"strong\">robust and " "stable</emphasis> package resolver which uses the common package state data." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6067 msgid "" "<literal>apt-get</literal> has been updated to support autoinstall and " "autoremove of recommended packages." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6071 msgid "" "<literal>apt-get</literal> has been updated to support logging of package " "activities." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6075 msgid "" "<literal>apt-cache</literal> offers a <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">standard</emphasis> regex based search on the package name " "and description." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6079 msgid "" "<literal>apt-get</literal> and <literal>apt-cache</literal> can manage " "multiple versions of packages using <literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal> " "but it is quite cumbersome." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6083 msgid "" "The <literal>aptitude</literal> command is the most <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">versatile</emphasis> package management tool." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6086 msgid "" "<literal>aptitude</literal> offers the fullscreen interactive text user " "interface." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6090 msgid "<literal>aptitude</literal> offers the commandline user interface, too." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6094 msgid "" "<literal>aptitude</literal> is most suitable for the <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">daily interactive package management</emphasis> such as " "inspecting installed packages and searching available packages." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6098 msgid "" "<literal>aptitude</literal> offers an <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">enhanced</emphasis> package resolver which also uses an " "extra package state data used only by <literal>aptitude</literal>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6102 msgid "" "<literal>aptitude</literal> supports autoinstall and autoremove of " "recommended packages." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6106 msgid "<literal>aptitude</literal> supports logging of package activities." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6110 msgid "" "<literal>aptitude</literal> offers an <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">enhanced</emphasis> regex based search on all of the package " "metadata." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6114 msgid "" "<literal>aptitude</literal> can manage multiple versions of packages without " "using <literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal> and it is quite intuitive." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6119 msgid "" "Although the <literal>aptitude</literal> command comes with rich features " "such as its enhanced package resolver, this complexity has caused (or may " "still causes) some regressions such as <ulink url=\"&bugebbbcd;\">Bug " "#411123</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&bugfbejda;\">Bug #514930</ulink>, and <ulink " "url=\"&bugfhadhh;\">Bug #570377</ulink>. In case of doubt, please use the " "<literal>apt-get</literal> and <literal>apt-cache</literal> commands over " "the <literal>aptitude</literal> command." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6123 msgid "Basic package management operations with the commandline" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6124 msgid "" "Here are basic package management operations with the commandline using " "<literal>aptitude</literal>(8) and <literal>apt-get</literal>(8) " "/<literal>apt-cache</literal>(8)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6126 msgid "" "Basic package management operations with the commandline using " "<literal>aptitude</literal>(8) and <literal>apt-get</literal>(8) " "/<literal>apt-cache</literal>(8)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6133 msgid "<literal>aptitude</literal> syntax" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6135 msgid "<literal>apt-get</literal>/<literal>apt-cache</literal> syntax" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6145 msgid "<literal>aptitude update</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6148 msgid "<literal>apt-get update</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6151 msgid "update package archive metadata" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6156 msgid "<literal>aptitude install foo</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6159 msgid "<literal>apt-get install foo</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6162 msgid "" "install candidate version of \"<literal>foo</literal>\" package with its " "dependencies" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6167 msgid "<literal>aptitude safe-upgrade</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6170 msgid "<literal>apt-get upgrade</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6173 msgid "" "install candidate version of installed packages without removing any other " "packages" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6178 msgid "<literal>aptitude full-upgrade</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6181 msgid "<literal>apt-get dist-upgrade <package></literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6184 msgid "" "install candidate version of installed packages while removing other " "packages if needed" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6189 msgid "<literal>aptitude remove foo</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6192 msgid "<literal>apt-get remove foo</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6195 msgid "" "remove \"<literal>foo</literal>\" package while leaving its configuration " "files" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6200 debian-reference.en.xmlt:6269 debian-reference.en.xmlt:6280 debian-reference.en.xmlt:14852 debian-reference.en.xmlt:17292 debian-reference.en.xmlt:17295 debian-reference.en.xmlt:17502 debian-reference.en.xmlt:17505 debian-reference.en.xmlt:17508 debian-reference.en.xmlt:17518 debian-reference.en.xmlt:17521 debian-reference.en.xmlt:21627 debian-reference.en.xmlt:21630 debian-reference.en.xmlt:24314 debian-reference.en.xmlt:26143 debian-reference.en.xmlt:26154 msgid "N/A" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6203 msgid "<literal>apt-get autoremove</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6206 msgid "remove auto-installed packages which is no longer required" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6211 msgid "<literal>aptitude purge foo</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6214 msgid "<literal>apt-get purge foo</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6217 msgid "purge \"<literal>foo</literal>\" package with its configuration files" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6222 msgid "<literal>aptitude clean</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6225 msgid "<literal>apt-get clean</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6228 msgid "clear out the local repository of retrieved package files completely" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6233 msgid "<literal>aptitude autoclean</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6236 msgid "<literal>apt-get autoclean</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6239 msgid "" "clear out the local repository of retrieved package files for outdated " "packages" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6244 msgid "<literal>aptitude show foo</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6247 msgid "<literal>apt-cache show <package></literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6250 msgid "display detailed information about \"<literal>foo</literal>\" package" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6255 msgid "<literal>aptitude search <regex></literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6258 msgid "<literal>apt-cache search <regex></literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6261 msgid "search packages which match <regex>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6266 msgid "<literal>aptitude why <regex></literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6272 msgid "explain the reason why <regex> matching packages should be installed" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6277 msgid "<literal>aptitude why-not <regex></literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6283 msgid "explain the reason why <regex> matching packages can not be installed" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6290 msgid "" "Since <literal>apt-get</literal> and <literal>aptitude</literal> share " "auto-installed package status (see <xref " "linkend=\"_the_package_state_for_apt\"/>) after <literal>lenny</literal>, " "you can mix these tools without major troubles (see <ulink " "url=\"&bugfjeeja;\">Bug #594490</ulink>)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6292 msgid "" "The difference between " "\"<literal>safe-upgrade</literal>\"/\"<literal>upgrade</literal>\" and " "\"<literal>full-upgrade</literal>\"/\"<literal>dist-upgrade</literal>\" only " "appears when new versions of packages stand in different dependency " "relationships from old versions of those packages. The \"<literal>aptitude " "safe-upgrade</literal>\" command does not install new packages nor remove " "installed packages." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6293 msgid "" "The \"<literal>aptitude why <regex></literal>\" can list more " "information by \"<literal>aptitude -v why <regex></literal>\". " "Similar information can be obtained by \"<literal>apt-cache rdepends " "<package></literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6294 msgid "" "When <literal>aptitude</literal> command is started in the commandline mode " "and faces some issues such as package conflicts, you can switch to the full " "screen interactive mode by pressing \"<literal>e</literal>\"-key later at " "the prompt." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6295 msgid "You may provide command options right after \"<literal>aptitude</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6297 msgid "Notable command options for <literal>aptitude</literal>(8)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6304 msgid "command option" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6314 msgid "<literal>-s</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6317 msgid "simulate the result of the command" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6322 msgid "<literal>-d</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6325 msgid "download only but no install/upgrade" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6330 msgid "<literal>-D</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6333 msgid "show brief explanations before the automatic installations and removals" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6339 msgid "" "See <literal>aptitude</literal>(8) and \"aptitude user's manual\" at " "\"<literal>/usr/share/doc/aptitude/README</literal>\" for more." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6341 msgid "" "The <literal>dselect</literal> package is still available and was the " "preferred full screen interactive package management tool in previous " "releases." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6345 msgid "Interactive use of aptitude" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6346 msgid "" "For the interactive package management, you start " "<literal>aptitude</literal> in interactive mode from the console shell " "prompt as follows." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6347 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ sudo aptitude -u\n" "Password:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6349 msgid "" "This updates the local copy of the archive information and display the " "package list in the full screen with menu. Aptitude places its " "configuration at \"<literal>~/.aptitude/config</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6351 msgid "" "If you want to use root's configuration instead of user's one, use " "\"<literal>sudo -H aptitude …</literal>\" instead of \"<literal>sudo " "aptitude …</literal>\" in the above expression." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6354 msgid "" "<literal>Aptitude</literal> automatically sets <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">pending actions</emphasis> as it is started " "interactively. If you do not like it, you can reset it from menu: \"Action\" " "→ \"Cancel pending actions\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6358 msgid "Key bindings of aptitude" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6359 msgid "" "Notable key strokes to browse status of packages and to set \"planned " "action\" on them in this full screen mode are the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6361 msgid "List of key bindings for aptitude" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6377 msgid "<literal>F10</literal> or <literal>Ctrl-t</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6380 msgid "menu" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6388 msgid "" "display <emphasis role=\"strong\">help</emphasis> for keystroke (more " "complete listing)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6392 msgid "<literal>F10</literal> → Help → User's Manual" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6395 msgid "display User's Manual" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6400 debian-reference.en.xmlt:20631 debian-reference.en.xmlt:24582 msgid "<literal>u</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6403 msgid "update package archive information" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6408 msgid "<literal>+</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6411 msgid "" "mark the package for the <emphasis role=\"strong\">upgrade</emphasis> or the " "<emphasis role=\"strong\">install</emphasis>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6419 msgid "" "mark the package for the <emphasis role=\"strong\">remove</emphasis> (keep " "configuration files)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6424 msgid "<literal>_</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6427 msgid "" "mark the package for the <emphasis role=\"strong\">purge</emphasis> (remove " "configuration files)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6432 msgid "<literal>=</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6435 msgid "place the package on <emphasis role=\"strong\">hold</emphasis>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6440 msgid "<literal>U</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6443 msgid "" "mark all upgradable packages (function as <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">full-upgrade</emphasis>)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6448 msgid "<literal>g</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6451 msgid "" "start <emphasis role=\"strong\">downloading</emphasis> and <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">installing</emphasis> selected packages" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6456 debian-reference.en.xmlt:20270 debian-reference.en.xmlt:24550 msgid "<literal>q</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6459 msgid "quit current screen and save changes" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6464 msgid "<literal>x</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6467 msgid "quit current screen and discard changes" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6472 msgid "<literal>Enter</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6475 msgid "view information about a package" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6480 debian-reference.en.xmlt:19026 msgid "<literal>C</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6483 msgid "view a package's changelog" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6491 msgid "change the limit for the displayed packages" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6499 msgid "search for the first match" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6504 msgid "<literal>\\</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6507 msgid "repeat the last search" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6513 msgid "" "The file name specification of the command line and the menu prompt after " "pressing \"<literal>l</literal>\" and \"<literal>//</literal>\" take the " "aptitude regex as described below. Aptitude regex can explicitly match a " "package name using a string started by \"<literal>~n</literal> and followed " "by the package name." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6515 msgid "" "You need to press \"<literal>U</literal>\" to get all the installed packages " "upgraded to the <emphasis role=\"strong\">candidate version</emphasis> in " "the visual interface. Otherwise only the selected packages and certain " "packages with versioned dependency to them are upgraded to the <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">candidate version</emphasis>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6519 msgid "Package views under aptitude" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6520 msgid "" "In the interactive full screen mode of <literal>aptitude</literal>(8), " "packages in the package list are displayed as the next example." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6521 #, no-wrap msgid "idA libsmbclient -2220kB 3.0.25a-1 3.0.25a-2" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6522 msgid "Here, this line means from the left as the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6526 msgid "The \"current state\" flag (the first letter)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6531 msgid "The \"planned action\" flag (the second letter)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6536 msgid "The \"automatic\" flag (the third letter)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6541 msgid "The Package name" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6546 msgid "The change in disk space usage attributed to \"planned action\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6551 msgid "The current version of the package" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6556 msgid "The candidate version of the package" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6561 msgid "" "The full list of flags are given at the bottom of <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">Help</emphasis> screen shown by pressing " "\"<literal>?</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6563 msgid "" "The <emphasis role=\"strong\">candidate version</emphasis> is chosen " "according to the current local preferences (see " "<literal>apt_preferences</literal>(5) and <xref " "linkend=\"_tweaking_candidate_version\"/>)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6564 msgid "" "Several types of package views are available under the menu " "\"<literal>Views</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6566 msgid "List of views for aptitude" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6574 msgid "view" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6577 msgid "status" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6580 debian-reference.en.xmlt:6658 msgid "description of view" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6587 msgid "<literal>Package View</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6590 debian-reference.en.xmlt:6601 debian-reference.en.xmlt:6612 msgid "Good" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6593 msgid "see <xref linkend=\"standard-package-views\"/> (default)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6598 msgid "<literal>Audit Recommendations</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6604 msgid "" "list packages which are recommended by some installed packages but not yet " "installed are listed" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6609 msgid "<literal>Flat Package List</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6615 msgid "list packages without categorization (for use with regex)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6620 msgid "<literal>Debtags Browser</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6623 msgid "Very usable" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6626 msgid "" "list packages categorized according to their <ulink " "url=\"&debtags;\">debtags</ulink> entries" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6631 msgid "<literal>Categorical Browser</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6634 msgid "Deprecated" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6637 msgid "" "list packages categorized according to their category (use <literal>Debtags " "Browser</literal>, instead)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6644 msgid "" "Please help us <ulink url=\"&improvingtaggingkageswithdebtags;\">improving " "tagging packages with debtags!</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6646 msgid "" "The standard \"<literal>Package View</literal>\" categorizes packages " "somewhat like <literal>dselect</literal> with few extra features." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6648 msgid "The categorization of standard package views" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6655 msgid "category" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6665 msgid "<literal>Upgradable Packages</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6668 msgid "" "list packages organized as <literal>section</literal> → " "<literal>area</literal> → <literal>package</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6673 msgid "<literal>New Packages</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6681 msgid "<literal>Installed Packages</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6689 msgid "<literal>Not Installed Packages</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6697 msgid "<literal>Obsolete and Locally Created Packages</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6705 msgid "<literal>Virtual Packages</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6708 msgid "list packages with the same function" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6713 msgid "<literal>Tasks</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6716 msgid "list packages with different functions generally needed for a task" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6723 msgid "" "<literal>Tasks</literal> view can be used to cherry pick packages for your " "task." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6727 msgid "Search method options with aptitude" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6728 msgid "" "Aptitude offers several options for you to search packages using its regex " "formula." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6732 msgid "Shell commandline:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6737 msgid "" "\"<literal>aptitude search '<aptitude_regex>'</literal>\" to list " "installation status, package name and short description of matching packages" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6742 msgid "" "\"<literal>aptitude show '<package_name>'</literal>\" to list detailed " "description of the package" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6749 msgid "Interactive full screen mode:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6754 msgid "\"<literal>l</literal>\" to limit package view to matching packages" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6759 msgid "\"<literal>/</literal>\" for search to a matching package" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6764 msgid "\"<literal>\\</literal>\" for backward search to a matching package" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6769 msgid "\"<literal>n</literal>\" for find-next" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6774 msgid "\"<literal>N</literal>\" for find-next (backward)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6781 msgid "" "The string for <package_name> is treated as the exact string match to " "the package name unless it is started explicitly with " "\"<literal>~</literal>\" to be the regex formula." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6785 msgid "The aptitude regex formula" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6786 msgid "" "The aptitude regex formula is mutt-like extended <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">ERE</emphasis> (see <xref " "linkend=\"_regular_expressions\"/>) and the meanings of the " "<literal>aptitude</literal> specific special match rule extensions are as " "follows." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6788 msgid "List of the aptitude regex formula" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6795 msgid "description of the extended match rule" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6798 msgid "regex formula" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6805 msgid "match on package name" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6808 msgid "<literal>~n<regex_name></literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6813 msgid "match on description" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6816 msgid "<literal>~d<regex_description></literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6821 msgid "match on task name" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6824 msgid "<literal>~t<regex_task></literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6829 msgid "match on debtag" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6832 msgid "<literal>~G<regex_debtag></literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6837 msgid "match on maintainer" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6840 msgid "<literal>~m<regex_maintainer></literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6845 msgid "match on package section" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6848 msgid "<literal>~s<regex_section></literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6853 msgid "match on package version" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6856 msgid "<literal>~V<regex_version></literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6861 msgid "match archive" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6863 msgid "<literal>~A{sarge,etch,sid</literal>}" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6868 msgid "match origin" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6870 msgid "<literal>~O{debian,…</literal>}" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6875 msgid "match priority" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6877 msgid "<literal>~p{extra,important,optional,required,standard</literal>}" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6882 msgid "match essential packages" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6885 msgid "<literal>~E</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6890 msgid "match virtual packages" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6893 msgid "<literal>~v</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6898 msgid "match new packages" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6901 msgid "<literal>~N</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6906 msgid "match with pending action" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6908 msgid "<literal>~a{install,upgrade,downgrade,remove,purge,hold,keep</literal>}" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6913 msgid "match installed packages" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6916 msgid "<literal>~i</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6921 msgid "" "match installed packages with <emphasis role=\"strong\">A</emphasis>-mark " "(auto installed package)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6924 msgid "<literal>~M</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6929 msgid "" "match installed packages without <emphasis role=\"strong\">A</emphasis>-mark " "(administrator selected package)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6932 msgid "<literal>~i!~M</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6937 msgid "match installed and upgradable packages" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6940 msgid "<literal>~U</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6945 msgid "match removed but not purged packages" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6948 msgid "<literal>~c</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6953 msgid "match removed, purged or can-be-removed packages" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6956 msgid "<literal>~g</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6961 msgid "match packages with broken relation" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6964 msgid "<literal>~b</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6969 msgid "match packages with broken depends/predepends/conflict" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6972 msgid "<literal>~B<type></literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6977 msgid "" "match packages from which relation <type> is defined to <term> " "package" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6980 msgid "<literal>~D[<type>:]<term></literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6985 msgid "" "match packages from which <emphasis role=\"strong\">broken</emphasis> " "relation <type> is defined to <term> package" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6988 msgid "<literal>~DB[<type>:]<term></literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6993 msgid "" "match packages to which the <term> package defines relation " "<type>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:6996 msgid "<literal>~R[<type>:]<term></literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7001 msgid "" "match packages to which the <term> package defines <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">broken</emphasis> relation <type>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7004 msgid "<literal>~RB[<type>:]<term></literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7009 msgid "match packages to which some other installed packages depend on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7012 msgid "<literal>~R~i</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7017 msgid "match packages to which no other installed packages depend on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7020 msgid "<literal>!~R~i</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7025 msgid "match packages to which some other installed packages depend or recommend on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7028 msgid "<literal>~R~i|~Rrecommends:~i</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7033 msgid "match <term> package with filtered version" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7036 msgid "<literal>~S filter <term></literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7041 msgid "match all packages (true)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7044 msgid "<literal>~T</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7049 msgid "match no packages (false)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7052 msgid "<literal>~F</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7061 msgid "" "The regex part is the same <emphasis role=\"strong\">ERE</emphasis> as the " "one used in typical Unix-like text tools using \"<literal>^</literal>\", " "\"<literal>.*</literal>\", \"<literal>$</literal>\" etc. as in " "<literal>egrep</literal>(1), <literal>awk</literal>(1) and " "<literal>perl</literal>(1)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7066 msgid "" "The relation <type> is one of (depends, predepends, recommends, " "suggests, conflicts, replaces, provides)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7071 msgid "The default relation type is \"depends\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7076 msgid "" "When <regex_pattern> is a null string, place \"<literal>~T</literal>\" " "immediately after the command." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7078 msgid "Here are some short cuts." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7082 msgid "" "\"<literal>~P<term></literal>\" == " "\"<literal>~Dprovides:<term></literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7087 msgid "" "\"<literal>~C<term></literal>\" == " "\"<literal>~Dconflicts:<term></literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7092 msgid "\"<literal>…~W term</literal>\" == \"<literal>(…|term)</literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7096 msgid "" "Users familiar with <literal>mutt</literal> pick up quickly, as mutt was the " "inspiration for the expression syntax. See \"SEARCHING, LIMITING, AND " "EXPRESSIONS\" in the \"User's Manual\" " "\"<literal>/usr/share/doc/aptitude/README</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7098 msgid "" "With the <literal>lenny</literal> version of <literal>aptitude</literal>(8), " "the new <emphasis role=\"strong\">long form</emphasis> syntax such as " "\"<literal>?broken</literal>\" may be used for regex matching in place for " "its old <emphasis role=\"strong\">short form</emphasis> equivalent " "\"<literal>~b</literal>\". Now space character \"<literal> </literal>\" is " "considered as one of the regex terminating character in addition to tilde " "character \"<literal>~</literal>\". See \"User's Manual\" for the new " "<emphasis role=\"strong\">long form</emphasis> syntax." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7102 msgid "Dependency resolution of aptitude" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7103 msgid "" "The selection of a package in <literal>aptitude</literal> not only pulls in " "packages which are defined in its \"<literal>Depends:</literal>\" list but " "also defined in the \"<literal>Recommends:</literal>\" list if the menu " "\"<literal>F10</literal> → Options → Dependency handling\" is set " "accordingly. These auto installed packages are removed automatically if " "they are no longer needed under <literal>aptitude</literal>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7105 msgid "" "Before the <literal>lenny</literal> release, <literal>apt-get</literal> and " "other standard APT tools did not offer the autoremove functionality." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7109 msgid "Package activity logs" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7110 msgid "You can check package activity history in the log files." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7112 msgid "The log files for package activities" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7119 debian-reference.en.xmlt:7653 debian-reference.en.xmlt:8041 debian-reference.en.xmlt:9967 debian-reference.en.xmlt:12216 debian-reference.en.xmlt:12306 debian-reference.en.xmlt:12375 debian-reference.en.xmlt:14644 msgid "file" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7122 debian-reference.en.xmlt:7659 debian-reference.en.xmlt:10090 msgid "content" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7129 msgid "<literal>/var/log/dpkg.log</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7132 msgid "Log of <literal>dpkg</literal> level activity for all package activities" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7137 msgid "<literal>/var/log/apt/term.log</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7140 msgid "Log of generic APT activity" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7145 msgid "<literal>/var/log/aptitude</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7148 msgid "Log of <literal>aptitude</literal> command activity" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7154 msgid "" "In reality, it is not so easy to get meaningful understanding quickly out " "from these logs. See <xref " "linkend=\"_recording_changes_in_configuration_files\"/> for easier way." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7158 msgid "Examples of aptitude operations" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7159 msgid "Here are few examples of <literal>aptitude</literal>(8) operations." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7161 msgid "Listing packages with regex matching on package names" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7162 msgid "The following command lists packages with regex matching on package names." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7163 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ aptitude search '~n(pam|nss).*ldap'\n" "p libnss-ldap - NSS module for using LDAP as a naming service\n" "p libpam-ldap - Pluggable Authentication Module allowing LDAP interfaces" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7166 msgid "This is quite handy for you to find the exact name of a package." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7169 msgid "Browsing with the regex matching" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7170 msgid "" "The regex \"<literal>~dipv6</literal>\" in the \"New Flat Package List\" " "view with \"<literal>l</literal>\" prompt, limits view to packages with the " "matching description and let you browse their information interactively." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7173 msgid "Purging removed packages for good" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7174 msgid "You can purge all remaining configuration files of removed packages." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7175 msgid "Check results of the following command." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7176 #, no-wrap msgid "# aptitude search '~c'" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7177 msgid "" "If you think listed packages are OK to be purged, execute the following " "command." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7178 #, no-wrap msgid "# aptitude purge '~c'" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7179 msgid "" "You may want to do the similar in the interactive mode for fine grained " "control." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7180 msgid "" "You provide the regex \"<literal>~c</literal>\" in the \"New Flat Package " "List\" view with \"<literal>l</literal>\" prompt. This limits the package " "view only to regex matched packages, i.e., \"removed but not purged\". All " "these regex matched packages can be shown by pressing " "\"<literal>[</literal>\" at top level headings." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7181 msgid "" "Then you press \"<literal>_</literal>\" at top level headings such as " "\"Installed Packages\". Only regex matched packages under the heading are " "marked to be purged by this. You can exclude some packages to be purged by " "pressing \"<literal>=</literal>\" interactively for each of them." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7182 msgid "This technique is quite handy and works for many other command keys." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7185 msgid "Tidying auto/manual install status" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7186 msgid "" "Here is how I tidy auto/manual install status for packages (after using " "non-aptitude package installer etc.)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7190 msgid "Start <literal>aptitude</literal> in interactive mode as root." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7195 msgid "" "Type \"<literal>u</literal>\", \"<literal>U</literal>\", " "\"<literal>f</literal>\" and \"<literal>g</literal>\" to update and upgrade " "package list and packages." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7200 msgid "" "Type \"<literal>l</literal>\" to enter the package display limit as " "\"<literal>~i(~R~i|~Rrecommends:~i)</literal>\" and type " "\"<literal>M</literal>\" over \"<literal>Installed Packages</literal>\" as " "auto installed." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7205 msgid "" "Type \"<literal>l</literal>\" to enter the package display limit as " "\"<literal>~prequired|~pimportant|~pstandard|~E</literal>\" and type " "\"<literal>m</literal>\" over \"<literal>Installed Packages</literal>\" as " "manual installed." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7210 msgid "" "Type \"<literal>l</literal>\" to enter the package display limit as " "\"<literal>~i!~M</literal>\" and remove unused package by typing " "\"<literal>-</literal>\" over each of them after exposing them by typing " "\"<literal>[</literal>\" over \"<literal>Installed Packages</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7215 msgid "" "Type \"<literal>l</literal>\" to enter the package display limit as " "\"<literal>~i</literal>\" and type \"<literal>m</literal>\" over " "\"<literal>Tasks</literal>\" as manual installed." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7220 msgid "Exit <literal>aptitude</literal>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7225 msgid "" "Start \"<literal>apt-get -s autoremove|less</literal>\" as root to check " "what are not used." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7230 msgid "" "Restart <literal>aptitude</literal> in interactive mode and mark needed " "packages as \"<literal>m</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7235 msgid "" "Restart \"<literal>apt-get -s autoremove|less</literal>\" as root to recheck " "REMOVED contain only expected packages." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7240 msgid "" "Start \"<literal>apt-get autoremove|less</literal>\" as root to autoremove " "unused packages." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7244 msgid "" "The \"<literal>m</literal>\" action over \"<literal>Tasks</literal>\" is an " "optional one to prevent mass package removal situation in future." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7247 msgid "System wide upgrade" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7249 msgid "" "When moving to a new release etc, you should consider to perform a clean " "installation of new system even though Debian is upgradable as described " "below. This provides you a chance to remove garbages collected and exposes " "you to the best combination of latest packages. Of course, you should make " "a full backup of system to a safe place (see <xref " "linkend=\"_backup_and_recovery\"/>) before doing this. I recommend to make a " "dual boot configuration using different partition to have the smoothest " "transition." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7251 msgid "" "You can perform system wide upgrade to a newer release by changing contents " "of the \"<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>\" file pointing to a new " "release and running the \"<literal>apt-get update; apt-get " "dist-upgrade</literal>\" command." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7252 msgid "" "To upgrade from <literal>stable</literal> to <literal>testing</literal> or " "<literal>unstable</literal>, you replace " "\"<literal>&codename-stable;</literal>\" in the " "\"<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>\" example of <xref " "linkend=\"_debian_archive_basics\"/> with " "\"<literal>&codename-testing;</literal>\" or \"<literal>sid</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7253 msgid "" "In reality, you may face some complications due to some package transition " "issues, mostly due to package dependencies. The larger the difference of " "the upgrade, the more likely you face larger troubles. For the transition " "from the old <literal>stable</literal> to the new <literal>stable</literal> " "after its release, you can read its new <ulink " "url=\"&releasenotes;\">Release Notes</ulink> and follow the exact procedure " "described in it to minimize troubles." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7254 msgid "" "When you decide to move from <literal>stable</literal> to " "<literal>testing</literal> before its formal release, there are no <ulink " "url=\"&releasenotes;\">Release Notes</ulink> to help you. The difference " "between <literal>stable</literal> and <literal>testing</literal> could have " "grown quite large after the previous <literal>stable</literal> release and " "makes upgrade situation complicated." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7255 msgid "" "You should make precautionary moves for the full upgrade while gathering " "latest information from mailing list and using common senses." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7259 msgid "Read previous \"Release Notes\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7264 msgid "Backup entire system (especially data and configuration information)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7269 msgid "Have bootable media handy for broken bootloader." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7274 msgid "Inform users on the system well in advance." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7279 msgid "Record upgrade activity with <literal>script</literal>(1)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7284 msgid "" "Apply \"unmarkauto\" to required packages, e.g., \"<literal>aptitude " "unmarkauto vim</literal>\", to prevent removal." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7289 msgid "" "Minimize installed packages to reduce chance of package conflicts, e.g., " "remove desktop task packages." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7294 msgid "" "Remove the \"<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>\" file (disable " "apt-pinning)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7299 msgid "" "Try to upgrade step wise: <literal>oldstable</literal> → " "<literal>stable</literal> → <literal>testing</literal> → " "<literal>unstable</literal>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7304 msgid "" "Update the \"<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>\" file to point to new " "archive only and run \"<literal>aptitude update</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7309 msgid "" "Install, optionally, new <emphasis role=\"strong\">core packages</emphasis> " "first, e.g., \"<literal>aptitude install perl</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7314 msgid "" "Run the \"<literal>apt-get -s dist-upgrade</literal>\" command to assess " "impact." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7319 msgid "Run the \"<literal>apt-get dist-upgrade</literal>\" command at last." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7324 msgid "" "It is not wise to skip major Debian release when upgrading between " "<literal>stable</literal> releases." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7327 msgid "" "In previous \"Release Notes\", GCC, Linux Kernel, initrd-tools, Glibc, Perl, " "APT tool chain, etc. have required some special attention for system wide " "upgrade." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7329 msgid "" "For daily upgrade in <literal>unstable</literal>, see <xref " "linkend=\"_safeguarding_for_package_problems\"/>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7333 msgid "Advanced package management operations" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7335 msgid "Advanced package management operations with commandline" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7336 msgid "" "Here are list of other package management operations for which " "<literal>aptitude</literal> is too high-level or lacks required " "functionalities." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7338 msgid "List of advanced package management operations" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7355 msgid "<literal>COLUMNS=120 dpkg -l <package_name_pattern></literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7358 msgid "list status of an installed package for the bug report" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7363 msgid "<literal>dpkg -L <package_name></literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7366 msgid "list contents of an installed package" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7371 msgid "" "<literal>dpkg -L <package_name> | egrep " "'/usr/share/man/man.*/.+'</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7374 msgid "list manpages for an installed package" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7379 msgid "<literal>dpkg -S <file_name_pattern></literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7382 msgid "list installed packages which have matching file name" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7387 msgid "<literal>apt-file search <file_name_pattern></literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7390 msgid "list packages in archive which have matching file name" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7395 msgid "<literal>apt-file list <package_name_pattern></literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7398 msgid "list contents of matching packages in archive" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7403 msgid "<literal>dpkg-reconfigure <package_name></literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7406 msgid "reconfigure the exact package" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7411 msgid "<literal>dpkg-reconfigure -p=low <package_name></literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7414 msgid "reconfigure the exact package with the most detailed question" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7419 msgid "<literal>configure-debian</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7422 msgid "reconfigure packages from the full screen menu" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7427 msgid "<literal>dpkg --audit</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7430 msgid "audit system for partially installed packages" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7435 msgid "<literal>dpkg --configure -a</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7438 msgid "configure all partially installed packages" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7443 msgid "<literal>apt-cache policy <binary_package_name></literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7446 msgid "" "show available version, priority, and archive information of a binary " "package" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7451 msgid "<literal>apt-cache madison <package_name></literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7454 msgid "show available version, archive information of a package" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7459 msgid "<literal>apt-cache showsrc <binary_package_name></literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7462 msgid "show source package information of a binary package" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7467 msgid "<literal>apt-get build-dep <package_name></literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7470 msgid "install required packages to build package" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7475 msgid "<literal>apt-get source <package_name></literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7478 msgid "download a source (from standard archive)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7483 msgid "<literal>dget <URL for dsc file></literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7486 msgid "download a source packages (from other archive)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7491 msgid "" "<literal>dpkg-source -x " "<package_name>_<version>-<debian_version>.dsc</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7494 msgid "" "build a source tree from a set of source packages " "(\"<literal>*.orig.tar.gz</literal>\" and " "\"<literal>*.debian.tar.gz</literal>\"/\"<literal>*.diff.gz</literal>\")" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7499 msgid "<literal>debuild binary</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7502 msgid "build package(s) from a local source tree" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7507 msgid "<literal>make-kpkg kernel_image</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7510 msgid "build a kernel package from a kernel source tree" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7515 msgid "<literal>make-kpkg --initrd kernel_image</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7518 msgid "build a kernel package from a kernel source tree with initramfs enabled" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7523 msgid "" "<literal>dpkg -i " "<package_name><emphasis><version>-<debian_version></emphasis><arch>.deb</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7526 msgid "install a local package to the system" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7531 msgid "" "<literal>debi " "<package_name><emphasis><version>-<debian_version></emphasis><arch>.dsc</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7534 msgid "install local package(s) to the system" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7539 msgid "<literal>dpkg --get-selections '*' >selection.txt</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7542 msgid "save <literal>dpkg</literal> level package selection state information" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7547 msgid "<literal>dpkg --set-selections <selection.txt</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7550 msgid "set <literal>dpkg</literal> level package selection state information" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7555 msgid "<literal>echo <package_name> hold | dpkg --set-selections</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7558 msgid "" "set <literal>dpkg</literal> level package selection state for a package to " "<emphasis role=\"strong\">hold</emphasis> (equivalent to \"<literal>aptitude " "hold <package_name></literal>\")" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7565 msgid "" "Lower level package tools such as \"<literal>dpkg -i …</literal>\" and " "\"<literal>debi …</literal>\" should be carefully used by the system " "administrator. It does not automatically take care required package " "dependencies. Dpkg's commandline options \"<literal>--force-all</literal>\" " "and similar (see <literal>dpkg</literal>(1)) are intended to be used by " "experts only. Using them without fully understanding their effects may " "break your whole system." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7567 debian-reference.en.xmlt:18351 msgid "Please note the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7571 msgid "" "All system configuration and installation commands require to be run from " "root." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7576 msgid "" "Unlike <literal>aptitude</literal> which uses regex (see <xref " "linkend=\"_regular_expressions\"/>), other package management commands use " "pattern like shell glob (see <xref linkend=\"_shell_glob\"/>)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7580 msgid "" "<literal>apt-file</literal>(1) provided by the <literal>apt-file</literal> " "package must run \"<literal>apt-file update</literal>\" in advance." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7584 msgid "" "<literal>configure-debian</literal>(8) provided by the " "<literal>configure-debian</literal> package runs " "<literal>dpkg-reconfigure</literal>(8) as its backend." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7588 msgid "" "<literal>dpkg-reconfigure</literal>(8) runs package scripts using " "<literal>debconf</literal>(1) as its backend." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7593 msgid "" "\"<literal>apt-get build-dep</literal>\", \"<literal>apt-get " "source</literal>\" and \"<literal>apt-cache showsrc</literal>\" commands " "require \"<literal>deb-src</literal>\" entry in " "\"<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7597 msgid "" "<literal>dget</literal>(1), <literal>debuild</literal>(1), and " "<literal>debi</literal>(1) require <literal>devscripts</literal> package." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7602 msgid "" "See (re)packaging procedure using \"<literal>apt-get source</literal>\" in " "<xref linkend=\"_porting_a_package_to_the_stable_system\"/>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7606 msgid "" "<literal>make-kpkg</literal> command requires the " "<literal>kernel-package</literal> package (see <xref " "linkend=\"_the_kernel\"/>)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7611 msgid "See <xref linkend=\"_making_debian_package\"/> for general packaging." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7617 msgid "Verification of installed package files" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7618 msgid "" "The installation of <literal>debsums</literal> enables verification of " "installed package files against MD5sum values in the " "\"<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/*.md5sums</literal>\" file with " "<literal>debsums</literal>(1). See <xref linkend=\"_the_md5_sum\"/> for how " "MD5sum works." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7620 msgid "" "Because MD5sum database may be tampered by the intruder, " "<literal>debsums</literal>(1) is of limited use as a security tool. It is " "only good for checking local modifications by the administrator or damage " "due to media errors." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7624 msgid "Safeguarding for package problems" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7625 msgid "" "Many users prefer to follow the <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">unstable</emphasis> release of the Debian system for its new " "features and packages. This makes the system more prone to be hit by the " "critical package bugs." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7626 msgid "" "The installation of the <literal>apt-listbugs</literal> package safeguards " "your system against critical bugs by checking Debian BTS automatically for " "critical bugs when upgrading with APT system." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7627 msgid "" "The installation of the <literal>apt-listchanges</literal> package provides " "important news in \"<literal>NEWS.Debian</literal>\" when upgrading with APT " "system." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7630 msgid "Searching on the package meta data" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7631 msgid "" "Although visiting Debian site <ulink " "url=\"&httppackagesdebianorg;\">http://packages.debian.org/</ulink> " "facilitates easy ways to search on the package meta data these days, let's " "look into more traditional ways." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7632 msgid "" "The <literal>grep-dctrl</literal>(1), <literal>grep-status</literal>(1), and " "<literal>grep-available</literal>(1) commands can be used to search any file " "which has the general format of a Debian package control file." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7633 msgid "" "The \"<literal>dpkg -S <file_name_pattern></literal>\" can be used " "search package names which contain files with the matching name installed by " "<literal>dpkg</literal>. But this overlooks files created by the maintainer " "scripts." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7634 msgid "" "If you need to make more elaborate search on the dpkg meta data, you need to " "run \"<literal>grep -e regex_pattern *</literal>\" command in the " "\"<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/</literal>\" directory. This makes you search " "words mentioned in package scripts and installation query texts." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7635 msgid "" "If you wish to look up package dependency recursively, you should use " "<literal>apt-rdepends</literal>(8)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7639 msgid "Debian package management internals" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7640 msgid "" "Let's learn how the Debian package management system works internally. This " "should help you to create your own solution to some package problems." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7642 msgid "Archive meta data" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7643 msgid "" "Meta data files for each distribution are stored under " "\"<literal>dist/<codename></literal>\" on each Debian mirror sites, " "e.g., \"<literal>http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/</literal>\". Its archive " "structure can be browsed by the web browser. There are 6 types of key meta " "data." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7645 msgid "The content of the Debian archive meta data" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7656 msgid "location" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7666 debian-reference.en.xmlt:7699 msgid "<literal>Release</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7669 debian-reference.en.xmlt:7680 debian-reference.en.xmlt:7691 msgid "top of distribution" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7672 msgid "archive description and integrity information" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7677 msgid "<literal>Release.gpg</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7683 msgid "" "signature file for the \"<literal>Release</literal>\" file signed with the " "archive key" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7688 msgid "<literal>Contents-<architecture></literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7694 msgid "list of all files for all the packages in the pertinent archive" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7702 msgid "top of each distribution/area/architecture combination" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7705 msgid "" "archive description used for the rule of " "<literal>apt_preferences</literal>(5)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7710 msgid "<literal>Packages</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7713 msgid "top of each distribution/area/binary-architecture combination" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7716 msgid "concatenated <literal>debian/control</literal> for binary packages" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7721 msgid "<literal>Sources</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7724 msgid "top of each distribution/area/source combination" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7727 msgid "concatenated <literal>debian/control</literal> for source packages" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7733 msgid "" "In the recent archive, these meta data are stored as the compressed and " "differential files to reduce network traffic." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7736 msgid "Top level \"Release\" file and authenticity" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7738 msgid "" "The top level \"<literal>Release</literal>\" file is used for signing the " "archive under the <emphasis role=\"strong\">secure APT</emphasis> system." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7740 msgid "" "Each suite of the Debian archive has a top level " "\"<literal>Release</literal>\" file, e.g., " "\"<literal>http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/dists/unstable/Release</literal>\", " "as follows." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7741 #, no-wrap msgid "" "Origin: Debian\n" "Label: Debian\n" "Suite: unstable\n" "Codename: sid\n" "Date: Sat, 26 Jan 2008 20:13:58 UTC\n" "Architectures: alpha amd64 arm hppa hurd-i386 i386 ia64 m68k mips mipsel " "powerpc s390 sparc\n" "Components: main contrib non-free\n" "Description: Debian x.y Unstable - Not Released\n" "MD5Sum:\n" " e9f11bc50b12af7927d6583de0a3bd06 22788722 main/binary-alpha/Packages\n" " 43524d07f7fa21b10f472c426db66168 6561398 main/binary-alpha/Packages.gz\n" "..." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7754 msgid "" "Here, you can find my rationale to use the \"suite\", and \"codeneme\" in " "<xref linkend=\"_debian_archive_basics\"/>. The \"distribution\" is used " "when referring to both \"suite\" and \"codeneme\". All archive \"area\" " "names offered by the archive are listed under \"Component\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7756 msgid "" "The integrity of the top level \"<literal>Release</literal>\" file is " "verified by cryptographic infrastructure called the <ulink " "url=\"&secureapt;\">secure apt</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7760 msgid "" "The cryptographic signature file \"<literal>Release.gpg</literal>\" is " "created from the authentic top level \"<literal>Release</literal>\" file and " "the secret Debian archive key." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7765 msgid "" "The public Debian archive key can be seeded into " "\"<literal>/etc/apt/trusted.gpg</literal>\";" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7770 msgid "" "automatically by installing the keyring with the latest " "<literal>base-files</literal> package, or" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7775 msgid "" "manually by <literal>gpg</literal> or <literal>apt-key</literal> tool with " "<ulink url=\"&thelatestpublicapmasterdebianorg;\">the latest public archive " "key posted on the ftp-master.debian.org</ulink> ." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7782 msgid "" "The <emphasis role=\"strong\">secure APT</emphasis> system verifies the " "integrity of the downloaded top level \"<literal>Release</literal>\" file " "cryptographically by this \"<literal>Release.gpg</literal>\" file and the " "public Debian archive key in \"<literal>/etc/apt/trusted.gpg</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7786 msgid "" "The integrity of all the \"<literal>Packages</literal>\" and " "\"<literal>Sources</literal>\" files are verified by using MD5sum values in " "its top level \"<literal>Release</literal>\" file. The integrity of all " "package files are verified by using MD5sum values in the " "\"<literal>Packages</literal>\" and \"<literal>Sources</literal>\" files. " "See <literal>debsums</literal>(1) and <xref " "linkend=\"_verification_of_installed_package_files\"/>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7787 msgid "" "Since the cryptographic signature verification is very CPU intensive process " "than the MD5sum value calculation, use of MD5sum value for each package " "while using cryptographic signature for the top level " "\"<literal>Release</literal>\" file provides <ulink " "url=\"&thegoodsecuritywththeperformance;\">the good security with the " "performance</ulink> (see <xref linkend=\"_data_security_infrastructure\"/>)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7790 msgid "Archive level \"Release\" files" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7792 msgid "" "The archive level \"<literal>Release</literal>\" files are used for the rule " "of <literal>apt_preferences</literal>(5)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7794 msgid "" "There are archive level \"<literal>Release</literal>\" files for all archive " "locations specified by \"<literal>deb</literal>\" line in " "\"<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>\", such as " "\"<literal>http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/dists/unstable/main/binary-amd64/Release</literal>\" " "or " "\"<literal>http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/dists/sid/main/binary-amd64/Release</literal>\" " "as follows." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7795 #, no-wrap msgid "" "Archive: unstable\n" "Component: main\n" "Origin: Debian\n" "Label: Debian\n" "Architecture: amd64" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7801 msgid "" "For \"<literal>Archive:</literal>\" stanza, suite names " "(\"<literal>stable</literal>\", \"<literal>testing</literal>\", " "\"<literal>unstable</literal>\", …) are used in <ulink " "url=\"&thedebianarchive;\">the Debian archive</ulink> while codenames " "(\"<literal>dapper</literal>\", \"<literal>feisty</literal>\", " "\"<literal>gutsy</literal>\", \"<literal>hardy</literal>\", " "\"<literal>intrepid</literal>\", …) are used in <ulink " "url=\"&theubuntuarchive;\">the Ubuntu archive</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7803 msgid "" "For some archives, such as <literal>experimental</literal>, and " "<literal>&codename-stable;-backports</literal>, which contain packages which " "should not be installed automatically, there is an extra line, e.g., " "\"<literal>http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/dists/experimental/main/binary-amd64/Release</literal>\" " "as follows." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7804 #, no-wrap msgid "" "Archive: experimental\n" "Component: main\n" "Origin: Debian\n" "Label: Debian\n" "NotAutomatic: yes\n" "Architecture: amd64" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7810 msgid "" "Please note that for normal archives without \"<literal>NotAutomatic: " "yes</literal>\", the default Pin-Priority value is 500, while for special " "archives with \"<literal>NotAutomatic: yes</literal>\", the default " "Pin-Priority value is 1 (see <literal>apt_preferences</literal>(5) and <xref " "linkend=\"_tweaking_candidate_version\"/>)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7813 msgid "Fetching of the meta data for the package" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7814 msgid "" "When APT tools, such as <literal>aptitude</literal>, " "<literal>apt-get</literal>, <literal>synaptic</literal>, " "<literal>apt-file</literal>, <literal>auto-apt</literal>…, are used, we need " "to update the local copies of the meta data containing the Debian archive " "information. These local copies have following file names corresponding to " "the specified <literal>distribution</literal>, <literal>area</literal>, and " "<literal>architecture</literal> names in the " "\"<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>\" (see <xref " "linkend=\"_debian_archive_basics\"/>)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7818 msgid "\"<literal>/var/lib/apt/lists/ftp.us.debian.org_debian_dists_<distribution>_Release</literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7823 msgid "\"<literal>/var/lib/apt/lists/ftp.us.debian.org_debian_dists_<distribution>_Release.gpg</literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7828 msgid "\"<literal>/var/lib/apt/lists/ftp.us.debian.org_debian_dists_<distribution>_<area>_binary-<architecture>_Packages</literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7833 msgid "\"<literal>/var/lib/apt/lists/ftp.us.debian.org_debian_dists_<distribution>_<area>_source_Sources</literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7838 msgid "" "\"<literal>/var/cache/apt/apt-file/ftp.us.debian.org_debian_dists_<distribution>_Contents-<architecture>.gz</literal>\" " "(for <literal>apt-file</literal>)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7842 msgid "" "First 4 types of files are shared by all the pertinent APT commands and " "updated from command line by \"<literal>apt-get update</literal>\" and " "\"<literal>aptitude update</literal>\". The \"<literal>Packages</literal>\" " "meta data are updated if there is the \"<literal>deb</literal>\" line in " "\"<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>\". The " "\"<literal>Sources</literal>\" meta data are updated if there is the " "\"<literal>deb-src</literal>\" line in " "\"<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7843 msgid "" "The \"<literal>Packages</literal>\" and \"<literal>Sources</literal>\" meta " "data contain \"<literal>Filename:</literal>\" stanza pointing to the file " "location of the binary and source packages. Currently, these packages are " "located under the \"<literal>pool/</literal>\" directory tree for the " "improved transition over the releases." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7844 msgid "" "Local copies of \"<literal>Packages</literal>\" meta data can be " "interactively searched with the help of <literal>aptitude</literal>. The " "specialized search command <literal>grep-dctrl</literal>(1) can search local " "copies of \"<literal>Packages</literal>\" and \"<literal>Sources</literal>\" " "meta data." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7845 msgid "" "Local copy of \"<literal>Contents-<architecture></literal>\" meta data " "can be updated by \"<literal>apt-file update</literal>\" and its location is " "different from other 4 ones. See <literal>apt-file</literal>(1). (The " "<literal>auto-apt</literal> uses different location for local copy of " "\"<literal>Contents-<architecture>.gz</literal>\" as default.)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7848 msgid "The package state for APT" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7849 msgid "" "In addition to the remotely fetched meta data, the APT tool after " "<literal>lenny</literal> stores its locally generated installation state " "information in the \"<literal>/var/lib/apt/extended_states</literal>\" which " "is used by all APT tools to track all auto installed packages." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7852 msgid "The package state for aptitude" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7853 msgid "" "In addition to the remotely fetched meta data, the " "<literal>aptitude</literal> command stores its locally generated " "installation state information in the " "\"<literal>/var/lib/aptitude/pkgstates</literal>\" which is used only by it." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7856 msgid "Local copies of the fetched packages" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7857 msgid "" "All the remotely fetched packages via APT mechanism are stored in the " "\"<literal>/var/cache/apt/packages</literal>\" until they are cleaned." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7860 msgid "Debian package file names" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7861 msgid "Debian package files have particular name structures." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7863 msgid "The name structure of Debian packages" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7870 msgid "package type" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7873 msgid "name structure" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7880 msgid "The binary package (a.k.a <literal>deb</literal>)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7883 msgid "<literal><package-name>_<epoch>:<upstream-version>-<debian.version>-<architecture>.deb</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7888 msgid "The binary package (a.k.a <literal>udeb</literal>)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7891 msgid "<literal><package-name>_<epoch>:<upstream-version>-<debian.version>-<architecture>.udeb</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7896 msgid "The source package (upstream source)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7899 msgid "<literal><package-name>_<epoch>:<upstream-version>-<debian.version>.orig.tar.gz</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7904 msgid "The <literal>1.0</literal> source package (Debian changes)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7907 msgid "<literal><package-name>_<epoch>:<upstream-version>-<debian.version>.diff.gz</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7912 msgid "The <literal>3.0 (quilt)</literal> source package (Debian changes)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7915 msgid "<literal><package-name>_<epoch>:<upstream-version>-<debian.version>.debian.tar.gz</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7920 msgid "The source package (description)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7923 msgid "<literal><package-name>_<epoch>:<upstream-version>-<debian.version>.dsc</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7930 msgid "" "Here only the basic source package formats are described. See more on " "<literal>dpkg-source</literal>(1)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7933 msgid "The usable characters for each component in the Debian package names" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7941 msgid "name component" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7944 msgid "usable characters (regex)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7947 msgid "existence" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7954 msgid "<literal><package-name></literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7957 msgid "<literal>[a-z,A-Z,0-9,.,<literal>,-]</literal></literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7960 debian-reference.en.xmlt:7982 msgid "required" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7965 msgid "<literal><epoch>:</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7968 msgid "<literal>[0-9]+:</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7971 debian-reference.en.xmlt:7993 msgid "optional" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7976 msgid "<literal><upstream-version></literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7979 msgid "<literal>[a-z,A-Z,0-9,.,<literal>,-,:]</literal></literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7987 msgid "<literal><debian.version></literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:7990 msgid "<literal>[a-z,A-Z,0-9,.,<literal>,~]</literal></literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8000 msgid "" "You can check package version order by <literal>dpkg</literal>(1), e.g., " "\"<literal>dpkg --compare-versions 7.0 gt 7.~pre1 ; echo $?</literal>\" ." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8003 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&thedebianinstallerdi;\">The debian-installer (d-i)</ulink> " "uses <literal>udeb</literal> as the file extension for its binary package " "instead of normal <literal>deb</literal>. An <literal>udeb</literal> " "package is a stripped down <literal>deb</literal> package which removes few " "non-essential contents such as documentation to save space while relaxing " "the package policy requirements. Both <literal>deb</literal> and " "<literal>udeb</literal> packages share the same package structure. The " "\"<literal>u</literal>\" stands for micro." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8007 msgid "The dpkg command" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8008 msgid "" "<literal>dpkg</literal>(1) is the lowest level tool for the Debian package " "management. This is very powerful and needs to be used with care." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8009 msgid "" "While installing package called \"<literal><package_name></literal>\", " "<literal>dpkg</literal> process it in the following order." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8013 msgid "Unpack the deb file (\"<literal>ar -x</literal>\" equivalent)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8018 msgid "" "Execute \"<literal><package_name>.preinst</literal>\" using " "<literal>debconf</literal>(1)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8023 msgid "" "Install the package content to the system (\"<literal>tar -x</literal>\" " "equivalent)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8028 msgid "" "Execute \"<literal><package_name>.postinst</literal>\" using " "<literal>debconf</literal>(1)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8032 msgid "" "The <literal>debconf</literal> system provides standardized user interaction " "with I18N and L10N (<xref linkend=\"_i18n_and_l10n\"/>) supports." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8034 msgid "The notable files created by <literal>dpkg</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8044 msgid "description of contents" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8051 msgid "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/<package_name>.conffiles</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8054 msgid "list of configuration files. (user modifiable)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8059 msgid "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/<package_name>.list</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8062 msgid "list of files and directories installed by the package" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8067 msgid "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/<package_name>.md5sums</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8070 msgid "list of MD5 hash values for files installed by the package" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8075 msgid "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/<package_name>.preinst</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8078 msgid "package script run before the package installation" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8083 msgid "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/<package_name>.postinst</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8086 msgid "package script run after the package installation" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8091 msgid "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/<package_name>.prerm</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8094 msgid "package script run before the package removal" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8099 msgid "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/<package_name>.postrm</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8102 msgid "package script run after the package removal" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8107 msgid "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/<package_name>.config</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8110 msgid "package script for <literal>debconf</literal> system" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8115 msgid "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/alternatives/<package_name></literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8118 msgid "" "the alternative information used by the " "<literal>update-alternatives</literal> command" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8123 msgid "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/available</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8126 msgid "the availability information for all the package" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8131 msgid "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/diversions</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8134 msgid "" "the diversions information used by <literal>dpkg</literal>(1) and set " "by`dpkg-divert`(8)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8139 msgid "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/statoverride</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8142 msgid "" "the stat override information used by <literal>dpkg</literal>(1) and set " "by`dpkg-statoverride`(8)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8147 msgid "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/status</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8150 msgid "the status information for all the packages" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8155 msgid "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/status-old</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8158 msgid "" "the first-generation backup of the " "\"<literal>var/lib/dpkg/status</literal>\" file" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8163 msgid "<literal>/var/backups/dpkg.status*</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8166 msgid "" "the second-generation backup and older ones of the " "\"<literal>var/lib/dpkg/status</literal>\" file" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8172 msgid "" "The \"<literal>status</literal>\" file is also used by the tools such as " "<literal>dpkg</literal>(1), \"<literal>dselect update</literal>\" and " "\"<literal>apt-get -u dselect-upgrade</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8173 msgid "" "The specialized search command <literal>grep-dctrl</literal>(1) can search " "the local copies of \"<literal>status</literal>\" and " "\"<literal>available</literal>\" meta data." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8175 msgid "" "In <ulink url=\"&thedebianinstaller;\">the debian-installer</ulink> " "environment, the <literal>udpkg</literal> command is used to open " "<literal>udeb</literal> packages. The <literal>udpkg</literal> command is a " "stripped down version of the <literal>dpkg</literal> command." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8179 msgid "The update-alternative command" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8180 msgid "" "The Debian system has mechanism to install somewhat overlapping programs " "peacefully using <literal>update-alternatives</literal>(8). For example, " "you can make the <literal>vi</literal> command select to run " "<literal>vim</literal> while installing both <literal>vim</literal> and " "<literal>nvi</literal> packages." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8181 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ ls -l $(type -p vi)\n" "lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 20 2007-03-24 19:05 /usr/bin/vi -> " "/etc/alternatives/vi\n" "$ sudo update-alternatives --display vi\n" "...\n" "$ sudo update-alternatives --config vi\n" " Selection Command\n" " ----------------------------------------------\n" " 1 /usr/bin/vim\n" "*+ 2 /usr/bin/nvi\n" "\n" "Enter to keep the default[*], or type selection number: 1" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8192 msgid "" "The Debian alternatives system keeps its selection as symlinks in " "\"<literal>/etc/alternatives/</literal>\". The selection process uses " "corresponding file in \"<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/alternatives/</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8195 msgid "The dpkg-statoverride command" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8196 msgid "" "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Stat overrides</emphasis> provided by the " "<literal>dpkg-statoverride</literal>(8) command are a way to tell " "<literal>dpkg</literal>(1) to use a different owner or mode for a <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">file</emphasis> when a package is installed. If " "\"<literal>--update</literal>\" is specified and file exists, it is " "immediately set to the new owner and mode." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8198 msgid "" "The direct alteration of owner or mode for a <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">file</emphasis> owned by the package using " "<literal>chmod</literal> or <literal>chown</literal> commands by the system " "administrator is reset by the next upgrade of the package." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8201 msgid "" "I use the word <emphasis role=\"strong\">file</emphasis> here, but in " "reality this can be any filesystem object that <literal>dpkg</literal> " "handles, including directories, devices, etc." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8205 msgid "The dpkg-divert command" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8206 msgid "" "File <emphasis role=\"strong\">diversions</emphasis> provided by the " "<literal>dpkg-divert</literal>(8) command are a way of forcing " "<literal>dpkg</literal>(1) not to install a file into its default location, " "but to a <emphasis role=\"strong\">diverted</emphasis> location. The use of " "<literal>dpkg-divert</literal> is meant for the package maintenance " "scripts. Its casual use by the system administrator is deprecated." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8210 msgid "Recovery from a broken system" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8211 msgid "" "When running <literal>unstable</literal> system, the administrator is " "expected to recover from broken package management situation." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><caution><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8213 msgid "Some methods described here are high risk actions. You have been warned!" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8216 msgid "Incompatibility with old user configuration" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8217 msgid "" "If a desktop GUI program experienced instability after significant upstream " "version upgrade, you should suspect interferences with old local " "configuration files created by it. If it is stable under newly created user " "account, this hypothesis is confirmed. (This is a bug of packaging and " "usually avoided by the packager.)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8218 msgid "" "To recover stability, you should move corresponding local configuration " "files and restart the GUI program. You may need to read old configuration " "file contents to recover configuration information later. (Do not erase " "them too quickly.)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8221 msgid "Different packages with overlapped files" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8222 msgid "" "Archive level package management systems, such as " "<literal>aptitude</literal>(8) or <literal>apt-get</literal>(1), do not even " "try to install packages with overlapped files using package dependencies " "(see <xref linkend=\"_package_dependencies\"/>)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8223 msgid "" "Errors by the package maintainer or deployment of inconsistently mixed " "source of archives (see <xref " "linkend=\"_packages_from_mixed_source_of_archives\"/>) by the system " "administrator may create situation with incorrectly defined package " "dependencies. When you install a package with overlapped files using " "<literal>aptitude</literal>(8) or <literal>apt-get</literal>(1) under such " "situation, <literal>dpkg</literal>(1) which unpacks package ensures to " "return error to the calling program without overwriting existing files." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8225 msgid "" "The use of third party packages introduces significant system risks via " "maintainer scripts which are run with root privilege and can do anything to " "your system. The <literal>dpkg</literal>(1) command only protects against " "overwriting by the unpacking." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8227 msgid "" "You can work around such broken installation by removing the old offending " "package, <literal><old-package></literal>, first." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8228 #, no-wrap msgid "$ sudo dpkg -P <old-package>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8231 msgid "Fixing broken package script" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8232 msgid "" "When a command in the package script returns error for some reason and the " "script exits with error, the package management system aborts their action " "and ends up with partially installed packages. When a package contains bugs " "in its removal scripts, the package may become impossible to remove and " "quite nasty." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8233 msgid "" "For the package script problem of " "\"<literal><package_name></literal>\", you should look into following " "package scripts." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8237 msgid "\"<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/<package_name>.preinst</literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8242 msgid "\"<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/<package_name>.postinst</literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8247 msgid "\"<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/<package_name>.prerm</literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8252 msgid "\"<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/<package_name>.postrm</literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8256 msgid "Edit the offending package script from the root using following techniques." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8260 msgid "disable the offending line by preceding \"<literal>#</literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8265 msgid "" "force to return success by appending the offending line with \"<literal>|| " "true</literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8269 msgid "Configure all partially installed packages with the following command." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8270 #, no-wrap msgid "# dpkg --configure -a" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8273 msgid "Rescue with the dpkg command" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8274 msgid "" "Since <literal>dpkg</literal> is very low level package tool, it can " "function under the very bad situation such as unbootable system without " "network connection. Let's assume <literal>foo</literal> package was broken " "and needs to be replaced." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8275 msgid "" "You may still find cached copies of older bug free version of " "<literal>foo</literal> package in the package cache directory: " "\"<literal>/var/cache/apt/archives/</literal>\". (If not, you can download " "it from archive of <ulink " "url=\"&httpsnapshotdebiannet;\">http://snapshot.debian.net/</ulink> or copy " "it from package cache of a functioning machine.)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8276 msgid "If you can boot the system, you may install it by the following command." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8277 #, no-wrap msgid "# dpkg -i /path/to/foo_<old_version>_<arch>.deb" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8279 msgid "" "If system breakage is minor, you may alternatively downgrade the whole " "system as <xref linkend=\"_emergency_downgrading\"/> using the higher level " "APT system." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8281 msgid "" "If your system is unbootable from hard disk, you should seek other ways to " "boot it." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8285 msgid "Boot the system using the debian-installer CD in rescue mode." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8290 msgid "" "Mount the unbootable system on the hard disk to " "\"<literal>/target</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8295 msgid "Install older version of <literal>foo</literal> package by the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8299 #, no-wrap msgid "# dpkg --root /target -i /path/to/foo_<old_version>_<arch>.deb" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8300 msgid "" "This example works even if the <literal>dpkg</literal> command on the hard " "disk is broken." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8302 msgid "" "Any GNU/Linux system started by another system on hard disk, live GNU/Linux " "CD, bootable USB-key drive, or netboot can be used similarly to rescue " "broken system." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8304 msgid "" "If attempting to install a package this way fails due to some dependency " "violations and you really need to do this as the last resort, you can " "override dependency using <literal>dpkg</literal>'s " "\"<literal>--ignore-depends</literal>\", " "\"<literal>--force-depends</literal>\" and other options. If you do this, " "you need to make serious effort to restore proper dependency later. See " "<literal>dpkg</literal>(8) for details." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8306 msgid "" "When your system is seriously broken, you should make a full backup of " "system to a safe place (see <xref linkend=\"_backup_and_recovery\"/>) and " "should perform a clean installation. This is less time consuming and " "produces better results in the end." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8310 msgid "Recovering package selection data" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8311 msgid "" "If \"<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/status</literal>\" becomes corrupt for any " "reason, the Debian system loses package selection data and suffers " "severely. Look for the old \"<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/status</literal>\" file " "at \"<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/status-old</literal>\" or " "\"<literal>/var/backups/dpkg.status.*</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8312 msgid "" "Keeping \"<literal>/var/backups/</literal>\" in a separate partition may be " "a good idea since this directory contains lots of important system data." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8313 msgid "" "For serious breakage, I recommend to make fresh re-install after making " "backup of the system. Even if everything in \"<literal>/var/</literal>\" is " "gone, you can still recover some information from directories in " "\"<literal>/usr/share/doc/</literal>\" to guide your new installation." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8314 msgid "Reinstall minimal (desktop) system." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8315 #, no-wrap msgid "# mkdir -p /path/to/old/system" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8316 msgid "Mount old system at \"<literal>/path/to/old/system/</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8317 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# cd /path/to/old/system/usr/share/doc\n" "# ls -1 >~/ls1.txt\n" "# cd /usr/share/doc\n" "# ls -1 >>~/ls1.txt\n" "# cd\n" "# sort ls1.txt | uniq | less" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8323 msgid "" "Then you are presented with package names to install. (There may be some " "non-package names such as \"<literal>texmf</literal>\".)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8327 msgid "Tips for the package management" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8329 msgid "How to pick Debian packages" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8330 msgid "" "You can seek packages which satisfy your needs with " "<literal>aptitude</literal> from the package description or from the list " "under \"Tasks\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8331 msgid "" "When you encounter more than 2 similar packages and wonder which one to " "install without \"trial and error\" efforts, you should use some <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">common sense</emphasis>. I consider following points are " "good indications of preferred packages." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8335 msgid "Essential: yes > no" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8340 msgid "Component: main > contrib > non-free" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8345 msgid "Priority: required > important > standard > optional > extra" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8350 msgid "Tasks: packages listed in tasks such as \"Desktop environment\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8355 msgid "" "Packages selected by the dependency package (e.g., " "<literal>python2.4</literal> by <literal>python</literal>)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8360 msgid "Popcon: higher in the vote and install number" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8365 msgid "Changelog: regular updates by the maintainer" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8370 msgid "BTS: No RC bugs (no critical, no grave, and no serious bugs)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8375 msgid "BTS: responsive maintainer to bug reports" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8380 msgid "BTS: higher number of the recently fixed bugs" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8385 msgid "BTS: lower number of remaining non-wishlist bugs" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8389 msgid "" "Debian being a volunteer project with distributed development model, its " "archive contains many packages with different focus and quality. You must " "make your own decision what to do with them." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8392 msgid "Packages from mixed source of archives" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8394 msgid "" "Installing packages from mixed source of archives is not supported by the " "official Debian distribution except for officially supported particular " "combinations of archives such as <literal>stable</literal> with <ulink " "url=\"&securityupdates;\">security updates</ulink> and <ulink " "url=\"&codenamestableupdates;\">&codename-stable;-updates</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8396 msgid "" "Here is an example of operations to include specific newer upstream version " "packages found in <literal>unstable</literal> while tracking " "<literal>testing</literal> for single occasion." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8400 msgid "" "Change the \"<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>\" file temporarily to " "single \"<literal>unstable</literal>\" entry." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8405 debian-reference.en.xmlt:8420 msgid "Run \"<literal>aptitude update</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8410 msgid "Run \"<literal>aptitude install <package-name></literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8415 msgid "" "Recover the original \"<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>\" file for " "<literal>testing</literal>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8424 msgid "" "You do not create the \"<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>\" file nor " "need to worry about apt-pinning with this manual approach. But this is very " "cumbersome." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8426 msgid "" "When using mixed source of archives, you must ensure compatibility of " "packages by yourself since the Debian does not guarantee it. If package " "incompatibility exists, you may break system. You must be able to judge " "these technical requirements. The use of mixed source of random archives is " "completely optional operation and its use is not something I encourage you " "to use." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8428 msgid "" "General rules for installing packages from different archives are " "followings." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8432 msgid "" "Non-binary packages (\"<literal>Architecture: all</literal>\") are <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">safer</emphasis> to install." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8437 msgid "documentation packages: no special requirements" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8442 msgid "interpreter program packages: compatible interpreter must be available" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8449 msgid "" "Binary packages (non \"<literal>Architecture: all</literal>\") usually face " "many road blocks and <emphasis role=\"strong\">unsafe</emphasis> to install." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8454 msgid "library version compatibility (including \"<literal>libc</literal>\")" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8459 msgid "related utility program version compatibility" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8464 msgid "Kernel <ulink url=\"&abi;\">ABI</ulink> compatibility" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8469 msgid "C++ <ulink url=\"&abi;\">ABI</ulink> compatibility" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8474 debian-reference.en.xmlt:10172 msgid "…" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8481 msgid "" "In order to make a package to be <emphasis role=\"strong\">safer</emphasis> " "to install, some commercial non-free binary program packages may be provided " "with completely statically linked libraries. You should still check <ulink " "url=\"&abi;\">ABI</ulink> compatibility issues etc. for them." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8484 msgid "" "Except to avoid broken package for a short term, installing binary packages " "from officially unsupported archives is generally bad idea. This is true " "even if you use apt-pinning (see <xref " "linkend=\"_tweaking_candidate_version\"/>). You should consider chroot or " "similar techniques (see <xref linkend=\"_virtualized_system\"/>) to run " "programs from different archives." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8488 msgid "Tweaking candidate version" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8489 msgid "" "Without the \"<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>\" file, APT system " "choses the latest available version as the <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">candidate version</emphasis> using the version string. This " "is the normal state and most recommended usage of APT system. All " "officially supported combinations of archives do not require the " "\"<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>\" file since some archives which " "should not be used as the automatic source of upgrades are marked as " "<emphasis role=\"strong\">NotAutomatic</emphasis> and dealt properly." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8491 msgid "" "The version string comparison rule can be verified with, e.g., " "\"<literal>dpkg --compare-versions ver1.1 gt ver1.1~1; echo $?</literal>\" " "(see <literal>dpkg</literal>(1))." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8493 msgid "" "When you install packages from mixed source of archives (see <xref " "linkend=\"_packages_from_mixed_source_of_archives\"/>) regularly, you can " "automate these complicated operations by creating the " "\"<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>\" file with proper entries and " "tweaking the package selection rule for <emphasis role=\"strong\">candidate " "version</emphasis> as described in <literal>apt_preferences</literal>(5). " "This is called <emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-pinning</emphasis>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8495 msgid "" "Use of apt-pinning by a novice user is sure call for major troubles. You " "must avoid using apt-pinning except when you absolutely need it." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8498 msgid "" "When using apt-pinning, you must ensure compatibility of packages by " "yourself since the Debian does not guarantee it. The apt-pinning is " "completely optional operation and its use is not something I encourage you " "to use." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8501 msgid "" "Archive level Release files (see <xref " "linkend=\"_archive_level_release_files\"/>) are used for the rule of " "<literal>apt_preferences</literal>(5). Thus apt-pinning works only with " "\"suite\" name for <ulink url=\"&normaldebianarchives;\">normal Debian " "archives</ulink> and <ulink url=\"&securitydebianarchives;\">security Debian " "archives</ulink>. (This is different from <ulink " "url=\"&ubuntu;\">Ubuntu</ulink> archives). For example, you can do " "\"<literal>Pin: release a=unstable</literal>\" but can not do " "\"<literal>Pin: release a=sid</literal>\" in the " "\"<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>\" file." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8504 msgid "" "When you use non-Debian archive as a part of apt-pinning, you should check " "what they are intended for and also check their credibility. For example, " "Ubuntu and Debian are not meant to be mixed." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8507 msgid "" "Even if you do not create the \"<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>\" " "file, you can do fairly complex system operations (see <xref " "linkend=\"_rescue_with_the_dpkg_command\"/> and <xref " "linkend=\"_packages_from_mixed_source_of_archives\"/>) without apt-pinning." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8509 msgid "" "Here is a simplified explanation of <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">apt-pinning</emphasis> technique." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8510 msgid "" "APT system choses highest Pin-Priority <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">upgrading</emphasis> package from available package sources " "defined in the \"<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>\" file as the " "<emphasis role=\"strong\">candidate version</emphasis> package. If the " "Pin-Priority of the package is larger than 1000, this version restriction " "for <emphasis role=\"strong\">upgrading</emphasis> is dropped to enable " "downgrading (see <xref linkend=\"_emergency_downgrading\"/>)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8511 msgid "" "Pin-Priority value of each package is defined by \"Pin-Priority\" entries in " "the \"<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>\" file or uses its default " "value." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8513 msgid "List of the default Pin-Priority value for each package source type" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8520 msgid "default Pin-Priority" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8523 msgid "package source type" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8530 debian-reference.en.xmlt:10863 msgid "990" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8532 msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">target release</emphasis> archive" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8537 msgid "500" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8539 msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">normal</emphasis> archive" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8544 msgid "100" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8546 msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">installed</emphasis> package" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8553 msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">NotAutomatic</emphasis> archive" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8559 msgid "" "The <emphasis role=\"strong\">target release</emphasis> archive can be set " "by several methods." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8563 msgid "" "\"<literal>/etc/apt/apt.conf</literal>\" configuration file with " "\"<literal>APT::Default-Release \"stable\";</literal>\" line" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8568 msgid "" "command line option, e.g., \"<literal>apt-get install -t testing " "some-package</literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8572 msgid "" "The <emphasis role=\"strong\">NotAutomatic</emphasis> archive is set by " "archive server having its archive level Release file (see <xref " "linkend=\"_archive_level_release_files\"/>) containing " "\"<literal>NotAutomatic: yes</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8573 msgid "" "The <emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-pinning situation</emphasis> of " "<package> from multiple archive sources is displayed by " "\"<literal>apt-cache policy <package></literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8577 msgid "" "A line started with \"<literal>Package pin:</literal>\" lists the package " "version of <emphasis role=\"strong\">pin</emphasis> if association just with " "<package> is defined, e.g., \"<literal>Package pin: 0.190</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8582 msgid "" "No line with \"<literal>Package pin:</literal>\" exists if no association " "just with <package> is defined." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8587 msgid "" "The Pin-Priority value associated just with <package> is listed right " "side of all version strings, e.g., \"<literal>0.181 700</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8592 msgid "" "\"<literal>0</literal>\" is listed right side of all version strings if no " "association just with <package> is defined, e.g., \"<literal>0.181 " "0</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8597 msgid "" "The Pin-Priority values of archives (defined as \"<literal>Package: " "*</literal>\" in the \"<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>\" file) are " "listed left side of all archive paths, e.g., \"<literal>200 " "http://backports.debian.org/debian-backports/ " "&codename-stable;-backports/main Packages</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8601 msgid "" "Here is an example of <emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-pinning</emphasis> " "technique to include specific newer upstream version packages found in " "<literal>unstable</literal> regularly upgraded while tracking " "<literal>testing</literal>. You list all required archives in the " "\"<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>\" file as the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8602 #, no-wrap msgid "" "deb http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/ testing main contrib non-free\n" "deb http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/ unstable main contrib non-free\n" "deb http://security.debian.org/ testing/updates main contrib" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8605 msgid "" "Set the \"<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>\" file as as the " "following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8606 #, no-wrap msgid "" "Package: *\n" "Pin: release a=testing\n" "Pin-Priority: 500\n" "\n" "Package: *\n" "Pin: release a=unstable\n" "Pin-Priority: 200" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8613 msgid "" "When you wish to install a package named " "\"<literal><package-name></literal>\" with its dependencies from " "<literal>unstable</literal> archive under this configuration, you issue the " "following command which switches target release with " "\"<literal>-t</literal>\" option (Pin-Priority of " "<literal>unstable</literal> becomes 990.)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8614 #, no-wrap msgid "$ sudo apt-get install -t unstable <package-name>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8615 msgid "" "With this configuration, usual execution of \"<literal>apt-get " "upgrade</literal>\" and \"<literal>apt-get dist-upgrade</literal>\" (or " "\"<literal>aptitude safe-upgrade</literal>\" and \"<literal>aptitude " "full-upgrade</literal>\") upgrades packages which were installed from " "<literal>testing</literal> archive using current <literal>testing</literal> " "archive and packages which were installed from <literal>unstable</literal> " "archive using current <literal>unstable</literal> archive." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8617 msgid "" "Be careful not to remove \"<literal>testing</literal>\" entry from the " "\"<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>\" file. Without " "\"<literal>testing</literal>\" entry in it, APT system upgrades packages " "using newer <literal>unstable</literal> archive." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8620 msgid "" "I usually edit the \"<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>\" file to " "comment out \"<literal>unstable</literal>\" archive entry right after above " "operation. This avoids slow update process of having too many entries in " "the \"<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>\" file although this prevents " "upgrading packages which were installed from <literal>unstable</literal> " "archive using current <literal>unstable</literal> archive." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8623 msgid "" "If \"<literal>Pin-Priority: 20</literal>\" is used instead of " "\"<literal>Pin-Priority: 200</literal>\" for the " "\"<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>\" file, already installed packages " "having Pin-Priority value of 100 are not upgraded by " "<literal>unstable</literal> archive even if \"<literal>testing</literal>\" " "entry in the \"<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>\" file is removed." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8625 msgid "" "If you wish to track particular packages in <literal>unstable</literal> " "automatically without initial \"<literal>-t unstable</literal>\" " "installation, you must create the " "\"<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>\" file and explicitly list all " "those packages at the top of it as the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8626 #, no-wrap msgid "" "Package: <package-1>\n" "Pin: release a=unstable\n" "Pin-Priority: 700\n" "\n" "Package: <package-2>\n" "Pin: release a=unstable\n" "Pin-Priority: 700" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8633 msgid "" "These set Pin-Priority value for each specific package. For example, in " "order to track the latest <literal>unstable</literal> version of this " "\"Debian Reference\" in English, you should have following entries in the " "\"<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>\" file." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8634 #, no-wrap msgid "" "Package: debian-reference-en\n" "Pin: release a=unstable\n" "Pin-Priority: 700\n" "\n" "Package: debian-reference-common\n" "Pin: release a=unstable\n" "Pin-Priority: 700" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8642 msgid "" "This apt-pinning technique is valid even when you are tracking " "<literal>stable</literal> archive. Documentation packages have been always " "safe to install from <literal>unstable</literal> archive in my experience, " "so far." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8644 msgid "" "Here is another example of <emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-pinning</emphasis> " "technique to include specific newer upstream version packages found in " "<literal>experimental</literal> while tracking <literal>unstable</literal>. " "You list all required archives in the " "\"<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>\" file as the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8645 #, no-wrap msgid "" "deb http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/ unstable main contrib non-free\n" "deb http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/ experimental main contrib non-free\n" "deb http://security.debian.org/ testing/updates main contrib" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8648 msgid "" "The default Pin-Priority value for <literal>experimental</literal> archive " "is always 1 (<<100) since it is <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">NotAutomatic</emphasis> archive (see <xref " "linkend=\"_archive_level_release_files\"/>). There is no need to set " "Pin-Priority value explicitly in the " "\"<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>\" file just to use " "<literal>experimental</literal> archive unless you wish to track particular " "packages in it automatically for next upgrading." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8651 msgid "Updates and Backports" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8652 msgid "" "There are <ulink " "url=\"&codenamestableupdates;\">&codename-stable;-updates</ulink> and <ulink " "url=\"&backportsdebianorg;\">backports.debian.org</ulink> archives which " "provide updgrade packages for <literal>stable</literal> " "(<literal>&codename-stable;</literal>)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8654 msgid "" "Do not use all packages available in the <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">NotAutomatic</emphasis> archives such as " "<literal>&codename-stable;-backports</literal>. Use only selected packages " "which fits your needs." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8656 msgid "" "Here is an example of <emphasis role=\"strong\">apt-pinning</emphasis> " "technique to include specific newer upstream version packages found in " "<literal>&codename-stable;-backports</literal> while tracking " "<literal>&codename-stable;</literal> and " "<literal>&codename-stable;-updates</literal>. You list all required " "archives in the \"<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>\" file as the " "following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8657 #, no-wrap msgid "" "deb http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/ &codename-stable; main contrib " "non-free\n" "deb http://security.debian.org/ &codename-stable;/updates main contrib\n" "deb http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/ &codename-stable;-updates main contrib " "non-free\n" "deb http://backports.debian.org/debian-backports/ " "&codename-stable;-backports main contrib non-free" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8661 msgid "" "The default Pin-Priority value for <ulink " "url=\"&backportsdebianorg;\">backports.debian.org</ulink> archive is always " "1 (<<100) since it is <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">NotAutomatic</emphasis> archive (see <xref " "linkend=\"_archive_level_release_files\"/>). There is no need to set " "Pin-Priority value explicitly in the " "\"<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>\" file just to use <ulink " "url=\"&backportsdebianorg;\">backports.debian.org</ulink> archive unless you " "wish to track particular packages in it automatically for next upgrading." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8662 msgid "" "So whenever you wish to install a package named " "\"<literal><package-name></literal>\" with its dependency from " "<literal>&codename-stable;-backports</literal> archive, you use following " "command while switching target release with \"<literal>-t</literal>\" " "option." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8663 #, no-wrap msgid "$ sudo apt-get install -t &codename-stable;-backports <package-name>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8664 msgid "" "If you wish to upgrade particular packages, you must create the " "\"<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>\" file and explicitly lists all " "packages in it as the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8665 #, no-wrap msgid "" "Package: <package-1>\n" "Pin: release o=Backports.org archive\n" "Pin-Priority: 700" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8668 msgid "" "Alternatively, with the \"<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>\" file as " "the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8669 #, no-wrap msgid "" "Package: *\n" "Pin: release a=stable , o=Debian\n" "Pin-Priority: 500\n" "\n" "Package: *\n" "Pin: release a=&codename-stable;-updates, o=Debian\n" "Pin-Priority: 500\n" "\n" "Package: *\n" "Pin: release a=&codename-stable;-backports, o=Backports.org archive\n" "Pin-Priority: 200" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8680 msgid "" "Execution of \"<literal>apt-get upgrade</literal>\" and \"<literal>apt-get " "dist-upgrade</literal>\" (or \"<literal>aptitude safe-upgrade</literal>\" " "and \"<literal>aptitude full-upgrade</literal>\") upgrades packages which " "were installed from <literal>stable</literal> archive using current " "<literal>stable</literal> archive and packages which were installed from " "other archives using current corresponding archive for all archives in the " "\"<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>\" file." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8683 msgid "Automatic download and upgrade of packages" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8684 msgid "" "The <literal>apt</literal> package comes with its own cron script " "\"<literal>/etc/cron.daily/apt</literal>\" to support the automatic download " "of packages. This script can be enhanced to perform the automatic upgrade " "of packages by installing the <literal>unattended-upgrades</literal> " "package. These can be customized by parameters in " "\"<literal>/etc/apt/apt.conf.d/02backup</literal>\" and " "\"<literal>/etc/apt/apt.conf.d/50unattended-upgrades</literal>\" as " "described in " "\"<literal>/usr/share/doc/unattended-upgrades/README</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8685 msgid "" "The <literal>unattended-upgrades</literal> package is mainly intended for " "the security upgrade for the <literal>stable</literal> system. If the risk " "of breaking an existing <literal>stable</literal> system by the automatic " "upgrade is smaller than that of the system broken by the intruder using its " "security hole which has been closed by the security update, you should " "consider using this automatic upgrade with configuration parameters as the " "following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8686 #, no-wrap msgid "" "APT::Periodic::Update-Package-Lists \"1\";\n" "APT::Periodic::Download-Upgradeable-Packages \"1\";\n" "APT::Periodic::Unattended-Upgrade \"1\";" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8689 msgid "" "If you are running an <literal>unstable</literal> system, you do not want to " "use the automatic upgrade since it certainly breaks system some day. Even " "for such <literal>unstable</literal> case, you may still want to download " "packages in advance to save time for the interactive upgrade with " "configuration parameters as the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8690 #, no-wrap msgid "" "APT::Periodic::Update-Package-Lists \"1\";\n" "APT::Periodic::Download-Upgradeable-Packages \"1\";\n" "APT::Periodic::Unattended-Upgrade \"0\";" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8695 msgid "Limiting download bandwidth for APT" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8696 msgid "" "If you want to limit the download bandwidth for APT to e.g. 800Kib/sec " "(=100kiB/sec), you should configure APT with its configuration parameter as " "the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8697 #, no-wrap msgid "APT::Acquire::http::Dl-Limit \"800\";" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8700 msgid "Emergency downgrading" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8702 msgid "" "Downgrading is not officially supported by the Debian by design. It should " "be done only as a part of emergency recovery process. Despite of this " "situation, it is known to work well in many incidents. For critical " "systems, You should backup all important data on the system after the " "recovery operation and re-install the new system from the scratch." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8704 msgid "" "You may be lucky to downgrade from newer archive to older archive to recover " "from broken system upgrade by manipulating <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">candidate version</emphasis> (see <xref " "linkend=\"_tweaking_candidate_version\"/>). This is lazy alternative to " "tedious actions of many \"<literal>dpkg -i " "<broken-package>_<old-version>.deb</literal>\" commands (see " "<xref linkend=\"_rescue_with_the_dpkg_command\"/>)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8705 msgid "" "Search lines in the \"<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>\" file " "tracking <literal>unstable</literal> as the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8706 #, no-wrap msgid "" "deb http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/ &codename-unstable; main contrib " "non-free" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8707 msgid "Replace it with the following to track <literal>testing</literal>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8708 #, no-wrap msgid "" "deb http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/ &codename-testing; main contrib " "non-free" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8709 msgid "Set the \"<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>\" file as the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8710 #, no-wrap msgid "" "Package: *\n" "Pin: release a=testing\n" "Pin-Priority: 1010" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8713 msgid "" "Run \"<literal>apt-get dist-upgrade</literal>\" to force downgrading of " "packages across the system." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8714 msgid "" "Remove this special \"<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>\" file after " "this emergency downgrading." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8716 msgid "" "It is good idea to remove (not purge!) as much packages to minimize " "dependency problems. You may need to manually remove and install some " "packages to get system downgraded. Linux kernel, bootloader, udev, PAM, " "APT, and networking related packages and their configuration files require " "special attention." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8720 msgid "Who uploaded the package?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8721 msgid "" "Although the maintainer name listed in " "\"<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/available</literal>\" and " "\"<literal>/usr/share/doc/package_name/changelog</literal>\" provide some " "information on \"who is behind the packaging activity\", the actual uploader " "of the package is somewhat obscure. <literal>who-uploads</literal>(1) in " "the <literal>devscripts</literal> package identifies the actual uploader of " "Debian source packages." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8724 msgid "The equivs package" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8725 msgid "" "If you are to compile a program from source to replace the Debian package, " "it is best to make it into a real local debianized package " "(<literal>*.deb</literal>) and use private archive." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8726 msgid "" "If you chose to compile a program from source and to install them under " "\"<literal>/usr/local</literal>\" instead, you may need to use " "<literal>equivs</literal> as a last resort to satisfy the missing package " "dependency." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8727 #, no-wrap msgid "" "Package: equivs\n" "Priority: extra\n" "Section: admin\n" "Description: Circumventing Debian package dependencies\n" " This is a dummy package which can be used to create Debian\n" " packages, which only contain dependency information." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8735 msgid "Porting a package to the stable system" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8736 msgid "" "For partial upgrades of the <literal>stable</literal> system, rebuilding a " "package within its environment using the source package is desirable. This " "avoids massive package upgrades due to their dependencies." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8737 msgid "" "Add the following entries to the " "\"<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>\" of a <literal>stable</literal> " "system." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8738 #, no-wrap msgid "deb-src http://http.us.debian.org/debian unstable main contrib non-free" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8739 msgid "" "Install required packages for the compilation and download the source " "package as the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8740 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# apt-get update\n" "# apt-get dist-upgrade\n" "# apt-get install fakeroot devscripts build-essential\n" "$ apt-get build-dep foo\n" "$ apt-get source foo\n" "$ cd foo*" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8746 msgid "Adjust installed packages if needed." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8747 msgid "Execute the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8748 debian-reference.en.xmlt:30407 #, no-wrap msgid "$ dch -i" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8749 msgid "" "Bump package version, e.g. one appended with \"<literal>+bp1</literal>\" in " "\"<literal>debian/changelog</literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8750 msgid "Build packages and install them to the system as the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8751 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ debuild\n" "$ cd ..\n" "# debi foo*.changes" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8756 msgid "Proxy server for APT" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8757 msgid "" "Since mirroring whole subsection of Debian archive wastes disk space and " "network bandwidth, deployment of a local proxy server for APT is desirable " "consideration when you administer many systems on <ulink " "url=\"&lan;\">LAN</ulink>. APT can be configure to use generic web (http) " "proxy servers such as <literal>squid</literal> (see <xref " "linkend=\"_other_network_application_servers\"/>) as described in " "<literal>apt.conf</literal>(5) and in " "\"<literal>/usr/share/doc/apt/examples/configure-index.gz</literal>\". The " "\"<literal>$http_proxy</literal>\" environment variable can be used to " "override proxy server setting in the " "\"<literal>/etc/apt/apt.conf</literal>\" file." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8758 msgid "" "There are proxy tools specially for Debian archive. You should check BTS " "before using them." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8760 msgid "List of the proxy tools specially for Debian archive" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8788 msgid "" "caching proxy server for Debian archive files (compiled <ulink " "url=\"&ocaml;\">OCaml</ulink> program)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8796 msgid "Caching proxy for Debian package and source files (Perl program)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8804 msgid "Caching proxy for distribution of software packages (compiled C++ program)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8812 msgid "Bittorrent proxy for downloading Debian packages (Python program)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8819 msgid "" "When Debian reorganizes its archive structure, these specialized proxy tools " "tend to require code rewrites by the package maintainer and may not be " "functional for a while. On the other hand, generic web (http) proxy servers " "are more robust and easier to cope with such changes." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8823 msgid "Small public package archive" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8824 msgid "" "Here is an example for creating a small public package archive compatible " "with the modern <emphasis role=\"strong\">secure APT</emphasis> system (see " "<xref linkend=\"_top_level_release_file_and_authenticity\"/>). Let's assume " "few things." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8828 msgid "Account name: \"<literal>foo</literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8833 msgid "Host name: \"<literal>www.example.com</literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8838 msgid "" "Required packages: <literal>apt-utils</literal>, <literal>gnupg</literal>, " "and other packages" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8843 msgid "" "URL: \"<literal>http://www.example.com/~foo/</literal>\" ( → " "\"<literal>/home/foo/public_html/index.html</literal>\")" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8848 msgid "Architecture of packages: \"<literal>amd64</literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8852 msgid "Create an APT archive key of Foo on your server system as the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8853 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ ssh foo@www.example.com\n" "$ gpg --gen-key\n" "...\n" "$ gpg -K\n" "...\n" "sec 1024D/3A3CB5A6 2008-08-14\n" "uid Foo (ARCHIVE KEY) <foo@www.example.com>\n" "ssb 2048g/6856F4A7 2008-08-14\n" "$ gpg --export -a 3A3CB5A6 >foo.public.key" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8862 msgid "" "Publish the archive key file \"<literal>foo.public.key</literal>\" with the " "key ID \"<literal>3A3CB5A6</literal>\" for Foo" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8863 msgid "Create an archive tree called \"Origin: Foo\" as the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8864 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ umask 022\n" "$ mkdir -p ~/public_html/debian/pool/main\n" "$ mkdir -p ~/public_html/debian/dists/unstable/main/binary-amd64\n" "$ mkdir -p ~/public_html/debian/dists/unstable/main/source\n" "$ cd ~/public_html/debian\n" "$ cat > dists/unstable/main/binary-amd64/Release << EOF\n" "Archive: unstable\n" "Version: 4.0\n" "Component: main\n" "Origin: Foo\n" "Label: Foo\n" "Architecture: amd64\n" "EOF\n" "$ cat > dists/unstable/main/source/Release << EOF\n" "Archive: unstable\n" "Version: 4.0\n" "Component: main\n" "Origin: Foo\n" "Label: Foo\n" "Architecture: source\n" "EOF\n" "$ cat >aptftp.conf <<EOF\n" "APT::FTPArchive::Release {\n" " Origin \"Foo\";\n" " Label \"Foo\";\n" " Suite \"unstable\";\n" " Codename \"sid\";\n" " Architectures \"amd64\";\n" " Components \"main\";\n" " Description \"Public archive for Foo\";\n" "};\n" "EOF\n" "$ cat >aptgenerate.conf <<EOF\n" "Dir::ArchiveDir \".\";\n" "Dir::CacheDir \".\";\n" "TreeDefault::Directory \"pool/\";\n" "TreeDefault::SrcDirectory \"pool/\";\n" "Default::Packages::Extensions \".deb\";\n" "Default::Packages::Compress \". gzip bzip2\";\n" "Default::Sources::Compress \"gzip bzip2\";\n" "Default::Contents::Compress \"gzip bzip2\";\n" "\n" "BinDirectory \"dists/unstable/main/binary-amd64\" {\n" " Packages \"dists/unstable/main/binary-amd64/Packages\";\n" " Contents \"dists/unstable/Contents-amd64\";\n" " SrcPackages \"dists/unstable/main/source/Sources\";\n" "};\n" "\n" "Tree \"dists/unstable\" {\n" " Sections \"main\";\n" " Architectures \"amd64 source\";\n" "};\n" "EOF" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8917 msgid "" "You can automate repetitive updates of APT archive contents on your server " "system by configuring <literal>dupload</literal>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8918 msgid "" "Place all package files into " "\"<literal>~foo/public_html/debian/pool/main/</literal>\" by executing " "\"<literal>dupload -t foo changes_file</literal>\" in client while having " "\"<literal>~/.dupload.conf</literal>\" containing the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8919 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$cfg{'foo'} = {\n" " fqdn => \"www.example.com\",\n" " method => \"scpb\",\n" " incoming => \"/home/foo/public_html/debian/pool/main\",\n" " # The dinstall on ftp-master sends emails itself\n" " dinstall_runs => 1,\n" "};\n" "\n" "$cfg{'foo'}{postupload}{'changes'} = \"\n" " echo 'cd public_html/debian ;\n" " apt-ftparchive generate -c=aptftp.conf aptgenerate.conf;\n" " apt-ftparchive release -c=aptftp.conf dists/unstable " ">dists/unstable/Release ;\n" " rm -f dists/unstable/Release.gpg ;\n" " gpg -u 3A3CB5A6 -bao dists/unstable/Release.gpg dists/unstable/Release'|\n" " ssh foo@www.example.com 2>/dev/null ;\n" " echo 'Package archive created!'\";" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8935 msgid "" "The <emphasis role=\"strong\">postupload</emphasis> hook script initiated by " "<literal>dupload</literal>(1) creates updated archive files for each upload." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8936 msgid "" "You can add this small public archive to the apt-line of your client system " "by the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8937 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ sudo bash\n" "# echo \"deb http://www.example.com/~foo/debian/ unstable main\" \\\n" " >> /etc/apt/sources.list\n" "# apt-key add foo.public.key" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8942 msgid "" "If the archive is located on the local filesystem, you can use " "\"<literal>deb file:///home/foo/debian/ …</literal>\" instead." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8946 msgid "Recording and copying system configuration" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8947 msgid "" "You can make a local copy of the package and debconf selection states by the " "following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8948 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# dpkg --get-selections '*' > selection.dpkg\n" "# debconf-get-selections > selection.debconf" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8950 msgid "" "Here, \"<literal>*</literal>\" makes \"<literal>selection.dpkg</literal>\" " "to include package entries for \"purge\" too." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8951 msgid "" "You can transfer these 2 files to another computer, and install there with " "the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8952 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# dselect update\n" "# debconf-set-selections < myselection.debconf\n" "# dpkg --set-selections < myselection.dpkg\n" "# apt-get -u dselect-upgrade # or dselect install" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8956 msgid "" "If you are thinking about managing many servers in a cluster with " "practically the same configuration, you should consider to use specialized " "package such as <literal>fai</literal> to manage the whole system." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8959 msgid "Converting or installing an alien binary package" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8960 msgid "" "<literal>alien</literal>(1) enables the conversion of binary packages " "provided in Red Hat <literal>rpm</literal>, Stampede <literal>slp</literal>, " "Slackware <literal>tgz</literal>, and Solaris <literal>pkg</literal> file " "formats into a Debian <literal>deb</literal> package. If you want to use a " "package from another Linux distribution than the one you have installed on " "your system, you can use <literal>alien</literal> to convert it from your " "preferred package format and install it. <literal>alien</literal> also " "supports LSB packages." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8962 msgid "" "<literal>alien</literal>(1) should not be used to replace essential system " "packages, such as <literal>sysvinit</literal>, <literal>libc6</literal>, " "<literal>libpam-modules</literal>, etc. Practically, " "<literal>alien</literal>(1) should only used for <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">non-free</emphasis> binary-only packages which are LSB " "compliant or statically linked. For free softwares, you should use their " "source packages to make real Debian packages." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8966 msgid "Extracting package without dpkg" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8967 msgid "" "The current \"<literal>*.deb</literal>\" package contents can be extracted " "without using <literal>dpkg</literal>(1) on any <ulink " "url=\"&unixlike;\">Unix-like</ulink> environment using standard " "<literal>ar</literal>(1) and <literal>tar</literal>(1)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8968 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# ar x /path/to/dpkg_<version>_<arch>.deb\n" "# ls\n" "total 24\n" "-rw-r--r-- 1 bozo bozo 1320 2007-05-07 00:11 control.tar.gz\n" "-rw-r--r-- 1 bozo bozo 12837 2007-05-07 00:11 data.tar.gz\n" "-rw-r--r-- 1 bozo bozo 4 2007-05-07 00:11 debian-binary\n" "# mkdir control\n" "# mkdir data\n" "# tar xvzf control.tar.gz -C control\n" "# tar xvzf data.tar.gz -C data" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8978 msgid "You can also browse package content using the <literal>mc</literal> command." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8981 msgid "More readings for the package management" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8982 msgid "You can learn more on the package management from following documentations." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8986 msgid "Primary documentations on the package management:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8990 msgid "" "<literal>aptitude</literal>(8), <literal>dpkg</literal>(1), " "<literal>tasksel</literal>(8), <literal>apt-get</literal>(8), " "<literal>apt-config</literal>(8), <literal>apt-key</literal>(8), " "<literal>sources.list</literal>(5), <literal>apt.conf</literal>(5), and " "<literal>apt_preferences</literal>(5);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:8995 msgid "" "\"<literal>/usr/share/doc/apt-doc/guide.html/index.html</literal>\" and " "\"<literal>/usr/share/doc/apt-doc/offline.html/index.html</literal>\" from " "the <literal>apt-doc</literal> package; and" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9000 msgid "" "\"<literal>/usr/share/doc/aptitude/html/en/index.html</literal>\" from the " "<literal>aptitude-doc-en</literal> package." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9007 msgid "Official and detailed documentations on the Debian archive:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9011 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&debianpolicymanuthedebianarchive;\">\"Debian Policy Manual " "Chapter 2 - The Debian Archive\"</ulink>," msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9015 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&debiandevelopersthedebianarchive;\">\"Debian Developer's " "Reference, Chapter 4 - Resources for Debian Developers 4.6 The Debian " "archive\"</ulink>, and" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9019 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&thedebiangnulinuebianftparchives;\">\"The Debian GNU/Linux " "FAQ, Chapter 5 - The Debian FTP archives\"</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9026 msgid "Tutorial for building of a Debian package for Debian users:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9030 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&debiannewmaintainersguide;\">\"Debian New Maintainers' " "Guide\"</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9040 msgid "The system initialization" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9041 msgid "" "It is wise for you as the system administrator to know roughly how the " "Debian system is started and configured. Although the exact details are in " "the source files of the packages installed and their documentations, it is a " "bit overwhelming for most of us." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9042 msgid "" "I did my best to provide a quick overview of the key points of the Debian " "system and their configuration for your reference, based on the current and " "previous knowledge of mine and others. Since the Debian system is a moving " "target, the situation over the system may have been changed. Before making " "any changes to the system, you should refer to the latest documentation for " "each package." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9044 msgid "An overview of the boot strap process" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9045 msgid "" "The computer system undergoes several phases of <ulink " "url=\"&bootstrapprocesses;\">boot strap processes</ulink> from the power-on " "event until it offers the fully functional operating system (OS) to the " "user." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9046 msgid "" "For simplicity, I limit discussion to the typical PC platform with the " "default installation." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9047 msgid "" "The typical boot strap process is like a four-stage rocket. Each stage " "rocket hands over the system control to the next stage one." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9051 msgid "<xref linkend=\"_stage_1_the_bios\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9056 msgid "<xref linkend=\"_stage_2_the_boot_loader\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9061 msgid "<xref linkend=\"_stage_3_the_mini_debian_system\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9066 msgid "<xref linkend=\"_stage_4_the_normal_debian_system\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9070 msgid "" "Of course, these can be configured differently. For example, if you " "compiled your own kernel, you may be skipping the step with the mini-Debian " "system. So please do not assume this is the case for your system until you " "check it yourself." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9072 msgid "" "For non-legacy PC platform such as the SUN or the Macintosh system, the BIOS " "on ROM and the partition on the disk may be quite different (<xref " "linkend=\"_disk_partition_configuration\"/>). Please seek the platform " "specific documentations elsewhere for such a case." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9076 msgid "Stage 1: the BIOS" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9077 msgid "" "The <ulink url=\"&bios;\">BIOS</ulink> is the 1st stage of the boot process " "which is started by the power-on event. The <ulink " "url=\"&bios;\">BIOS</ulink> residing on the <ulink " "url=\"&readonlymemoryrom;\">read only memory (ROM)</ulink> is executed from " "the particular memory address to which the program counter of CPU is " "initialized by the power-on event." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9078 msgid "" "This BIOS performs the basic initialization of the hardware (<ulink " "url=\"&postpoweronselftest;\">POST: power on self test</ulink>) and hands " "the system control to the next step which you provide. The BIOS is usually " "provided with the hardware." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9079 msgid "" "The BIOS startup screen usually indicates what key(s) to press to enter the " "BIOS setup screen to configure the BIOS behavior. Popular keys used are F1, " "F2, F10, Esc, Ins, and Del. If your BIOS startup screen is hidden by a nice " "graphics screen, you may press some keys such as Esc to disable this. These " "keys are highly dependent on the hardware." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9080 msgid "" "The hardware location and the priority of the code started by the BIOS can " "be selected from the BIOS setup screen. Typically, the first few sectors of " "the first found selected device (hard disk, floppy disk, CD-ROM, …) are " "loaded to the memory and this initial code is executed. This initial code " "can be any one of the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9084 msgid "The boot loader code" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9089 msgid "" "The kernel code of the stepping stone OS such as <ulink " "url=\"&freedos;\">FreeDOS</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9094 msgid "The kernel code of the target OS if it fits in this small space" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9098 msgid "" "Typically, the system is booted from the specified partition of the primary " "hard disk partition. First 2 sectors of the hard disk on legacy PC contain " "the <ulink url=\"&masterbootrecordmbr;\">master boot record (MBR)</ulink>. " "The disk partition information including the boot selection is recorded at " "the end of this MBR. The first boot loader code executed from the BIOS " "occupies the rest of this MBR." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9101 msgid "Stage 2: the boot loader" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9102 msgid "" "The <ulink url=\"&bootloader;\">boot loader</ulink> is the 2nd stage of the " "boot process which is started by the BIOS. It loads the system kernel image " "and the <ulink url=\"&initrd;\">initrd</ulink> image to the memory and hands " "control over to them. This initrd image is the root filesystem image and " "its support depends on the bootloader used." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9103 msgid "" "The Debian system normally uses the Linux kernel as the default system " "kernel. The initrd image for the current 2.6 Linux kernel is technically the " "initramfs (initial RAM filesystem) image. The initramfs image is a gzipped " "cpio archive of files in the root filesystem." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9104 msgid "" "The default install of the Debian system places first-stage GRUB boot loader " "code into the <ulink url=\"&mbr;\">MBR</ulink> for the PC platform. There " "are many boot loaders and configuration options available." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9106 msgid "List of boot loaders" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9117 msgid "bootloader" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9129 msgid "initrd" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9139 msgid "<ulink url=\"&grublegacy;\">GRUB Legacy</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9145 debian-reference.en.xmlt:9159 debian-reference.en.xmlt:9173 debian-reference.en.xmlt:9187 debian-reference.en.xmlt:9201 debian-reference.en.xmlt:9215 debian-reference.en.xmlt:9229 debian-reference.en.xmlt:19347 debian-reference.en.xmlt:19358 debian-reference.en.xmlt:19369 debian-reference.en.xmlt:19380 debian-reference.en.xmlt:19391 msgid "Supported" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9148 msgid "" "This is smart enough to understand disk partitions and filesystems such as " "vfat, ext3, …. (<literal>lenny</literal> default)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9153 debian-reference.en.xmlt:9167 msgid "<ulink url=\"&grubc;\">GRUB 2</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9162 msgid "" "This is smart enough to understand disk partitions and filesystems such as " "vfat, ext3, …." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9176 msgid "This is GRUB 2 bootable rescue images (CD and floppy) (PC/BIOS version)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9181 msgid "<ulink url=\"&lilo;\">Lilo</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9190 msgid "This relies on the sector locations of data on the hard disk. (Old)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9195 msgid "<ulink url=\"&isolinux;\">Isolinux</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9204 msgid "This understands the ISO9660 filesystem. This is used by the boot CD." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9209 msgid "<ulink url=\"&syslinux;\">Syslinux</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9218 msgid "" "This understands the <ulink url=\"&msdosfilesystemfat;\">MSDOS filesystem " "(FAT)</ulink>. This is used by the boot floppy." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9223 msgid "<ulink url=\"&loadlin;\">Loadlin</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9232 msgid "New system is started from the FreeDOS/MSDOS system." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9237 msgid "<ulink url=\"&mbrbyneilturton;\">MBR by Neil Turton</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9243 debian-reference.en.xmlt:19336 msgid "Not supported" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9246 msgid "" "This is free software which substitutes MSDOS <ulink " "url=\"&mbr;\">MBR</ulink>. This only understands disk partitions." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><warning><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9253 msgid "" "Do not play with boot loaders without having bootable rescue media (CD or " "floppy) created from images in the <literal>grub-rescue-pc</literal> " "package. It makes you boot your system even without functioning bootloader " "on the hard disk." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9255 msgid "" "For GRUB Legacy, the menu configuration file is located at " "\"<literal>/boot/grub/menu.lst</literal>\". For example, it has entries as " "the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9256 #, no-wrap msgid "" "title Debian GNU/Linux\n" "root (hd0,2)\n" "kernel /vmlinuz root=/dev/hda3 ro\n" "initrd /initrd.img" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9260 msgid "" "For GRUB 2, the menu configuration file is located at " "\"<literal>/boot/grub/grub.cfg</literal>\". It is automatically generated by " "\"<literal>/usr/sbin/update-grub</literal>\" using templates from " "\"<literal>/etc/grub.d/*</literal>\" and settings from " "\"<literal>/etc/default/grub</literal>\". For example, it has entries as " "the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9261 #, no-wrap msgid "" "menuentry \"Debian GNU/Linux\" {\n" " set root=(hd0,3)\n" " linux /vmlinuz root=/dev/hda3\n" " initrd /initrd.img\n" "}" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9266 msgid "For these examples, these GRUB parameters mean the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9268 msgid "The meaning of GRUB parameters" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9275 msgid "GRUB parameter" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9285 debian-reference.en.xmlt:9992 debian-reference.en.xmlt:9995 debian-reference.en.xmlt:10009 debian-reference.en.xmlt:10026 debian-reference.en.xmlt:10029 msgid "<literal>root</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9288 msgid "" "use 3rd partition on the primary disk by setting it as " "\"<literal>(hd0,2)</literal>\" in GRUB legacy or as " "\"<literal>(hd0,3)</literal>\" in GRUB 2" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9293 msgid "<literal>kernel</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9296 msgid "" "use kernel located at \"<literal>/vmlinuz</literal>\" with kernel parameter: " "\"<literal>root=/dev/hda3 ro</literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9301 msgid "<literal>initrd</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9304 msgid "" "use <ulink url=\"&initrdinitramfs;\">initrd/initramfs</ulink> image located " "at \"<literal>/initrd.img</literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9311 msgid "" "The value of the partition number used by GRUB legacy program is one less " "than normal one used by Linux kernel and utility tools. GRUB 2 program " "fixes this problem." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9314 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&uuid;\">UUID</ulink> (see <xref " "linkend=\"_accessing_partition_using_uuid\"/>) may be used to identify a " "block special device instead of its file name such as " "\"<literal>/dev/hda3</literal>\", " "e.g.\"<literal>root=UUID=81b289d5-4341-4003-9602-e254a17ac232 " "ro</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9317 msgid "" "You can start a boot loader from another boot loader using techniques called " "<ulink url=\"&chainloading;\">chain loading</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9319 msgid "See \"<literal>info grub</literal>\" and <literal>grub-install</literal>(8)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9322 msgid "Stage 3: the mini-Debian system" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9323 msgid "" "The mini-Debian system is the 3rd stage of the boot process which is started " "by the boot loader. It runs the system kernel with its root filesystem on " "the memory. This is an optional preparatory stage of the boot process." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9325 msgid "" "The term \"the mini-Debian system\" is coined by the author to describe this " "3rd stage boot process for this document. This system is commonly referred " "as the <ulink url=\"&initrd;\">initrd</ulink> or initramfs system. Similar " "system on the memory is used by <ulink url=\"&thedebianinstaller;\">the " "Debian Installer</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9327 msgid "" "The \"<literal>/init</literal>\" script is executed as the first program in " "this root filesystem on the memory. It is a shell script program which " "initializes the kernel in user space and hands control over to the next " "stage. This mini-Debian system offers flexibility to the boot process such " "as adding kernel modules before the main boot process or mounting the root " "filesystem as an encrypted one." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9328 msgid "" "You can interrupt this part of the boot process to gain root shell by " "providing \"<literal>break=init</literal>\" etc. to the kernel boot " "parameter. See the \"<literal>/init</literal>\" script for more break " "conditions. This shell environment is sophisticated enough to make a good " "inspection of your machine's hardware." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9329 msgid "" "Commands available in this mini-Debian system are stripped down ones and " "mainly provided by a GNU tool called <literal>busybox</literal>(1)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><caution><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9331 msgid "" "You need to use \"<literal>-n</literal>\" option for " "<literal>mount</literal> command when you are on the readonly root " "filesystem." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9335 msgid "Stage 4: the normal Debian system" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9337 msgid "List of boot utilities for the Debian system" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9365 msgid "scripts for initializing and shutting down the system" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9373 msgid "System-V-like <literal>init</literal>(8) utilities" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9381 msgid "System-V-like runlevel change mechanism" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9389 msgid "" "System-V-like utilities (<literal>startpar</literal>(8), " "<literal>bootlogd</literal>(8), …)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9396 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&linuxstandardbase;\">Linux Standard Base</ulink> 3.2 init " "script functionality" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9404 msgid "tool to organize boot sequence using LSB init.d script dependencies" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9412 msgid "" "event-based <literal>init</literal>(8) daemon for concurrency (alternative " "to <literal>sysvinit</literal>)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9419 msgid "<literal>readahead</literal>(8) to preload boot process files" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9427 msgid "tools to use userspace software suspend provided by Linux" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9435 msgid "kexec tool for <literal>kexec</literal>(8) reboots (warm reboot)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9443 msgid "boot process performance analyser" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9451 msgid "boot process performance analyser (visualisation)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9459 msgid "console-only <literal>getty</literal>(8)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9467 msgid "smart modem <literal>getty</literal>(8) replacement" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9474 msgid "" "This section describes classical <ulink url=\"&systemv;\">System V</ulink> " "style boot system on <literal>lenny</literal>. Debian is moving to the " "event driven boot system. See <ulink " "url=\"&thefutureofthebootsystemindebian;\">The future of the boot system in " "Debian</ulink> and <ulink url=\"&dependencybasedbootsequence;\">Dependency " "based boot sequence</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9477 msgid "" "All boot mechanisms are compatible through " "\"<literal>/etc/init.d/rc</literal>\", " "\"<literal>/etc/init.d/rcS</literal>\", " "\"<literal>/usr/sbin/update-rc.d</literal>\", and " "\"<literal>/usr/sbin/invoke-rc.d</literal>\" scripts." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9480 msgid "" "The <literal>readahead-fedora</literal> package can speed up starting of a " "system with decent amount of DRAM." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9482 msgid "" "The normal Debian system is the 4th stage of the boot process which is " "started by the mini-Debian system. The system kernel for the mini-Debian " "system continues to run in this environment. The root filesystem is switched " "from the one on the memory to the one on the real hard disk filesystem." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9483 msgid "" "The \"<literal>/sbin/init</literal>\" program is executed as the first " "program and performs the main boot process. The Debian normally uses the " "traditional sysvinit scheme with the <literal>sysv-rc</literal> package. " "See <literal>init</literal>(8), <literal>inittab</literal>(5), and " "\"<literal>/usr/share/doc/sysv-rc/README.runlevels.gz</literal>\" for the " "exact explanation. This main boot process essentially goes through the " "following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9487 msgid "" "The Debian system goes into <emphasis role=\"strong\">runlevel N</emphasis> " "(none) to initialize the system by following the " "\"<literal>/etc/inittab</literal>\" description." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9492 msgid "" "The Debian system goes into <emphasis role=\"strong\">runlevel S</emphasis> " "to initialize the system under the single-user mode to complete hardware " "initialization etc." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9497 msgid "" "The Debian system goes into one of the specified <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">multi-user runlevels (2 to 5)</emphasis> to start the system " "services." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9501 msgid "" "The initial runlevel used for multi-user mode is specified with the " "\"<literal>init=</literal>\" kernel boot parameter or in the \"initdefault\" " "line of the \"<literal>/etc/inittab</literal>\". The Debian system as " "installed starts at the <emphasis role=\"strong\">runlevel 2</emphasis>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9502 msgid "" "All actual script files executed by the init system are located in the " "directory \"<literal>/etc/init.d/</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9504 msgid "The meaning of the runlevel" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9505 msgid "" "Each <ulink url=\"&runlevel;\">runlevel</ulink> uses a directory for its " "configuration and has specific meaning as the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9507 msgid "List of runlevels and description of their usage" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9515 msgid "runlevel" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9521 msgid "description of runlevel usage" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9528 msgid "<literal>N</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9531 msgid "none" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9534 msgid "system bootup (NONE) level (no \"<literal>/etc/rcN.d/</literal>\" directory)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9539 debian-reference.en.xmlt:20594 msgid "<literal>0</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9542 msgid "<literal>/etc/rc0.d/</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9545 msgid "halt the system" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9550 msgid "<literal>S</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9553 msgid "<literal>/etc/rcS.d/</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9556 msgid "single-user mode on boot (alias: \"<literal>s</literal>\")" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9561 msgid "<literal>1</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9564 msgid "<literal>/etc/rc1.d/</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9567 msgid "single-user mode switched from multi-user mode" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9572 msgid "<literal>2</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9575 msgid "<literal>/etc/rc2.d/</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9578 msgid "multi-user mode" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9583 msgid "<literal>3</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9586 msgid "<literal>/etc/rc3.d/</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9589 debian-reference.en.xmlt:9600 debian-reference.en.xmlt:9611 debian-reference.en.xmlt:9644 debian-reference.en.xmlt:9655 msgid ",," msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9594 msgid "<literal>4</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9597 msgid "<literal>/etc/rc4.d/</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9605 msgid "<literal>5</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9608 msgid "<literal>/etc/rc5.d/</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9616 msgid "<literal>6</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9619 msgid "<literal>/etc/rc6.d/</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9622 msgid "reboot the system" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9627 msgid "<literal>7</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9630 msgid "<literal>/etc/rc7.d/</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9633 msgid "valid multi-user mode but not normally used" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9638 msgid "<literal>8</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9641 msgid "<literal>/etc/rc8.d/</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9649 msgid "<literal>9</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9652 msgid "<literal>/etc/rc9.d/</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9661 msgid "You can change the runlevel from the console to, e.g., 4 by the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9662 #, no-wrap msgid "$ sudo telinit 4" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9664 msgid "" "<emphasis role=\"strong\">The Debian system does not pre-assign any special " "meaning differences among the <ulink url=\"&runlevels;\">runlevels</ulink> " "between 2 and 5.</emphasis> The system administrator on the Debian system " "may change this. (I.e., Debian is not <ulink url=\"&redhatlinux;\">Red Hat " "Linux</ulink> nor <ulink url=\"&solarisbysunmicrosystems;\">Solaris by Sun " "Microsystems</ulink> nor <ulink url=\"&hpuxbyhewlettpackard;\">HP-UX by " "Hewlett Packard</ulink> nor <ulink url=\"&aixbyibm;\">AIX by IBM</ulink> nor " "…)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9667 msgid "" "The Debian system does not populate directories for the <ulink " "url=\"&runlevels;\">runlevels</ulink> between 7 and 9 when the package is " "installed. Traditional <ulink url=\"&unixvariants;\">Unix variants</ulink> " "don't use these <ulink url=\"&runlevels;\">runlevels</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9671 msgid "The configuration of the runlevel" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9673 msgid "" "In Debian <literal>squeeze</literal>, dependency based boot order provided " "by the <literal>insserv</literal> package is used instead of classical " "alphabetical one. The \"<literal>CONCURRENCY</literal>\" value in " "\"<literal>/etc/default/rcS</literal>\" controls its concurrency: " "\"<literal>none</literal>\" for no concurrency, " "\"<literal>startpar</literal>\" for concurrency within the same sequence " "number, or \"<literal>makefile</literal>\" for full concurrency. See " "\"<literal>/usr/share/doc/insserv/README.Debian</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9675 msgid "" "The name of the symlink in each runlevel directory has the form " "\"<literal>S<2-digit-number><original-name></literal>\" or " "\"<literal>K<2-digit-number><original-name></literal>\". The " "2-digit-number is used to determine the order in which to run the " "scripts. \"<literal>S</literal>\" is for \"Start\" and " "\"<literal>K</literal>\" is for \"Kill\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9676 msgid "" "For \"<literal>CONCURRENCY=none</literal>\", when <literal>init</literal>(8) " "or <literal>telinit</literal>(8) commands goes into the runlevel to " "\"<n>\", it execute following scripts." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9680 msgid "" "The script names starting with a \"<literal>K</literal>\" in " "\"<literal>/etc/rc<n>.d/</literal>\" are executed in alphabetical " "order with the single argument \"<literal>stop</literal>\". (killing " "services)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9685 msgid "" "The script names starting with an \"<literal>S</literal>\" in " "\"<literal>/etc/rc<n>.d/</literal>\" are executed in alphabetical " "order with the single argument \"<literal>start</literal>\". (starting " "services)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9689 msgid "" "For example, if you had the links \"<literal>S10sysklogd</literal>\" and " "\"<literal>S20exim4</literal>\" in a runlevel directory, " "\"<literal>S10sysklogd</literal>\" which is symlinked to " "\"<literal>../init.d/sysklogd</literal>\" would run before " "\"<literal>S20exim4</literal>\" which is symlinked to " "\"<literal>../init.d/exim4</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9690 msgid "" "For \"<literal>CONCURRENCY=makefile</literal>\" (new default), package " "dependency defined in the header of init scripts are used to order them." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9692 msgid "" "It is not advisable to make any changes to symlinks in " "\"<literal>/etc/rcS.d/</literal>\" unless you know better than the " "maintainer." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9696 msgid "The runlevel management example" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9697 msgid "" "For example, let's set up runlevel system somewhat like <ulink " "url=\"&redhatlinux;\">Red Hat Linux</ulink> as the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9700 msgid "<literal>init</literal> starts the system in runlevel=3 as the default." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9704 msgid "" "<literal>init</literal> does not start <literal>gdm</literal>(1) in " "runlevel=(0,1,2,6)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9708 msgid "" "<literal>init</literal> starts <literal>gdm</literal>(1) in " "runlevel=(3,4,5)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9712 msgid "" "This can be done by using editor on the \"<literal>/etc/inittab</literal>\" " "file to change starting runlevel and using user friendly runlevel management " "tools such as <literal>sysv-rc-conf</literal> or <literal>bum</literal> to " "edit the runlevel. If you are to use command line only instead, here is how " "you do it (after the default installation of the <literal>gdm</literal> " "package and selecting it to be the choice of display manager)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9713 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# cd /etc/rc2.d ; mv S21gdm K21gdm\n" "# cd /etc ; perl -i -p -e 's/^id:.:/id:3:/' inittab" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9715 msgid "" "Please note the \"<literal>/etc/X11/default-display-manager</literal>\" file " "is checked when starting the display manager daemons: " "<literal>xdm</literal>, <literal>gdm</literal>, <literal>kdm</literal>, and " "<literal>wdm</literal>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9717 msgid "" "You can still start X from any console shell with the " "<literal>startx</literal>(1) command." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9721 msgid "The default parameter for each init script" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9722 msgid "" "The default parameter for each init script in " "\"<literal>/etc/init.d/</literal>\" is given by the corresponding file in " "\"<literal>/etc/default/</literal>\" which contains environment variable " "assignments <emphasis role=\"strong\">only</emphasis>. This choice of " "directory name is specific to the Debian system. It is roughly the " "equivalent of the \"<literal>/etc/sysconfig</literal>\" directory found in " "<ulink url=\"&redhatlinux;\">Red Hat Linux</ulink> and other distributions. " "For example, \"<literal>/etc/default/cron</literal>\" can be used to control " "how \"<literal>/etc/init.d/cron</literal>\" works." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9723 msgid "" "The \"<literal>/etc/default/rcS</literal>\" file can be used to customize " "boot-time defaults for <literal>motd</literal>(5), " "<literal>sulogin</literal>(8), etc." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9724 msgid "" "If you cannot get the behavior you want by changing such variables then you " "may <ulink url=\"&modifytheinitscripts;\">modify the init scripts</ulink> " "themselves. These are configuration files editable by system " "administrators." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9727 msgid "The hostname" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9728 msgid "" "The kernel maintains the system <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">hostname</emphasis>. The init script in runlevel S which is " "symlinked to \"<literal>/etc/init.d/hostname.sh</literal>\" sets the system " "hostname at boot time (using the <literal>hostname</literal> command) to the " "name stored in \"<literal>/etc/hostname</literal>\". This file should " "contain <emphasis role=\"strong\">only</emphasis> the system hostname, not a " "fully qualified domain name." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9729 msgid "" "To print out the current hostname run <literal>hostname</literal>(1) without " "an argument." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9732 msgid "The filesystem" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9733 msgid "" "Although the root filesystem is mounted by the kernel when it is started, " "other filesystems are mounted in the runlevel S by the following init " "scripts." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9737 msgid "" "\"<literal>`/etc/init.d/mountkernfs.sh</literal>\" for kernel filesystems in " "\"<literal>/proc</literal>\", \"<literal>/sys</literal>\", etc." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9742 msgid "" "\"<literal>`/etc/init.d/mountdevsubfs.sh</literal>\" for virtual filesystems " "in \"<literal>/dev</literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9747 msgid "" "\"<literal>`/etc/init.d/mountall.sh</literal>\" for normal filesystems using " "\"<literal>/etc/fstab</literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9752 msgid "" "\"<literal>`/etc/init.d/mountnfs.sh</literal>\" for network filesystems " "using\"<literal>/etc/fstab</literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9756 msgid "" "The mount options of the filesystem are set in " "\"<literal>/etc/fstab</literal>\". See <xref " "linkend=\"_optimization_of_filesystem_by_mount_options\"/>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9758 msgid "" "The actual mounting of network filesystems waits for the start of the " "network interface." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9761 msgid "" "After mounting all the filesystems, temporary files in " "\"<literal>/tmp</literal>\", \"<literal>/var/lock</literal>\", and " "\"<literal>/var/run</literal>\" are cleaned for each boot up." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9765 msgid "Network interface initialization" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9766 msgid "" "Network interfaces are initialized in runlevel S by the init script " "symlinked to \"<literal>/etc/init.d/ifupdown-clean</literal>\" and " "\"<literal>/etc/init.d/ifupdown</literal>\". See <xref " "linkend=\"_network_setup\"/> for how to configure them." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9769 msgid "Network service initialization" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9770 msgid "" "Many network services (see <xref linkend=\"_network_applications\"/>) are " "started under multi-user mode directly as daemon processes at boot time by " "the init script, e.g., \"<literal>/etc/rc2.d/S20exim4</literal>\" (for " "RUNLEVEL=2) which is a symlink to \"<literal>/etc/init.d/exim4</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9771 msgid "" "Some network services can be started on demand using the <ulink " "url=\"&superserver;\">super-server</ulink> <literal>inetd</literal> (or its " "equivalents). The <literal>inetd</literal> is started at boot time by " "\"<literal>/etc/rc2.d/S20inetd</literal>\" (for RUNLEVEL=2) which is a " "symlink to \"<literal>/etc/init.d/inetd</literal>\". Essentially, " "<literal>inetd</literal> allows one running daemon to invoke several others, " "reducing load on the system." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9772 msgid "" "Whenever a request for service arrives at <ulink " "url=\"&superserver;\">super-server</ulink> <literal>inetd</literal> , its " "protocol and service are identified by looking them up in the databases in " "\"<literal>/etc/protocols</literal>\" and " "\"<literal>/etc/services</literal>\". <literal>inetd</literal> then looks " "up a normal Internet service in the \"<literal>/etc/inetd.conf</literal>\" " "database, or a <ulink url=\"&opennetworkcompucalloncrpcsunrpc;\">Open " "Network Computing Remote Procedure Call (ONC RPC)/Sun RPC</ulink> based " "service in \"<literal>/etc/rpc.conf</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9773 msgid "" "Sometimes, <literal>inetd</literal> does not start the intended server " "directly but starts the <ulink url=\"&tcpwrapper;\">TCP wrapper</ulink> " "program, <literal>tcpd</literal>(8), with the intended server name as its " "argument in \"<literal>/etc/inetd.conf</literal>\". In this case, " "<literal>tcpd</literal> runs the appropriate server program after logging " "the request and doing some additional checks using " "\"<literal>/etc/hosts.deny</literal>\" and " "\"<literal>/etc/hosts.allow</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9774 msgid "" "For system security, disable as much network service programs as possible. " "See <xref linkend=\"_restricting_access_to_some_server_services\"/>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9775 msgid "" "See <literal>inetd</literal>(8), <literal>inetd.conf</literal>(5), " "<literal>protocols</literal>(5), <literal>services</literal>(5), " "<literal>tcpd</literal>(8), <literal>hosts_access</literal>(5), " "<literal>hosts_options</literal>(5), <literal>rpcinfo</literal>(8), " "<literal>portmap</literal>(8), and " "\"<literal>/usr/share/doc/portmap/portmapper.txt.gz</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9778 msgid "The system message" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9779 msgid "" "The system message can be customized by " "\"<literal>/etc/default/syslogd</literal>\" and " "\"<literal>/etc/syslog.conf</literal>\" for both the log file and on-screen " "display. See <literal>syslogd</literal>(8) and " "<literal>syslog.conf</literal>(5). See also <xref " "linkend=\"_log_analyzer\"/>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9782 msgid "The kernel message" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9783 msgid "" "The kernel message can be customized by " "\"<literal>/etc/default/klogd</literal>\" for both the log file and " "on-screen display. Set \"<literal>KLOGD='-c 3'</literal>\" in this file and " "run \"<literal>/etc/init.d/klogd restart</literal>\". See " "<literal>klogd</literal>(8)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9784 msgid "You may directly change the error message level by the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9785 #, no-wrap msgid "# dmesg -n3" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9787 msgid "List of kernel error levels" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9795 msgid "error level value" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9798 msgid "error level name" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9811 msgid "KERN_EMERG" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9814 msgid "system is unusable" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9822 msgid "KERN_ALERT" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9825 msgid "action must be taken immediately" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9833 msgid "KERN_CRIT" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9836 msgid "critical conditions" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9841 msgid "3" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9844 msgid "KERN_ERR" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9847 msgid "error conditions" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9852 msgid "4" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9855 msgid "KERN_WARNING" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9858 msgid "warning conditions" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9863 msgid "5" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9866 msgid "KERN_NOTICE" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9869 msgid "normal but significant condition" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9874 msgid "6" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9877 msgid "KERN_INFO" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9880 msgid "informational" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9885 msgid "7" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9888 msgid "KERN_DEBUG" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9891 msgid "debug-level messages" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9899 msgid "The udev system" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9900 msgid "" "For Linux kernel 2.6, <ulink url=\"&theudevsystem;\">the udev system</ulink> " "provides mechanism for the automatic hardware discovery and initialization " "(see <literal>udev</literal>(7)). Upon discovery of each device by the " "kernel, the udev system starts a user process which uses information from " "the <ulink url=\"&sysfs;\">sysfs</ulink> filesystem (see <xref " "linkend=\"_procfs_and_sysfs\"/>), loads required kernel modules supporting " "it using the <literal>modprobe</literal>(8) program (see <xref " "linkend=\"_the_kernel_module_initialization\"/>), and creates corresponding " "device nodes." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9902 msgid "" "If \"<literal>/lib/modules/<kernel-version>/modules.dep</literal>\" " "was not generated properly by <literal>depmod</literal>(8) for some reason, " "modules may not be loaded as expected by the udev system. Execute " "\"<literal>depmod -a</literal>\" to fix it." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9904 msgid "" "The name of device nodes can be configured by udev rule files in " "\"<literal>/etc/udev/rules.d/</literal>\". Current default rules tend to " "create dynamically generated names resulting non-static device names except " "for cd and network devices. By adding your custom rules similar to what cd " "and network devices do, you can generate static device names for other " "devices such as USB memory sticks, too. See \"<ulink " "url=\"&writingudevrules;\">Writing udev rules</ulink>\" or " "\"<literal>/usr/share/doc/udev/writing_udev_rules/index.html</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9905 msgid "" "Since the udev system is somewhat a moving target, I leave details to other " "documentations and describe the minimum information here." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9907 msgid "" "For mounting rules in \"<literal>/etc/fstab</literal>\", device nodes do not " "need to be static ones. You can use <ulink url=\"&uuid;\">UUID</ulink> to " "mount devices instead of device names such as " "\"<literal>/dev/sda</literal>\". See <xref " "linkend=\"_accessing_partition_using_uuid\"/>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9911 msgid "The kernel module initialization" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9912 msgid "" "The <literal>modprobe</literal>(8) program enables us to configure running " "Linux kernel from user process by adding and removing kernel modules. The " "udev system (see <xref linkend=\"_the_udev_system\"/>) automates its " "invocation to help the kernel module initialization." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9913 msgid "" "There are non-hardware modules and special hardware driver modules as the " "following which need to be pre-loaded by listing them in the " "\"<literal>/etc/modules</literal>\" file (see " "<literal>modules</literal>(5))." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9916 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&tuntap;\">TUN/TAP</ulink> modules providing virtual " "Point-to-Point network device (TUN) and virtual Ethernet network device " "(TAP)," msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9920 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&netfilter;\">netfilter</ulink> modules providing netfilter " "firewall capabilities (<literal>iptables</literal>(8), <xref " "linkend=\"_netfilter_infrastructure\"/>), and" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9924 msgid "<ulink url=\"&watchdogtimer;\">watchdog timer</ulink> driver modules." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9928 msgid "" "The configuration files for the <literal>modprobe</literal>(8) program are " "located under the \"<literal>/etc/modprobes.d/</literal>\" directory as " "explained in <literal>modprobe.conf</literal>(5). (If you want to avoid " "some kernel modules to be auto-loaded, consider to blacklist them in the " "\"<literal>/etc/modprobes.d/blacklist</literal>\" file.)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9929 msgid "" "The \"<literal>/lib/modules/<version>/modules.dep</literal>\" file " "generated by the <literal>depmod</literal>(8) program describes module " "dependencies used by the <literal>modprobe</literal>(8) program." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9931 msgid "" "If you experience module loading issues with boot time module loading or " "with <literal>modprobe</literal>(8), \"<literal>depmod -a</literal>\" may " "resolve these issues by reconstructing \"<literal>modules.dep</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9933 msgid "" "The <literal>modinfo</literal>(8) program shows information about a Linux " "kernel module." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9934 msgid "" "The <literal>lsmod</literal>(8) program nicely formats the contents of the " "\"<literal>/proc/modules</literal>\", showing what kernel modules are " "currently loaded." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9936 msgid "" "You can identify exact hardware on your system. See <xref " "linkend=\"_hardware_identification\"/>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9939 msgid "" "You may configure hardware at boot time to activate expected hardware " "features. See <xref linkend=\"_hardware_configuration\"/>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9942 msgid "" "You can add support for your device by recompiling kernel. See <xref " "linkend=\"_the_kernel\"/>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9948 msgid "Authentication" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9949 msgid "" "When a person (or a program) requests access to the system, authentication " "confirms the identity to be a trusted one." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><warning><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9951 msgid "" "Configuration errors of PAM may lock you out of your own system. You must " "have a rescue CD handy or setup an alternative boot partition. To recover, " "boot the system with them and correct things from there." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9954 msgid "Normal Unix authentication" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9955 msgid "" "Normal Unix authentication is provided by the <literal>pam_unix</literal>(8) " "module under the <ulink url=\"&pampluggableauthnticationmodules;\">PAM " "(Pluggable Authentication Modules)</ulink>. Its 3 important configuration " "files, with \"<literal>:</literal>\" separated entries, are the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9957 msgid "3 important configuration files for <literal>pam_unix</literal>(8)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9970 msgid "permission" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9973 debian-reference.en.xmlt:16786 msgid "user" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9986 msgid "<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:9998 msgid "(sanitized) user account information" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10003 msgid "<literal>/etc/shadow</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10006 msgid "<literal>-rw-r-----</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10012 msgid "<literal>shadow</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10015 msgid "secure user account information" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10020 msgid "<literal>/etc/group</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10032 msgid "group information" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10038 msgid "\"<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>\" contains the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10039 #, no-wrap msgid "" " ...\n" "user1:x:1000:1000:User1 Name,,,:/home/user1:/bin/bash\n" "user2:x:1001:1001:User2 Name,,,:/home/user2:/bin/bash\n" " ..." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10043 msgid "" "As explained in <literal>passwd</literal>(5), each \"<literal>:</literal>\" " "separated entry of this file means the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10047 debian-reference.en.xmlt:10142 msgid "Login name" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10052 msgid "Password specification entry" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10057 msgid "Numerical user ID" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10062 debian-reference.en.xmlt:10192 msgid "Numerical group ID" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10067 msgid "User name or comment field" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10072 msgid "User home directory" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10077 msgid "Optional user command interpreter" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10081 msgid "" "The second entry of \"<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>\" was used for the " "encrypted password entry. After the introduction of " "\"<literal>/etc/shadow</literal>\", this entry is used for the password " "specification entry." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10083 msgid "The second entry content of \"<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10100 msgid "(empty)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10103 msgid "passwordless account" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10108 msgid "x" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10111 msgid "the encrypted password is in \"<literal>/etc/shadow</literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10116 msgid "*" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10119 debian-reference.en.xmlt:10127 msgid "no login for this account" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10124 msgid "!" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10133 msgid "\"<literal>/etc/shadow</literal>\" contains the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10134 #, no-wrap msgid "" " ...\n" "user1:$1$Xop0FYH9$IfxyQwBe9b8tiyIkt2P4F/:13262:0:99999:7:::\n" "user2:$1$vXGZLVbS$ElyErNf/agUDsm1DehJMS/:13261:0:99999:7:::\n" " ..." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10138 msgid "" "As explained in <literal>shadow</literal>(5), each \"<literal>:</literal>\" " "separated entry of this file means the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10147 msgid "" "Encrypted password (The initial \"<literal>$1$</literal>\" indicates use of " "the MD5 encryption. The \"*\" indicates no login.)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10152 msgid "Days since Jan 1, 1970 that password was last changed" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10157 msgid "Days before password may be changed" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10162 msgid "Days after which password must be changed" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10167 msgid "Days before password is to expire that user is warned" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10176 msgid "\"<literal>/etc/group</literal>\" contains the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10177 #, no-wrap msgid "group1:x:20:user1,user2" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10178 msgid "" "As explained in <literal>group</literal>(5), each \"<literal>:</literal>\" " "separated entry of this file means the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10182 msgid "Group name" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10187 msgid "Encrypted password (not really used)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10197 msgid "\",\" separated list of user names" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10202 msgid "" "\"<literal>/etc/gshadow</literal>\" provides the similar function as " "\"<literal>/etc/shadow</literal>\" for \"<literal>/etc/group</literal>\" but " "is not really used." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10205 msgid "" "The actual group membership of a user may be dynamically added if " "\"<literal>auth optional pam_group.so</literal>\" line is added to " "\"<literal>/etc/pam.d/common-auth</literal>\" and set it in " "\"<literal>/etc/security/group.conf</literal>\". See " "<literal>pam_group</literal>(8)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10208 msgid "" "The <literal>base-passwd</literal> package contains an authoritative list of " "the user and the group: " "\"<literal>/usr/share/doc/base-passwd/users-and-groups.html</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10212 msgid "Managing account and password information" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10213 msgid "Here are few notable commands to manage account information." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10215 msgid "List of commands to manage account information" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10225 debian-reference.en.xmlt:10336 debian-reference.en.xmlt:10523 debian-reference.en.xmlt:12219 debian-reference.en.xmlt:12309 debian-reference.en.xmlt:12378 debian-reference.en.xmlt:14571 debian-reference.en.xmlt:14647 debian-reference.en.xmlt:20491 debian-reference.en.xmlt:22502 debian-reference.en.xmlt:25379 debian-reference.en.xmlt:26765 debian-reference.en.xmlt:26848 msgid "function" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10232 msgid "<literal>getent passwd <user_name></literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10235 msgid "browse account information of \"<literal><user_name></literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10240 msgid "<literal>getent shadow <user_name></literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10243 msgid "" "browse shadowed account information of " "\"<literal><user_name></literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10248 msgid "<literal>getent group <group_name></literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10251 msgid "browse group information of \"<literal><group_name></literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10256 msgid "<literal>passwd</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10259 msgid "manage password for the account" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10264 msgid "<literal>passwd -e</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10267 msgid "set one-time password for the account activation" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10272 msgid "<literal>chage</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10275 msgid "manage password aging information" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10281 msgid "" "You may need to have the root privilege for some functions to work. See " "<literal>crypt</literal>(3) for the password and data encryption." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10283 msgid "" "On the system set up with PAM and NSS as the Debian <ulink " "url=\"&alioth;\">alioth</ulink> machine, the content of local " "\"<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>\", \"<literal>/etc/group</literal>\" and " "\"<literal>/etc/shadow</literal>\" may not be actively used by the system. " "Above commands are valid even under such environment." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10287 msgid "Good password" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10288 msgid "" "When creating an account during your system installation or with the " "<literal>passwd</literal>(1) command, you should choose a <ulink " "url=\"&goodpassword;\">good password</ulink> which consists of 6 to 8 " "characters including one or more characters from each of the following sets " "according to <literal>passwd</literal>(1)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10292 msgid "Lower case alphabetics" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10297 msgid "Digits 0 through 9" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10302 msgid "Punctuation marks" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><warning><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10307 msgid "Do not chose guessable words for the password." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10311 msgid "Creating encrypted password" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10312 msgid "There are independent tools to generate encrypted password with salt." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10314 msgid "List of tools to generate password" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10346 msgid "<literal>mkpasswd</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10349 msgid "over-featured front end to the <literal>crypt</literal>(3) library" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10357 msgid "<literal>openssl passwd</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10360 msgid "compute password hashes (OpenSSL). <literal>passwd</literal>(1ssl)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10368 msgid "PAM and NSS" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10369 msgid "" "Modern <ulink url=\"&unixlike;\">Unix-like</ulink> systems such as the " "Debian system provide <ulink url=\"&pampluggableauthnticationmodules;\">PAM " "(Pluggable Authentication Modules)</ulink> and <ulink " "url=\"&nssnameserviceswitch;\">NSS (Name Service Switch)</ulink> mechanism " "to the local system administrator to configure his system. The role of " "these can be summarizes as the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10373 msgid "" "PAM offers a flexible authentication mechanism used by the application " "software thus involves password data exchange." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10378 msgid "" "NSS offers a flexible name service mechanism which is frequently used by the " "<ulink url=\"&cstandardlibrary;\">C standard library</ulink> to obtain the " "user and group name for programs such as <literal>ls</literal>(1) and " "<literal>id</literal>(1)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10382 msgid "These PAM and NSS systems need to be configured consistently." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10383 msgid "The notable packages of PAM and NSS systems are the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10385 msgid "List of notable PAM and NSS systems" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10413 msgid "Pluggable Authentication Modules (basic service)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10421 msgid "Pluggable Authentication Module allowing LDAP interfaces" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10429 msgid "Pluggable Authentication Module to enable cracklib support" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10437 msgid "Pluggable Authentication Modules (documentation in html and text)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10445 msgid "" "GNU C Library: Shared libraries which also provides \"Name Service Switch\" " "service" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10453 msgid "GNU C Library: Manpages" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10461 msgid "GNU C Library: Reference manual in info, pdf and html format (non-free)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10469 msgid "NSS module for Multicast DNS name resolution" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10477 msgid "NSS module for using LDAP as a naming service" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10485 msgid "" "NSS module for using LDAP as a naming service (new folk of " "<literal>libnss-ldap</literal>)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10494 msgid "" "\"The Linux-PAM System Administrators' Guide\" in " "<literal>libpam-doc</literal> is essential for learning PAM configuration." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10499 msgid "" "\"System Databases and Name Service Switch\" section in " "<literal>glibc-doc-reference</literal> is essential for learning NSS " "configuration." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10504 msgid "" "You can see more extensive and current list by \"<literal>aptitude search " "'libpam-|libnss-'</literal>\" command. The acronym NSS may also mean " "\"Network Security Service\" which is different from \"Name Service " "Switch\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10507 msgid "" "PAM is the most basic way to initialize environment variables for each " "program with the system wide default value." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10510 msgid "Configuration files accessed by the PAM and NSS" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10511 msgid "Here are few notable configuration files accessed by the PAM." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10513 msgid "List of configuration files accessed by the PAM" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10520 debian-reference.en.xmlt:15758 msgid "configuration file" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10530 msgid "<literal>/etc/pam.d/<program_name></literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10533 msgid "" "set up PAM configuration for the \"<literal><program_name></literal>\" " "program; see <literal>pam</literal>(7) and <literal>pam.d</literal>(5)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10538 msgid "<literal>/etc/nsswitch.conf</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10541 msgid "" "set up NSS configuration with the entry for each service. See " "<literal>nsswitch.conf</literal>(5)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10546 msgid "<literal>/etc/nologin</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10549 msgid "limit the user login by the <literal>pam_nologin</literal>(8) module" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10554 msgid "<literal>/etc/securetty</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10557 msgid "" "limit the tty for the root access by the <literal>pam_securetty</literal>(8) " "module" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10562 msgid "<literal>/etc/security/access.conf</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10565 msgid "set access limit by the <literal>pam_access</literal>(8) module" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10570 msgid "<literal>/etc/security/group.conf</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10573 msgid "set group based restraint by the <literal>pam_group</literal>(8) module" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10578 msgid "<literal>/etc/security/pam_env.conf</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10581 msgid "set environment variables by the <literal>pam_env</literal>(8) module" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10586 msgid "<literal>/etc/environment</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10589 msgid "" "set additional environment variables by the <literal>pam_env</literal>(8) " "module with the \"<literal>readenv=1</literal>\" argument" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10594 msgid "<literal>/etc/default/locale</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10597 msgid "" "set locale by <literal>pam_env</literal>(8) module with the " "\"<literal>readenv=1 envfile=/etc/default/locale</literal>\" " "argument. (Debian)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10602 msgid "<literal>/etc/security/limits.conf</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10605 msgid "" "set resource restraint (ulimit, core, …) by the " "<literal>pam_linits</literal>(8) module" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10610 msgid "<literal>/etc/security/time.conf</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10613 msgid "set time restraint by the <literal>pam_time</literal>(8) module" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10619 msgid "" "The limitation of the password selection is implemented by the PAM modules, " "<literal>pam_unix</literal>(8) and <literal>pam_cracklib</literal>(8). They " "can be configured by their arguments." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10621 msgid "PAM modules use suffix \"<literal>.so</literal>\" for their filenames." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10625 msgid "The modern centralized system management" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10626 msgid "" "The modern centralized system management can be deployed using the " "centralized <ulink url=\"&lightweightdireccessprotocolldap;\">Lightweight " "Directory Access Protocol (LDAP)</ulink> server to administer many Unix-like " "and non-Unix-like systems on the network. The open source implementation of " "the Lightweight Directory Access Protocol is <ulink " "url=\"&openldapsoftware;\">OpenLDAP Software</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10627 msgid "" "The LDAP server provides the account information through the use of PAM and " "NSS with <literal>libpam-ldap</literal> and <literal>libnss-ldap</literal> " "packages for the Debian system. Several actions are required to enable this " "(I have not used this setup and the following is purely secondary " "information. Please read this in this context.)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10631 msgid "" "You set up a centralized LDAP server by running program such as stand-alone " "LDAP daemon, <literal>slapd</literal>(8)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10636 msgid "" "You change the PAM configuration files in the " "\"<literal>/etc/pam.d/</literal>\" directory to use " "\"<literal>pam_ldap.so</literal>\" instead of the default " "\"<literal>pam_unix.so</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10641 msgid "" "Debian uses \"<literal>/etc/pam_ldap.conf</literal>\" as the configuration " "file for <literal>libpam-ldap</literal> and " "\"<literal>/etc/pam_ldap.secret</literal>\" as the file to store the " "password of the root." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10648 msgid "" "You change the NSS configuration in the " "\"<literal>/etc/nsswitch.conf</literal>\" file to use " "\"<literal>ldap</literal>\" instead of the default " "(\"<literal>compat</literal>\" or \"<literal>file</literal>\")." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10653 msgid "" "Debian uses \"<literal>/etc/libnss-ldap.conf</literal>\" as the " "configuration file for <literal>libnss-ldap</literal>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10660 msgid "" "You must make <literal>libpam-ldap</literal> to use <ulink " "url=\"&sslortls;\">SSL (or TLS)</ulink> connection for the security of " "password." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10665 msgid "" "You may make <literal>libnss-ldap</literal> to use <ulink " "url=\"&sslortls;\">SSL (or TLS)</ulink> connection to ensure integrity of " "data at the cost of the LDAP network overhead." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10670 msgid "" "You should run <literal>nscd</literal>(8) locally to cache any LDAP search " "results in order to reduce the LDAP network traffic." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10674 msgid "" "See documentations in <literal>pam_ldap.conf</literal>(5) and " "\"<literal>/usr/share/doc/libpam-doc/html/</literal>\" offered by the " "<literal>libpam-doc</literal> package and \"<literal>info libc 'Name Service " "Switch'</literal>\" offered by the <literal>glibc-doc</literal> package." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10675 msgid "" "Similarly, you can set up alternative centralized systems with other " "methods." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10678 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&nisoriginallycalledyp;\">NIS (originally called YP)</ulink> or " "<ulink url=\"⋼\">NIS+</ulink> with older Unix-like systems" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10683 msgid "Winbind with Windows NT and <ulink url=\"&samba;\">SAMBA</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10689 msgid "\"Why GNU su does not support the wheel group\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10690 msgid "" "This is the famous phrase at the bottom of the old \"<literal>info " "su</literal>\" page by Richard M. Stallman. Not to worry: the current " "<literal>su</literal> command in Debian uses PAM, so that one can restrict " "the ability to use <literal>su</literal> to the <literal>root</literal> " "group by enabling the line with \"<literal>pam_wheel.so</literal>\" in " "\"<literal>/etc/pam.d/su</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10693 msgid "Stricter password rule" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10694 msgid "" "Installing the <literal>libpam-cracklib</literal> package enables you to " "force stricter password rule, for example, by having active lines in " "\"<literal>/etc/pam.d/common-password</literal>\" as the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10695 msgid "For <literal>lenny</literal>:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10696 #, no-wrap msgid "" "password required pam_cracklib.so retry=3 minlen=9 difok=3\n" "password required pam_unix.so use_authtok nullok md5" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10698 msgid "For <literal>squeeze</literal>:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10699 #, no-wrap msgid "" "password required pam_cracklib.so retry=3 minlen=9 difok=3\n" "password [success=1 default=ignore] pam_unix.so use_authtok nullok md5\n" "password requisite pam_deny.so\n" "password required pam_permit.so" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10706 msgid "Other access controls" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10708 msgid "" "See <xref linkend=\"_alt_sysrq_key\"/> for restricting the kernel <ulink " "url=\"&secureattentionkeysak;\">secure attention key (SAK)</ulink> feature." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10711 msgid "sudo" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10712 msgid "" "<literal>sudo</literal>(8) is a program designed to allow a sysadmin to give " "limited root privileges to users and log root " "activity. <literal>sudo</literal> requires only an ordinary user's " "password. Install <literal>sudo</literal> package and activate it by " "setting options in \"<literal>/etc/sudoers</literal>\". See configuration " "example at \"<literal>/usr/share/doc/sudo/examples/sudoers</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10713 msgid "" "My usage of <literal>sudo</literal> for the single user system (see <xref " "linkend=\"_sudo_configuration\"/>) is aimed to protect myself from my own " "stupidity. Personally, I consider using <literal>sudo</literal> a better " "alternative to using the system from the root account all the time. For " "example, the following changes the owner of " "\"<literal><some_file></literal>\" to " "\"<literal><my_name></literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10714 #, no-wrap msgid "$ sudo chown <my_name> <some_file>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10715 msgid "" "Of course if you know the root password (as self-installed Debian users do), " "any command can be run under root from any user's account using " "\"<literal>su -c</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10718 msgid "SELinux" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10719 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&securityenhancedlinuxselinux;\">Security-Enhanced Linux " "(SELinux)</ulink> is a framework to tighten privilege model tighter than the " "ordinary Unix-like security model with the <ulink " "url=\"&mandatoryaccesscontrolmac;\">mandatory access control (MAC)</ulink> " "policies. The root power may be restricted under some conditions." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10722 msgid "Restricting access to some server services" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10723 msgid "" "For system security, It is a good idea to disable as much server programs as " "possible. This becomes critical for network servers. Having unused " "servers, activated either directly as <ulink url=\"&daemon;\">daemon</ulink> " "or via <ulink url=\"&superserver;\">super-server</ulink> program, are " "considered security risks." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10724 msgid "" "Many programs, such as <literal>sshd</literal>(8), use PAM based access " "control. There are many ways to restrict access to some server services." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10728 msgid "" "configuration files: " "\"<literal>/etc/default/<program_name></literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10733 msgid "runlevel configuration for <ulink url=\"&daemon;\">daemon</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10738 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&pampluggableauthnticationmodules;\">PAM (Pluggable " "Authentication Modules)</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10743 msgid "" "\"<literal>/etc/inetd.conf</literal>\" for <ulink " "url=\"&superserver;\">super-server</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10748 msgid "" "\"<literal>/etc/hosts.deny</literal>\" and " "\"<literal>/etc/hosts.allow</literal>\" for <ulink url=\"&tcpwrapper;\">TCP " "wrapper</ulink>, <literal>tcpd</literal>(8)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10753 msgid "" "\"<literal>/etc/rpc.conf</literal>\" for <ulink url=\"&sunrpc;\">Sun " "RPC</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10758 msgid "" "\"<literal>/etc/at.allow</literal>\" and \"<literal>/etc/at.deny</literal>\" " "for <literal>atd</literal>(8)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10763 msgid "" "\"<literal>/etc/cron.allow</literal>\" and " "\"<literal>/etc/cron.deny</literal>\" for <literal>crontab</literal>(1)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10767 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&networkfirewall;\">Network firewall</ulink> of <ulink " "url=\"&netfilter;\">netfilter</ulink> infrastructure" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10771 msgid "" "See <xref linkend=\"_the_runlevel_management_example\"/>, <xref " "linkend=\"_the_default_parameter_for_each_init_script\"/>, <xref " "linkend=\"_configuration_files_accessed_by_the_pam_and_nss\"/>, <xref " "linkend=\"_network_service_initialization\"/>, and <xref " "linkend=\"_netfilter_infrastructure\"/>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10773 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&sunrpc;\">Sun RPC</ulink> services need to be active for " "<ulink url=\"&nfs;\">NFS</ulink> and other RPC based programs." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10776 msgid "" "If you have problems with remote access in a recent Debian system, comment " "out offending configuration such as \"ALL: PARANOID\" in " "\"<literal>/etc/hosts.deny</literal>\" if it exists. (But you must be " "careful on security risks involved with this kind of action.)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10781 msgid "Security of authentication" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10782 msgid "" "The information here may not be sufficient for your security needs but it " "should be a good start." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10784 msgid "Secure password over the Internet" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10785 msgid "" "Many popular transportation layer services communicate messages including " "password authentication in the plain text. It is very bad idea to transmit " "password in the plain text over the wild Internet where it can be " "intercepted. You can run these services over \"<ulink " "url=\"&transportlayersecurity;\">Transport Layer Security</ulink>\" (TLS) or " "its predecessor, \"Secure Sockets Layer\" (SSL) to secure entire " "communication including password by the encryption." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10787 msgid "List of insecure and secure services and ports" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10796 msgid "insecure service name" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10799 debian-reference.en.xmlt:10805 debian-reference.en.xmlt:15458 msgid "port" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10802 msgid "secure service name" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10812 msgid "www (http)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10815 msgid "80" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10818 msgid "https" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10821 msgid "443" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10826 msgid "smtp (mail)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10829 msgid "25" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10832 msgid "ssmtp (smtps)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10835 msgid "465" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10840 msgid "ftp-data" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10843 msgid "20" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10846 msgid "ftps-data" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10849 msgid "989" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10854 msgid "ftp" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10857 msgid "21" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10860 msgid "ftps" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10868 msgid "telnet" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10871 msgid "23" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10874 msgid "telnets" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10877 msgid "992" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10882 msgid "imap2" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10885 msgid "143" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10888 msgid "imaps" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10891 msgid "993" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10896 msgid "pop3" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10899 msgid "110" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10902 msgid "pop3s" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10905 msgid "995" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10910 msgid "ldap" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10913 msgid "389" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10916 msgid "ldaps" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10919 msgid "636" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10925 msgid "" "The encryption costs CPU time. As a CPU friendly alternative, you can keep " "communication in plain text while securing just password with the secure " "authentication protocol such as \"Authenticated Post Office Protocol\" " "(APOP) for POP and \"Challenge-Response Authentication Mechanism MD5\" " "(CRAM-MD5) for SMTP and IMAP. (For sending mail messages over the Internet " "to your mail server from your mail client, it is recently popular to use new " "message submission port 587 instead of traditional SMTP port 25 to avoid " "port 25 blocking by the network provider while authenticating yourself with " "CRAM-MD5.)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10928 msgid "Secure Shell" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10929 msgid "" "The <ulink url=\"&secureshellssh;\">Secure Shell (SSH)</ulink> program " "provides secure encrypted communications between two untrusted hosts over an " "insecure network with the secure authentication. It consists of the <ulink " "url=\"&openssh;\">OpenSSH</ulink> client, <literal>ssh</literal>(1), and the " "<ulink url=\"&openssh;\">OpenSSH</ulink> daemon, " "<literal>sshd</literal>(8). This SSH can be used to tunnel the insecure " "protocol communication such as POP and X securely over the Internet with the " "port forwarding feature." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10930 msgid "" "The client tries to authenticate itself using host-based authentication, " "public key authentication, challenge-response authentication, or password " "authentication. The use of public key authentication enables the remote " "password-less login. See <xref " "linkend=\"_the_remote_access_server_and_utility_ssh\"/>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10933 msgid "Extra security measures for the Internet" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10934 msgid "" "Even when you run secure services such as <ulink " "url=\"&secureshellssh;\">Secure Shell (SSH)</ulink> and <ulink " "url=\"&pointtopointtunnlingprotocolpptp;\">Point-to-point tunneling protocol " "(PPTP)</ulink> servers, there are still chances for the break-ins using " "brute force password guessing attack etc. from the Internet. Use of the " "firewall policy (see <xref linkend=\"_netfilter_infrastructure\"/>) together " "with the following secure tools may improve the security situation." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10936 msgid "List of tools to provide extra security measures" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10964 msgid "" "small port-knock daemon <literal>knockd</literal>(1) and client " "<literal>konck</literal>(1)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10972 msgid "utility to help sysadmins thwart ssh hackers" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10980 debian-reference.en.xmlt:18830 msgid "ban IPs that cause multiple authentication errors" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10988 msgid "lock out remote attackers trying password guessing" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10996 msgid "Securing the root password" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:10997 msgid "" "To prevent people to access your machine with root privilege, you need to " "make following actions." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11001 msgid "Prevent physical access to the hard disk" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11006 msgid "Lock BIOS and prevent booting from the removable media" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11011 msgid "Set password for GRUB interactive session" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11016 msgid "Lock GRUB menu from editing" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11020 msgid "" "With physical access to hard disk, resetting the password is relatively easy " "with following steps." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11024 msgid "Move the hard disk to a PC with CD bootable BIOS." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11029 msgid "Boot system with a rescue media (Debian boot disk, Knopix CD, GRUB CD, …)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11034 msgid "Mount root partition with read/write access." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11039 msgid "" "Edit \"<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>\" in the root partition and make the " "second entry for the <literal>root</literal> account empty." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11043 msgid "" "If you have the edit access to the GRUB menu entry (see <xref " "linkend=\"_stage_2_the_boot_loader\"/>) for " "<literal>grub-rescue-pc</literal> at the boot time, it is even easier with " "following steps." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11047 msgid "" "Boot system with the kernel parameter changed to something like " "\"<literal>root=/dev/hda6 rw init=/bin/sh</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11052 msgid "" "Edit \"<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>\" and make the second entry for the " "<literal>root</literal> account empty." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11057 msgid "Reboot system." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11061 msgid "The root shell of the system is now accessible without password." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11063 msgid "" "Once one has root shell access, he can access everything on the system and " "reset any passwords on the system. Further more, he may compromise password " "for all user accounts using brute force password cracking tools such as " "<literal>john</literal> and <literal>crack</literal> packages (see <xref " "linkend=\"_system_security_and_integrity_check\"/>). This cracked password " "may lead to compromise other systems." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11065 msgid "" "The only reasonable software solution to avoid all these concerns is to use " "software encrypted root partition (or \"<literal>/etc</literal>\" partition) " "using <ulink url=\"&dmcrypt;\">dm-crypt</ulink> and initramfs (see <xref " "linkend=\"_data_encryption_tips\"/>). You always need password to boot the " "system, though." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11070 msgid "Network setup" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11072 msgid "" "For general guide to the GNU/Linux networking, read the <ulink " "url=\"&linuxnetworkadministratorsguide;\">Linux Network Administrators " "Guide</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11075 msgid "The basic network infrastructure" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11076 msgid "Let's review the basic network infrastructure on the modern Debian system." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11078 msgid "List of network configuration tools" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11088 debian-reference.en.xmlt:13594 debian-reference.en.xmlt:13857 msgid "packages" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11110 msgid "config::ifupdown" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11113 msgid "standardized tool to bring up and down the network (Debian specific)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11124 msgid "manage the wired network automatically" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11135 msgid "network testing script to enhance \"<literal>ifupdown</literal>\" package" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11146 msgid "set routing metrics for a network interface" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11157 msgid "" "mapping script to enhance \"<literal>ifupdown</literal>\" package via " "\"<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>\" file" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11168 msgid "mapping scripts to enhance \"<literal>ifupdown</literal>\" package" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11179 msgid "Zugschlus' interface scripts for ifupdown's manual method" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11187 msgid "config::NM" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11189 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&networkmanager;\">NetworkManager</ulink> (daemon): manage the " "network automatically" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11199 msgid "<ulink url=\"&networkmanager;\">NetworkManager</ulink> (GNOME frontend)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11209 msgid "<ulink url=\"&networkmanager;\">NetworkManager</ulink> (KDE frontend)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11219 msgid "<ulink url=\"&networkmanager;\">NetworkManager</ulink> (command-line client)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11227 msgid "config::wicd" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11230 msgid "wired and wireless network manager (metapackage)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11241 msgid "wired and wireless network manager (command-line client)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11252 msgid "wired and wireless network manager (Curses client)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11263 msgid "wired and wireless network manager (daemon)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11274 msgid "wired and wireless network manager (GTK+ client)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11282 msgid "config::Netfilter" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11285 msgid "" "administration tools for packet filtering and NAT (<ulink " "url=\"&netfilter;\">Netfilter</ulink>)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11293 msgid "config::iproute2" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11295 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&iproutec;\">iproute2</ulink>, IPv6 and other advanced network " "configuration: <literal>ip</literal>(8), <literal>tc</literal>(8), etc" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11306 msgid "" "rename network interfaces based on various static criteria: " "<literal>ifrename</literal>(8)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11317 msgid "display or change Ethernet device settings" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11325 msgid "test::iproute2" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11328 msgid "" "test network reachability of a remote host by <ulink " "url=\"&hostname;\">hostname</ulink> or <ulink url=\"&ipaddress;\">IP " "address</ulink> (<ulink url=\"&iproutec;\">iproute2</ulink>)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11339 msgid "" "test network reachability of a remote host specified by the <ulink " "url=\"&arp;\">ARP</ulink> address" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11350 msgid "trace the network path to a remote host" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11358 msgid "config::net-tools" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11361 msgid "" "NET-3 networking toolkit (<ulink url=\"&nettools;\">net-tools</ulink>, IPv4 " "network configuration): <literal>ifconfig</literal>(8) etc." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11369 msgid "test::net-tools" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11372 msgid "" "test network reachability of a remote host by <ulink " "url=\"&hostname;\">hostname</ulink> or <ulink url=\"&ipaddress;\">IP " "address</ulink> (legacy, GNU)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11383 msgid "" "test network reachability of a remote host specified by the <ulink " "url=\"&arp;\">ARP</ulink> address (legacy)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11394 msgid "trace the network path to a remote host (legacy, console)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11402 msgid "config::low-level" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11405 msgid "DHCP client" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11416 msgid "client support for WPA and WPA2 (IEEE 802.11i)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11427 msgid "tools for manipulating Linux Wireless Extensions" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11438 msgid "PPP/PPPoE connection with <literal>chat</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11446 msgid "config::helper" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11449 msgid "configuration helper for PPPoE connection" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11460 msgid "configuration helper for PPP connection with <literal>chat</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11471 msgid "" "configuration helper for PPP connection with <literal>wvdial</literal> and " "<literal>ppp</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11479 msgid "test::low-level" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11482 msgid "trace the network path to a remote host (curses)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11493 msgid "trace the network path to a remote host (curses and GTK+)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11504 msgid "tools for common network information operations (GNOME)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11515 msgid "network mapper / port scanner (<ulink url=\"&nmap;\">Nmap</ulink>, console)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11526 msgid "network mapper / port scanner (GTK+)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11537 msgid "network mapper / port scanner (KDE)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11548 msgid "network traffic analyzer (<ulink url=\"&tcpdump;\">Tcpdump</ulink>, console)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11559 msgid "" "network traffic analyzer (<ulink url=\"&wireshark;\">Wireshark</ulink>, " "GTK+)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11570 msgid "network traffic analyzer (console)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11581 msgid "" "monitoring and management system for hosts, services and networks (<ulink " "url=\"&nagios;\">Nagios</ulink>)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11592 msgid "" "produce a summarization of the connections from <literal>tcpdump</literal> " "output" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11603 msgid "" "flexible network intrusion detection system (<ulink " "url=\"&snort;\">Snort</ulink>)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11614 msgid "display network usage in web browser" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11625 msgid "" "network clients provided with <ulink url=\"&bind;\">BIND</ulink>: " "<literal>nslookup</literal>(8), <literal>nsupdate</literal>(8), " "<literal>dig</literal>(8)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11636 msgid "" "check <ulink url=\"&dns;\">DNS</ulink> zone information using nameserver " "lookups" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11647 msgid "trace a chain of <ulink url=\"&dns;\">DNS</ulink> servers to the source" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11654 msgid "The domain name" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11655 msgid "" "The naming for the domain name is a tricky one for the normal PC workstation " "users. The PC workstation may be mobile one hopping around the network or " "located behind the NAT firewall inaccessible from the Internet. For such " "case, you may not want the domain name to be a valid domain name to avoid " "name collision." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11657 msgid "" "When you use an invalid domain name, you need to spoof the domain name used " "by some programs such as MTA for their proper operation. See <xref " "linkend=\"_the_mail_address_configuration\"/>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11659 msgid "" "According to <ulink url=\"&rfccgag;\">rfc2606</ulink>, " "\"<literal>invalid</literal>\" seems to be a choice for the <ulink " "url=\"&topleveldomaintld;\">top level domain (TLD)</ulink> to construct " "domain names that are sure to be invalid from the Internet." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11660 msgid "" "The <ulink url=\"&mdns;\">mDNS</ulink> network discovery protocol (<ulink " "url=\"&applebonjourapplerendezvous;\">Apple Bonjour / Apple " "Rendezvous</ulink>, Avahi on Debian) uses <ulink " "url=\"&local;\">\"local\"</ulink> as the <ulink " "url=\"&pseudotopleveldomain;\">pseudo-top-level domain</ulink>. <ulink " "url=\"µsoftalsoseelocalareanetwork;\">Microsoft also seems to promote " "\"local\" for the TLD of local area network</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11662 msgid "" "If the DNS service on your LAN uses \"<literal>local</literal>\" as TLD for " "your LAN, it may interfare with mDNS." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11664 msgid "" "Other popular choices for the invalid TLD seem to be " "\"<literal>localdomain</literal>\", \"<literal>lan</literal>\", " "\"<literal>localnet</literal>\", or \"<literal>home</literal>\" according to " "my incoming mail analysis." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11667 msgid "The hostname resolution" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11668 msgid "" "The hostname resolution is currently supported by the <ulink " "url=\"&nssnameserviceswitch;\">NSS (Name Service Switch)</ulink> mechanism " "too. The flow of this resolution is the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11672 msgid "" "The \"<literal>/etc/nsswitch.conf</literal>\" file with stanza like " "\"<literal>hosts: files dns</literal>\" dictates the hostname resolution " "order. (This replaces the old functionality of the " "\"<literal>order</literal>\" stanza in " "\"<literal>/etc/host.conf</literal>\".)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11677 msgid "" "The <literal>files</literal> method is invoked first. If the hostname is " "found in the \"<literal>/etc/hosts</literal>\" file, it returns all valid " "addresses for it and exits. (The \"<literal>/etc/host.conf</literal>\" file " "contains \"<literal>multi on</literal>\".)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11682 msgid "" "The <literal>dns</literal> method is invoked. If the hostname is found by " "the query to the <ulink url=\"&internetdomainnamesystemdns;\">Internet " "Domain Name System (DNS)</ulink> identified by the " "\"<literal>/etc/resolv.conf</literal>\" file, it returns all valid addresses " "for it and exits." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11686 msgid "" "The \"<literal>/etc/hosts</literal>\" file <ulink " "url=\"&associatesipaddrseswithhostnames;\">associates IP addresses with " "hostnames</ulink> contains the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11687 #, no-wrap msgid "" "127.0.0.1 localhost\n" "127.0.1.1 <host_name>.<domain_name> <host_name>\n" "\n" "# The following lines are desirable for IPv6 capable hosts\n" "::1 ip6-localhost ip6-loopback\n" "fe00::0 ip6-localnet\n" "ff00::0 ip6-mcastprefix\n" "ff02::1 ip6-allnodes\n" "ff02::2 ip6-allrouters\n" "ff02::3 ip6-allhosts" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11697 msgid "" "Here the <host_name> in this matches the own hostname defined in the " "\"<literal>/etc/hostname</literal>\". The <domain_name> in this is " "the <ulink url=\"&fullyqualifieddomainnamefqdn;\">fully qualified domain " "name (FQDN)</ulink> of this host." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11699 msgid "" "For <domain_name> of the mobile PC without the real FQDN, you may pick " "a bogus and safe TLD such as \"<literal>lan</literal>\", " "\"<literal>home</literal>\", \"<literal>invalid</literal>\", " "\"<literal>localdomain</literal>\", \"<literal>none</literal>\", and " "\"<literal>private</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11701 msgid "" "The \"<literal>/etc/resolv.conf</literal>\" is a static file if the " "<literal>resolvconf</literal> package is not installed. If installed, it is " "a symbolic link. Either way, it contains information that initialize the " "resolver routines. If the DNS is found at " "IP=\"<literal>192.168.11.1</literal>\", it contains the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11702 #, no-wrap msgid "nameserver 192.168.11.1" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11703 msgid "" "The <literal>resolvconf</literal> package makes this " "\"<literal>/etc/resolv.conf</literal>\" into a symbolic link and manages its " "contents by the hook scripts automatically." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11704 msgid "" "The hostname resolution via Multicast DNS (using <ulink " "url=\"&zeroconf;\">Zeroconf</ulink>, aka <ulink " "url=\"&applebonjourapplerendezvous;\">Apple Bonjour / Apple " "Rendezvous</ulink>) which effectively allows name resolution by common " "Unix/Linux programs in the ad-hoc mDNS domain \"<literal>local</literal>\", " "can be provided by installing the <literal>libnss-mdns</literal> package. " "The \"<literal>/etc/nsswitch.conf</literal>\" file should have stanza like " "\"<literal>hosts: files mdns4_minimal [NOTFOUND=return] dns " "mdns4</literal>\" to enable this functionality." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11707 msgid "The network interface name" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11708 msgid "" "The network interface name, e.g. <literal>eth0</literal>, is assigned to " "each hardware in the Linux kernel through the user space configuration " "mechanism, <literal>udev</literal> (see <xref " "linkend=\"_the_udev_system\"/>), as it is found. The network interface name " "is referred as <emphasis role=\"strong\">physical interface</emphasis> in " "<literal>ifup</literal>(8) and <literal>interfaces</literal>(5)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11709 msgid "" "In order to ensure each network interface to be named persistently for each " "reboot using <ulink url=\"&macaddress;\">MAC address</ulink> etc., there is " "a record file " "\"<literal>/etc/udev/rules.d/70-persistent-net.rules</literal>\". This file " "is automatically generated by the " "\"<literal>/lib/udev/write_net_rules</literal>\" program, probably run by " "the \"<literal>persistent-net-generator.rules</literal>\" rules file. You " "can modify it to change naming rule." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11711 msgid "" "When editing the " "\"<literal>/etc/udev/rules.d/70-persistent-net.rules</literal>\" rules file, " "you must keep each rule on a single line and the <ulink " "url=\"&macaddress;\">MAC address</ulink> in lowercase. For example, if you " "find \"Firewire device\" and \"PCI device\" in this file, you probably want " "to name \"PCI device\" as <literal>eth0</literal> and configure it as the " "primary network interface." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11715 msgid "The network address range for the LAN" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11716 msgid "" "Let us be reminded of the IPv4 32 bit address ranges in each class reserved " "for use on the <ulink url=\"&localareanetworkslans;\">local area networks " "(LANs)</ulink> by <ulink url=\"&rfcbjbi;\">rfc1918</ulink>. These addresses " "are guaranteed not to conflict with any addresses on the Internet proper." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11718 msgid "List of network address ranges" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11728 msgid "Class" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11731 msgid "network addresses" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11734 msgid "net mask" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11737 msgid "net mask /bits" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11740 msgid "# of subnets" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11747 msgid "A" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11750 msgid "10.x.x.x" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11753 msgid "255.0.0.0" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11756 msgid "/8" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11764 msgid "B" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11767 msgid "172.16.x.x — 172.31.x.x" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11770 msgid "255.255.0.0" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11773 msgid "/16" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11776 msgid "16" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11781 debian-reference.en.xmlt:30315 msgid "C" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11784 msgid "192.168.0.x — 192.168.255.x" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11787 msgid "255.255.255.0" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11790 msgid "/24" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11793 msgid "256" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11800 msgid "" "If one of these addresses is assigned to a host, then that host must not " "access the Internet directly but must access it through a gateway that acts " "as a proxy for individual services or else does <ulink " "url=\"&networkaddresstranslationnat;\">Network Address " "Translation(NAT)</ulink>. The broadband router usually performs NAT for the " "consumer LAN environment." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11804 msgid "The network device support" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11805 msgid "" "Although most hardware devices are supported by the Debian system, there are " "some network devices which require <ulink url=\"&dsfg;\">DSFG</ulink> " "non-free external hardware drivers to support them. Please see <xref " "linkend=\"_non_free_hardware_drivers\"/>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11809 msgid "The modern network configuration for desktop" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11810 msgid "" "Debian <literal>squeeze</literal> systems can manage the network connection " "via management <ulink url=\"&daemon;\">daemon</ulink> software such as " "<ulink url=\"&networkmanagernm;\">NetworkManager (NM)</ulink> " "(network-manager and associated packages) or <ulink " "url=\"&wicd;\">Wicd</ulink> (wicd and associated packages)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11814 msgid "" "They come with their own <ulink url=\"&gui;\">GUI</ulink> and command-line " "programs as their user interfaces." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11819 msgid "" "They come with their own <ulink url=\"&daemon;\">daemon</ulink> as their " "backend system." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11824 msgid "They allow easy connection of your system to the Internet." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11829 msgid "They allow easy management of wired and wireless network configuration." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11834 msgid "" "They allow us to configure network independent of the legacy " "<literal>ifupdown</literal> package." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11839 msgid "" "Do not use these automatic network configuration tools for servers. These " "are aimed primarily for mobile desktop users on laptops." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11841 msgid "" "These modern network configuration tools need to be configured properly to " "avoid conflicting with the legacy <literal>ifupdown</literal> package and " "its configuration file \"<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11843 msgid "" "Some features of these automatic network configuration tools may suffer " "regressions. These are not as robust as the legacy " "<literal>ifupdown</literal> package. Check <ulink " "url=\"&btsofnetworkmanager;\">BTS of network-manager</ulink> and <ulink " "url=\"&btsofwicd;\">BTS of wicd</ulink> for current issues and limitations." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11846 msgid "GUI network configuration tools" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11847 msgid "" "Official documentations for NM and Wicd on Debian are provided in " "\"<literal>/usr/share/doc/network-manager/README.Debian</literal>\" and " "\"<literal>/usr/share/doc/wicd/README.Debian</literal>\", respectively." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11848 msgid "Essentially, the network configuration for desktop is done as follows." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11852 msgid "" "Make desktop user, e.g. <literal>foo</literal>, belong to group " "\"<literal>netdev</literal>\" by the following (Alternatively, do it " "automatically via <ulink url=\"&dbus;\">D-bus</ulink> under modern desktop " "environments such as GNOME and KDE)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11854 #, no-wrap msgid "$ sudo adduser foo netdev" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11858 msgid "" "Keep configuration of \"<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>\" as " "simple as the the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11860 debian-reference.en.xmlt:12580 #, no-wrap msgid "" "auto lo\n" "iface lo inet loopback" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11865 msgid "Restart NM or Wicd by the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11867 #, no-wrap msgid "$ sudo /etc/init.d/network-manager restart" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11868 #, no-wrap msgid "$ sudo /etc/init.d/wicd restart" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11872 msgid "Configure your network via GUI." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11877 msgid "" "Only interfaces which are <emphasis role=\"strong\">not</emphasis> listed in " "\"<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>\" or which have been configured " "with \"<literal>auto …</literal>\" or \"<literal>allow-hotplug …</literal>\" " "and \"<literal>iface … inet dhcp</literal>\" (with no other options) are " "managed by NM to avoid conflict with <literal>ifupdown</literal>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11880 msgid "" "If you wish to extend network configuration capabilities of NM, please seek " "appropriate plug-in modules and supplemental packages such as " "<literal>network-manager-openconnect</literal>, " "<literal>network-manager-openvpn-gnome</literal>, " "<literal>network-manager-pptp-gnome</literal>, " "<literal>mobile-broadband-provider-info</literal>, " "<literal>gnome-bluetooth</literal>, etc. The same goes for those of Wicd." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11883 msgid "" "These automatic network configuration tools may not be compatible with " "esoteric configurations of legacy <literal>ifupdown</literal> in " "\"<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>\" such as ones in <xref " "linkend=\"_the_basic_network_configuration_with_ifupdown_legacy\"/> and " "<xref " "linkend=\"_the_advanced_network_configuration_with_ifupdown_legacy\"/>. " "Check <ulink url=\"&btsofnetworkmanager;\">BTS of network-manager</ulink> " "and <ulink url=\"&btsofwicd;\">BTS of wicd</ulink> for current issues and " "limitations." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11888 msgid "The legacy network connection and configuration" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11889 msgid "" "When the method described in <xref " "linkend=\"_the_modern_network_configuration_for_desktop\"/> does not suffice " "your needs, you should use the legacy network connection and configuration " "method which combines many simpler tools." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11890 msgid "" "The legacy network connection is specific for each method (see <xref " "linkend=\"_the_network_connection_method_legacy\"/>)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11891 msgid "" "There are 2 types of programs for the low level network configuration on " "Linux (see <xref linkend=\"_iproute2_commands\"/>)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11895 msgid "" "Old <ulink url=\"&nettools;\">net-tools</ulink> programs " "(<literal>ifconfig</literal>(8), …) are from the Linux NET-3 networking " "system. Most of these are obsolete now." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11900 msgid "" "New <ulink url=\"&linuxiproutec;\">Linux iproute2</ulink> programs " "(<literal>ip</literal>(8), …) are the current Linux networking system." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11904 msgid "" "Although these low level networking programs are powerful, they are " "cumbersome to use. So high level network configuration systems have been " "created." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11905 msgid "" "The <literal>ifupdown</literal> package is the de facto standard for such " "high level network configuration system on Debian. It enables you to bring " "up network simply by doing , e.g., \"<literal>ifup eth0</literal>\". Its " "configuration file is the \"<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>\" " "file and its typical contents are the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11906 #, no-wrap msgid "" "auto lo\n" "iface lo inet loopback\n" "\n" "auto eth0\n" "iface eth0 inet dhcp" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11911 msgid "" "The <literal>resolvconf</literal> package was created to supplement " "<literal>ifupdown</literal> system to support smooth reconfiguration of " "network address resolution by automating rewrite of resolver configuration " "file \"<literal>/etc/resolv.conf</literal>\". Now, most Debian network " "configuration packages are modified to use <literal>resolvconf</literal> " "package (see " "\"<literal>/usr/share/doc/resolvconf/README.Debian</literal>\")." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11912 msgid "" "Helper scripts to the <literal>ifupdown</literal> package such as " "<literal>ifplugd</literal>, <literal>guessnet</literal>, " "<literal>ifscheme</literal>, etc. are created to automate dynamic " "configuration of network environment such as one for mobile PC on wired " "LAN. These are relatively difficult to use but play well with existing " "<literal>ifupdown</literal> system." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11913 msgid "" "These are explained in detail with examples (see <xref " "linkend=\"_the_basic_network_configuration_with_ifupdown_legacy\"/> and " "<xref " "linkend=\"_the_advanced_network_configuration_with_ifupdown_legacy\"/>)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11916 msgid "The network connection method (legacy)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><caution><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11918 msgid "" "The connection test method described in this section are meant for testing " "purposes. It is not meant to be used directly for the daily network " "connection. You are advised to use them via NM, Wicd, or the " "<literal>ifupdown</literal> package (see <xref " "linkend=\"_the_modern_network_configuration_for_desktop\"/> and <xref " "linkend=\"_the_basic_network_configuration_with_ifupdown_legacy\"/>)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11920 msgid "" "The typical network connection method and connection path for a PC can be " "summarized as the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11922 msgid "List of network connection methods and connection paths" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11930 msgid "PC" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11933 debian-reference.en.xmlt:11987 msgid "connection method" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11936 msgid "connection path" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11943 msgid "Serial port (<literal>ppp0</literal>)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11946 debian-reference.en.xmlt:12000 msgid "PPP" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11949 msgid "⇔ <ulink url=\"&modem;\">modem</ulink> ⇔ POTS ⇔ dial-up access point ⇔ ISP" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11954 debian-reference.en.xmlt:11965 msgid "Ethernet port (<literal>eth0</literal>)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11957 msgid "PPPoE/DHCP/Static" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11960 msgid "⇔ BB-modem ⇔ BB service ⇔ BB access point ⇔ ISP" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11968 msgid "DHCP/Static" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11971 msgid "" "⇔ LAN ⇔ BB-router with <ulink url=\"&networkaddresstranslationnat;\">network " "address translation (NAT)</ulink> (⇔ BB-modem …)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11977 msgid "Here is the summary of configuration script for each connection method." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11979 msgid "List of network connection configurations" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11990 msgid "configuration" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:11993 msgid "backend package(s)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12002 msgid "<literal>pppconfig</literal> to create deterministic chat" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12004 msgid "<literal>pppconfig</literal>, <literal>ppp</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12008 msgid "PPP (alternative)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12010 msgid "<literal>wvdialconf</literal> to create heuristic chat" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12012 msgid "<literal>ppp</literal>, <literal>wvdial</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12016 msgid "PPPoE" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12018 msgid "<literal>pppoeconf</literal> to create deterministic chat" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12020 msgid "<literal>pppoeconf</literal>, <literal>ppp</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12024 msgid "DHCP" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12027 msgid "described in \"<literal>/etc/dhcp3/dhclient.conf</literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12030 msgid "<literal>dhcp3-client</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12035 msgid "static IP (IPv4)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12038 debian-reference.en.xmlt:12049 msgid "described in \"<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12041 msgid "<literal>net-tools</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12046 msgid "static IP (IPv6)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12052 msgid "<literal>iproute</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12058 msgid "The network connection acronyms mean the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12060 msgid "List of network connection acronyms" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12067 debian-reference.en.xmlt:12661 msgid "acronym" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12077 msgid "<ulink url=\"&pots;\">POTS</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12080 msgid "plain old telephone service" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12085 msgid "BB" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12088 msgid "<ulink url=\"&broadband;\">broadband</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12093 msgid "BB-service" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12096 msgid "" "e.g., the digital subscriber line (DSL), the cable TV, or the fiber to the " "premises (FTTP)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12101 msgid "BB-modem" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12104 msgid "" "e.g., <ulink url=\"&thedslmodem;\">the DSL modem</ulink>, <ulink " "url=\"&thecablemodem;\">the cable modem</ulink>, or <ulink " "url=\"&theopticalnetworkterminalont;\">the optical network terminal " "(ONT)</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12109 msgid "<ulink url=\"&lan;\">LAN</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12112 msgid "local area network" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12117 msgid "<ulink url=\"&wan;\">WAN</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12120 msgid "wide area network" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12125 debian-reference.en.xmlt:16198 debian-reference.en.xmlt:16410 msgid "<ulink url=\"&dhcp;\">DHCP</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12128 msgid "dynamic host configuration protocol" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12133 msgid "<ulink url=\"&ppp;\">PPP</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12136 msgid "point-to-point protocol" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12141 msgid "<ulink url=\"&pppoe;\">PPPoE</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12144 msgid "point-to-point protocol over Ethernet" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12149 msgid "<ulink url=\"&isp;\">ISP</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12152 msgid "Internet service provider" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12159 msgid "" "The WAN connection services via cable TV are generally served by DHCP or " "PPPoE. The ones by ADSL and FTTP are generally served by PPPoE. You have " "to consult your ISP for exact configuration requirements of the WAN " "connection." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12162 msgid "" "When BB-router is used to create home LAN environment, PCs on LAN are " "connected to the WAN via BB-router with <ulink " "url=\"&networkaddresstranslationnat;\">network address translation " "(NAT)</ulink>. For such case, PC's network interfaces on the LAN are served " "by static IP or DHCP from the BB-router. BB-router must be configured to " "connect the WAN following the instruction by your ISP." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12165 msgid "The DHCP connection with the Ethernet" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12166 msgid "" "The typical modern home and small business network, i.e. LAN, are connected " "to the WAN(Internet) using some consumer grade broadband router. The LAN " "behind this router is usually served by the <ulink " "url=\"&dynamichostconfitionprotocoldhcp;\">dynamic host configuration " "protocol (DHCP)</ulink> server running on the router." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12167 msgid "" "Just install the <literal>dhcp3-client</literal> package for the Ethernet " "served by the <ulink url=\"&dynamichostconfitionprotocoldhcp;\">dynamic host " "configuration protocol (DHCP)</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12170 msgid "The static IP connection with the Ethernet" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12171 msgid "No special action is needed for the Ethernet served by the static IP." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12174 msgid "The PPP connection with pppconfig" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12175 msgid "" "The configuration script <literal>pppconfig</literal> configures the <ulink " "url=\"&ppp;\">PPP</ulink> connection interactively just by selecting the " "following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12179 debian-reference.en.xmlt:12283 msgid "The telephone number" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12184 debian-reference.en.xmlt:12288 msgid "The ISP user name" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12189 debian-reference.en.xmlt:12293 msgid "The ISP password" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12194 msgid "The port speed" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12199 msgid "The modem communication port" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12204 msgid "The authentication method" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12209 msgid "" "List of configuration files for the <ulink url=\"&ppp;\">PPP</ulink> " "connection with pppconfig" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12226 msgid "<literal>/etc/ppp/peers/<isp_name></literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12229 msgid "" "The <literal>pppconfig</literal> generated configuration file for " "<literal>pppd</literal> specific to <isp_name>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12234 msgid "<literal>/etc/chatscripts/<isp_name></literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12237 msgid "" "The <literal>pppconfig</literal> generated configuration file for " "<literal>chat</literal> specific to <isp_name>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12242 debian-reference.en.xmlt:12332 debian-reference.en.xmlt:12393 msgid "<literal>/etc/ppp/options</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12245 debian-reference.en.xmlt:12335 debian-reference.en.xmlt:12396 msgid "The general execution parameter for <literal>pppd</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12250 debian-reference.en.xmlt:12340 debian-reference.en.xmlt:12401 msgid "<literal>/etc/ppp/pap-secret</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12253 debian-reference.en.xmlt:12343 debian-reference.en.xmlt:12404 msgid "Authentication data for the <ulink url=\"&pap;\">PAP</ulink> (security risk)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12258 debian-reference.en.xmlt:12348 debian-reference.en.xmlt:12409 msgid "<literal>/etc/ppp/chap-secret</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12261 debian-reference.en.xmlt:12351 debian-reference.en.xmlt:12412 msgid "Authentication data for the <ulink url=\"&chap;\">CHAP</ulink> (more secure)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12268 msgid "" "The \"<isp_name>\" value of \"<literal>provider</literal>\" is assumed " "if <literal>pon</literal> and <literal>poff</literal> commands are invoked " "without arguments." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12270 debian-reference.en.xmlt:12357 debian-reference.en.xmlt:12418 msgid "" "You can test configuration using low level network configuration tools as " "the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12271 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ sudo pon <isp_name>\n" "...\n" "$ sudo poff <isp_name>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12274 msgid "See \"<literal>/usr/share/doc/ppp/README.Debian.gz</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12277 msgid "The alternative PPP connection with wvdialconf" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12278 msgid "" "A different approach to using <literal>pppd</literal>(8) is to run it from " "<literal>wvdial</literal>(1) which comes in the <literal>wvdial</literal> " "package. Instead of <literal>pppd</literal> running " "<literal>chat</literal>(8) to dial in and negotiate the connection, " "<literal>wvdial</literal> does the dialing and initial negotiating and then " "starts <literal>pppd</literal> to do the rest." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12279 msgid "" "The configuration script <literal>wvdialconf</literal> configures the PPP " "connection interactively just by selecting the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12297 msgid "" "<literal>wvdial</literal> succeeds in making the connection in most cases " "and maintains authentication data list automatically." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12299 msgid "List of configuration files for the PPP connection with wvdialconf" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12316 msgid "<literal>/etc/ppp/peers/wvdial</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12319 msgid "" "The <literal>wvdialconf</literal> generated configuration file for " "<literal>pppd</literal> specific to <literal>wvdial</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12324 msgid "<literal>/etc/wvdial.conf</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12327 msgid "The <literal>wvdialconf</literal> generated configuration file" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12358 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ sudo wvdial\n" "...\n" "$ sudo killall wvdial" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12361 msgid "See <literal>wvdial</literal>(1) and <literal>wvdial.conf</literal>(5)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12364 msgid "The PPPoE connection with pppoeconf" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12365 msgid "" "When your ISP serves you with PPPoE connection and you decide to connect " "your PC directly to the WAN, the network of your PC must be configured with " "the PPPoE. The PPPoE stand for PPP over Ethernet. The configuration script " "<literal>pppoeconf</literal> configures the PPPoE connection interactively." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12366 msgid "The configuration files are the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12368 msgid "List of configuration files for the PPPoE connection with pppoeconf" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12385 msgid "<literal>/etc/ppp/peers/dsl-provider</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12388 msgid "" "The <literal>pppoeconf</literal> generated configuration file for " "<literal>pppd</literal> specific to <literal>pppoe</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12419 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ sudo /sbin/ifconfig eth0 up\n" "$ sudo pon dsl-provider\n" "...\n" "$ sudo poff dsl-provider\n" "$ sudo /sbin/ifconfig eth0 down" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12424 msgid "See \"<literal>/usr/share/doc/pppoeconf/README.Debian</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12428 msgid "The basic network configuration with ifupdown (legacy)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12429 msgid "" "The traditional <ulink url=\"&tcpipnetwork;\">TCP/IP network</ulink> setup " "on Debian system uses <literal>ifupdown</literal> package as a high level " "tool. There are 2 typical cases." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12433 msgid "" "For <emphasis role=\"strong\">dynamic IP</emphasis> system such as mobile " "PCs, you should setup TCP/IP network <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">with</emphasis> the <literal>resolvconf</literal> package " "and enable you to switch your network configuration easily (see <xref " "linkend=\"_the_network_interface_served_by_the_dhcp\"/>)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12438 msgid "" "For <emphasis role=\"strong\">static IP</emphasis> system such as servers, " "you should setup TCP/IP network <emphasis role=\"strong\">without</emphasis> " "the <literal>resolvconf</literal> package and keep your system simple (see " "<xref linkend=\"_the_network_interface_with_the_static_ip\"/>)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12442 msgid "" "These traditional setup methods are quite useful if you wish to set up " "advanced configuration (see <xref " "linkend=\"_the_basic_network_configuration_with_ifupdown_legacy\"/>)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12443 msgid "" "The <literal>ifupdown</literal> package provides the standardized framework " "for the high level network configuration in the Debian system. In this " "section, we learn the basic network configuration with " "<literal>ifupdown</literal> with simplified introduction and many typical " "examples." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12445 msgid "The command syntax simplified" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12446 msgid "" "The <literal>ifupdown</literal> package contains 2 commands: " "<literal>ifup</literal>(8) and <literal>ifdown</literal>(8). They offer " "high level network configuration dictated by the configuration file " "\"/etc/network/interfaces\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12448 msgid "List of basic network configuration commands with ifupdown" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12465 debian-reference.en.xmlt:13083 msgid "<literal>ifup eth0</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12468 msgid "" "bring up a network interface <literal>eth0</literal> with the configuration " "<literal>eth0</literal> if \"<literal>iface eth0</literal>\" stanza exists" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12473 debian-reference.en.xmlt:13091 msgid "<literal>ifdown eth0</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12476 msgid "" "bring down a network interface <literal>eth0</literal> with the " "configuration <literal>eth0</literal> if \"<literal>iface eth0</literal>\" " "stanza exists" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12483 msgid "" "Do not use low level configuration tools such as " "<literal>ifconfig</literal>(8) and <literal>ip</literal>(8) commands to " "configure an interface in <emphasis role=\"strong\">up</emphasis> state." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12486 msgid "There is no command <literal>ifupdown</literal>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12490 msgid "The basic syntax of \"/etc/network/interfaces\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12491 msgid "" "The key syntax of \"<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>\" as " "explained in <literal>interfaces</literal>(5) can be summarized as the " "following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12493 msgid "List of stanzas in \"<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12500 msgid "stanza" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12510 msgid "\"<literal>auto <interface_name></literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12513 msgid "start interface <interface_name> upon start of the system" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12518 msgid "\"<literal>allow-auto <interface_name></literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12526 msgid "\"<literal>allow-hotplug <interface_name></literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12529 msgid "" "start interface <interface_name> when the kernel detects a hotplug " "event from the interface" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12534 msgid "Lines started with \"<literal>iface <config_name> …</literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12537 msgid "define the network configuration <config_name>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12542 msgid "" "Lines started with \"<literal>mapping <interface_name_glob> " "</literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12545 msgid "" "define mapping value of <config_name> for the matching " "<interface_name>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12550 msgid "A line starting with a hash \"<literal>#</literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12553 msgid "" "ignore as comments (end-of-line comments are <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">not</emphasis> supported)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12558 msgid "A line ending with a backslash \"<literal>\\</literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12561 msgid "extend the configuration to the next line" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12567 msgid "" "Lines started with <emphasis " "role=\"strong\"><literal>iface</literal></emphasis> stanza has the following " "syntax." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12568 #, no-wrap msgid "" "iface <config_name> <address_family> <method_name>\n" " <option1> <value1>\n" " <option2> <value2>\n" " ..." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12572 msgid "" "For the basic configuration, the <emphasis " "role=\"strong\"><literal>mapping</literal></emphasis> stanza is not used and " "you use the network interface name as the network configuration name (See " "<xref linkend=\"_the_mapping_stanza\"/>)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12574 msgid "" "Do not define duplicates of the \"<literal>iface</literal>\" stanza for a " "network interface in \"<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12578 msgid "The loopback network interface" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12579 msgid "" "The following configuration entry in the " "\"<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>\" file brings up the loopback " "network interface <literal>lo</literal> upon booting the system (via " "<emphasis role=\"strong\"><literal>auto</literal></emphasis> stanza)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12582 msgid "" "This one always exists in the \"<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>\" " "file." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12585 msgid "The network interface served by the DHCP" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12586 msgid "" "After prepairing the system by <xref " "linkend=\"_the_dhcp_connection_with_the_ethernet\"/>, the network interface " "served by the DHCP is configured by creating the configuration entry in the " "\"<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>\" file as the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12587 #, no-wrap msgid "" "allow-hotplug eth0\n" "iface eth0 inet dhcp\n" " hostname \"mymachine\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12590 msgid "" "When the Linux kernel detects the physical interface " "<literal>eth0</literal>, the <emphasis " "role=\"strong\"><literal>allow-hotplug</literal></emphasis> stanza causes " "<literal>ifup</literal> to bring up the interface and the <emphasis " "role=\"strong\"><literal>iface</literal></emphasis> stanza causes " "<literal>ifup</literal> to use DHCP to configure the interface." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12593 msgid "The network interface with the static IP" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12594 msgid "" "The network interface served by the static IP is configured by creating the " "configuration entry in the \"<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>\" " "file as the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12595 #, no-wrap msgid "" "allow-hotplug eth0\n" "iface eth0 inet static\n" " address 192.168.11.100\n" " netmask 255.255.255.0\n" " broadcast 192.168.11.255\n" " gateway 192.168.11.1\n" " dns-domain lan\n" " dns-nameservers 192.168.11.1" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12603 msgid "" "When the Linux kernel detects the physical interface " "<literal>eth0</literal>, the <emphasis " "role=\"strong\"><literal>allow-hotplug</literal></emphasis> stanza causes " "<literal>ifup</literal> to bring up the interface and the <emphasis " "role=\"strong\"><literal>iface</literal></emphasis> stanza causes " "<literal>ifup</literal> to use the static IP to configure the interface." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12604 msgid "Here, I assumed the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12608 msgid "" "IP address range of the LAN network: <literal>192.168.11.0</literal> - " "<literal>192.168.11.255</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12613 msgid "IP address of the gateway: <literal>192.168.11.1</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12618 msgid "IP address of the PC: <literal>192.168.11.100</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12623 msgid "The <literal>resolvconf</literal> package: installed" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12628 msgid "The domain name: \"<literal>lan</literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12633 msgid "IP address of the DNS server: <literal>192.168.11.1</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12637 msgid "" "When the <literal>resolvconf</literal> package is not installed, DNS related " "configuration needs to be done manually by editing the " "\"<literal>/etc/resolv.conf</literal>\" as the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12638 #, no-wrap msgid "" "nameserver 192.168.11.1\n" "domain lan" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12641 msgid "" "The IP addresses used in the above example are not meant to be copied " "literally. You have to adjust IP numbers to your actual network " "configuration." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12645 msgid "The basics of wireless LAN interface" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12646 msgid "" "The <ulink url=\"&wirelesslanwlanforshort;\">wireless LAN (WLAN for " "short)</ulink> provides the fast wireless connectivity through the " "spread-spectrum communication of unlicensed radio bands based on the set of " "standards called <ulink url=\"&ieeeiacbb;\">IEEE 802.11</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12647 msgid "" "The WLAN interfaces are almost like normal Ethernet interfaces but require " "some network ID and encryption key data to be provided when they are " "initialized. Their high level network tools are exactly the same as that of " "Ethernet interfaces except interface names are a bit different like " "<literal>eth1</literal>, <literal>wlan0</literal>, <literal>ath0</literal>, " "<literal>wifi0</literal>, … depending on the kernel drivers used." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12649 msgid "" "The <literal>wmaster0</literal> device is the master device which is an " "internal device used only by <ulink url=\"&softmac;\">SoftMAC</ulink> with " "new <ulink url=\"&maciacbbapioflinux;\">mac80211 API of Linux</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12651 msgid "Here are some keywords to remember for the WLAN." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12653 msgid "List of acronyms for WLAN" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12664 msgid "full word" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12674 msgid "NWID" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12677 msgid "Network ID" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12680 msgid "" "16 bit network ID used by pre-802.11 <ulink " "url=\"&wavelan;\">WaveLAN</ulink> network (very deprecated)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12685 msgid "(E)SSID" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12688 msgid "" "(Extended) <ulink url=\"&servicesetidentifier;\">Service Set " "Identifier</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12691 msgid "" "network name of the <ulink url=\"&wirelessaccesspointsaps;\">Wireless Access " "Points (APs)</ulink> interconnected to form an integrated <ulink " "url=\"&iacbbwirelesslan;\">802.11 wireless LAN</ulink>, Domain ID" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12696 msgid "WEP, (WEP2)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12699 msgid "<ulink url=\"&wiredequivalentprivacy;\">Wired Equivalent Privacy</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12702 msgid "" "1st generation 64-bit (128-bit) wireless encryption standard with 40-bit key " "(deprecated)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12707 msgid "WPA" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12710 msgid "<ulink url=\"&wifiprotectedaccess;\">Wi-Fi Protected Access</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12713 msgid "" "2nd generation wireless encryption standard (most of 802.11i), compatible " "with WEP" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12718 msgid "WPA2" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12721 msgid "<ulink url=\"&wifiprotectedaccessc;\">Wi-Fi Protected Access 2</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12724 msgid "" "3rd generation wireless encryption standard (full 802.11i), non-compatible " "with WEP" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12730 msgid "" "The actual choice of protocol is usually limited by the wireless router you " "deploy." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12733 msgid "The wireless LAN interface with WPA/WPA2" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12734 msgid "" "You need to install the <literal>wpasupplicant</literal> package to support " "the WLAN with the new WPA/WPA2." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12735 debian-reference.en.xmlt:12749 msgid "" "In case of the <ulink url=\"&dhcp;\">DHCP</ulink> served IP on WLAN " "connection, the \"<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>\" file entry " "should be as the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12736 #, no-wrap msgid "" "allow-hotplug ath0\n" "iface ath0 inet dhcp\n" " wpa-ssid homezone\n" " # hexadecimal psk is encoded from a plaintext passphrase\n" " wpa-psk 000102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f101112131415161718191a1b1c1d1e1f" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12741 msgid "See \"<literal>/usr/share/doc/wpasupplicant/README.modes.gz</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12744 msgid "The wireless LAN interface with WEP" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12745 msgid "" "You need to install the <literal>wireless-tools</literal> package to support " "the WLAN with the old WEP. (Your consumer grade router may still be using " "this insecure infrastructure but this is better than nothing.)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12747 msgid "" "Please note that your network traffic on WLAN with WEP may be sniffed by " "others." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12750 #, no-wrap msgid "" "allow-hotplug eth0\n" "iface eth0 inet dhcp\n" " wireless-essid Home\n" " wireless-key1 0123-4567-89ab-cdef\n" " wireless-key2 12345678\n" " wireless-key3 s:password\n" " wireless-defaultkey 2\n" " wireless-keymode open" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12758 msgid "See \"<literal>/usr/share/doc/wireless-tools/README.Debian</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12761 msgid "The PPP connection" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12762 msgid "" "You need to configure the PPP connection first as described before (see " "<xref linkend=\"_the_ppp_connection_with_pppconfig\"/>). Then, add the " "\"<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>\" file entry for the primary " "PPP device <literal>ppp0</literal> as the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12763 #, no-wrap msgid "" "iface ppp0 inet ppp\n" " provider <isp_name>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12767 msgid "The alternative PPP connection" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12768 msgid "" "You need to configure the alternative PPP connection with " "<literal>wvdial</literal> first as described before (see <xref " "linkend=\"_the_alternative_ppp_connection_with_wvdialconf\"/>). Then, add " "the \"<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>\" file entry for the " "primary PPP device <literal>ppp0</literal> as the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12769 #, no-wrap msgid "iface ppp0 inet wvdial" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12772 msgid "The PPPoE connection" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12773 msgid "" "For PC connected directly to the WAN served by the PPPoE, you need to " "configure system with the PPPoE connection as described before (see <xref " "linkend=\"_the_pppoe_connection_with_pppoeconf\"/>). Then, add the " "\"<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>\" file entry for the primary " "PPPoE device <literal>eth0</literal> as the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12774 #, no-wrap msgid "" "allow-hotplug eth0\n" "iface eth0 inet manual\n" " pre-up /sbin/ifconfig eth0 up\n" " up ifup ppp0=dsl\n" " down ifdown ppp0=dsl\n" " post-down /sbin/ifconfig eth0 down\n" "# The following is used internally only\n" "iface dsl inet ppp\n" " provider dsl-provider" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12785 msgid "The network configuration state of ifupdown" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12786 msgid "" "The \"<literal>/etc/network/run/ifstate</literal>\" file stores the " "<emphasis role=\"strong\">intended</emphasis> network configuration states " "for all the currently active network interfaces managed by the " "<literal>ifupdown</literal> package are listed. Unfortunately, even if the " "<literal>ifupdown</literal> system fails to bring up the interface as " "intended, the \"<literal>/etc/network/run/ifstate</literal>\" file lists it " "active." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12787 msgid "" "Unless the output of the <literal>ifconfig</literal>(8) command for an " "interface does not have a line like following example, it can not be used as " "a part of <ulink url=\"&ipvenetwork;\">IPV4 network</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12788 #, no-wrap msgid " inet addr:192.168.11.2 Bcast:192.168.11.255 Mask:255.255.255.0" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12790 msgid "" "For the Ethernet device connected to the PPPoE, the output of the " "<literal>ifconfig</literal>(8) command lacks a line which looks like above " "example." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12794 msgid "The basic network reconfiguration" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12795 msgid "" "When you try to reconfigure the interface, e.g. <literal>eth0</literal>, you " "must disable it first with the \"<emphasis role=\"strong\"><literal>sudo " "ifdown eth0</literal></emphasis>\" command. This removes the entry of " "<literal>eth0</literal> from the " "\"<literal>/etc/network/run/ifstate</literal>\" file. (This may result in " "some error message if <literal>eth0</literal> is not active or it is " "configured improperly previously. So far, it seems to be safe to do this " "for the simple single user work station at any time.)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12796 msgid "" "You are now free to rewrite the " "\"<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>\" contents as needed to " "reconfigure the network interface, <literal>eth0</literal>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12797 msgid "" "Then, you can reactivate <literal>eth0</literal> with the \"<emphasis " "role=\"strong\"><literal>sudo ifup eth0</literal></emphasis>\" command." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12799 msgid "" "You can (re)initialize the network interface simply by \"<emphasis " "role=\"strong\"><literal>sudo ifdown eth0;sudo ifup " "eth0</literal></emphasis>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12803 msgid "The ifupdown-extra package" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12804 msgid "" "The <literal>ifupdown-extra</literal> package provides easy network " "connection tests for use with the <literal>ifupdown</literal> package." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12808 msgid "The <literal>network-test</literal>(1) command can be used from the shell." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12813 msgid "" "The automatic scripts are run for each <literal>ifup</literal> command " "execution." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12817 msgid "" "The <literal>network-test</literal> command frees you from the execution of " "cumbersome low level commands to analyze the network problem." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12818 msgid "" "The automatic scripts are installed in " "\"<literal>/etc/network/*/</literal>\" and performs the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12822 msgid "Check the network cable connection" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12827 msgid "Check duplicate use of IP address" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12832 msgid "" "Setup system's static routes based on the " "\"<literal>/etc/network/routes</literal>\" definition" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12837 msgid "Check if network gateway is reachable" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12842 msgid "Record results in the \"<literal>/var/log/syslog</literal>\" file" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12846 msgid "" "This syslog record is quite useful for administration of the network problem " "on the remote system." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12848 msgid "" "The automatic behavior of the <literal>ifupdown-extra</literal> package is " "configurable with the \"<literal>/etc/default/network-test</literal>\". Some " "of these automatic checks slow down the system boot-up a little bit since it " "takes some time to listen for <ulink url=\"&arp;\">ARP</ulink> replies." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12853 msgid "The advanced network configuration with ifupdown (legacy)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12854 msgid "" "The functionality of the <literal>ifupdown</literal> package can be improved " "beyond what was described in <xref " "linkend=\"_the_basic_network_configuration_with_ifupdown_legacy\"/> with the " "advanced knowledge." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12855 msgid "" "The functionalities described here are completely optional. I, being lazy " "and minimalist, rarely bother to use these." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><caution><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12857 msgid "" "If you could not set up network connection by information in <xref " "linkend=\"_the_basic_network_configuration_with_ifupdown_legacy\"/>, you " "make situation worse by using information below." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12860 msgid "The ifplugd package" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12861 msgid "" "The <literal>ifplugd</literal> package is older automatic network " "configuration tool which can manage only Ethernet connections. This solves " "unplugged/replugged Ethernet cable issues for mobile PC etc. If you have " "<ulink url=\"&networkmanager;\">NetworkManager</ulink> or <ulink " "url=\"&wicd;\">Wicd</ulink> (see <xref " "linkend=\"_the_modern_network_configuration_for_desktop\"/>) installed, you " "do not need this package." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12862 msgid "" "This package runs <ulink url=\"&daemon;\">daemon</ulink> and replaces " "<emphasis role=\"strong\">auto</emphasis> or <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">allow-hotplug</emphasis> functionalities (see <xref " "linkend=\"list-of-stanzas-in-eni\"/>) and starts interfaces upon their " "connection to the network." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12863 msgid "" "Here is how to use the <literal>ifplugd</literal> package for the internal " "Ethernet port, e.g. <literal>eth0</literal>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12867 msgid "" "Remove stanza in \"<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>\": " "\"<literal>auto eth0</literal>\" or \"<literal>allow-hotplug " "eth0</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12872 msgid "" "Keep stanza in \"<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>\": " "\"<literal>iface eth0 inet …</literal>\" and \"<literal>mapping " "…</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12877 msgid "Install the <literal>ifplugd</literal> package." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12882 msgid "Run \"<literal>sudo dpkg-reconfigure ifplugd</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12887 msgid "" "Put <literal>eth0</literal> as the \"static interfaces to be watched by " "ifplugd\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12891 msgid "Now, the network reconfiguration works as you desire." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12895 msgid "" "Upon power-on or upon hardware discovery, the interface is not brought up by " "itself." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12900 msgid "Quick boot process without the long DHCP timeout." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12905 msgid "" "No funny activated interface without proper IPv4 address (see <xref " "linkend=\"_the_network_configuration_state_of_ifupdown\"/>)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12912 msgid "Upon finding the Ethernet cable, the interface is brought up." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12917 msgid "" "Upon some time after unplugging the Ethernet cable, the interface is brought " "down automatically." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12922 msgid "" "Upon plugging in another Ethernet cable, the interface is brought up under " "the new network environment." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12927 msgid "" "The arguments for the <literal>ifplugd</literal>(8) command can set its " "behaviors such as the delay for reconfiguring interfaces." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12931 msgid "The ifmetric package" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12932 msgid "" "The <literal>ifmeric</literal> package enables us to manipulate metrics of " "routes a posteriori even for DHCP." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12933 msgid "" "The following sets the <literal>eth0</literal> interface to be preferred " "over the <literal>wlan0</literal> interface." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12937 msgid "Install the <literal>ifmetric</literal> package." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12942 msgid "" "Add an option line with \"<literal>metric 0</literal>\" just below the " "\"<literal>iface eth0 inet dhcp</literal>\" line." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12947 msgid "" "Add an option line with \"<literal>metric 1</literal>\" just below the " "\"<literal>iface wlan0 inet dhcp</literal>\" line." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12951 msgid "" "The metric 0 means the highest priority route and is the default one. The " "larger metric value means lower priority routes. The IP address of the " "active interface with the lowest metric value becomes the originating " "one. See <literal>ifmetric</literal>(8)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12954 msgid "The virtual interface" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12955 msgid "" "A single physical Ethernet interface can be configured as multiple virtual " "interfaces with different IP addresses. Usually the purpose is to connect " "an interface to several IP subnetworks. For example, IP address based " "virtual web hosting by a single network interface is one such application." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12956 msgid "For example, let's suppose the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12960 msgid "" "A single Ethernet interface on your host is connected to a Ethernet hub (not " "to the broadband router)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12965 msgid "The Ethernet hub is connected to both the Internet and LAN network." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12970 msgid "The LAN network uses subnet <literal>192.168.0.x/24</literal>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12975 msgid "" "Your host uses DHCP served IP address with the physical interface " "<literal>eth0</literal> for the Internet." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12980 msgid "" "Your host uses <literal>192.168.0.1</literal> with the virtual interface " "<literal>eth0:0</literal> for the LAN." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12984 msgid "" "The following stanzas in \"<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>\" " "configure your network." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12985 #, no-wrap msgid "" "iface eth0 inet dhcp\n" " metric 0\n" "iface eth0:0 inet static\n" " address 192.168.0.1\n" " netmask 255.255.255.0\n" " network 192.168.0.0\n" " broadcast 192.168.0.255\n" " metric 1" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12994 msgid "" "Although this configuration example with <ulink " "url=\"&networkaddresstranslationnat;\">network address translation " "(NAT)</ulink> using <ulink " "url=\"&netfilteriptables;\">netfilter/iptables</ulink> (see <xref " "linkend=\"_netfilter_infrastructure\"/>) can provide cheap router for the " "LAN with only single interface, there is no real firewall capability with " "such set up. You should use 2 physical interfaces with NAT to secure the " "local network from the Internet." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12998 msgid "The advanced command syntax" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:12999 msgid "" "The <literal>ifupdown</literal> package offers advanced network " "configuration using the <emphasis role=\"strong\">network " "configuration</emphasis> name and the <emphasis role=\"strong\">network " "interface</emphasis> name. I use slightly different terminology from one " "used in <literal>ifup</literal>(8) and <literal>interfaces</literal>(5)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13001 msgid "List of terminology for network devices" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13010 msgid "manpage terminology" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13013 msgid "my terminology" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13016 msgid "examples in the following text" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13025 msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">physical interface</emphasis> name" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13027 msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">network interface</emphasis> name" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13029 msgid "" "<literal>lo</literal>, <literal>eth0</literal>, " "<literal><interface_name></literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13031 msgid "name given by the Linux kernel (using <literal>udev</literal> mechanism)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13035 msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">logical interface</emphasis> name" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13037 msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">network configuration</emphasis> name" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13039 msgid "" "<literal>config1</literal>, <literal>config2</literal>, " "<literal><config_name></literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13041 msgid "" "name token following <emphasis " "role=\"strong\"><literal>iface</literal></emphasis> in the " "\"<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13047 msgid "" "Basic network configuration commands in <xref " "linkend=\"_the_command_syntax_simplified\"/> require the <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">network configuration</emphasis> name token of the <emphasis " "role=\"strong\"><literal>iface</literal></emphasis> stanza to match the " "<emphasis role=\"strong\">network interface</emphasis> name in the " "\"<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13048 msgid "" "Advanced network configuration commands enables separation of the <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">network configuration</emphasis> name and the <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">network interface</emphasis> name in the " "\"<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>\" as the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13050 msgid "List of advanced network configuration commands with ifupdown" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13067 msgid "<literal>ifup eth0=config1</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13070 msgid "" "bring up a network interface <literal>eth0</literal> with the configuration " "<literal>config1</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13075 msgid "<literal>ifdown eth0=config1</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13078 msgid "" "bring down a network interface <literal>eth0</literal> with the " "configuration <literal>config1</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13086 msgid "" "bring up a network interface <literal>eth0</literal> with the configuration " "selected by <emphasis role=\"strong\"><literal>mapping</literal></emphasis> " "stanza" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13094 msgid "" "bring down a network interface <literal>eth0</literal> with the " "configuration selected by <emphasis " "role=\"strong\"><literal>mapping</literal></emphasis> stanza" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13102 msgid "The mapping stanza" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13103 msgid "" "We skipped explaining the <emphasis " "role=\"strong\"><literal>mapping</literal></emphasis> stanza in the " "\"<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>\" in <xref " "linkend=\"_the_basic_syntax_of_etc_network_interfaces\"/> to avoid " "complication. This stanza has the following syntax." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13104 #, no-wrap msgid "" "mapping <interface_name_glob>\n" " script <script_name>\n" " map <script_input1>\n" " map <script_input2>\n" " map ..." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13109 msgid "" "This provides advanced feature to the " "\"<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>\" file by automating the choice " "of the configuration with the mapping script specified by " "<literal><script_name></literal>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13110 msgid "Let's follow the execution of the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13111 #, no-wrap msgid "$ sudo ifup eth0" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13112 msgid "" "When the \"<literal><interface_name_glob></literal>\" matches " "\"<literal>eth0</literal>\", this execution produces the execution of the " "following command to configure <literal>eth0</literal> automatically." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13113 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ sudo ifup eth0=$(echo -e '<script_input1> \\n <script_input2> " "\\n ...' | <script_name> eth0)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13114 msgid "" "Here, script input lines with \"<literal>map</literal>\" are optional and " "can be repeated." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13116 msgid "" "The glob for <emphasis role=\"strong\"><literal>mapping</literal></emphasis> " "stanza works like shell filename glob (see <xref linkend=\"_shell_glob\"/>)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13120 msgid "The manually switchable network configuration" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13121 msgid "" "Here is how to switch manually among several network configurations without " "rewriting the \"<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>\" file as in " "<xref linkend=\"_the_basic_network_reconfiguration\"/> ." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13122 msgid "" "For all the network configuration you need to access, you create a single " "\"<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>\" file as the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13123 #, no-wrap msgid "" "auto lo\n" "iface lo inet loopback\n" "\n" "iface config1 inet dhcp\n" " hostname \"mymachine\"\n" "\n" "iface config2 inet static\n" " address 192.168.11.100\n" " netmask 255.255.255.0\n" " broadcast 192.168.11.255\n" " gateway 192.168.11.1\n" " dns-domain lan\n" " dns-nameservers 192.168.11.1\n" "\n" "iface pppoe inet manual\n" " pre-up /sbin/ifconfig eth0 up\n" " up ifup ppp0=dsl\n" " down ifdown ppp0=dsl\n" " post-down /sbin/ifconfig eth0 down\n" "\n" "# The following is used internally only\n" "iface dsl inet ppp\n" " provider dsl-provider\n" "\n" "iface pots inet ppp\n" " provider provider" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13149 msgid "" "Please note the <emphasis role=\"strong\">network configuration " "name</emphasis> which is the token after <emphasis " "role=\"strong\"><literal>iface</literal></emphasis> does not use the token " "for the <emphasis role=\"strong\">network interface name</emphasis>. Also, " "there are no <emphasis role=\"strong\"><literal>auto</literal></emphasis> " "stanza nor <emphasis " "role=\"strong\"><literal>allow-hotplug</literal></emphasis> stanza to start " "the network interface <literal>eth0</literal> automatically upon events." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13150 msgid "Now you are ready to switch the network configuration." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13151 msgid "" "Let's move your PC to a LAN served by the DHCP. You bring up the <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">network interface</emphasis> (the physical interface) " "<literal>eth0</literal> by assigning the <emphasis role=\"strong\">network " "configuration</emphasis> name (the logical interface name) " "<literal>config1</literal> to it by the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13152 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ sudo ifup eth0=config1\n" "Password:\n" "..." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13155 msgid "" "The interface <literal>eth0</literal> is up, configured by DHCP and " "connected to LAN." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13156 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ sudo ifdown eth0=config1\n" "..." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13158 msgid "The interface <literal>eth0</literal> is down and disconnected from LAN." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13159 msgid "" "Let's move your PC to a LAN served by the static IP. You bring up the " "<emphasis role=\"strong\">network interface</emphasis> " "<literal>eth0</literal> by assigning the <emphasis role=\"strong\">network " "configuration</emphasis> name <literal>config2</literal> to it by the " "following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13160 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ sudo ifup eth0=config2\n" "..." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13162 msgid "" "The interface <literal>eth0</literal> is up, configured with static IP and " "connected to LAN. The additional parameters given as " "<literal>dns-*</literal> configures \"<literal>/etc/resolv.conf</literal>\" " "contents. This \"<literal>/etc/resolv.conf</literal>\" is better manged if " "the <literal>resolvconf</literal> package is installed." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13163 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ sudo ifdown eth0=config2\n" "..." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13165 msgid "" "The interface <literal>eth0</literal> is down and disconnected from LAN, " "again." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13166 msgid "" "Let's move your PC to a port on BB-modem connected to the PPPoE served " "service. You bring up the <emphasis role=\"strong\">network " "interface</emphasis> <literal>eth0</literal> by assigning the <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">network configuration</emphasis> name " "<literal>pppoe</literal> to it by the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13167 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ sudo ifup eth0=pppoe\n" "..." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13169 msgid "" "The interface <literal>eth0</literal> is up, configured with PPPoE " "connection directly to the ISP." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13170 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ sudo ifdown eth0=pppoe\n" "..." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13172 msgid "The interface <literal>eth0</literal> is down and disconnected, again." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13173 msgid "" "Let's move your PC to a location without LAN or BB-modem but with POTS and " "modem. You bring up the <emphasis role=\"strong\">network " "interface</emphasis> <literal>ppp0</literal> by assigning the <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">network configuration</emphasis> name " "<literal>pots</literal> to it by the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13174 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ sudo ifup ppp0=pots\n" "..." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13176 msgid "" "The interface <literal>ppp0</literal> is up and connected to the Internet " "with PPP." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13177 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ sudo ifdown ppp0=pots\n" "..." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13179 msgid "" "The interface <literal>ppp0</literal> is down and disconnected from the " "Internet." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13180 msgid "" "You should check the \"<literal>/etc/network/run/ifstate</literal>\" file " "for the current network configuration state of the " "<literal>ifupdown</literal> system." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13182 msgid "" "You may need to adjust numbers at the end of <literal>eth*</literal>, " "<literal>ppp*</literal>, etc. if you have multiple network interfaces." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13186 msgid "Scripting with the ifupdown system" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13187 msgid "" "The <literal>ifupdown</literal> system automatically runs scripts installed " "in \"<literal>/etc/network/*/</literal>\" while exporting environment " "variables to scripts." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13189 msgid "List of environment variables passed by the ifupdown system" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13196 msgid "environment variable" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13199 msgid "value passed" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13206 msgid "\"<literal>$IFACE</literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13209 msgid "physical name (interface name) of the interface being processed" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13214 msgid "\"<literal>$LOGICAL</literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13217 msgid "logical name (configuration name) of the interface being processed" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13222 msgid "\"<literal>$ADDRFAM</literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13225 msgid "<address_family> of the interface" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13230 msgid "\"<literal>$METHOD</literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13233 msgid "<method_name> of the interface. (e.g., \"static\")" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13238 msgid "\"<literal>$MODE</literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13241 msgid "" "\"start\" if run from <literal>ifup</literal>, \"stop\" if run from " "<literal>ifdown</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13246 msgid "\"<literal>$PHASE</literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13249 msgid "" "as per \"<literal>$MODE</literal>\", but with finer granularity, " "distinguishing the <literal>pre-up</literal>, <literal>post-up</literal>, " "<literal>pre-down</literal> and <literal>post-down</literal> phases" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13254 msgid "\"<literal>$VERBOSITY</literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13257 msgid "" "indicates whether \"<literal>--verbose</literal>\" was used; set to 1 if so, " "0 if not" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13262 msgid "\"<literal>$PATH</literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13265 msgid "" "command search path: " "\"<literal>/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin</literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13270 msgid "\"<literal>$IF_<OPTION></literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13273 msgid "" "value for the corresponding option under the <emphasis " "role=\"strong\"><literal>iface</literal></emphasis> stanza" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13279 msgid "" "Here, each environment variable, \"<literal>$IF_<OPTION></literal>\", " "is created from the name for the corresponding option such as " "<option1> and <option2> by prepending " "\"<literal>$IF_</literal>\", converting the case to the upper case, " "replacing hyphens to underscores, and discarding non-alphanumeric " "characters." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13281 msgid "" "See <xref linkend=\"_the_basic_syntax_of_etc_network_interfaces\"/> for " "<address_family>, <method_name>, <option1> and " "<option2>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13283 msgid "" "The <literal>ifupdown-extra</literal> package (see <xref " "linkend=\"_the_ifupdown_extra_package\"/>) uses these environment variables " "to extend the functionality of the <literal>ifupdown</literal> package. The " "<literal>ifmetric</literal> package (see <xref " "linkend=\"_the_ifmetric_package\"/>) installs the " "\"<literal>/etc/network/if-up.d/ifmetric</literal>\" script which sets the " "metric via the \"<literal>$IF_METRIC</literal>\" variable. The " "<literal>guessnet</literal> package (see <xref " "linkend=\"_mapping_with_guessnet\"/>), which provides simple and powerful " "framework for the auto-selection of the network configuration via the " "mapping mechanism, also uses these." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13285 msgid "" "For more specific examples of custom network configuration scripts using " "these environment variables, you should check example scripts in " "\"<literal>/usr/share/doc/ifupdown/examples/*</literal>\" and scripts used " "in <literal>ifscheme</literal> and <literal>ifupdown-scripts-zg2</literal> " "packages. These additional scripts have some overlaps of functionalities " "with basic <literal>ifupdown-extra</literal> and <literal>guessnet</literal> " "packages. If you install these additional scripts, you should customize " "these scripts to avoid interferences." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13289 msgid "Mapping with guessnet" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13290 msgid "" "Instead of manually choosing configuration as described in <xref " "linkend=\"_the_manually_switchable_network_configuration\"/>, you can use " "the mapping mechanism described in <xref linkend=\"_the_mapping_stanza\"/> " "to select network configuration automatically with custom scripts." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13291 msgid "" "The <literal>guessnet-ifupdown</literal>(8) command provided by the " "<literal>guessnet</literal> package is designed to be used as a mapping " "script and provides powerful framework to enhance the " "<literal>ifupdown</literal> system." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13295 msgid "" "You list test condition as the value for <emphasis " "role=\"strong\"><literal>guessnet</literal></emphasis> options for each " "network configuration under <emphasis " "role=\"strong\"><literal>iface</literal></emphasis> stanza." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13300 msgid "" "Mapping choses the <emphasis " "role=\"strong\"><literal>iface</literal></emphasis> with first non-ERROR " "result as the network configuration." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13304 msgid "" "This dual usage of the \"<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>\" file " "by the mapping script, <literal>guessnet-ifupdown</literal>, and the " "original network configuration infrastructure, <literal>ifupdown</literal>, " "does not cause negative impacts since <emphasis " "role=\"strong\"><literal>guessnet</literal></emphasis> options only export " "extra environment variables to scripts run by the " "<literal>ifupdown</literal> system. See details in " "<literal>guessnet-ifupdown</literal>(8)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13306 msgid "" "When multiple <emphasis " "role=\"strong\"><literal>guessnet</literal></emphasis> option lines are " "required in \"<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>\", use option lines " "started with <emphasis " "role=\"strong\"><literal>guessnet1</literal></emphasis>, <emphasis " "role=\"strong\"><literal>guessnet2</literal></emphasis>, and so on, since " "the <literal>ifupdown</literal> package does not allow starting strings of " "option lines to be repeated." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13311 msgid "The low level network configuration" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13313 msgid "Iproute2 commands" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13314 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&iproutec;\">Iproute2</ulink> commands offer complete low-level " "network configuration capabilities. Here is a translation table from " "obsolete <ulink url=\"&nettools;\">net-tools</ulink> commands to new <ulink " "url=\"&iproutec;\">iproute2</ulink> etc. commands." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13316 msgid "" "Translation table from obsolete <literal>net-tools</literal> commands to new " "<literal>iproute2</literal> commands" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13324 msgid "obsolete net-tools" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13327 msgid "new iproute2 etc." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13330 msgid "manipulation" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13336 msgid "<literal>ifconfig</literal>(8)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13339 msgid "<literal>ip addr</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13342 msgid "protocol (IP or IPv6) address on a device" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13346 msgid "<literal>route</literal>(8)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13349 msgid "<literal>ip route</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13352 msgid "routing table entry" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13356 msgid "<literal>arp</literal>(8)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13359 debian-reference.en.xmlt:13471 msgid "<literal>ip neigh</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13362 msgid "ARP or NDISC cache entry" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13367 msgid "<literal>ipmaddr</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13370 msgid "<literal>ip maddr</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13373 msgid "multicast address" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13378 msgid "<literal>iptunnel</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13381 msgid "<literal>ip tunnel</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13384 msgid "tunnel over IP" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13388 msgid "<literal>nameif</literal>(8)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13390 msgid "<literal>ifrename</literal>(8)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13393 msgid "name network interfaces based on MAC addresses" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13397 msgid "<literal>mii-tool</literal>(8)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13399 msgid "<literal>ethtool</literal>(8)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13402 msgid "Ethernet device settings" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13408 msgid "" "See <literal>ip</literal>(8) and <ulink " "url=\"&iproutecutilitysuitehowto;\">IPROUTE2 Utility Suite Howto</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13411 msgid "Safe low level network operations" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13412 msgid "" "You may use low level network commands as follows safely since they do not " "change network configuration." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13414 msgid "List of low level network commands" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13431 msgid "<literal>ifconfig</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13434 debian-reference.en.xmlt:13442 msgid "display the link and address status of active interfaces" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13439 msgid "<literal>ip addr show</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13447 msgid "<literal>route -n</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13450 debian-reference.en.xmlt:13458 msgid "display all the routing table in numerical addresses" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13455 msgid "<literal>ip route show</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13463 msgid "<literal>arp</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13466 debian-reference.en.xmlt:13474 msgid "" "display the current content of the <ulink url=\"&arp;\">ARP</ulink> cache " "tables" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13479 msgid "<literal>plog</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13482 msgid "display ppp daemon log" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13487 msgid "<literal>ping yahoo.com</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13490 msgid "check the Internet connection to \"<literal>yahoo.com</literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13495 msgid "<literal>whois yahoo.com</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13498 msgid "" "check who registered \"<literal>yahoo.com</literal>\" in the domains " "database" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13503 msgid "<literal>traceroute yahoo.com</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13506 debian-reference.en.xmlt:13514 msgid "trace the Internet connection to \"<literal>yahoo.com</literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13511 msgid "<literal>tracepath yahoo.com</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13519 msgid "<literal>mtr yahoo.com</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13522 msgid "" "trace the Internet connection to \"<literal>yahoo.com</literal>\" " "(repeatedly)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13527 msgid "<literal>dig [@dns-server.com] example.com [{a|mx|any}]</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13530 msgid "" "check <ulink url=\"&dns;\">DNS</ulink> records of " "\"<literal>example.com</literal>\" by \"<literal>dns-server.com</literal>\" " "for a \"<literal>a</literal>\", \"<literal>mx</literal>\", or " "\"<literal>any</literal>\" record" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13535 msgid "<literal>iptables -L -n</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13538 msgid "check packet filter" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13543 msgid "<literal>netstat -a</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13546 msgid "find all open ports" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13551 msgid "<literal>netstat -l --inet</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13554 msgid "find listening ports" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13559 msgid "<literal>netstat -ln --tcp</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13562 msgid "find listening TCP ports (numeric)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13567 msgid "<literal>dlint example.com</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13570 msgid "check DNS zone information of \"<literal>example.com</literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13577 msgid "" "Some of these low level network configuration tools reside in " "\"<literal>/sbin/</literal>\". You may need to issue full command path such " "as \"<literal>/sbin/ifconfig</literal>\" or add \"<literal>/sbin</literal>\" " "to the \"<literal>$PATH</literal>\" list in your " "\"<literal>~/.bashrc</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13582 msgid "Network optimization" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13583 msgid "" "Generic network optimization is beyond the scope of this documentation. I " "touch only subjects pertinent to the consumer grade connection." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13585 msgid "List of network optimization tools" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13613 msgid "display bandwidth usage information on an network interface" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13621 msgid "Internet Protocol bandwidth measuring tool" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13629 msgid "" "write a \"<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>\" file based on bandwidth " "tests" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13637 msgid "InterFace STATistics Monitoring" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13645 msgid "portable bandwidth monitor and rate estimator" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13653 msgid "script that quickly measures network device throughput" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13661 msgid "empirical stochastic bandwidth tester" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13669 msgid "small and simple console-based bandwidth monitor" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13677 msgid "console-based Ethernet statistics monitor" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13685 msgid "bandwidth analysis tool" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13692 msgid "Finding optimal MTU" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13693 msgid "" "The <ulink url=\"&maximumtransmissionunitmtu;\">Maximum Transmission Unit " "(MTU)</ulink> value can be determined experimentally with " "<literal>ping</literal>(8) with \"<literal>-M do</literal>\" option which " "sends ICMP packets with data size starting from 1500 (with offset of 28 " "bytes for the IP+ICMP header) and finding the largest size without IP " "fragmentation." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13695 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ ping -c 1 -s $((1500-28)) -M do www.debian.org\n" "PING www.debian.org (194.109.137.218) 1472(1500) bytes of data.\n" "From 192.168.11.2 icmp_seq=1 Frag needed and DF set (mtu = 1454)\n" "\n" "--- www.debian.org ping statistics ---\n" "0 packets transmitted, 0 received, +1 errors" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13701 msgid "Try 1454 instead of 1500" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13702 msgid "You see <literal>ping</literal>(8) succeed with 1454." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13703 msgid "" "This process is <ulink url=\"&pathmtupmtudiscovery;\">Path MTU (PMTU) " "discovery</ulink> (<ulink url=\"&rfcbbjb;\">RFC1191</ulink>) and the " "<literal>tracepath</literal>(8) command can automate this." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13705 msgid "" "The above example with PMTU value of 1454 is for my previous FTTP provider " "which used <ulink url=\"&asynchronoustransfermode;\">Asynchronous Transfer " "Mode</ulink> (ATM) as its backbone network and served its clients with the " "<ulink url=\"&pppoe;\">PPPoE</ulink>. The actual PMTU value depends on your " "environment, e.g., 1500 for the my new FTTP provider." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13708 msgid "Basic guide lines of the optimal MTU value" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13716 msgid "network environment" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13719 msgid "MTU" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13722 msgid "rationale" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13729 msgid "Dial-up link (IP: PPP)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13732 msgid "576" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13735 msgid "standard" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13740 msgid "Ethernet link (IP: DHCP or fixed)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13743 msgid "1500" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13746 msgid "standard and default" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13751 msgid "Ethernet link (IP: PPPoE)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13754 msgid "1492 (=1500-8)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13757 msgid "2 bytes for PPP header and 6 bytes for PPPoE header" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13762 msgid "Ethernet link (ISP's backbone: ATM, IP: DHCP or fixed)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13765 msgid "1462 (=48*31-18-8)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13768 msgid "author's speculation: 18 for Ethernet header, 8 for SAR trailer" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13773 msgid "Ethernet link (ISP's backbone: ATM, IP: PPPoE)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13776 msgid "1454 (=48*31-8-18-8)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13779 msgid "" "see \"<ulink url=\"&optimalmtuconfigeadslconnections;\">Optimal MTU " "configuration for PPPoE ADSL Connections</ulink>\" for rationale" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13785 msgid "In addtion to these basic guide lines, you should know the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13789 msgid "" "Any use of tunneling methods (<ulink url=\"&vpn;\">VPN</ulink> etc.) may " "reduce optimal MTU further by their overheads." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13794 msgid "The MTU value should not exceed the experimentally determined PMTU value." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13799 msgid "The bigger MTU value is generally better when other limitations are met." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13805 msgid "Setting MTU" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13806 msgid "Here are examples for setting the MTU value from its default 1500 to 1454." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13807 msgid "" "For the DHCP (see <xref " "linkend=\"_the_network_interface_served_by_the_dhcp\"/>), you can replace " "pertinent <emphasis role=\"strong\"><literal>iface</literal></emphasis> " "stanza lines in the \"<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>\" with the " "following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13808 #, no-wrap msgid "" "iface eth0 inet dhcp\n" " hostname \"mymachine\"\n" " pre-up /sbin/ifconfig $IFACE mtu 1454" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13811 msgid "" "For the static IP (see <xref " "linkend=\"_the_network_interface_with_the_static_ip\"/>), you can replace " "pertinent " "<emphasis>'</emphasis><literal>iface</literal><emphasis>'</emphasis> stanza " "lines in the \"<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>\" with the " "following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13812 #, no-wrap msgid "" "iface eth0 inet static\n" " address 192.168.11.100\n" " netmask 255.255.255.0\n" " broadcast 192.168.11.255\n" " gateway 192.168.11.1\n" " mtu 1454\n" " dns-domain lan\n" " dns-nameservers 192.168.11.1" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13820 msgid "" "For the direct PPPoE (see <xref " "linkend=\"_the_pppoe_connection_with_pppoeconf\"/>), you can replace " "pertinent \"<literal>mtu</literal>\" line in the " "\"<literal>/etc/ppp/peers/dsl-provider</literal>\" with the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13821 #, no-wrap msgid "mtu 1454" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13822 msgid "" "The <ulink url=\"&maximumsegmentsize;\">maximum segment size</ulink> (MSS) " "is used as an alternative measure of packet size. The relationship between " "MSS and MTU are the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13826 msgid "MSS = MTU - 40 for IPv4" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13831 msgid "MSS = MTU - 60 for IPv6" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13836 msgid "" "The <literal>iptables</literal>(8) (see <xref " "linkend=\"_netfilter_infrastructure\"/>) based optimization can clamp packet " "size by the MSS and is useful for the router. See \"TCPMSS\" in " "<literal>iptables</literal>(8)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13840 msgid "WAN TCP optimization" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13841 msgid "" "The TCP throughput can be maximized by adjusting TCP buffer size parameters " "as described in \"<ulink url=\"&tcptuningguide;\">TCP Tuning Guide</ulink>\" " "and \"<ulink url=\"&tcptuning;\">TCP tuning</ulink>\" for the modern " "high-bandwidth and high-latency WAN. So far, the current Debian default " "settings serve well even for my LAN connected by the fast 1G bps FTTP " "service." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13845 msgid "Netfilter infrastructure" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13846 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&netfilter;\">Netfilter</ulink> provides infrastructure for " "<ulink url=\"&statefulfirewall;\">stateful firewall</ulink> and <ulink " "url=\"&networkaddresstranslationnat;\">network address translation " "(NAT)</ulink> with <ulink url=\"&linuxkernel;\">Linux kernel</ulink> modules " "(see <xref linkend=\"_the_kernel_module_initialization\"/>)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13848 msgid "List of firewall tools" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13876 msgid "administration tools for <ulink url=\"&netfilter;\">netfilter</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13884 msgid "" "continuously monitor <ulink url=\"&netfilter;\">netfilter</ulink> state " "(similar to <literal>top</literal>(1))" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13891 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&shorelinefirewall;\">Shoreline Firewall</ulink>, <ulink " "url=\"&netfilter;\">netfilter</ulink> configuration file generator " "(Perl-based, recommended for <literal>lenny</literal>)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13898 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&shorelinefirewall;\">Shoreline Firewall</ulink>, <ulink " "url=\"&netfilter;\">netfilter</ulink> configuration file generator " "(shell-based, alternative for <literal>lenny</literal>)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13904 msgid "" "Main user space program of <ulink url=\"&netfilter;\">netfilter</ulink> is " "<literal>iptables</literal>(8). You can manually configure <ulink " "url=\"&netfilter;\">netfilter</ulink> interactively from shell, save its " "state with <literal>iptables-save</literal>(8), and restore it via init " "script with <literal>iptables-restore</literal>(8) upon system reboot." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13905 msgid "" "Configuration helper scripts such as <ulink " "url=\"&shorewall;\">shorewall</ulink> ease this process." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13906 msgid "" "See documentations at <ulink " "url=\"&httpwwwnetfilterorgdocumentation;\">http://www.netfilter.org/documentation/</ulink> " "(or in \"<literal>/usr/share/doc/iptables/html/</literal>\")." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13910 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&linuxnetworkingconceptshowto;\">Linux Networking-concepts " "HOWTO</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13915 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&linuxcepacketfilteringhowto;\">Linux 2.4 Packet Filtering " "HOWTO</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13920 msgid "<ulink url=\"&linuxcenathowto;\">Linux 2.4 NAT HOWTO</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13925 msgid "" "Although these were written for Linux <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">2.4</emphasis>, both <literal>iptables</literal>(8) command " "and netfilter kernel function apply for current Linux <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">2.6</emphasis>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13930 msgid "Network applications" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13931 msgid "" "After establishing network connectivity (see <xref " "linkend=\"_network_setup\"/>), you can run various network applications." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13933 msgid "Web browsers" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13934 msgid "" "There are many <ulink url=\"&webbrowser;\">web browser</ulink> packages to " "access remote contents with <ulink " "url=\"&hypertexttransferprotocol;\">Hypertext Transfer Protocol</ulink> " "(HTTP)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13936 msgid "List of web browsers" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13958 msgid "description of web browser" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13968 msgid "X" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13971 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&unbranded;\">unbranded</ulink> <ulink " "url=\"&mozillafirefox;\">Mozilla Firefox</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13982 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&unbranded;\">unbranded</ulink><ulink " "url=\"&mozilla;\">Mozilla</ulink>, removed due to security concerns <ulink " "url=\"&bugfaffgf;\">bug#505565</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:13991 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&gnome;\">GNOME</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&hig;\">HIG</ulink> " "compliant, <ulink url=\"&epiphany;\">Epiphany</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14001 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&gnome;\">GNOME</ulink>, <ulink " "url=\"&galeon;\">Galeon</ulink>, superseded by <ulink " "url=\"&epiphany;\">Epiphany</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14010 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&kde;\">KDE</ulink>, <ulink " "url=\"&konqueror;\">Konqueror</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14017 msgid "text" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14020 msgid "<ulink url=\"&wdm;\">w3m</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14031 msgid "<ulink url=\"&lynx;\">Lynx</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14042 msgid "<ulink url=\"&elinks;\">ELinks</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14052 msgid "<ulink url=\"&links;\">Links</ulink> (text only)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14060 msgid "graphics" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14062 msgid "<ulink url=\"&links;\">Links</ulink> (console graphics without X)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14069 msgid "Browser configuration" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14070 msgid "" "You may be able to use following special URL strings for some browsers to " "confirm their settings." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14074 msgid "\"<literal>about:</literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14079 msgid "\"<literal>about:config</literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14084 msgid "\"<literal>about:plugins</literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14088 msgid "" "Debian offers many free browser plugin packages in the main archive area " "which can handle not only <ulink url=\"&javasoftwareplatform;\">Java " "(software platform)</ulink> and <ulink url=\"&flash;\">Flash</ulink> but " "also <ulink url=\"&mpeg;\">MPEG</ulink>, <ulink " "url=\"&mpegc;\">MPEG2</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&mpege;\">MPEG4</ulink>, <ulink " "url=\"&divx;\">DivX</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&windowsmediavideowmv;\">Windows " "Media Video (.wmv)</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&quicktimemov;\">QuickTime " "(.mov)</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&mpdmpd;\">MP3 (.mp3)</ulink>, <ulink " "url=\"&oggvorbis;\">Ogg/Vorbis</ulink> files, DVDs, VCDs, etc. Debian also " "offers helper programs to install non-free browser plugin packages as " "contrib or non-free archive area." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14090 msgid "List of browser plugin packages" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14122 debian-reference.en.xmlt:14144 debian-reference.en.xmlt:14166 debian-reference.en.xmlt:14177 debian-reference.en.xmlt:14188 msgid "main" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14125 msgid "Java plugin based on OpenJDK and IcedTea" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14133 msgid "non-free" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14136 msgid "Java plugin for Sun's Java SE 6 (i386 only)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14147 msgid "Flash plugin based on Gnash" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14155 debian-reference.en.xmlt:14199 msgid "contrib" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14158 msgid "Flash plugin helper to install Adobe Flash Player (i386, amd64 only)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14169 msgid "" "Multimedia plugin based on <ulink url=\"&vlcmediaplayer;\">VLC media " "player</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14180 msgid "" "Multimedia plugin based on <ulink url=\"&gnomestotemmediaplayer;\">GNOME's " "Totem media player</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14191 msgid "Multimedia plugin based on (GNOME) <ulink url=\"&mplayer;\">MPlayer</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14202 msgid "A wrapper to run i386 Netscape plugins on amd64 architecture" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14209 msgid "" "Although use of above Debian packages are much easier, browser plugins can " "be still manually enabled by installing \"*.so\" into plugin directories " "(e.g., \"<literal>/usr/lib/iceweasel/plugins/</literal>\") and restarting " "browsers." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14211 msgid "" "Some web sites refuse to be connected based on the user-agent string of your " "browser. You can work around this situation by <ulink " "url=\"&spoofingtheuseragentstring;\">spoofing the user-agent " "string</ulink>. For example, you can do this by adding following line into " "user configuration files such as " "\"<literal>~/.gnome2/epiphany/mozilla/epiphany/user.js</literal>\" or " "\"<literal>~/.mozilla/firefox/*.default/user.js</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14212 #, no-wrap msgid "" "user_pref{\"general.useragent.override\",\"Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE " "7.0; Windows NT 6.0)\"};" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14213 msgid "" "Alternatively, you can add and reset this variable by typing " "\"<literal>about:config</literal>\" into URL and right clicking its display " "contents." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14215 msgid "" "Spoofed user-agent string may cause <ulink " "url=\"&badsideeffectswithjava;\">bad side effects with Java</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14220 msgid "The mail system" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><caution><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14222 msgid "" "If you are to set up the mail server to exchange mail directly with the " "Internet, you should be better than reading this elementary document." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14225 msgid "" "The following configuration examples are only valid for the typical mobile " "workstation on consumer grade Internet connections." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14228 msgid "Modern mail service basics" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14229 msgid "" "In order to contain spam (unwanted and unsolicited email) problems, many " "ISPs which provide consumer grade Internet connections are implementing " "counter measures." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14233 msgid "" "The smarthost service for their customers to send message uses the message " "submission port (587) specified in <ulink url=\"&rfceeaj;\">rfc4409</ulink> " "with the password (<ulink url=\"&smtpauth;\">SMTP AUTH</ulink> service) " "specified in <ulink url=\"&rfcejfe;\">rfc4954</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14238 msgid "" "The <ulink url=\"&smtp;\">SMTP</ulink> port (25) connection from their " "internal network hosts (except ISP's own outgoing mail server) to the " "Internet are blocked." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14243 msgid "" "The <ulink url=\"&smtp;\">SMTP</ulink> port (25) connection to the ISP's " "incoming mail server from some suspicious external network hosts are " "blocked. (The connection from hosts on the dynamic IP address range used by " "the dial-up and other consumer grade Internet connections are the first ones " "to be blocked.)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14247 msgid "" "When configuring your mail system or resolving mail delivery problems, you " "must consider these new limitations." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14248 msgid "" "In light of these hostile Internet situation and limitations, some " "independent Internet mail ISPs such as Yahoo.com and Gmail.com offer the " "secure mail service which can be connected from anywhere on the Internet " "using <ulink url=\"&transportlayerseesocketslayerssl;\">Transport Layer " "Security (TLS) and its predecessor, Secure Sockets Layer (SSL)</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14252 msgid "" "The smarthost service for their customers to send message uses the SMTP/SSL " "port (465) or the message submission port (587) with the password (SMTP AUTH " "service)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14257 msgid "" "The incoming mail is accessible at the TLS/POP3 port (995) with <ulink " "url=\"&popd;\">POP3</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14262 msgid "" "It is not realistic to run SMTP server on consumer grade network to send " "mail directly to the remote host reliably. They are very likely to be " "rejected. You must use some smarthost services offered by your connection " "ISP or independent mail ISPs. For the simplicity, I assume that the " "smarthost is located at \"<literal>smtp.hostname.dom</literal>\", requires " "<ulink url=\"&smtpauth;\">SMTP AUTH</ulink>, and uses the message submission " "port (587) in the following text." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14266 msgid "The mail configuration strategy for workstation" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14267 msgid "" "The most simple mail configuration is that the mail is sent to the ISP's " "smarthost and received from ISP's POP3 server by the MUA (see <xref " "linkend=\"_mail_user_agent_mua\"/>) itself. This type of configuration is " "popular with full featured GUI based MUA such as " "<literal>icedove</literal>(1), <literal>evolution</literal>(1), etc. If you " "need to filter mail by their types, you use MUA's filtering function. For " "this case, the local MTA (see <xref linkend=\"_mail_transport_agent_mta\"/>) " "need to do local delivery only." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14268 msgid "" "The alternative mail configuration is that the mail is sent via local MTA to " "the ISP's smarthost and received from ISP's POP3 by the mail retriever (see " "<xref linkend=\"_the_remote_mail_retrieval_and_forward_utility\"/>) to the " "local mailbox. If you need to filter mail by their types, you use MDA with " "filter (see <xref linkend=\"_mail_delivery_agent_mda_with_filter\"/>) to " "filter mail into separate mailboxes. This type of configuration is popular " "with simple console based MUA such as <literal>mutt</literal>(1), " "<literal>gnus</literal>(1), etc., although this is possible with any MUAs " "(see <xref linkend=\"_mail_user_agent_mua\"/>). For this case, the local MTA " "(see <xref linkend=\"_mail_transport_agent_mta\"/>) need to do both " "smarthost delivery and local delivery. Since mobile workstation does not " "have valid FQDN, you must configure the local MTA to hide and spoof the real " "local mail name in outgoing mail to avoid mail delivery errors (see <xref " "linkend=\"_the_mail_address_configuration\"/>)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14270 msgid "" "You may wish to configure MUA/MDA to use <ulink " "url=\"&maildir;\">Maildir</ulink> for storing email messages somewhere under " "your home directory." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14275 msgid "Mail transport agent (MTA)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14276 msgid "" "For normal workstation, the popular choice for Mail transport agent (MTA) is " "either <literal>exim4-*</literal> or <literal>postfix</literal> packages. " "It is really up to you." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14278 msgid "List of basic mail transport agent related packages for workstation" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14306 msgid "Exim4 mail transport agent (MTA: Debian default)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14314 msgid "Exim4 documentation (text) and common files" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14322 msgid "Exim4 documentation (html)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14330 msgid "Exim4 documentation (info)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14338 msgid "Postfix mail transport agent (MTA: alternative)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14346 msgid "Postfix documentation (html+text)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14354 msgid "Cyrus SASL API implementation (supplement postfix for SMTP AUTH)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14362 msgid "Cyrus SASL - documentation" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14368 msgid "" "Although the popcon vote count of <literal>exim4-*</literal> looks several " "times popular than that of <literal>postfix</literal>, this does not mean " "<literal>postfix</literal> is not popular with Debian developers. The " "Debian server system uses both <literal>exim4</literal> and " "<literal>postfix</literal>. The <ulink url=\"&mailheaderanalysis;\">mail " "header analysis</ulink> of mailing list postings from prominent Debian " "developers also indicate both of these MTAs are as popular." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14369 msgid "" "The <literal>exim4-*</literal> packages are known to have very small memory " "consumption and very flexible for its configuration. The " "<literal>postfix</literal> package is known to be compact, fast, simple, and " "secure. Both come with ample documentation and are as good in quality and " "license." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14370 msgid "" "There are many choices for mail transport agent (MTA) packages with " "different capability and focus in Debian archive." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14372 msgid "List of choices for mail transport agent (MTA) packages in Debian archive" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14390 msgid "capability and focus" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14400 msgid "full" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14408 msgid "full (security)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14416 msgid "full (flexible)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14424 msgid "full (only if you are already familiar)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14432 debian-reference.en.xmlt:14440 msgid "strip down, no local mail" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14448 msgid "very full (web interface etc.)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14456 debian-reference.en.xmlt:14464 debian-reference.en.xmlt:14472 debian-reference.en.xmlt:14488 msgid "light" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14480 msgid "light (sendmail compatibility extension to <literal>esmtp</literal>)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14496 msgid "light (sendmail compatibility extension to <literal>msmtp</literal>)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14503 msgid "The configuration of exim4" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14504 msgid "" "For the Internet mail via smarthost, you (re)configure " "<literal>exim4-*</literal> packages as the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14505 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ sudo /etc/init.d/exim4 stop\n" "$ sudo dpkg-reconfigure exim4-config" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14507 msgid "" "Select \"mail sent by smarthost; received via SMTP or fetchmail\" for " "\"General type of mail configuration\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14508 msgid "" "Set \"System mail name:\" to its default as the FQDN (see <xref " "linkend=\"_the_hostname_resolution\"/>)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14509 msgid "" "Set \"IP-addresses to listen on for incoming SMTP connections:\" to its " "default as \"127.0.0.1 ; ::1\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14510 msgid "Unset contents of \"Other destinations for which mail is accepted:\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14511 msgid "Unset contents of \"Machines to relay mail for:\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14512 msgid "" "Set \"IP address or host name of the outgoing smarthost:\" to " "\"smtp.hostname.dom:587\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14513 msgid "" "Select \"<No>\" for \"Hide local mail name in outgoing mail?\". (Use " "\"<literal>/etc/email-addresses</literal>\" as in <xref " "linkend=\"_the_mail_address_configuration\"/>, instead.)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14514 msgid "" "Reply to \"Keep number of DNS-queries minimal (Dial-on-Demand)?\" as one of " "the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14518 msgid "\"No\" if the system is connected to the Internet while booting." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14523 msgid "" "\"Yes\" if the system is <emphasis role=\"strong\">not</emphasis> connected " "to the Internet while booting." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14527 msgid "Set \"Delivery method for local mail:\" to \"mbox format in /var/mail/\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14528 msgid "Select \"<Yes>\" for \"Split configuration into small files?:\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14529 msgid "" "Create password entries for the smarthost by editing " "\"<literal>/etc/exim4/passwd.client</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14530 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ sudo vim /etc/exim4/passwd.client\n" " ...\n" "$ cat /etc/exim4/passwd.client\n" "^smtp.*\\.hostname\\.dom:username@hostname.dom:password" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14534 msgid "Start <literal>exim4</literal> by the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14535 #, no-wrap msgid "$ sudo /etc/init.d/exim4 start" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14536 msgid "" "The host name in \"<literal>/etc/exim4/passwd.client</literal>\" should not " "be the alias. You check the real host name with the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14537 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ host smtp.hostname.dom\n" "smtp.hostname.dom is an alias for smtp99.hostname.dom.\n" "smtp99.hostname.dom has address 123.234.123.89" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14540 msgid "" "I use regex in \"<literal>/etc/exim4/passwd.client</literal>\" to work " "around the alias issue. SMTP AUTH probably works even if the ISP moves host " "pointed by the alias." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14542 msgid "" "You must execute <literal>update-exim4.conf</literal>(8) after manually " "updating <literal>exim4</literal> configuration files in " "\"<literal>/etc/exim4/</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14545 msgid "" "Starting <literal>exim4</literal> takes long time if \"No\" (default value) " "was chosen for the debconf query of \"Keep number of DNS-queries minimal " "(Dial-on-Demand)?\" and the system is <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">not</emphasis> connected to the Internet while booting." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14548 msgid "" "Please read the official guide at: " "\"<literal>/usr/share/doc/exim4-base/README.Debian.gz</literal>\" and " "<literal>update-exim4.conf</literal>(8)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14551 msgid "" "Local customization file " "\"<literal>/etc/exim4/exim4.conf.localmacros</literal>\" may be created to " "set MACROs. For example, <ulink url=\"&yahoo;\">Yahoo</ulink>'s mail " "service is said to require \"<literal>MAIN_TLS_ENABLE = true</literal>\" and " "\"<literal>AUTH_CLIENT_ALLOW_NOTLS_PASSWORDS = yes</literal>\" in it." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14554 msgid "" "If you are looking for a light weight MTA that respects " "\"<literal>/etc/aliases</literal>\" for your laptop PC, you should consider " "to configure <literal>exim4</literal>(8) with " "\"<literal>QUEUERUNNER='queueonly'</literal>\", " "\"<literal>QUEUERUNNER='nodaemon'</literal>\", etc. in " "\"<literal>/etc/default/exim4</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14558 msgid "The configuration of postfix with SASL" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14559 msgid "" "For the Internet mail via smarthost, you should first read <ulink " "url=\"&postfixdocumentation;\">postfix documentation</ulink> and key manual " "pages." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14561 msgid "List of important postfix manual pages" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14577 msgid "<literal>postfix</literal>(1)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14580 msgid "Postfix control program" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14584 msgid "<literal>postconf</literal>(1)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14587 msgid "Postfix configuration utility" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14591 msgid "<literal>postconf</literal>(5)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14594 msgid "Postfix configuration parameters" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14598 msgid "<literal>postmap</literal>(1)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14601 msgid "Postfix lookup table maintenance" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14605 msgid "<literal>postalias</literal>(1)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14608 msgid "Postfix alias database maintenance" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14614 msgid "" "You (re)configure <literal>postfix</literal> and " "<literal>sasl2-bin</literal> packages as follows." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14615 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ sudo /etc/init.d/postfix stop\n" "$ sudo dpkg-reconfigure postfix" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14617 msgid "Chose \"Internet with smarthost\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14618 msgid "" "Set \"SMTP relay host (blank for none):\" to " "\"<literal>[smtp.hostname.dom]:587</literal>\" and configure it by the " "following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14619 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ sudo postconf -e 'smtp_sender_dependent_authentication = yes'\n" "$ sudo postconf -e 'smtp_sasl_auth_enable = yes'\n" "$ sudo postconf -e 'smtp_sasl_password_maps = " "hash:/etc/postfix/sasl_passwd'\n" "$ sudo postconf -e 'smtp_sasl_type = cyrus'\n" "$ sudo vim /etc/postfix/sasl_passwd" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14624 msgid "Create password entries for the smarthost." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14625 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ cat /etc/postfix/sasl_passwd\n" "[smtp.hostname.dom]:587 username:password\n" "$ sudo postmap hush:/etc/postfix/sasl_passwd" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14628 msgid "Start the <literal>postfix</literal> by the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14629 #, no-wrap msgid "$ sudo /etc/init.d/postfix start" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14630 msgid "" "Here the use of \"<literal>[</literal>\" and \"<literal>]</literal>\" in the " "<literal>dpkg-reconfigure</literal> dialog and " "\"<literal>/etc/postfix/sasl_passwd</literal>\" ensures not to check MX " "record but directly use exact hostname specified. See \"Enabling SASL " "authentication in the Postfix SMTP client\" in " "\"<literal>usr/share/doc/postfix/html/SASL_README.html</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14633 msgid "The mail address configuration" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14634 msgid "" "There are a few <ulink url=\"&mailaddressconfieryanduseragents;\">mail " "address configuration files for mail transport, delivery and user " "agents</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14636 msgid "List of mail address related configuration files" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14650 msgid "application" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14657 msgid "<literal>/etc/mailname</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14660 msgid "default host name for (outgoing) mail" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14663 msgid "Debian specific, <literal>mailname</literal>(5)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14668 msgid "<literal>/etc/email-addresses</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14671 debian-reference.en.xmlt:14681 msgid "host name spoofing for outgoing mail" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14673 msgid "" "<literal>exim</literal>(8) specific, " "<literal>exim4-config_files</literal>(5)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14678 msgid "<literal>/etc/postfix/generic</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14683 msgid "" "<literal>postfix</literal>(1) specific, activated after " "<literal>postmap</literal>(1) command execution." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14688 msgid "<literal>/etc/aliases</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14691 msgid "account name alias for incoming mail" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14694 msgid "general, activated after <literal>newaliases</literal>(1) command execution." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14700 msgid "" "The <emphasis role=\"strong\">mailname</emphasis> in the " "\"<literal>/etc/mailname</literal>\" file is usually a fully qualified " "domain name (FQDN) that resolves to one of the host's IP addresses. For the " "mobile workstation which does not have a hostname with resolvable IP " "address, set this <emphasis role=\"strong\">mailname</emphasis> to the value " "of \"<literal>hostname -f</literal>\". (This is safe choice and works for " "both <literal>exim4-*</literal> and <literal>postfix</literal>.)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14702 msgid "" "The contents of \"<literal>/etc/mailname</literal>\" is used by many non-MTA " "programs for their default behavior. For <literal>mutt</literal>, set " "\"<literal>hostname</literal>\" and \"<literal>from</literal>\" variables in " "<literal>~/muttrc</literal> file to override the <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">mailname</emphasis> value. For programs in the " "<literal>devscripts</literal> package, such as <literal>bts</literal>(1) and " "<literal>dch</literal>(1), export environment variables " "\"<literal>$DEBFULLNAME</literal>\" and \"<literal>$DEBEMAIL</literal>\" to " "override it." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14705 msgid "" "The <literal>popularity-contest</literal> package normally send mail from " "root account with FQDN. You need to set <literal>MAILFROM</literal> in " "<literal>/etc/popularity-contest.conf</literal> as described in the " "<literal>/usr/share/popularity-contest/default.conf</literal> file. " "Otherwise, your mail will be rejected by the smarthost SMTP server. Although " "this is tedious, this approach is safer than rewriting the source address " "for all mails from root by MTA and should be used for other daemons and cron " "scripts." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14707 msgid "" "When setting the <emphasis role=\"strong\">mailname</emphasis> to " "\"<literal>hostname -f</literal>\", the spoofing of the source mail address " "via MTA can be realized by the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14711 msgid "" "\"<literal>/etc/email-addresses</literal>\" file for " "<literal>exim4</literal>(8) as explained in the " "<literal>exim4-config_files</literal>(5)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14716 msgid "" "\"<literal>/etc/postfix/generic</literal>\" file for " "<literal>postfix</literal>(1) as explained in the " "<literal>generic</literal>(5)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14720 msgid "For <literal>postfix</literal>, the following extra steps are needed." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14721 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# postmap hash:/etc/postfix/generic\n" "# postconf -e 'smtp_generic_maps = hash:/etc/postfix/generic'\n" "# postfix reload" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14724 msgid "You can test mail address configuration using the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14727 msgid "" "<literal>exim</literal>(8) with <literal>-brw, -bf, -bF, -bV, …</literal> " "options" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14731 msgid "<literal>postmap</literal>(1) with <literal>-q</literal> option." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14736 msgid "" "Exim comes with several utility programs such as " "<literal>exiqgrep</literal>(8) and <literal>exipick</literal>(8). See " "\"<literal>dpkg -L exim4-base|grep man8/</literal>\" for available commands." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14740 msgid "Basic MTA operations" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14741 msgid "" "There are several basic MTA operations. Some may be performed via " "<literal>sendmail</literal>(1) compatibility interface." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14743 msgid "List of basic MTA operation" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14751 msgid "exim command" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14754 msgid "postfix command" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14764 debian-reference.en.xmlt:14767 msgid "<literal>sendmail</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14770 msgid "" "read mails from standard input and arrange for delivery " "(<literal>-bm</literal>)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14775 debian-reference.en.xmlt:14778 msgid "<literal>mailq</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14781 msgid "list the mail queue with status and queue ID (<literal>-bp</literal>)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14786 debian-reference.en.xmlt:14789 msgid "<literal>newaliases</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14792 msgid "initialize alias database (<literal>-I</literal>)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14797 msgid "<literal>exim4 -q</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14800 msgid "<literal>postqueue -f</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14803 msgid "flush waiting mails (<literal>-q</literal>)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14808 msgid "<literal>exim4 -qf</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14811 msgid "<literal>postsuper -r ALL deferred; postqueue -f</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14814 msgid "flush all mails" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14819 msgid "<literal>exim4 -qff</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14822 msgid "<literal>postsuper -r ALL; postqueue -f</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14825 msgid "flush even frozen mails" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14830 msgid "<literal>exim4 -Mg queue_id</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14833 msgid "<literal>postsuper -h queue_id</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14836 msgid "freeze one message by its queue ID" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14841 msgid "<literal>exim4 -Mrm queue_id</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14844 msgid "<literal>postsuper -d queue_id</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14847 msgid "remove one message by its queue ID" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14855 msgid "<literal>postsuper -d ALL</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14858 msgid "remove all messages" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14865 msgid "" "It may be a good idea to flush all mails by a script in " "\"<literal>/etc/ppp/ip-up.d/*</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14870 msgid "Mail user agent (MUA)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14871 msgid "" "If you subscribe to Debian related mailing list, it may be a good idea to " "use such MUA as <literal>mutt</literal> and <literal>gnus</literal> which " "are the de facto standard for the participant and known to behave as " "expected." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14873 msgid "List of mail user agent (MUA)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14901 msgid "" "X GUI program (<ulink url=\"&unbranded;\">unbranded</ulink> <ulink " "url=\"&mozillafirefox;\">Mozilla Firefox</ulink>)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14909 msgid "X GUI program (part of a groupware suite)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14917 msgid "" "X GUI program (<ulink url=\"&unbranded;\">unbranded</ulink> <ulink " "url=\"&mozillathunderbird;\">Mozilla Thunderbird</ulink>)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14925 msgid "character terminal program probably used with <literal>vim</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14933 msgid "character terminal program under <literal>(x)emacs</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14940 msgid "Basic MUA — Mutt" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14941 msgid "" "Customize \"<literal>~/.muttrc</literal>\" as the following to use " "<literal>mutt</literal> as the mail user agent (MUA) in combination with " "<literal>vim</literal>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14942 #, no-wrap msgid "" "#\n" "# User configuration file to override /etc/Muttrc\n" "#\n" "# spoof source mail address\n" "set use_from\n" "set hostname=example.dom\n" "set from=\"Name Surname <username@example.dom>\"\n" "set signature=\"~/.signature\"\n" "\n" "# vim: \"gq\" to reformat quotes\n" "set editor=\"vim -c 'set tw=72 et ft=mail'\"\n" "\n" "# \"mutt\" goes to Inbox, while \"mutt -y\" lists mailboxes\n" "set mbox_type=Maildir # use qmail Maildir format for creating " "mbox\n" "set mbox=~/Mail # keep all mail boxes in $HOME/Mail/\n" "set spoolfile=+Inbox # mail delivered to $HOME/Mail/Inbox\n" "set record=+Outbox # save fcc mail to $HOME/Mail/Outbox\n" "set postponed=+Postponed # keep postponed in $HOME/Mail/postponed\n" "set move=no # do not move Inbox items to mbox\n" "set quit=ask-yes # do not quit by \"q\" only\n" "set delete=yes # always delete w/o asking while exiting\n" "set fcc_clear # store fcc as non encrypted\n" "\n" "# Mailboxes in Maildir (automatic update)\n" "mailboxes `cd ~/Mail; /bin/ls -1|sed -e 's/^/+/' | tr \"\\n\" \" \"`\n" "unmailboxes Maillog *.ev-summary\n" "\n" "## Default\n" "#set index_format=\"%4C %Z %{%b %d} %-15.15L (%4l) %s\"\n" "## Thread index with senders (collapse)\n" "set index_format=\"%4C %Z %{%b %d} %-15.15n %?M?(#%03M)&(%4l)? %s\"\n" "\n" "## Default\n" "#set folder_format=\"%2C %t %N %F %2l %-8.8u %-8.8g %8s %d %f\"\n" "## just folder names\n" "set folder_format=\"%2C %t %N %f\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14978 msgid "" "Add the following to \"<literal>/etc/mailcap</literal>\" or " "\"<literal>~/.mailcap</literal>\" to display HTML mail and MS Word " "attachments inline." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14979 #, no-wrap msgid "" "text/html; lynx -force_html %s; needsterminal;\n" "application/msword; /usr/bin/antiword '%s'; copiousoutput; " "description=\"Microsoft Word Text\"; nametemplate=%s.doc" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14982 msgid "" "Mutt can be used as the <ulink url=\"&imap;\">IMAP</ulink> client and the " "mailbox format converter. You can tag messages with " "\"<literal>t</literal>\", \"<literal>T</literal>\", etc. These tagged " "messages can be copied with \"<literal>;C</literal>\" between different " "mailboxes and deleted with \"<literal>;d</literal>\" in one action." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14987 msgid "The remote mail retrieval and forward utility" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14988 msgid "" "Although <literal>fetchmail</literal>(1) has been de facto standard for the " "remote mail retrieval on GNU/Linux, the author likes " "<literal>getmail</literal>(1) now. If you want to reject mail before " "downloading to save bandwidth, <literal>mailfilter</literal> or " "<literal>mpop</literal> may be useful. Whichever mail retriever utilities " "are used, it is good idea to configure system to deliver retrieved mails to " "MDA, such as <literal>maildrop</literal>, via pipe." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:14990 msgid "List of remote mail retrieval and forward utilities" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15018 msgid "mail retriever (POP3, APOP, IMAP) (old)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15026 msgid "mail retriever (POP3, IMAP4, and SDPS) (simple, secure, and reliable)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15034 msgid "mail retriever (POP3) with with regex filtering capability" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15042 msgid "mail retriever (POP3) and MDA with filtering capability" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15049 msgid "getmail configuration" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15050 msgid "" "<literal>getmail</literal>(1) configuration is described in <ulink " "url=\"&getmaildocumentation;\">getmail documentation</ulink>. Here is my set " "up to access multiple POP3 accounts as user." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15051 msgid "Create \"<literal>/usr/local/bin/getmails</literal>\" as the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15052 #, no-wrap msgid "" "#!/bin/sh\n" "set -e\n" "if [ -f $HOME/.getmail/running ]; then\n" " echo \"getmail is already running ... (if not, remove " "$HOME/.getmail/running)\" >&2\n" " pgrep -l \"getmai[l]\"\n" " exit 1\n" "else\n" " echo \"getmail has not been running ... \" >&2\n" "fi\n" "if [ -f $HOME/.getmail/stop ]; then\n" " echo \"do not run getmail ... (if not, remove $HOME/.getmail/stop)\" " ">&2\n" " exit\n" "fi\n" "if [ \"x$1\" = \"x-l\" ]; then\n" " exit\n" "fi\n" "rcfiles=\"/usr/bin/getmail\"\n" "for file in $HOME/.getmail/config/* ; do\n" " rcfiles=\"$rcfiles --rcfile $file\"\n" "done\n" "date -u > $HOME/.getmail/running\n" "eval \"$rcfiles $@\"\n" "rm $HOME/.getmail/running" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15075 debian-reference.en.xmlt:15097 msgid "Configure it as the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15076 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ sudo chmod 755 /usr/local/bin/getmails\n" "$ mkdir -m 0700 $HOME/.getmail\n" "$ mkdir -m 0700 $HOME/.getmail/config\n" "$ mkdir -m 0700 $HOME/.getmail/log" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15080 msgid "" "Create configuration files " "\"<literal>$HOME/.getmail/config/pop3_name</literal>\" for each POP3 " "accounts as the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15081 #, no-wrap msgid "" "[retriever]\n" "type = SimplePOP3SSLRetriever\n" "server = pop.example.com\n" "username = pop3_name@example.com\n" "password = secret\n" "\n" "[destination]\n" "type = MDA_external\n" "path = /usr/bin/maildrop\n" "unixfrom = True\n" "\n" "[options]\n" "verbose = 0\n" "delete = True\n" "delivered_to = False\n" "message_log = ~/.getmail/log/pop3_name.log" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15098 #, no-wrap msgid "$ chmod 0600 $HOME/.getmail/config/*" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15099 msgid "" "Schedule \"<literal>/usr/local/bin/getmails</literal>\" to run every 15 " "minutes with <literal>cron</literal>(8) by executing \"<literal>sudo crontab " "-e -u <user_name></literal>\" and adding following to user's cron " "entry." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15100 #, no-wrap msgid "5,20,35,50 * * * * /usr/local/bin/getmails --quiet" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15102 msgid "" "Problems of POP3 access may not come from <literal>getmail</literal>. Some " "popular free POP3 services may be violating the POP3 protocol and their SPAM " "filter may not be perfect. For example, they may delete messages just after " "receiving RETR command before receiving DELE command and may quarantined " "messages into Spam mailbox. You should minimize damages by configuring them " "to archive accessed messages and not to delete them. See also <ulink " "url=\"&somemailwasnotdownloaded;\">\"Some mail was not downloaded\"</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15106 msgid "fetchmail configuration" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15107 msgid "" "<literal>fetchmail</literal>(1) configuration is set by " "\"<literal>/etc/default/fetchmail</literal>\", " "\"<literal>/etc/fetchmailrc</literal>\" and " "\"<literal>$HOME/.fetchmailrc</literal>\". See its example in " "\"<literal>/usr/share/doc/fetchmail/examples/fetchmailrc.example</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15111 msgid "Mail delivery agent (MDA) with filter" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15112 msgid "" "Most MTA programs, such as <literal>postfix</literal> and " "<literal>exim4</literal>, function as MDA (mail delivery agent). There are " "specialized MDA with filtering capabilities." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15113 msgid "" "Although <literal>procmail</literal>(1) has been de facto standard for MDA " "with filter on GNU/Linux, author likes <literal>maildrop</literal>(1) now. " "Whichever filtering utilities are used, it is good idea to configure system " "to deliver filtered mails to a <ulink " "url=\"&qmailstylemaildir;\">qmail-style Maildir</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15115 msgid "List of MDA with filter" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15143 msgid "MDA with filter (old)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15151 msgid "MDA with Perl filter" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15159 msgid "MDA with structured filtering language" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15166 msgid "maildrop configuration" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15167 msgid "" "<literal>maildrop</literal>(1) configuration is described in <ulink " "url=\"&maildropfilterdocumentation;\">maildropfilter documentation</ulink>. " "Here is a configuration example for " "\"<literal>$HOME/.mailfilter</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15168 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# Local configuration\n" "MAILROOT=\"$HOME/Mail\"\n" "# set this to /etc/mailname contents\n" "MAILHOST=\"example.dom\"\n" "logfile $HOME/.maildroplog\n" "\n" "# rules are made to override the earlier value by the later one.\n" "\n" "# mailing list mails ?\n" "if ( /^Precedence:.*list/:h || /^Precedence:.*bulk/:h )\n" "{\n" " # rules for mailing list mails\n" " # default mailbox for mails from mailing list\n" " MAILBOX=\"Inbox-list\"\n" " # default mailbox for mails from debian.org\n" " if ( /^(Sender|Resent-From|Resent-Sender): .*debian.org/:h )\n" " {\n" " MAILBOX=\"service.debian.org\"\n" " }\n" " # default mailbox for mails from bugs.debian.org (BTS)\n" " if ( /^(Sender|Resent-From|Resent-sender): .*@bugs.debian.org/:h )\n" " {\n" " MAILBOX=\"bugs.debian.org\"\n" " }\n" " # mailbox for each properly maintained mailing list with \"List-Id: " "foo\" or \"List-Id: ...<foo.bar>\"\n" " if ( /^List-Id: ([^<]*<)?([^<>]*)>?/:h )\n" " {\n" " MAILBOX=\"$MATCH2\"\n" " }\n" "}\n" "else\n" "{\n" " # rules for non-mailing list mails\n" " # default incoming box\n" " MAILBOX=\"Inbox-unusual\"\n" " # local mails\n" " if ( /Envelope-to: .*@$MAILHOST/:h )\n" " {\n" " MAILBOX=\"Inbox-local\"\n" " }\n" " # html mails (99% spams)\n" " if ( /DOCTYPE html/:b ||\\\n" " /^Content-Type: text\\/html/ )\n" " {\n" " MAILBOX=\"Inbox-html\"\n" " }\n" " # blacklist rule for spams\n" " if ( /^X-Advertisement/:h ||\\\n" " /^Subject:.*BUSINESS PROPOSAL/:h ||\\\n" " /^Subject:.*URGENT.*ASISSTANCE/:h ||\\\n" " /^Subject: *I NEED YOUR ASSISTANCE/:h )\n" " {\n" " MAILBOX=\"Inbox-trash\"\n" " }\n" " # whitelist rule for normal mails\n" " if ( /^From: .*@debian.org/:h ||\\\n" " /^(Sender|Resent-From|Resent-Sender): .*debian.org/:h ||\\\n" " /^Subject: .*(debian|bug|PATCH)/:h )\n" " {\n" " MAILBOX=\"Inbox\"\n" " }\n" " # whiltelist rule for BTS related mails\n" " if ( /^Subject: .*Bug#.*/:h ||\\\n" " /^(To|Cc): .*@bugs.debian.org/:h )\n" " {\n" " MAILBOX=\"bugs.debian.org\"\n" " }\n" " # whitelist rule for getmails cron mails\n" " if ( /^Subject: Cron .*getmails/:h )\n" " {\n" " MAILBOX=\"Inbox-getmails\"\n" " }\n" "}\n" "\n" "# check existance of $MAILBOX\n" "`test -d $MAILROOT/$MAILBOX`\n" "if ( $RETURNCODE == 1 )\n" "{\n" " # create maildir mailbox for $MAILBOX\n" " `maildirmake $MAILROOT/$MAILBOX`\n" "}\n" "# deliver to maildir $MAILBOX\n" "to \"$MAILROOT/$MAILBOX/\"\n" "exit" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15253 msgid "" "Unlike <literal>procmail</literal>, <literal>maildrop</literal> does not " "create missing maildir directories automatically. You must create them " "manually using <literal>maildirmake</literal>(1) in advance as in the " "example \"<literal>$HOME/.mailfilter</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15257 msgid "procmail configuration" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15258 msgid "" "Here is a similar configuration with " "\"<literal>$HOME/.procmailrc</literal>\" for <literal>procmail</literal>(1)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15259 #, no-wrap msgid "" "MAILDIR=$HOME/Maildir\n" "DEFAULT=$MAILDIR/Inbox/\n" "LOGFILE=$MAILDIR/Maillog\n" "# clearly bad looking mails: drop them into X-trash and exit\n" ":0\n" "* 1^0 ^X-Advertisement\n" "* 1^0 ^Subject:.*BUSINESS PROPOSAL\n" "* 1^0 ^Subject:.*URGENT.*ASISSTANCE\n" "* 1^0 ^Subject: *I NEED YOUR ASSISTANCE\n" "X-trash/\n" "\n" "# Delivering mailinglist messages\n" ":0\n" "* 1^0 ^Precedence:.*list\n" "* 1^0 ^Precedence:.*bulk\n" "* 1^0 ^List-\n" "* 1^0 ^X-Distribution:.*bulk\n" "{\n" ":0\n" "* 1^0 ^Return-path:.*debian-devel-admin@debian.or.jp\n" "jp-debian-devel/\n" "\n" ":0\n" "* ^Resent-Sender.*debian-user-request@lists.debian.org\n" "debian-user/\n" "\n" ":0\n" "* ^Resent-Sender.*debian-devel-request@lists.debian.org\n" "debian-devel/\n" "\n" ":0\n" "* ^Resent-Sender.*debian-announce-request@lists.debian.org\n" "debian-announce\n" "\n" ":0\n" "mailing-list/\n" "}\n" "\n" ":0\n" "Inbox/" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15301 msgid "Redeliver mbox contents" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15302 msgid "" "You need to manually deliver mails to the sorted mailboxes in your home " "directory from \"<literal>/var/mail/<username></literal>\" if your " "home directory became full and <literal>procmail</literal>(1) failed. After " "making disk space in the home directory, run the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15303 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# /etc/init.d/${MAILDAEMON} stop\n" "# formail -s procmail </var/mail/<username>\n" "# /etc/init.d/${MAILDAEMON} start" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15309 msgid "POP3/IMAP4 server" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15310 msgid "" "If you are to run a private server on LAN, you may consider to run <ulink " "url=\"&popd;\">POP3</ulink> / <ulink url=\"&imape;\">IMAP4</ulink> server " "for delivering mail to LAN clients." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15312 msgid "List of POP3/IMAP4 servers" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15344 debian-reference.en.xmlt:15355 debian-reference.en.xmlt:15366 debian-reference.en.xmlt:15377 debian-reference.en.xmlt:15388 msgid "POP3" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15347 msgid "Qualcomm enhanced BSD POP3 server" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15358 msgid "Courier mail server - POP3 server (maildir format only)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15369 msgid "The University of Washington POP2 and POP3 server" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15380 msgid "Cyrus mail system (POP3 support)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15391 msgid "ESMTP/POP3 mail server" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15399 debian-reference.en.xmlt:15410 debian-reference.en.xmlt:15421 msgid "IMAP" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15402 msgid "Courier mail server - IMAP server (maildir format only)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15413 msgid "The University of Washington IMAP server" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15424 msgid "Cyrus mail system (IMAP support)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15432 msgid "The print server and utility" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15433 msgid "" "In the old Unix-like system, the BSD <ulink url=\"&lineprinterdaemon;\">Line " "printer daemon</ulink> was the standard. Since the standard print out " "format of the free software is PostScript on the Unix like system, some " "filter system was used along with <ulink " "url=\"&ghostscript;\">Ghostscript</ulink> to enable printing to the " "non-PostScript printer." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15434 msgid "" "Recently, <ulink url=\"&commonunixprintingsystem;\">Common UNIX Printing " "System</ulink> (CUPS) is the new de facto standard. The CUPS uses <ulink " "url=\"&internetprintingprotocol;\">Internet Printing Protocol</ulink> " "(IPP). The IPP is now supported by other OSs such as Windows XP and Mac OS X " "and has became new cross-platform de facto standard for remote printing with " "bi-directional communication capability." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15435 msgid "" "The standard printable data format for the application on the Debian system " "is the <ulink url=\"&postscriptps;\">PostScript (PS)</ulink> which is a page " "description language. The data in PS format is fed into the Ghostscript " "PostScript interpreter to produce the printable data specific to the " "printer. See <xref linkend=\"_ghostscript\"/>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15436 msgid "" "Thanks to the file format dependent auto-conversion feature of the CUPS " "system, simply feeding any data to the <literal>lpr</literal> command should " "generate the expected print output. (In CUPS, <literal>lpr</literal> can be " "enabled by installing the <literal>cups-bsd</literal> package.)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15437 msgid "" "The Debian system has some notable packages for the print servers and " "utilities." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15439 msgid "List of print servers and utilities" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15471 msgid "printer (515)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15474 msgid "BSD lpr/lpd (<ulink url=\"&lineprinterdaemon;\">Line printer daemon</ulink>)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15485 msgid ", , (Enhanced)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15493 msgid "IPP (631)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15496 msgid "Internet Printing CUPS server" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15506 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&systemvprintercommands;\">System V printer commands</ulink> " "for CUPS: <literal>lp</literal>(1), <literal>lpstat</literal>(1), " "<literal>lpoptions</literal>(1), <literal>cancel</literal>(1), " "<literal>lpmove</literal>(8), <literal>lpinfo</literal>(8), " "<literal>lpadmin</literal>(8), …" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15516 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&bsdprintercommands;\">BSD printer commands</ulink> for CUPS: " "<literal>lpr</literal>(1), <literal>lpq</literal>(1), " "<literal>lprm</literal>(1), <literal>lpc</literal>(8)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15524 msgid "Not applicable" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15527 msgid "printer drivers for CUPS" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15534 msgid "" "You can configure CUPS system by pointing your web browser to \"<ulink " "url=\"&httplocalhostgdb;\">http://localhost:631/</ulink>\" ." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15538 msgid "The remote access server and utility (SSH)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15539 msgid "" "The <ulink url=\"&secureshell;\">Secure SHell</ulink> (SSH) is the <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">secure</emphasis> way to connect over the Internet. A free " "version of SSH called <ulink url=\"&openssh;\">OpenSSH</ulink> is available " "as <literal>openssh-client</literal> and <literal>openssh-server</literal> " "packages in Debian." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15541 msgid "List of remote access server and utilities" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15560 debian-reference.en.xmlt:22499 debian-reference.en.xmlt:25146 msgid "tool" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15572 msgid "<literal>ssh</literal>(1)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15575 msgid "Secure shell client" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15582 msgid "<literal>sshd</literal>(8)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15585 msgid "Secure shell server" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15592 msgid "<literal>ssh-askpass-fullscreen</literal>(1)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15595 msgid "asks user for a pass phrase for ssh-add (GNOME2)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15602 msgid "<literal>ssh-askpass</literal>(1)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15605 msgid "asks user for a pass phrase for ssh-add (plain X)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><caution><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15612 msgid "" "See <xref linkend=\"_extra_security_measures_for_the_internet\"/> if your " "SSH is accessible from the Internet." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15615 msgid "" "Please use the <literal>screen</literal>(1) program to enable remote shell " "process to survive the interrupted connection (see <xref " "linkend=\"_the_screen_program\"/>)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15618 msgid "Basics of SSH" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15620 msgid "" "\"<literal>/etc/ssh/sshd_not_to_be_run</literal>\" must not be present if " "one wishes to run the OpenSSH server." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15622 msgid "SSH has two authentication protocols." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15624 msgid "List of SSH authentication protocols and methods" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15632 msgid "SSH protocol" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15635 msgid "SSH method" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15645 msgid "SSH-1" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15648 msgid "\"<literal>RSAAuthentication</literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15651 msgid "RSA identity key based user authentication" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15659 msgid "\"<literal>RhostsAuthentication</literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15662 msgid "" "\"<literal>.rhosts</literal>\" based host authentication (insecure, " "disabled)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15670 msgid "\"<literal>RhostsRSAAuthentication</literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15673 msgid "" "\"<literal>.rhosts</literal>\" based host authentication combined with RSA " "host key (disabled)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15681 debian-reference.en.xmlt:15725 msgid "\"<literal>ChallengeResponseAuthentication</literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15684 msgid "RSA challenge-response authentication" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15692 debian-reference.en.xmlt:15736 msgid "\"<literal>PasswordAuthentication</literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15695 debian-reference.en.xmlt:15739 msgid "password based authentication" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15700 msgid "SSH-2" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15703 msgid "\"<literal>PubkeyAuthentication</literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15706 msgid "public key based user authentication" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15714 msgid "\"<literal>HostbasedAuthentication</literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15717 msgid "" "\"<literal>~/.rhosts</literal>\" or \"<literal>/etc/hosts.equiv</literal>\" " "based host authentication combined with public key client host " "authentication (disabled)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15728 msgid "challenge-response authentication" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15746 msgid "Be careful about these differences if you are using a non-Debian system." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15748 msgid "" "See \"<literal>/usr/share/doc/ssh/README.Debian.gz</literal>\", " "<literal>ssh</literal>(1), <literal>sshd</literal>(8), " "<literal>ssh-agent</literal>(1), and <literal>ssh-keygen</literal>(1) for " "details." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15749 msgid "Following are the key configuration files." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15751 msgid "List of SSH configuration files" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15761 msgid "description of configuration file" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15768 msgid "<literal>/etc/ssh/ssh_config</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15771 msgid "SSH client defaults, see <literal>ssh_config</literal>(5)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15776 msgid "<literal>/etc/ssh/sshd_config</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15779 msgid "SSH server defaults, see <literal>sshd_config</literal>(5)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15784 msgid "<literal>~/.ssh/authorized_keys</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15787 msgid "" "default public SSH keys that clients use to connect to this account on this " "SSH server" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15792 msgid "<literal>~/.ssh/identity</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15795 msgid "secret SSH-1 RSA key of the user" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15800 msgid "<literal>~/.ssh/id_rsa</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15803 msgid "secret SSH-2 RSA key of the user" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15808 msgid "<literal>~/.ssh/id_dsa</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15811 msgid "secret SSH-2 DSA key of the user" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15818 msgid "" "See <literal>ssh-keygen</literal>(1), <literal>ssh-add</literal>(1) and " "<literal>ssh-agent</literal>(1) for how to use public and secret SSH keys." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15821 msgid "" "Make sure to verify settings by testing the connection. In case of any " "problem, use \"<literal>ssh -v</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15824 msgid "" "You can change the pass phrase to encrypt local secret SSH keys later with " "\"<literal>ssh-keygen -p</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15827 msgid "" "You can add options to the entries in " "\"<literal>~/.ssh/authorized_keys</literal>\" to limit hosts and to run " "specific commands. See <literal>sshd</literal>(8) for details." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15829 msgid "The following starts an <literal>ssh</literal>(1) connection from a client." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15831 msgid "List of SSH client startup examples" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15848 msgid "<literal>ssh username@hostname.domain.ext</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15851 msgid "connect with default mode" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15856 msgid "<literal>ssh -v username@hostname.domain.ext</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15859 msgid "connect with default mode with debugging messages" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15864 msgid "<literal>ssh -1 username@hostname.domain.ext</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15867 msgid "force to connect with SSH version 1" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15872 msgid "" "<literal>ssh -1 -o RSAAuthentication=no -l username " "hostname.domain.ext</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15875 msgid "force to use password with SSH version 1" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15880 msgid "" "<literal>ssh -o PreferredAuthentications=password -l username " "hostname.domain.ext</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15883 msgid "force to use password with SSH version 2" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15889 msgid "" "If you use the same user name on the local and the remote host, you can " "eliminate typing \"<literal>username@</literal>\". Even if you use " "different user name on the local and the remote host, you can eliminate it " "using \"<literal>~/.ssh/config</literal>\". For <ulink " "url=\"&debianaliothservice;\">Debian Alioth service</ulink> with account " "name \"<literal>foo-guest</literal>\", you set " "\"<literal>~/.ssh/config</literal>\" to contain the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15890 #, no-wrap msgid "" "Host alioth.debian.org svn.debian.org git.debian.org\n" " User foo-guest" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15892 msgid "" "For the user, <literal>ssh</literal>(1) functions as a smarter and more " "secure <literal>telnet</literal>(1). Unlike <literal>telnet</literal> " "command, <literal>ssh</literal> command does not bomb on the " "<literal>telnet</literal> escape character (initial default CTRL-])." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15895 msgid "Port forwarding for SMTP/POP3 tunneling" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15896 msgid "" "To establish a pipe to connect to port 25 of " "<literal>remote-server</literal> from port 4025 of " "<literal>localhost</literal>, and to port 110 of " "<literal>remote-server</literal> from port 4110 of " "<literal>localhost</literal> through <literal>ssh</literal>, execute on the " "local host as the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15897 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# ssh -q -L 4025:remote-server:25 4110:remote-server:110 " "username@remote-server" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15898 msgid "" "This is a secure way to make connections to SMTP/POP3 servers over the " "Internet. Set the \"<literal>AllowTcpForwarding</literal>\" entry to " "\"<literal>yes</literal>\" in \"<literal>/etc/ssh/sshd_config</literal>\" of " "the remote host." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15901 msgid "Connecting without remote passwords" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15902 msgid "" "One can avoid having to remember passwords for remote systems by using " "\"<literal>RSAAuthentication</literal>\" (SSH-1 protocol) or " "\"<literal>PubkeyAuthentication</literal>\" (SSH-2 protocol)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15903 msgid "" "On the remote system, set the respective entries, " "\"<literal>RSAAuthentication yes</literal>\" or " "\"<literal>PubkeyAuthentication yes</literal>\", in " "\"<literal>/etc/ssh/sshd_config</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15904 msgid "" "Generate authentication keys locally and install the public key on the " "remote system by the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15908 msgid "" "\"<literal>RSAAuthentication</literal>\": RSA key for SSH-1 (deprecated " "because it is superseded.)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15912 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ ssh-keygen\n" "$ cat .ssh/identity.pub | ssh user1@remote \"cat - " ">>.ssh/authorized_keys\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15917 msgid "\"<literal>PubkeyAuthentication</literal>\": RSA key for SSH-2" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15921 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ ssh-keygen -t rsa\n" "$ cat .ssh/id_rsa.pub | ssh user1@remote \"cat - " ">>.ssh/authorized_keys\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15926 msgid "" "\"<literal>PubkeyAuthentication</literal>\": DSA key for SSH-2 (deprecated " "because it is slow.)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15930 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ ssh-keygen -t dsa\n" "$ cat .ssh/id_dsa.pub | ssh user1@remote \"cat - " ">>.ssh/authorized_keys\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15933 msgid "" "Use of DSA key for SSH-2 is deprecated because key is smaller and " "slow. There are no more reasons to work around RSA patent using DSA since it " "has been expired. DSA stands for <ulink " "url=\"&digitalsignaturealgorithm;\">Digital Signature Algorithm</ulink> and " "slow. Also see <ulink url=\"&dsabfhbb;\">DSA-1571-1</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15936 msgid "" "For \"<literal>HostbasedAuthentication</literal>\" to work in SSH-2, you " "must adjust the settings of \"<literal>HostbasedAuthentication</literal>\" " "to \"<literal>yes</literal>\" in both " "\"<literal>/etc/ssh/sshd_config</literal>\" on the server host and " "\"<literal>/etc/ssh/ssh_config</literal>\" or " "\"<literal>~/.ssh/config</literal>\" on the client host." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15940 msgid "Dealing with alien SSH clients" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15941 msgid "" "There are some free <ulink url=\"&ssh;\">SSH</ulink> clients available for " "other platforms." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15943 msgid "List of free SSH clients for other platforms" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15950 debian-reference.en.xmlt:18171 debian-reference.en.xmlt:21196 msgid "environment" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15953 msgid "free SSH program" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15960 msgid "Windows" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15963 msgid "" "puTTY (<ulink " "url=\"&httpwwwchiarkgreguksgtathamputty;\">http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/putty/</ulink>) " "(GPL)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15968 msgid "Windows (cygwin)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15971 msgid "" "SSH in cygwin (<ulink " "url=\"&httpwwwcygwincom;\">http://www.cygwin.com/</ulink>) (GPL)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15976 msgid "Macintosh Classic" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15979 msgid "" "macSSH (<ulink url=\"&httpwwwmacsshcom;\">http://www.macssh.com/</ulink>) " "(GPL)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15984 msgid "Mac OS X" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15987 msgid "OpenSSH; use <literal>ssh</literal> in the Terminal application (GPL)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15995 msgid "Setting up ssh-agent" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15996 msgid "" "It is safer to protect your SSH authentication secret keys with a pass " "phrase. If a pass phrase was not set, use \"<literal>ssh-keygen " "-p</literal>\" to set it." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15997 msgid "" "Place your public SSH key (e.g. \"<literal>~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub</literal>\") " "into \"<literal>~/.ssh/authorized_keys</literal>\" on a remote host using a " "password-based connection to the remote host as described above." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:15998 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ ssh-agent bash\n" "$ ssh-add ~/.ssh/id_rsa\n" "Enter passphrase for /home/<username>/.ssh/id_rsa:\n" "Identity added: /home/<username>/.ssh/id_rsa " "(/home/<username>/.ssh/id_rsa)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16002 msgid "No remote password needed from here on for the next command." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16003 #, no-wrap msgid "$ scp foo <username>@remote.host:foo" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16004 msgid "Press ^D to terminating ssh-agent session." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16005 msgid "" "For the X server, the normal Debian startup script executes " "<literal>ssh-agent</literal> as the parent process. So you only need to " "execute <literal>ssh-add</literal> once. For more, read " "<literal>ssh-agent</literal>(1)and <literal>ssh-add</literal>(1)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16008 msgid "How to shutdown the remote system on SSH" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16009 msgid "" "You need to protect the process doing \"<literal>shutdown -h now</literal>\" " "(see <xref linkend=\"_how_to_shutdown_the_system\"/>) from the termination " "of SSH using the <literal>at</literal>(1) command (see <xref " "linkend=\"_scheduling_tasks_once\"/>) by the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16010 #, no-wrap msgid "# echo \"shutdown -h now\" | at now" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16011 msgid "" "Running \"<literal>shutdown -h now</literal>\" in " "<literal>screen</literal>(1) (see <xref linkend=\"_the_screen_program\"/>) " "session is another way to do the same." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16014 msgid "Troubleshooting SSH" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16015 msgid "" "If you have problems, check the permissions of configuration files and run " "<literal>ssh</literal> with the \"<literal>-v</literal>\" option." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16016 msgid "" "Use the \"<literal>-P</literal>\" option if you are root and have trouble " "with a firewall; this avoids the use of server ports 1 — 1023." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16017 msgid "" "If <literal>ssh</literal> connections to a remote site suddenly stop " "working, it may be the result of tinkering by the sysadmin, most likely a " "change in \"<literal>host_key</literal>\" during system maintenance. After " "making sure this is the case and nobody is trying to fake the remote host by " "some clever hack, one can regain a connection by removing the " "\"<literal>host_key</literal>\" entry from " "\"<literal>~/.ssh/known_hosts</literal>\" on the local host." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16021 msgid "Other network application servers" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16022 msgid "Here are other network application servers." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16024 msgid "List of other network application servers" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16043 debian-reference.en.xmlt:16235 msgid "protocol" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16056 debian-reference.en.xmlt:16281 msgid "<ulink url=\"&telnet;\">TELNET</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16059 msgid "TELNET server" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16070 debian-reference.en.xmlt:16295 msgid ", , (SSL support)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16078 debian-reference.en.xmlt:16303 msgid "<ulink url=\"&nfs;\">NFS</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16081 debian-reference.en.xmlt:16306 msgid "Unix file sharing" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16089 debian-reference.en.xmlt:16314 msgid "<ulink url=\"&smb;\">SMB</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16092 msgid "Windows file and printer sharing" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16100 msgid "<ulink url=\"&atp;\">ATP</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16103 msgid "Apple/Mac file and printer sharing (AppleTalk)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16111 debian-reference.en.xmlt:16336 msgid "<ulink url=\"&ftp;\">FTP</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16114 msgid "General file download" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16133 msgid "<ulink url=\"&http;\">HTTP</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16136 msgid "General web server" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16158 msgid "General web <ulink url=\"&proxyserver;\">proxy server</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16177 msgid "<ulink url=\"&slp;\">SLP</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16179 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&openslp;\">OpenSLP</ulink> Server as <ulink " "url=\"&ldap;\">LDAP</ulink> server" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16187 debian-reference.en.xmlt:16390 msgid "<ulink url=\"&dns;\">DNS</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16190 msgid "IP address for other hosts" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16201 msgid "IP address of client itself" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16207 msgid "" "Common Internet File System Protocol (CIFS) is the same protocol as <ulink " "url=\"&servermessageblocksmb;\">Server Message Block (SMB)</ulink> and is " "used widely by Microsoft Windows." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16209 msgid "" "Use of proxy server such as <literal>squid</literal> is much more efficient " "for saving bandwidth than use of local mirror server with the full Debian " "archive contents." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16213 msgid "Other network application clients" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16214 msgid "Here are other network application clients." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16216 msgid "List of network application clients" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16248 msgid "<ulink url=\"&tcpip;\">TCP/IP</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16251 msgid "TCP/IP swiss army knife" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16259 msgid "<ulink url=\"&ssl;\">SSL</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16262 msgid "Secure Socket Layer (SSL) binary and related cryptographic tools" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16273 msgid "universal SSL Wrapper" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16284 msgid "TELNET client" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16317 msgid "MS Windows file and printer sharing client" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16328 msgid "mount and umount commands for remote MS Windows file" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16339 msgid "FTP client" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16361 msgid "full screen FTP client" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16368 msgid "<ulink url=\"&http;\">HTTP</ulink> and <ulink url=\"&ftp;\">FTP</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16371 msgid "web downloader" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16392 msgid "" "<literal>host</literal>(1) from bind9, \"<literal>Priority: " "standard</literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16402 msgid "" "<literal>dig</literal>(1) from bind, \"<literal>Priority: " "standard</literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16413 msgid "obtain IP address" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16421 msgid "<ulink url=\"&ldap;\">LDAP</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16424 msgid "obtain data from LDAP server" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16432 msgid "The diagnosis of the system daemons" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16433 msgid "" "The <literal>telnet</literal> program enables manual connection to the " "system daemons and its diagnosis." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16434 msgid "" "For testing plain <ulink url=\"&popd;\">POP3</ulink> service, try the " "following" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16435 #, no-wrap msgid "$ telnet mail.ispname.net pop3" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16436 msgid "" "For testing the <ulink url=\"&tls;\">TLS</ulink>/SSL enabled <ulink " "url=\"&popd;\">POP3</ulink> service by some ISPs, you need TLS/SSL enabled " "<literal>telnet</literal> client by the <literal>telnet-ssl</literal> or " "<literal>openssl</literal> packages." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16437 #, no-wrap msgid "$ telnet -z ssl pop.gmail.com 995" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16438 #, no-wrap msgid "$ openssl s_client -connect pop.gmail.com:995" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16439 msgid "" "The following <ulink url=\"&rfcs;\">RFCs</ulink> provide required knowledge " "to each system daemon." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16441 msgid "List of popular RFCs" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16448 msgid "RFC" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16457 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&rfcbjdj;\">rfc1939</ulink> and <ulink " "url=\"&rfcceej;\">rfc2449</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16459 msgid "<ulink url=\"&popd;\">POP3</ulink> service" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16464 msgid "<ulink url=\"&rfcdfab;\">rfc3501</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16466 msgid "<ulink url=\"&imape;\">IMAP4</ulink> service" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16470 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&rfccicb;\">rfc2821</ulink> (<ulink " "url=\"&rfcicb;\">rfc821</ulink>)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16472 msgid "<ulink url=\"&smtp;\">SMTP</ulink> service" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16476 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&rfccicc;\">rfc2822</ulink> (<ulink " "url=\"&rfcicc;\">rfc822</ulink>)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16479 msgid "Mail file format" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16484 msgid "<ulink url=\"&rfccaef;\">rfc2045</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16487 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&multipurposeinteilextensionsmime;\">Multipurpose Internet Mail " "Extensions (MIME)</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16492 msgid "<ulink url=\"&rfcibj;\">rfc819</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16494 msgid "<ulink url=\"&dns;\">DNS</ulink> service" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16499 msgid "<ulink url=\"&rfccgbg;\">rfc2616</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16501 debian-reference.en.xmlt:23481 msgid "<ulink url=\"&http;\">HTTP</ulink> service" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16506 msgid "<ulink url=\"&rfccdjg;\">rfc2396</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16508 msgid "<ulink url=\"&uri;\">URI</ulink> definition" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16514 msgid "The port usage is described in \"<literal>/etc/services</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16518 msgid "The X Window System" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16519 msgid "" "The <ulink url=\"&xwindowsystem;\">X Window System</ulink> on the Debian " "system is based on the source from <ulink url=\"&xorg;\">X.Org</ulink>. As " "of July 2009, they are X11R7.1(etch), X11R7.3(lenny), X11R7.3(squeeze) and " "X11R7.4(sid)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16521 msgid "Key packages" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16522 msgid "There are a few (meta)packages provided to ease installation." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16524 msgid "List of key (meta)packages for X Window" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16533 msgid "(meta)package" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16552 msgid "" "X libraries, an X server, a set of fonts, and a group of basic X clients and " "utilities (metapackage)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16560 msgid "full suits of the X server and its configuration" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16568 msgid "miscellaneous assortment of X clients" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16576 msgid "filesystem infrastructure for the X Window System" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16584 msgid "miscellaneous documentation for the X.Org software suite" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16592 msgid "generate the Debian menu for all menu-aware applications" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16600 msgid "Gtk+ frontend to <literal>su</literal>(1) or <literal>sudo</literal>(8)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16608 msgid "" "convert the Debian menu structure to the <ulink " "url=\"&freedesktoporg;\">freedesktop.org</ulink> xdg menu structure" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16616 msgid "" "utilities to integrate desktop environment provided by the <ulink " "url=\"&freedesktoporg;\">freedesktop.org</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16624 msgid "" "standard <ulink url=\"&gnome;\">GNOME</ulink> desktop environment " "(metapackage)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16632 msgid "core <ulink url=\"&kde;\">KDE</ulink> desktop environment (metapackage)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16639 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&xfce;\">Xfce</ulink> lightweight desktop environment " "(metapackage)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16646 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&lxde;\">LXDE</ulink> lightweight desktop environment " "(metapackage)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16653 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&fluxbox;\">Fluxbox</ulink>: package for highly configurable " "and low resource <ulink url=\"&xwindowmanager;\">X window manager</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16658 msgid "" "For the basics of X, refer to <literal>X</literal>(7), <ulink " "url=\"&theldpxwindowuserhowto;\">the LDP XWindow-User-HOWTO</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16661 msgid "Setting up desktop environment" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16662 msgid "" "A <ulink url=\"&desktopenvironment;\">desktop environment</ulink> is usually " "a combination of a <ulink url=\"&xwindowmanager;\">X window manager</ulink>, " "a file manager, and a suite of compatible utility programs." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16663 msgid "" "You can setup a full <ulink url=\"&desktopenvironment;\">desktop " "environment</ulink> such as <ulink url=\"&gnome;\">GNOME</ulink>, <ulink " "url=\"&kde;\">KDE</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&xfce;\">Xfce</ulink>, or <ulink " "url=\"&lxde;\">LXDE</ulink>, from the <literal>aptitude</literal> under the " "task menu." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16665 msgid "" "Task menu may be out of sync with the latest package transition state under " "Debian <literal>unstable</literal>/<literal>testing</literal> " "environment. In such situation, you need to deselect some (meta)packages " "listed under <literal>aptitude</literal>(8) task menu to avoid package " "conflicts. When deselecting (meta)packages, you must select certain " "packages providing their dependencies manually to avoid them deleted " "automatically." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16667 msgid "" "You may alternatively setup a simple environment manually just with a <ulink " "url=\"&xwindowmanager;\">X window manager</ulink> such as <ulink " "url=\"&fluxbox;\">Fluxbox</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16668 msgid "" "See <ulink url=\"&windowmanagersforx;\">Window Managers for X</ulink> for " "the guide to the X window manager and the desktop environment." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16670 msgid "Debian menu" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16671 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&debianmenusystem;\">Debian menu system</ulink> provides a " "general interface for both text- and X-oriented programs with " "<literal>update-menus</literal>(1) from the <literal>menu</literal> " "package. Each package installs its menu data in the " "\"<literal>/usr/share/menu/</literal>\" directory. See " "\"<literal>/usr/share/menu/README</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16674 msgid "Freedesktop.org menu" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16675 msgid "" "Each package which is compliant to Freedesktop.org's xdg menu system " "installs its menu data provided by \"<literal>*.desktop</literal>\" under " "\"<literal>/usr/share/applications/</literal>\". Modern desktop environments " "which are compliant to Freedesktop.org standard use these data to generate " "their menu using the <literal>xdg-utils</literal> package. See " "\"<literal>/usr/share/doc/xdg-utils/README</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16678 msgid "Debian menu under GNOME desktop environment" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16679 msgid "" "In order to obtain access to the traditional Debian menu under GNOME desktop " "environment, you must install the <literal>menu-xdg</literal> package, click " "\"System\" → \"Preference\" → \"Main Menu\", and check the box for " "\"Debian\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16681 msgid "" "You may need to do the similar for other modern desktop environments which " "are compliant to Freedesktop.org standard." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16686 msgid "The server/client relationship" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16687 msgid "" "The X Window System is activated as a combination of the server and client " "programs. The meaning for the words <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">server</emphasis> and <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">client</emphasis> with respect to the words <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">local</emphasis> and <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">remote</emphasis> requires attention here." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16689 msgid "List of server/client terminology" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16706 msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">X server</emphasis>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16709 debian-reference.en.xmlt:16733 msgid "" "a program run on a <emphasis role=\"strong\">local host</emphasis> connected " "to the user's display and input devices." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16714 msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">X client</emphasis>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16717 msgid "" "a program run on a <emphasis role=\"strong\">remote host</emphasis> that " "processes data and talks to the X server." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16722 msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">application server</emphasis>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16725 msgid "" "a program run on a <emphasis role=\"strong\">remote host</emphasis> that " "processes data and talks to the clients." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16730 msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">application client</emphasis>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16741 msgid "The X server" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16742 msgid "See <literal>xorg</literal>(1) for X server information." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16744 msgid "The (re)configuration of the X server" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16746 msgid "" "X server (post-<literal>lenny</literal>) is rewritten to use more " "information from standardized OS services such as <ulink " "url=\"&hal;\">HAL</ulink> and <ulink url=\"&dbus;\">D-bus</ulink>, for its " "configuration than that from \"<literal>/etc/X11/xorg.conf</literal>\". So " "contents in \"<literal>/etc/X11/xorg.conf</literal>\" are getting less. You " "may need to <ulink url=\"&workaroundtransiroblemsofxserver;\">work around " "transitional problems of X server</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16748 msgid "" "The following (re)configures an X server by generating a new " "\"<literal>/etc/X11/xorg.conf</literal>\" file using " "<literal>dexconf</literal>(1)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16749 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# dpkg-reconfigure --priority=low x11-common\n" "# dpkg-reconfigure --priority=low xserver-xorg" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16751 msgid "" "If you have manually edited this \"<literal>/etc/X11/xorg.conf</literal>\" " "file but would like it to be automatically updated again, run the following " "command." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16752 #, no-wrap msgid "# sudo dpkg-reconfigure -phigh xserver-xorg" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16753 msgid "" "Please check your X configuration with respect to the specification of your " "monitor carefully. For the large high resolution CRT monitor, it is a good " "idea to set the refresh rate as high as your monitor can handle (85 Hz is " "great, 75 Hz is OK) to reduce flicker. For the LCD monitor, slower standard " "refresh rate (60Hz) is usually fine due to its slow response." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16755 msgid "" "Be careful not to use too high refresh rate which may cause fatal hardware " "failure of your monitor system." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16759 msgid "The connection methods to the X server" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16760 msgid "" "There are several ways of getting the \"X server\" (<emphasis " "role=\"strong\">display</emphasis> side) to accept connections from an \"X " "client\" (<emphasis role=\"strong\">application</emphasis> side)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16762 msgid "List of connection methods to the X server" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16774 msgid "method" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16789 msgid "encryption" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16792 msgid "pertinent use" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16798 msgid "<literal>xhost</literal> command" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16804 msgid "unchecked" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16807 debian-reference.en.xmlt:16823 msgid "no" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16810 msgid "deprecated" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16814 msgid "<literal>xauth</literal> command" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16820 debian-reference.en.xmlt:16836 debian-reference.en.xmlt:16853 debian-reference.en.xmlt:16870 debian-reference.en.xmlt:16887 debian-reference.en.xmlt:16904 debian-reference.en.xmlt:16921 msgid "checked" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16826 debian-reference.en.xmlt:16859 debian-reference.en.xmlt:16876 debian-reference.en.xmlt:16893 debian-reference.en.xmlt:16910 msgid "local connection via pipe" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16830 msgid "<literal>ssh -X</literal> command" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16839 debian-reference.en.xmlt:16924 msgid "yes" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16842 msgid "remote network connection" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16847 msgid "GNOME display manager" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16856 debian-reference.en.xmlt:16873 debian-reference.en.xmlt:16890 debian-reference.en.xmlt:16907 msgid "no(XDMCP)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16864 msgid "KDE display manager" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16881 msgid "X display manager" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16898 msgid "WindowMaker display manager" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16915 msgid "LTSP display manager" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16927 msgid "remote SSH network connection (thin client)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16934 msgid "" "Do not use remote <ulink url=\"&tcp;\">TCP</ulink>/<ulink " "url=\"&ip;\">IP</ulink> connection over <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">unsecured</emphasis> network for X connection unless you " "have very good reason such as use of encryption. A remote TCP/IP socket " "connection without encryption is prone to the <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">eavesdropping attack</emphasis> and is disabled by default " "on the Debian system. Use \"<literal>ssh -X</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16937 msgid "" "Do not use <ulink url=\"&xdmcpconnection;\">XDMCP connection</ulink> over " "<emphasis role=\"strong\">unsecured</emphasis> network either. It sends " "data via <ulink url=\"&udp;\">UDP</ulink>/<ulink url=\"&ip;\">IP</ulink> " "without encryption and is prone to the <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">eavesdropping attack</emphasis>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16940 msgid "" "You can <emphasis role=\"strong\">dare</emphasis> to enable remote TCP/IP " "connection by setting \"<literal>DisallowTCP=false</literal>\" in " "\"<literal>/etc/gdm/gdm.conf</literal>\" to override " "\"<literal>/usr/share/gdm/defaults.conf</literal>\" and by removing " "\"<literal>-nolisten</literal>\" from lines found by \"<literal>find " "/etc/X11 -type f -print0 | xargs -0 grep nolisten</literal>\", if you are in " "the fully <emphasis role=\"strong\">secured</emphasis> environment." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16943 msgid "" "LTSP stands for <ulink url=\"&linuxterminalserverproject;\">Linux Terminal " "Server Project</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16948 msgid "Starting the X Window System" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16949 msgid "" "The X Window System is usually started as an <ulink url=\"&xsession;\">X " "session</ulink> which is the combination of an X server and connecting X " "clients. For the normal desktop system, both of them are executed on a " "workstation." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16950 msgid "The <ulink url=\"&xsession;\">X session</ulink> is started by the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16953 msgid "<literal>startx</literal> command started from the command line" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16958 msgid "" "One of the <ulink url=\"&xdisplaymanager;\">X display manager</ulink> daemon " "programs <literal>*dm</literal> started from the end of the start up script " "in \"<literal>/etc/rc?.d/</literal>\" (\"<literal>?</literal>\" " "corresponding to the runlevel) directory" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16963 msgid "" "The start up script for the display manager daemons checks the content of " "the \"<literal>/etc/X11/default-display-manager</literal>\" file before " "actually executing themselves. This ensures to have only one <ulink " "url=\"&xdisplaymanager;\">X display manager</ulink> daemon program " "activated." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16966 msgid "" "See <xref linkend=\"_specific_locale_only_under_x_window\"/> for initial " "environment variables of the X display manager." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16968 msgid "" "Essentially, all these programs execute the " "\"<literal>/etc/X11/Xsession</literal>\" script. Then the " "\"<literal>/etc/X11/Xsession</literal>\" script performs " "<literal>run-parts</literal>(8) like action to execute scripts in the " "\"<literal>/etc/X11/Xsession.d/</literal>\" directory. This is essentially " "an execution of a first program which is found in the following order with " "the <literal>exec</literal> builtin command." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16972 msgid "" "The script specified as the argument of " "\"<literal>/etc/X11/Xsession</literal>\" by the X display manager, if it is " "defined." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16977 msgid "" "The \"<literal>~/.xsession</literal>\" or \"<literal>~/.Xsession</literal>\" " "script, if it is defined." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16982 msgid "" "The \"<literal>/usr/bin/x-session-manager</literal>\" command, if it is " "defined." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16987 msgid "" "The \"<literal>/usr/bin/x-window-manager</literal>\" command, if it is " "defined." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16992 msgid "" "The \"<literal>/usr/bin/x-terminal-emulator</literal>\" command, if it is " "defined." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16996 msgid "" "This process is affected by the content of " "\"<literal>/etc/X11/Xsession.options</literal>\". The exact programs to " "which these \"<literal>/usr/bin/x-*</literal>\" commands point, are " "determined by the Debian alternative system and changed by " "\"<literal>update-alternatives --config x-session-manager</literal>\", etc." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16998 msgid "Starting X session with gdm" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:16999 msgid "" "<literal>gdm</literal>(1) lets you select the session type (or desktop " "environment: <xref linkend=\"_setting_up_desktop_environment\"/>), and " "language (or locale: <xref linkend=\"_the_locale\"/>) of the X session from " "its menu. It keeps the selected default value in " "\"<literal>~/.dmrc</literal>\" as the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17000 #, no-wrap msgid "" "[Desktop]\n" "Session=default\n" "Language=ja_JP.UTF-8" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17005 msgid "Customizing the X session (classic method)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17006 msgid "" "On a system where \"<literal>/etc/X11/Xsession.options</literal>\" contains " "a line \"<literal>allow-user-xsession</literal>\" without preceding " "\"<literal>#</literal>\" characters, any user who defines " "\"<literal>~/.xsession</literal>\" or \"<literal>~/.Xsession</literal>\" is " "able to customize the action of \"<literal>/etc/X11/Xsession</literal>\" by " "completely overriding the system code. The last command in the " "\"<literal>~/.xsession</literal>\" file should use form of \"<literal>exec " "some-window/session-manager</literal>\" to start your favorite X " "window/session managers." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17009 msgid "Customizing the X session (new method)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17010 msgid "" "Here are new methods to customize the X session without completely " "overriding the system code as above." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17014 msgid "" "The display manager <literal>gdm</literal> can select a specific session and " "set it as the argument of \"<literal>/etc/X11/Xsession</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17019 msgid "" "The \"<literal>~/.xsessionrc</literal>\" file is executed as a part of start " "up process. (desktop independent)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17024 msgid "" "The \"<literal>~/.gnomerc</literal>\" file is executed as a part of start up " "process. (GNOME desktop only)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17029 msgid "" "The GUI program based session management software may use the " "\"<literal>~/.gnome2/session</literal>\" file etc." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17035 msgid "Connecting a remote X client via SSH" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17036 msgid "" "The use of \"<literal>ssh -X</literal>\" enables a secure connection from a " "local X server to a remote application server." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17037 msgid "" "Set \"<literal>X11Forwarding</literal>\" entries to " "\"<literal>yes</literal>\" in \"<literal>/etc/ssh/sshd_config</literal>\" of " "the remote host, if you want to avoid \"<literal>-X</literal>\" command-line " "option." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17038 msgid "Start the X server on the local host." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17039 msgid "Open an <literal>xterm</literal> in the local host." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17040 msgid "" "Run <literal>ssh</literal>(1) to establish a connection with the remote site " "as the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17041 #, no-wrap msgid "" "localname @ localhost $ ssh -q -X loginname@remotehost.domain\n" "Password:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17043 msgid "" "Run an X application command, e.g. \"<literal>gimp</literal>\", on the " "remote site as the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17044 #, no-wrap msgid "loginname @ remotehost $ gimp &" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17045 msgid "" "This method can display the output from a remote X client as if it were " "locally connected through a local UNIX domain socket." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17048 msgid "Secure X terminal via the Internet" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17049 msgid "" "Secure X terminal via the Internet, which displays remotely run entire X " "desktop environment, can easily achieved by using specialized package such " "as <literal>ldm</literal>. Your local machine becomes a secure thin client " "to the remote application server connected via SSH." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17050 msgid "" "If you want to add similar feature to your normal display manager " "<literal>gdm</literal>, create executable shell script at " "\"<literal>/usr/local/bin/ssh-session</literal>\" as the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17051 #, no-wrap msgid "" "#!/bin/sh -e\n" "# Based on gdm-ssh-session in gdm source (GPL)\n" "ZENITY=$(type -p zenity)\n" "TARGETHOST=$($ZENITY --width=600 \\\n" "--title \"Host to connect to\" --entry \\\n" "--text \"Enter the name of the host you want to log in to as " "user@host.dom:\")\n" "TARGETSESSION=$($ZENITY --width=600 --height=400 \\\n" "--title \"Remote session name\" --list --radiolist --text \"Select one\" " "\\\n" "--column \" \" --column \"Session\" --column \"description\" --print-column " "2 \\\n" "TRUE \"/etc/X11/Xsession\" \"Debian\" \\\n" "FALSE \"/etc/X11/xinit/Xclients\" \"RH variants\" \\\n" "FALSE \"gnome-session\" \"GNOME session\" \\\n" "FALSE \"xterm\" \"Safe choice\" \\\n" "FALSE \"rxvt\" \"Safe choice\" \\\n" "FALSE \"gnome-terminal\" \"Safe choice\")\n" "echo \"Connecting to \"$TARGETHOST\" with $TARGETSESSION\"\n" "/usr/bin/ssh -A -X -T -n \"$TARGETHOST\" \"$TARGETSESSION\"\n" "#SSH_ASKPASS=/usr/bin/ssh-askpass /usr/bin/ssh -A -X -T -n \"$TARGETHOST\" " "\"$TARGETSESSION\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17069 msgid "Add followings to \"<literal>/etc/dm/Sessions/ssh.desktop</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17070 #, no-wrap msgid "" "[Desktop Entry]\n" "Encoding=UTF-8\n" "Name=SSH\n" "Comment=This session logs you into a remote host using ssh\n" "Exec=/usr/local/bin/ssh-session\n" "Type=Application" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17079 msgid "Fonts in the X Window" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17080 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&fontconfigca;\">Fontconfig 2.0</ulink> was created to provide " "a distribution independent library for configuring and customizing font " "access in 2002. Debian after <literal>squeeze</literal> uses <ulink " "url=\"&fontconfigca;\">Fontconfig 2.0</ulink> for its font configuration." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17081 msgid "Font supports on X Window System can be summarized as follows." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17085 msgid "Legacy X server side font support system" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17090 msgid "" "The original core X11 font system provides backward compatibility for older " "version of X client applications." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17095 msgid "The original core X11 fonts are installed on the X server." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17102 msgid "Modern X client side font support system" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17107 msgid "" "Modern X system supports all fonts listed below (<xref " "linkend=\"_basic_fonts\"/>, <xref linkend=\"_additional_fonts\"/>, and <xref " "linkend=\"_cjk_fonts\"/>) with advanced features such as anti-aliasing." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17111 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&xft;\">Xft</ulink> 2.0 connects modern X applications such as " "ones from <ulink url=\"&gnome;\">GNOME</ulink>, <ulink " "url=\"&kde;\">KDE</ulink>, and <ulink " "url=\"&openofficeorg;\">OpenOffice.org</ulink> with <ulink " "url=\"&freetype;\">FreeType</ulink> 2.0 library." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17115 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&freetype;\">FreeType</ulink> 2.0 provides font rasterization " "library." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17119 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&fontconfig;\">Fontconfig</ulink> provides resolution of the " "font specification for <ulink url=\"&xft;\">Xft</ulink> 2.0. See " "<literal>fonts.conf</literal>(5) for its configuration." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17124 msgid "" "All modern X applications using <ulink url=\"&xft;\">Xft</ulink> 2.0 can " "talk to modern X server using the <ulink url=\"&xrenderingextension;\">X " "Rendering Extension</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17129 msgid "" "The <ulink url=\"&xrenderingextension;\">X Rendering Extension</ulink> moves " "font access and glyph image generation from the X server to the X client." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17136 msgid "Table of packages to support X Window font systems" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17164 msgid "X Window System font utility programs" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17172 msgid "" "Xft, a library that connects X applications with the FreeType font " "rasterization library" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17179 msgid "<ulink url=\"&freetype;\">FreeType</ulink> 2.0 font rasterization library" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17186 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&fontconfig;\">Fontconfig</ulink>, a generic font configuration " "library — support binaries" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17193 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&fontconfig;\">Fontconfig</ulink>, a generic font configuration " "library — configuration data" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17199 msgid "You can check font configuration information by the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17203 msgid "\"<literal>xset q</literal>\" for core X11 font path" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17208 msgid "\"<literal>fc-match</literal>\" for fontconfig font default" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17213 msgid "\"<literal>fc-list</literal>\" for available fontconfig fonts" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17218 msgid "" "\"<ulink url=\"&thepenguinandunicode;\">The Penguin and Unicode</ulink>\" is " "a good overview of modern X Window System. Other documentations at <ulink " "url=\"&httpunifontorg;\">http://unifont.org/</ulink> should provide good " "information on Unicode fonts, Unicode-enabled software, " "internationalization, and Unicode usability issues on <ulink " "url=\"&freelibreopensourcefloss;\">free/libre/open source (FLOSS)</ulink> " "operating systems." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17221 msgid "Basic fonts" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17222 msgid "" "There are 2 major types of <ulink url=\"&computerfonts;\">computer " "fonts</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17226 msgid "Bitmap fonts (good for low resolution rasterization)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17231 msgid "Outline/stroke fonts (good for high resolution rasterization)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17235 msgid "" "While scaling of bitmap fonts causes jugged image, scaling of outline/stroke " "fonts produces smooth image." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17236 msgid "" "Bitmap fonts on the Debian system are usually provided by compressed <ulink " "url=\"&xbbpcfbitmapfontfiles;\">X11 pcf bitmap font files</ulink> having " "their file extension \"<literal>.pcf.gz</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17237 msgid "Outline fonts on the Debian system are provided by the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17240 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&postscript;\">PostScript</ulink> Type 1 font files having " "their file extension \"<literal>.pfb</literal>\" (binary font file) and " "\"<literal>.afm</literal>\" (font metrics file)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17244 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&truetype;\">TrueType</ulink> (or <ulink " "url=\"&opentype;\">OpenType</ulink>) font files usually having their file " "extension \"<literal>.ttf</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17249 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&opentype;\">OpenType</ulink> is intended to supersede both " "<ulink url=\"&truetype;\">TrueType</ulink> and <ulink " "url=\"&postscript;\">PostScript</ulink> Type 1." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17252 msgid "" "Table of corresponding <ulink url=\"&postscript;\">PostScript</ulink> Type 1 " "fonts" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17264 debian-reference.en.xmlt:17393 msgid "font package" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17273 debian-reference.en.xmlt:17402 msgid "sans-serif font" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17276 debian-reference.en.xmlt:17405 msgid "serif font" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17279 debian-reference.en.xmlt:17408 msgid "monospace font" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17282 debian-reference.en.xmlt:17411 msgid "source of font" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17289 msgid "PostScript" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17298 msgid "<ulink url=\"&helvetica;\">Helvetica</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17301 msgid "<ulink url=\"×\">Times</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17304 msgid "<ulink url=\"&courier;\">Courier</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17307 msgid "Adobe" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17315 debian-reference.en.xmlt:17331 msgid "Nimbus Sans L" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17318 debian-reference.en.xmlt:17334 msgid "Nimbus Roman No9 L" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17321 debian-reference.en.xmlt:17337 msgid "Nimbus Mono L" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17323 msgid "<ulink url=\"&urw;\">URW</ulink> (Adobe compatible size)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17340 msgid "X font support with PostScript Type 1 fonts." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17348 msgid "Free Helvetian" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17351 msgid "Free Times" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17354 msgid "Free Courier" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17357 msgid "URW extended (Adobe compatible size)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17365 msgid "LMSans*" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17368 msgid "LMRoman*" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17371 msgid "LMTypewriter*" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17374 msgid "scalable PostScript and OpenType fonts based on Computer Modern (from TeX)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17381 msgid "Table of corresponding <ulink url=\"&truetype;\">TrueType</ulink> fonts" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17421 msgid "<ulink url=\"&arial;\">Arial</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17424 msgid "<ulink url=\"×newroman;\">Times New Roman</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17427 msgid "<ulink url=\"&couriernew;\">Courier New</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17430 msgid "Microsoft (Adobe compatible size) (This installs non-free data)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17438 msgid "Liberation Sans" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17441 msgid "Liberation Serif" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17444 msgid "Liberation Mono" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17446 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&liberationfontsproject;\">Liberation Fonts project</ulink> " "(Microsoft compatible size)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17454 msgid "FreeSans" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17457 msgid "FreeSerif" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17460 msgid "FreeMono" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17462 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&gnufreefont;\">GNU freefont</ulink> (Microsoft compatible " "size)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17470 debian-reference.en.xmlt:17486 msgid "DejaVu Sans" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17473 debian-reference.en.xmlt:17489 msgid "DejaVu Serif" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17476 debian-reference.en.xmlt:17492 msgid "DejaVu Sans Mono" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17478 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&dejavu;\">DejaVu</ulink>, <ulink " "url=\"&bitstreamvera;\">Bitstream Vera</ulink> with Unicode coverage" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17494 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&dejavu;\">DejaVu</ulink>, <ulink " "url=\"&bitstreamvera;\">Bitstream Vera</ulink> with Unicode coverage (sans, " "sans-bold, serif, serif-bold, mono, mono-bold)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17510 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&dejavu;\">DejaVu</ulink>, <ulink " "url=\"&bitstreamvera;\">Bitstream Vera</ulink> with Unicode coverage " "(oblique, italic, bold-oblique, bold-italic, condensed)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17524 msgid "unifont" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17526 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&gnuunifont;\">GNU Unifont</ulink>, with all printable " "character code in Unicode 5.1 Basic Multilingual Plane (BMP)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17533 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&dejavu;\">DejaVu</ulink> fonts are based on and superset of " "<ulink url=\"&bitstreamvera;\">Bitstream Vera</ulink> fonts." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17537 msgid "Additional fonts" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17538 msgid "<literal>aptitude</literal>(8) helps you find additional fonts easily." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17542 msgid "The short package list under \"Tasks\" → \"Localization\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17547 msgid "" "The filtered flat package list of font data with regex on debtag: " "\"<literal>~Gmade-of::data:font</literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17552 msgid "" "The filtered flat package list of the BDF (bitmap) font packages with regex " "on package name: \"<literal>~nxfonts-</literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17557 msgid "" "The filtered flat package list of the TrueType (outline) font packages with " "regex on package name: \"<literal>~nttf-</literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17561 msgid "" "Since <emphasis role=\"strong\">Free</emphasis> fonts are sometimes limited, " "installing or sharing some commercial TrueType fonts is an option for a " "Debian users. In order to make this process easy for the user, some " "convenience packages have been created." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17565 msgid "<literal>ttf-mathematica4.1</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17570 msgid "<literal>ttf-mscorefonts-installer</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17574 msgid "" "You'll have a really good selection of TrueType fonts at the expense of " "contaminating your <emphasis role=\"strong\">Free</emphasis> system with " "non-Free fonts." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17577 msgid "CJK fonts" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17578 msgid "" "Here are some key points focused on fonts of <ulink " "url=\"&cjkcharacters;\">CJK characters</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17580 msgid "Table of key words used in CJK font names to indicate font types" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17589 msgid "font type" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17592 msgid "Japanese font name" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17595 msgid "Chinese font name" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17598 msgid "Korean font name" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17605 msgid "sans-serif" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17608 msgid "gothic, ゴチック" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17611 msgid "hei, gothic" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17614 msgid "dodum, gulim, gothic" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17619 msgid "serif" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17622 msgid "mincho, 明朝" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17625 msgid "song, ming" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17628 msgid "batang" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17634 msgid "" "Font name such as \"VL PGothic\" with \"P\" is a proportional font which " "corresponds to the fixed width \"VL Gothic\" font." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17635 msgid "" "For example, <ulink url=\"&shift_jis;\">Shift_JIS</ulink> code table " "comprises 7070 characters. They can be grouped as the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17639 msgid "" "JIS X 0201 single-byte characters (191 characters, a.k.a. half-width " "characters)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17644 msgid "" "JIS X 0208 double-byte characters (6879 characters, a.k.a. full-width " "characters)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17648 msgid "" "Double-byte characters occupy double width on console terminals which uses " "CJK fixed width fonts. In order to cope with such situation, <ulink " "url=\"&hanzibitmapfonthbffile;\">Hanzi Bitmap Font (HBF) File</ulink> with " "file extension \"<literal>.hbf</literal>\" may be deployed for fonts " "containing single-byte and double-byte characters." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17649 msgid "" "In order to save space for <ulink url=\"&truetype;\">TrueType</ulink> font " "files, <ulink url=\"&truetype;\">TrueType</ulink> font collection file with " "file extension \"<literal>.ttc</literal>\" may be used." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17650 msgid "" "In order to cover complicated code space of characters, CID keyed <ulink " "url=\"&postscript;\">PostScript</ulink> Type 1 font is used with CMap files " "starting themselves with \"<literal>%!PS-Adobe-3.0 " "Resource-CMap</literal>\". This is rarely used for normal X display but " "used for PDF rendering etc. (see <xref " "linkend=\"_x_utility_applications\"/>)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17652 msgid "" "The multiple <ulink url=\"&glyphs;\">glyphs</ulink> are expected for some " "<ulink url=\"&unicode;\">Unicode</ulink> code points due to <ulink " "url=\"&hanunification;\">Han unification</ulink>. One of the most annoying " "ones are \"U+3001 IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA\" and \"U+3002 IDEOGRAPHIC FULL STOP\" " "whose character positions differ among CJK countries. Configuring priority " "of Japanese centric fonts over Chinese ones using " "\"<literal>~/.fonts.conf</literal>\" should give peace of minds to Japanese." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17657 msgid "X applications" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17659 msgid "X office applications" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17660 msgid "Here is a list of basic office applications (OO is OpenOffice.org)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17662 msgid "List of basic X office applications" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17678 debian-reference.en.xmlt:17944 msgid "package size" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17694 debian-reference.en.xmlt:17705 debian-reference.en.xmlt:17716 debian-reference.en.xmlt:17727 debian-reference.en.xmlt:17738 debian-reference.en.xmlt:17749 msgid "OO" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17697 debian-reference.en.xmlt:17763 debian-reference.en.xmlt:17829 msgid "word processor" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17708 debian-reference.en.xmlt:17774 debian-reference.en.xmlt:17840 msgid "spreadsheet" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17719 debian-reference.en.xmlt:17851 msgid "presentation" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17730 debian-reference.en.xmlt:17862 msgid "database management" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17741 debian-reference.en.xmlt:17796 debian-reference.en.xmlt:17873 msgid "vector graphics editor (draw)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17752 debian-reference.en.xmlt:17906 msgid "mathematical equation/formula editor" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17760 debian-reference.en.xmlt:17771 debian-reference.en.xmlt:17793 debian-reference.en.xmlt:17804 debian-reference.en.xmlt:17815 debian-reference.en.xmlt:17960 debian-reference.en.xmlt:17982 debian-reference.en.xmlt:18015 debian-reference.en.xmlt:18037 msgid "GNOME" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17782 debian-reference.en.xmlt:18048 debian-reference.en.xmlt:18070 msgid "GTK" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17785 debian-reference.en.xmlt:17884 msgid "bitmap graphics editor (paint)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17807 msgid "flowchart and diagram editor" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17818 debian-reference.en.xmlt:17917 msgid "project management" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17826 debian-reference.en.xmlt:17837 debian-reference.en.xmlt:17848 debian-reference.en.xmlt:17859 debian-reference.en.xmlt:17870 debian-reference.en.xmlt:17881 debian-reference.en.xmlt:17892 debian-reference.en.xmlt:17903 debian-reference.en.xmlt:17914 debian-reference.en.xmlt:17971 debian-reference.en.xmlt:17993 debian-reference.en.xmlt:18004 debian-reference.en.xmlt:18026 debian-reference.en.xmlt:18059 msgid "KDE" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17895 msgid "graph and chart drawing program" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17925 msgid "X utility applications" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17926 msgid "Here is a list of basic utility applications which caught my eyes." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17928 msgid "List of basic X utility applications" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17963 debian-reference.en.xmlt:17974 msgid "document(pdf) viewer" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:17985 debian-reference.en.xmlt:17996 msgid "Personal information Management (groupware and email)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18007 msgid "desktop page layout editor" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18018 msgid "label editor" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18029 msgid "barcode and label printing application" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18040 debian-reference.en.xmlt:18051 debian-reference.en.xmlt:18062 msgid "personal accounting" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18073 msgid "scanner frontend" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18080 msgid "" "The <literal>poppler-data</literal> package (previously non-free, see <xref " "linkend=\"_ghostscript\"/>) needs to be installed for " "<literal>evince</literal> and <literal>okular</literal> to display CJK PDF " "documents using Cmap data (<xref linkend=\"_cjk_fonts\"/>)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18083 msgid "" "Installing softwares such as <literal>scribus</literal> (KDE) on GNOME " "desktop environment are quite acceptable since corresponding functionality " "is not available under GNOME desktop environment. But installing too many " "packages with duplicated functionalities clutter your menu." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18088 msgid "The X trivia" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18090 msgid "Keymaps and pointer button mappings in X" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18091 msgid "" "<literal>xmodmap</literal>(1) is a utility for modifying keymaps and pointer " "button mappings in the X Window System. To get the <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">keycode</emphasis>, run <literal>xev</literal>(1) in the X " "and press keys. To get the meaning of <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">keysym</emphasis>, look into the MACRO definition in " "\"<literal>/usr/include/X11/keysymdef.h</literal>\" file " "(<literal>x11proto-core-dev</literal> package). All " "\"<literal>#define</literal>\" statements in this file are named as " "\"<literal>XK_</literal>\" prepended to <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">keysym</emphasis> names." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18095 msgid "Classic X clients" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18096 msgid "" "Most traditional X client programs, such as <literal>xterm</literal>(1), can " "be started with a set of standard command line options to specify geometry, " "font, and display." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18097 msgid "" "They also use the X resource database to configure their appearance. The " "system-wide defaults of X resources are stored in " "\"<literal>/etc/X11/Xresources/*</literal>\" and application defaults of " "them are stored in \"<literal>/etc/X11/app-defaults/*</literal>\". Use " "these settings as the starting points." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18098 msgid "" "The \"<literal>~/.Xresources</literal>\" file is used to store user resource " "specifications. This file is automatically merged into the default X " "resources upon login. To make changes to these settings and make them " "effective immediately, merge them into the database using the following " "command." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18099 #, no-wrap msgid "$ xrdb -merge ~/.Xresources" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18100 msgid "See <literal>x</literal>(7) and <literal>xrdb</literal>(1)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18103 msgid "The X terminal emulator — xterm" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18104 msgid "" "Learn everything about <literal>xterm</literal>(1) at <ulink " "url=\"&httpdickeyhiscomtermxtermfaqhtml;\">http://dickey.his.com/xterm/xterm.faq.html</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18107 msgid "Running X clients as root" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18109 msgid "" "Never start the X display/session manager under the root account by typing " "in <literal>root</literal> to the prompt of the display manager such as " "<literal>gdm</literal> because it is considered unsafe (insecure), even when " "you plan to perform administrative activities. The entire X architecture is " "considered insecure if run as root. You must always use the lowest " "privilege level possible, like a regular user account." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18111 msgid "" "Easy ways to run a particular X client, e.g. \"<literal>foo</literal>\" as " "root is to use <literal>sudo</literal>(8) etc. as the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18112 #, no-wrap msgid "$ sudo foo &" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18113 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ sudo -s\n" "# foo &" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18115 #, no-wrap msgid "$ gksu foo &" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18116 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ ssh -X root@localhost\n" "# foo &" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18119 msgid "" "Use of <literal>ssh</literal>(1) just for this purpose as above is waste of " "resource." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18121 msgid "" "In order for the X client to connect to the X server, please note the " "following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18125 msgid "" "Values of the old user's \"<literal>$XAUTHORITY</literal>\" and " "\"<literal>$DISPLAY</literal>\" environment variables must be copied to the " "new user's ones." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18130 msgid "" "The file pointed by value of the \"<literal>$XAUTHORITY</literal>\" " "environment variable must be readable by the new user." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18134 msgid "" "The <literal>gksu</literal> package (popcon: &pop-gksu;) is a specialized " "GTK+ GUI package for gaining the root privileges. It can be configured to " "use <literal>su</literal>(1) or <literal>sudo</literal>(8) as its backend " "depending on the \"<literal>/apps/gksu/sudo-mode</literal>\" gconf key. You " "can edit gconf key using <literal>gconf-editor</literal>(1) (menu: " "\"Applications\" → \"System Tools\" → \"Configuration Editor\")." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18139 msgid "I18N and L10N" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18140 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&multilingualizatelanguagesupport;\">Multilingualization (M17N) " "or Native Language Support</ulink> for an application software is done in 2 " "steps." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18144 msgid "" "Internationalization (I18N): To make a software potentially handle multiple " "locales." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18149 msgid "Localization (L10N): To make a software handle an specific locale." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18154 msgid "" "There are 17, 18, or 10 letters between \"m\" and \"n\", \"i\" and \"n\", or " "\"l\" and \"n\" in multilingualization, internationalization, and " "localization which correspond to M17N, I18N, and L10N." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18156 msgid "" "The modern software such as GNOME and KDE are multilingualized. They are " "internationalized by making them handle <ulink url=\"&utfi;\">UTF-8</ulink> " "data and localized by providing their translated messages through the " "<literal>gettext</literal>(1) infrastructure. Translated messages may be " "provided as separate localization packages. They can be selected simply by " "setting pertinent environment variables to the appropriate locale." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18157 msgid "" "The simplest representation of the text data is <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">ASCII</emphasis> which is sufficient for English and uses " "less than 127 characters (representable with 7 bits). In order to support " "much more characters for the international support, many character encoding " "systems have been invented. The modern and sensible encoding system is " "<emphasis role=\"strong\">UTF-8</emphasis> which can handle practically all " "the characters known to the human (see <xref " "linkend=\"_basics_of_encoding\"/>)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18158 msgid "" "See <ulink url=\"&introductiontoibin;\">Introduction to i18n</ulink> for " "details." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18159 msgid "" "The international hardware support is enabled with localized hardware " "configuration data." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18161 msgid "The keyboard input" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18162 msgid "" "The Debian system can be configured to work with many international keyboard " "arrangements." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18164 msgid "List of keyboard reconfiguration methods" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18181 msgid "Linux console" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18184 msgid "<literal>dpkg-reconfigure --priority=low console-data</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18189 msgid "X Window" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18192 msgid "<literal>dpkg-reconfigure --priority=low xserver-xorg</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18198 msgid "" "This supports keyboard input for accented characters of many European " "languages with its dead-key function. For Asian languages, you need more " "complicated <ulink url=\"&inputmethod;\">input method</ulink> support such " "as <ulink url=\"&ibus;\">IBus</ulink> discussed next." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18200 msgid "The input method support with IBus" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18201 msgid "" "Setup of multilingual input for the Debian system is simplified by using the " "<ulink url=\"&ibus;\">IBus</ulink> family of packages with the " "<literal>im-config</literal> package. The list of IBus packages are the " "following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18203 msgid "List of input method supports with IBus" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18221 msgid "supported locale" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18231 msgid "input method framework using dbus" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18239 msgid "Japanese" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18255 msgid "Chinese (for zh_CN)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18263 msgid ", , (for zh_TW)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18271 msgid "Korean" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18279 msgid "table engine for IBus" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18287 msgid "Thai" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18295 msgid "Vietnamese" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18303 msgid "Multilingual: Indic, Arabic and others" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18309 msgid "" "The kinput2 method and other locale dependent Asian classic <ulink " "url=\"&inputmethods;\">input methods</ulink> still exist but are not " "recommended for the modern UTF-8 X environment. The <ulink " "url=\"&scim;\">SCIM</ulink> and <ulink url=\"&uim;\">uim</ulink> tool chains " "are an slightly older approach for the international input method for the " "modern UTF-8 X environment." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18312 msgid "An example for Japanese" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18313 msgid "" "I find the Japanese input method started under English environment " "(\"<literal>en_US.UTF-8</literal>\") very useful. Here is how I did this " "with IBus." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18317 msgid "" "Install the Japanese input tool package <literal>ibus-anthy</literal> with " "its recommended packages such as <literal>im-config</literal>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18322 msgid "" "Execute \"<literal>im-config</literal>\" from user's shell and select " "\"<literal>ibus</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18327 msgid "" "Select \"System\" → \"Preferences\" → \"IBus Preferences\" → \"Input " "Method\" → \"Select an input method\" → \"Japanese\" → \"Anthy\" and click " "\"Add\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18332 msgid "Relogin to user's account." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18337 msgid "Verify setting by \"<literal>im-config</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18342 msgid "" "Setup input method and mode by right clicking GUI toolbar. (You can reduce " "menu choice of input method.)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18347 msgid "Start IBus input method by CTRL-SPACE." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18354 msgid "" "<literal>im-config</literal>(8) behaves differently if command is executed " "from root or not." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18358 msgid "" "<literal>im-config</literal>(8) enables the best input method on the system " "as default without any user actions." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18363 msgid "" "The GUI menu entry for <literal>im-config</literal>(8) is disable as default " "to prevent cluttering." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18369 msgid "Disabling the input method" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18370 msgid "" "If you wish to input without going through XIM, set " "\"<literal>$XMODIFIERS</literal>\" value to \"none\" while starting a " "program. This may be the case if you use Japanese input infrastructure " "<literal>egg</literal> on <literal>emacs</literal>(1). From shell, execute " "as the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18371 #, no-wrap msgid "$ XMODIFIERS=none emacs" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18372 msgid "" "In order to adjust the command executed by the Debian menu, place customized " "configuration in \"<literal>/etc/menu/</literal>\" following method " "described in \"<literal>/usr/share/doc/menu/html</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18376 msgid "The display output" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18377 msgid "" "Linux console can only display limited characters. (You need to use special " "terminal program such as <literal>jfbterm</literal>(1) to display " "non-European languages on the non-X console.)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18378 msgid "" "X Window can display any characters in the UTF-8 as long as required font " "data exists. (The encoding of the original font data is taken care by the X " "Window System and transparent to the user.)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18381 msgid "The locale" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18382 msgid "" "The following focuses on the locale for applications run under X Window " "environment started from <literal>gdm</literal>(1)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18384 msgid "Basics of encoding" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18385 msgid "" "The environment variable \"<literal>LANG=xx_YY.ZZZZ</literal>\" sets the " "locale to language code \"<literal>xx</literal>\", country code " "\"<literal>yy</literal>\", and encoding \"<literal>ZZZZ</literal>\" (see " "<xref linkend=\"_literal_lang_literal_variable\"/>)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18386 msgid "" "Current Debian system normally sets the locale as " "\"<literal>LANG=xx_YY.UTF-8</literal>\". This uses the <ulink " "url=\"&utfi;\">UTF-8</ulink> encoding with the <ulink " "url=\"&unicode;\">Unicode</ulink> character set. This <ulink " "url=\"&utfi;\">UTF-8</ulink> encoding system is a multibyte code system and " "uses code points smartly. The <ulink url=\"&ascii;\">ASCII</ulink> data, " "which consist only with 7-bit range codes, are always valid UTF-8 data " "consisting only with 1 byte per character." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18387 msgid "" "Previous Debian system used to set the locale as " "\"<literal>LANG=C</literal>\" or \"<literal>LANG=xx_YY</literal>\" (without " "\"<literal>.UTF-8</literal>\")." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18391 msgid "" "The <ulink url=\"&ascii;\">ASCII</ulink> character set is used for " "\"<literal>LANG=C</literal>\" or \"<literal>LANG=POSIX</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18396 msgid "" "The traditional encoding system in Unix is used for " "\"<literal>LANG=xx_YY</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18400 msgid "" "Actual traditional encoding system used for " "\"<literal>LANG=xx_YY</literal>\" can be identified by checking " "\"<literal>/usr/share/i18n/SUPPORTED</literal>\". For example, " "\"<literal>en_US</literal>\" uses \"<literal>ISO-8859-1</literal>\" encoding " "and \"<literal>fr_FR@euro</literal>\" uses " "\"<literal>ISO-8859-15</literal>\" encoding." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18402 msgid "" "For meaning of encoding values, see <xref " "linkend=\"list-of-encoding-values\"/>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18406 msgid "Rationale for UTF-8 locale" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18407 msgid "" "The <ulink url=\"&utfi;\">UTF-8</ulink> encoding is the modern and sensible " "text encoding system for I18N and enables to represent <ulink " "url=\"&unicode;\">Unicode</ulink> characters, i.e., practically all " "characters known to human. <emphasis role=\"strong\">UTF</emphasis> stands " "for Unicode Transformation Format (UTF) schemes." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18408 msgid "" "I recommend to use <ulink url=\"&utfi;\">UTF-8</ulink> locale for your " "desktop, e.g., \"<literal>LANG=en_US.UTF-8</literal>\". The first part of " "the locale determines messages presented by applications. For example, " "<literal>gedit</literal>(1) (text editor for the GNOME Desktop) under " "\"<literal>LANG=fr_FR.UTF-8</literal>\" locale can display and edit Chinese " "character text data while presenting menus in French, as long as required " "fonts and input methods are installed." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18409 msgid "" "I also recommend to set the locale only using the " "\"<literal>$LANG</literal>\" environment variable. I do not see much benefit " "of setting a complicated combination of \"<literal>LC_*</literal>\" " "variables (see <literal>locale</literal>(1)) under UTF-8 locale." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18410 msgid "" "Even plain English text may contain non-ASCII characters, e.g. left and " "right quotation marks are not available in ASCII." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18411 #, no-wrap msgid "" "“double quoted text”\n" "‘single quoted text’" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18413 msgid "" "When <ulink url=\"&ascii;\">ASCII</ulink> plain text data is converted to " "<ulink url=\"&utfi;\">UTF-8</ulink> one, it has exactly the same content and " "size as the original ASCII one. So you loose nothing by deploying UTF-8 " "locale." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18414 msgid "" "Some programs consume more memory after supporting I18N. This is because " "they are coded to use <ulink url=\"&utfdcucse;\">UTF-32(UCS4)</ulink> " "internally to support Unicode for speed optimization and consume 4 bytes per " "each ASCII character data independent of locale selected. Again, you loose " "nothing by deploying UTF-8 locale." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18415 msgid "" "The vendor specific old non-UTF-8 encoding systems tend to have minor but " "annoying differences on some characters such as graphic ones for many " "countries. The deployment of the UTF-8 system by the modern OSs practically " "solved these conflicting encoding issues." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18418 msgid "The reconfiguration of the locale" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18419 msgid "" "In order for the system to access a particular locale, the locale data must " "be compiled from the locale database. (The Debian system does <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">not</emphasis> come with all available locales pre-compiled " "unless you installed the <literal>locales-all</literal> package.) The full " "list of supported locales available for compiling are listed in " "\"<literal>/usr/share/i18n/SUPPORTED</literal>\". This lists all the proper " "locale names. The following lists all the available UTF-8 locales already " "compiled to the binary form." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18420 #, no-wrap msgid "$ locale -a | grep utf8" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18421 msgid "" "The following command execution reconfigures the <literal>locales</literal> " "package." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18422 #, no-wrap msgid "# dpkg-reconfigure locales" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18423 msgid "This process involves 3 steps." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18427 msgid "Update the list of available locales" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18432 msgid "Compile them into the binary form" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18437 msgid "" "Set the system wide default locale value in the " "\"<literal>/etc/defaults/locale</literal>\" for use by PAM (see <xref " "linkend=\"_pam_and_nss\"/>)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18441 msgid "" "The list of available locale should include " "\"<literal>en_US.UTF-8</literal>\" and all the interesting languages with " "\"<literal>UTF-8</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18442 msgid "" "The recommended default locale is \"<literal>en_US.UTF-8</literal>\" for US " "English. For other languages, please make sure to chose locale with " "\"<literal>UTF-8</literal>\". Any one of these settings can handle any " "international characters." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18444 msgid "" "Although setting locale to \"<literal>C</literal>\" uses US English message, " "it handles only ASCII characters." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18448 msgid "The value of the \"<literal>$LANG</literal>\" environment variable" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18449 msgid "" "The value of the \"<literal>$LANG</literal>\" environment variable is set " "and changed by many applications." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18453 msgid "" "Set initially by the PAM mechanism of <literal>login</literal>(1) for the " "local Linux console programs" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18458 msgid "Set initially by the PAM mechanism of the display manager for all X programs" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18463 msgid "" "Set initially by the PAM mechanism of <literal>ssh</literal>(1) for the " "remote console programs" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18468 msgid "" "Changed by some display manager such as <literal>gdm</literal>(1) for all X " "programs" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18473 msgid "" "Changed by the X session startup code via " "\"<literal>~/.xsessionrc</literal>\" for all X programs " "(<literal>lenny</literal> feature)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18478 msgid "" "Changed by the shell startup code, e.g. \"<literal>~/.bashrc</literal>\", " "for all console programs" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18483 msgid "" "It is good idea to install system wide default locale as " "\"<literal>en_US.UTF-8</literal>\" for maximum compatibility." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18487 msgid "Specific locale only under X Window" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18488 msgid "" "You can chose specific locale only under X Window irrespective of your " "system wide default locale using PAM customization (see <xref " "linkend=\"_pam_and_nss\"/>) as follows." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18489 msgid "" "This environment should provide you with your best desktop experience with " "stability. You have access to the functioning character terminal with " "readable messages even when the X Window System is not working. This " "becomes essential for languages which use non-roman characters such as " "Chinese, Japanese, and Korean." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18491 msgid "" "There may be another way available as the improvement of X session manager " "package but please read following as the generic and basic method of setting " "the locale. For <literal>gdm</literal>(1), I know you can select the locale " "of X session via its memu." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18493 msgid "" "The following line defines file location of the language environment in the " "PAM configuration file, such as \"<literal>/etc/pam.d/gdm</literal>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18494 #, no-wrap msgid "auth required pam_env.so read_env=1 envfile=/etc/default/locale" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18495 msgid "Change this to the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18496 #, no-wrap msgid "auth required pam_env.so read_env=1 envfile=/etc/default/locale-x" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18497 msgid "" "For Japanese, create a \"<literal>/etc/defaults/locale-gdm</literal>\" file " "with \"<literal>-rw-r--r-- 1 root root</literal>\" permission containing the " "following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18498 #, no-wrap msgid "LANG=\"ja_JP.UTF-8\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18499 msgid "" "Keep the default \"<literal>/etc/defaults/locale</literal>\" file for other " "programs as the the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18500 #, no-wrap msgid "LANG=\"en_US.UTF-8\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18501 msgid "" "This is the most generic technique to customize locale and makes the menu " "selection dialog of <literal>gdm</literal>(1) itself to be localized." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18502 msgid "" "Alternatively for this case, you may simply change locale using the " "\"<literal>~/.xsessionrc</literal>\" file." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18505 msgid "Filename encoding" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18506 msgid "" "For cross platform data exchanges (see <xref " "linkend=\"_removable_storage_device\"/>), you may need to mount some " "filesystem with particular encodings. For example, " "<literal>mount</literal>(8) for <ulink url=\"&vfatfilesystem;\">vfat " "filesystem</ulink> assumes <ulink url=\"&cpedh;\">CP437</ulink> if used " "without option. You need to provide explicit mount option to use <ulink " "url=\"&utfi;\">UTF-8</ulink> or <ulink url=\"&cpjdc;\">CP932</ulink> for " "filenames." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18509 msgid "" "When auto-mounting a hot-pluggable USB memory stick under modern desktop " "environment such as GNOME, you may provide such mount option by right " "clicking the icon on the desktop, click \"Drive\" tab, click to expand " "\"Setting\", and entering \"utf8\" to \"Mount options:\". The next time " "this memory stick is mounted, mount with UTF-8 is enabled." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18512 msgid "" "If you are upgrading system or moving disk drives from older non-UTF-8 " "system, file names with non-ASCII characters may be encoded in the historic " "and deprecated encodings such as <ulink " "url=\"&isoiifjb;\">ISO-8859-1</ulink> or <ulink " "url=\"&eucjp;\">eucJP</ulink>. Please seek help of text conversion tools to " "convert them to <ulink url=\"&utfi;\">UTF-8</ulink>. See <xref " "linkend=\"_text_data_conversion_tools\"/>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18514 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&samba;\">Samba</ulink> uses Unicode for newer clients (Windows " "NT, 200x, XP) but uses <ulink url=\"&cpifa;\">CP850</ulink> for older " "clients (DOS and Windows 9x/Me) as default. This default for older clients " "can be changed using \"<literal>dos charset</literal>\" in the " "\"<literal>/etc/samba/smb.conf</literal>\" file, e.g., to <ulink " "url=\"&cpjdc;\">CP932</ulink> for Japanese." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18517 msgid "Localized messages and translated documentation" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18518 msgid "" "Translations exist for many of the text messages and documents that are " "displayed in the Debian system, such as error messages, standard program " "output, menus, and manual pages. <ulink " "url=\"&gnugettextbcommandtoolchain;\">GNU gettext(1) command tool " "chain</ulink> is used as the backend tool for most translation activities." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18519 msgid "" "<literal>aptitude</literal>(8) lists under \"Tasks\" → \"Localization\" " "provide extensive list of useful binary packages which add localized " "messages to applications and provide translated documentation." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18520 msgid "" "For example, you can obtain the localized message for manpage by installing " "the <literal>manpages-<LANG></literal> package. To read the " "Italian-language manpage for <programname> from " "\"<literal>/usr/share/man/it/</literal>\", execute as the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18521 #, no-wrap msgid "LANG=it_IT.UTF-8 man <programname>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18524 msgid "Effects of the locale" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18525 msgid "" "The sort order of characters with <literal>sort</literal>(1) is affected by " "the language choice of the locale. Spanish and English locale sort " "differently." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18526 msgid "" "The date format of <literal>ls</literal>(1) is affected by the locale. The " "date format of \"<literal>LANG=C ls -l</literal>\" and " "\"<literal>LANG=en_US.UTF-8</literal>\" are different (see <xref " "linkend=\"_customized_display_of_time_and_date\"/>)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18527 msgid "" "Number punctuation are different for locales. For example, in English " "locale, one thousand one point one is displayed as " "\"<literal>1,000.1</literal>\" while in German locale, it is displayed as " "\"<literal>1.000,1</literal>\". You may see this difference in spreadsheet " "program." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18532 msgid "System tips" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18533 msgid "" "Here, I describe basic tips to configure and manage systems, mostly from the " "console." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18535 msgid "The screen program" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18536 msgid "" "<literal>screen</literal>(1) is a very useful tool for people to access " "remote sites via unreliable or intermittent connections since it support " "interrupted network connections." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18538 msgid "List of programs to support interrupted network connections" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18566 msgid "terminal multiplexer with VT100/ANSI terminal emulation" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18573 msgid "The use scenario for screen(1)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18574 msgid "" "<literal>screen</literal>(1) not only allows one terminal window to work " "with multiple processes, but also allows <emphasis role=\"strong\">remote " "shell process to survive interrupted connections</emphasis>. Here is a " "typical use scenario of <literal>screen</literal>(1)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18578 msgid "You login to a remote machine." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18583 msgid "You start <literal>screen</literal> on a single console." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18588 msgid "" "You execute multiple programs in <literal>screen</literal> windows created " "with <literal>^A c</literal> (\"Control-A\" followed by \"c\")." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18593 msgid "" "You switch among the multiple <literal>screen</literal> windows by " "<literal>^A n</literal> (\"Control-A\" followed by \"n\")." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18598 msgid "" "Suddenly you need to leave your terminal, but you don't want to lose your " "active work by keeping the connection." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18603 msgid "" "You may <emphasis role=\"strong\">detach</emphasis> the " "<literal>screen</literal> session by any methods." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18608 msgid "Brutally unplug your network connection" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18613 msgid "" "Type <literal>^A d</literal> (\"Control-A\" followed by \"d\") and manually " "logging out from the remote connection" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18618 msgid "" "Type <literal>^A DD</literal> (\"Control-A\" followed by \"DD\") to have " "<literal>screen</literal> detach and log you out" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18625 msgid "" "You log in again to the same remote machine (even from a different " "terminal)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18630 msgid "You start <literal>screen</literal> as \"<literal>screen -r</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18634 msgid "" "<literal>screen</literal> magically <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">reattaches</emphasis> all previous <literal>screen</literal> " "windows with all actively running programs." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18639 msgid "" "You can save connection fees with <literal>screen</literal> for metered " "network connections such as dial-up and packet ones, because you can leave a " "process active while disconnected, and then re-attach it later when you " "connect again." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18643 msgid "Key bindings for the screen command" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18644 msgid "" "In a <literal>screen</literal> session, all keyboard inputs are sent to your " "current window except for the command keystroke. All " "<literal>screen</literal> command keystrokes are entered by typing " "<literal>^A</literal> (\"Control-A\") plus a single key [plus any " "parameters]. Here are important ones to remember." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18646 msgid "List of key bindings for screen" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18663 msgid "<literal>^A ?</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18666 msgid "show a help screen (display key bindings)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18671 msgid "<literal>^A c</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18674 msgid "create a new window and switch to it" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18679 msgid "<literal>^A n</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18682 msgid "go to next window" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18687 msgid "<literal>^A p</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18690 msgid "go to previous window" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18695 msgid "<literal>^A 0</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18698 msgid "go to window number 0" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18703 msgid "<literal>^A 1</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18706 msgid "go to window number 1" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18711 msgid "<literal>^A w</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18714 msgid "show a list of windows" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18719 msgid "<literal>^A a</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18722 msgid "send a Ctrl-A to current window as keyboard input" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18727 msgid "<literal>^A h</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18730 msgid "write a hardcopy of current window to file" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18735 msgid "<literal>^A H</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18738 msgid "begin/end logging current window to file" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18743 msgid "<literal>^A ^X</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18746 msgid "lock the terminal (password protected)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18751 msgid "<literal>^A d</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18754 msgid "detach screen session from the terminal" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18759 msgid "<literal>^A DD</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18762 msgid "detach screen session and log out" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18768 msgid "See <literal>screen</literal>(1) for details." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18772 msgid "Data recording and presentation" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18774 msgid "The log daemon" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18775 msgid "" "Many programs record their activities under the " "\"<literal>/var/log/</literal>\" directory." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18779 msgid "The kernel log daemon: <literal>klogd</literal>(8)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18784 msgid "The system log daemon: <literal>syslogd</literal>(8)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18788 msgid "" "See <xref linkend=\"_the_system_message\"/> and <xref " "linkend=\"_the_kernel_message\"/>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18791 msgid "Log analyzer" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18792 msgid "" "Here are notable log analyzers " "(\"<literal>~Gsecurity::log-analyzer</literal>\" in " "<literal>aptitude</literal>(8))." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18794 msgid "List of system log analyzers" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18822 msgid "log analyzer with nice output written in Perl" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18838 msgid "web server log analyzer" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18846 msgid "powerful and featureful web server log analyzer" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18854 msgid "squid analysis report generator" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18862 msgid "Postfix log entry summarizer" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18870 msgid "summarize the contents of a syslog log file" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18878 msgid "full-featured log analyzer and report generator" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18886 msgid "firewall log analyzer" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18894 msgid "monitor and analyze squid access.log files" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18902 msgid "fast web server log analyzer" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18910 msgid "log file viewer with regexp matching, highlighting, and hooks" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18918 msgid "Controllable Regex Mutilator and Spam Filter (CRM114)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18926 msgid "interpret ICMP messages" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18933 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&crmbbe;\">CRM114</ulink> provides language infrastructure to " "write <emphasis role=\"strong\">fuzzy</emphasis> filters with the <ulink " "url=\"&treregexlibrary;\">TRE regex library</ulink>. Its popular use is " "spam mail filter but it can be used as log analyzer." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18937 msgid "Recording the shell activities cleanly" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18938 msgid "" "The simple use of <literal>script</literal>(1) (see <xref " "linkend=\"_recording_the_shell_activities\"/>) to record shell activity " "produces a file with control characters. This can be avoided by using " "<literal>col</literal>(1) as the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18941 msgid "" "Do whatever … and press <literal>Ctrl-D</literal> to exit " "<literal>script</literal>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18942 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ col -bx <typescript >cleanedfile\n" "$ vim cleanedfile" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18944 msgid "" "If you don't have <literal>script</literal> (for example, during the boot " "process in the initramfs), you can use following instead." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18945 #, no-wrap msgid "$ sh -i 2>&1 | tee typescript" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18947 msgid "" "Some <literal>x-terminal-emulator</literal> such as " "<literal>gnome-terminal</literal> can record. You may wish to extend line " "buffer for scrollback." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18950 msgid "" "You may use <literal>screen</literal>(1) with \"<literal>^A H</literal>\" " "(see <xref linkend=\"_key_bindings_for_the_screen_command\"/>) to perform " "recording of console." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18953 msgid "" "You may use <literal>emacs</literal>(1) with \"<literal>M-x " "shell</literal>\", \"<literal>M-x eshell</literal>\", or \"<literal>M-x " "term</literal>\" to perform recording of console. You may later use " "\"<literal>C-x C-w</literal>\" to write the buffer to a file." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18957 msgid "Customized display of text data" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18958 msgid "" "Although pager tools such as <literal>more</literal>(1) and " "<literal>less</literal>(1) (see <xref linkend=\"_the_pager\"/>) and custom " "tools for highlighting and formatting (see <xref " "linkend=\"_highlighting_and_formatting_plain_text_data\"/>) can display text " "data nicely, general purpose editors (see <xref " "linkend=\"_the_text_editor\"/>) are most versatile and customizable." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18960 msgid "" "For <literal>vim</literal>(1) and its pager mode alias " "<literal>view</literal>(1), \"<literal>:set hls</literal>\" enables " "highlighted search." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18964 msgid "Customized display of time and date" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18965 msgid "" "The default display format of time and date by the \"<literal>ls " "-l</literal>\" command depends on the <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">locale</emphasis> (see <xref linkend=\"_timestamps\"/> for " "value). The \"<literal>$LANG</literal>\" variable is referred first and it " "can be overridden by the \"<literal>$LC_TIME</literal>\" variable." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18966 msgid "" "The actual default display format for each locale depends on the version of " "the standard C library (the <literal>libc6</literal> package) used. I.e., " "different releases of Debian had different defaults." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18967 msgid "" "If you really wish to customize this display format of time and date beyond " "the <emphasis role=\"strong\">locale</emphasis>, you should set the " "<emphasis role=\"strong\">time style value</emphasis> by the " "\"<literal>--time-style</literal>\" argument or by the " "\"<literal>$TIME_STYLE</literal>\" value (see <literal>ls</literal>(1), " "<literal>date</literal>(1), \"<literal>info coreutils 'ls " "invocation'</literal>\")." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18969 msgid "" "Display examples of time and date for the \"<literal>ls -l</literal>\" " "command for <literal>lenny</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18977 msgid "time style value" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18980 msgid "locale" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18983 msgid "display of time and date" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18990 msgid "<literal>iso</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18993 debian-reference.en.xmlt:19004 debian-reference.en.xmlt:19015 debian-reference.en.xmlt:19059 msgid "<emphasis>any</emphasis>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:18996 msgid "<literal>01-19 00:15</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19001 msgid "<literal>long-iso</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19007 debian-reference.en.xmlt:19040 msgid "<literal>2009-01-19 00:15</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19012 msgid "<literal>full-iso</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19018 msgid "<literal>2009-01-19 00:15:16.000000000 +0900</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19023 debian-reference.en.xmlt:19034 debian-reference.en.xmlt:19045 msgid "<literal>locale</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19029 msgid "<literal>Jan 19 00:15</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19051 msgid "<literal>ene 19 00:15</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19056 msgid "<literal>+%d.%m.%y %H:%M</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19062 msgid "<literal>19.01.09 00:15</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19067 debian-reference.en.xmlt:19077 msgid "<literal>+%d.%b.%y %H:%M</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19069 msgid "<literal>C</literal> or <literal>en_US.UTF-8</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19072 msgid "<literal>19.Jan.09 00:15</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19083 msgid "<literal>19.ene.09 00:15</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19090 msgid "" "You can eliminate typing long option on commandline using command alias, " "e.g. \"<literal>alias ls='ls --time-style=+%d.%m.%y\\ %H:%M'</literal>\" " "(see <xref linkend=\"_command_alias\"/>)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19093 msgid "<ulink url=\"&isoigab;\">ISO 8601</ulink> is followed for these iso-formats." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19097 msgid "Colorized shell echo" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19098 msgid "" "Shell echo to most modern terminals can be colorized using <ulink " "url=\"&ansiescapecode;\">ANSI escape code</ulink> (see " "\"<literal>/usr/share/doc/xterm/ctlseqs.txt.gz</literal>\")." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19100 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ RED=$(printf \"\\x1b[31m\")\n" "$ NORMAL=$(printf \"\\x1b[0m\")\n" "$ REVERSE=$(printf \"\\x1b[7m\")\n" "$ echo \"${RED}RED-TEXT${NORMAL} ${REVERSE}REVERSE-TEXT${NORMAL}\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19106 msgid "Colorized commands" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19107 msgid "" "Colorized commands are handy for inspecting their output in the interactive " "environment. I include the following in my " "\"<literal>~/.bashrc</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19108 #, no-wrap msgid "" "if [ \"$TERM\" != \"dumb\" ]; then\n" " eval \"`dircolors -b`\"\n" " alias ls='ls --color=always'\n" " alias ll='ls --color=always -l'\n" " alias la='ls --color=always -A'\n" " alias less='less -R'\n" " alias ls='ls --color=always'\n" " alias grep='grep --color=always'\n" " alias egrep='egrep --color=always'\n" " alias fgrep='fgrep --color=always'\n" " alias zgrep='zgrep --color=always'\n" "else\n" " alias ll='ls -l'\n" " alias la='ls -A'\n" "fi" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19123 msgid "" "The use of alias limits color effects to the interactive command usage. It " "has advantage over exporting environment variable \"<literal>export " "GREP_OPTIONS='--color=auto'</literal>\" since color can be seen under pager " "programs such as <literal>less</literal>(1). If you wish to suppress color " "when piping to other programs, use \"<literal>--color=auto</literal>\" " "instead in the above example for \"<literal>~/.bashrc</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19125 msgid "" "You can turn off these colorizing aliases in the interactive environment by " "invoking shell with \"<literal>TERM=dumb bash</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19129 msgid "Recording the editor activities for complex repeats" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19130 msgid "You can record the editor activities for complex repeats." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19131 msgid "For <ulink url=\"&vim;\">Vim</ulink>, as follows." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19135 msgid "" "\"<literal>qa</literal>\": start recording typed characters into named " "register \"<literal>a</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19140 debian-reference.en.xmlt:19163 msgid "… editor activities" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19145 msgid "\"<literal>q</literal>\": end recording typed characters." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19150 msgid "" "\"<literal>@a</literal>\": execute the contents of register " "\"<literal>a</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19154 msgid "For <ulink url=\"&emacs;\">Emacs</ulink>, as follows." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19158 msgid "\"<literal>C-x (</literal>\": start defining a keyboard macro." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19168 msgid "\"<literal>C-x )</literal>\": end defining a keyboard macro." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19173 msgid "\"<literal>C-x e</literal>\": execute a keyboard macro." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19179 msgid "Recording the graphic image of an X application" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19180 msgid "" "There are few ways to record the graphic image of an X application, " "including an <literal>xterm</literal> display." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19182 msgid "List of graphic image manipulation tools" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19209 msgid "<literal>xwd</literal>(1)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19217 msgid "GUI menu" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19224 msgid "<literal>import</literal>(1)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19231 msgid "<literal>scrot</literal>(1)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19239 msgid "Recording changes in configuration files" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19240 msgid "" "There are specialized tools to record changes in configuration files with " "help of DVCS system." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19242 msgid "List of packages to record configuration history in VCS" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19270 msgid "" "store configuration files and their metadata with <ulink " "url=\"&git;\">Git</ulink> (default), <ulink " "url=\"&mercurial;\">Mercurial</ulink>, or <ulink " "url=\"&bazaar;\">Bazaar</ulink> (new)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19278 msgid "store configuration files with <ulink url=\"&rcs;\">RCS</ulink> (old)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19284 msgid "" "I recommend to use the <literal>etckeeper</literal> package with " "<literal>git</literal>(1) which put entire \"<literal>/etc</literal>\" under " "VCS control. Its installation guide and tutorial are found in " "\"<literal>/usr/share/doc/etckeeper/README.gz</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19285 msgid "" "Essentially, running \"<literal>sudo etckeeper init</literal>\" initializes " "the git repository for \"<literal>/etc</literal>\" just like the process " "explained in <xref linkend=\"_git_for_recording_configuration_history\"/> " "but with special hook scripts for more thorough setups." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19286 msgid "" "As you change your configuration, you can use <literal>git</literal>(1) " "normally to record them. It automatically records changes nicely every time " "you run package management commands, too." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19288 msgid "" "You can browse the change history of \"<literal>/etc</literal>\" by " "executing \"<literal>sudo GIT_DIR=/etc/.git gitk</literal>\" with clear view " "for new installed packages, removed packages, and version changes of " "packages." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19293 msgid "Data storage tips" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19294 msgid "" "Booting your system with Linux <ulink url=\"&livecds;\">live CDs</ulink> or " "<ulink url=\"&debianinstallercds;\">debian-installer CDs</ulink> in rescue " "mode make it easy for you to reconfigure data storage on your boot device. " "See also <xref linkend=\"_the_binary_data\"/>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19296 msgid "Disk partition configuration" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19297 msgid "" "For <ulink url=\"&diskpartition;\">disk partition</ulink> configuration, " "although <literal>fdisk</literal>(8) has been considered standard, " "<literal>parted</literal>(8) deserves some attention. \"Disk partitioning " "data\", \"partition table\", \"partition map\", and \"disk label\" are all " "synonyms." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19298 msgid "" "Most PCs use the classic <ulink url=\"&masterbootrecordmbr;\">Master Boot " "Record (MBR)</ulink> scheme to hold <ulink url=\"&diskpartitioning;\">disk " "partitioning</ulink> data in the first sector, i.e., <ulink " "url=\"&lba;\">LBA</ulink> sector 0 (512 bytes)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19300 msgid "" "Some new PCs with <ulink url=\"&extensiblefirmwareinterfaceefi;\">Extensible " "Firmware Interface (EFI)</ulink>, including Intel-based Macs, use <ulink " "url=\"&guidpartitiontablegpt;\">GUID Partition Table (GPT)</ulink> scheme to " "hold <ulink url=\"&diskpartitioning;\">disk partitioning</ulink> data not in " "the first sector." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19302 msgid "" "Although <literal>fdisk</literal>(8) has been standard for the disk " "partitioning tool, <literal>parted</literal>(8) is replacing it." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19304 msgid "List of disk partition management packages" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19323 msgid "GPT" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19339 msgid "" "miscellaneous system utilities including <literal>fdisk</literal>(8) and " "<literal>cfdisk</literal>(8)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19350 msgid "GNU Parted disk partition resizing program" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19361 msgid "GNOME partition editor based on <literal>libparted</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19372 msgid "KDE partition editor based on <literal>libparted</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19383 msgid "synchronize classic MBR partition table with the GPT one" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19394 msgid "program to create device mappings for partitions" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19401 msgid "" "Although <literal>parted</literal>(8) claims to create and to resize " "filesystem too, it is safer to do such things using best maintained " "specialized tools such as <literal>mkfs</literal>(8) " "(<literal>mkfs.msdos</literal>(8), <literal>mkfs.ext2</literal>(8), " "<literal>mkfs.ext3</literal>(8), …) and <literal>resize2fs</literal>(8)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19404 msgid "" "In order to switch between <ulink url=\"&gpt;\">GPT</ulink> and <ulink " "url=\"&mbr;\">MBR</ulink>, you need to erase first few blocks of disk " "contents directly (see <xref linkend=\"_clearing_file_contents\"/>) and use " "\"<literal>parted /dev/sdx mklabel gpt</literal>\" or \"<literal>parted " "/dev/sdx mklabel msdos</literal>\" to set it. Please note " "\"<literal>msdos</literal>\" is use here for <ulink " "url=\"&mbr;\">MBR</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19408 msgid "Accessing partition using UUID" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19409 msgid "" "Although reconfiguration of your partition or activation order of removable " "storage media may yield different names for partitions, you can access them " "consistently. This is also helpful if you have multiple disks and your BIOS " "doesn't give them consistent device names." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19412 msgid "" "<literal>mount</literal>(8) with \"<literal>-U</literal>\" option can mount " "a block device using <ulink url=\"&uuid;\">UUID</ulink>, instead of using " "its file name such as \"<literal>/dev/sda3</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19417 msgid "" "\"<literal>/etc/fstab</literal>\" (see <literal>fstab</literal>(5)) can use " "<ulink url=\"&uuid;\">UUID</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19422 msgid "" "Boot loaders (<xref linkend=\"_stage_2_the_boot_loader\"/>) may use <ulink " "url=\"&uuid;\">UUID</ulink> too." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19427 msgid "" "You can probe <ulink url=\"&uuid;\">UUID</ulink> of a block special device " "with <literal>blkid</literal>(8)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19430 msgid "" "Device nodes of devices such as removable storage media can be made static " "by using <ulink url=\"&udevrules;\">udev rules</ulink>, if needed. See " "<xref linkend=\"_the_udev_system\"/>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19434 msgid "Filesystem configuration" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19435 msgid "" "For <ulink url=\"&extd;\">ext3</ulink> filesystem, the " "<literal>e2fsprogs</literal> package provides the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19438 msgid "" "<literal>mkfs.ext3</literal>(8) to create new <ulink " "url=\"&extd;\">ext3</ulink> filesystem" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19442 msgid "" "<literal>fsck.ext3</literal>(8) to check and to repair existing <ulink " "url=\"&extd;\">ext3</ulink> filesystem" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19446 msgid "" "<literal>tune2fs</literal>(8) to configure superblock of <ulink " "url=\"&extd;\">ext3</ulink> filesystem" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19450 msgid "" "The <literal>mkfs</literal>(8) and <literal>fsck</literal>(8) commands are " "provided by the <literal>e2fsprogs</literal> package as front-ends to " "various filesystem dependent programs (<literal>mkfs.fstype</literal> and " "<literal>fsck.fstype</literal>). For <ulink url=\"&extd;\">ext3</ulink> " "filesystem, they are <literal>mkfs.ext3</literal>(8) and " "<literal>fsck.ext3</literal>(8) (they are hardlinked to " "<literal>mke2fs</literal>(8) and <literal>e2fsck</literal>(8))." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19451 msgid "Similar commands are available for each filesystem supported by Linux." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19453 msgid "List of filesystem management packages" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19481 msgid "" "utilities for the <ulink url=\"&extc;\">ext2</ulink>/<ulink " "url=\"&extd;\">ext3</ulink>/<ulink url=\"&exte;\">ext4</ulink> filesystems" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19489 msgid "utilities for the <ulink url=\"&reiserfs;\">Reiserfs</ulink> filesystem" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19497 msgid "" "utilities for the <ulink url=\"&fat;\">FAT</ulink> filesystem. (Microsoft: " "MS-DOS, Windows)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19505 msgid "utilities for the <ulink url=\"&xfs;\">XFS</ulink> filesystem. (SGI: IRIX)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19513 msgid "" "utilities for the <ulink url=\"&ntfs;\">NTFS</ulink> filesystem. (Microsoft: " "Windows NT, …)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19521 msgid "" "utilities for the <ulink url=\"&jfs;\">JFS</ulink> filesystem. (IBM: AIX, " "OS/2)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19529 msgid "utilities for the <ulink url=\"&reisere;\">Reiser4</ulink> filesystem" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19537 msgid "" "utilities for <ulink url=\"&hfs;\">HFS</ulink> and <ulink " "url=\"&hfsplus;\">HFS Plus</ulink> filesystem. (Apple: Mac OS)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19545 msgid "utilities for the <ulink url=\"&btrfs;\">btrfs</ulink> filesystem" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19553 msgid "program to zero free blocks from ext2/3 filesystems" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19560 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&extd;\">Ext3</ulink> filesystem is the default filesystem for " "the Linux system and strongly recommended to use it unless you have some " "specific reasons not to. After Linux kernel 2.6.30 (Debian " "<literal>squeeze</literal>), <ulink url=\"&exte;\">ext4</ulink> filesystem " "is available and expected to be the default filesystem for the Linux " "system. <ulink url=\"&btrfs;\">btrfs</ulink> filesystem is expected to be " "the next default filesystem after <ulink url=\"&exte;\">ext4</ulink> " "filesystem for the Linux system." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19563 msgid "" "You might face some limitations with ext4 since it is new. For example, you " "must have Linux kernel 2.6.30 or later if you wish to resize an ext4 " "partition." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19566 msgid "" "Some tools allow access to filesystem without Linux kernel support (see " "<xref linkend=\"_manipulating_files_without_mounting_disk\"/>)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19570 msgid "Filesystem creation and integrity check" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19571 msgid "" "The <literal>mkfs</literal>(8) command creates the filesystem on a Linux " "system. The <literal>fsck</literal>(8) command provides the filesystem " "integrity check and repair on a Linux system." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19573 msgid "" "It is generally not safe to run <literal>fsck</literal> on <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">mounted filesystems</emphasis>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19576 msgid "" "Check files in \"<literal>/var/log/fsck/</literal>\" for the result of the " "<literal>fsck</literal>(8) command run from the boot script." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19579 msgid "" "Use \"<literal>shutdown -F -r now</literal>\" to force to run the " "<literal>fsck</literal>(8) command safely on all filesystems including root " "filesystem on reboot. See the <literal>shutdown</literal>(8) manpage for " "more." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19583 msgid "Optimization of filesystem by mount options" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19584 msgid "" "Performance and characteristics of a filesystem can be optimized by mount " "options used on it (see <literal>fstab</literal>(5) and " "<literal>mount</literal>(8)). Notable ones are the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19588 msgid "" "\"<literal>defaults</literal>\" option implies default options: " "\"<literal>rw,suid,dev,exec,auto,nouser,async</literal>\". (general)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19593 msgid "" "\"<literal>noatime</literal>\" or \"<literal>relatime</literal>\" option is " "very effective for speeding up the read access. (general)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19598 msgid "" "\"<literal>user</literal>\" option allows an ordinary user to mount the " "filesystem. This option implies \"<literal>noexec,nosuid,nodev</literal>\" " "option combination. (general, used for CD and floppy)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19603 msgid "" "\"<literal>noexec,nodev,nosuid</literal>\" option combination is used to " "enhance security. (general)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19608 msgid "" "\"<literal>noauto</literal>\" option limits mounting by explicit operation " "only. (general)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19613 msgid "" "\"<literal>data=journal</literal>\" option for ext3fs can enhance data " "integrity against power failure with some loss of write speed." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19618 msgid "" "You need to provide kernel boot parameter (see <xref " "linkend=\"_stage_2_the_boot_loader\"/>), " "e.g. \"<literal>rootflags=data=journal</literal>\" to deploy a non-default " "journaling mode for the root filesystem. For <literal>lenny</literal>, the " "default jounaling mode is \"<literal>rootflags=data=ordered</literal>\". " "For <literal>squeeze</literal>, it is " "\"<literal>rootflags=data=writeback</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19622 msgid "Optimization of filesystem via superblock" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19623 msgid "" "Characteristics of a filesystem can be optimized via its superblock using " "the <literal>tune2fs</literal>(8) command." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19627 msgid "" "Execution of \"<literal>sudo tune2fs -l /dev/hda1</literal>\" displays the " "contents of the filesystem superblock on \"<literal>/dev/hda1</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19632 msgid "" "Execution of \"<literal>sudo tune2fs -c 50 /dev/hda1</literal>\" changes " "frequency of filesystem checks (<literal>fsck</literal> execution during " "boot-up) to every 50 boots on \"<literal>/dev/hda1</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19637 msgid "" "Execution of \"<literal>sudo tune2fs -j /dev/hda1</literal>\" adds " "journaling capability to the filesystem, i.e. filesystem conversion from " "<ulink url=\"&extc;\">ext2</ulink> to <ulink url=\"&extd;\">ext3</ulink> on " "\"<literal>/dev/hda1</literal>\". (Do this on the unmounted filesystem.)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19642 msgid "" "Execution of \"<literal>sudo tune2fs -O extents,uninit_bg,dir_index " "/dev/hda1 && fsck -pf /dev/hda1</literal>\" converts it from <ulink " "url=\"&extd;\">ext3</ulink> to <ulink url=\"&exte;\">ext4</ulink> on " "\"<literal>/dev/hda1</literal>\". (Do this on the unmounted filesystem.)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19647 msgid "" "Filesystem conversion for the boot device to the <ulink " "url=\"&exte;\">ext4</ulink> filesystem should be avoided until <ulink " "url=\"&grubbootloadersutefilesystemwell;\">GRUB boot loader supports the " "ext4 filesystem well</ulink> and installed Linux Kernel version is newer " "than 2.6.30." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19650 msgid "" "Despite its name, <literal>tune2fs</literal>(8) works not only on the <ulink " "url=\"&extc;\">ext2</ulink> filesystem but also on the <ulink " "url=\"&extd;\">ext3</ulink> and <ulink url=\"&exte;\">ext4</ulink> " "filesystems." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19654 msgid "Optimization of hard disk" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19656 msgid "" "Please check your hardware and read manpage of <literal>hdparam</literal>(8) " "before playing with hard disk configuration because this may be quite " "dangerous for the data integrity." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19658 msgid "" "You can test disk access speed of a hard disk, " "e.g. \"<literal>/dev/hda</literal>\", by \"<literal>hdparm -tT " "/dev/hda</literal>\". For some hard disk connected with (E)IDE, you can " "speed it up with \"<literal>hdparm -q -c3 -d1 -u1 -m16 /dev/hda</literal>\" " "by enabling the \"(E)IDE 32-bit I/O support\", enabling the \"using_dma " "flag\", setting \"interrupt-unmask flag\", and setting the \"multiple 16 " "sector I/O\" (dangerous!)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19659 msgid "" "You can test write cache feature of a hard disk, " "e.g. \"<literal>/dev/sda</literal>\", by \"<literal>hdparm -W " "/dev/sda</literal>\". You can disable its write cache feature with " "\"<literal>hdparm -W 0 /dev/sda</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19660 msgid "" "You may be able to read badly pressed CDROMs on modern high speed CD-ROM " "drive by slowing it down with \"<literal>setcd -x 2</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19663 msgid "Using SMART to predict hard disk failure" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19664 msgid "" "You can monitor and log your hard disk which is compliant to <ulink " "url=\"&smart;\">SMART</ulink> with the <literal>smartd</literal>(8) daemon." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19668 msgid "" "Enable <ulink url=\"&smart;\">SMART</ulink> feature in <ulink " "url=\"&bios;\">BIOS</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19673 msgid "Install the <literal>smartmontools</literal> package." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19678 msgid "" "Identify your hard disk drives by listing them with " "<literal>df</literal>(1)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19683 msgid "" "Let's assume a hard disk drive to be monitored as " "\"<literal>/dev/hda</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19690 msgid "" "Check the output of \"<literal>smartctl -a /dev/hda</literal>\" to see if " "<ulink url=\"&smart;\">SMART</ulink> feature is actually enabled." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19695 msgid "If not, enable it by \"<literal>smartctl -s on -a /dev/hda</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19702 msgid "Enable <literal>smartd</literal>(8) daemon to run by the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19707 msgid "" "uncomment \"<literal>start_smartd=yes</literal>\" in the " "\"<literal>/etc/default/smartmontools</literal>\" file." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19712 msgid "" "restart the <literal>smartd</literal>(8) daemon by \"<literal>sudo " "/etc/init.d/smartmontools restart</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19719 msgid "" "The <literal>smartd</literal>(8) daemon can be customized with the " "<literal>/etc/smartd.conf</literal> file including how to be notified of " "warnings." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19723 msgid "Expansion of usable storage space via LVM" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19724 msgid "" "For partitions created on <ulink url=\"&logicalvolumemanagerlvm;\">Logical " "Volume Manager (LVM)</ulink> (Linux feature) at install time, they can be " "resized easily by concatenating extents onto them or truncating extents from " "them over multiple storage devices without major system reconfiguration." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19726 msgid "" "Deployment of the current LVM system may degrade guarantee against " "filesystem corruption offered by journaled filesystems such as ext3fs unless " "their system performance is sacrificed by disabling write cache of hard " "disk." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19730 msgid "Expansion of usable storage space by mounting another partition" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19731 msgid "" "If you have an empty partition (e.g., \"<literal>/dev/sdx</literal>\"), you " "can format it with <literal>mkfs.ext3</literal>(1) and " "<literal>mount</literal>(8) it to a directory where you need more " "space. (You need to copy original data contents.)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19732 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ sudo mv work-dir old-dir\n" "$ sudo mkfs.ext3 /dev/sdx\n" "$ sudo mount -t ext3 /dev/sdx work-dir\n" "$ sudo cp -a old-dir/* work-dir\n" "$ sudo rm -rf old-dir" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19738 msgid "" "You may alternatively mount an empty disk image file (see <xref " "linkend=\"_making_the_empty_disk_image_file\"/>) as a loop device (see <xref " "linkend=\"_mounting_the_disk_image_file\"/>). The actual disk usage grows " "with the actual data stored." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19742 msgid "Expansion of usable storage space using symlink" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19743 msgid "" "If you have an empty directory (e.g., " "\"<literal>/path/to/emp-dir</literal>\") in another partition with usable " "space, you can create a symlink to the directory with " "<literal>ln</literal>(8)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19744 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ sudo mv work-dir old-dir\n" "$ sudo mkdir -p /path/to/emp-dir\n" "$ sudo ln -sf /path/to/emp-dir work-dir\n" "$ sudo cp -a old-dir/* work-dir\n" "$ sudo rm -rf old-dir" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19750 msgid "Some software may not function well with \"symlink to a directory\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19754 msgid "Expansion of usable storage space using aufs" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19755 msgid "" "If you have usable space in another partition (e.g., " "\"<literal>/path/to/</literal>\"), you can create a directory in it and " "stack that on to a directory where you need space with <ulink " "url=\"&aufs;\">aufs</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19756 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ sudo mv work-dir old-dir\n" "$ sudo mkdir work-dir\n" "$ sudo mkdir -p /path/to/emp-dir\n" "$ sudo mount -t aufs -o br:/path/to/emp-dir:old-dir none work-dir" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19761 msgid "" "Use of <ulink url=\"&aufs;\">aufs</ulink> for long term data storage is not " "good idea since it is under development and its design change may introduce " "issues." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19764 msgid "" "In order to use <ulink url=\"&aufs;\">aufs</ulink>, its utility package " "<literal>aufs-tools</literal> and kernel module package for <ulink " "url=\"&aufs;\">aufs</ulink> such as " "<literal>aufs-modules-2.6-amd64</literal> need to be installed." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19767 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&aufs;\">aufs</ulink> is used to provide writable root " "filesystem by many modern <ulink url=\"&livecd;\">live CD</ulink> projects." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19772 msgid "Data encryption tips" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19773 msgid "" "With physical access to your PC, anyone can easily gain root privilege and " "access all the files on your PC (see <xref " "linkend=\"_securing_the_root_password\"/>). This means that login password " "system can not secure your private and sensitive data against possible theft " "of your PC. You must deploy data encryption technology to do it. Although " "<ulink url=\"&gnuprivacyguard;\">GNU privacy guard</ulink> (see <xref " "linkend=\"_data_security_infrastructure\"/>) can encrypt files, it takes " "some user efforts." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19774 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&dmcrypt;\">dm-crypt</ulink> and <ulink " "url=\"&ecryptfs;\">eCryptfs</ulink> facilitates automatic data encryption " "natively via Linux kernel modules with minimal user efforts." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19776 msgid "List of data encryption utilities" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19804 msgid "" "utilities for encrypted block device (<ulink " "url=\"&dmcrypt;\">dm-crypt</ulink> / <ulink url=\"&luks;\">LUKS</ulink>)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19812 msgid "" "utilities for encrypted block device (<ulink " "url=\"&dmcrypt;\">dm-crypt</ulink> / <ulink url=\"&luks;\">LUKS</ulink>) " "with focus on mount/unmount by normal users" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19820 msgid "" "utilities for encrypted stacked filesystem (<ulink " "url=\"&ecryptfs;\">eCryptfs</ulink>)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19826 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&dmcrypt;\">Dm-crypt</ulink> is a cryptographic filesystem " "using <ulink url=\"&devicemapper;\">device-mapper</ulink>. <ulink " "url=\"&devicemapper;\">Device-mapper</ulink> maps one block device to " "another." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19827 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&ecryptfs;\">eCryptfs</ulink> is another cryptographic " "filesystem using stacked filesystem. Stacked filesystem stacks itself on " "top of an existing directory of a mounted filesystem." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><caution><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19829 msgid "Data encryption costs CPU time etc. Please weigh its benefits and costs." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19832 msgid "" "Entire Debian system can be installed on a encrypted disk by the <ulink " "url=\"&debianinstaller;\">debian-installer</ulink> (lenny or newer) using " "<ulink url=\"&dmcrypt;\">dm-crypt</ulink>/<ulink url=\"&luks;\">LUKS</ulink> " "and initramfs." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19835 msgid "" "See <xref linkend=\"_data_security_infrastructure\"/> for user space " "encryption utility: <ulink url=\"&gnuprivacyguard;\">GNU Privacy " "Guard</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19838 msgid "Removable disk encryption with dm-crypt/LUKS" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19839 msgid "" "You can encrypt contents of removable mass devices, e.g. USB memory stick on " "\"<literal>/dev/sdx</literal>\", using <ulink " "url=\"&dmcrypt;\">dm-crypt</ulink>/<ulink url=\"&luks;\">LUKS</ulink>. You " "simply formatting it as the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19840 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# badblocks -c 10240 -s -w -t random -v /dev/sdx\n" "# shred -v -n 1 /dev/sdx\n" "# fdisk /dev/sdx\n" "... \"n\" \"p\" \"1\" \"return\" \"return\" \"w\"\n" "# cryptsetup luksFormat /dev/sdx1\n" "...\n" "# cryptsetup luksOpen /dev/sdx1 sdx1\n" "...\n" "# ls -l /dev/mapper/\n" "total 0\n" "crw-rw---- 1 root root 10, 60 2008-10-04 18:44 control\n" "brw-rw---- 1 root disk 254, 0 2008-10-04 23:55 sdx1\n" "# mkfs.vfat /dev/mapper/sdx1\n" "...\n" "# cryptsetup luksClose sdx1" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19855 msgid "" "Then, it can be mounted just like normal one on to " "\"<literal>/media/<disk_label></literal>\", except for asking password " "(see <xref linkend=\"_removable_storage_device\"/>) under modern desktop " "environment, such as GNOME using <literal>gnome-mount</literal>(1). The " "difference is that every data written to it is encrypted. You may " "alternatively format media in different file format, e.g., ext3 with " "\"<literal>mkfs.ext3 /dev/sdx1</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19857 msgid "" "If you are really paranoid for the security of data, you may need to " "overwrite multiple times in the above example. This operation is very time " "consuming though." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19861 msgid "Encrypted swap partition with dm-crypt" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19862 msgid "" "Let's assume that your original \"<literal>/etc/fstab</literal>\" contains " "the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19863 #, no-wrap msgid "/dev/sda7 swap sw 0 0" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19864 msgid "" "You can enable encrypted swap partition using <ulink " "url=\"&dmcrypt;\">dm-crypt</ulink> by as the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19865 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# aptitude install cryptsetup\n" "# swapoff -a\n" "# echo \"cswap /dev/sda7 /dev/urandom swap\" >> /etc/crypttab\n" "# perl -i -p -e \"s/\\/dev\\/sda7/\\/dev\\/mapper\\/cswap/\" /etc/fstab\n" "# /etc/init.d/cryptdisks restart\n" " ...\n" "# swapon -a" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19874 msgid "Automatically encrypting files with eCryptfs" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19875 msgid "" "You can encrypt files written under \"<literal>~/Private/</literal>\" " "automatically using <ulink url=\"&ecryptfs;\">eCryptfs</ulink> and the " "<literal>ecryptfs-utils</literal> package." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19879 msgid "" "Run <literal>ecryptfs-setup-private</literal>(1) and set up " "\"<literal>~/Private/</literal>\" by following prompts." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19884 msgid "" "Activate \"<literal>~/Private/</literal>\" by running " "<literal>ecryptfs-mount-private</literal>(1)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19889 msgid "" "Move sensitive data files to \"<literal>~/Private/</literal>\" and make " "symlinks as needed." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19894 msgid "" "Candidates: \"<literal>~/.fetchmailrc</literal>\", " "\"<literal>~/.ssh/identity</literal>\", " "\"<literal>~/.ssh/id_rsa</literal>\", \"<literal>~/.ssh/id_dsa</literal>\" " "and other files with \"<literal>go-rwx</literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19901 msgid "" "Move sensitive data directories to a subdirectory in " "\"<literal>~/Private/</literal>\" and make symlinks as needed." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19906 msgid "" "Candidates: \"<literal>~/.gnupg</literal>\" and other directories with " "\"<literal>go-rwx</literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19913 msgid "" "Create symlink from \"<literal>~/Desktop/Private/</literal>\" to " "\"<literal>~/Private/</literal>\" for easier desktop operations." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19918 msgid "" "Deactivate \"<literal>~/Private/</literal>\" by running " "<literal>ecryptfs-umount-private</literal>(1)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19923 msgid "" "Activate \"<literal>~/Private/</literal>\" by issuing " "\"<literal>ecryptfs-mount-private</literal>\" as you need encrypted data." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19928 msgid "" "Since <ulink url=\"&ecryptfs;\">eCryptfs</ulink> selectively encrypt only " "the sensitive files, its system cost is much less than using <ulink " "url=\"&dmcrypt;\">dm-crypt</ulink> on the entire root or " "\"<literal>/home</literal>\" device. It does not require any special " "on-disk storage allocation effort but cannot keep all filesystem metadata " "confidential." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19932 msgid "Automatically mounting eCryptfs" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19933 msgid "" "If you use your login password for wrapping encryption keys, you can " "automate mounting eCryptfs via <ulink " "url=\"&pampluggableauthnticationmodules;\">PAM (Pluggable Authentication " "Modules)</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19935 msgid "" "Insert the following line just before \"<literal>pam_permit.so</literal>\" " "in \"<literal>/etc/pam.d/common-auth</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19936 #, no-wrap msgid "auth required pam_ecryptfs.so unwrap" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19937 msgid "" "Insert the following line just at the last line in " "\"<literal>/etc/pam.d/common-session</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19938 #, no-wrap msgid "session optional pam_ecryptfs.so unwrap" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19939 msgid "" "Insert the following line at first active line in " "\"<literal>/etc/pam.d/common-password</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19940 #, no-wrap msgid "password required pam_ecryptfs.so" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19941 msgid "This is quite convenient." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19943 msgid "" "Configuration errors of <ulink url=\"&pam;\">PAM</ulink> may lock you out of " "your own system. See <xref linkend=\"_authentication\"/>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19946 msgid "" "If you use your login password for wrapping encryption keys, your encrypted " "data are as secure as your user login password (see <xref " "linkend=\"_good_password\"/>). Unless you are careful to set up a <ulink " "url=\"&strongpassword;\">strong password</ulink>, your data is at risk when " "someone runs <ulink url=\"&passwordcracking;\">password cracking</ulink> " "software after stealing your laptop (see <xref " "linkend=\"_securing_the_root_password\"/>)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19951 msgid "Monitoring, controlling, and starting program activities" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19952 msgid "Program activities can be monitored and controlled using specialized tools." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19954 msgid "List of tools for monitoring and controlling program activities" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19981 msgid "<literal>nice</literal>(1): run a program with modified scheduling priority" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19988 msgid "" "<literal>renice</literal>(1): modify the scheduling priority of a running " "process" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:19996 msgid "" "\"<literal>/proc</literal>\" filesystem utilities: <literal>ps</literal>(1), " "<literal>top</literal>(1), <literal>kill</literal>(1), " "<literal>watch</literal>(1), …" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20004 msgid "" "\"<literal>/proc</literal>\" filesystem utilities: " "<literal>killall</literal>(1), <literal>fuser</literal>(1), " "<literal>peekfd</literal>(1), <literal>pstree</literal>(1)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20011 msgid "" "<literal>time</literal>(1): run a program to report system resource usages " "with respect to time" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20018 msgid "" "<literal>sar</literal>(1), <literal>iostat</literal>(1), " "<literal>mpstat</literal>(1), …: system performance tools for Linux" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20026 msgid "Interactive System Activity Grapher for sysstat" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20033 msgid "" "<literal>lsof</literal>(8): list open files by a running process using " "\"<literal>-p</literal>\" option" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20040 msgid "<literal>strace</literal>(1): trace system calls and signals" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20047 msgid "<literal>ltrace</literal>(1): trace library calls" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20054 msgid "" "<literal>xtrace</literal>(1): trace communication between X11 client and " "server" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20061 msgid "" "<literal>powertop</literal>(1): information about system power use on " "Intel-based laptops" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20069 msgid "" "run processes according to a schedule in background from " "<literal>cron</literal>(8) daemon" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20077 msgid "cron-like command scheduler for systems that don't run 24 hours a day" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20084 msgid "" "<literal>at</literal>(1) or <literal>batch</literal>(1): run a job at a " "specified time or below certain load level" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20091 msgid "" "The <literal>procps</literal> packages provide very basics of monitoring, " "controlling, and starting program activities. You should learn all of them." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20094 msgid "Timing a process" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20095 msgid "Display time used by the process invoked by the command." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20096 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# time some_command >/dev/null\n" "real 0m0.035s # time on wall clock (elapsed real time)\n" "user 0m0.000s # time in user mode\n" "sys 0m0.020s # time in kernel mode" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20102 msgid "The scheduling priority" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20103 msgid "A nice value is used to control the scheduling priority for the process." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20105 msgid "List of nice values for the scheduling priority" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20112 msgid "nice value" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20115 msgid "scheduling priority" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20122 msgid "19" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20125 msgid "lowest priority process (nice)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20133 msgid "very high priority process for user" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20138 msgid "-20" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20141 msgid "very high priority process for root (not-nice)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20147 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# nice -19 top # very nice\n" "# nice --20 wodim -v -eject speed=2 dev=0,0 disk.img # very fast" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20149 msgid "" "Sometimes an extreme nice value does more harm than good to the system. Use " "this command carefully." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20152 msgid "The ps command" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20153 msgid "" "The <literal>ps</literal>(1) command on the Debian support both BSD and " "SystemV features and helps to identify the process activity statically." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20155 msgid "List of ps command styles" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20163 msgid "style" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20166 msgid "typical command" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20169 msgid "feature" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20176 msgid "BSD" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20179 msgid "<literal>ps aux</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20182 msgid "display %CPU %MEM" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20187 msgid "System V" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20190 msgid "<literal>ps -efH</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20193 msgid "display PPID" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20199 msgid "" "For the zombie (defunct) children process, you can kill them by the parent " "process ID identified in the \"<literal>PPID</literal>\" field." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20200 msgid "The <literal>pstree</literal>(1) command display a tree of processes." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20203 msgid "The top command" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20204 msgid "" "<literal>top</literal>(1) on the Debian has rich features and helps to " "identify what process is acting funny dynamically." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20206 msgid "List of commands for top" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20213 msgid "command key" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20222 msgid "<literal>h</literal> or <literal>?</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20225 msgid "show help" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20230 debian-reference.en.xmlt:24574 msgid "<literal>f</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20233 msgid "set/reset display field" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20238 msgid "<literal>o</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20241 msgid "reorder display field" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20246 msgid "<literal>F</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20249 msgid "set sort key field" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20254 debian-reference.en.xmlt:20602 msgid "<literal>k</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20257 msgid "kill a process" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20262 debian-reference.en.xmlt:20586 msgid "<literal>r</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20265 msgid "renice a process" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20273 msgid "quit the <literal>top</literal> command" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20281 msgid "Listing files opened by a process" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20282 msgid "" "You can list all files opened by a process with a process ID (PID), e.g. 1, " "by the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20283 #, no-wrap msgid "$ sudo lsof -p 1" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20284 msgid "PID=1 is usually <literal>init</literal> program." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20287 msgid "Tracing program activities" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20288 msgid "" "You can trace program activity with <literal>strace</literal>(1), " "<literal>ltrace</literal>(1), or <literal>xtrace</literal>(1) for system " "calls and signals, library calls, or communication between X11 client and " "server." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20289 msgid "" "You can trace system calls of the <literal>ls</literal> command as the " "following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20290 #, no-wrap msgid "$ sudo strace ls" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20293 msgid "Identification of processes using files or sockets" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20294 msgid "" "You can also identify processes using files by <literal>fuser</literal>(1), " "e.g. for \"<literal>/var/log/mail.log</literal>\" by the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20295 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ sudo fuser -v /var/log/mail.log\n" " USER PID ACCESS COMMAND\n" "/var/log/mail.log: root 2946 F.... syslogd" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20298 msgid "" "You see that file \"<literal>/var/log/mail.log</literal>\" is open for " "writing by the <literal>syslogd</literal>(8) command." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20299 msgid "" "You can also identify processes using sockets by " "<literal>fuser</literal>(1), e.g. for \"<literal>smtp/tcp</literal>\" by the " "following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20300 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ sudo fuser -v smtp/tcp\n" " USER PID ACCESS COMMAND\n" "smtp/tcp: Debian-exim 3379 F.... exim4" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20303 msgid "" "Now you know your system runs <literal>exim4</literal>(8) to handle <ulink " "url=\"&tcp;\">TCP</ulink> connections to <ulink url=\"&smtp;\">SMTP</ulink> " "port (25)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20306 msgid "Repeating a command with a constant interval" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20307 msgid "" "<literal>watch</literal>(1) executes a program repeatedly with a constant " "interval while showing its output in fullscreen." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20308 #, no-wrap msgid "$ watch w" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20309 msgid "This displays who is logged on to the system updated every 2 seconds." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20312 msgid "Repeating a command looping over files" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20313 msgid "" "There are several ways to repeat a command looping over files matching some " "condition, e.g. matching glob pattern \"<literal>*.ext</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20317 msgid "Shell for-loop method (see <xref linkend=\"_shell_loops\"/>):" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20321 #, no-wrap msgid "for x in *.ext; do if [ -f \"$x\"]; then command \"$x\" ; fi; done" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20324 msgid "<literal>find</literal>(1) and <literal>xargs</literal>(1) combination:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20328 #, no-wrap msgid "find . -type f -maxdepth 1 -name '*.ext' -print0 | xargs -0 -n 1 command" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20331 msgid "" "<literal>find</literal>(1) with \"<literal>-exec</literal>\" option with a " "command:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20335 #, no-wrap msgid "find . -type f -maxdepth 1 -name '*.ext' -exec command '{}' \\;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20338 msgid "" "<literal>find</literal>(1) with \"<literal>-exec</literal>\" option with a " "short shell script:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20342 #, no-wrap msgid "" "find . -type f -maxdepth 1 -name '*.ext' -exec sh -c \"command '{}' " "&& echo 'successful'\" \\;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20343 msgid "" "The above examples are written to ensure proper handling of funny file names " "such as ones containing spaces. See <xref " "linkend=\"_idioms_for_the_selection_of_files\"/> for more advance uses of " "<literal>find</literal>(1)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20346 msgid "Starting a program from GUI" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20347 msgid "" "You can set up to start a process from <ulink " "url=\"&graphicaluserinterfacegui;\">graphical user interface (GUI)</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20348 msgid "" "Under GNOME desktop environment, a program can be started with proper " "argument by <emphasis role=\"strong\">double-clicking</emphasis> the " "launcher icon, by <emphasis role=\"strong\">drag-and-drop</emphasis> of a " "file icon to the launcher icon, or by \"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Open with " "…</emphasis>\" menu via right clicking a file icon. KDE can do the " "equivalent, too." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20349 msgid "" "Here is an example under GNOME to create a launcher icon for " "<literal>mc</literal>(1) started in <literal>gnome-terminal</literal>(1)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20350 msgid "" "Create an executable program \"<literal>mc-term</literal>\" by the " "following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20351 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# cat >/usr/local/bin/mc-term <<EOF\n" "#!/bin/sh\n" "gnome-terminal -e \"mc \\$1\"\n" "EOF\n" "# chmod 755 /usr/local/bin/mc-term" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20356 msgid "Create a desktop launcher as the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20360 msgid "" "Right click desktop space to select \"<literal>Create Launcher " "…</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20365 msgid "Set \"Type\" to \"<literal>Application</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20370 msgid "Set \"Name\" to \"<literal>mc</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20375 msgid "Set \"Command\" to \"<literal>mc-term %f</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20380 msgid "Click \"OK\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20384 msgid "Create an open-with association as as the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20388 msgid "" "Right click folder to select \"<literal>Open with Other Application " "…</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20393 msgid "" "Click open \"Use a custom command\" dialog and enter \"<literal>mc-term " "%f</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20398 msgid "Click \"Open\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20403 msgid "" "Launcher is a file at \"<literal>~/Desktop</literal>\" with " "\"<literal>.desktop</literal>\" as its extension." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20407 msgid "Customizing program to be started" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20408 msgid "" "Some programs start another program automatically. Here are check points " "for customizing this process." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20412 msgid "Application configuration menu:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20417 msgid "GNOME desktop: \"System\" → \"Preferences\" → \"Preferred Application\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20422 msgid "" "KDE desktop: \"K\" → \"Control Center\" → \"KDE Components\" → \"Component " "Chooser\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20427 msgid "Iceweasle browser: \"Edit\" → \"Preferences\" → \"Applications\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20431 msgid "<literal>mc</literal>(1): \"<literal>/etc/mc/mc.ext</literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20438 msgid "" "Environment variables such as \"<literal>$BROWSER</literal>\", " "\"<literal>$EDITOR</literal>\", \"<literal>$VISUAL</literal>\", and " "\"<literal>$PAGER</literal>\" (see <literal>eviron</literal>(7))" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20443 msgid "" "The <literal>update-alternatives</literal>(8) system for programs such as " "\"<literal>editor</literal>\", \"<literal>view</literal>\", " "\"<literal>x-www-browser</literal>\", " "\"<literal>gnome-www-browser</literal>\", and " "\"<literal>www-browser</literal>\" (see <xref " "linkend=\"_setting_a_default_text_editor\"/>)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20448 msgid "" "the \"<literal>~/.mailcap</literal>\" and " "\"<literal>/etc/mailcap</literal>\" file contents which associate <ulink " "url=\"&mime;\">MIME</ulink> type with program (see " "<literal>mailcap</literal>(5))" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20453 msgid "" "The \"<literal>~/.mime.types</literal>\" and " "\"<literal>/etc/mime.types</literal>\" file contents which associate file " "name extension with <ulink url=\"&mime;\">MIME</ulink> type (see " "<literal>run-mailcap</literal>(1))" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20458 msgid "" "<literal>update-mime</literal>(8) updates the " "\"<literal>/etc/mailcap</literal>\" file using " "\"<literal>/etc/mailcap.order</literal>\" file (see " "<literal>mailcap.order</literal>(5))." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20461 msgid "" "The <literal>debianutils</literal> package provides " "<literal>sensible-browser</literal>(1), " "<literal>sensible-editor</literal>(1), and " "<literal>sensible-pager</literal>(1) which make sensible decisions on which " "editor, pager, and web browser to call, respectively. I recommend you to " "read these shell scripts." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20464 msgid "" "In order to run a console application such as <literal>mutt</literal> under " "X as your preferred application, you should create an X application as " "following and set \"<literal>/usr/local/bin/mutt-term</literal>\" as your " "preferred application to be started as described." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20466 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# cat /usr/local/bin/mutt-term <<EOF\n" "#!/bin/sh\n" "gnome-terminal -e \"mutt \\$@\"\n" "EOF\n" "chmod 755 /usr/local/bin/mutt-term" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20473 msgid "Killing a process" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20474 msgid "" "Use <literal>kill</literal>(1) to kill (or send a signal to) a process by " "the process ID." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20475 msgid "" "Use <literal>killall</literal>(1) or <literal>pkill</literal>(1) to do the " "same by the process command name and other attributes." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20477 msgid "List of frequently used signals for kill command" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20485 msgid "signal value" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20488 msgid "signal name" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20501 msgid "HUP" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20504 msgid "restart daemon" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20509 msgid "15" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20512 msgid "TERM" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20515 msgid "normal kill" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20520 msgid "9" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20523 msgid "KILL" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20526 msgid "kill hard" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20534 msgid "Scheduling tasks once" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20535 msgid "" "Run the <literal>at</literal>(1) command to schedule a one-time job by the " "following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20536 #, no-wrap msgid "$ echo 'command -args'| at 3:40 monday" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20539 msgid "Scheduling tasks regularly" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20540 msgid "" "Use <literal>cron</literal>(8) to schedule tasks regularly. See " "<literal>crontab</literal>(1) and <literal>crontab</literal>(5)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20541 msgid "" "If you are a member of <literal>crontab</literal> group, you can schedule to " "run processes as a normal user, e.g. <literal>foo</literal> by creating a " "<literal>crontab</literal>(5) file as " "\"<literal>/var/spool/cron/crontabs/foo</literal>\" with \"<literal>crontab " "-e</literal>\" command." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20542 msgid "Here is an example of a <literal>crontab</literal>(5) file." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20543 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# use /bin/sh to run commands, no matter what /etc/passwd says\n" "SHELL=/bin/sh\n" "# mail any output to paul, no matter whose crontab this is\n" "MAILTO=paul\n" "# Min Hour DayOfMonth Month DayOfWeek command (Day... are OR'ed)\n" "# run at 00:05, every day\n" "5 0 * * * $HOME/bin/daily.job >> $HOME/tmp/out 2>&1\n" "# run at 14:15 on the first of every month -- output mailed to paul\n" "15 14 1 * * $HOME/bin/monthly\n" "# run at 22:00 on weekdays(1-5), annoy Joe. % for newline, last % for cc:\n" "0 22 * * 1-5 mail -s \"It's 10pm\" joe%Joe,%%Where are your kids?%.%%\n" "23 */2 1 2 * echo \"run 23 minutes after 0am, 2am, 4am ..., on Feb 1\"\n" "5 4 * * sun echo \"run at 04:05 every Sunday\"\n" "# run at 03:40 on the first Monday of each month\n" "40 3 1-7 * * [ \"$(date +%a)\" == \"Mon\" ] && command -args" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20559 msgid "" "For the system not running continuously, install the " "<literal>anacron</literal> package to schedule periodic commands at the " "specified intervals as closely as machine-uptime permits. See " "<literal>anacron</literal>(8) and <literal>anacrontab</literal>(5)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20562 msgid "" "For scheduled system maintenance scripts, you can run them periodically from " "root account by placing such scripts in " "\"<literal>/etc/cron.hourly/</literal>\", " "\"<literal>/etc/cron.daily/</literal>\", " "\"<literal>/etc/cron.weekly/</literal>\", or " "\"<literal>/etc/cron.monthly/</literal>\". Execution timings of these " "scripts can be customized by \"<literal>/etc/crontab</literal>\" and " "\"<literal>/etc/anacrontab</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20566 msgid "Alt-SysRq key" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20567 msgid "" "Insurance against system malfunction is provided by the kernel compile " "option \"Magic SysRq key\" (<ulink url=\"&sak;\">SAK</ulink> key) which is " "now the default for the Debian kernel. Pressing Alt-SysRq followed by one " "of the following keys does the magic of rescuing control of the system." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20569 msgid "List of SAK command keys" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20576 msgid "key following Alt-SysRq" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20579 msgid "description of action" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20589 msgid "" "restore the keyboard from <emphasis role=\"strong\">r</emphasis>aw mode " "after X crashes" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20597 msgid "" "change the console loglevel to <emphasis role=\"strong\">0</emphasis> to " "reduce error messages" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20604 msgid "" "<emphasis role=\"strong\">k</emphasis>ill all processes on the <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">current virtual console</emphasis>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20608 debian-reference.en.xmlt:24542 msgid "<literal>e</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20611 msgid "" "send a SIGT<emphasis role=\"strong\">E</emphasis>RM to all processes, except " "for <literal>init</literal>(8)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20616 msgid "<literal>i</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20619 msgid "" "send a SIGK<emphasis role=\"strong\">I</emphasis>LL to all processes, except " "for <literal>init</literal>(8)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20626 msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">s</emphasis>ync all mounted filesystems" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20634 msgid "" "remount all mounted filesystems read-only (<emphasis " "role=\"strong\">u</emphasis>mount)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20642 msgid "" "re<emphasis role=\"strong\">b</emphasis>oot the system without syncing or " "unmounting" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20648 msgid "" "The combination of \"Alt-SysRq s\", \"Alt-SysRq u\", and \"Alt-SysRq r\" is " "good for getting out of really bad situations." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20649 msgid "" "See " "\"<literal>/usr/share/doc/linux-doc-2.6.*/Documentation/sysrq.txt.gz</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20651 msgid "" "The Alt-SysRq feature may be considered a security risk by allowing users " "access to root-privileged functions. Placing \"<literal>echo 0 " ">/proc/sys/kernel/sysrq</literal>\" in " "\"<literal>/etc/rc.local</literal>\" or \"<literal>kernel.sysrq = " "0</literal>\" in \"<literal>/etc/sysctl.conf</literal>\" disables the " "Alt-SysRq feature." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20654 msgid "" "From SSH terminal etc., you can use the Alt-SysRq feature by writing to the " "\"<literal>/proc/sysrq-trigger</literal>\". For example, \"<literal>echo s " "> /proc/sysrq-trigger; echo u > /proc/sysrq-trigger</literal>\" from " "the root shell prompt <emphasis role=\"strong\">s</emphasis>yncs and " "<emphasis role=\"strong\">u</emphasis>mounts all mounted filesystems." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20659 msgid "System maintenance tips" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20661 msgid "Who is on the system?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20662 msgid "You can check who is on the system by the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20665 msgid "<literal>who</literal>(1) shows who is logged on." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20669 msgid "<literal>w</literal>(1) shows who is logged on and what they are doing." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20673 msgid "<literal>last</literal>(1) shows listing of last logged in user." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20677 msgid "<literal>lastb</literal>(1) shows listing of last bad logged in users." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20682 msgid "" "\"<literal>/var/run/utmp</literal>\", \"<literal>/var/log/wtmp</literal>\", " "and \"<literal>/var/run/utmp</literal>\" hold such user information. See " "<literal>login</literal>(1) and <literal>utmp</literal>(5)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20686 msgid "Warning everyone" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20687 msgid "" "You can send message to everyone who is logged on to the system with " "<literal>wall</literal>(1) by the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20688 #, no-wrap msgid "$ echo \"We are shutting down in 1 hour\" | wall" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20691 msgid "Hardware identification" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20692 msgid "" "For the <ulink url=\"&pci;\">PCI</ulink>-like devices (<ulink " "url=\"&agp;\">AGP</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&pciexpress;\">PCI-Express</ulink>, " "<ulink url=\"&cardbus;\">CardBus</ulink>, <ulink " "url=\"&expresscard;\">ExpressCard</ulink>, etc.), " "<literal>lspci</literal>(8) (probably with \"<literal>-nn</literal>\" " "option) is a good start for the hardware identification" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20693 msgid "" "Alternatively, you can identify the hardware by reading contents of " "\"<literal>/proc/bus/pci/devices</literal>\" or browsing directory tree " "under \"<literal>/sys/bus/pci</literal>\" (see <xref " "linkend=\"_procfs_and_sysfs\"/>)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20695 msgid "List of hardware identification tools" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20723 msgid "Linux PCI Utilities: <literal>lspci</literal>(8)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20731 msgid "Linux USB utilities: <literal>lsusb</literal>(8)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20739 msgid "PCMCIA utilities for Linux 2.6: <literal>pccardctl</literal>(8)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20747 msgid "" "collection of tools for SCSI hardware management: " "<literal>lsscsi</literal>(8)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20755 msgid "Plug and Play BIOS utilities: <literal>lspnp</literal>(8)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20763 msgid "" "system information obtained from \"<literal>/proc</literal>\": " "<literal>lsdev</literal>(8)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20771 msgid "information about hardware configuration: <literal>lshw</literal>(1)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20779 msgid "hardware identification system: <literal>discover</literal>(8)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20787 msgid "Hardware configuration" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20788 msgid "" "Although most of the hardware configuration on modern GUI desktop systems " "such as GNOME and KDE can be managed through accompanying GUI configuration " "tools, it is a good idea to know some basics methods to configure them." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20790 msgid "List of hardware configuration tools" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20818 msgid "Hardware Abstraction Layer: <literal>lshal</literal>(1)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20826 msgid "Linux console font and keytable utilities" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20834 msgid "" "X server utilities: <literal>xset</literal>(1), " "<literal>xmodmap</literal>(1)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20842 msgid "" "daemon to manage events delivered by the Advanced Configuration and Power " "Interface (ACPI)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20850 msgid "utility to display information on ACPI devices" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20858 msgid "daemon to manage events delivered by the Advanced Power Management (APM)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20866 msgid "daemon to allow idle hard disks to spin down" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20874 msgid "daemon to put a laptop to sleep during inactivity" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20882 msgid "" "hard disk access optimization (see <xref " "linkend=\"_optimization_of_hard_disk\"/>)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20890 msgid "" "control and monitor storage systems using <ulink " "url=\"&smart;\">S.M.A.R.T.</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20898 msgid "collection of tools for serial port management" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20906 msgid "collection of tools for memory hardware management" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20914 msgid "" "collection of tools for <ulink url=\"&scsi;\">SCSI</ulink> hardware " "management" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20922 msgid "utility to configure touchpad devices" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20930 msgid "compact disc drive access optimization" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20938 msgid "larger mouse cursors for X" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20944 msgid "" "Here, <ulink url=\"&acpi;\">ACPI</ulink> is a newer framework for the power " "management system than <ulink url=\"&apm;\">APM</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20946 msgid "" "CPU frequency scaling on modern system is governed by kernel modules such as " "<literal>acpi_cpufreq</literal>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20950 msgid "System and hardware time" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20951 msgid "The following sets system and hardware time to MM/DD hh:mm, CCYY." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20952 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# date MMDDhhmmCCYY\n" "# hwclock --utc --systohc\n" "# hwclock --show" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20955 msgid "" "Times are normally displayed in the local time on the Debian system but the " "hardware and system time usually use <ulink url=\"&utgmt;\">UT(GMT)</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20956 msgid "" "If the hardware (BIOS) time is set to UT, change the setting to " "\"<literal>UTC=yes</literal>\" in the " "\"<literal>/etc/default/rcS</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20957 msgid "" "If you wish to update system time via network, consider to use the <ulink " "url=\"&ntp;\">NTP</ulink> service with the packages such as " "<literal>ntp</literal>, <literal>ntpdate</literal>, and " "<literal>chrony</literal>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20958 debian-reference.en.xmlt:25585 debian-reference.en.xmlt:26055 msgid "See the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20962 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&managingaccuratedateandtimehowto;\">Managing Accurate Date and " "Time HOWTO</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20967 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&ntppublicservicesproject;\">NTP Public Services " "Project</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20972 msgid "The <literal>ntp-doc</literal> package" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20977 msgid "" "<literal>ntptrace</literal>(8) in the <literal>ntp</literal> package can " "trace a chain of NTP servers back to the primary source." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20981 msgid "The terminal configuration" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20982 msgid "" "There are several components to configure character console and " "<literal>ncurses</literal>(3) system features." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20986 msgid "" "The \"<literal>/etc/terminfo/*/*</literal>\" file " "(<literal>terminfo</literal>(5))" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20991 msgid "" "The \"<literal>$TERM</literal>\" environment variable " "(<literal>term</literal>(7))" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20995 msgid "" "<literal>setterm</literal>(1), <literal>stty</literal>(1), " "<literal>tic</literal>(1), and <literal>toe</literal>(1)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:20999 msgid "" "If the <literal>terminfo</literal> entry for <literal>xterm</literal> " "doesn't work with a non-Debian <literal>xterm</literal>, change your " "terminal type, \"<literal>$TERM</literal>\", from " "\"<literal>xterm</literal>\" to one of the feature-limited versions such as " "\"<literal>xterm-r6</literal>\" when you log in to a Debian system " "remotely. See \"<literal>/usr/share/doc/libncurses5/FAQ</literal>\" for " "more. \"<literal>dumb</literal>\" is the lowest common denominator for " "\"<literal>$TERM</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21002 msgid "The sound infrastructure" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21003 msgid "" "Device drivers for sound cards for current Linux 2.6 are provided by <ulink " "url=\"&advancedlinuxsouarchitecturealsa;\">Advanced Linux Sound Architecture " "(ALSA)</ulink>. ALSA provides emulation mode for previous <ulink " "url=\"&opensoundsystemoss;\">Open Sound System (OSS)</ulink> for " "compatibility." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21004 msgid "" "Run \"<literal>dpkg-reconfigure linux-sound-base</literal>\" to select the " "sound system to use ALSA via blacklisting of kernel modules. Unless you have " "very new sound hardware, udev infrastructure should configure your sound " "system." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21006 msgid "" "Use \"<literal>cat /dev/urandom > /dev/audio</literal>\" or " "<literal>speaker-test</literal>(1) to test speaker. (^C to stop)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21009 msgid "" "If you can not get sound, your speaker may be connected to a muted output. " "Modern sound system has many outputs. <literal>alsamixer</literal>(1) in " "the <literal>alsa-utils</literal> package is useful to configure volume and " "mute settings." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21011 msgid "" "Application softwares may be configured not only to access sound devices " "directly but also to access them via some standardized sound server system." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21013 msgid "List of sound packages" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21041 msgid "base package for ALSA and OSS sound systems" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21049 msgid "ALSA driver configuration files" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21057 msgid "utilities for configuring and using ALSA" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21065 msgid "" "OSS compatibility under ALSA preventing \"<literal>/dev/dsp not " "found</literal>\" errors" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21072 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&enlightenedsounddaemonesd;\">Enlightened Sound Daemon " "(ESD)</ulink> common (Enlightenment and GNOME)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21079 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&enlightenedsounddaemonesd;\">Enlightened Sound Daemon " "(ESD)</ulink> server (Enlightenment and GNOME)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21086 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&enlightenedsounddaemonesd;\">Enlightened Sound Daemon " "(ESD)</ulink> client (Enlightenment and GNOME)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21093 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&enlightenedsounddaemonesd;\">Enlightened Sound Daemon " "(ESD)</ulink> library (Enlightenment and GNOME)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21100 msgid "<ulink url=\"&arts;\">aRts</ulink> server (KDE)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21107 debian-reference.en.xmlt:21114 msgid "<ulink url=\"&arts;\">aRts</ulink> library (KDE)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21121 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&jackaudioconnectionkitjack;\">JACK Audio Connection " "Kit. (JACK)</ulink> server (low latency)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21128 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&jackaudioconnectionkitjack;\">JACK Audio Connection " "Kit. (JACK)</ulink> library (low latency)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21135 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&networkaudiosystemnas;\">Network Audio System (NAS)</ulink> " "server" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21142 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&networkaudiosystemnas;\">Network Audio System (NAS)</ulink> " "library" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21149 msgid "<ulink url=\"&pulseaudio;\">PulseAudio</ulink> server, replacement for ESD" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21156 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&pulseaudio;\">PulseAudio</ulink> client library, replacement " "for ESD" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21163 msgid "<ulink url=\"&gstreamer;\">GStreamer</ulink>: GNOME sound engine" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21170 msgid "<ulink url=\"&xine;\">xine</ulink>: KDE older sound engine" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21177 msgid "<ulink url=\"&phonon;\">Phonon</ulink>: KDE new sound engine" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21183 msgid "" "There is usually a common sound engine for each popular desktop " "environment. Each sound engine used by the application can choose to connect " "to different sound servers." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21186 msgid "Disabling the screen saver" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21187 msgid "For disabling the screen saver, use following commands." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21189 msgid "List of commands for disabling the screen saver" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21206 msgid "The Linux console" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21209 msgid "<literal>setterm -powersave off</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21214 msgid "The X Window (turning off screensaver)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21217 msgid "<literal>xset s off</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21222 msgid "The X Window (disabling dpms)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21225 msgid "<literal>xset -dpms</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21230 msgid "The X Window (GUI configuration of screen saver)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21233 msgid "<literal>xscreensaver-command -prefs</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21241 msgid "Disabling beep sounds" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21242 msgid "" "One can always unplug the PC speaker to disable beep sounds. Removing " "<literal>pcspkr</literal> kernel module does this for you." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21243 msgid "" "The following prevents the <literal>readline</literal>(3) program used by " "<literal>bash</literal>(1) to beep when encountering " "\"<literal>\\a</literal>\" (ASCII=7)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21244 #, no-wrap msgid "$ echo \"set bell-style none\">> ~/.inputrc" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21247 msgid "Memory usage" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21248 msgid "" "The kernel boot message in the \"<literal>/var/log/dmesg</literal>\" " "contains the total exact size of available memory." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21249 msgid "" "<literal>free</literal>(1) and <literal>top</literal>(1) display information " "on memory resources on the running system." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21250 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ grep '\\] Memory' /var/log/dmesg\n" "[ 0.004000] Memory: 990528k/1016784k available (1975k kernel code, 25868k " "reserved, 931k data, 296k init)\n" "$ free -k\n" " total used free shared buffers cached\n" "Mem: 997184 976928 20256 0 129592 171932\n" "-/+ buffers/cache: 675404 321780\n" "Swap: 4545576 4 4545572" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21258 msgid "" "Do not worry about the large size of \"<literal>used</literal>\" and the " "small size of \"<literal>free</literal>\" in the \"<literal>Mem:</literal>\" " "line, but read the one under them (675404 and 321780 in the example below) " "and relax." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21260 msgid "" "For my MacBook with 1GB=1048576k DRAM (video system steals some of this), I " "see the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21262 msgid "List of memory sizes reported" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21269 msgid "report" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21279 msgid "Total size in dmesg" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21282 msgid "1016784k = 1GB - 31792k" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21287 msgid "Free in dmesg" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21290 msgid "990528k" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21295 msgid "Total under shell" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21298 msgid "997184k" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21303 msgid "Free under shell" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21306 msgid "20256k (but effectively 321780k)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21314 msgid "System security and integrity check" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21315 msgid "Poor system maintenance may expose your system to external exploitation." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21316 msgid "" "For system security and integrity check, you should start with the " "following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21320 msgid "" "The <literal>debsums</literal> package, See <literal>debsums</literal>(1) " "and <xref linkend=\"_top_level_release_file_and_authenticity\"/>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21325 msgid "" "The <literal>chkrootkit</literal> package, See " "<literal>chkrootkit</literal>(1)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21330 msgid "" "The <literal>clamav</literal> package family, See " "<literal>clamscan</literal>(1) and <literal>freahclam</literal>(1)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21334 msgid "<ulink url=\"&debiansecurityfaq;\">Debian security FAQ</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21338 msgid "<ulink url=\"&securingdebianmanual;\">Securing Debian Manual</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21343 msgid "List of tools for system security and integrity check" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21371 msgid "daemon to mail anomalies in the system logfiles to the administrator" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21379 msgid "utility to verify installed package files against MD5 checksums" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21386 msgid "<ulink url=\"&rootkit;\">rootkit</ulink> detector" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21394 msgid "anti-virus utility for Unix - command-line interface" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21402 msgid "report system security vulnerabilities" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21410 msgid "file and directory integrity checker" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21418 msgid "active password cracking tool" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21426 msgid "Advanced Intrusion Detection Environment - static binary" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21434 msgid "security hardening tool" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21442 msgid "file integrity verification program" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21450 msgid "password guessing program" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21456 msgid "" "Here is a simple script to check for typical world writable incorrect file " "permissions." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21457 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# find / -perm 777 -a \\! -type s -a \\! -type l -a \\! \\( -type d -a -perm " "1777 \\)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21459 msgid "" "Since the <literal>debsums</literal> package uses <ulink " "url=\"&mdf;\">MD5</ulink> checksums stored locally, it can not be fully " "trusted as the system security audit tool against malicious attacks." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21464 msgid "The kernel" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21465 msgid "" "Debian distributes modularized <ulink url=\"&linuxkernel;\">Linux " "kernel</ulink> as packages for supported architectures." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21467 msgid "Linux kernel 2.6" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21468 msgid "There are few notable features on Linux kernel 2.6 compared to 2.4." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21472 msgid "" "Devices are created by the udev system (see <xref " "linkend=\"_the_udev_system\"/>)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21477 msgid "" "Read/write accesses to IDE CD/DVD devices do not use the " "<literal>ide-scsi</literal> module." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21482 msgid "" "Network packet filtering functions use <literal>iptable</literal> kernel " "modules." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21488 msgid "Kernel parameters" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21489 msgid "Many Linux features are configurable via kernel parameters as follows." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21493 msgid "" "Kernel parameters initialized by the bootloader (see <xref " "linkend=\"_stage_2_the_boot_loader\"/>)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21498 msgid "" "Kernel parameters changed by <literal>syscrl</literal>(8) at runtime for " "ones accessible via sysfs (see <xref linkend=\"_procfs_and_sysfs\"/>)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21503 msgid "" "Module parameters set by arguments of <literal>modprobe</literal>(8) when a " "module is activated (see <xref linkend=\"_mounting_the_disk_image_file\"/>)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21507 msgid "" "See \"<literal>kernel-parameters.txt(.gz)</literal>\" and other related " "documents in the Linux kernel documentation " "(\"<literal>/usr/share/doc/linux-doc-2.6.*/Documentation/filesystems/*</literal>\") " "provided by the <literal>linux-doc-2.6.*</literal> package." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21510 msgid "Kernel headers" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21511 msgid "" "Most <emphasis role=\"strong\">normal programs</emphasis> don't need kernel " "headers and in fact may break if you use them directly for compiling. They " "should be compiled against the headers in " "\"<literal>/usr/include/linux</literal>\" and " "\"<literal>/usr/include/asm</literal>\" provided by the " "<literal>libc6-dev</literal> package (created from the " "<literal>glibc</literal> source package) on the Debian system." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21513 msgid "" "For compiling some kernel-specific programs such as the kernel modules from " "the external source and the automounter daemon (<literal>amd</literal>), you " "must include path to the corresponding kernel headers, " "e.g. \"<literal>-I/usr/src/linux-particular-version/include/</literal>\", to " "your command line. <literal>module-assistant</literal>(8) (or its short form " "<literal>m-a</literal>) helps users to build and install module package(s) " "easily for one or more custom kernels." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21517 msgid "Compiling the kernel and related modules" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21518 msgid "Debian has its own method of compiling the kernel and related modules." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21520 msgid "" "List of key packages to be installed for the kernel recompilation on the " "Debian system" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21548 msgid "" "essential packages for building Debian packages: <literal>make</literal>, " "<literal>gcc</literal>, …" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21556 msgid "compress and decompress utilities for bz2 files" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21564 msgid "developer's libraries and docs for ncurses" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21572 msgid "git: distributed revision control system used by the Linux kernel" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21580 msgid "provide fakeroot environment for building package as non-root" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21588 msgid "tool to build an initramfs (Debian specific)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21596 msgid "tool to build Linux kernel packages (Debian specific)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21604 msgid "tool to help build module packages (Debian specific)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21611 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&dynamickernelmodulesupportdkms;\">dynamic kernel module " "support (DKMS)</ulink> (generic)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21619 msgid "helper scripts for a Debian Package maintainer (Debian specific)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21624 msgid "<literal>linux-tree-2.6.*</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21633 msgid "Linux kernel source tree meta package (Debian specific)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21639 msgid "" "If you use <literal>initrd</literal> in <xref " "linkend=\"_stage_2_the_boot_loader\"/>, make sure to read the related " "information in <literal>initramfs-tools</literal>(8), " "<literal>update-initramfs</literal>(8), <literal>mkinitramfs</literal>(8) " "and <literal>initramfs.conf</literal>(5)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21641 msgid "" "Do not put symlinks to the directories in the source tree " "(e.g. \"<literal>/usr/src/linux*</literal>\") from " "\"<literal>/usr/include/linux</literal>\" and " "\"<literal>/usr/include/asm</literal>\" when compiling the Linux kernel " "source. (Some outdated documents suggest this.)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21644 msgid "" "When compiling the latest Linux kernel on the Debian " "<literal>stable</literal> system, the use of backported latest tools from " "the Debian <literal>unstable</literal> may be needed." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21647 msgid "" "The <ulink url=\"&dynamickernelmodulesupportdkms;\">dynamic kernel module " "support (DKMS)</ulink> is a new distribution independent framework designed " "to allow individual kernel modules to be upgraded without changing the whole " "kernel. This will be endorsed for the maintenance of out-of-tree modules for " "<literal>squeeze</literal>. This also makes it very easy to rebuild modules " "as you upgrade kernels." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21651 msgid "Compiling the kernel source: Debian standard method" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21652 msgid "" "The Debian standard method for compiling kernel source to create a custom " "kernel package uses <literal>make-kpkg</literal>(1). The official " "documentation is in (the bottom of) " "\"<literal>/usr/share/doc/kernel-package/README.gz</literal>\". See " "<literal>kernel-pkg.conf</literal>(5) and " "<literal>kernel-img.conf</literal>(5) for customization." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21653 msgid "Here is an example for amd64 system." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21654 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# aptitude install linux-tree-<version>\n" "$ cd /usr/src\n" "$ tar -xjvf linux-source-<version>.tar.bz2\n" "$ cd linux-source-<version>\n" "$ cp /boot/config-<oldversion> .config\n" "$ make menuconfig\n" " ...\n" "$ make-kpkg clean\n" "$ fakeroot make-kpkg --append_to_version -amd64 --initrd --revision=rev.01 " "kernel_image modules_image\n" "$ cd ..\n" "# dpkg -i linux-image*.deb" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21665 debian-reference.en.xmlt:21711 msgid "Reboot to new kernel with \"<literal>shutdown -r now</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21667 msgid "" "When you intend to create a non-modularized kernel compiled only for one " "machine, invoke <literal>make-kpkg</literal> without " "\"<literal>--initrd</literal>\" option since initrd is not used. Invocation " "of \"<literal>make oldconfig</literal>\" and \"<literal>make dep</literal>\" " "are not required since \"<literal>make-kpkg kernel_image</literal>\" invokes " "them." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21671 msgid "Compiling the module source: Debian standard method" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21672 msgid "" "The Debian standard method for creating and installing a custom module " "package for a custom kernel package uses " "<literal>module-assistant</literal>(8) and module-source packages. For " "example, the following builds the <literal>unionfs</literal> kernel module " "package and installs it." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21673 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ sudo aptitude install module-assistant\n" "...\n" "$ sudo aptitude install unionfs-source unionfs-tools unionfs-utils\n" "$ sudo m-a update\n" "$ sudo m-a prepare\n" "$ sudo m-a auto-install unionfs\n" "...\n" "$ sudo apt-get autoremove" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21683 msgid "Compiling the kernel source: classic method" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21684 msgid "" "You can still build <ulink url=\"&linuxkernelfromtepristinesources;\">Linux " "kernel from the pristine sources</ulink> with the classic method. You must " "take care the details of the system configuration manually." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21685 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ cd /usr/src\n" "$ wget " "http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v2.6/linux-<version>.tar.bz2\n" "$ tar -xjvf linux-<version>.tar.bz2\n" "$ cd linux-<version>\n" "$ cp /boot/config-<version> .config\n" "$ make menuconfig\n" " ...\n" "$ make dep; make bzImage\n" "$ make modules\n" "# cp ./arch/x86_64/boot/bzImage /boot/vmlinuz-<version>\n" "# make modules_install\n" "# depmod -a\n" "# update-initramfs -c -k <version>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21698 msgid "Set up bootloader by the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21702 msgid "" "Edit \"<literal>/etc/lilo.conf</literal>\" and run " "\"<literal>/sbin/lilo</literal>\", if you use <literal>lilo</literal>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21707 msgid "" "Edit \"<literal>/boot/grub/menu.lst</literal>\", if you use " "<literal>grub</literal>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21714 msgid "Non-free hardware drivers" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21715 msgid "" "Although most of hardware drivers are available as free software and as a " "part of the Debian system, you may need to load some non-free external " "drivers to support some hardwares, such as Winmodem, on your system." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21716 msgid "Check pertinent resources." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21720 msgid "" "<ulink " "url=\"&httpenwikipediaorgwikisoftmodem;\">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softmodem</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21725 msgid "" "<ulink " "url=\"&httpenwikipediaowireless_drivers;\">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_open_source_wireless_drivers</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21729 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&google;\">Google</ulink> or other search engines with keyword " "\"Linmodem\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21734 msgid "" "<ulink " "url=\"&httpndiswrappersourceforgenet;\">http://ndiswrapper.sourceforge.net</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21739 msgid "<ulink url=\"&httplinuxwirelessorg;\">http://linuxwireless.org</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21743 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&httpmadwifiprojectorg;\">http://madwifi-project.org</ulink> " "(there is ath5k which contains free drivers)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21750 msgid "Virtualized system" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21751 msgid "" "Use of virtualized system enables us to run multiple instances of system " "simultaneously on a single hardware." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21753 msgid "" "See <ulink " "url=\"&httpwikidebianoremvirtualization;\">http://wiki.debian.org/SystemVirtualization</ulink> " "." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21756 msgid "Virtualization tools" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21757 msgid "" "There are several system <ulink " "url=\"&virtualization;\">virtualization</ulink> and <ulink " "url=\"&emulation;\">emulation</ulink> related packages in Debian beyond " "simple <ulink url=\"&chroot;\">chroot</ulink>. Some packages also help you " "to setup such system." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21759 msgid "List of virtualization tools" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21787 msgid "specialized tool for executing Debian binary packages in chroot" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21795 msgid "tool for building Debian binary packages from Debian sources" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21803 msgid "personal package builder for Debian packages" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21811 msgid "bootstrap a basic Debian system (written in sh)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21819 msgid "bootstrap a Debian system (written in C)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21827 msgid "tool for building complete Linux filesystem images" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21834 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&virtualmachinemanager;\">Virtual Machine Manager</ulink>: " "desktop application for managing virtual machines" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21842 msgid "programs for the <ulink url=\"&libvirt;\">libvirt</ulink> library" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21849 msgid "<ulink url=\"&usermodelinux;\">User-mode Linux</ulink> (kernel)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21856 msgid "<ulink url=\"&bochs;\">Bochs</ulink>: IA-32 PC emulator" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21863 msgid "<ulink url=\"&qemu;\">QEMU</ulink>: fast generic processor emulator" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21870 msgid "<ulink url=\"&qemu;\">QEMU</ulink>: full system emulation binaries" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21877 msgid "<ulink url=\"&qemu;\">QEMU</ulink>: user mode emulation binaries" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21884 msgid "<ulink url=\"&qemu;\">QEMU</ulink>: utilities" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21891 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&kvm;\">KVM</ulink>: full virtualization on x86 hardware with " "the <ulink url=\"&hardwareassistedvirtualization;\">hardware-assisted " "virtualization</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21897 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&virtualbox;\">VirtualBox</ulink>: x86 virtualization solution " "on i386 and amd64" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21905 msgid "tools to manage debian <ulink url=\"&xen;\">XEN</ulink> virtual server" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21912 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&wine;\">Wine</ulink>: Windows API Implementation (standard " "suite)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21919 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&dosbox;\">DOSBox</ulink>: x86 emulator with " "Tandy/Herc/CGA/EGA/VGA/SVGA graphics, sound and DOS" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21926 msgid "<ulink url=\"&dosemu;\">DOSEMU</ulink>: The Linux DOS Emulator" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21933 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&openvz;\">OpenVZ</ulink> server virtualization solution - " "control tools" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21940 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&openvz;\">OpenVZ</ulink> server virtualization solution - " "quota tools" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21947 msgid "<ulink url=\"&linuxcontainers;\">Linux containers</ulink> user space tools" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21953 msgid "" "See Wikipedia article <ulink " "url=\"&comparisonofplatmvirtualmachines;\">Comparison of platform virtual " "machines</ulink> for detail comparison of different platform virtualization " "solutions." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21956 msgid "Virtualization work flow" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21958 msgid "" "Some functionalities described here are only available in " "<literal>squeeze</literal>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21961 msgid "" "Default Debian kernels support <ulink url=\"&kvm;\">KVM</ulink> since " "<literal>lenny</literal>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21963 msgid "" "Typical work flow for <ulink url=\"&virtualization;\">virtualization</ulink> " "involves several steps." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21967 msgid "Create an empty filesystem (a file tree or a disk image)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21972 msgid "" "The file tree can be created by \"<literal>mkdir -p " "/path/to/chroot</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21977 msgid "" "The raw disk image file can be created with <literal>dd</literal>(1) (see " "<xref linkend=\"_making_the_disk_image_file\"/> and <xref " "linkend=\"_making_the_empty_disk_image_file\"/>)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21981 msgid "" "<literal>qemu-img</literal>(1) can be used to create and convert disk image " "files supported by <ulink url=\"&qemu;\">QEMU</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21986 msgid "" "The raw and <ulink url=\"&vmdk;\">VMDK</ulink> file format can be used as " "common format among virtualization tools." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21993 msgid "" "Mount the disk image with <literal>mount</literal>(8) to the filesystem " "(optional)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:21998 msgid "" "For the raw disk image file, mount it as <ulink url=\"&loopdevice;\">loop " "device</ulink> or <ulink url=\"&devicemapper;\">device mapper</ulink> " "devices (see <xref linkend=\"_mounting_the_disk_image_file\"/>)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22003 msgid "" "For disk images supported by <ulink url=\"&qemu;\">QEMU</ulink>, mount them " "as <ulink url=\"&networkblockdevice;\">network block device</ulink> (see " "<xref linkend=\"_mounting_the_virtual_disk_image_file\"/>)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22010 msgid "Populate the target filesystem with required system data." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22015 msgid "" "Use programs such as <literal>debootstrap</literal> and " "<literal>cdebootstrap</literal> help this process (see <xref " "linkend=\"_chroot_system\"/>)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22020 msgid "Use installers of OSs under the full system emulation." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22027 msgid "Run a program under a virtualized environment." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22031 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&chroot;\">chroot</ulink> provides basic virtualized " "environment enough to compile programs, run console applications, and run " "daemons in it." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22035 msgid "<ulink url=\"&qemu;\">QEMU</ulink> provides cross-platform CPU emulation." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22039 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&qemu;\">QEMU</ulink> with <ulink url=\"&kvm;\">KVM</ulink> " "provides full system emulation by the <ulink " "url=\"&hardwareassistedvirtualization;\">hardware-assisted " "virtualization</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22043 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&virtualbox;\">VirtualBox</ulink> provides full system " "emulation on i386 and amd64 with or without the <ulink " "url=\"&hardwareassistedvirtualization;\">hardware-assisted " "virtualization</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22051 msgid "Mounting the virtual disk image file" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22052 msgid "For the raw disk image file, see <xref linkend=\"_the_disk_image\"/>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22053 msgid "" "For other virtual disk image files, you can use " "<literal>qemu-nbd</literal>(8) to export them using <ulink " "url=\"&networkblockdevice;\">network block device</ulink> protocol and mount " "them using the <literal>nbd</literal> kernel module." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22054 msgid "" "<literal>qemu-nbd</literal>(8) supports disk formats supported by <ulink " "url=\"&qemu;\">QEMU</ulink>: <ulink url=\"&qemu;\">QEMU</ulink> supports " "following disk formats: raw, <ulink url=\"&qcowcqcow;\">qcow2, qcow</ulink>, " "<ulink url=\"&vmdk;\">vmdk</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&vdi;\">vdi</ulink>, <ulink " "url=\"&bochs;\">bochs</ulink>, cow (user-mode Linux copy-on-write), <ulink " "url=\"¶llels;\">parallels</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&dmg;\">dmg</ulink>, " "<ulink url=\"&cloop;\">cloop</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&vpc;\">vpc</ulink>, " "vvfat (virtual VFAT), and host_device." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22055 msgid "" "The <ulink url=\"&networkblockdevice;\">network block device</ulink> can " "support partitions in the same way as the <ulink url=\"&loopdevice;\">loop " "device</ulink> (see <xref linkend=\"_mounting_the_disk_image_file\"/>). You " "can mount the first partition of \"<literal>disk.img</literal>\" as follows." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22056 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# modprobe nbd max_part=16\n" "# qemu-nbd -v -c /dev/nbd0 disk.img\n" "...\n" "# mkdir /mnt/part1\n" "# mount /dev/nbd0p1 /mnt/part1" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22062 msgid "" "You may export only the first partition of \"<literal>disk.img</literal>\" " "using \"<literal>-P 1</literal>\" option to <literal>qemu-nbd</literal>(8)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22066 msgid "Chroot system" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22067 msgid "" "<literal>chroot</literal>(8) offers most basic way to run different " "instances of the GNU/Linux environment on a single system simultaneously " "without rebooting." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22069 msgid "" "Examples below assumes both parent system and chroot system share the same " "CPU architecture." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22071 msgid "" "You can learn how to setup and use <literal>chroot</literal>(8) by running " "<literal>pbuilder</literal>(8) program under <literal>script</literal>(1) as " "follows." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22072 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ sudo mkdir /sid-root\n" "$ sudo pbuilder --create --no-targz --debug --buildplace /sid-root" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22074 msgid "" "You see how <literal>debootstrap</literal>(8) or " "<literal>cdebootstrap</literal>(1) populate system data for " "<literal>sid</literal> environment under \"<literal>/sid-root</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22076 msgid "" "These <literal>debootstrap</literal>(8) or " "<literal>cdebootstrap</literal>(1) are used to <ulink " "url=\"&installdebian;\">install Debian</ulink> by the Debian Installer. " "These can also be used to install Debian to a system without using a Debian " "install disk, but instead from another GNU/Linux distribution." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22078 #, no-wrap msgid "$ sudo pbuilder --login --no-targz --debug --buildplace /sid-root" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22079 msgid "" "You see how a system shell running under <literal>sid</literal> environment " "is created as the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22083 msgid "" "Copy local configuration (<literal>\"/etc/hosts</literal>\", " "<literal>\"/etc/hostname</literal>\", " "<literal>\"/etc/resolv.conf</literal>\")" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22088 msgid "Mount \"<literal>/proc</literal>\" filesystem" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22093 msgid "Mount \"<literal>/dev/pts</literal>\" filesystem" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22098 msgid "" "Create \"<literal>/usr/sbin/policy-rc.d</literal>\" which always exits with " "101" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22103 msgid "" "Run \"<literal>chroot /sid-root bin/bash -c 'exec -a -bash " "bin/bash'</literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22108 msgid "" "Some programs under chroot may require access to more files from the parent " "system to function than <literal>pbuilder</literal> provides. For example, " "\"<literal>/sys</literal>\", \"<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>\", " "\"<literal>/etc/group</literal>\", \"<literal>/var/run/utmp</literal>\", " "\"<literal>/var/log/wtmp</literal>\", etc. may need to be bind-mounted or " "copied." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22111 msgid "" "The \"<literal>/usr/sbin/policy-rc.d</literal>\" file prevents daemon " "programs to be started automatically on Debian system. See " "\"<literal>/usr/share/doc/sysv-rc/README.policy-rc.d.gz</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22114 msgid "" "The original purpose of the specialized chroot package, " "<literal>pbuilder</literal> is to construct a chroot system and builds a " "package inside the chroot. It is an ideal system to use to check that a " "package's build-dependencies are correct, and to be sure that unnecessary " "and wrong build dependencies do not exist in the resulting package." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22117 msgid "" "Similar <literal>schroot</literal> package may give you an idea to run " "<literal>i386</literal> chroot system under <literal>amd64</literal> parent " "system." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22121 msgid "Multiple desktop systems" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22122 msgid "" "I recommend you to use <ulink url=\"&qemu;\">QEMU</ulink> or <ulink " "url=\"&virtualbox;\">VirtualBox</ulink> on a Debian " "<literal>stable</literal> system to run multiple desktop systems safely " "using <ulink url=\"&virtualization;\">virtualization</ulink>. These enable " "you to run desktop applications of Debian <literal>unstable</literal> and " "<literal>testing</literal> without usual risks associated with them." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22123 msgid "" "Since pure <ulink url=\"&qemu;\">QEMU</ulink> is very slow, it is " "recommended to accelerate it with <ulink url=\"&kvm;\">KVM</ulink> when the " "host system support it." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22124 msgid "" "The virtual disk image \"<literal>virtdisk.qcow2</literal>\" containing " "Debian system for <ulink url=\"&qemu;\">QEMU</ulink> can be created using " "<ulink url=\"&debianinstallersmallcds;\">debian-installer: Small CDs</ulink> " "as follows." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22125 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ wget " "http://cdimage.debian.org/debian-cd/5.0.3/amd64/iso-cd/debian-503-amd64-netinst.iso\n" "$ qemu-img create -f qcow2 virtdisk.qcow2 5G\n" "$ qemu -hda virtdisk.qcow2 -cdrom debian-503-amd64-netinst.iso -boot d -m " "256\n" "..." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22129 msgid "See more tips at <ulink url=\"&debianwikiqemu;\">Debian wiki: QEMU</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22130 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&virtualbox;\">VirtualBox</ulink> comes with <ulink " "url=\"&qt;\">Qt</ulink> GUI tools and quite intuitive. Its GUI and command " "line tools are explained in <ulink url=\"&virtualboxusermanual;\">VirtualBox " "User Manual</ulink> and <ulink url=\"&virtualboxusermanualpdf;\">VirtualBox " "User Manual (PDF)</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22132 msgid "" "Running other GNU/Linux distributions such as <ulink " "url=\"&ubuntu;\">Ubuntu</ulink> and <ulink url=\"&fedra;\">Fedra</ulink> " "under <ulink url=\"&virtualization;\">virtualization</ulink> is a great way " "to learn configuration tips. Other proprietary OSs may be run nicely under " "this GNU/Linux <ulink url=\"&virtualization;\">virtualization</ulink>, too." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22138 msgid "Data management" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22139 msgid "" "Tools and tips for managing binary and text data on the Debian system are " "described." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><warning><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22141 msgid "" "The uncoordinated write access to actively accessed devices and files from " "multiple processes must not be done to avoid the <ulink " "url=\"&racecondition;\">race condition</ulink>. <ulink " "url=\"&filelocking;\">File locking</ulink> mechanisms using " "<literal>flock</literal>(1) may be used to avoid it." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22144 msgid "Sharing, copying, and archiving" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22145 msgid "The security of the data and its controlled sharing have several aspects." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22149 msgid "The creation of data archive" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22154 msgid "The remote storage access" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22159 msgid "The duplication" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22164 msgid "The tracking of the modification history" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22169 msgid "The facilitation of data sharing" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22174 msgid "The prevention of unauthorized file access" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22179 msgid "The detection of unauthorized file modification" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22183 msgid "These can be realized by using some combination of tools." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22187 debian-reference.en.xmlt:22227 msgid "Archive and compression tools" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22192 debian-reference.en.xmlt:22477 msgid "Copy and synchronization tools" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22197 msgid "Network filesystems" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22202 msgid "Removable storage media" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22207 msgid "The secure shell" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22212 msgid "The authentication system" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22217 msgid "Version control system tools" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22222 msgid "Hash and cryptographic encryption tools" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22228 msgid "" "Here is a summary of archive and compression tools available on the Debian " "system." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22230 msgid "List of archive and compression tools" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22253 msgid "extension" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22256 debian-reference.en.xmlt:25152 msgid "comment" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22265 msgid "<literal>tar</literal>(1)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22268 msgid "<literal>.tar</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22271 msgid "the standard archiver (de facto standard)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22278 msgid "<literal>cpio</literal>(1)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22281 msgid "<literal>.cpio</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22284 msgid "Unix System V style archiver, use with <literal>find</literal>(1)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22291 msgid "<literal>ar</literal>(1)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22294 msgid "<literal>.ar</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22297 msgid "archiver for the creation of static libraries" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22304 msgid "<literal>fastjar</literal>(1)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22307 msgid "<literal>.jar</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22310 msgid "archiver for Java (zip like)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22317 msgid "<literal>pax</literal>(1)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22320 msgid "<literal>.pax</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22323 msgid "" "new POSIX standard archiver, compromise between <literal>tar</literal> and " "<literal>cpio</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22330 msgid "<literal>afio</literal>(1)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22333 msgid "<literal>.afio</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22336 msgid "extended <literal>cpio</literal> with per-file compression etc." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22343 msgid "<literal>gzip</literal>(1), <literal>zcat</literal>(1), …" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22346 msgid "<literal>.gz</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22349 msgid "" "GNU <ulink url=\"&lzhh;\">LZ77</ulink> compression utility (de facto " "standard)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22356 msgid "<literal>bzip2</literal>(1), <literal>bzcat</literal>(1), …" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22359 msgid "<literal>.bz2</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22361 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&burrowswheelerblrtingcompression;\">Burrows-Wheeler " "block-sorting compression</ulink> utility with higher compression ratio than " "<literal>gzip</literal>(1) (slower than <literal>gzip</literal> with similar " "syntax)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22368 msgid "<literal>lzma</literal>(1)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22371 msgid "<literal>.lzma</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22373 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&lzma;\">LZMA</ulink> compression utility with higher " "compression ratio than <literal>gzip</literal>(1) (deprecated)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22380 msgid "<literal>xz</literal>(1), <literal>xzdec</literal>(1), …" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22383 msgid "<literal>.xz</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22385 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&xz;\">XZ</ulink> compression utility with higher compression " "ratio than <literal>bzip2</literal>(1) (slower than <literal>gzip</literal> " "but faster than <literal>bzip2</literal>; replacement for <ulink " "url=\"&lzma;\">LZMA</ulink> compression utility)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22392 msgid "<literal>7zr</literal>(1), <literal>p7zip</literal>(1)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22395 debian-reference.en.xmlt:22407 msgid "<literal>.7z</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22397 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&hzip;\">7-Zip</ulink> file archiver with high compression " "ratio (<ulink url=\"&lzma;\">LZMA</ulink> compression)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22404 msgid "<literal>7z</literal>(1), <literal>7za</literal>(1)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22409 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&hzip;\">7-Zip</ulink> file archiver with high compression " "ratio (<ulink url=\"&lzma;\">LZMA</ulink> compression and others)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22416 msgid "<literal>lzop</literal>(1)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22419 msgid "<literal>.lzo</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22421 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&lzo;\">LZO</ulink> compression utility with higher compression " "and decompression speed than <literal>gzip</literal>(1) (lower compression " "ratio than <literal>gzip</literal> with similar syntax)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22428 msgid "<literal>zip</literal>(1)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22431 debian-reference.en.xmlt:22443 msgid "<literal>.zip</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22433 msgid "<ulink url=\"&infozip;\">InfoZIP</ulink>: DOS archive and compression tool" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22440 msgid "<literal>unzip</literal>(1)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22445 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&infozip;\">InfoZIP</ulink>: DOS unarchive and decompression " "tool" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22452 msgid "" "Do not set the \"<literal>$TAPE</literal>\" variable unless you know what to " "expect. It changes <literal>tar</literal>(1) behavior." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22455 msgid "" "The gzipped <literal>tar</literal>(1) archive uses the file extension " "\"<literal>.tgz</literal>\" or \"<literal>.tar.gz</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22458 msgid "" "The xz-compressed <literal>tar</literal>(1) archive uses the file extension " "\"<literal>.txz</literal>\" or \"<literal>.tar.xz</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22461 msgid "" "Popular compression method in <ulink url=\"&foss;\">FOSS</ulink> tools such " "as <literal>tar</literal>(1) has been moving as follows: " "<literal>gzip</literal> → <literal>bzip2</literal> → <literal>xz</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22464 msgid "" "<literal>cp</literal>(1), <literal>scp</literal>(1) and " "<literal>tar</literal>(1) may have some limitation for special files. " "<literal>cpio</literal>(1) and <literal>afio</literal>(1) are most " "versatile." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22467 msgid "" "<literal>cpio</literal>(1) and <literal>afio</literal>(1) are designed to be " "used with <literal>find</literal>(1) and other commands and suitable for " "creating backup scripts since the file selection part of the script can be " "tested independently." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22470 msgid "" "<literal>afio</literal>(1) compresses each file in the archive. This makes " "<literal>afio</literal> to be much safer for the file corruption than the " "globally compressed <literal>tar</literal> or <literal>cpio</literal> " "archives and to be <emphasis role=\"strong\">the best archive " "engine</emphasis> for the backup script." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22473 msgid "" "Internal structure of OpenOffice data files are \"<literal>.jar</literal>\" " "file." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22478 msgid "" "Here is a summary of simple copy and backup tools available on the Debian " "system." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22480 msgid "List of copy and synchronization tools" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22512 msgid "GNU cp" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22515 msgid "locally copy files and directories (\"-a\" for recursive)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22523 msgid "scp" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22526 msgid "" "remotely copy files and directories (client, \"<literal>-r</literal>\" for " "recursive)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22534 msgid "sshd" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22537 msgid "remotely copy files and directories (remote server)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22545 debian-reference.en.xmlt:22556 debian-reference.en.xmlt:25403 debian-reference.en.xmlt:25406 debian-reference.en.xmlt:25476 debian-reference.en.xmlt:25484 debian-reference.en.xmlt:25487 debian-reference.en.xmlt:25498 debian-reference.en.xmlt:25501 debian-reference.en.xmlt:25540 debian-reference.en.xmlt:25543 msgid "-" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22548 msgid "1-way remote synchronization and backup" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22559 msgid "2-way remote synchronization and backup" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22565 msgid "" "Copying files with <literal>rsync</literal>(8) offers richer features than " "others." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22569 msgid "" "delta-transfer algorithm that sends only the differences between the source " "files and the existing files in the destination" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22574 msgid "" "quick check algorithm (by default) that looks for files that have changed in " "size or in last-modified time" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22579 msgid "" "\"<literal>--exclude</literal>\" and \"<literal>--exclude-from</literal>\" " "options similar to <literal>tar</literal>(1)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22584 msgid "" "\"a trailing slash on the source directory\" syntax that avoids creating an " "additional directory level at the destination." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22589 msgid "" "Execution of the <literal>bkup</literal> script mentioned in <xref " "linkend=\"_a_copy_script_for_the_data_backup\"/> with the " "\"<literal>-gl</literal>\" option under <literal>cron</literal>(8) should " "provide very similar functionality as Plan9's <literal>dumpfs</literal> for " "the static data archive." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22592 msgid "" "Version control system (VCS) tools in <xref linkend=\"list-of-vcs\"/> can " "function as the multi-way copy and synchronization tools." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22596 msgid "Idioms for the archive" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22597 msgid "" "Here are several ways to archive and unarchive the entire content of the " "directory \"<literal>./source</literal>\" using different tools." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22598 debian-reference.en.xmlt:22632 msgid "GNU <literal>tar</literal>(1):" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22599 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ tar cvzf archive.tar.gz ./source\n" "$ tar xvzf archive.tar.gz" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22601 debian-reference.en.xmlt:22635 msgid "<literal>cpio</literal>(1):" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22602 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ find ./source -xdev -print0 | cpio -ov --null > archive.cpio; gzip " "archive.cpio\n" "$ zcat archive.cpio.gz | cpio -i" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22604 debian-reference.en.xmlt:22637 msgid "<literal>afio</literal>(1):" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22605 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ find ./source -xdev -print0 | afio -ovZ0 archive.afio\n" "$ afio -ivZ archive.afio" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22609 msgid "Idioms for the copy" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22610 msgid "" "Here are several ways to copy the entire content of the directory " "\"<literal>./source</literal>\" using different tools." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22614 msgid "" "Local copy: \"<literal>./source</literal>\" directory → " "\"<literal>/dest</literal>\" directory" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22619 msgid "" "Remote copy: \"<literal>./source</literal>\" directory at local host → " "\"<literal>/dest</literal>\" directory at " "\"<literal>user@host.dom</literal>\" host" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22623 msgid "<literal>rsync</literal>(8):" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22624 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# cd ./source; rsync -av . /dest\n" "# cd ./source; rsync -av . user@host.dom:/dest" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22626 msgid "" "You can alternatively use \"a trailing slash on the source directory\" " "syntax." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22627 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# rsync -av ./source/ /dest\n" "# rsync -av ./source/ user@host.dom:/dest" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22629 msgid "GNU <literal>cp</literal>(1) and openSSH <literal>scp</literal>(1):" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22630 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# cd ./source; cp -a . /dest\n" "# cd ./source; scp -pr . user@host.dom:/dest" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22633 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# (cd ./source && tar cf - . ) | (cd /dest && tar xvfp - )\n" "# (cd ./source && tar cf - . ) | ssh user@host.dom '(cd /dest " "&& tar xvfp - )'" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22636 #, no-wrap msgid "# cd ./source; find . -print0 | cpio -pvdm --null --sparse /dest" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22638 #, no-wrap msgid "# cd ./source; find . -print0 | afio -pv0a /dest" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22639 msgid "" "You can substitude \"<literal>.</literal>\" with \"<literal>foo</literal>\" " "for all examples containing \"<literal>.</literal>\" to copy files from " "\"<literal>./source/foo</literal>\" directory to " "\"<literal>/dest/foo</literal>\" directory." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22640 msgid "" "You can substitude \"<literal>.</literal>\" with the absolute path " "\"<literal>/path/to/source/foo</literal>\" for all examples containing " "\"<literal>.</literal>\" to drop \"<literal>cd ./source;</literal>\". These " "copy files to different locations depending on tools used as follows." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22644 msgid "" "\"<literal>/dest/foo</literal>\": <literal>rsync</literal>(8), GNU " "<literal>cp</literal>(1), and <literal>scp</literal>(1)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22649 msgid "" "\"<literal>/dest/path/to/source/foo</literal>\": GNU " "<literal>tar</literal>(1), <literal>cpio</literal>(1), and " "<literal>afio</literal>(1)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22654 msgid "" "<literal>rsync</literal>(8) and GNU <literal>cp</literal>(1) have option " "\"<literal>-u</literal>\" to skip files that are newer on the receiver." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22658 msgid "Idioms for the selection of files" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22659 msgid "" "<literal>find</literal>(1) is used to select files for archive and copy " "commands (see <xref linkend=\"_idioms_for_the_archive\"/> and <xref " "linkend=\"_idioms_for_the_copy\"/>) or for <literal>xargs</literal>(1) (see " "<xref linkend=\"_repeating_a_command_looping_over_files\"/>). This can be " "enhanced by using its command arguments." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22660 msgid "" "Basic syntax of <literal>find</literal>(1) can be summarized as the " "following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22664 msgid "Its conditional arguments are evaluated from left to right." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22669 msgid "This evaluation stops once its outcome is determined." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22674 msgid "" "\"Logical <emphasis role=\"strong\">OR</emphasis>\" (specified by " "\"<literal>-o</literal>\" between conditionals) has lower precedence than " "\"logical <emphasis role=\"strong\">AND</emphasis>\" (specified by " "\"<literal>-a</literal>\" or nothing between conditionals)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22679 msgid "" "\"Logical <emphasis role=\"strong\">NOT</emphasis>\" (specified by " "\"<literal>!</literal>\" before a conditional) has higher precedence than " "\"logical <emphasis role=\"strong\">AND</emphasis>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22684 msgid "" "\"<literal>-prune</literal>\" always returns logical <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">TRUE</emphasis> and, if it is a directory, searching of file " "is stopped beyond this point." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22689 msgid "" "\"<literal>-name</literal>\" matches the base of the filename with shell " "glob (see <xref linkend=\"_shell_glob\"/>) but it also matches its initial " "\"<literal>.</literal>\" with metacharacters such as " "\"<literal>*</literal>\" and \"<literal>?</literal>\". (New <ulink " "url=\"&posix;\">POSIX</ulink> feature)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22694 msgid "" "\"<literal>-regex</literal>\" matches the full path with emacs style " "<emphasis role=\"strong\">BRE</emphasis> (see <xref " "linkend=\"_regular_expressions\"/>) as default." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22699 msgid "" "\"<literal>-size</literal>\" matches the file based on the file size (value " "precedented with \"<literal>+</literal>\" for larger, precedented with " "\"<literal>-</literal>\" for smaller)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22704 msgid "" "\"<literal>-newer</literal>\" matches the file newer than the one specified " "in its argument." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22709 msgid "" "\"<literal>-print0</literal>\" always returns logical <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">TRUE</emphasis> and print the full filename (<ulink " "url=\"&nullterminated;\">null terminated</ulink>) on the standard output." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22713 msgid "" "<literal>find</literal>(1) is often used with an idiomatic style as the " "following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22714 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# find /path/to \\\n" " -xdev -regextype posix-extended \\\n" " -type f -regex \".*\\.afio|.*~\" -prune -o \\\n" " -type d -regex \".*/\\.git\" -prune -o \\\n" " -type f -size +99M -prune -o \\\n" " -type f -newer /path/to/timestamp -print0" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22720 msgid "This means to do following actions." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22724 msgid "Search all files starting from \"<literal>/path/to</literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22729 msgid "" "Globally limit its search within its starting filesystem and uses <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">ERE</emphasis> (see <xref " "linkend=\"_regular_expressions\"/>) instead" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22734 msgid "" "Exclude files matching regex of \"<literal>.*\\.afio</literal>\" or " "\"<literal>.*~</literal>\" from search by stop processing" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22739 msgid "" "Exclude directories matching regex of \"<literal>.*/\\.git</literal>\" from " "search by stop processing" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22744 msgid "" "Exclude files larger than 99 Megabytes (units of 1048576 bytes) from search " "by stop processing" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22749 msgid "" "Print filenames which satisfy above search conditions and newer than " "\"<literal>/path/to/timestamp</literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22753 msgid "" "Please note the idiomatic use of \"<literal>-prune -o</literal>\" to exclude " "files in the above example." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22755 msgid "" "For non-Debian <ulink url=\"&unixlike;\">Unix-like</ulink> system, some " "options may not be supported by <literal>find</literal>(1). In such a case, " "please consider to adjust matching methods and replace " "\"<literal>-print0</literal>\" with \"<literal>-print</literal>\". You may " "need to adjust related commands too." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22759 msgid "Backup and recovery" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22760 msgid "" "We all know that computers fail sometime or human errors cause system and " "data damages. Backup and recovery operations are the essential part of " "successful system administration. All possible failure modes hit you some " "day." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22762 msgid "" "Keep your backup system simple and backup your system often. Having backup " "data is more important than how technically good your backup method is." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22764 msgid "There are 3 key factors which determine actual backup and recovery policy." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22768 msgid "Knowing what to backup and recover." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22773 msgid "Data files directly created by you: data in \"<literal>~/</literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22778 msgid "" "Data files created by applications used by you: data in " "\"<literal>/var/</literal>\" (except \"<literal>/var/cache/</literal>\", " "\"<literal>/var/run/</literal>\", and \"<literal>/var/tmp/</literal>\")" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22783 msgid "System configuration files: data in \"<literal>/etc/</literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22788 msgid "" "Local softwares: data in \"<literal>/usr/local/</literal>\" or " "\"<literal>/opt/</literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22793 msgid "" "System installation information: a memo in plain text on key steps " "(partition, …)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22798 msgid "Proven set of data: confirmed by experimental recovery operations in advance" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22805 msgid "Knowing how to backup and recover." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22810 msgid "Secure storage of data: protection from overwrite and system failure" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22815 msgid "Frequent backup: scheduled backup" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22820 msgid "Redundant backup: data mirroring" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22825 msgid "Fool proof process: easy single command backup" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22832 msgid "Assessing risks and costs involved." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22837 msgid "Value of data when lost" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22842 msgid "Required resources for backup: human, hardware, software, …" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22847 msgid "Failure mode and their possibility" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22853 msgid "" "As for secure storage of data, data should be at least on different disk " "partitions preferably on different disks and machines to withstand the " "filesystem corruption. Important data are best stored on a write-once media " "such as CD/DVD-R to prevent overwrite accidents. (See <xref " "linkend=\"_the_binary_data\"/> for how to write to the storage media from " "the shell commandline. GNOME desktop GUI environment gives you easy access " "via menu: \"Places→CD/DVD Creator\".)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22855 msgid "" "You may wish to stop some application daemons such as MTA (see <xref " "linkend=\"_mail_transport_agent_mta\"/>) while backing up data." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22858 msgid "" "You should pay extra care to the backup and restoration of identity related " "data files such as \"<literal>/etc/ssh/ssh_host_dsa_key</literal>\", " "\"<literal>/etc/ssh/ssh_host_rsa_key</literal>\", " "\"<literal>~/.gnupg/*</literal>\", \"<literal>~/.ssh/*</literal>\", " "\"<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>\", \"<literal>/etc/shadow</literal>\", " "\"<literal>/etc/fetchmailrc</literal>\", " "\"<literal>popularity-contest.conf</literal>\", " "\"<literal>/etc/ppp/pap-secrets</literal>\", and " "\"<literal>/etc/exim4/passwd.client</literal>\". Some of these data can not " "be regenerated by entering the same input string to the system." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22861 msgid "" "If you run a cron job as a user process, you must restore files in " "\"<literal>/var/spool/cron/crontabs</literal>\" directory and restart " "<literal>cron</literal>(8). See <xref " "linkend=\"_scheduling_tasks_regularly\"/> for <literal>cron</literal>(8) and " "<literal>crontab</literal>(1)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22865 msgid "Backup utility suites" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22866 msgid "" "Here is a select list of notable backup utility suites available on the " "Debian system." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22868 msgid "List of backup suite utilities" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22896 msgid "(remote) incremental backup" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22904 msgid "" "4.4 <ulink url=\"&bsd;\">BSD</ulink> <literal>dump</literal>(8) and " "<literal>restore</literal>(8) for <ulink url=\"&extc;\">ext2</ulink>/<ulink " "url=\"&extd;\">ext3</ulink> filesystems" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22912 msgid "" "dump and restore with <literal>xfsdump</literal>(8) and " "<literal>xfsrestore</literal>(8) for <ulink url=\"&xfs;\">XFS</ulink> " "filesystem on GNU/Linux and <ulink url=\"&irix;\">IRIX</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22920 msgid "" "lightweight, extensible <emphasis role=\"strong\">meta-backup</emphasis> " "system" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22927 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&mondorescue;\">Mondo Rescue</ulink>: disaster recovery backup " "suite" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22935 msgid "simple backup suite for GNOME desktop" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22943 msgid "backup system for KDE" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22950 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&bacula;\">Bacula</ulink>: network backup, recovery and " "verification - common support files" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22957 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&bacula;\">Bacula</ulink>: network backup, recovery and " "verification - client meta-package" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22964 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&bacula;\">Bacula</ulink>: network backup, recovery and " "verification - text console" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22971 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&bacula;\">Bacula</ulink>: network backup, recovery and " "verification - server meta-package" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22978 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&amanda;\">Amanda</ulink>: Advanced Maryland Automatic Network " "Disk Archiver (Libs)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22985 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&amanda;\">Amanda</ulink>: Advanced Maryland Automatic Network " "Disk Archiver (Client)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22992 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&amanda;\">Amanda</ulink>: Advanced Maryland Automatic Network " "Disk Archiver (Server)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:22999 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&backuppc;\">BackupPC</ulink> is a high-performance, " "enterprise-grade system for backing up PCs (disk based)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23007 msgid "command-line backup tool" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23015 msgid "low-maintenance backup/restore tool for mountable media (disk based)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23021 msgid "Backup tools have their specialized focuses." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23024 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&mondorescue;\">Mondo Rescue</ulink> is a backup system to " "facilitate restoration of complete system quickly from backup CD/DVD " "etc. without going through normal system installation processes." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23028 msgid "" "<literal>sbackup</literal> and <literal>keep</literal> packages provide easy " "GUI frontend for desktop users to make regular backups of user data. An " "equivalent function can be realized by a simple script (<xref " "linkend=\"_an_example_script_for_the_system_backup\"/>) and " "<literal>cron</literal>(8)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23032 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&bacula;\">Bacula</ulink>, <ulink " "url=\"&amanda;\">Amanda</ulink>, and <ulink " "url=\"&backuppc;\">BackupPC</ulink> are full featured backup suite utilities " "which are focused on regular backups over network." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23036 msgid "" "Basic tools described in <xref linkend=\"_archive_and_compression_tools\"/> " "and <xref linkend=\"_copy_and_synchronization_tools\"/> can be used to " "facilitate system backup via custom scripts. Such script can be enhanced by " "the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23040 msgid "" "The <literal>rdiff-backup</literal> package enables incremental (remote) " "backups." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23045 msgid "" "The <literal>dump</literal> package helps to archive and restore the whole " "filesystem incrementally and efficiently." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23050 msgid "" "See files in \"<literal>/usr/share/doc/dump/</literal>\" and <ulink " "url=\"&isdumpreallydeprecated;\">\"Is dump really deprecated?\"</ulink> to " "lean about the <literal>dump</literal> package." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23054 msgid "An example script for the system backup" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23055 msgid "" "For a personal Debian desktop system running <literal>unstable</literal> " "suite, I only need to protect personal and critical data. I reinstall " "system once a year anyway. Thus I see no reason to backup the whole system " "or to install a full featured backup utility." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23056 msgid "" "I use a simple script to make a backup archive and burn it into CD/DVD using " "GUI. Here is an example script for this." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23057 #, no-wrap msgid "" "#!/bin/sh -e\n" "# Copyright (C) 2007-2008 Osamu Aoki <osamu@debian.org>, Public " "Domain\n" "BUUID=1000; USER=osamu # UID and name of a user who accesses backup files\n" "BUDIR=\"/var/backups\"\n" "XDIR0=\".+/Mail|.+/Desktop\"\n" "XDIR1=\".+/\\.thumbnails|.+/\\.?Trash|.+/\\.?[cC]ache|.+/\\.gvfs|.+/sessions\"\n" "XDIR2=\".+/CVS|.+/\\.git|.+/\\.svn|.+/Downloads|.+/Archive|.+/Checkout|.+/tmp\"\n" "XSFX=\".+\\.iso|.+\\.tgz|.+\\.tar\\.gz|.+\\.tar\\.bz2|.+\\.afio|.+\\.tmp|.+\\.swp|.+~\"\n" "SIZE=\"+99M\"\n" "DATE=$(date --utc +\"%Y%m%d-%H%M\")\n" "[ -d \"$BUDIR\" ] || mkdir -p \"BUDIR\"\n" "umask 077\n" "dpkg --get-selections \\* > /var/lib/dpkg/dpkg-selections.list\n" "debconf-get-selections > /var/cache/debconf/debconf-selections\n" "\n" "{\n" "find /etc /usr/local /opt /var/lib/dpkg/dpkg-selections.list \\\n" " /var/cache/debconf/debconf-selections -xdev -print0\n" "find /home/$USER /root -xdev -regextype posix-extended \\\n" " -type d -regex \"$XDIR0|$XDIR1\" -prune -o -type f -regex \"$XSFX\" -prune " "-o \\\n" " -type f -size \"$SIZE\" -prune -o -print0\n" "find /home/$USER/Mail/Inbox /home/$USER/Mail/Outbox -print0\n" "find /home/$USER/Desktop -xdev -regextype posix-extended \\\n" " -type d -regex \"$XDIR2\" -prune -o -type f -regex \"$XSFX\" -prune -o " "\\\n" " -type f -size \"$SIZE\" -prune -o -print0\n" "} | cpio -ov --null -O $BUDIR/BU$DATE.cpio\n" "chown $BUUID $BUDIR/BU$DATE.cpio\n" "touch $BUDIR/backup.stamp" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23085 msgid "This is meant to be a script example executed from root." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23086 msgid "I expect you to change and execute this as follows." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23090 msgid "" "Edit this script to cover all your important data (see <xref " "linkend=\"_idioms_for_the_selection_of_files\"/> and <xref " "linkend=\"_backup_and_recovery\"/>)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23095 msgid "" "Replace \"<literal>find … -print0</literal>\" with \"<literal>find … -newer " "$BUDIR/backup.stamp -print0</literal>\" to make a incremental backup." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23100 msgid "" "Transfer backup files to the remote host using <literal>scp</literal>(1) or " "<literal>rsync</literal>(1) or burn them to CD/DVD for extra data security. " "(I use GNOME desktop GUI for burning CD/DVD. See <xref " "linkend=\"_shell_script_example_with_zenity\"/> for extra redundancy.)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23104 msgid "Keep it simple!" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23106 msgid "" "You can recover debconf configuration data with " "\"<literal>debconf-set-selections debconf-selections</literal>\" and dpkg " "selection data with \"<literal>dpkg --set-selection " "<dpkg-selections.list</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23110 msgid "A copy script for the data backup" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23111 msgid "" "For the set of data under a directory tree, the copy with \"<literal>cp " "-a</literal>\" provides the normal backup." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23112 msgid "" "For the set of large non-overwritten static data under a directory tree such " "as the one under the \"<literal>/var/cache/apt/packages/</literal>\" " "directory, hardlinks with \"<literal>cp -al</literal>\" provide an " "alternative to the normal backup with efficient use of the disk space." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23113 msgid "" "Here is a copy script, which I named as <literal>bkup</literal>, for the " "data backup. This script copies all (non-VCS) files under the current " "directory to the dated directory on the parent directory or on a remote " "host." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23114 #, no-wrap msgid "" "#!/bin/sh -e\n" "# Copyright (C) 2007-2008 Osamu Aoki <osamu@debian.org>, Public " "Domain\n" "fdot(){ find . -type d \\( -iname \".?*\" -o -iname \"CVS\" \\) -prune -o " "-print0;}\n" "fall(){ find . -print0;}\n" "mkdircd(){ mkdir -p \"$1\";chmod 700 \"$1\";cd \"$1\">/dev/null;}\n" "FIND=\"fdot\";OPT=\"-a\";MODE=\"CPIOP\";HOST=\"localhost\";EXTP=\"$(hostname " "-f)\"\n" "BKUP=\"$(basename $(pwd)).bkup\";TIME=\"$(date " "+%Y%m%d-%H%M%S)\";BU=\"$BKUP/$TIME\"\n" "while getopts gcCsStrlLaAxe:h:T f; do case $f in\n" "g) MODE=\"GNUCP\";; # cp (GNU)\n" "c) MODE=\"CPIOP\";; # cpio -p\n" "C) MODE=\"CPIOI\";; # cpio -i\n" "s) MODE=\"CPIOSSH\";; # cpio/ssh\n" "S) MODE=\"AFIOSSH\";; # afio/ssh\n" "t) MODE=\"TARSSH\";; # tar/ssh\n" "r) MODE=\"RSYNCSSH\";; # rsync/ssh\n" "l) OPT=\"-alv\";; # hardlink (GNU cp)\n" "L) OPT=\"-av\";; # copy (GNU cp)\n" "a) FIND=\"fall\";; # find all\n" "A) FIND=\"fdot\";; # find non CVS/ .???/\n" "x) set -x;; # trace\n" "e) EXTP=\"${OPTARG}\";; # hostname -f\n" "h) HOST=\"${OPTARG}\";; # user@remotehost.example.com\n" "T) MODE=\"TEST\";; # test find mode\n" "\\?) echo \"use -x for trace.\"\n" "esac; done\n" "shift $(expr $OPTIND - 1)\n" "if [ $# -gt 0 ]; then\n" " for x in $@; do cp $OPT $x $x.$TIME; done\n" "elif [ $MODE = GNUCP ]; then\n" " mkdir -p \"../$BU\";chmod 700 \"../$BU\";cp $OPT . \"../$BU/\"\n" "elif [ $MODE = CPIOP ]; then\n" " mkdir -p \"../$BU\";chmod 700 \"../$BU\"\n" " $FIND|cpio --null --sparse -pvd ../$BU\n" "elif [ $MODE = CPIOI ]; then\n" " $FIND|cpio -ov --null | ( mkdircd \"../$BU\"&&cpio -i )\n" "elif [ $MODE = CPIOSSH ]; then\n" " $FIND|cpio -ov --null|ssh -C $HOST \"( mkdircd " "\\\"$EXTP/$BU\\\"&&cpio -i )\"\n" "elif [ $MODE = AFIOSSH ]; then\n" " $FIND|afio -ov -0 -|ssh -C $HOST \"( mkdircd " "\\\"$EXTP/$BU\\\"&&afio -i - )\"\n" "elif [ $MODE = TARSSH ]; then\n" " (tar cvf - . )|ssh -C $HOST \"( mkdircd \\\"$EXTP/$BU\\\"&& tar " "xvfp - )\"\n" "elif [ $MODE = RSYNCSSH ]; then\n" " rsync -rlpt ./ \"${HOST}:${EXTP}-${BKUP}-${TIME}\"\n" "else\n" " echo \"Any other idea to backup?\"\n" " $FIND |xargs -0 -n 1 echo\n" "fi" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23161 msgid "" "This is meant to be command examples. Please read script and edit it by " "yourself before using it." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23163 msgid "" "I keep this <literal>bkup</literal> in my " "\"<literal>/usr/local/bin/</literal>\" directory. I issue this " "<literal>bkup</literal> command without any option in the working directory " "whenever I need a temporary snapshot backup." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23166 msgid "" "For making snapshot history of a source file tree or a configuration file " "tree, it is easier and space efficient to use <literal>git</literal>(7) (see " "<xref linkend=\"_git_for_recording_configuration_history\"/>)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23170 msgid "Removable storage device" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23171 msgid "Removable storage devices may be any one of the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23175 msgid "Hard disk" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23180 msgid "Any format of flash memory devices" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23185 msgid "" "Digital camera which are connected via <ulink url=\"&usb;\">USB</ulink>, " "<ulink url=\"&ieeebdjefirewire;\">IEEE 1394 / Firewire</ulink>, <ulink " "url=\"&pccard;\">PC Card</ulink>, etc." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23189 msgid "" "These removable storage devices can be automatically mounted as a user under " "modern desktop environment, such as GNOME using " "<literal>gnome-mount</literal>(1)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23193 msgid "" "Mount point under GNOME is chosen as " "\"<literal>/media/<disk_label></literal>\" which can be customized by " "the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23197 msgid "<literal>mlabel</literal>(1) for FAT filesystem" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23201 msgid "" "<literal>genisoimage</literal>(1) with \"<literal>-V</literal>\" option for " "ISO9660 filesystem" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23205 msgid "" "<literal>tune2fs</literal>(1) with \"<literal>-L</literal>\" option for " "ext2/ext3 filesystem" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23212 msgid "" "The choice of encoding may need to be provided as mount option (see <xref " "linkend=\"_filename_encoding\"/>)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23217 msgid "" "The ownership of the mounted filesystem may need to be adjusted for use by " "the normal user." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23222 msgid "" "Automounting under modern desktop environment happens only when those " "removable media devices are not listed in \"<literal>/etc/fstab</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23225 msgid "" "When providing wrong mount option causes problem, erase its corresponding " "setting under \"<literal>/system/storage/</literal>\" via " "<literal>gconf-editor</literal>(1)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23228 msgid "" "List of packages which permit normal users to mount removable devices " "without a matching \"<literal>/etc/fstab</literal>\" entry" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23256 msgid "wrapper for (un)mounting and ejecting storage devices (used by GNOME)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23264 msgid "mount removable devices as normal user (used by KDE)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23272 msgid "Management and user-mode mounting of encrypted filesystems" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23280 msgid "automatically mount and unmount USB storage devices" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23286 msgid "" "When sharing data with other system via removable storage device, you should " "format it with common <ulink url=\"&filesystem;\">filesystem</ulink> " "supported by both systems. Here is a list of filesystem choices." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23288 msgid "" "List of filesystem choices for removable storage devices with typical usage " "scenarios" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23295 msgid "filesystem" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23298 debian-reference.en.xmlt:23461 msgid "description of typical usage scenario" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23305 msgid "<ulink url=\"&fatbc;\">FAT12</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23308 msgid "cross platform sharing of data on the floppy disk (<32MiB)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23313 msgid "<ulink url=\"&fatbg;\">FAT16</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23316 msgid "cross platform sharing of data on the small hard disk like device (<2GiB)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23321 msgid "<ulink url=\"&fatdc;\">FAT32</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23324 msgid "" "cross platform sharing of data on the large hard disk like device (<8TiB, " "supported by newer than MS Windows95 OSR2)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23329 msgid "<ulink url=\"&ntfs;\">NTFS</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23332 msgid "" "cross platform sharing of data on the large hard disk like device (supported " "natively on <ulink url=\"&mswindowsnt;\">MS Windows NT</ulink> and later " "version, and supported by <ulink url=\"&ntfsdg;\">NTFS-3G</ulink> via <ulink " "url=\"&fuse;\">FUSE</ulink> on Linux)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23337 msgid "<ulink url=\"&isojgga;\">ISO9660</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23340 msgid "cross platform sharing of static data on CD-R and DVD+/-R" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23345 msgid "<ulink url=\"&udf;\">UDF</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23348 msgid "incremental data writing on CD-R and DVD+/-R (new)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23353 msgid "<ulink url=\"&minixfilesystem;\">MINIX filesystem</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23356 msgid "space efficient unix file data storage on the floppy disk" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23361 msgid "<ulink url=\"&extcfilesystem;\">ext2 filesystem</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23364 msgid "sharing of data on the hard disk like device with older Linux systems" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23369 msgid "<ulink url=\"&extdfilesystem;\">ext3 filesystem</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23372 msgid "" "sharing of data on the hard disk like device with current Linux systems " "(<ulink url=\"&journalingfilesystem;\">journaling filesystem</ulink>)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23379 msgid "" "See <xref linkend=\"_removable_disk_encryption_with_dm_crypt_luks\"/> for " "cross platform sharing of data using device level encryption." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23381 msgid "" "The FAT filesystem is supported by almost all modern operating systems and " "is quite useful for the data exchange purpose via removable hard disk like " "media." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23382 msgid "" "When formatting removable hard disk like devices for cross platform sharing " "of data with the FAT filesystem, the following should be safe choices." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23386 msgid "" "Partitioning them with <literal>fdisk</literal>(8), " "<literal>cfdisk</literal>(8) or <literal>parted</literal>(8) (see <xref " "linkend=\"_disk_partition_configuration\"/>) into a single primary partition " "and to mark it as the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23391 msgid "Type \"6\" for FAT16 for media smaller than 2GB." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23396 msgid "Type \"c\" for FAT32 (LBA) for larger media." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23403 msgid "" "Formatting the primary partition with <literal>mkfs.vfat</literal>(8) with " "the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23408 msgid "Just its device name, e.g. \"<literal>/dev/sda1</literal>\" for FAT16" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23413 msgid "" "The explicit option and its device name, e.g. \"<literal>-F 32 " "/dev/sda1</literal>\" for FAT32" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23419 msgid "" "When using the FAT or ISO9660 filesystems for sharing data, the following " "should be the safe considerations." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23423 msgid "" "Archiving files into an archive file first using <literal>tar</literal>(1), " "<literal>cpio</literal>(1), or <literal>afio</literal>(1) to retain the long " "filename, the symbolic link, the original Unix file permission and the owner " "information." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23428 msgid "" "Splitting the archive file into less than 2 GiB chunks with the " "<literal>split</literal>(1) command to protect it from the file size " "limitation." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23433 msgid "" "Encrypting the archive file to secure its contents from the unauthorized " "access." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23438 msgid "" "For FAT filesystems by its design, the maximum file size is <literal>(2^32 - " "1) bytes = (4GiB - 1 byte)</literal>. For some applications on the older 32 " "bit OS, the maximum file size was even smaller <literal>(2^31 - 1) bytes = " "(2GiB - 1 byte)</literal>. Debian does not suffer the latter problem." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23441 msgid "" "Microsoft itself does not recommend to use FAT for drives or partitions of " "over 200 MB. Microsoft highlights its short comings such as inefficient " "disk space usage in their \"<ulink " "url=\"&overviewoffathpfdntfsfilesystems;\">Overview of FAT, HPFS, and NTFS " "File Systems</ulink>\". Of course, we should normally use the ext3 " "filesystem for Linux." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23444 msgid "" "For more on filesystems and accessing filesystems, please read \"<ulink " "url=\"&filesystemshowto;\">Filesystems HOWTO</ulink>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23448 msgid "Sharing data via network" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23449 msgid "" "When sharing data with other system via network, you should use common " "service. Here are some hints." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23451 msgid "List of the network service to chose with the typical usage scenario" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23458 msgid "network service" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23467 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&smbcifs;\">SMB/CIFS</ulink> network mounted filesystem with " "<ulink url=\"&samba;\">Samba</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23470 msgid "" "sharing files via \"Microsoft Windows Network\", see " "<literal>smb.conf</literal>(5) and <ulink " "url=\"&theofficialsambandreferenceguide;\">The Official Samba 3.2.x HOWTO " "and Reference Guide</ulink> or the <literal>samba-doc</literal> package" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23474 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&nfs;\">NFS</ulink> network mounted filesystem with the Linux " "kernel" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23477 msgid "" "sharing files via \"Unix/Linux Network\", see <literal>exports</literal>(5) " "and <ulink url=\"&linuxnfshowto;\">Linux NFS-HOWTO</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23484 msgid "sharing file between the web server/client" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23488 msgid "<ulink url=\"&https;\">HTTPS</ulink> service" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23491 msgid "" "sharing file between the web server/client with encrypted Secure Sockets " "Layer (SSL) or <ulink url=\"&transportlayersecurity;\">Transport Layer " "Security</ulink> (TLS)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23495 msgid "<ulink url=\"&ftp;\">FTP</ulink> service" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23498 msgid "sharing file between the FTP server/client" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23504 msgid "" "Although these filesystems mounted over network and file transfer methods " "over network are quite convenient for sharing data, these may be insecure. " "Their network connection must be secured by the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23508 msgid "Encrypt it with <ulink url=\"&ssltls;\">SSL/TLS</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23513 msgid "Tunnel it via <ulink url=\"&ssh;\">SSH</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23518 msgid "Tunnel it via <ulink url=\"&vpn;\">VPN</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23523 msgid "Limit it behind the secure firewall" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23527 msgid "" "See also <xref linkend=\"_other_network_application_servers\"/> and <xref " "linkend=\"_other_network_application_clients\"/>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23530 msgid "Archive media" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23531 msgid "" "When choosing <ulink url=\"&computerdatastoragemedia;\">computer data " "storage media</ulink> for important data archive, you should be careful " "about their limitations. For small personal data backup, I use CD-R and " "DVD-R by the brand name company and store in a cool, shaded, dry, clean " "environment. (Tape archive media seem to be popular for professional use.)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23533 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&afireresistantsafe;\">A fire-resistant safe</ulink> are meant " "for paper documents. Most of the computer data storage media have less " "temperature tolerance than paper. I usually rely on multiple secure " "encrypted copies stored in multiple secure locations." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23535 msgid "" "Optimistic storage life of archive media seen on the net (mostly from vendor " "info)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23539 msgid "100+ years : Acid free paper with ink" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23544 msgid "100 years : Optical storage (CD/DVD, CD/DVD-R)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23549 msgid "30 years : Magnetic storage (tape, floppy)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23554 msgid "20 years : Phase change optical storage (CD-RW)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23558 msgid "These do not count on the mechanical failures due to handling etc." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23559 msgid "" "Optimistic write cycle of archive media seen on the net (mostly from vendor " "info)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23563 msgid "250,000+ cycles : Harddisk drive" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23568 msgid "10,000+ cycles : Flash memory" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23573 msgid "1,000 cycles : CD/DVD-RW" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23578 msgid "1 cycles : CD/DVD-R, paper" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23583 msgid "" "Figures of storage life and write cycle here should not be used for " "decisions on any critical data storage. Please consult the specific product " "information provided by the manufacture." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23586 msgid "" "Since CD/DVD-R and paper have only 1 write cycle, they inherently prevent " "accidental data loss by overwriting. This is advantage!" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23589 msgid "" "If you need fast and frequent backup of large amount of data, a hard disk on " "a remote host linked by a fast network connection, may be the only realistic " "option." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23594 msgid "The disk image" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23595 msgid "" "Here, we discuss manipulations of the disk image. See <xref " "linkend=\"_data_storage_tips\"/>, too." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23597 msgid "Making the disk image file" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23598 msgid "" "The disk image file, \"<literal>disk.img</literal>\", of an unmounted " "device, e.g., the second SCSI drive \"<literal>/dev/sdb</literal>\", can be " "made using <literal>cp</literal>(1) or <literal>dd</literal>(1) by the " "following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23599 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# cp /dev/sdb disk.img\n" "# dd if=/dev/sdb of=disk.img" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23601 msgid "" "The disk image of the traditional PC's <ulink " "url=\"&masterbootrecordmbr;\">master boot record (MBR)</ulink> (see <xref " "linkend=\"_disk_partition_configuration\"/>) which reside on the first " "sector on the primary IDE disk can be made by using <literal>dd</literal>(1) " "by the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23602 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# dd if=/dev/hda of=mbr.img bs=512 count=1\n" "# dd if=/dev/hda of=mbr-nopart.img bs=446 count=1\n" "# dd if=/dev/hda of=mbr-part.img skip=446 bs=1 count=66" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23608 msgid "\"<literal>mbr.img</literal>\": The MBR with the partition table" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23613 msgid "\"<literal>mbr-nopart.img</literal>\": The MBR without the partition table" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23618 msgid "\"<literal>part.img</literal>\": The partition table of the MBR only" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23622 msgid "" "If you have a SCSI device (including the new serial ATA drive) as the boot " "disk, substitute \"<literal>/dev/hda</literal>\" with " "\"<literal>/dev/sda</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23623 msgid "" "If you are making an image of a disk partition of the original disk, " "substitute \"<literal>/dev/hda</literal>\" with " "\"<literal>/dev/hda1</literal>\" etc." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23626 msgid "Writing directly to the disk" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23627 msgid "" "The disk image file, \"<literal>disk.img</literal>\" can be written to an " "unmounted device, e.g., the second SCSI drive " "\"<literal>/dev/sdb</literal>\" with matching size, by the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23628 #, no-wrap msgid "# dd if=disk.img of=/dev/sdb" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23629 msgid "" "Similarly, the disk partition image file, " "\"<literal>partition.img</literal>\" can be written to an unmounted " "partition, e.g., the first partition of the second SCSI drive " "\"<literal>/dev/sdb1</literal>\" with matching size, by the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23630 #, no-wrap msgid "# dd if=partition.img of=/dev/sdb1" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23633 msgid "Mounting the disk image file" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23634 msgid "" "The disk image \"<literal>partition.img</literal>\" containing a single " "partition image can be mounted and unmounted by using the <ulink " "url=\"&loopdevice;\">loop device</ulink> as follows." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23635 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# losetup -v -f partition.img\n" "Loop device is /dev/loop0\n" "# mkdir -p /mnt/loop0\n" "# mount -t auto /dev/loop0 /mnt/loop0\n" "...hack...hack...hack\n" "# umount /dev/loop0\n" "# losetup -d /dev/loop0" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23642 msgid "This can be simplified as follows." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23643 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# mkdir -p /mnt/loop0\n" "# mount -t auto -o loop partition.img /mnt/loop0\n" "...hack...hack...hack\n" "# umount partition.img" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23647 msgid "" "Each partition of the disk image \"<literal>disk.img</literal>\" containing " "multiple partitions can be mounted by using the <ulink " "url=\"&loopdevice;\">loop device</ulink>. Since the loop device does not " "manage partitions by default, we need to reset it as follows." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23648 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# modinfo -p loop # verify kernel capability\n" "max_part:Maximum number of partitions per loop device\n" "max_loop:Maximum number of loop devices\n" "# losetup -a # verify nothing using the loop device\n" "# rmmod loop\n" "# modprobe loop max_part=16" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23654 msgid "Now, the loop device can manage up to 16 partitions." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23655 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# losetup -v -f disk.img\n" "Loop device is /dev/loop0\n" "# fdisk -l /dev/loop0\n" "\n" "Disk /dev/loop0: 5368 MB, 5368709120 bytes\n" "255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 652 cylinders\n" "Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes\n" "Disk identifier: 0x452b6464\n" "\n" " Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System\n" "/dev/loop0p1 1 600 4819468+ 83 Linux\n" "/dev/loop0p2 601 652 417690 83 Linux\n" "# mkdir -p /mnt/loop0p1\n" "# mount -t ext3 /dev/loop0p1 /mnt/loop0p1\n" "# mkdir -p /mnt/loop0p2\n" "# mount -t ext3 /dev/loop0p2 /mnt/loop0p2\n" "...hack...hack...hack\n" "# umount /dev/loop0p1\n" "# umount /dev/loop0p2\n" "# losetup -d /dev/loop0" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23675 msgid "" "Alternatively, similar effects can be done by using the <ulink " "url=\"&devicemapper;\">device mapper</ulink> devices created by " "<literal>kpartx</literal>(8) from the <literal>kpartx</literal> package as " "follows." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23676 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# kpartx -a -v disk.img\n" "...\n" "# mkdir -p /mnt/loop0p2\n" "# mount -t ext3 /dev/mapper/loop0p2 /mnt/loop0p2\n" "...\n" "...hack...hack...hack\n" "# umount /dev/mapper/loop0p2\n" "...\n" "# kpartx -d /mnt/loop0" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23686 msgid "" "You can mount a single partition of such disk image with <ulink " "url=\"&loopdevice;\">loop device</ulink> using offset to skip <ulink " "url=\"&mbr;\">MBR</ulink> etc., too. But this is more error prone." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23690 msgid "Cleaning a disk image file" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23691 msgid "" "A disk image file, \"<literal>disk.img</literal>\" can be cleaned of all " "removed files into clean sparse image \"<literal>new.img</literal>\" by the " "following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23692 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# mkdir old; mkdir new\n" "# mount -t auto -o loop disk.img old\n" "# dd bs=1 count=0 if=/dev/zero of=new.img seek=5G\n" "# mount -t auto -o loop new.img new\n" "# cd old\n" "# cp -a --sparse=always ./ ../new/\n" "# cd ..\n" "# umount new.img\n" "# umount disk.img" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23701 msgid "" "If \"<literal>disk.img</literal>\" is in ext2 or ext3, you can also use " "<literal>zerofree</literal>(8) from the <literal>zerofree</literal> package " "as follows." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23702 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# losetup -f -v disk.img\n" "Loop device is /dev/loop3\n" "# zerofree /dev/loop3\n" "# cp --sparse=always disk.img new.img" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23708 msgid "Making the empty disk image file" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23709 msgid "" "The empty disk image \"<literal>disk.img</literal>\" which can grow up to " "5GiB can be made using <literal>dd</literal>(1) as follows." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23710 #, no-wrap msgid "$ dd bs=1 count=0 if=/dev/zero of=disk.img seek=5G" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23711 msgid "" "You can create an ext3 filesystem on this disk image " "\"<literal>disk.img</literal>\" using the <ulink url=\"&loopdevice;\">loop " "device</ulink> as follows." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23712 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# losetup -f -v disk.img\n" "Loop device is /dev/loop1\n" "# mkfs.ext3 /dev/loop1\n" "...hack...hack...hack\n" "# losetup -d /dev/loop1\n" "$ du --apparent-size -h disk.img\n" "5.0G disk.img\n" "$ du -h disk.img\n" "83M disk.img" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23721 msgid "" "For \"<literal>disk.img</literal>\", its file size is 5.0 GiB and its actual " "disk usage is mere 83MiB. This discrepancy is possible since <ulink " "url=\"&extcfs;\">ext2fs</ulink> can hold <ulink url=\"&sparsefile;\">sparse " "file</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23723 msgid "" "The actual disk usage of <ulink url=\"&sparsefile;\">sparse file</ulink> " "grows with data which are written to it." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23725 msgid "" "Using similar operation on devices created by the <ulink " "url=\"&loopdevice;\">loop device</ulink> or the <ulink " "url=\"&devicemapper;\">device mapper</ulink> devices as <xref " "linkend=\"_mounting_the_disk_image_file\"/>, you can partition this disk " "image \"<literal>disk.img</literal>\" using <literal>parted</literal>(8) or " "<literal>fdisk</literal>(8), and can create filesystem on it using " "<literal>mkfs.ext3</literal>(8), <literal>mkswap</literal>(8), etc." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23728 msgid "Making the ISO9660 image file" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23729 msgid "" "The <ulink url=\"&isojgga;\">ISO9660</ulink> image file, " "\"<literal>cd.iso</literal>\", from the source directory tree at " "\"<literal>source_directory</literal>\" can be made using " "<literal>genisoimage</literal>(1) provided by <ulink " "url=\"&cdrkit;\">cdrkit</ulink> by the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23730 #, no-wrap msgid "# genisoimage -r -J -T -V volume_id -o cd.iso source_directory" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23731 msgid "" "Similarly, the bootable ISO9660 image file, " "\"<literal>cdboot.iso</literal>\", can be made from " "<literal>debian-installer</literal> like directory tree at " "\"<literal>source_directory</literal>\" by the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23732 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# genisoimage -r -o cdboot.iso -V volume_id \\\n" " -b isolinux/isolinux.bin -c isolinux/boot.cat \\\n" " -no-emul-boot -boot-load-size 4 -boot-info-table source_directory" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23735 msgid "" "Here <ulink url=\"&isolinuxbootloader;\">Isolinux boot loader</ulink> (see " "<xref linkend=\"_stage_2_the_boot_loader\"/>) is used for booting." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23736 msgid "" "You can calculate the md5sum value and make the ISO9660 image directly from " "the CD-ROM device as follows." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23737 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ isoinfo -d -i /dev/cdrom\n" "CD-ROM is in ISO 9660 format\n" "...\n" "Logical block size is: 2048\n" "Volume size is: 23150592\n" "...\n" "# dd if=/dev/cdrom bs=2048 count=23150592 conv=notrunc,noerror | md5sum\n" "# dd if=/dev/cdrom bs=2048 count=23150592 conv=notrunc,noerror > cd.iso" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23746 msgid "" "You must carefully avoid ISO9660 filesystem read ahead bug of Linux as above " "to get the right result." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23750 msgid "Writing directly to the CD/DVD-R/RW" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23752 msgid "" "DVD is only a large CD to <literal>wodim</literal>(1) provided by <ulink " "url=\"&cdrkit;\">cdrkit</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23754 msgid "You can find a usable device by the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23755 #, no-wrap msgid "# wodim --devices" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23756 msgid "" "Then the blank CD-R is inserted to the CD drive, and the ISO9660 image file, " "\"<literal>cd.iso</literal>\" is written to this device, e.g., " "\"<literal>/dev/hda</literal>\", using <literal>wodim</literal>(1) by the " "following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23757 #, no-wrap msgid "# wodim -v -eject dev=/dev/hda cd.iso" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23758 msgid "If CD-RW is used instead of CD-R, do this instead by the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23759 #, no-wrap msgid "# wodim -v -eject blank=fast dev=/dev/hda cd.iso" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23761 msgid "" "If your desktop system mounts CD automatically, unmount it by " "\"<literal>sudo unmount /dev/hda</literal>\" before using " "<literal>wodim</literal>(1)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23765 msgid "Mounting the ISO9660 image file" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23766 msgid "" "If \"<literal>cd.iso</literal>\" contains an ISO9660 image, then the " "following manually mounts it to \"<literal>/cdrom</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23767 #, no-wrap msgid "# mount -t iso9660 -o ro,loop cd.iso /cdrom" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23769 msgid "" "Modern desktop system mounts removable media automatically (see <xref " "linkend=\"_removable_storage_device\"/>)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23774 msgid "The binary data" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23775 msgid "" "Here, we discuss direct manipulations of the binary data on storage media. " "See <xref linkend=\"_data_storage_tips\"/>, too." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23777 msgid "Viewing and editing binary data" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23778 msgid "" "The most basic viewing method of binary data is to use \"<literal>od -t " "x1</literal>\" command." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23780 msgid "List of packages which view and edit binary data" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23808 msgid "" "basic package which has <literal>od</literal>(1) to dump files (HEX, ASCII, " "OCTAL, …)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23816 msgid "" "utility package which has <literal>hd</literal>(1) to dump files (HEX, " "ASCII, OCTAL, …)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23824 msgid "binary editor and viewer (HEX, ASCII)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23832 msgid "full featured hexadecimal editor (GNOME)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23840 msgid "full featured hexadecimal editor (KDE4)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23848 msgid "binary editor and viewer (HEX, ASCII, EBCDIC)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23856 msgid "Linux Disk Editor" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23864 msgid "binary editor and viewer (HEX, ASCII, EBCDIC, OCTAL, …)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23872 msgid "hexadecimal dumping tool (support Japanese 2 byte codes)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23879 msgid "" "HEX is used as an acronym for <ulink " "url=\"&hexadecimal;\">hexadecimal</ulink> format with <ulink " "url=\"&radix;\">radix</ulink> 16. OCTAL is for <ulink " "url=\"&octal;\">octal</ulink> format with <ulink " "url=\"&radix;\">radix</ulink> 8. ASCII is for <ulink " "url=\"&americanstandardationinterchange;\">American Standard Code for " "Information Interchange</ulink>, i.e., normal English text code. EBCDIC is " "for <ulink url=\"&extendedbinarycolinterchangecode;\">Extended Binary Coded " "Decimal Interchange Code</ulink> used on <ulink url=\"&ibmmainframe;\">IBM " "mainframe</ulink> operating systems." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23883 msgid "Manipulating files without mounting disk" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23884 msgid "There are tools to read and write files without mounting disk." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23886 msgid "List of packages to manipulate files without mounting disk" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23914 msgid "utilities for MSDOS files without mounting them" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23922 msgid "utilities for HFS and HFS+ files without mounting them" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23930 msgid "Data redundancy" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23931 msgid "" "Software <ulink url=\"&raid;\">RAID</ulink> systems offered by the Linux " "kernel provide data redundancy in the kernel filesystem level to achieve " "high levels of storage reliability." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23932 msgid "" "There are tools to add data redundancy to files in application program level " "to achieve high levels of storage reliability, too." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23934 msgid "List of tools to add data redundancy to files" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23962 msgid "Parity Archive Volume Set, for checking and repair of files" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23970 msgid "data loss/scratch/aging protection for CD/DVD media" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23978 msgid "backup tool using MiniDV camcorders (providing <literal>rsbep</literal>(1))" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23986 msgid "recover lost blocks using Forward Error Correction" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23994 msgid "Data file recovery and forensic analysis" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23995 msgid "There are tools for data file recovery and forensic analysis." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:23997 msgid "List of packages for data file recovery and forensic analysis" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24025 msgid "utilities for partition scan and disk recovery" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24033 msgid "utility to recover files by looking for magic bytes" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24041 msgid "frugal, high performance file carver" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24049 msgid "rescue data from damaged harddisks" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24057 debian-reference.en.xmlt:24065 msgid "utility to undelete files on the ext2 filesystem" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24073 msgid "tool to help recover deleted files on the ext3 filesystem" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24081 msgid "data recovery program for NTFS filesystems" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24089 msgid "gzip recovery toolkit" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24097 msgid "tools for forensics analysis. (Sleuthkit)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24105 msgid "graphical interface to SleuthKit" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24113 msgid "forensics application to recover data" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24121 msgid "forensic imaging tool based on Qt" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24129 msgid "forensics related utilities" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24137 msgid "enhanced version of <literal>dd</literal> for forensics and security" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24145 msgid "forensic copy program" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24153 msgid "Splitting a large file into small files" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24154 msgid "" "When a data is too big to backup as a single file, you can backup its " "content after splitting it into, e.g. 2000MiB chunks and merge those chunks " "back into the original file later." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24155 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ split -b 2000m large_file\n" "$ cat x* >large_file" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24158 msgid "" "Please make sure you do not have any files starting with " "\"<literal>x</literal>\" to avoid name crashes." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24162 msgid "Clearing file contents" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24163 msgid "" "In order to clear the contents of a file such as a log file, do not use " "<literal>rm</literal>(1) to delete the file and then create a new empty " "file, because the file may still be accessed in the interval between " "commands. The following is the safe way to clear the contents of the file." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24164 #, no-wrap msgid "$ :>file_to_be_cleared" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24167 msgid "Dummy files" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24168 msgid "The following commands create dummy or empty files." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24169 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ dd if=/dev/zero of=5kb.file bs=1k count=5\n" "$ dd if=/dev/urandom of=7mb.file bs=1M count=7\n" "$ touch zero.file\n" "$ : > alwayszero.file" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24173 msgid "You should find following files." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24177 msgid "\"<literal>5kb.file</literal>\" is 5KB of zeros." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24182 msgid "\"<literal>7mb.file</literal>\" is 7MB of random data." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24187 msgid "" "\"<literal>zero.file</literal>\" may be a 0 byte file. If it existed, its " "<literal>mtime</literal> is updated while its content and its length are " "kept." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24192 msgid "" "\"<literal>alwayszero.file</literal>\" is always a 0 byte file. If it " "existed, its <literal>mtime</literal> is updated and its content is reset." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24198 msgid "Erasing an entire hard disk" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24199 msgid "" "There are several ways to completely erase data from an entire hard disk " "like device, e.g., USB memory stick at \"<literal>/dev/sda</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24201 msgid "" "Check your USB memory stick location with <literal>mount</literal>(8) first " "before executing commands here. The device pointed by " "\"<literal>/dev/sda</literal>\" may be SCSI hard disk or serial-ATA hard " "disk where your entire system resides." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24203 msgid "Erase all the disk content by resetting data to 0 with the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24204 #, no-wrap msgid "# dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/sda" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24205 msgid "Erase all by overwriting random data with the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24206 #, no-wrap msgid "# dd if=/dev/urandom of=/dev/sda" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24207 msgid "Erase all by overwriting random data very efficiently with the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24208 #, no-wrap msgid "# shred -v -n 1 /dev/sda" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24209 msgid "" "Since <literal>dd</literal>(1) is available from the shell of many bootable " "Linux CDs such as Debian installer CD, you can erase your installed system " "completely by running an erase command from such media on the system hard " "disk, e.g., \"<literal>/dev/hda</literal>\", " "\"<literal>/dev/sda</literal>\", etc." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24212 msgid "Erasing unused area of an hard disk" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24213 msgid "" "Unused area on an hard disk (or USB memory stick), " "e.g. \"<literal>/dev/sdb1</literal>\" may still contain erased data " "themselves since they are only unlinked from the filesystem. These can be " "cleaned by overwriting them." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24214 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# mount -t auto /dev/sdb1 /mnt/foo\n" "# cd /mnt/foo\n" "# dd if=/dev/zero of=junk\n" "dd: writing to `junk': No space left on device\n" "...\n" "# sync\n" "# umount /dev/sdb1" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24222 msgid "" "This is usually a good enough for your USB memory stick. But this is not " "perfect. Most parts of erased filenames and their attributes may be hidden " "and remain in the filesystem." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24226 msgid "Undeleting deleted but still open files" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24227 msgid "" "Even if you have accidentally deleted a file, as long as that file is still " "being used by some application (read or write mode), it is possible to " "recover such a file." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24229 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ echo foo > bar\n" "$ less bar\n" "$ ps aux | grep ' less[ ]'\n" "bozo 4775 0.0 0.0 92200 884 pts/8 S+ 00:18 0:00 less bar\n" "$ rm bar\n" "$ ls -l /proc/4775/fd | grep bar\n" "lr-x------ 1 bozo bozo 64 2008-05-09 00:19 4 -> /home/bozo/bar " "(deleted)\n" "$ cat /proc/4775/fd/4 >bar\n" "$ ls -l\n" "-rw-r--r-- 1 bozo bozo 4 2008-05-09 00:25 bar\n" "$ cat bar\n" "foo" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24241 msgid "" "Execute on another terminal (when you have the <literal>lsof</literal> " "package installed) as follows." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24242 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ ls -li bar\n" "2228329 -rw-r--r-- 1 bozo bozo 4 2008-05-11 11:02 bar\n" "$ lsof |grep bar|grep less\n" "less 4775 bozo 4r REG 8,3 4 2228329 /home/bozo/bar\n" "$ rm bar\n" "$ lsof |grep bar|grep less\n" "less 4775 bozo 4r REG 8,3 4 2228329 /home/bozo/bar (deleted)\n" "$ cat /proc/4775/fd/4 >bar\n" "$ ls -li bar\n" "2228302 -rw-r--r-- 1 bozo bozo 4 2008-05-11 11:05 bar\n" "$ cat bar\n" "foo" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24256 msgid "Searching all hardlinks" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24257 msgid "Files with hardlinks can be identified by \"<literal>ls -li</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24258 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ ls -li\n" "total 0\n" "2738405 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 2008-09-15 20:21 bar\n" "2738404 -rw-r--r-- 2 root root 0 2008-09-15 20:21 baz\n" "2738404 -rw-r--r-- 2 root root 0 2008-09-15 20:21 foo" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24263 msgid "" "Both \"<literal>baz</literal>\" and \"<literal>foo</literal>\" have link " "counts of \"2\" (>1) showing them to have hardlinks. Their <ulink " "url=\"&inode;\">inode</ulink> numbers are common \"2738404\". This means " "they are the same hardlinked file. If you do not happen to find all " "hardlinked files by chance, you can search it by the <ulink " "url=\"&inode;\">inode</ulink>, e.g., \"2738404\" as the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24264 #, no-wrap msgid "# find /path/to/mount/point -xdev -inum 2738404" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24267 msgid "Invisible disk space consumption" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24268 msgid "" "All deleted but open files consumes disk space although they are not visible " "from normal <literal>du</literal>(1). They can be listed with their size by " "the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24269 #, no-wrap msgid "# lsof -s -X / |grep deleted" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24273 msgid "Data security infrastructure" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24274 msgid "" "The data security infrastructure is provided by the combination of data " "encryption tool, message digest tool, and signature tool." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24276 msgid "List of data security infrastructure tools" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24304 msgid "<literal>gpg</literal>(1)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24309 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&gnuprivacyguard;\">GNU Privacy Guard</ulink> - OpenPGP " "encryption and signing tool" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24320 msgid "GNU Privacy Guard documentation" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24324 msgid "<literal>gpgv</literal>(1)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24330 msgid "GNU Privacy Guard - signature verification tool" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24334 msgid "<literal>paperkey</literal>(1)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24340 msgid "extract just the secret information out of OpenPGP secret keys" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24344 msgid "<literal>cryptsetup</literal>(8), …" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24350 msgid "" "utilities for <ulink url=\"&dmcrypto;\">dm-crypto</ulink> block device " "encryption supporting <ulink url=\"&luks;\">LUKS</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24354 msgid "<literal>ecryptfs</literal>(7), …" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24360 msgid "" "utilities for <ulink url=\"&ecryptfs;\">ecryptfs</ulink> stacked filesystem " "encryption" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24364 msgid "<literal>md5sum</literal>(1)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24370 msgid "compute and check MD5 message digest" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24374 msgid "<literal>sha1sum</literal>(1)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24380 msgid "compute and checks SHA1 message digest" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24384 msgid "<literal>openssl</literal>(1ssl)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24390 msgid "compute message digest with \"<literal>openssl dgst</literal>\" (OpenSSL)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24396 msgid "" "See <xref linkend=\"_data_encryption_tips\"/> on <ulink " "url=\"&dmcrypto;\">dm-crypto</ulink> and <ulink " "url=\"&ecryptfs;\">ecryptfs</ulink> which implement automatic data " "encryption infrastructure via Linux kernel modules." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24398 msgid "Key management for GnuPG" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24399 msgid "" "Here are <ulink url=\"&gnuprivacyguard;\">GNU Privacy Guard</ulink> commands " "for the basic key management." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24401 msgid "List of GNU Privacy Guard commands for the key management" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24418 msgid "<literal>gpg --gen-key</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24421 msgid "generate a new key" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24426 msgid "<literal>gpg --gen-revoke my_user_ID</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24429 msgid "generate revoke key for my_user_ID" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24434 msgid "<literal>gpg --edit-key user_ID</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24437 msgid "edit key interactively, \"help\" for help" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24442 msgid "<literal>gpg -o file --exports</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24445 msgid "export all keys to file" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24450 msgid "<literal>gpg --imports file</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24453 msgid "import all keys from file" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24458 msgid "<literal>gpg --send-keys user_ID</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24461 msgid "send key of user_ID to keyserver" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24466 msgid "<literal>gpg --recv-keys user_ID</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24469 msgid "recv. key of user_ID from keyserver" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24474 msgid "<literal>gpg --list-keys user_ID</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24477 msgid "list keys of user_ID" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24482 msgid "<literal>gpg --list-sigs user_ID</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24485 msgid "list sig. of user_ID" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24490 msgid "<literal>gpg --check-sigs user_ID</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24493 msgid "check sig. of user_ID" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24498 msgid "<literal>gpg --fingerprint user_ID</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24501 msgid "check fingerprint of user_ID" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24506 msgid "<literal>gpg --refresh-keys</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24509 msgid "update local keyring" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24515 msgid "Here is the meaning of the trust code." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24517 msgid "List of the meaning of the trust code" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24524 msgid "code" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24527 msgid "description of trust" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24537 msgid "no owner trust assigned / not yet calculated" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24545 msgid "trust calculation failed" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24553 msgid "not enough information for calculation" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24558 msgid "<literal>n</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24561 msgid "never trust this key" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24566 msgid "<literal>m</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24569 msgid "marginally trusted" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24577 msgid "fully trusted" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24585 msgid "ultimately trusted" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24591 msgid "" "The following uploads my key \"<literal>1DD8D791</literal>\" to the popular " "keyserver \"<literal>hkp://keys.gnupg.net</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24592 #, no-wrap msgid "$ gpg --keyserver hkp://keys.gnupg.net --send-keys 1DD8D791" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24593 msgid "" "A good default keyserver set up in \"<literal>~/.gnupg/gpg.conf</literal>\" " "(or old location \"<literal>~/.gnupg/options</literal>\") contains the " "following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24594 #, no-wrap msgid "keyserver hkp://keys.gnupg.net" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24595 msgid "The following obtains unknown keys from the keyserver." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24596 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ gpg --list-sigs --with-colons | grep '^sig.*\\[User ID not found\\]' |\\\n" " cut -d ':' -f 5| sort | uniq | xargs gpg --recv-keys" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24598 msgid "" "There was a bug in <ulink url=\"&openpgppublickeyserver;\">OpenPGP Public " "Key Server</ulink> (pre version 0.9.6) which corrupted key with more than 2 " "sub-keys. The newer <literal>gnupg</literal> (>1.2.1-2) package can " "handle these corrupted subkeys. See <literal>gpg</literal>(1) under " "\"<literal>--repair-pks-subkey-bug</literal>\" option." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24601 msgid "Using GnuPG on files" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24602 msgid "" "Here are examples for using <ulink url=\"&gnuprivacyguard;\">GNU Privacy " "Guard</ulink> commands on files." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24604 msgid "List of GNU Privacy Guard commands on files" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24621 msgid "<literal>gpg -a -s file</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24624 msgid "sign file into <ulink url=\"&ascii;\">ASCII</ulink> armored file.asc" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24629 msgid "<literal>gpg --armor --sign file</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24637 msgid "<literal>gpg --clearsign file</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24640 msgid "clear-sign message" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24645 msgid "<literal>gpg --clearsign file|mail foo@example.org</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24648 msgid "mail a clear-signed message to <literal>foo@example.org</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24653 msgid "<literal>gpg --clearsign --not-dash-escaped patchfile</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24656 msgid "clear-sign patchfile" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24661 msgid "<literal>gpg --verify file</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24664 msgid "verify clear-signed file" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24669 msgid "<literal>gpg -o file.sig -b file</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24672 msgid "create detached signature" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24677 msgid "<literal>gpg -o file.sig --detach-sig file</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24685 msgid "<literal>gpg --verify file.sig file</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24688 msgid "verify file with file.sig" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24693 msgid "<literal>gpg -o crypt_file.gpg -r name -e file</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24696 msgid "public-key encryption intended for name from file to binary crypt_file.gpg" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24701 msgid "<literal>gpg -o crypt_file.gpg --recipient name --encrypt file</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24709 msgid "<literal>gpg -o crypt_file.asc -a -r name -e file</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24712 msgid "" "public-key encryption intended for name from file to <ulink " "url=\"&ascii;\">ASCII</ulink> armored crypt_file.asc" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24717 msgid "<literal>gpg -o crypt_file.gpg -c file</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24720 msgid "symmetric encryption from file to crypt_file.gpg" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24725 msgid "<literal>gpg -o crypt_file.gpg --symmetric file</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24733 msgid "<literal>gpg -o crypt_file.asc -a -c file</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24736 msgid "" "symmetric encryption intended for name from file to <ulink " "url=\"&ascii;\">ASCII</ulink> armored crypt_file.asc" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24741 msgid "<literal>gpg -o file -d crypt_file.gpg -r name</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24744 msgid "decryption" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24749 msgid "<literal>gpg -o file --decrypt crypt_file.gpg</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24760 msgid "Using GnuPG with Mutt" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24761 msgid "" "Add the following to \"<literal>~/.muttrc</literal>\" to keep a slow GnuPG " "from automatically starting, while allowing it to be used by typing " "\"<literal>S</literal>\" at the index menu." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24763 #, no-wrap msgid "" "macro index S \":toggle pgp_verify_sig\\n\"\n" "set pgp_verify_sig=no" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24767 msgid "Using GnuPG with Vim" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24768 msgid "" "The <literal>gnupg</literal> plugin let you run GnuPG transparently for " "files with extension \"<literal>.gpg</literal>\", " "\"<literal>.asc</literal>\", and \"<literal>.ppg</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24769 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# aptitude install vim-scripts vim-addon-manager\n" "$ vim-addons install gnupg" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24773 msgid "The MD5 sum" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24774 msgid "" "<literal>md5sum</literal>(1) provides utility to make a digest file using " "the method in <ulink url=\"&rfcbdcb;\">rfc1321</ulink> and verifying each " "file with it." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24775 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ md5sum foo bar >baz.md5\n" "$ cat baz.md5\n" "d3b07384d113edec49eaa6238ad5ff00 foo\n" "c157a79031e1c40f85931829bc5fc552 bar\n" "$ md5sum -c baz.md5\n" "foo: OK\n" "bar: OK" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24783 msgid "" "The computation for the <ulink url=\"&mdf;\">MD5</ulink> sum is less CPU " "intensive than the one for the cryptographic signature by <ulink " "url=\"&gnuprivacyguardgnupg;\">GNU Privacy Guard (GnuPG)</ulink>. Usually, " "only the top level digest file is cryptographically signed to ensure data " "integrity." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24788 msgid "Source code merge tools" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24789 msgid "" "There are many merge tools for the source code. Following commands caught " "my eyes." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24791 msgid "List of source code merge tools" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24819 msgid "<literal>diff</literal>(1)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24825 msgid "compare files line by line" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24829 msgid "<literal>diff3</literal>(1)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24835 msgid "compare and merges three files line by line" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24839 msgid "<literal>vimdiff</literal>(1)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24845 msgid "compare 2 files side by side in vim" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24849 msgid "<literal>patch</literal>(1)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24855 msgid "apply a diff file to an original" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24859 msgid "<literal>dpatch</literal>(1)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24865 msgid "manage series of patches for Debian package" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24869 msgid "<literal>diffstat</literal>(1)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24875 msgid "produce a histogram of changes by the diff" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24879 msgid "<literal>combinediff</literal>(1)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24885 msgid "create a cumulative patch from two incremental patches" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24889 msgid "<literal>dehtmldiff</literal>(1)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24895 msgid "extract a diff from an HTML page" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24899 msgid "<literal>filterdiff</literal>(1)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24905 msgid "extract or excludes diffs from a diff file" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24909 msgid "<literal>fixcvsdiff</literal>(1)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24915 msgid "" "fix diff files created by CVS that <literal>patch</literal>(1) " "mis-interprets" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24919 msgid "<literal>flipdiff</literal>(1)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24925 msgid "exchange the order of two patches" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24929 msgid "<literal>grepdiff</literal>(1)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24935 msgid "show which files are modified by a patch matching a regex" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24939 msgid "<literal>interdiff</literal>(1)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24945 msgid "show differences between two unified diff files" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24949 msgid "<literal>lsdiff</literal>(1)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24955 msgid "show which files are modified by a patch" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24959 msgid "<literal>recountdiff</literal>(1)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24965 msgid "recompute counts and offsets in unified context diffs" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24969 msgid "<literal>rediff</literal>(1)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24975 msgid "fix offsets and counts of a hand-edited diff" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24979 msgid "<literal>splitdiff</literal>(1)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24985 msgid "separate out incremental patches" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24989 msgid "<literal>unwrapdiff</literal>(1)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24995 msgid "demangle patches that have been word-wrapped" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:24999 msgid "<literal>wiggle</literal>(1)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25005 msgid "apply rejected patches" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25009 msgid "<literal>quilt</literal>(1)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25015 msgid "manage series of patches" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25019 msgid "<literal>meld</literal>(1)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25025 msgid "compare and merge files (GTK)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25029 msgid "<literal>xxdiff</literal>(1)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25035 msgid "compare and merge files (plain X)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25039 msgid "<literal>dirdiff</literal>(1)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25045 msgid "display differences and merge changes between directory trees" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25049 msgid "<literal>docdiff</literal>(1)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25055 msgid "compare two files word by word / char by char" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25059 msgid "<literal>imediff2</literal>(1)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25065 msgid "interactive full screen 2-way merge tool" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25069 msgid "<literal>makepatch</literal>(1)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25075 msgid "generate extended patch files" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25079 msgid "<literal>applypatch</literal>(1)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25085 msgid "apply extended patch files" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25089 msgid "<literal>wdiff</literal>(1)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25095 msgid "display word differences between text files" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25102 msgid "Extracting differences for source files" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25103 msgid "" "One of following procedures extract differences between two source files and " "create unified diff files \"<literal>file.patch0</literal>\" or " "\"<literal>file.patch1</literal>\" depending on the file location." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25104 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ diff -u file.old file.new > file.patch0\n" "$ diff -u old/file new/file > file.patch1" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25108 msgid "Merging updates for source files" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25109 msgid "" "The diff file (alternatively called patch file) is used to send a program " "update. The receiving party applies this update to another file by the " "following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25110 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ patch -p0 file < file.patch0\n" "$ patch -p1 file < file.patch1" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25114 msgid "Updating via 3-way-merge" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25115 msgid "" "If you have three versions of a source code, you can perform 3-way-merge " "effectively using <literal>diff3</literal>(1) by the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25116 #, no-wrap msgid "$ diff3 -m file.mine file.old file.yours > file" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25120 msgid "Version control systems" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25121 msgid "" "Here is a summary of the <ulink url=\"&versioncontrolsystemsvcs;\">version " "control systems (VCS)</ulink> on the Debian system." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25123 msgid "" "If you are new to VCS systems, you should start learning with <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">Git</emphasis>, which is growing fast in popularity." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25126 msgid "List of version control system tools" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25149 msgid "VCS type" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25162 msgid "<ulink url=\"&cssc;\">CSSC</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25165 debian-reference.en.xmlt:25179 msgid "local" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25168 msgid "clone of the <ulink url=\"&unixsccs;\">Unix SCCS</ulink> (deprecated)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25176 msgid "<ulink url=\"&rcs;\">RCS</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25182 msgid "\"<ulink url=\"&unixsccs;\">Unix SCCS</ulink> done right\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25190 msgid "<ulink url=\"&cvs;\">CVS</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25193 debian-reference.en.xmlt:25207 debian-reference.en.xmlt:25305 msgid "remote" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25196 msgid "previous standard remote VCS" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25204 msgid "<ulink url=\"&subversion;\">Subversion</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25210 msgid "\"CVS done right\", the new de facto standard remote VCS" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25218 msgid "<ulink url=\"&git;\">Git</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25221 debian-reference.en.xmlt:25235 debian-reference.en.xmlt:25249 debian-reference.en.xmlt:25263 debian-reference.en.xmlt:25277 debian-reference.en.xmlt:25291 debian-reference.en.xmlt:25319 msgid "distributed" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25224 msgid "fast DVCS in C (used by the Linux kernel and others)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25232 msgid "<ulink url=\"&mercurial;\">Mercurial</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25238 msgid "DVCS in Python and some C" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25246 msgid "<ulink url=\"&bazaar;\">Bazaar</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25252 msgid "" "DVCS influenced by <literal>tla</literal> written in Python (used by <ulink " "url=\"&ubuntu;\">Ubuntu</ulink>)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25260 msgid "<ulink url=\"&darcs;\">Darcs</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25266 msgid "DVCS with smart algebra of patches (slow)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25274 msgid "<ulink url=\"&gnuarch;\">GNU arch</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25280 msgid "DVCS mainly by Tom Lord (Historic)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25288 msgid "<ulink url=\"&monotone;\">Monotone</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25294 msgid "DVCS in C++" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25302 msgid "CVS, …" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25308 msgid "GUI display of VCS (CVS, Subversion, RCS) repository tree" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25316 debian-reference.en.xmlt:25376 debian-reference.en.xmlt:26040 msgid "Git" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25322 msgid "GUI display of VCS (Git) repository tree" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25328 msgid "" "VCS is sometimes known as revision control system (RCS), or software " "configuration management (SCM)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25329 msgid "" "Distributed VCS such as Git is the tool of choice these days. CVS and " "Subversion may still be useful to join some existing open source program " "activities." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25330 msgid "" "Debian provides free VCS services via <ulink " "url=\"&debianaliothservice;\">Debian Alioth service</ulink>. It supports " "practically all VCSs. Its documentation can be found at <ulink " "url=\"&httpwikidebianorgalioth;\">http://wiki.debian.org/Alioth</ulink> ." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><caution><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25332 msgid "" "The <literal>git</literal> package was \"GNU Interactive Tools\" and the " "<literal>git-core</literal> package was DVCS in <literal>lenny</literal>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25334 msgid "There are few basics for creating a shared access VCS archive." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25338 msgid "" "Use \"<literal>umask 002</literal>\" (see <xref " "linkend=\"_control_of_permissions_for_newly_created_files_umask\"/>)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25343 msgid "Make all VCS archive files belonging to a pertinent group" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25348 msgid "" "Enable set group ID on all VCS archive directories (BSD-like file creation " "scheme, see <xref linkend=\"_filesystem_permissions\"/>)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25353 msgid "Make user sharing the VCS archive belonging to the group" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25358 msgid "Comparison of VCS commands" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25359 msgid "" "Here is an oversimplified comparison of native VCS commands to provide the " "big picture. The typical command sequence may require options and arguments." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25361 msgid "Comparison of native VCS commands" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25370 debian-reference.en.xmlt:25584 msgid "CVS" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25373 debian-reference.en.xmlt:25826 msgid "Subversion" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25386 msgid "<literal>cvs init</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25389 msgid "<literal>svn create</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25392 msgid "<literal>git init</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25395 msgid "create the (local) repository" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25400 msgid "<literal>cvs login</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25409 msgid "login to the remote repository" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25414 msgid "<literal>cvs co</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25417 msgid "<literal>svn co</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25420 msgid "<literal>git clone</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25423 msgid "check out the remote repository as the working tree" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25428 msgid "<literal>cvs up</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25431 msgid "<literal>svn up</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25434 msgid "<literal>git pull</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25437 msgid "update the working tree by merging the remote repository" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25442 msgid "<literal>cvs add</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25445 msgid "<literal>svn add</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25448 msgid "<literal>git add .</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25451 msgid "add file(s) in the working tree to the VCS" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25456 msgid "<literal>cvs rm</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25459 msgid "<literal>svn rm</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25462 msgid "<literal>git rm</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25465 msgid "remove file(s) in working tree from the VCS" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25470 msgid "<literal>cvs ci</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25473 msgid "<literal>svn ci</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25479 msgid "commit changes to the remote repository" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25490 msgid "<literal>git commit -a</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25493 msgid "commit changes to the local repository" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25504 msgid "<literal>git push</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25507 msgid "update the remote repository by the local repository" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25512 msgid "<literal>cvs status</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25515 msgid "<literal>svn status</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25518 msgid "<literal>git status</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25521 msgid "display the working tree status from the VCS" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25526 msgid "<literal>cvs diff</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25529 msgid "<literal>svn diff</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25532 msgid "<literal>git diff</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25535 msgid "diff <reference_repository> <working_tree>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25546 msgid "<literal>git repack -a -d; git prune</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25549 msgid "repack the local repository into single pack" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25554 debian-reference.en.xmlt:25557 msgid "<literal>tkcvs</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25560 msgid "<literal>gitk</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25563 msgid "GUI display of VCS repository tree" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25570 msgid "" "Invoking a <literal>git</literal> subcommand directly as " "\"<literal>git-xyz</literal>\" from the command line has been deprecated " "since early 2006." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25573 msgid "" "GUI tools such as <literal>tkcvs</literal>(1) and <literal>gitk</literal>(1) " "really help you with tracking revision history of files. The web interface " "provided by many public archives for browsing their repositories is also " "quite useful, too." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25576 msgid "" "Git can work directly with different VCS repositories such as ones provided " "by CVS and Subversion, and provides the local repository for local changes " "with <literal>git-cvs</literal> and <literal>git-svn</literal> packages. " "See <ulink url=\"&gitforcvsusers;\">git for CVS users</ulink>, and <xref " "linkend=\"_git_for_the_subversion_repository\"/>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25579 msgid "" "Git has commands which have no equivalents in CVS and Subversion: \"fetch\", " "\"rebase\", \"cherry-pick\", …" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25588 msgid "<literal>cvs</literal>(1)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25593 msgid "\"<literal>/usr/share/doc/cvs/html-cvsclient</literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25598 msgid "\"<literal>/usr/share/doc/cvs/html-info</literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25603 msgid "\"<literal>/usr/share/doc/cvsbook</literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25608 msgid "\"<literal>info cvs</literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25613 msgid "Configuration of CVS repository" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25614 msgid "" "The following configuration allows commits to the CVS repository only by a " "member of the \"<literal>src</literal>\" group, and administration of CVS " "only by a member of the \"<literal>staff</literal>\" group, thus reducing " "the chance of shooting oneself." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25615 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# cd /var/lib; umask 002; mkdir cvs\n" "# export CVSROOT=/srv/cvs/project\n" "# cd $CVSROOT\n" "# chown root:src .\n" "# chmod 2775 .\n" "# cvs -d $CVSROOT init\n" "# cd CVSROOT\n" "# chown -R root:staff .\n" "# chmod 2775 .\n" "# touch val-tags\n" "# chmod 664 history val-tags\n" "# chown root:src history val-tags" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25628 msgid "" "You may restrict creation of new project by changing the owner of " "\"<literal>$CVSROOT</literal>\" directory to " "\"<literal>root:staff</literal>\" and its permission to " "\"<literal>3775</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25632 msgid "Local access to CVS" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25633 msgid "" "The default CVS repository is pointed by \"<literal>$CVSROOT</literal>\". " "The following sets up \"<literal>$CVSROOT</literal>\" for the local access." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25634 #, no-wrap msgid "$ export CVSROOT=/srv/cvs/project" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25637 msgid "Remote access to CVS with pserver" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25638 msgid "" "Many public CVS servers provide read-only remote access to them with account " "name \"<literal>anonymous</literal>\" via pserver service. For example, " "Debian web site contents are maintained by <ulink " "url=\"&webwmlproject;\">webwml project</ulink> via CVS at Debian alioth " "service. The following sets up \"<literal>$CVSROOT</literal>\" for the " "remote access to this CVS repository." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25639 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ export CVSROOT=:pserver:anonymous@cvs.alioth.debian.org:/cvsroot/webwml\n" "$ cvs login" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25642 msgid "" "Since pserver is prone to eavesdropping attack and insecure, write access is " "usually disable by server administrators." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25646 msgid "Remote access to CVS with ssh" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25647 msgid "" "The following sets up \"<literal>$CVS_RSH</literal>\" and " "\"<literal>$CVSROOT</literal>\" for the remote access to the CVS repository " "by <ulink url=\"&webwmlproject;\">webwml project</ulink> with SSH." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25648 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ export CVS_RSH=ssh\n" "$ export CVSROOT=:ext:account@cvs.alioth.debian.org:/cvs/webwml" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25650 msgid "" "You can also use public key authentication for SSH which eliminates the " "remote password prompt." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25653 msgid "Importing a new source to CVS" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25654 debian-reference.en.xmlt:25890 msgid "" "Create a new local source tree location at " "\"<literal>~/path/to/module1</literal>\" by the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25655 debian-reference.en.xmlt:25891 #, no-wrap msgid "$ mkdir -p ~/path/to/module1; cd ~/path/to/module1" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25656 debian-reference.en.xmlt:25892 msgid "" "Populate a new local source tree under " "\"<literal>~/path/to/module1</literal>\" with files." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25657 msgid "Import it to CVS with the following parameters." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25661 debian-reference.en.xmlt:25897 msgid "Module name: \"<literal>module1</literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25666 msgid "Vendor tag: \"<literal>Main-branch</literal>\" (tag for the entire branch)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25671 msgid "" "Release tag: \"<literal>Release-initial</literal>\" (tag for a specific " "release)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25675 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ cd ~/path/to/module1\n" "$ cvs import -m \"Start module1\" module1 Main-branch Release-initial\n" "$ rm -Rf . # optional" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25680 msgid "File permissions in CVS repository" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25681 msgid "" "CVS does not overwrite the current repository file but replaces it with " "another one. Thus, write permission to the repository directory is " "critical. For every new module for \"<literal>module1</literal>\" in " "repository at \"<literal>/srv/cvs/project</literal>\", run the following to " "ensure this condition if needed." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25682 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# cd /srv/cvs/project\n" "# chown -R root:src module1\n" "# chmod -R ug+rwX module1\n" "# chmod 2775 module1" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25688 msgid "Work flow of CVS" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25689 msgid "Here is an example of typical work flow using CVS." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25690 msgid "" "Check all available modules from CVS project pointed by " "\"<literal>$CVSROOT</literal>\" by the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25691 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ cvs rls\n" "CVSROOT\n" "module1\n" "module2\n" "..." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25696 msgid "" "Checkout \"<literal>module1</literal>\" to its default directory " "\"<literal>./module1</literal>\" by the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25697 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ cd ~/path/to\n" "$ cvs co module1\n" "$ cd module1" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25700 debian-reference.en.xmlt:25941 msgid "Make changes to the content as needed." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25701 debian-reference.en.xmlt:25942 msgid "" "Check changes by making \"<literal>diff -u [repository] [local]</literal>\" " "equivalent by the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25702 #, no-wrap msgid "$ cvs diff -u" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25703 debian-reference.en.xmlt:25944 msgid "" "You find that you broke some file \"<literal>file_to_undo</literal>\" " "severely but other files are fine." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25704 msgid "" "Overwrite \"<literal>file_to_undo</literal>\" file with the clean copy from " "CVS by the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25705 #, no-wrap msgid "$ cvs up -C file_to_undo" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25706 msgid "Save the updated local source tree to CVS by the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25707 #, no-wrap msgid "$ cvs ci -m \"Describe change\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25708 msgid "" "Create and add \"<literal>file_to_add</literal>\" file to CVS by the " "following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25709 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ vi file_to_add\n" "$ cvs add file_to_add\n" "$ cvs ci -m \"Added file_to_add\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25712 msgid "Merge the latest version from CVS by the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25713 debian-reference.en.xmlt:25739 #, no-wrap msgid "$ cvs up -d" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25714 debian-reference.en.xmlt:25955 msgid "" "Watch out for lines starting with \"<literal>C filename</literal>\" which " "indicates conflicting changes." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25715 msgid "Look for unmodified code in \"<literal>.#filename.version</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25716 debian-reference.en.xmlt:25957 msgid "" "Search for \"<literal><<<<<<<</literal>\" and " "\"<literal>>>>>>>></literal>\" in files for conflicting " "changes." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25717 debian-reference.en.xmlt:25740 debian-reference.en.xmlt:25958 debian-reference.en.xmlt:25981 msgid "Edit files to fix conflicts as needed." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25718 debian-reference.en.xmlt:25959 msgid "Add a release tag \"<literal>Release-1</literal>\" by the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25719 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ cvs ci -m \"last commit for Release-1\"\n" "$ cvs tag Release-1" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25721 debian-reference.en.xmlt:25962 msgid "Edit further." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25722 debian-reference.en.xmlt:25963 msgid "Remove the release tag \"<literal>Release-1</literal>\" by the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25723 #, no-wrap msgid "$ cvs tag -d Release-1" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25724 debian-reference.en.xmlt:25741 debian-reference.en.xmlt:25748 msgid "Check in changes to CVS by the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25725 #, no-wrap msgid "$ cvs ci -m \"real last commit for Release-1\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25726 msgid "" "Re-add the release tag \"<literal>Release-1</literal>\" to updated CVS HEAD " "of main by the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25727 #, no-wrap msgid "$ cvs tag Release-1" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25728 msgid "" "Create a branch with a sticky branch tag " "\"<literal>Release-initial-bugfixes</literal>\" from the original version " "pointed by the tag \"<literal>Release-initial</literal>\" and check it out " "to \"<literal>~/path/to/old</literal>\" directory by the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25729 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ cvs rtag -b -r Release-initial Release-initial-bugfixes module1\n" "$ cd ~/path/to\n" "$ cvs co -r Release-initial-bugfixes -d old module1\n" "$ cd old" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25734 msgid "" "Use \"<literal>-D 2005-12-20</literal>\" (<ulink url=\"&isoigab;\">ISO " "8601</ulink> date format) instead of \"<literal>-r " "Release-initial</literal>\" to specify particular date as the branch point." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25736 msgid "" "Work on this local source tree having the sticky tag " "\"<literal>Release-initial-bugfixes</literal>\" which is based on the " "original version." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25737 debian-reference.en.xmlt:25978 msgid "" "Work on this branch by yourself … until someone else joins to this " "\"<literal>Release-initial-bugfixes</literal>\" branch." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25738 msgid "" "Sync with files modified by others on this branch while creating new " "directories as needed by the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25742 #, no-wrap msgid "$ cvs ci -m \"checked into this branch\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25743 msgid "" "Update the local tree by HEAD of main while removing sticky tag " "(\"<literal>-A</literal>\") and without keyword expansion " "(\"<literal>-kk</literal>\") by the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25744 #, no-wrap msgid "$ cvs up -d -kk -A" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25745 msgid "" "Update the local tree (content = HEAD of main) by merging from the " "\"<literal>Release-initial-bugfixes</literal>\" branch and without keyword " "expansion by the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25746 #, no-wrap msgid "$ cvs up -d -kk -j Release-initial-bugfixes" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25747 debian-reference.en.xmlt:25988 msgid "Fix conflicts with editor." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25749 #, no-wrap msgid "$ cvs ci -m \"merged Release-initial-bugfixes\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25750 debian-reference.en.xmlt:25991 msgid "Make archive by the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25751 debian-reference.en.xmlt:25992 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ cd ..\n" "$ mv old old-module1-bugfixes\n" "$ tar -cvzf old-module1-bugfixes.tar.gz old-module1-bugfixes\n" "$ rm -rf old-module1-bugfixes" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25756 msgid "" "\"<literal>cvs up</literal>\" command can take \"<literal>-d</literal>\" " "option to create new directories and \"<literal>-P</literal>\" option to " "prune empty directories." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25759 msgid "" "You can checkout only a sub directory of \"<literal>module1</literal>\" by " "providing its name as \"<literal>cvs co module1/subdir</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25762 msgid "" "Notable options for CVS commands (use as first argument(s) to " "<literal>cvs</literal>(1))" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25769 debian-reference.en.xmlt:26010 msgid "option" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25779 msgid "<literal>-n</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25782 debian-reference.en.xmlt:26023 msgid "dry run, no effect" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25787 msgid "<literal>-t</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25790 msgid "display messages showing steps of cvs activity" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25798 msgid "Latest files from CVS" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25799 msgid "" "To get the latest files from CVS, use \"<literal>tomorrow</literal>\" by the " "following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25800 #, no-wrap msgid "$ cvs ex -D tomorrow module_name" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25803 msgid "Administration of CVS" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25804 msgid "" "Add module alias \"<literal>mx</literal>\" to a CVS project (local server) " "by the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25805 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ export CVSROOT=/srv/cvs/project\n" "$ cvs co CVSROOT/modules\n" "$ cd CVSROOT\n" "$ echo \"mx -a module1\" >>modules\n" "$ cvs ci -m \"Now mx is an alias for module1\"\n" "$ cvs release -d ." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25811 msgid "" "Now, you can check out \"<literal>module1</literal>\" (alias: " "\"<literal>mx</literal>\") from CVS to \"<literal>new</literal>\" directory " "by the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25812 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ cvs co -d new mx\n" "$ cd new" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25815 msgid "" "In order to perform above procedure, you should have appropriate file " "permissions." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25819 msgid "Execution bit for CVS checkout" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25820 msgid "" "When you checkout files from CVS, their execution permission bit is " "retained." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25821 msgid "" "Whenever you see execution permission problems in a checked out file, " "e.g. \"<literal>filename</literal>\", change its permission in the " "corresponding CVS repository by the following to fix it." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25822 #, no-wrap msgid "# chmod ugo-x filename" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25827 msgid "" "Subversion is a <emphasis role=\"strong\">recent-generation</emphasis> " "version control system replacing older CVS. It has most of CVS's features " "except tags and branches." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25828 msgid "" "You need to install <literal>subversion</literal>, " "<literal>libapache2-svn</literal> and <literal>subversion-tools</literal> " "packages to set up a Subversion server." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25830 msgid "Configuration of Subversion repository" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25831 msgid "" "Currently, the <literal>subversion</literal> package does not set up a " "repository, so one must set it up manually. One possible location for a " "repository is in \"<literal>/srv/svn/project</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25832 msgid "Create a directory by the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25833 #, no-wrap msgid "# mkdir -p /srv/svn/project" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25834 msgid "Create the repository database by the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25835 #, no-wrap msgid "# svnadmin create /srv/svn/project" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25838 msgid "Access to Subversion via Apache2 server" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25839 msgid "" "If you only access Subversion repository via Apache2 server, you just need " "to make the repository only writable by the WWW server by the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25840 #, no-wrap msgid "# chown -R www-data:www-data /srv/svn/project" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25841 msgid "" "Add (or uncomment) the following in " "\"<literal>/etc/apache2/mods-available/dav_svn.conf</literal>\" to allow " "access to the repository via user authentication." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25842 #, no-wrap msgid "" "<Location /project>\n" " DAV svn\n" " SVNPath /srv/svn/project\n" " AuthType Basic\n" " AuthName \"Subversion repository\"\n" " AuthUserFile /etc/subversion/passwd\n" "<LimitExcept GET PROPFIND OPTIONS REPORT>\n" " Require valid-user\n" "</LimitExcept>\n" "</Location>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25852 msgid "Create a user authentication file with the command by the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25853 #, no-wrap msgid "# htpasswd2 -c /etc/subversion/passwd some-username" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25854 msgid "Restart Apache2." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25855 msgid "" "Your new Subversion repository is accessible at URL " "\"<literal>http://localhost/project</literal>\" and " "\"<literal>http://example.com/project</literal>\" from " "<literal>svn</literal>(1) (assuming your URL of web server is " "\"<literal>http://example.com/</literal>\")." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25858 msgid "Local access to Subversion by group" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25859 msgid "" "The following sets up Subversion repository for the local access by a group, " "e.g. <literal>project</literal>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25860 #, no-wrap msgid "" "# chmod 2775 /srv/svn/project\n" "# chown -R root:src /srv/svn/project\n" "# chmod -R ug+rwX /srv/svn/project" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25863 msgid "" "Your new Subversion repository is group accessible at URL " "\"<literal>file:///localhost/srv/svn/project</literal>\" or " "\"<literal>file:///srv/svn/project</literal>\" from " "<literal>svn</literal>(1) for local users belonging to " "<literal>project</literal> group. You must run commands, such as " "<literal>svn</literal>, <literal>svnserve</literal>, " "<literal>svnlook</literal>, and <literal>svnadmin</literal> under " "\"<literal>umask 002</literal>\" to ensure group access." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25866 msgid "Remote access to Subversion via SSH" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25867 msgid "" "A group accessible Subversion repository is at URL " "\"<literal>example.com:/srv/svn/project</literal>\" for SSH, you can access " "it from <literal>svn</literal>(1) at URL " "\"<literal>svn+ssh://example.com:/srv/svn/project</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25870 msgid "Subversion directory structure" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25871 msgid "" "Many projects uses directory tree similar to the following for Subversion to " "compensate its lack of branches and tags." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25872 #, no-wrap msgid "" " ----- module1\n" " | |-- branches\n" " | |-- tags\n" " | | |-- release-1.0\n" " | | `-- release-2.0\n" " | |\n" " | `-- trunk\n" " | |-- file1\n" " | |-- file2\n" " | `-- file3\n" " |\n" " `-- module2" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25885 msgid "" "You must use \"<literal>svn copy …</literal>\" command to mark branches and " "tags. This ensures Subversion to record modification history of files " "properly and saves storage spaces." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25889 msgid "Importing a new source to Subversion" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25893 msgid "Import it to Subversion with the following parameters." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25902 msgid "Subversion site URL: \"<literal>file:///srv/svn/project</literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25907 msgid "Subversion directory: \"<literal>module1/trunk</literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25912 msgid "Subversion tag: \"<literal>module1/tags/Release-initial</literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25916 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ cd ~/path/to/module1\n" "$ svn import file:///srv/svn/project/module1/trunk -m \"Start module1\"\n" "$ svn cp file:///srv/svn/project/module1/trunk " "file:///srv/svn/project/module1/tags/Release-initial" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25919 msgid "Alternatively, by the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25920 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ svn import ~/path/to/module1 file:///srv/svn/project/module1/trunk -m " "\"Start module1\"\n" "$ svn cp file:///srv/svn/project/module1/trunk " "file:///srv/svn/project/module1/tags/Release-initial" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25923 debian-reference.en.xmlt:25997 msgid "" "You can replace URLs such as \"<literal>file:///…</literal>\" by any other " "URL formats such as \"<literal>http://…</literal>\" and " "\"<literal>svn+ssh://…</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25927 msgid "Work flow of Subversion" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25928 msgid "" "Here is an example of typical work flow using Subversion with its native " "client." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25930 msgid "" "Client commands offered by the <literal>git-svn</literal> package may offer " "alternative work flow of Subversion using the <literal>git</literal> " "command. See <xref linkend=\"_git_for_the_subversion_repository\"/>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25932 msgid "" "Check all available modules from Subversion project pointed by URL " "\"<literal>file:///srv/svn/project</literal>\" by the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25933 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ svn list file:///srv/svn/project\n" "module1\n" "module2\n" "..." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25937 msgid "" "Checkout \"<literal>module1/trunk</literal>\" to a directory " "\"<literal>module1</literal>\" by the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25938 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ cd ~/path/to\n" "$ svn co file:///srv/svn/project/module1/trunk module1\n" "$ cd module1" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25943 #, no-wrap msgid "$ svn diff" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25945 msgid "" "Overwrite \"<literal>file_to_undo</literal>\" file with the clean copy from " "Subversion by the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25946 #, no-wrap msgid "$ svn revert file_to_undo" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25947 msgid "Save the updated local source tree to Subversion by the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25948 #, no-wrap msgid "$ svn ci -m \"Describe change\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25949 msgid "" "Create and add \"<literal>file_to_add</literal>\" file to Subversion by the " "following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25950 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ vi file_to_add\n" "$ svn add file_to_add\n" "$ svn ci -m \"Added file_to_add\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25953 msgid "Merge the latest version from Subversion by the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25954 debian-reference.en.xmlt:25980 #, no-wrap msgid "$ svn up" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25956 msgid "" "Look for unmodified code in, e.g., \"<literal>filename.r6</literal>\", " "\"<literal>filename.r9</literal>\", and " "\"<literal>filename.mine</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25960 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ svn ci -m \"last commit for Release-1\"\n" "$ svn cp file:///srv/svn/project/module1/trunk " "file:///srv/svn/project/module1/tags/Release-1" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25964 #, no-wrap msgid "$ svn rm file:///srv/svn/project/module1/tags/Release-1" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25965 debian-reference.en.xmlt:25982 debian-reference.en.xmlt:25989 msgid "Check in changes to Subversion by the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25966 #, no-wrap msgid "$ svn ci -m \"real last commit for Release-1\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25967 msgid "" "Re-add the release tag \"<literal>Release-1</literal>\" from updated " "Subversion HEAD of trunk by the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25968 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ svn cp file:///srv/svn/project/module1/trunk " "file:///srv/svn/project/module1/tags/Release-1" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25969 msgid "" "Create a branch with a path " "\"<literal>module1/branches/Release-initial-bugfixes</literal>\" from the " "original version pointed by the path " "\"<literal>module1/tags/Release-initial</literal>\" and check it out to " "\"<literal>~/path/to/old</literal>\" directory by the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25970 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ svn cp file:///srv/svn/project/module1/tags/Release-initial " "file:///srv/svn/project/module1/branches/Release-initial-bugfixes\n" "$ cd ~/path/to\n" "$ svn co file:///srv/svn/project/module1/branches/Release-initial-bugfixes " "old\n" "$ cd old" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25975 msgid "" "Use \"<literal>module1/trunk@{2005-12-20}</literal>\" (<ulink " "url=\"&isoigab;\">ISO 8601</ulink> date format) instead of " "\"<literal>module1/tags/Release-initial</literal>\" to specify particular " "date as the branch point." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25977 msgid "" "Work on this local source tree pointing to branch " "\"<literal>Release-initial-bugfixes</literal>\" which is based on the " "original version." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25979 msgid "Sync with files modified by others on this branch by the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25983 #, no-wrap msgid "$ svn ci -m \"checked into this branch\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25984 msgid "Update the local tree with HEAD of trunk by the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25985 #, no-wrap msgid "$ svn switch file:///srv/svn/project/module1/trunk" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25986 msgid "" "Update the local tree (content = HEAD of trunk) by merging from the " "\"<literal>Release-initial-bugfixes</literal>\" branch by the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25987 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ svn merge " "file:///srv/svn/project/module1/branches/Release-initial-bugfixes" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:25990 #, no-wrap msgid "$ svn ci -m \"merged Release-initial-bugfixes\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26000 msgid "" "You can checkout only a sub directory of \"<literal>module1</literal>\" by " "providing its name as \"<literal>svn co " "file:///srv/svn/project/module1/trunk/subdir module1/subdir</literal>\", " "etc." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26003 msgid "" "Notable options for Subversion commands (use as first argument(s) to " "<literal>svn</literal>(1))" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26020 msgid "<literal>--dry-run</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26028 msgid "<literal>-v</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26031 msgid "display detail messages of svn activity" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26041 msgid "" "Git can do everything for both local and remote source code management. " "This means that you can record the source code changes without needing " "network connectivity to the remote repository." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26043 msgid "Configuration of Git client" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26044 msgid "" "You may wish to set several global configuration in " "\"<literal>~/.gitconfig</literal>\" such as your name and email address used " "by Git by the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26045 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ git config --global user.name \"Name Surname\"\n" "$ git config --global user.email yourname@example.com" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26047 msgid "" "If you are too used to CVS or Subversion commands, you may wish to set " "several command aliases by the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26048 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ git config --global alias.ci \"commit -a\"\n" "$ git config --global alias.co checkout" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26050 msgid "You can check your global configuration by the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26051 #, no-wrap msgid "$ git config --global --list" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26054 msgid "Git references" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26058 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&manpagegitb;\">manpage: git(1)</ulink> " "(<literal>/usr/share/doc/git-doc/git.html</literal>)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26062 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&gitusersmanual;\">Git User's Manual</ulink> " "(<literal>/usr/share/doc/git-doc/user-manual.html</literal>)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26066 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&atutorialintroductiontogit;\">A tutorial introduction to " "git</ulink> (<literal>/usr/share/doc/git-doc/gittutorial.html</literal>)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26070 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&atutorialintrodutiontogitparttwo;\">A tutorial introduction to " "git: part two</ulink> " "(<literal>/usr/share/doc/git-doc/gittutorial-2.html</literal>)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26074 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&everydaygitwithcacommandsorso;\">Everyday GIT With 20 Commands " "Or So</ulink> (<literal>/usr/share/doc/git-doc/everyday.html</literal>)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26078 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&gitforcvsusers;\">git for CVS users</ulink> " "(<literal>/usr/share/doc/git-doc/gitcvs-migration.html</literal>)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26083 msgid "" "This also describes how to set up server like CVS and extract old data from " "CVS into Git." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26090 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&othergitresourcevailableontheweb;\">Other git resources " "available on the web</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26095 msgid "<ulink url=\"&gitsvncrashcourse;\">Git - SVN Crash Course</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26099 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&gitmagic;\">Git Magic</ulink> " "(<literal>/usr/share/doc/gitmagic/html/index.html</literal>)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26105 msgid "" "<literal>git-gui</literal>(1) and <literal>gitk</literal>(1) commands make " "using Git very easy." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26107 msgid "" "Do not use the tag string with spaces in it even if some tools such as " "<literal>gitk</literal>(1) allow you to use it. It may choke some other " "<literal>git</literal> commands." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26111 msgid "Git commands" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26112 msgid "" "Even if your upstream uses different VCS, it may be good idea to use " "<literal>git</literal>(1) for local activity since you can manage your local " "copy of source tree without the network connection to the upstream. Here " "are some packages and commands used with <literal>git</literal>(1)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26114 msgid "List of git related packages and commands" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26149 msgid "official documentation for Git" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26160 msgid "\"Git Magic\", easier to understand guide for Git" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26164 msgid "<literal>git</literal>(7)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26170 msgid "Git, the fast, scalable, distributed revision control system" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26174 msgid "<literal>gitk</literal>(1)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26180 msgid "GUI Git repository browser with history" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26184 msgid "<literal>git-gui</literal>(1)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26190 msgid "GUI for Git (No history)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26194 msgid "<literal>git-svnimport</literal>(1)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26200 msgid "import the data out of Subversion into Git" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26204 msgid "<literal>git-svn</literal>(1)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26210 msgid "provide bidirectional operation between the Subversion and Git" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26214 msgid "<literal>git-cvsimport</literal>(1)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26220 msgid "import the data out of CVS into Git" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26224 msgid "<literal>git-cvsexportcommit</literal>(1)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26230 msgid "export a commit to a CVS checkout from Git" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26234 msgid "<literal>git-cvsserver</literal>(1)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26240 msgid "CVS server emulator for Git" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26244 msgid "<literal>git-send-email</literal>(1)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26250 msgid "send a collection of patches as email from the Git" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26254 msgid "<literal>stg</literal>(1)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26260 msgid "quilt on top of git (Python)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26264 msgid "<literal>git-buildpackage</literal>(1)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26270 msgid "automate the Debian packaging with the Git" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26274 msgid "<literal>guilt</literal>(7)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26280 msgid "quilt on top of git (SH/AWK/SED/…)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26287 msgid "" "With <literal>git</literal>(1), you work on a local branch with many commits " "and use something like \"<literal>git rebase -i master</literal>\" to " "reorganize change history later. This enables you to make clean change " "history. See <literal>git-rebase</literal>(1) and " "<literal>git-cherry-pick</literal>(1)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26290 msgid "" "When you want to go back to a clean working directory without loosing the " "current state of the working directory, you can use \"<literal>git " "stash</literal>\". See <literal>git-stash</literal>(1)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26294 msgid "Git for the Subversion repository" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26295 msgid "" "You can check out a Subversion repository at " "\"<literal>svn+ssh://svn.example.org/project/module/trunk</literal>\" to a " "local Git repository at \"<literal>./dest</literal>\" and commit back to the " "Subversion repository. E.g.:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26296 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ git svn clone -s -rHEAD svn+ssh://svn.example.org/project dest\n" "$ cd dest\n" "... make changes\n" "$ git commit -a\n" "... keep working locally with git\n" "$ git svn dcommit" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26303 msgid "" "The use of \"<literal>-rHEAD</literal>\" enables us to avoid cloning entire " "historical contents from the Subversion repository." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26307 msgid "Git for recording configuration history" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26308 msgid "" "You can manually record chronological history of configuration using <ulink " "url=\"&git;\">Git</ulink> tools. Here is a simple example for your practice " "to record \"<literal>/etc/apt/</literal>\" contents." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26309 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ cd /etc/apt/\n" "$ sudo git init\n" "$ sudo chmod 700 .git\n" "$ sudo git add .\n" "$ sudo git commit -a" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26314 msgid "Commit configuration with description." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26315 msgid "Make modification to the configuration files." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26316 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ cd /etc/apt/\n" "$ sudo git commit -a" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26318 msgid "Commit configuration with description and continue your life." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26319 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ cd /etc/apt/\n" "$ sudo gitk --all" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26321 msgid "You have full configuration history with you." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26323 msgid "" "<literal>sudo</literal>(8) is needed to work with any file permissions of " "configuration data. For user configuration data, you may skip " "<literal>sudo</literal>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26326 msgid "" "The \"<literal>chmod 700 .git</literal>\" command in the above example is " "needed to protect archive data from unauthorized read access." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26329 msgid "" "For more complete setup for recording configuration history, please look for " "the <literal>etckeeper</literal> package: <xref " "linkend=\"_recording_changes_in_configuration_files\"/>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26335 msgid "Data conversion" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26336 msgid "" "Tools and tips for converting data formats on the Debian system are " "described." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26337 msgid "" "Standard based tools are in very good shape but support for proprietary data " "formats are limited." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26339 msgid "Text data conversion tools" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26340 msgid "Following packages for the text data conversion caught my eyes." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26342 msgid "List of text data conversion tools" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26361 debian-reference.en.xmlt:26845 debian-reference.en.xmlt:27012 debian-reference.en.xmlt:27351 debian-reference.en.xmlt:27449 debian-reference.en.xmlt:27553 debian-reference.en.xmlt:27706 debian-reference.en.xmlt:27903 debian-reference.en.xmlt:28146 debian-reference.en.xmlt:28284 debian-reference.en.xmlt:28364 debian-reference.en.xmlt:28471 debian-reference.en.xmlt:28986 debian-reference.en.xmlt:30932 msgid "keyword" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26374 debian-reference.en.xmlt:26396 debian-reference.en.xmlt:26407 debian-reference.en.xmlt:26418 debian-reference.en.xmlt:26429 msgid "charset" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26377 msgid "" "text encoding converter between locales by <literal>iconv</literal>(1) " "(fundamental)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26385 msgid "charset+eol" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26388 msgid "" "text encoding converter between locales (versatile, more aliases and " "features)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26399 msgid "text encoding converter between locales (fancy)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26410 msgid "character set translator for Japanese" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26421 msgid "character set translator" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26432 msgid "replace accented letters by their unaccented equivalent" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26440 debian-reference.en.xmlt:26451 msgid "eol" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26443 msgid "" "text format converter between DOS and Unix: <literal>fromdos</literal>(1) " "and <literal>todos</literal>(1)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26454 msgid "" "text format converter between Macintosh and Unix: " "<literal>frommac</literal>(1) and <literal>tomac</literal>(1)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26461 msgid "Converting a text file with iconv" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26463 msgid "" "<literal>iconv</literal>(1) is provided as a part of the " "<literal>libc6</literal> package and it is always available on practically " "all systems to convert the encoding of characters." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26465 msgid "" "You can convert encodings of a text file with <literal>iconv</literal>(1) by " "the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26466 #, no-wrap msgid "$ iconv -f encoding1 -t encoding2 input.txt >output.txt" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26467 msgid "" "Encoding values are case insensitive and ignore \"<literal>-</literal>\" and " "\"<literal>_</literal>\" for matching. Supported encodings can be checked " "by the \"<literal>iconv -l</literal>\" command." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26469 msgid "List of encoding values and their usage" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26476 msgid "encoding value" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26485 msgid "<ulink url=\"&ascii;\">ASCII</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26487 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&americanstandardationinterchange;\">American Standard Code for " "Information Interchange</ulink>, 7 bit code w/o accented characters" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26492 msgid "<ulink url=\"&utfi;\">UTF-8</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26495 msgid "current multilingual standard for all modern OSs" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26500 msgid "<ulink url=\"&isoiifjb;\">ISO-8859-1</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26503 msgid "old standard for western European languages, ASCII + accented characters" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26508 msgid "<ulink url=\"&isoiifjc;\">ISO-8859-2</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26511 msgid "old standard for eastern European languages, ASCII + accented characters" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26516 msgid "<ulink url=\"&isoiifjbf;\">ISO-8859-15</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26519 msgid "" "old standard for western European languages, <ulink " "url=\"&isoiifjb;\">ISO-8859-1</ulink> with euro sign" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26524 msgid "<ulink url=\"&cpifa;\">CP850</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26527 msgid "" "code page 850, Microsoft DOS characters with graphics for western European " "languages, <ulink url=\"&isoiifjb;\">ISO-8859-1</ulink> variant" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26532 msgid "<ulink url=\"&cpjdc;\">CP932</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26535 msgid "" "code page 932, Microsoft Windows style <ulink " "url=\"&shiftjis;\">Shift-JIS</ulink> variant for Japanese" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26540 msgid "<ulink url=\"&cpjdg;\">CP936</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26543 msgid "" "code page 936, Microsoft Windows style <ulink " "url=\"&gbcdbc;\">GB2312</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&gbk;\">GBK</ulink> or <ulink " "url=\"&gbbiada;\">GB18030</ulink> variant for Simplified Chinese" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26548 msgid "<ulink url=\"&cpjej;\">CP949</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26551 msgid "" "code page 949, Microsoft Windows style <ulink url=\"&euckr;\">EUC-KR</ulink> " "or Unified Hangul Code variant for Korean" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26556 msgid "<ulink url=\"&cpjfa;\">CP950</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26559 msgid "" "code page 950, Microsoft Windows style <ulink url=\"&bigf;\">Big5</ulink> " "variant for Traditional Chinese" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26564 msgid "<ulink url=\"&cpbcfb;\">CP1251</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26567 msgid "code page 1251, Microsoft Windows style encoding for the Cyrillic alphabet" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26572 msgid "<ulink url=\"&cpbcfc;\">CP1252</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26575 msgid "" "code page 1252, Microsoft Windows style <ulink " "url=\"&isoiifjbf;\">ISO-8859-15</ulink> variant for western European " "languages" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26580 msgid "<ulink url=\"&koiir;\">KOI8-R</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26583 msgid "old Russian UNIX standard for the Cyrillic alphabet" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26588 msgid "<ulink url=\"&isocaccjp;\">ISO-2022-JP</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26591 msgid "standard encoding for Japanese email which uses only 7 bit codes" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26596 msgid "<ulink url=\"&eucjp;\">eucJP</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26599 msgid "" "old Japanese UNIX standard 8 bit code and completely different from <ulink " "url=\"&shiftjis;\">Shift-JIS</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26604 msgid "<ulink url=\"&shiftjis;\">Shift-JIS</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26607 msgid "" "JIS X 0208 Appendix 1 standard for Japanese (see <ulink " "url=\"&cpjdc;\">CP932</ulink>)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26614 msgid "" "Some encodings are only supported for the data conversion and are not used " "as locale values (<xref linkend=\"_basics_of_encoding\"/>)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26616 msgid "" "For character sets which fit in single byte such as <ulink " "url=\"&ascii;\">ASCII</ulink> and <ulink url=\"&isoiifj;\">ISO-8859</ulink> " "character sets, the <ulink url=\"&characterencoding;\">character " "encoding</ulink> means almost the same thing as the character set." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26617 msgid "" "For character sets with many characters such as <ulink " "url=\"&jisxacbd;\">JIS X 0213</ulink> for Japanese or <ulink " "url=\"&universalcharactunicodeisobagegb;\">Universal Character Set (UCS, " "Unicode, ISO-10646-1)</ulink> for practically all languages, there are many " "encoding schemes to fit them into the sequence of the byte data." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26620 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&euc;\">EUC</ulink> and <ulink " "url=\"&isoieccaccalsoknownasjisxacac;\">ISO/IEC 2022 (also known as JIS X " "0202)</ulink> for Japanese" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26624 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&utfi;\">UTF-8</ulink>, <ulink " "url=\"&utfbgucsc;\">UTF-16/UCS-2</ulink> and <ulink " "url=\"&utfdcucse;\">UTF-32/UCS-4</ulink> for Unicode" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26628 msgid "" "For these, there are clear differentiations between the character set and " "the character encoding." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26629 msgid "" "The <ulink url=\"&codepage;\">code page</ulink> is used as the synonym to " "the character encoding tables for some vendor specific ones." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26631 msgid "" "Please note most encoding systems share the same code with ASCII for the 7 " "bit characters. But there are some exceptions. If you are converting old " "Japanese C programs and URLs data from the casually-called shift-JIS " "encoding format to UTF-8 format, use \"<literal>CP932</literal>\" as the " "encoding name instead of \"<literal>shift-JIS</literal>\" to get the " "expected results: <literal>0x5C</literal> → \"<literal>\\</literal>\" and " "<literal>0x7E</literal> → \"<literal>~</literal>\" . Otherwise, these are " "converted to wrong characters." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26634 msgid "" "<literal>recode</literal>(1) may be used too and offers more than the " "combined functionality of <literal>iconv</literal>(1), " "<literal>fromdos</literal>(1), <literal>todos</literal>(1), " "<literal>frommac</literal>(1), and <literal>tomac</literal>(1). For more, " "see \"<literal>info recode</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26638 msgid "Checking file to be UTF-8 with iconv" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26639 msgid "" "You can check if a text file is encoded in UTF-8 with " "<literal>iconv</literal>(1) by the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26640 #, no-wrap msgid "$ iconv -f utf8 -t utf8 input.txt >/dev/null || echo \"non-UTF-8 found\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26642 msgid "" "Use \"<literal>--verbose</literal>\" option in the above example to find the " "first non-UTF-8 character." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26646 msgid "Converting file names with iconv" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26647 msgid "" "Here is an example script to convert encoding of file names from ones " "created under older OS to modern UTF-8 ones in a single directory." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26648 #, no-wrap msgid "" "#!/bin/sh\n" "ENCDN=iso-8859-1\n" "for x in *;\n" " do\n" " mv \"$x\" $(echo \"$x\" | iconv -f $ENCDN -t utf-8)\n" "done" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26654 msgid "" "The \"<literal>$ENCDN</literal>\" variable should be set by the encoding " "value in <xref linkend=\"list-of-encoding-values\"/>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26655 msgid "" "For more complicated case, please mount a filesystem (e.g. a partition on a " "disk drive) containing such file names with proper encoding as the " "<literal>mount</literal>(8) option (see <xref " "linkend=\"_filename_encoding\"/>) and copy its entire contents to another " "filesystem mounted as UTF-8 with \"<literal>cp -a</literal>\" command." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26658 msgid "EOL conversion" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26659 msgid "" "The text file format, specifically the end-of-line (EOL) code, is dependent " "on the platform." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26661 msgid "List of EOL styles for different platforms" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26671 msgid "platform" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26674 msgid "EOL code" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26677 msgid "control" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26680 msgid "decimal" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26683 msgid "hexadecimal" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26690 msgid "Debian (unix)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26693 msgid "LF" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26696 msgid "<literal>^J</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26699 msgid "10" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26702 msgid "0A" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26707 msgid "MSDOS and Windows" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26710 msgid "CR-LF" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26713 msgid "<literal>^M^J</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26716 msgid "13 10" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26719 msgid "0D 0A" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26724 msgid "Apple's Macintosh" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26727 msgid "CR" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26730 msgid "<literal>^M</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26733 msgid "13" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26736 msgid "0D" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26742 msgid "" "The EOL format conversion programs, <literal>fromdos</literal>(1), " "<literal>todos</literal>(1), <literal>frommac</literal>(1), and " "<literal>tomac</literal>(1), are quite handy. <literal>recode</literal>(1) " "is also useful." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26744 msgid "" "Some data on the Debian system, such as the wiki page data for the " "<literal>python-moinmoin</literal> package, use MSDOS style CR-LF as the EOL " "code. So the above rule is just a general rule." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26747 msgid "" "Most editors (eg. <literal>vim</literal>, <literal>emacs</literal>, " "<literal>gedit</literal>, …) can handle files in MSDOS style EOL " "transparently." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26750 msgid "" "The use of \"<literal>sed -e '/\\r$/!s/$/\\r/'</literal>\" instead of " "<literal>todos</literal>(1) is better when you want to unify the EOL style " "to the MSDOS style from the mixed MSDOS and Unix style. (e.g., after " "merging 2 MSDOS style files with <literal>diff3</literal>(1).) This is " "because <literal>todos</literal> adds CR to all lines." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26754 msgid "TAB conversion" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26755 msgid "There are few popular specialized programs to convert the tab codes." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26757 msgid "" "List of TAB conversion commands from <literal>bsdmainutils</literal> and " "<literal>coreutils</literal> packages" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26768 msgid "<literal>bsdmainutils</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26771 msgid "<literal>coreutils</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26778 msgid "expand tab to spaces" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26781 msgid "\"<literal>col -x</literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26784 msgid "<literal>expand</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26789 msgid "unexpand tab from spaces" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26792 msgid "\"<literal>col -h</literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26795 msgid "<literal>unexpand</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26801 msgid "" "<literal>indent</literal>(1) from the <literal>indent</literal> package " "completely reformats whitespaces in the C program." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26802 msgid "" "Editor programs such as <literal>vim</literal> and <literal>emacs</literal> " "can be used for TAB conversion, too. For example with " "<literal>vim</literal>, you can expand TAB with \"<literal>:set " "expandtab</literal>\" and \"<literal>:%retab</literal>\" command sequence. " "You can revert this with \"<literal>:set noexpandtab</literal>\" and " "\"<literal>:%retab!</literal>\" command sequence." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26805 msgid "Editors with auto-conversion" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26806 msgid "" "Intelligent modern editors such as the <literal>vim</literal> program are " "quite smart and copes well with any encoding systems and any file formats. " "You should use these editors under the UTF-8 locale in the UTF-8 capable " "console for the best compatibility." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26807 msgid "" "An old western European Unix text file, \"<literal>u-file.txt</literal>\", " "stored in the latin1 (iso-8859-1) encoding can be edited simply with " "<literal>vim</literal> by the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26808 #, no-wrap msgid "$ vim u-file.txt" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26809 msgid "" "This is possible since the auto detection mechanism of the file encoding in " "<literal>vim</literal> assumes the UTF-8 encoding first and, if it fails, " "assumes it to be latin1." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26810 msgid "" "An old Polish Unix text file, \"<literal>pu-file.txt</literal>\", stored in " "the latin2 (iso-8859-2) encoding can be edited with <literal>vim</literal> " "by the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26811 #, no-wrap msgid "$ vim '+e ++enc=latin2 pu-file.txt'" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26812 msgid "" "An old Japanese unix text file, \"<literal>ju-file.txt</literal>\", stored " "in the eucJP encoding can be edited with <literal>vim</literal> by the " "following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26813 #, no-wrap msgid "$ vim '+e ++enc=eucJP ju-file.txt'" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26814 msgid "" "An old Japanese MS-Windows text file, \"<literal>jw-file.txt</literal>\", " "stored in the so called shift-JIS encoding (more precisely: CP932) can be " "edited with <literal>vim</literal> by the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26815 #, no-wrap msgid "$ vim '+e ++enc=CP932 ++ff=dos jw-file.txt'" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26816 msgid "" "When a file is opened with \"<literal>++enc</literal>\" and " "\"<literal>++ff</literal>\" options, \"<literal>:w</literal>\" in the Vim " "command line stores it in the original format and overwrite the original " "file. You can also specify the saving format and the file name in the Vim " "command line, e.g., \"<literal>:w ++enc=utf8 new.txt</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26817 msgid "" "Please refer to the mbyte.txt \"multi-byte text support\" in " "<literal>vim</literal> on-line help and <xref " "linkend=\"list-of-encoding-values\"/> for locale values used with " "\"<literal>++enc</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26818 msgid "" "The <literal>emacs</literal> family of programs can perform the equivalent " "functions." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26821 msgid "Plain text extraction" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26822 msgid "" "The following reads a web page into a text file. This is very useful when " "copying configurations off the Web or applying basic Unix text tools such as " "<literal>grep</literal>(1) on the web page." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26823 #, no-wrap msgid "$ w3m -dump http://www.remote-site.com/help-info.html >textfile" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26824 msgid "" "Similarly, you can extract plain text data from other formats using the " "following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26826 msgid "List of tools to extract plain text data" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26858 debian-reference.en.xmlt:26869 debian-reference.en.xmlt:26880 debian-reference.en.xmlt:26891 debian-reference.en.xmlt:26902 debian-reference.en.xmlt:26913 debian-reference.en.xmlt:26957 msgid "html→text" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26861 msgid "HTML to text converter with the \"<literal>w3m -dump</literal>\" command" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26872 msgid "advanced HTML to text converter (ISO 8859-1)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26883 msgid "HTML to text converter with the \"<literal>lynx -dump</literal>\" command" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26894 msgid "HTML to text converter with the \"<literal>elinks -dump</literal>\" command" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26905 msgid "HTML to text converter with the \"<literal>links -dump</literal>\" command" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26916 msgid "HTML to text converter with the \"<literal>links2 -dump</literal>\" command" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26924 msgid "MSWord→text,ps" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26927 msgid "convert MSWord files to plain text or ps" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26935 msgid "MSWord→text,TeX" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26938 msgid "convert MSWord files to plain text or TeX" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26946 msgid "ps/pdf→text" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26949 msgid "extract text from PostScript and PDF files" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26960 msgid "remove the markup tags from an HTML file" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26968 msgid "odt→text" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26971 msgid "converter from OpenDocument Text to text" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26979 msgid "WordPerfect→sxw" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26982 msgid "WordPerfect to OpenOffice.org/StarOffice writer document converter" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26990 msgid "Highlighting and formatting plain text data" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26991 msgid "You can highlight and format plain text data by the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:26993 msgid "List of tools to highlight plain text data" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27025 debian-reference.en.xmlt:27047 debian-reference.en.xmlt:27058 debian-reference.en.xmlt:27069 msgid "highlight" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27028 msgid "" "Vim MACRO to convert source code to HTML with \"<literal>:source " "$VIMRUNTIME/syntax/html.vim</literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27036 msgid "c→html" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27039 msgid "converter for the C program to latex and HTML (C language)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27050 msgid "convert many source codes to TeX (C language)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27061 msgid "" "convert many source codes to HTML, XHTML, LaTeX, Texinfo, ANSI color escape " "sequences and DocBook files with highlight (C++)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27072 msgid "" "convert many source codes to HTML, XHTML, RTF, LaTeX, TeX or XSL-FO files " "with highlight (C++)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27080 msgid "text→color" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27083 msgid "generic colouriser for everything (Python)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27091 debian-reference.en.xmlt:27102 debian-reference.en.xmlt:27168 msgid "text→html" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27094 msgid "text to HTML converter (Perl)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27105 msgid "markdown text document formatter to (X)HTML (Perl)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27113 debian-reference.en.xmlt:27124 debian-reference.en.xmlt:27135 debian-reference.en.xmlt:27146 debian-reference.en.xmlt:27157 debian-reference.en.xmlt:27179 debian-reference.en.xmlt:27190 debian-reference.en.xmlt:27201 debian-reference.en.xmlt:27212 msgid "text→any" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27116 msgid "AsciiDoc text document formatter to XML/HTML (Python)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27127 msgid "ReStructured Text document formatter to XML (Python)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27138 msgid "" "document conversion from text to HTML, SGML, LaTeX, man page, MoinMoin, " "Magic Point and PageMaker (Python)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27149 msgid "universal document - text processing utility (C language)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27160 msgid "document converter from structured plain text to other formats (m4)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27171 msgid "document converter from ReStructured Text to html (Python)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27182 msgid "\"free form\" document preparation system (Perl)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27193 msgid "pre-document language and tools to process it (C language)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27204 msgid "simple document parser (Perl)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27215 msgid "document structuring, publishing and search framework (Ruby)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27224 msgid "XML data" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27225 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&theextensiblemarkuplanguagexml;\">The Extensible Markup " "Language (XML)</ulink> is a markup language for documents containing " "structured information." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27226 msgid "See introductory information at <ulink url=\"&xmlcom;\">XML.COM</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27230 msgid "<ulink url=\"&whatisxml;\">\"What is XML?\"</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27235 msgid "<ulink url=\"&whatisxslt;\">\"What Is XSLT?\"</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27240 msgid "<ulink url=\"&whatisxslfo;\">\"What Is XSL-FO?\"</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27245 msgid "<ulink url=\"&whatisxlink;\">\"What Is XLink?\"</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27250 msgid "Basic hints for XML" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27251 msgid "" "XML text looks somewhat like <ulink url=\"&html;\">HTML</ulink>. It enables " "us to manage multiple formats of output for a document. One easy XML system " "is the <literal>docbook-xsl</literal> package, which is used here." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27252 msgid "Each XML file starts with standard XML declaration as the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27253 #, no-wrap msgid "<?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\"?>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27254 msgid "The basic syntax for one XML element is marked up as the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27255 #, no-wrap msgid "<name attribute=\"value\">content</name>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27256 msgid "XML element with empty content is marked up in the following short form." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27257 #, no-wrap msgid "<name attribute=\"value\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27258 msgid "" "The \"<literal>attribute=\"value\"</literal>\" in the above examples are " "optional." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27259 msgid "The comment section in XML is marked up as the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27260 #, no-wrap msgid "<!-- comment -->" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27261 msgid "" "Other than adding markups, XML requires minor conversion to the content " "using predefined entities for following characters." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27263 msgid "List of predefined entities for XML" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27270 msgid "predefined entity" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27273 msgid "character to be converted from" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27280 msgid "<literal>&quot;</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27282 msgid "<literal>\"</literal> : quote" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27287 msgid "<literal>&apos;</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27289 msgid "<literal>'</literal> : apostrophe" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27294 msgid "<literal>&lt;</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27296 msgid "<literal><</literal> : less-than" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27301 msgid "<literal>&gt;</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27303 msgid "<literal>></literal> : greater-than" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27308 msgid "<literal>&amp;</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27310 msgid "<literal>&</literal> : ampersand" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27317 msgid "" "\"<literal><</literal>\" or \"<literal>&</literal>\" can not be used " "in attributes or elements." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27320 msgid "" "When SGML style user defined entities, " "e.g. \"<literal>&some-tag:</literal>\", are used, the first definition " "wins over others. The entity definition is expressed in " "\"<literal><!ENTITY some-tag \"entity value\"></literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27323 msgid "" "As long as the XML markup are done consistently with certain set of the tag " "name (either some data as content or attribute value), conversion to another " "XML is trivial task using <ulink " "url=\"&extensiblestylesnsformationsxslt;\">Extensible Stylesheet Language " "Transformations (XSLT)</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27327 msgid "XML processing" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27328 msgid "" "There are many tools available to process XML files such as <ulink " "url=\"&theextensiblestysheetlanguagexsl;\">the Extensible Stylesheet " "Language (XSL)</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27329 msgid "" "Basically, once you create well formed XML file, you can convert it to any " "format using <ulink url=\"&extensiblestylesnsformationsxslt;\">Extensible " "Stylesheet Language Transformations (XSLT)</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27330 msgid "" "The <ulink url=\"&extensiblestylesttingobjectxslfo;\">Extensible Stylesheet " "Language for Formatting Object (XSL-FO)</ulink> is supposed to be solution " "for formatting. The <literal>fop</literal> package is in the Debian " "<literal>contrib</literal> (not <literal>main</literal>) archive still. So " "the LaTeX code is usually generated from XML using XSLT and the LaTeX system " "is used to create printable file such as DVI, PostScript, and PDF." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27332 msgid "List of XML tools" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27364 msgid "xml" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27367 msgid "XML document type definition (DTD) for DocBook" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27375 msgid "xslt" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27378 msgid "XSLT command line processor (XML→ XML, HTML, plain text, etc.)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27386 debian-reference.en.xmlt:27397 debian-reference.en.xmlt:27408 msgid "xml/xslt" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27389 msgid "" "XSL stylesheets for processing DocBook XML to various output formats with " "XSLT" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27400 msgid "XML-to-any converter with XSLT" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27411 msgid "convert Docbook files to DVI, PostScript, PDF documents with XSLT" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27419 msgid "xml/xsl-fo" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27422 msgid "convert Docbook XML files to PDF" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27428 msgid "" "Since XML is subset of <ulink " "url=\"&standardgeneralirkuplanguagesgml;\">Standard Generalized Markup " "Language (SGML)</ulink>, it can be processed by the extensive tools " "available for SGML, such as <ulink " "url=\"&documentstylesemionlanguagedsssl;\">Document Style Semantics and " "Specification Language (DSSSL)</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27430 msgid "List of DSSL tools" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27462 debian-reference.en.xmlt:27473 debian-reference.en.xmlt:27484 msgid "dsssl" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27465 msgid "ISO/IEC 10179:1996 standard DSSSL processor (latest)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27476 msgid "ISO/IEC 10179:1996 standard DSSSL processor (1.3.x series)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27487 msgid "James Clark's original DSSSL processor (1.2.x series)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27495 debian-reference.en.xmlt:27506 msgid "xml/dsssl" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27498 msgid "" "DSSSL stylesheets for processing DocBook XML to various output formats with " "DSSSL" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27509 msgid "" "utilities for DocBook files including conversion to other formats (HTML, " "RTF, PS, man, PDF) with <literal>docbook2*</literal> commands with DSSSL" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27517 msgid "SGML/dsssl" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27520 msgid "converter from SGML and XML using DSSSL stylesheets" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27527 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&gnome;\">GNOME</ulink>'s <literal>yelp</literal> is sometimes " "handy to read <ulink url=\"&docbook;\">DocBook</ulink> XML files directly " "since it renders decently on X." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27531 msgid "The XML data extraction" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27532 msgid "You can extract HTML or XML data from other formats using followings." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27534 msgid "List of XML data extraction tools" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27566 msgid "MSWord→any" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27569 msgid "document converter from Microsoft Word to HTML, LaTeX, etc." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27577 msgid "texi→html" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27580 msgid "converter from Texinfo to HTML" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27588 msgid "manpage→html" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27591 msgid "converter from manpage to HTML (CGI support)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27599 msgid "tex↔html" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27602 msgid "converter between (La)TeX and HTML" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27610 msgid "MSExcel→html" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27613 msgid "converter from MSExcel .xls to HTML" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27621 msgid "MSPowerPoint→html" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27624 msgid "converter from MSPowerPoint to HTML" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27632 msgid "rtf→html" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27635 msgid "document converter from RTF to HTML, etc" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27643 msgid "info→html" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27646 msgid "converter from GNU info to HTML (CGI support)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27654 msgid "sxw→xml" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27657 msgid "converter from OpenOffice.org SXW documents to DocBook XML" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27665 msgid "WordPerfect→any" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27668 msgid "WordPerfect 5.0 and 5.1 files to TeX, LaTeX, troff, GML and HTML" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27676 msgid "troff→xml" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27679 msgid "converter from troff to DocBook XML" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27685 msgid "" "For non-XML HTML files, you can convert them to XHTML which is an instance " "of well formed XML. XHTML can be processed by XML tools." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27687 msgid "List of XML pretty print tools" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27719 debian-reference.en.xmlt:27730 msgid "xml↔html↔xhtml" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27722 msgid "" "command line XML tool with <literal>xmllint</literal>(1) (syntax check, " "reformat, lint, …)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27733 msgid "HTML syntax checker and reformatter" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27739 msgid "" "Once proper XML is generated, you can use XSLT technology to extract data " "based on the mark-up context etc." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27743 msgid "Printable data" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27744 msgid "" "Printable data is expressed in the <ulink " "url=\"&postscript;\">PostScript</ulink> format on the Debian system. <ulink " "url=\"&commonunixprintingsystemcups;\">Common Unix Printing System " "(CUPS)</ulink> uses Ghostscript as its rasterizer backend program for " "non-PostScript printers." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27746 msgid "Ghostscript" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27747 msgid "" "The core of printable data manipulation is the <ulink " "url=\"&ghostscript;\">Ghostscript</ulink> <ulink " "url=\"&postscriptps;\">PostScript (PS)</ulink> interpreter which generates " "raster image." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27748 msgid "" "The latest upstream Ghostscript from Artifex was re-licensed from AFPL to " "GPL and merged all the latest ESP version changes such as CUPS related ones " "at 8.60 release as unified release." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27750 msgid "List of Ghostscript PostScript interpreters" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27778 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&thegplghostscripptpdfinterpreter;\">The GPL Ghostscript " "PostScript/PDF interpreter</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27786 msgid "GPL Ghostscript PostScript/PDF interpreter - X display support" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27794 msgid "" "resource files for gs-cjk, Ghostscript <ulink " "url=\"&cjk;\">CJK</ulink>-TrueType extension" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27802 msgid "CMaps for Adobe-CNS1 (for traditional Chinese support)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27810 msgid "CMaps for Adobe-GB1 (for simplified Chinese support)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27818 msgid "CMaps for Adobe-Japan1 (for Japanese standard support)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27826 msgid "CMaps for Adobe-Japan2 (for Japanese extra support)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27834 msgid "CMaps for Adobe-Korea1 (for Korean support)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27842 msgid "PDF rendering library based on xpdf PDF viewer" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27850 msgid "PDF rendering library (GLib-based shared library)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27858 msgid "" "CMaps for PDF rendering library (for <ulink url=\"&cjk;\">CJK</ulink> " "support: Adobe-*)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27865 msgid "\"<literal>gs -h</literal>\" can display the configuration of Ghostscript." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27869 msgid "Merge two PS or PDF files" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27870 msgid "" "You can merge two <ulink url=\"&postscriptps;\">PostScript (PS)</ulink> or " "<ulink url=\"&portabledocumentformatpdf;\">Portable Document Format " "(PDF)</ulink> files using <literal>gs</literal>(1) of Ghostscript." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27871 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ gs -q -dNOPAUSE -dBATCH -sDEVICE=pswrite -sOutputFile=bla.ps -f foo1.ps " "foo2.ps\n" "$ gs -q -dNOPAUSE -dBATCH -sDEVICE=pdfwrite -sOutputFile=bla.pdf -f foo1.pdf " "foo2.pdf" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27874 msgid "" "The <ulink url=\"&pdf;\">PDF</ulink>, which is widely used cross-platform " "printable data format, is essentially the compressed <ulink " "url=\"&ps;\">PS</ulink> format with few additional features and extensions." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27877 msgid "" "For command line, <literal>psmerge</literal>(1) and other commands from the " "<literal>psutils</literal> package are useful for manipulating PostScript " "documents. Commands in the <literal>pdfjam</literal> package work similarly " "for manipulating PDF documents. <literal>pdftk</literal>(1) from the " "<literal>pdftk</literal> package is useful for manipulating PDF documents, " "too." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27881 msgid "Printable data utilities" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27882 msgid "The following packages for the printable data utilities caught my eyes." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27884 msgid "List of printable data utilities" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27916 debian-reference.en.xmlt:27949 msgid "pdf→ps,text,…" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27919 debian-reference.en.xmlt:27952 msgid "" "PDF utilities: <literal>pdftops</literal>, <literal>pdfinfo</literal>, " "<literal>pdfimages</literal>, <literal>pdftotext</literal>, " "<literal>pdffonts</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27927 debian-reference.en.xmlt:27938 debian-reference.en.xmlt:28070 msgid "ps→ps" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27930 msgid "PostScript document conversion tools" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27941 msgid "create large posters out of PostScript pages" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27960 msgid "text→ps, html, rtf" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27963 msgid "convert ASCII text to PostScript, HTML, RTF or Pretty-Print" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27971 debian-reference.en.xmlt:28059 debian-reference.en.xmlt:28081 msgid "text→ps" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27974 msgid "'Anything to PostScript' converter and pretty-printer" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27982 debian-reference.en.xmlt:28015 msgid "pdf→pdf" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27985 msgid "PDF document conversion tool: <literal>pdftk</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27993 msgid "text,ps→ps" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:27996 msgid "print multiple pages per sheet" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28004 msgid "html→ps" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28007 msgid "converter from HTML to PostScript" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28018 msgid "" "PDF document conversion tools: <literal>pdf90</literal>, " "<literal>pdfjoin</literal>, and <literal>pdfnup</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28026 msgid "html→latex" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28029 msgid "converter from html to latex" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28037 msgid "latex→rtf" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28040 msgid "convert documents from LaTeX to RTF which can be read by MS Word" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28048 msgid "ps→eps" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28051 msgid "converter from PostScript to EPS (Encapsulated PostScript)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28062 msgid "Text to PostScript converter with Japanese encoding support" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28073 msgid "PostScript utilities" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28084 msgid "" "pretty print many source codes (C, C++, Java, Pascal, Perl, Pike, Sh, and " "Verilog) to PostScript. (C language)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28092 msgid "ps→svg" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28095 msgid "" "converter from PDF to <ulink url=\"&scalablevectorgraphics;\">Scalable " "vector graphics</ulink> format" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28103 msgid "ps→ipe" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28106 msgid "converter from PDF to IPE's XML format" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28114 msgid "Printing with CUPS" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28115 msgid "" "Both <literal>lp</literal>(1) and <literal>lpr</literal>(1) commands offered " "by <ulink url=\"&commonunixprintingsystemcups;\">Common Unix Printing System " "(CUPS)</ulink> provides options for customized printing the printable data." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28116 msgid "" "You can print 3 copies of a file collated using one of the following " "commands." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28117 #, no-wrap msgid "$ lp -n 3 -o Collate=True filename" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28118 #, no-wrap msgid "$ lpr -#3 -o Collate=True filename" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28119 msgid "" "You can further customize printer operation by using printer option such as " "\"<literal>-o number-up=2</literal>\", \"<literal>-o " "page-set=even</literal>\", \"<literal>-o page-set=odd</literal>\", " "\"<literal>-o scaling=200</literal>\", \"<literal>-o " "natural-scaling=200</literal>\", etc., documented at <ulink " "url=\"&commandlineprintingandoptions;\">Command-Line Printing and " "Options</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28123 msgid "Type setting" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28124 msgid "" "The Unix <ulink url=\"&troff;\">troff</ulink> program originally developed " "by AT&T can be used for simple typesetting. It is usually used to " "create manpages." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28125 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&tex;\">TeX</ulink> created by Donald Knuth is very powerful " "type setting tool and is the de facto standard. <ulink " "url=\"&latex;\">LaTeX</ulink> originally written by Leslie Lamport enables a " "high-level access to the power of TeX." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28127 msgid "List of type setting tools" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28159 msgid "(La)TeX" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28162 msgid "TeX system for typesetting, previewing and printing" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28170 msgid "troff" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28173 msgid "GNU troff text-formatting system" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28180 msgid "roff typesetting" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28181 msgid "" "Traditionally, <ulink url=\"&roff;\">roff</ulink> is the main Unix text " "processing system. See <literal>roff</literal>(7), " "<literal>groff</literal>(7), <literal>groff</literal>(1), " "<literal>grotty</literal>(1), <literal>troff</literal>(1), " "<literal>groff_mdoc</literal>(7), <literal>groff_man</literal>(7), " "<literal>groff_ms</literal>(7), <literal>groff_me</literal>(7), " "<literal>groff_mm</literal>(7), and \"<literal>info groff</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28182 msgid "" "You can read or print a good tutorial and reference on " "\"<literal>-me</literal>\" <ulink url=\"¯o;\">macro</ulink> in " "\"<literal>/usr/share/doc/groff/</literal>\" by installing the " "<literal>groff</literal> package." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28184 msgid "" "\"<literal>groff -Tascii -me -</literal>\" produces plain text output with " "<ulink url=\"&ansiescapecode;\">ANSI escape code</ulink>. If you wish to " "get manpage like output with many \"^H\" and \"_\", use " "\"<literal>GROFF_NO_SGR=1 groff -Tascii -me -</literal>\" instead." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28187 msgid "" "To remove \"^H\" and \"_\" from a text file generated by " "<literal>groff</literal>, filter it by \"<literal>col -b -x</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28191 msgid "TeX/LaTeX" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28192 msgid "" "The <ulink url=\"&texlive;\">TeX Live</ulink> software distribution offers a " "complete TeX system. The <literal>texlive</literal> metapackage provides a " "decent selection of the <ulink url=\"&texlive;\">TeX Live</ulink> packages " "which should suffice for the most common tasks." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28193 msgid "" "There are many references available for <ulink url=\"&tex;\">TeX</ulink> and " "<ulink url=\"&latex;\">LaTeX</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28197 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&thetetexhowtothextetexlocalguide;\">The teTeX HOWTO: The " "Linux-teTeX Local Guide</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28201 msgid "<literal>tex</literal>(1)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28205 msgid "<literal>latex</literal>(1)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28210 msgid "\"The TeXbook\", by Donald E. Knuth, (Addison-Wesley)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28215 msgid "" "\"LaTeX - A Document Preparation System\", by Leslie Lamport, " "(Addison-Wesley)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28220 msgid "\"The LaTeX Companion\", by Goossens, Mittelbach, Samarin, (Addison-Wesley)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28224 msgid "" "This is the most powerful typesetting environment. Many <ulink " "url=\"&sgml;\">SGML</ulink> processors use this as their back end text " "processor. <ulink url=\"&lyx;\">Lyx</ulink> provided by the " "<literal>lyx</literal> package and <ulink url=\"&gnutexmacs;\">GNU " "TeXmacs</ulink> provided by the <literal>texmacs</literal> package offer " "nice <ulink url=\"&wysiwyg;\">WYSIWYG</ulink> editing environment for <ulink " "url=\"&latex;\">LaTeX</ulink> while many use <ulink " "url=\"&emacs;\">Emacs</ulink> and <ulink url=\"&vim;\">Vim</ulink> as the " "choice for the source editor." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28225 msgid "There are many online resources available." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28229 msgid "" "The TEX Live Guide - TEX Live 2007 " "(\"<literal>/usr/share/doc/texlive-doc-base/english/texlive-en/live.html</literal>\") " "(<literal>texlive-doc-base</literal> package)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28234 msgid "<ulink url=\"&asimpleguidetolatexlyx;\">A Simple Guide to Latex/Lyx</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28239 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&wordprocessingusinglatex;\">Word Processing Using " "LaTeX</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28244 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&localuserguidetotetexlatex;\">Local User Guide to " "teTeX/LaTeX</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28248 msgid "" "When documents become bigger, sometimes TeX may cause errors. You must " "increase pool size in \"<literal>/etc/texmf/texmf.cnf</literal>\" (or more " "appropriately edit \"<literal>/etc/texmf/texmf.d/95NonPath</literal>\" and " "run <literal>update-texmf</literal>(8)) to fix this." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28250 msgid "" "The TeX source of \"The TeXbook\" is available at <ulink " "url=\"&httptugctanorgteisttextexbooktex;\">http://tug.ctan.org/tex-archive/systems/knuth/dist/tex/texbook.tex</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28252 msgid "" "This file contains most of the required macros. I heard that you can " "process this document with <literal>tex</literal>(1) after commenting lines " "7 to 10 and adding \"<literal>\\input manmac " "\\proofmodefalse</literal>\". It's strongly recommended to buy this book " "(and all other books from Donald E. Knuth) instead of using the online " "version but the source is a great example of TeX input!" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28255 msgid "Pretty print a manual page" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28256 msgid "" "You can print a manual page in PostScript nicely by one of the following " "commands." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28257 #, no-wrap msgid "$ man -Tps some_manpage | lpr" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28258 #, no-wrap msgid "$ man -Tps some_manpage | mpage -2 | lpr" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28259 msgid "The second example prints 2 pages on one sheet." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28262 msgid "Creating a manual page" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28263 msgid "" "Although writing a manual page (manpage) in the plain <ulink " "url=\"&troff;\">troff</ulink> format is possible, there are few helper " "packages to create it." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28265 msgid "List of packages to help creating the manpage" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28297 msgid "SGML→manpage" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28300 msgid "converter from DocBook SGML into roff man macros" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28308 debian-reference.en.xmlt:28330 msgid "text→manpage" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28311 msgid "automatic manpage generator from --help" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28319 msgid "info→manpage" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28322 msgid "converter from GNU info to POD or man pages" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28333 msgid "convert flat ASCII text to man page format" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28342 msgid "The mail data conversion" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28343 msgid "The following packages for the mail data conversion caught my eyes." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28345 msgid "List of packages to help mail data conversion" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28377 debian-reference.en.xmlt:28409 msgid "mail" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28379 msgid "" "<literal>shar</literal>(1), <literal>unshar</literal>(1), " "<literal>uuencode</literal>(1), <literal>uudecode</literal>(1)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28387 msgid "MIME" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28390 msgid "" "encoder and decoder <ulink url=\"&mime;\">MIME</ulink> messages: " "<literal>mpack</literal>(1) and <literal>munpack</literal>(1)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28398 msgid "ms-tnef" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28401 msgid "" "unpacking <ulink url=\"&mime;\">MIME</ulink> attachments of type " "\"application/ms-tnef\" which is a Microsoft only format" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28412 msgid "" "encoder and decoder for the following formats: <ulink " "url=\"&uuencode;\">uuencode</ulink>, <ulink " "url=\"&xxencode;\">xxencode</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&basege;\">BASE64</ulink>, " "<ulink url=\""edprintable;\">quoted printable</ulink>, and <ulink " "url=\"&binhex;\">BinHex</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28420 msgid "PST" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28423 msgid "" "convert Microsoft <ulink url=\"&outlookpstfiles;\">Outlook PST files</ulink> " "to <ulink url=\"&mbox;\">mbox</ulink> format" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28430 msgid "" "The <ulink url=\"&internetmessageaccessprotocol;\">Internet Message Access " "Protocol</ulink> version 4 (IMAP4) server (see <xref " "linkend=\"_pop3_imap4_server\"/>) may be used to move mails out from " "proprietary mail systems if the mail client software can be configured to " "use IMAP4 server too." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28433 msgid "Mail data basics" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28434 msgid "" "Mail (<ulink url=\"&smtp;\">SMTP</ulink>) data should be limited to 7 bit. " "So binary data and 8 bit text data are encoded into 7 bit format with the " "<ulink url=\"&multipurposeinteilextensionsmime;\">Multipurpose Internet Mail " "Extensions (MIME)</ulink> and the selection of the charset (see <xref " "linkend=\"_basics_of_encoding\"/>)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28435 msgid "" "The standard mail storage format is mbox formatted according to <ulink " "url=\"&rfcciccupdatedrfcicc;\">RFC2822 (updated RFC822)</ulink>. See " "<literal>mbox</literal>(5) (provided by the <literal>mutt</literal> " "package)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28436 msgid "" "For European languages, \"<literal>Content-Transfer-Encoding: " "quoted-printable</literal>\" with the ISO-8859-1 charset is usually used for " "mail since there are not much 8 bit characters. If European text is encoded " "in UTF-8, \"<literal>Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable</literal>\" " "is likely to be used since it is mostly 7 bit data." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28437 msgid "" "For Japanese, traditionally \"<literal>Content-Type: text/plain; " "charset=ISO-2022-JP</literal>\" is usually used for mail to keep text in 7 " "bits. But older Microsoft systems may send mail data in Shift-JIS without " "proper declaration. If Japanese text is encoded in UTF-8, <ulink " "url=\"&basege;\">Base64</ulink> is likely to be used since it contains many " "8 bit data. The situation of other Asian languages is similar." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28439 msgid "" "If your non-Unix mail data is accessible by a non-Debian client software " "which can talk to the IMAP4 server, you may be able to move them out by " "running your own IMAP4 server (see <xref linkend=\"_pop3_imap4_server\"/>)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28442 msgid "" "If you use other mail storage formats, moving them to mbox format is the " "good first step. The versatile client program such as " "<literal>mutt</literal>(1) may be handy for this." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28444 msgid "" "You can split mailbox contents to each message using " "<literal>procmail</literal>(1) and <literal>formail</literal>(1)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28445 msgid "" "Each mail message can be unpacked using <literal>munpack</literal>(1) from " "the <literal>mpack</literal> package (or other specialized tools) to obtain " "the MIME encoded contents." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28449 msgid "Graphic data tools" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28450 msgid "" "The following packages for the graphic data conversion, editing, and " "organization tools caught my eyes." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28452 msgid "List of graphic data tools" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28484 debian-reference.en.xmlt:28495 debian-reference.en.xmlt:28506 debian-reference.en.xmlt:28517 debian-reference.en.xmlt:28528 msgid "image(bitmap)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28487 msgid "GNU Image Manipulation Program" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28498 msgid "image manipulation programs" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28509 msgid "image manipulation programs (folk of <literal>imagemagick</literal>)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28520 msgid "GTK+-based X11 frontend for SANE (Scanner Access Now Easy)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28531 msgid "graphics conversion tools" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28539 msgid "png↔ico(bitmap)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28542 msgid "" "convert <ulink url=\"&mswindowsiconsanndfrompngformats;\">MS Windows icons " "and cursors to and from PNG formats</ulink> (<ulink " "url=\"&faviconico;\">favicon.ico</ulink>)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28550 msgid "ps/pdf/SVG/…" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28552 msgid "<ulink url=\"&scribus;\">Scribus</ulink> DTP editor" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28560 debian-reference.en.xmlt:28571 debian-reference.en.xmlt:28581 debian-reference.en.xmlt:28592 debian-reference.en.xmlt:28603 msgid "image(vector)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28563 msgid "OpenOffice.org office suite - drawing" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28573 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&svgscalablevectorgraphics;\">SVG (Scalable Vector " "Graphics)</ulink> editor" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28584 msgid "diagram editor (GNOME)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28595 msgid "diagram editor (Gtk)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28606 msgid "facility for Interactive Generation of figures under X11" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28614 msgid "ps/pdf→image(vector)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28617 msgid "PostScript and PDF files to editable vector graphics converter (SVG)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28625 msgid "Windows/image(vector)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28628 msgid "Windows metafile (vector graphic data) conversion tools" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28636 msgid "fig→sxd(vector)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28639 msgid "convert XFig files to OpenOffice.org Draw format" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28647 debian-reference.en.xmlt:28812 msgid "image→image" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28650 msgid "post-processing tool for scanned pages for <ulink url=\"&ocr;\">OCR</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28658 debian-reference.en.xmlt:28669 debian-reference.en.xmlt:28680 debian-reference.en.xmlt:28691 msgid "image→text" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28661 msgid "" "free <ulink url=\"&ocr;\">OCR</ulink> software based on the HP's commercial " "OCR engine" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28672 msgid "OCR engine data: tesseract-ocr language files for English text" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28683 debian-reference.en.xmlt:28694 msgid "free OCR software" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28702 debian-reference.en.xmlt:28713 debian-reference.en.xmlt:28724 debian-reference.en.xmlt:28735 debian-reference.en.xmlt:28746 debian-reference.en.xmlt:28757 debian-reference.en.xmlt:28768 debian-reference.en.xmlt:28779 debian-reference.en.xmlt:28834 msgid "image(Exif)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28705 msgid "manipulate digital camera photo files (GNOME) - GUI" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28716 msgid "manipulate digital camera photo files (GNOME) - command line" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28727 msgid "manipulate digital camera photo files (KDE)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28738 msgid "" "manipulate the non-image part of Exif compliant JPEG (digital camera photo) " "files" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28749 msgid "command-line utility to show EXIF information in JPEG files" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28760 msgid "utility to read Exif tags from a digital camera JPEG file" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28771 msgid "transform digital camera jpeg images" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28782 msgid "read metadata from digital pictures" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28790 msgid "image(Raw)→ppm" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28793 msgid "decode raw digital camera images" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28801 msgid "image→fingerprint" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28804 msgid "find visually similar or duplicate images" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28815 msgid "merge images to increase fidelity or create mosaics" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28823 debian-reference.en.xmlt:28845 debian-reference.en.xmlt:28856 msgid "image(Exif)→html" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28826 msgid "generate static HTML galleries from images" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28837 msgid "personal photo management application (GNOME)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28848 msgid "generate static HTML photo albums using XML and EXIF tags" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28859 msgid "generate browsable HTML photo albums with thumbnails" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28867 msgid "jpeg,png" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28870 msgid "universal <ulink url=\"&steganographic;\">Steganographic</ulink> tool" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28878 msgid "DXF" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28881 msgid "CAD data editor (KDE)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28889 msgid "blend, TIFF, VRML, …" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28892 msgid "3D content editor for animation etc" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28900 msgid "ms3d, obj, dxf, …" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28903 msgid "OpenGL based 3D model editor" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28911 debian-reference.en.xmlt:28922 msgid "ttf, ps, …" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28914 msgid "metapackage for open font design" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28925 msgid "font editor for PS, TrueType and OpenType fonts" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28933 msgid "ttf" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28936 msgid "" "program for <emphasis role=\"strong\">gridfitting</emphasis> and <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">hinting</emphasis> TrueType fonts" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28944 msgid "bdf" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28947 msgid "editor for BDF fonts" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28954 msgid "" "Search more image tools using regex " "\"<literal>~Gworks-with::image</literal>\" in <literal>aptitude</literal>(8) " "(see <xref linkend=\"_search_method_options_with_aptitude\"/>)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28956 msgid "" "Although GUI programs such as <literal>gimp</literal>(1) are very powerful, " "command line tools such as <literal>imagemagick</literal>(1) are quite " "useful for automating image manipulation with the script." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28957 msgid "" "The de facto image file format of the digital camera is the <ulink " "url=\"&exchangeableimagefileformat;\">Exchangeable Image File Format</ulink> " "(EXIF) which is the <ulink url=\"&jpeg;\">JPEG</ulink> image file format " "with additional metadata tags. It can hold information such as date, time, " "and camera settings." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28958 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&thelempelzivwelcsdatacompression;\">The Lempel-Ziv-Welch (LZW) " "lossless data compression</ulink> patent has been expired. <ulink " "url=\"&graphicsinterchangeformatgif;\">Graphics Interchange Format " "(GIF)</ulink> utilities which use the LZW compression method are now freely " "available on the Debian system." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28960 msgid "" "Any digital camera or scanner with removable recording media works with " "Linux through <ulink url=\"&usbstorage;\">USB storage</ulink> readers since " "it follows the <ulink url=\"&designruleforcamerafilesystem;\">Design rule " "for Camera Filesystem</ulink> and uses <ulink url=\"&fat;\">FAT</ulink> " "filesystem. See <xref linkend=\"_removable_storage_device\"/>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28964 msgid "Miscellaneous data conversion" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28965 msgid "" "There are many other programs for converting data. Following packages caught " "my eyes using regex \"<literal>~Guse::converting</literal>\" in " "<literal>aptitude</literal>(8) (see <xref " "linkend=\"_search_method_options_with_aptitude\"/>)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28967 msgid "List of miscellaneous data conversion tools" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:28999 msgid "rpm/tgz→deb" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29002 msgid "converter for the foreign package into the Debian package" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29010 msgid "EB→EPWING" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29013 msgid "" "converter from \"Electric Book\" (popular in Japan) to a single <ulink " "url=\"&jisxeaib;\">JIS X 4081</ulink> format (a subset of the <ulink " "url=\"&epwing;\">EPWING</ulink> V1)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29019 msgid "You can also extract data from RPM format with the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29020 #, no-wrap msgid "$ rpm2cpio file.src.rpm | cpio --extract" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29024 msgid "Programming" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29025 msgid "" "I provide some pointers for people to learn programming on the Debian system " "enough to trace the packaged source code. Here are notable packages and " "corresponding documentation packages for programing." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29027 msgid "List of packages to help programing" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29045 msgid "documentation" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29055 msgid "" "\"<literal>info autoconf</literal>\" provided by " "<literal>autoconf-doc</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29063 msgid "" "\"<literal>info automake</literal>\" provided by " "<literal>automake1.10-doc</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29071 msgid "\"<literal>info bash</literal>\" provided by <literal>bash-doc</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29079 msgid "\"<literal>info bison</literal>\" provided by <literal>bison-doc</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29087 msgid "\"<literal>info cpp</literal>\" provided by <literal>cpp-doc</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29095 msgid "\"<literal>info ddd</literal>\" provided by <literal>ddd-doc</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29102 msgid "<literal>exuberant-ctags</literal>(1)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29110 msgid "\"<literal>info flex</literal>\" provided by <literal>flex-doc</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29118 msgid "\"<literal>info gawk</literal>\" provided by <literal>gawk-doc</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29126 msgid "\"<literal>info gcc</literal>\" provided by <literal>gcc-doc</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29134 msgid "\"<literal>info gdb</literal>\" provided by <literal>gdb-doc</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29142 msgid "" "\"<literal>info gettext</literal>\" provided by " "<literal>gettext-doc</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29150 msgid "" "\"<literal>info gfortran</literal>\" provided by " "<literal>gfortran-doc</literal> (Fortran 95)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29158 msgid "" "\"<literal>info gpc</literal>\" provided by <literal>gpc-doc</literal> " "(Pascal)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29165 msgid "<literal>fpc</literal>(1) and html by <literal>fp-docs</literal> (Pascal)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29173 debian-reference.en.xmlt:29181 msgid "help provided via menu (UI Builder)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29189 msgid "" "\"<literal>info libc</literal>\" provided by <literal>glibc-doc</literal> " "and <literal>glibc-doc-reference</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29197 msgid "\"<literal>info make</literal>\" provided by <literal>make-doc</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29204 msgid "<literal>imake</literal>(1), <literal>xmkmf</literal>(1), etc." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29211 msgid "<literal>mawk</literal>(1)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29218 msgid "" "<literal>perl</literal>(1) and html pages provided by " "<literal>perl-doc</literal> and <literal>perl-doc-html</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29225 msgid "" "<literal>python</literal>(1) and html pages provided by " "<literal>python-doc</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29231 msgid "" "<literal>tcl</literal>(3) and detail manual pages provided by " "<literal>tcl8.4-doc</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29237 msgid "" "<literal>tk</literal>(3) and detail manual pages provided by " "<literal>tk8.4-doc</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29243 msgid "" "<literal>ruby</literal>(1) and interactive reference provided by " "<literal>ri</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29250 msgid "help(F1) menu provided by <literal>vim-doc</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29258 msgid "" "fetch \"<ulink url=\"&thesingleunixspecificationsvc;\">The Single Unix " "Specifications v2</ulink>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29266 msgid "" "fetch \"<ulink url=\"&thesingleunixspecificationsvd;\">The Single Unix " "Specifications v3</ulink>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29272 msgid "" "Online references are available by typing \"<literal>man name</literal>\" " "after installing <literal>manpages</literal> and " "<literal>manpages-dev</literal> packages. Online references for the GNU " "tools are available by typing \"<literal>info program_name</literal>\" after " "installing the pertinent documentation packages. You may need to include " "the <literal>contrib</literal> and <literal>non-free</literal> archives in " "addition to the <literal>main</literal> archive since some GFDL " "documentations are not considered to be DSFG compliant." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><warning><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29274 msgid "" "Do not use \"<literal>test</literal>\" as the name of an executable test " "file. \"<literal>test</literal>\" is a shell builtin." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><caution><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29277 msgid "" "You should install software programs directly compiled from source into " "\"<literal>/usr/local</literal>\" or \"<literal>/opt</literal>\" to avoid " "collision with system programs." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29280 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&codeexamplesofcrgjjbottlesofbeer;\">Code examples of creating " "\"Song 99 Bottles of Beer\"</ulink> should give you good idea of practically " "all the programming languages." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29283 msgid "The shell script" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29284 msgid "" "The <ulink url=\"&shellscript;\">shell script</ulink> is a text file with " "the execution bit set and contains the commands in the following format." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29285 #, no-wrap msgid "" "#!/bin/sh\n" " ... command lines" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29287 msgid "" "The first line specifies the shell interpreter which read and execute this " "file contents." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29288 msgid "" "Reading shell scripts is the <emphasis role=\"strong\">best</emphasis> way " "to understand how a Unix-like system works. Here, I give some pointers and " "reminders for shell programming. See \"Shell Mistakes\" (<ulink " "url=\"&httpwwwgreenendokcaabaeshellhtml;\">http://www.greenend.org.uk/rjk/2001/04/shell.html</ulink>) " "to learn from mistakes." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29289 msgid "" "Unlike shell interactive mode (see <xref " "linkend=\"_the_simple_shell_command\"/> and <xref " "linkend=\"_unix_like_text_processing\"/>), shell scripts frequently use " "parameters, conditionals, and loops." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29291 msgid "POSIX shell compatibility" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29292 msgid "" "Many system scripts may be interpreted by any one of <ulink " "url=\"&posix;\">POSIX</ulink> shells (see <xref " "linkend=\"list-of-shell-programs\"/>). The default shell for the system is " "\"<literal>/bin/sh</literal>\" which is a symlink pointing to the actual " "program." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29295 msgid "<literal>bash</literal>(1) for <literal>lenny</literal> or older" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29299 msgid "<literal>dash</literal>(1) for <literal>squeeze</literal> or newer" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29303 msgid "" "Avoid writing a shell script with <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">bashisms</emphasis> or <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">zshisms</emphasis> to make it portable among all POSIX " "shells. You can check it using <literal>checkbashisms</literal>(1)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29305 msgid "List of typical bashisms" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29312 msgid "Good: POSIX" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29315 msgid "Avoid: bashism" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29322 msgid "<literal>if [ \"$foo\" = \"$bar\" ] ; then …</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29325 msgid "<literal>if [ \"$foo\" == \"$bar\" ] ; then …</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29330 msgid "<literal>diff -u file.c.orig file.c</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29333 msgid "<literal>diff -u file.c{.orig,}</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29338 msgid "<literal>mkdir /foobar /foobaz</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29341 msgid "<literal>mkdir /foo{bar,baz}</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29346 msgid "<literal>funcname() { … }</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29349 msgid "<literal>function funcname() { … }</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29354 msgid "octal format: \"<literal>\\377</literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29357 msgid "hexadecimal format: \"<literal>\\xff</literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29363 msgid "" "The \"<literal>echo</literal>\" command must be used with following cares " "since its implementation differs among shell builtin and external commands." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29367 msgid "" "Avoid using command option \"<literal>-e</literal>\" and " "\"<literal>-E</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29372 msgid "Avoid using any command options except \"<literal>-n</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29377 msgid "Avoid using escape sequences in the string since their handling varies." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29382 msgid "" "Although \"<literal>-n</literal>\" option is <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">not</emphasis> really POSIX syntax, it is generally " "accepted." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29385 msgid "" "Use the \"<literal>printf</literal>\" command instead of the " "\"<literal>echo</literal>\" command if you need to embed escape sequences in " "the output string." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29389 msgid "Shell parameters" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29390 msgid "Special shell parameters are frequently used in the shell script." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29392 msgid "List of shell parameters" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29399 msgid "shell parameter" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29402 debian-reference.en.xmlt:30221 msgid "value" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29409 msgid "<literal>$0</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29412 msgid "name of the shell or shell script" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29417 msgid "<literal>$1</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29420 msgid "first(1) shell argument" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29425 msgid "<literal>$9</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29428 msgid "ninth(9) shell argument" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29433 msgid "<literal>$#</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29436 msgid "number of positional parameters" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29441 msgid "<literal>\"$*\"</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29444 msgid "<literal>\"$1 $2 $3 $4 … \"</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29449 msgid "<literal>\"$@\"</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29452 msgid "<literal>\"$1\" \"$2\" \"$3\" \"$4\" …</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29457 debian-reference.en.xmlt:30244 msgid "<literal>$?</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29460 msgid "exit status of the most recent command" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29465 msgid "<literal>$$</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29468 msgid "PID of this shell script" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29473 msgid "<literal>$!</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29476 msgid "PID of most recently started background job" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29482 msgid "" "Basic <emphasis role=\"strong\">parameter expansions</emphasis> to remember " "are followings." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29484 msgid "List of shell parameter expansions" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29492 msgid "parameter expression form" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29495 msgid "value if <literal>var</literal> is set" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29498 msgid "value if <literal>var</literal> is not set" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29505 msgid "<literal>${var:-string}</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29508 debian-reference.en.xmlt:29530 debian-reference.en.xmlt:29541 msgid "\"<literal>$var</literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29511 debian-reference.en.xmlt:29519 msgid "\"<literal>string</literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29516 msgid "<literal>${var:+string}</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29522 msgid "\"<literal>null</literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29527 msgid "<literal>${var:=string}</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29533 msgid "\"<literal>string</literal>\" (and run \"<literal>var=string</literal>\")" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29538 msgid "<literal>${var:?string}</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29544 msgid "" "echo \"<literal>string</literal>\" to <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">stderr</emphasis> (and exit with error)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29550 msgid "" "Here, the colon \"<literal>:</literal>\" in all of these operators is " "actually optional." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29553 msgid "" "<emphasis role=\"strong\">with</emphasis> \"<literal>:</literal>\" = " "operator test for <emphasis role=\"strong\">exist</emphasis> and <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">not null</emphasis>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29557 msgid "" "<emphasis role=\"strong\">without</emphasis> \"<literal>:</literal>\" = " "operator test for <emphasis role=\"strong\">exist</emphasis> only" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29562 msgid "List of key shell parameter substitutions" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29569 msgid "parameter substitution form" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29572 msgid "result" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29579 msgid "<literal>${var%suffix}</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29582 msgid "remove smallest suffix pattern" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29587 msgid "<literal>${var%%suffix}</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29590 msgid "remove largest suffix pattern" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29595 msgid "<literal>${var#prefix}</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29598 msgid "remove smallest prefix pattern" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29603 msgid "<literal>${var##prefix}</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29606 msgid "remove largest prefix pattern" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29614 msgid "Shell conditionals" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29615 msgid "" "Each command returns an <emphasis role=\"strong\">exit status</emphasis> " "which can be used for conditional expressions." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29619 msgid "Success: 0 (\"True\")" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29624 msgid "Error: non 0 (\"False\")" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29629 msgid "" "\"0\" in the shell conditional context means \"True\", while \"0\" in the C " "conditional context means \"False\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29632 msgid "" "\"<literal>[</literal>\" is the equivalent of the <literal>test</literal> " "command, which evaluates its arguments up to \"<literal>]</literal>\" as a " "conditional expression." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29634 msgid "" "Basic <emphasis role=\"strong\">conditional idioms</emphasis> to remember " "are followings." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29638 msgid "" "\"<literal><command> && " "<if_success_run_this_command_too> || true</literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29643 msgid "" "\"<literal><command> || <if_not_success_run_this_command_too> || " "true</literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29648 msgid "A multi-line script snippet as the following" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29652 #, no-wrap msgid "" "if [ <conditional_expression> ]; then\n" " <if_success_run_this_command>\n" "else\n" " <if_not_success_run_this_command>\n" "fi" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29657 msgid "" "Here trailing \"<literal>|| true</literal>\" was needed to ensure this shell " "script does not exit at this line accidentally when shell is invoked with " "\"<literal>-e</literal>\" flag." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29659 msgid "List of file comparison operators in the conditional expression" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29666 debian-reference.en.xmlt:29749 msgid "equation" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29669 debian-reference.en.xmlt:29752 msgid "condition to return logical true" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29676 msgid "<literal> -e <file> </literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29679 msgid "<file> exists" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29684 msgid "<literal> -d <file> </literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29687 msgid "<file> exists and is a directory" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29692 msgid "<literal> -f <file> </literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29695 msgid "<file> exists and is a regular file" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29700 msgid "<literal> -w <file> </literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29703 msgid "<file> exists and is writable" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29708 msgid "<literal> -x <file> </literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29711 msgid "<file> exists and is executable" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29716 msgid "<literal> <file1> -nt <file2> </literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29719 msgid "<file1> is newer than <file2> (modification)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29724 msgid "<literal> <file1> -ot <file2> </literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29727 msgid "<file1> is older than <file2> (modification)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29732 msgid "<literal> <file1> -ef <file2> </literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29735 msgid "" "<file1> and <file2> are on the same device and the same inode " "number" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29742 msgid "List of string comparison operators in the conditional expression" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29759 msgid "<literal> -z <str> </literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29762 msgid "the length of <str> is zero" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29767 msgid "<literal> -n <str> </literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29770 msgid "the length of <str> is non-zero" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29775 msgid "<literal> <str1> = <str2> </literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29778 msgid "<str1> and <str2> are equal" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29783 msgid "<literal> <str1> != <str2> </literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29786 msgid "<str1> and <str2> are not equal" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29791 msgid "<literal> <str1> < <str2> </literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29794 msgid "<str1> sorts before <str2> (locale dependent)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29799 msgid "<literal> <str1> > <str2> </literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29802 msgid "<str1> sorts after <str2> (locale dependent)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29808 msgid "" "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Arithmetic</emphasis> integer comparison operators " "in the conditional expression are \"<literal>-eq</literal>\", " "\"<literal>-ne</literal>\", \"<literal>-lt</literal>\", " "\"<literal>-le</literal>\", \"<literal>-gt</literal>\", and " "\"<literal>-ge</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29811 msgid "Shell loops" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29812 msgid "There are several loop idioms to use in POSIX shell." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29816 msgid "" "\"<literal>for x in foo1 foo2 … ; do command ; done</literal>\" loops by " "assigning items from the list \"<literal>foo1 foo2 …</literal>\" to variable " "\"<literal>x</literal>\" and executing \"<literal>command</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29821 msgid "" "\"<literal>while condition ; do command ; done</literal>\" repeats " "\"<literal>command</literal>\" while \"<literal>condition</literal>\" is " "true." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29826 msgid "" "\"<literal>until condition ; do command ; done</literal>\" repeats " "\"<literal>command</literal>\" while \"<literal>condition</literal>\" is not " "true." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29831 msgid "\"<literal>break</literal>\" enables to exit from the loop." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29836 msgid "" "\"<literal>continue</literal>\" enables to resume the next iteration of the " "loop." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29841 msgid "" "The <ulink url=\"&c;\">C</ulink>-language like numeric iteration can be " "realized by using <literal>seq</literal>(1) as the \"<literal>foo1 foo2 " "…</literal>\" generator." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29844 msgid "See <xref linkend=\"_repeating_a_command_looping_over_files\"/>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29848 msgid "The shell command-line processing sequence" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29849 msgid "The shell processes a script roughly as the following sequence." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29853 msgid "The shell reads a line." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29858 msgid "" "The shell groups a part of the line as <emphasis role=\"strong\">one " "token</emphasis> if it is within <literal>\"…\"</literal> or " "<literal>'…'</literal>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29863 msgid "" "The shell splits other part of a line into <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">tokens</emphasis> by the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29868 msgid "Whitespaces: <literal><space> <tab> <newline></literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29873 msgid "Metacharacters: <literal>< > | ; & ( )</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29880 msgid "" "The shell checks the <emphasis role=\"strong\">reserved word</emphasis> for " "each token to adjust its behavior if not within <literal>\"…\"</literal> or " "<literal>'…'</literal>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29884 msgid "" "<emphasis role=\"strong\">reserved word</emphasis>: <literal>if then elif " "else fi for in while unless do done case esac</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29890 msgid "" "The shell expands <emphasis role=\"strong\">alias</emphasis> if not within " "<literal>\"…\"</literal> or <literal>'…'</literal>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29895 msgid "" "The shell expands <emphasis role=\"strong\">tilde</emphasis> if not within " "<literal>\"…\"</literal> or <literal>'…'</literal>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29900 msgid "\"<literal>~</literal>\" → current user's home directory" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29905 msgid "" "\"<literal>~<user></literal>\" → <literal><user></literal>'s " "home directory" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29912 msgid "" "The shell expands <emphasis role=\"strong\">parameter</emphasis> to its " "value if not within <literal>'…'</literal>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29916 msgid "" "<emphasis role=\"strong\">parameter</emphasis>: " "\"<literal>$PARAMETER</literal>\" or \"<literal>${PARAMETER}</literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29923 msgid "" "The shell expands <emphasis role=\"strong\">command substitution</emphasis> " "if not within <literal>'…'</literal>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29928 msgid "" "\"<literal>$( command )</literal>\" → the output of " "\"<literal>command</literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29933 msgid "" "\"<literal>` command `</literal>\" → the output of " "\"<literal>command</literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29940 msgid "" "The shell expands <emphasis role=\"strong\">pathname glob</emphasis> to " "matching file names if not within <literal>\"…\"</literal> or " "<literal>'…'</literal>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29944 msgid "<literal>*</literal> → any characters" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29948 msgid "<literal>?</literal> → one character" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29952 msgid "" "<literal>[…]</literal> → any one of the characters in " "\"<literal>…</literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29959 msgid "" "The shell looks up <emphasis role=\"strong\">command</emphasis> from the " "following and execute it." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29963 msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">function</emphasis> definition" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29967 msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">builtin</emphasis> command" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29971 msgid "" "<emphasis role=\"strong\">executable file</emphasis> in " "\"<literal>$PATH</literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29978 msgid "" "The shell goes to the next line and repeats this process again from the top " "of this sequence." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29982 msgid "Single quotes within double quotes have no effect." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29983 msgid "" "Executing \"<literal>set -x</literal>\" in the shell or invoking the shell " "with \"<literal>-x</literal>\" option make the shell to print all of " "commands executed. This is quite handy for debugging." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29986 msgid "Utility programs for shell script" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29987 msgid "" "In order to make your shell program as portable as possible across Debian " "system, it is good idea to limit utility programs to ones provided by " "<emphasis role=\"strong\">essential</emphasis> packages." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29991 msgid "" "\"<literal>aptitude search ~E</literal>\" lists <emphasis " "role=\"strong\">essential</emphasis> packages." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:29996 msgid "" "\"<literal>dpkg -L <package_name> |grep '/man/man.*/'</literal>\" " "lists manpages for commands offered by " "<literal><package_name></literal> package." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30001 msgid "List of packages containing small utility programs for shell scripts" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30029 msgid "GNU core utilities" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30037 msgid "miscellaneous utilities specific to Debian" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30045 msgid "collection of more utilities from FreeBSD" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30053 msgid "basic utilities from 4.4BSD-Lite" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30061 msgid "additional Unix utilities" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30068 msgid "" "Although <literal>moreutils</literal> may not exist ouside of Debian, it " "offers interesting small programs. Most notable one is " "<literal>sponge</literal>(8). See <xref " "linkend=\"_global_substitution_with_regular_expressions\"/>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30072 msgid "Shell script dialog" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30073 msgid "" "The user interface of a simple shell program can be improved from dull " "interaction by <literal>echo</literal> and <literal>read</literal> commands " "to more interactive one by using one of the so-called dialog program etc." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30075 msgid "List of user interface programs" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30102 msgid "<literal>xmessage</literal>(1): display a message or query in a window (X)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30110 msgid "displays user-friendly dialog boxes from shell scripts (newt)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30118 msgid "displays user-friendly dialog boxes from shell scripts (ncurses)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30126 msgid "display graphical dialog boxes from shell scripts (gtk2.0)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30134 msgid "" "Shell Scripts Frontend Tool (wrapper for zenity, kdialog, and dialog with " "gettext)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30142 msgid "\"<literal>/usr/bin/gettext.sh</literal>\": translate message" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30150 msgid "Shell script example with zenity" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30151 msgid "" "Here is a simple script which creates ISO image with RS02 data supplemented " "by <literal>dvdisaster</literal>(1)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30152 #, no-wrap msgid "" "#!/bin/sh -e\n" "# gmkrs02 : Copyright (C) 2007 Osamu Aoki <osamu@debian.org>, Public " "Domain\n" "#set -x\n" "error_exit()\n" "{\n" " echo \"$1\" >&2\n" " exit 1\n" "}\n" "# Initialize variables\n" "DATA_ISO=\"$HOME/Desktop/iso-$$.img\"\n" "LABEL=$(date +%Y%m%d-%H%M%S-%Z)\n" "if [ $# != 0 ] && [ -d \"$1\" ]; then\n" " DATA_SRC=\"$1\"\n" "else\n" " # Select directory for creating ISO image from folder on desktop\n" " DATA_SRC=$(zenity --file-selection --directory \\\n" " --title=\"Select the directory tree root to create ISO image\") \\\n" " || error_exit \"Exit on directory selection\"\n" "fi\n" "# Check size of archive\n" "xterm -T \"Check size $DATA_SRC\" -e du -s $DATA_SRC/*\n" "SIZE=$(($(du -s $DATA_SRC | awk '{print $1}')/1024))\n" "if [ $SIZE -le 520 ] ; then\n" " zenity --info --title=\"Dvdisaster RS02\" --width 640 --height 400 \\\n" " --text=\"The data size is good for CD backup:\\\\n $SIZE MB\"\n" "elif [ $SIZE -le 3500 ]; then\n" " zenity --info --title=\"Dvdisaster RS02\" --width 640 --height 400 \\\n" " --text=\"The data size is good for DVD backup :\\\\n $SIZE MB\"\n" "else\n" " zenity --info --title=\"Dvdisaster RS02\" --width 640 --height 400 \\\n" " --text=\"The data size is too big to backup : $SIZE MB\"\n" " error_exit \"The data size is too big to backup :\\\\n $SIZE MB\"\n" "fi\n" "# only xterm is sure to have working -e option\n" "# Create raw ISO image\n" "rm -f \"$DATA_ISO\" || true\n" "xterm -T \"genisoimage $DATA_ISO\" \\\n" " -e genisoimage -r -J -V \"$LABEL\" -o \"$DATA_ISO\" \"$DATA_SRC\"\n" "# Create RS02 supplemental redundancy\n" "xterm -T \"dvdisaster $DATA_ISO\" -e dvdisaster -i \"$DATA_ISO\" -mRS02 " "-c\n" "zenity --info --title=\"Dvdisaster RS02\" --width 640 --height 400 \\\n" " --text=\"ISO/RS02 data ($SIZE MB) \\\\n created at: $DATA_ISO\"\n" "# EOF" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30195 msgid "" "You may wish to create launcher on the desktop with command set something " "like \"<literal>/usr/local/bin/gmkrs02 %d</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30199 msgid "Make" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30200 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&make;\">Make</ulink> is a utility to maintain groups of " "programs. Upon execution of <literal>make</literal>(1), " "<literal>make</literal> read the rule file, \"<literal>Makefile</literal>\", " "and updates a target if it depends on prerequisite files that have been " "modified since the target was last modified, or if the target does not " "exist. The execution of these updates may occur concurrently." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30201 msgid "The rule file syntax is the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30202 #, no-wrap msgid "" "target: [ prerequisites ... ]\n" " [TAB] command1\n" " [TAB] -command2 # ignore errors\n" " [TAB] @command3 # suppress echoing" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30206 msgid "" "Here \"<literal> [TAB] </literal>\" is a TAB code. Each line is interpreted " "by the shell after make variable substitution. Use " "\"<literal>\\</literal>\" at the end of a line to continue the script. Use " "\"<literal>$$</literal>\" to enter \"<literal>$</literal>\" for environment " "values for a shell script." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30207 msgid "" "Implicit rules for the target and prerequisites can be written, for example, " "by the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30208 #, no-wrap msgid "%.o: %.c header.h" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30209 msgid "" "Here, the target contains the character \"<literal>%</literal>\" (exactly " "one of them). The \"<literal>%</literal>\" can match any nonempty substring " "in the actual target filenames. The prerequisites likewise use " "\"<literal>%</literal>\" to show how their names relate to the actual target " "name." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30211 msgid "List of make automatic variables" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30218 msgid "automatic variable" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30228 msgid "<literal>$@</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30231 msgid "target" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30236 msgid "<literal>$<</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30239 msgid "first prerequisite" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30247 msgid "all newer prerequisites" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30252 msgid "<literal>$^</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30255 msgid "all prerequisites" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30260 msgid "<literal>$*</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30263 msgid "\"<literal>%</literal>\" matched stem in the target pattern" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30270 msgid "List of make variable expansions" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30277 msgid "variable expansion" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30287 msgid "<literal>foo1 := bar</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30290 msgid "one-time expansion" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30295 msgid "<literal>foo2 = bar</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30298 msgid "recursive expansion" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30303 msgid "<literal>foo3 += bar</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30306 msgid "append" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30312 msgid "" "Run \"<literal>make -p -f/dev/null</literal>\" to see automatic internal " "rules." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30316 msgid "" "You can set up proper environment to compile programs written in the <ulink " "url=\"&cprogramminglanguage;\">C programming language</ulink> by the " "following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30317 #, no-wrap msgid "# apt-get install glibc-doc manpages-dev libc6-dev gcc build-essential" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30318 msgid "" "The <literal>libc6-dev</literal> package, i.e., GNU C Library, provides " "<ulink url=\"&cstandardlibrary;\">C standard library</ulink> which is " "collection of header files and library routines used by the C programming " "language." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30319 msgid "See references for C as the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30323 msgid "\"<literal>info libc</literal>\" (C library function reference)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30327 msgid "<literal>gcc</literal>(1) and \"<literal>info gcc</literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30331 msgid "<literal>each_C_library_function_name</literal>(3)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30336 msgid "" "Kernighan & Ritchie, \"The C Programming Language\", 2nd edition " "(Prentice Hall)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30341 msgid "Simple C program (gcc)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30342 msgid "" "A simple example \"<literal>example.c</literal>\" can compiled with a " "library \"<literal>libm</literal>\" into an executable " "\"<literal>run_example</literal>\" by the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30343 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ cat > example.c << EOF\n" "#include <stdio.h>\n" "#include <math.h>\n" "#include <string.h>\n" "\n" "int main(int argc, char **argv, char **envp){\n" " double x;\n" " char y[11];\n" " x=sqrt(argc+7.5);\n" " strncpy(y, argv[0], 10); /* prevent buffer overflow */\n" " y[10] = '\\0'; /* fill to make sure string ends with '\\0' */\n" " printf(\"%5i, %5.3f, %10s, %10s\\n\", argc, x, y, argv[1]);\n" " return 0;\n" "}\n" "EOF\n" "$ gcc -Wall -g -o run_example example.c -lm\n" "$ ./run_example\n" " 1, 2.915, ./run_exam, (null)\n" "$ ./run_example 1234567890qwerty\n" " 2, 3.082, ./run_exam, 1234567890qwerty" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30363 msgid "" "Here, \"<literal>-lm</literal>\" is needed to link library " "\"<literal>/usr/lib/libm.so</literal>\" from the <literal>libc6</literal> " "package for <literal>sqrt</literal>(3). The actual library is in " "\"<literal>/lib/</literal>\" with filename \"<literal>libm.so.6</literal>\", " "which is a symlink to \"<literal>libm-2.7.so</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30364 msgid "" "Look at the last parameter in the output text. There are more than 10 " "characters even though \"<literal>%10s</literal>\" is specified." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30365 msgid "" "The use of pointer memory operation functions without boundary checks, such " "as <literal>sprintf</literal>(3) and <literal>strcpy</literal>(3), is " "deprecated to prevent buffer overflow exploits that leverage the above " "overrun effects. Instead, use <literal>snprintf</literal>(3) and " "<literal>strncpy</literal>(3)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30369 msgid "Debug" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30370 msgid "" "Debug is important part of programing activities. Knowing how to debug " "programs makes you a good Debian user who can produce meaningful bug " "reports." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30372 msgid "Basic gdb execution" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30373 msgid "" "Primary <ulink url=\"&debugger;\">debugger</ulink> on Debian is " "<literal>gdb</literal>(1) which enables you to inspect a program while it " "executes." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30374 msgid "Let's install <literal>gdb</literal> and related programs by the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30375 #, no-wrap msgid "# apt-get install gdb gdb-doc build-essential devscripts" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30376 msgid "" "Good tutorial of <literal>gdb</literal> is provided by \"<literal>info " "gdb</literal>\" or found <ulink url=\"&elsewhereontheweb;\">elsewhere on the " "web</ulink>. Here is a simple example of using <literal>gdb</literal>(1) on " "a \"<literal>program</literal>\" compiled with the \"<literal>-g</literal>\" " "option to produce debugging information." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30378 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ gdb program\n" "(gdb) b 1 # set break point at line 1\n" "(gdb) run args # run program with args\n" "(gdb) next # next line\n" "...\n" "(gdb) step # step forward\n" "...\n" "(gdb) p parm # print parm\n" "...\n" "(gdb) p parm=12 # set value to 12\n" "...\n" "(gdb) quit" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30391 msgid "" "Many <literal>gdb</literal>(1) commands can be abbreviated. Tab expansion " "works as in the shell." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30395 msgid "Debugging the Debian package" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30396 msgid "" "Since all installed binaries should be stripped on the Debian system by " "default, most debugging symbols are removed in the normal package. In order " "to debug Debian packages with <literal>gdb</literal>(1), corresponding " "<literal>*-dbg</literal> packages need to be installed " "(e.g. <literal>libc6-dbg</literal> in the case of <literal>libc6</literal>)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30397 msgid "" "If a package to be debugged does not provide its <literal>*-dbg</literal> " "package, you need to install it after rebuilding it by the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30398 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ mkdir /path/new ; cd /path/new\n" "$ sudo apt-get update\n" "$ sudo apt-get dist-upgrade\n" "$ sudo apt-get install fakeroot devscripts build-essential\n" "$ sudo apt-get build-dep source_package_name\n" "$ apt-get source package_name\n" "$ cd package_name*" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30405 msgid "Fix bugs if needed." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30406 msgid "" "Bump package version to one which does not collide with official Debian " "versions, e.g. one appended with \"<literal>+debug1</literal>\" when " "recompiling existing package version, or one appended with " "\"<literal>~pre1</literal>\" when compiling unreleased package version by " "the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30408 msgid "Compile and install packages with debug symbols by the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30409 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ export DEB_BUILD_OPTIONS=nostrip,noopt\n" "$ debuild\n" "$ cd ..\n" "$ sudo debi package_name*.changes" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30413 msgid "" "You need to check build scripts of the package and ensure to use " "\"<literal>CFLAGS=-g -Wall</literal>\" for compiling binaries." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30416 msgid "Obtaining backtrace" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30417 msgid "" "When you encounter program crash, reporting bug report with cut-and-pasted " "backtrace information is a good idea." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30418 msgid "The backtrace can be obtained by the following steps." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30422 msgid "Run the program under <literal>gdb</literal>(1)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30427 msgid "Reproduce crash." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30432 msgid "It causes you to be dropped back to the <literal>gdb</literal> prompt." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30439 msgid "Type \"<literal>bt</literal>\" at the <literal>gdb</literal> prompt." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30443 msgid "" "In case of program freeze, you can crash the program by pressing " "<literal>Ctrl-C</literal> in the terminal running <literal>gdb</literal> to " "obtain <literal>gdb</literal> prompt." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30445 msgid "" "Often, you see a backtrace where one or more of the top lines are in " "\"<literal>malloc()</literal>\" or \"<literal>g_malloc()</literal>\". When " "this happens, chances are your backtrace isn't very useful. The easiest way " "to find some useful information is to set the environment variable " "\"<literal>$MALLOC_CHECK_</literal>\" to a value of 2 " "(<literal>malloc</literal>(3)). You can do this while running " "<literal>gdb</literal> by doing the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30447 #, no-wrap msgid " $ MALLOC_CHECK_=2 gdb hello" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30450 msgid "Advanced gdb commands" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30452 msgid "List of advanced gdb commands" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30462 msgid "description for command objectives" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30469 msgid "<literal>(gdb) thread apply all bt</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30472 msgid "get a backtrace for all threads for multi-threaded program" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30477 msgid "<literal>(gdb) bt full</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30480 msgid "get parameters came on the stack of function calls" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30485 msgid "<literal>(gdb) thread apply all bt full</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30488 msgid "get a backtrace and parameters as the combination of the preceding options" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30493 msgid "<literal>(gdb) thread apply all bt full 10</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30496 msgid "get a backtrace and parameters for top 10 calls to cut off irrelevant output" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30501 msgid "<literal>(gdb) set logging on</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30504 msgid "" "write log of <literal>gdb</literal> output to a file (the default is " "\"<literal>gdb.txt</literal>\")" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30512 msgid "Debugging X Errors" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30513 msgid "" "If a GNOME program <literal>preview1</literal> has received an X error, you " "should see a message as follows." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30514 #, no-wrap msgid "The program 'preview1' received an X Window System error." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30515 msgid "" "If this is the case, you can try running the program with " "\"<literal>--sync</literal>\", and break on the " "\"<literal>gdk_x_error</literal>\" function in order to obtain a backtrace." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30518 msgid "Check dependency on libraries" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30519 msgid "" "Use <literal>ldd</literal>(1) to find out a program's dependency on " "libraries by the followings." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30520 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ ldd /bin/ls\n" " librt.so.1 => /lib/librt.so.1 (0x4001e000)\n" " libc.so.6 => /lib/libc.so.6 (0x40030000)\n" " libpthread.so.0 => /lib/libpthread.so.0 (0x40153000)\n" " /lib/ld-linux.so.2 => /lib/ld-linux.so.2 (0x40000000)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30525 msgid "" "For <literal>ls</literal>(1) to work in a `chroot`ed environment, the above " "libraries must be available in your `chroot`ed environment." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30526 msgid "See <xref linkend=\"_tracing_program_activities\"/>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30529 msgid "Memory leak detection tools" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30530 msgid "There are several memory leak detection tools available in Debian." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30532 msgid "List of memory leak detection tools" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30559 msgid "<literal>mtrace</literal>(1): malloc debugging functionality in glibc" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30567 msgid "memory debugger and profiler" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30575 msgid "KDE memory leak tracer using glibc's <literal>mtrace</literal>(1)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30583 msgid "GNOME front-end to the Valgrind memory checker" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30590 msgid "<literal>malloc</literal>(3) debugger" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30598 msgid "memory-leak tracer for C++ programs" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30606 msgid "debug memory allocation library" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30614 msgid "library for debugging memory allocations" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30622 msgid "Static code analysis tools" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30623 msgid "" "There are <ulink url=\"&lint;\">lint</ulink> like tools for <ulink " "url=\"&staticcodeanalysis;\">static code analysis</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30625 msgid "List of tools for static code analysis" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30653 msgid "tool for statically checking C programs for bugs" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30661 msgid "rough Auditing Tool for Security (C, C++, PHP, Perl, and Python code)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30669 msgid "tool to examine C/C++ source code and looks for security weaknesses" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30677 msgid "" "interpreter with internal static code checker: " "<literal>B::Lint</literal>(3perl)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30685 msgid "Python code static checker" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30693 msgid "Java program checker" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30701 msgid "syntax and minimal style checker for HTML" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30709 msgid "fast link checker and web site maintenance tool" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30717 msgid "utilities with <literal>xmllint</literal>(1) to validate XML files" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30725 msgid "Disassemble binary" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30726 msgid "" "You can disassemble binary code with <literal>objdump</literal>(1) by the " "following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30727 #, no-wrap msgid "$ objdump -m i386 -b binary -D /usr/lib/grub/x86_64-pc/stage1" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30729 msgid "<literal>gdb</literal>(1) may be used to disassemble code interactively." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30734 msgid "Flex — a better Lex" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30735 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&flex;\">Flex</ulink> is a <ulink " "url=\"&lex;\">Lex</ulink>-compatible fast <ulink " "url=\"&lexicalanalyzer;\">lexical analyzer</ulink> generator." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30736 msgid "" "Tutorial for <literal>flex</literal>(1) can be found in \"<literal>info " "flex</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30737 msgid "" "You need to provide your own \"<literal>main()</literal>\" and " "\"<literal>yywrap()</literal>\". Otherwise, your flex program should look " "like this to compile without a library. This is because that " "\"<literal>yywrap</literal>\" is a macro and \"<literal>%option " "main</literal>\" turns on \"<literal>%option noyywrap</literal>\" " "implicitly." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30738 #, no-wrap msgid "" "%option main\n" "%%\n" ".|\\n ECHO ;\n" "%%" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30742 msgid "" "Alternatively, you may compile with the \"<literal>-lfl</literal>\" linker " "option at the end of your <literal>cc</literal>(1) command line (like " "AT&T-Lex with \"<literal>-ll</literal>\"). No " "\"<literal>%option</literal>\" is needed in this case." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30745 msgid "Bison — a better Yacc" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30746 msgid "" "Several packages provide a <ulink url=\"&yacc;\">Yacc</ulink>-compatible " "lookahead <ulink url=\"&lrparser;\">LR parser</ulink> or <ulink " "url=\"&lalrparser;\">LALR parser</ulink> generator in Debian." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30748 msgid "List of Yacc-compatible LALR parser generators" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30776 msgid "<ulink url=\"&gnulalrparsergenerator;\">GNU LALR parser generator</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30784 msgid "Berkeley LALR parser generator" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30792 msgid "backtracking parser generator based on <literal>byacc</literal>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30798 msgid "" "Tutorial for <literal>bison</literal>(1) can be found in \"<literal>info " "bison</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30799 msgid "" "You need to provide your own \"<literal>main()</literal>\" and " "\"<literal>yyerror()</literal>\". \"<literal>main()</literal>\" calls " "\"<literal>yyparse()</literal>\" which calls \"<literal>yylex()</literal>\", " "usually created with Flex." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30800 #, no-wrap msgid "" "%%\n" "\n" "%%" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30805 msgid "Autoconf" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30806 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&autoconf;\">Autoconf</ulink> is a tool for producing shell " "scripts that automatically configure software source code packages to adapt " "to many kinds of Unix-like systems using the entire GNU build system." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30807 msgid "" "<literal>autoconf</literal>(1) produces the configuration script " "\"<literal>configure</literal>\". \"<literal>configure</literal>\" " "automatically creates a customized \"<literal>Makefile</literal>\" using the " "\"<literal>Makefile.in</literal>\" template." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30809 msgid "Compile and install a program" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30811 msgid "" "Do not overwrite system files with your compiled programs when installing " "them." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30813 msgid "" "Debian does not touch files in \"<literal>/usr/local/</literal>\" or " "\"<literal>/opt</literal>\". So if you compile a program from source, " "install it into \"<literal>/usr/local/</literal>\" so it does not interfere " "with Debian." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30814 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ cd src\n" "$ ./configure --prefix=/usr/local\n" "$ make\n" "$ make install # this puts the files in the system" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30820 msgid "Uninstall program" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30821 msgid "" "If you have the original source and if it uses " "<literal>autoconf</literal>(1)/<literal>automake</literal>(1) and if you can " "remember how you configured it, execute as follows to uninstall the program." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30822 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ ./configure \"all-of-the-options-you-gave-it\"\n" "# make uninstall" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30824 msgid "" "Alternatively, if you are absolutely sure that the install process puts " "files only under \"<literal>/usr/local/</literal>\" and there is nothing " "important there, you can erase all its contents by the following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30825 #, no-wrap msgid "# find /usr/local -type f -print0 | xargs -0 rm -f" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30826 msgid "" "If you are not sure where files are installed, you should consider using " "<literal>checkinstall</literal>(8) from the <literal>checkinstall</literal> " "package, which provides a clean path for the uninstall. It now supports to " "create a Debian package with \"<literal>-D</literal>\" option." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30830 msgid "Perl short script madness" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30831 msgid "" "Although any <ulink url=\"&awk;\">AWK</ulink> scripts can be automatically " "rewritten in <ulink url=\"&perl;\">Perl</ulink> using " "<literal>a2p</literal>(1), one-liner AWK scripts are best converted to " "one-liner Perl scripts manually." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30832 msgid "Let's think following AWK script snippet." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30833 #, no-wrap msgid "awk '($2==\"1957\") { print $3 }' |" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30834 msgid "This is equivalent to any one of the following lines." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30835 #, no-wrap msgid "perl -ne '@f=split; if ($f[1] eq \"1957\") { print \"$f[2]\\n\"}' |" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30836 #, no-wrap msgid "perl -ne 'if ((@f=split)[1] eq \"1957\") { print \"$f[2]\\n\"}' |" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30837 #, no-wrap msgid "perl -ne '@f=split; print $f[2] if ( $f[1]==1957 )' |" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30838 #, no-wrap msgid "perl -lane 'print $F[2] if $F[1] eq \"1957\"' |" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><screen> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30839 #, no-wrap msgid "perl -lane 'print$F[2]if$F[1]eq+1957' |" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30840 msgid "The last one is a riddle. It took advantage of following Perl features." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30844 msgid "The whitespace is optional." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30849 msgid "The automatic conversion exists from number to the string." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30853 msgid "" "See <literal>perlrun</literal>(1) for the command-line options. For more " "crazy Perl scripts, <ulink url=\"&perlgolf;\">Perl Golf</ulink> may be " "interesting." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30856 msgid "Web" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30857 msgid "Basic interactive dynamic web pages can be made as follows." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30861 msgid "" "Queries are presented to the browser user using <ulink " "url=\"&html;\">HTML</ulink> forms." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30866 msgid "" "Filling and clicking on the form entries sends one of the following <ulink " "url=\"&url;\">URL</ulink> string with encoded parameters from the browser to " "the web server." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30871 msgid "\"<literal>http://www.foo.dom/cgi-bin/program.pl?VAR1=VAL1&VAR2=VAL2&VAR3=VAL3</literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30876 msgid "\"<literal>http://www.foo.dom/cgi-bin/program.py?VAR1=VAL1&VAR2=VAL2&VAR3=VAL3</literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30881 msgid "\"<literal>http://www.foo.dom/program.php?VAR1=VAL1&VAR2=VAL2&VAR3=VAL3</literal>\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30888 msgid "" "\"<literal>%nn</literal>\" in URL is replaced with a character with " "hexadecimal <literal>nn</literal> value." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30893 msgid "" "The environment variable is set as: \"<literal>QUERY_STRING=\"VAR1=VAL1 " "VAR2=VAL2 VAR3=VAL3\"</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30897 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&cgi;\">CGI</ulink> program (any one of " "\"<literal>program.*</literal>\") on the web server executes itself with the " "environment variable \"<literal>$QUERY_STRING</literal>\"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30901 msgid "" "<literal>stdout</literal> of CGI program is sent to the web browser and is " "presented as an interactive dynamic web page." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30905 msgid "" "For security reasons it is better not to hand craft new hacks for parsing " "CGI parameters. There are established modules for them in Perl and Python. " "<ulink url=\"&php;\">PHP</ulink> comes with these functionalities. When " "client data storage is needed, <ulink url=\"&httpcookies;\">HTTP " "cookies</ulink> are used. When client side data processing is needed, " "<ulink url=\"&javascript;\">Javascript</ulink> is frequently used." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30906 msgid "" "For more, see the <ulink url=\"&commongatewayinterface;\">Common Gateway " "Interface</ulink>, <ulink url=\"&theapachesoftwarefoundation;\">The Apache " "Software Foundation</ulink>, and <ulink " "url=\"&javascript;\">JavaScript</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30907 msgid "" "Searching \"CGI tutorial\" on Google by typing encoded URL <ulink " "url=\"&httpwwwgooglecomutfiqcgitutorial;\">http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&ie=UTF-8&q=CGI+tutorial</ulink> " "directly to the browser address is a good way to see the CGI script in " "action on the Google server." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30910 msgid "The source code translation" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30911 msgid "There are programs to convert source codes." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30913 msgid "List of source code translation tools" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30945 msgid "AWK→PERL" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30948 msgid "convert source codes from AWK to PERL: <literal>a2p</literal>(1)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30956 msgid "FORTRAN→C" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30959 msgid "convert source codes from FORTRAN 77 to C/C++: <literal>f2c</literal>(1)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30967 msgid "ANSI C" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30970 msgid "create/remove ANSI prototypes from C code" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30978 msgid "intel→gas" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30981 msgid "converter from NASM (Intel format) to the GNU Assembler (GAS)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30989 msgid "Making Debian package" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30990 msgid "If you want to make a Debian package, read followings." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30993 msgid "" "<xref linkend=\"_debian_package_management\"/> to understand the basic " "package system" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:30997 msgid "" "<xref linkend=\"_porting_a_package_to_the_stable_system\"/> to understand " "basic porting process" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:31001 msgid "<xref linkend=\"_chroot_system\"/> to understand basic chroot techniques" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:31005 msgid "" "<literal>debuild</literal>(1), <literal>pbuilder</literal>(1) and " "<literal>pdebuild</literal>(1)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:31009 msgid "" "<xref linkend=\"_debugging_the_debian_package\"/> for recompiling for " "debugging" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:31013 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&debiannewmaintainersguide;\">Debian New Maintainers' " "Guide</ulink> as tutorial (the <literal>maint-guide</literal> package)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:31017 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&debiandevelopersreference;\">Debian Developer's " "Reference</ulink> (the <literal>developers-reference</literal> package)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:31021 msgid "" "<ulink url=\"&debianpolicymanual;\">Debian Policy Manual</ulink> (the " "<literal>debian-policy</literal> package)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:31025 msgid "" "There are packages such as <literal>dh-make</literal>, " "<literal>dh-make-perl</literal>, etc., which help packaging." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><appendix><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:31029 msgid "Appendix" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><appendix><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:31030 msgid "Here are backgrounds of this document." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:31032 msgid "The Debian maze" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:31033 msgid "" "The Linux system is a very powerful computing platform for a networked " "computer. However, learning how to use all its capabilities is not " "easy. Setting up the LPR printer with non-PostScript printer was a good " "example of stumble points. (There are no issues anymore since newer " "installations use new CUPS system.)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:31034 msgid "" "There is a complete, detailed map called the \"SOURCE CODE\". This is very " "accurate but very hard to understand. There are also references called " "HOWTO and mini-HOWTO. They are easier to understand but tend to give too " "much detail and lose the big picture. I sometimes have a problem finding " "the right section in a long HOWTO when I need a few commands to invoke." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:31036 msgid "" "I hope this \"Debian Reference (version 2)\" provides a good starting " "direction for people in the Debian maze." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:31039 msgid "Copyright history" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:31040 msgid "" "Debian Reference was initiated by Osamu Aoki <osamu at debian dot org> " "as a personal system administration memo. Many contents came from the " "knowledge I gained from <ulink url=\"&thedebianusermailinglist;\">the " "debian-user mailing list</ulink> and other Debian resources." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:31041 msgid "" "Following a suggestion from Josip Rodin, who was very active with the <ulink " "url=\"&debiandocumentationprojectddp;\">Debian Documentation Project " "(DDP)</ulink>, \"Debian Reference (version 1, 2001-2007)\" was created as a " "part of DDP documents." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:31042 msgid "" "After 6 years, Osamu realized that the original \"Debian Reference (version " "1)\" was outdated and started to rewrite many contents. New \"Debian " "Reference (version 2)\" is released in 2008." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:31043 msgid "" "The tutorial contents can trace its origin and its inspiration in " "followings." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:31047 msgid "" "\"<ulink url=\"&linuxusersguide;\">Linux User's Guide</ulink>\" by Larry " "Greenfield (December 1996)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:31052 msgid "obsoleted by \"Debian Tutorial\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:31059 msgid "" "\"<ulink url=\"&debiantutorial;\">Debian Tutorial</ulink>\" by Havoc " "Pennington. (11 December, 1998)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:31064 msgid "" "partially written by Oliver Elphick, Ole Tetlie, James Treacy, Craig Sawyer, " "and Ivan E. Moore II" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:31069 msgid "obsoleted by \"Debian GNU/Linux: Guide to Installation and Usage\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:31076 msgid "" "\"<ulink url=\"&debiangnulinuxguallationandusage;\">Debian GNU/Linux: Guide " "to Installation and Usage</ulink>\" by John Goerzen and Ossama Othman (1999)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:31081 msgid "obsoleted by \"Debian Reference (version 1)\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:31087 msgid "" "The package and archive description can trace some of their origin and their " "inspiration in following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:31091 msgid "" "\"<ulink url=\"&debianfaq;\">Debian FAQ</ulink>\" (March 2002 version, when " "this was maintained by Josip Rodin)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:31095 msgid "" "The other contents can trace some of their origin and their inspiration in " "following." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:31099 msgid "" "\"<ulink url=\"&debianreference;\">Debian Reference</ulink> (version 1)\" by " "Osamu Aoki (2001–2007)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:31104 msgid "obsoleted by this new \"Debian Reference (version 2)\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:31110 msgid "" "The previous \"Debian Reference (version 1)\" was created with many " "contributors." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:31114 msgid "" "the major contents contribution on network configuration topics by Thomas " "Hood" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:31119 msgid "" "significant contents contribution on X and VCS related topics by Brian " "Nelson" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:31124 msgid "the help on the build scripts and many content corrections by Jens Seidel" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:31129 msgid "extensive proofreading by David Sewell" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><itemizedlist><listitem><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:31134 msgid "many contributions by the translators, contributors, and bug reporters" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:31138 msgid "" "Many manual pages and info pages on the Debian system were used as the " "primary references to write this document. To the extent Osamu Aoki " "considered within the <ulink url=\"&fairuse;\">fair use</ulink>, many parts " "of them, especially command definitions, were used as phrase pieces after " "careful editorial efforts to fit them into the style and the objective of " "this document." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:31139 msgid "" "The gdb debugger description was expanded using <ulink " "url=\"&debianwikicontentsonbacktrace;\">Debian wiki contents on " "backtrace</ulink> with consent by Ari Pollak, Loïc Minier, and Dafydd " "Harries." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:31140 msgid "" "Contents of \"Debian Reference (version 2)\" are mostly my own work except " "as mentioned above. These has been updated by the contributors too." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:31141 msgid "" "The author, Osamu Aoki, thanks all those who helped make this document " "possible." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><title> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:31144 msgid "Document format" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><simpara> #: debian-reference.en.xmlt:31145 msgid "" "The source of the English original document is currently written in <ulink " "url=\"&asciidoc;\">AsciiDoc</ulink> text files. <ulink " "url=\"&asciidoc;\">AsciiDoc</ulink> is used as convenience only since it is " "less typing than straight XML and supports table in the very intuitive " "format. You should think XML and PO files as real source files. Via build " "script, it is converted to DocBook XML format and automatically generated " "data are inserted to form a final Docbook XML source. This final Docbook XML " "source can be converted to HTML, plain text, PostScript, and PDF. Currently, " "only HTML and plain text conversions are enabled." msgstr ""