debian-reference - en to it translation catalogue (6053 entries)

note: type: Content of the timesnewroman entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_Roman
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_Roman

note: type: Content of the abriefhistoryofdebian entity
en: http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/project-history/
it: http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/project-history/index.it.html

note: type: Content of the acpi entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Configuration_and_Power_Interface
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACPI

note: type: Content of the afireresistantsafe entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safe
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassaforte

note: type: Content of the agp entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerated_Graphics_Port
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerated_Graphics_Port

note: type: Content of the aixbyibm entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_AIX
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIX_(sistema_operativo)

note: type: Content of the ascii entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascii

note: type: Content of the amigaos entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AmigaOS
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/AmigaOS

note: type: Content of the theapachesoftwarefoundation entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_Software_Foundation
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_Software_Foundation

note: type: Content of the apm entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Power_Management
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Power_Management

note: type: Content of the applebonjourapplerendezvous entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonjour_(software)
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonjour

note: type: Content of the arial entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arial
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arial

note: type: Content of the arp entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Address_Resolution_Protocol
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Address_Resolution_Protocol

note: type: Content of the asynchronoustransfermode entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asynchronous_Transfer_Mode
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asynchronous_Transfer_Mode

note: type: Content of the atp entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AppleTalk
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/AppleTalk

note: type: Content of the bash entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bash
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bash

note: type: Content of the berkeleydb entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_DB
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_DB

note: type: Content of the bigf entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big5
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big5

note: type: Content of the bind entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BIND
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/BIND

note: type: Content of the bios entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BIOS
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bios

note: type: Content of the bochs entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bochs
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bochs

note: type: Content of the bootloader entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boot_loader
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boot_loader

note: type: Content of the bootstrapprocesses entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booting
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boot

note: type: Content of the bsdlike entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_Software_Distribution
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_Software_Distribution

note: type: Content of the btrfs entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Btrfs
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Btrfs

note: type: Content of the burrowswheelerblrtingcompression entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burrows-Wheeler_transform
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trasformata_di_Burrows-Wheeler

note: type: Content of the cachingdata entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cache
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cache

note: type: Content of the cardbus entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Card#CardBus
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Card#CardBus

note: type: Content of the cdromdvd entity
en: http://www.debian.org/CD/
it: http://www.debian.org/CD/index.it.html

note: type: Content of the commongatewayinterface entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Gateway_Interface
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Gateway_Interface

note: type: Content of the chap entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Challenge-handshake_authentication_protocol
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Challenge-Handshake_Authentication_Protocol

note: type: Content of the characterencoding entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Character_encoding
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codifica_di_caratteri

note: type: Content of the chromium entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromium_(web_browser)
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromium

note: type: Content of the chroot entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chroot
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chroot

note: type: Content of the cprogramminglanguage entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language)
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(linguaggio)

note: type: Content of the cjk entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CJK_characters
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caratteri_CJK

note: type: Content of the commonunixprintingsystem entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Unix_Printing_System
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Unix_Printing_System

note: type: Content of the computerdatastoragemedia entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_data_storage
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memoria_(informatica)

note: type: Content of the couriernew entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courier_(typeface)
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courier

note: type: Content of the cpld entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_programmable_logic_device
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPLD

note: type: Content of the cpm entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP/M
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP/M

note: type: Content of the cstandardlibrary entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_standard_library
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libreria_standard_del_C

note: type: Content of the cvs entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrent_Versions_System
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrent_Versions_System

note: type: Content of the daemon entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daemon_(computer_software)
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demone_(informatica)

note: type: Content of the dbus entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-Bus
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-Bus

note: type: Content of the debianbugtrackingsystembts entity
en: http://www.debian.org/Bugs/
it: http://www.debian.org/Bugs/index.it.html

note: type: Content of the debiandocumentationprojectddp entity
en: http://www.debian.org/doc/ddp
it: http://www.debian.org/doc/ddp.it.html

note: type: Content of the dfsg entity
en: http://www.debian.org/social_contract#guidelines
it: http://www.debian.org/social_contract.t.html#guidelines

note: type: Content of the httpwwwdebianorg entity
en: http://www.debian.org
it: http://www.debian.org/index.it.html

note: type: Content of the debianinstallercds entity
en: http://www.debian.org/releases/stable/debian-installer/
it: http://www.debian.org/releases/stable/debian-installer/index.it.html

note: type: Content of the debianinstaller entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian-Installer
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian-Installer

note: type: Content of the thedebianinstaller entity
en: http://www.debian.org/devel/debian-installer/
it: http://www.debian.org/devel/debian-installer/index.it.html

note: type: Content of the debianinstallersmallcds entity
en: http://www.debian.org/distrib/netinst
it: http://www.debian.org/distrib/netinst.it.html

note: type: Content of the debiansecurityfaq entity
en: http://www.debian.org/security/faq
it: http://www.debian.org/security/faq.it.html

note: type: Content of the debiansocialcontreguidelinesdfsg entity
en: http://www.debian.org/social_contract
it: http://www.debian.org/social_contract.it.html

note: type: Content of the debugger entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debugger
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debugger

note: type: Content of the desktopenvironment entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desktop_environment
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desktop_environment

note: type: Content of the dynamichostconfitionprotocoldhcp entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_Host_Configuration_Protocol
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_Host_Configuration_Protocol

note: type: Content of the digitalsignaturealgorithm entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Signature_Algorithm
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Signature_Algorithm

note: type: Content of the dillo entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dillo
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dillo

note: type: Content of the directories entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directory_(file_systems)
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directory

note: type: Content of the divx entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DivX
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/DivX

note: type: Content of the internetdomainnamesystemdns entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_System
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_System

note: type: Content of the dosbox entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOSBox
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOSBox

note: type: Content of the dosemu entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOSEMU
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOSEMU

note: type: Content of the dynamicdns entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_DNS
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_DNS

note: type: Content of the elinks entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ELinks
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/ELinks

note: type: Content of the emacs entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emacs
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emacs

note: type: Content of the emailclient entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email_client
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Client_di_posta

note: type: Content of the email entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-mail

note: type: Content of the emulation entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emulator
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emulatore

note: type: Content of the enlightenment entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhi
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhi

note: type: Content of the epiphany entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiphany_(browser)
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiphany_(browser)

note: type: Content of the eucjp entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_Unix_Code
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_Unix_Code

note: type: Content of the exchangeableimagefileformat entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exchangeable_image_file_format
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exchangeable_image_file_format

note: type: Content of the extc entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ext2
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ext2

note: type: Content of the extd entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ext3
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ext3

note: type: Content of the exte entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ext4
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ext4

note: type: Content of the extendedbinarycolinterchangecode entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_Binary_Coded_Decimal_Interchange_Code
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/EBCDIC

note: type: Content of the extensiblefirmwareinterfaceefi entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensible_Firmware_Interface
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensible_Firmware_Interface

note: type: Content of the extensiblestylesnsformationsxslt entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XSL_Transformations
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/XSL_Transformations

note: type: Content of the extensiblestylesttingobjectxslfo entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XSL_Formatting_Objects
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/XSL-FO

note: type: Content of the fairuse entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_use
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_use

note: type: Content of the vfatfilesystem entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_Allocation_Table
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_Allocation_Table

note: type: Content of the faviconico entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Favicon
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Favicon

note: type: Content of the files entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_file
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/File

note: type: Content of the filesystemhierarchystandard entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filesystem_Hierarchy_Standard
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filesystem_Hierarchy_Standard

note: type: Content of the filesystem entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_system
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_system

note: type: Content of the filesystempermissions entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_system_permissions
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permessi_(Unix)

note: type: Content of the flash entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe_Flash
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe_Flash

note: type: Content of the flex entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flex_lexical_analyser
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_flex

note: type: Content of the fluxbox entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluxbox
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluxbox

note: type: Content of the freelibreopensourcefloss entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_and_open_source_software
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_and_Open_Source_Software

note: type: Content of the fpga entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FPGA
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/FPGA

note: type: Content of the freebsd entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FreeBSD
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/FreeBSD

note: type: Content of the freedesktoporg entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedesktop.org
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedesktop.org

note: type: Content of the ftp entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_Transfer_Protocol
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_Transfer_Protocol

note: type: Content of the fullyqualifieddomainnamefqdn entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FQDN
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/FQDN

note: type: Content of the fuse entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filesystem_in_Userspace
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/FUSE

note: type: Content of the thegplghostscripptpdfinterpreter entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghostscript
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghostscript

note: type: Content of the git entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Git_(software)
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Git_(software)

note: type: Content of the gnome entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNOME
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNOME

note: type: Content of the gnomestotemmediaplayer entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totem_(media_player)
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totem_(media_player)

note: type: Content of the gnufreedocumentationlicense entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Free_Documentation_License
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Free_Documentation_License

note: type: Content of the gnugettextbcommandtoolchain entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gettext
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gettext

note: type: Content of the gnuprivacyguard entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Privacy_Guard
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Privacy_Guard

note: type: Content of the gpu entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_Processing_Unit

note: type: Content of the gui entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_user_interface
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interfaccia_grafica

note: type: Content of the graphicsinterchangeformatgif entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_Interchange_Format
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_Interchange_Format

note: type: Content of the grublegacy entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_GRUB
it: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRUB

note: type: Content of the gstreamer entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GStreamer
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/GStreamer

note: type: Content of the hal entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HAL_(software)
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardware_abstraction_layer

note: type: Content of the hardlink entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_link
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collegamento_fisico

note: type: Content of the hexadecimal entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexadecimal
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esadecimale

note: type: Content of the hfs entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchical_File_System
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchical_File_System

note: type: Content of the hfsplus entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HFS_Plus
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/HFS_Plus

note: type: Content of the hig entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_interface_guidelines
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Interface_Guidelines

note: type: Content of the hpuxbyhewlettpackard entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HP-UX
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/HP-UX

note: type: Content of the html entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Html

note: type: Content of the thedebianbugtrackingsystembts entity
en: http://bugs.debian.org/
it: http://www.debian.org/Bugs/index.it.html

note: type: Content of the httpcookies entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP_cookie
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cookie

note: type: Content of the httpdickeyhiscomtermxtermfaqhtml entity
en: http://dickey.his.com/xterm/xterm.faq.html
it: http://invisible-island.net/xterm/xterm.faq.html

note: type: Content of the hypertexttransferprotocol entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol

note: type: Content of the httppackagesdebianorg entity
en: http://packages.debian.org/
it: http://www.debian.org/distrib/packages.it.html

note: type: Content of the httpsecuritydebianorg entity
en: http://security.debian.org/
it: http://www.debian.org/security/index.it.html

note: type: Content of the https entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Https
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Https

note: type: Content of the httpwikidebianorg entity
en: http://wiki.debian.org/
it: http://wiki.debian.org/FrontPageItalian

note: type: Content of the httpwwwgooglecomutfiqcgitutorial entity
en: http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&amp;ie=UTF-8&amp;q=CGI+tutorial
it: http://www.google.com/search?hl=it&amp;ie=UTF-8&amp;q=CGI+tutorial

note: type: Content of the hzip entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7-Zip
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/7-Zip

note: type: Content of the ieeeiacbb entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11

note: type: Content of the internetmessageaccessprotocol entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Message_Access_Protocol
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Message_Access_Protocol

note: type: Content of the initrdinitramfs entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initrd
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initrd

note: type: Content of the inode entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inode
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inode

note: type: Content of the installdebian entity
en: http://www.debian.org/releases/stable/installmanual
it: http://www.debian.org/releases/stable/installmanual.it.html

note: type: Content of the invalid entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.invalid
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/.invalid

note: type: Content of the ipaddress entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_address
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indirizzo_ip

note: type: Content of the ip entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol

note: type: Content of the ipvenetwork entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv4
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv4

note: type: Content of the irix entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRIX
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irix

note: type: Content of the isc entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Systems_Consortium
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Systems_Consortium

note: type: Content of the isogdjlanguagecoowercasesuchasen entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639

note: type: Content of the isoigab entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_8601
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_8601

note: type: Content of the isoiifj entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859

note: type: Content of the isojgga entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_9660
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_9660

note: type: Content of the isp entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISP
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_service_provider

note: type: Content of the jackaudioconnectionkitjack entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JACK_Audio_Connection_Kit
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/JACK_Audio_Connection_Kit

note: type: Content of the java entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(programming_language)
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(linguaggio)

note: type: Content of the javascript entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript

note: type: Content of the javasoftwareplatform entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(software_platform)
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piattaforma_Java

note: type: Content of the jfs entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JFS_(file_system)
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journaled_File_System

note: type: Content of the jpeg entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEG
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEG

note: type: Content of the karmic entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karma
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karma

note: type: Content of the kde entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KDE
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/KDE

note: type: Content of the kernelfaq entity
en: http://wiki.debian.org/KernelFAQ
it: http://wiki.debian.org/it/KernelFAQ

note: type: Content of the kibibyte entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kibibyte
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kibibyte

note: type: Content of the konqueror entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konqueror
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konqueror

note: type: Content of the kornshell entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korn_shell
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korn_shell

note: type: Content of the kvm entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel-based_Virtual_Machine
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel-based_Virtual_Machine

note: type: Content of the localareanetworkslans entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_area_network
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Area_Network

note: type: Content of the latex entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaTeX
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaTeX

note: type: Content of the lba entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_block_addressing
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_block_addressing

note: type: Content of the lightweightdireccessprotocolldap entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightweight_Directory_Access_Protocol
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightweight_Directory_Access_Protocol

note: type: Content of the lexicalanalyzer entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexical_analysis
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analisi_lessicale_(informatica)

note: type: Content of the liberationfontsproject entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberation_fonts
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberation_(font)

note: type: Content of the library entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_(computing)
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libreria_software

note: type: Content of the lilo entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LILO_(boot_loader)
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/LILO

note: type: Content of the linux entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux

note: type: Content of the linuxkernel entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_kernel
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_(kernel)

note: type: Content of the linuxstandardbase entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_Standard_Base
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_Standard_Base

note: type: Content of the linuxterminalserverproject entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_Terminal_Server_Project
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_Terminal_Server_Project

note: type: Content of the livecds entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_CD
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_CD

note: type: Content of the locale entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locale
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Localizzazione#Il_concetto_di_Locale

note: type: Content of the local entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.local
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/.local

note: type: Content of the lrparser entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LR_parser
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parser_LR

note: type: Content of the lxde entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LXDE
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/LXDE

note: type: Content of the lynx entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynx_(web_browser)
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynx_(software)

note: type: Content of the lyx entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyx
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyx

note: type: Content of the lzhh entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LZ77_and_LZ78
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/LZ77_e_LZ78

note: type: Content of the lzma entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lempel-Ziv-Markov_chain_algorithm
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algoritmo_Lempel-Ziv-Markov

note: type: Content of the macaddress entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAC_address
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indirizzo_MAC

note: type: Content of the macro entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macro_(computer_science)
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macro

note: type: Content of the make entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Make_(software)
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Make

note: type: Content of the mandatoryaccesscontrolmac entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandatory_access_control
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandatory_Access_Control

note: type: Content of the manyremotemirrorsites entity
en: http://www.debian.org/mirror/
it: http://www.debian.org/mirror/index.it.html

note: type: Content of the mbr entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_boot_record
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_boot_record

note: type: Content of the maximumsegmentsize entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_segment_size
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_Segment_Size

note: type: Content of the maximumtransmissionunitmtu entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_transmission_unit
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_transmission_unit

note: type: Content of the mdf entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MD5
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/MD5

note: type: Content of the microcode entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcode
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcodice

note: type: Content of the microsoftwindows entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows

note: type: Content of the midnightcommandermc entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midnight_Commander
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midnight_Commander

note: type: Content of the multipurposeinteilextensionsmime entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIME
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIME

note: type: Content of the mozillafirefox entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozilla_Firefox
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozilla_Firefox

note: type: Content of the mozilla entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozilla
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozilla

note: type: Content of the mozillathunderbird entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozilla_Thunderbird
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozilla_Thunderbird

note: type: Content of the mpdmpd entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP3
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP3

note: type: Content of the mpegc entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPEG-2
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPEG-2

note: type: Content of the mpege entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPEG-4
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPEG-4

note: type: Content of the mpeg entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPEG-1
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPEG-1

note: type: Content of the mplayer entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPlayer
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPlayer

note: type: Content of the msdos entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS

note: type: Content of the mswindowsiconsanndfrompngformats entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICO_(icon_image_file_format)
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ico

note: type: Content of the mswindowsnt entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_NT
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_NT

note: type: Content of the multilingualizatelanguagesupport entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationalization_and_localization
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internazionalizzazione_e_localizzazione

note: type: Content of the multitasking entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_multitasking
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multitasking

note: type: Content of the mutt entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutt_(e-mail_client)
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutt

note: type: Content of the mysql entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL

note: type: Content of the nagios entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagios
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagios

note: type: Content of the namedpipe entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Named_pipe
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipe#FIFO_o_named_pipe

note: type: Content of the netfilteriptables entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netfilter
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netfilter

note: type: Content of the networkaddresstranslationnat entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_address_translation
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_address_translation

note: type: Content of the networkfirewall entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firewall
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firewall

note: type: Content of the networkmanagernm entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetworkManager
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_Manager

note: type: Content of the newbie entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newbie
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newbie

note: type: Content of the nfs entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_File_System_(protocol)
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_File_System

note: type: Content of the nirvana entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirvana
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirvana

note: type: Content of the nis entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NIS+
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nisplus

note: type: Content of the nisoriginallycalledyp entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_Information_Service
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_Information_Service

note: type: Content of the nmap entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nmap
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nmap

note: type: Content of the nouveau entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nouveau_(software)
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nouveau

note: type: Content of the ntfsdg entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTFS-3G
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTFS-3G

note: type: Content of the ntfs entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTFS
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTFS

note: type: Content of the ntp entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_Time_Protocol
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_Time_Protocol

note: type: Content of the ocaml entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objective_Caml
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objective_Caml

note: type: Content of the ocr entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_character_recognition
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_character_recognition

note: type: Content of the octal entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octal
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottale

note: type: Content of the oggvorbis entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vorbis
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vorbis

note: type: Content of the openbsd entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenBSD
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenBSD

note: type: Content of the openofficeorg entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenOffice.org
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenOffice.org

note: type: Content of the opensoundsystemoss entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Sound_System
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Sound_System

note: type: Content of the opentype entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenType
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenType

note: type: Content of the openvms entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenVMS
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenVMS

note: type: Content of the pampluggableauthnticationmodules entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluggable_Authentication_Modules
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluggable_authentication_modules

note: type: Content of the pap entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Password_authentication_protocol
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Password_authentication_protocol

note: type: Content of the parallels entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallels_Workstation
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallels_Workstation

note: type: Content of the pccard entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_card
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Card

note: type: Content of the pciexpress entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCI_Express
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCI_Express

note: type: Content of the pci entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_Component_Interconnect
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_Component_Interconnect

note: type: Content of the portabledocumentformatpdf entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Document_Format
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Document_Format

note: type: Content of the perl entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perl
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perl

note: type: Content of the phonon entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonon_(KDE)
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonon

note: type: Content of the php entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHP
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHP

note: type: Content of the pointtopointtunnlingprotocolpptp entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point-to-point_tunneling_protocol
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/PPTP

note: type: Content of the policykit entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PolicyKit
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/PolicyKit

note: type: Content of the popd entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_Office_Protocol
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_Office_Protocol

note: type: Content of the posix entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POSIX
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/POSIX

note: type: Content of the postfix entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postfix_(software)
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postfix

note: type: Content of the postgresql entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PostgreSQL
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/PostgreSQL

note: type: Content of the postpoweronselftest entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power-on_self-test
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power-on_self-test

note: type: Content of the ps entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PostScript
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/PostScript

note: type: Content of the pots entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plain_old_telephone_service
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/POTS

note: type: Content of the ppp entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point-to-Point_Protocol
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point-to-Point_Protocol

note: type: Content of the pppoe entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point-to-Point_Protocol_over_Ethernet
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/PPPoE

note: type: Content of the procfs entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procfs
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procfs

note: type: Content of the proxyserver entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxy_server
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxy

note: type: Content of the pseudotopleveldomain entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudo-top-level_domain
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/TLD_Internet#Pseudo-domini_di_primo_livello

note: type: Content of the python entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programming_language)
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python

note: type: Content of the qcowcqcow entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qcow
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qcow

note: type: Content of the qemu entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QEMU
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/QEMU

note: type: Content of the qt entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qt_(toolkit)
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qt_(toolkit)

note: type: Content of the quicktimemov entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QuickTime
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/QuickTime

note: type: Content of the racecondition entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_condition
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_condition

note: type: Content of the raid entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAID
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAID

note: type: Content of the rcshell entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rc
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rc_shell

note: type: Content of the readonlymemoryrom entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Read-only_memory
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Read-Only_Memory

note: type: Content of the redhatlinux entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Hat_Linux
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Hat_Linux

note: type: Content of the regularexpressions entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_expression
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espressione_regolare

note: type: Content of the reisere entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reiser4
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reiser4

note: type: Content of the reiserfs entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reiserfs
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/ReiserFS

note: type: Content of the releasenotes entity
en: http://www.debian.org/releases/stable/releasenotes
it: http://www.debian.org/releases/stable/releasenotes.it.html

note: type: Content of the rootkit entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rootkit
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rootkit

note: type: Content of the rtbb entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RT-11
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/RT-11

note: type: Content of the ruby entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby

note: type: Content of the runlevels entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runlevel
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runlevel

note: type: Content of the samba entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samba_(software)
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samba_(software)

note: type: Content of the svgscalablevectorgraphics entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalable_Vector_Graphics
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalable_Vector_Graphics

note: type: Content of the scim entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_Common_Input_Method
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCIM

note: type: Content of the scribus entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scribus
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scribus

note: type: Content of the scsi entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCSI
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCSI

note: type: Content of the ssh entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_Shell
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_Shell

note: type: Content of the securityenhancedlinuxselinux entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security-Enhanced_Linux
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security-Enhanced_Linux

note: type: Content of the securityupdates entity
en: http://www.debian.org/security/
it: http://www.debian.org/security/index.it.html

note: type: Content of the sender_policy_frameworkspf entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sender_Policy_Framework
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sender_Policy_Framework

note: type: Content of the smb entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_Message_Block
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_message_block

note: type: Content of the servicesetidentifier entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_set_identifier
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSID

note: type: Content of the sgml entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Generalized_Markup_Language
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Generalized_Markup_Language

note: type: Content of the shell entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_(computing)
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_(informatica)

note: type: Content of the shiftjis entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shift_JIS
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shift_JIS

note: type: Content of the shorewall entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shorewall
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shorewall

note: type: Content of the smart entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.M.A.R.T.
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.M.A.R.T.

note: type: Content of the smtp entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Mail_Transfer_Protocol
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Mail_Transfer_Protocol

note: type: Content of the solarisbysunmicrosystems entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solaris_(operating_system)
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solaris_(sistema_operativo)

note: type: Content of the solidstatedrivessd entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid-state_drive
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unità_a_stato_solido

note: type: Content of the sparsefile entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparse_file
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_sparso

note: type: Content of the transportlayerseesocketslayerssl entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_Layer_Security
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_Layer_Security

note: type: Content of the standardgeneralirkuplanguagesgml entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SGML
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Generalized_Markup_Language

note: type: Content of the steganographic entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steganography
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steganografia

note: type: Content of the subversion entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subversion_(software)
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subversion

note: type: Content of the superuser entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superuser
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superuser

note: type: Content of the swapspace entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paging
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paging

note: type: Content of the symboliclinkorsymlink entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolic_link
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collegamento_simbolico

note: type: Content of the systemv entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX_System_V
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX_System_V

note: type: Content of the tcl entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tcl
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tcl

note: type: Content of the tcpdump entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tcpdump
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tcpdump

note: type: Content of the tcp entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol

note: type: Content of the tcpip entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP/IP
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP/IP

note: type: Content of the tcpipnetwork entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol_Suite
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suite_di_protocolli_Internet

note: type: Content of the telnet entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TELNET
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telnet

note: type: Content of the tenexcshell entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tcsh
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tcsh

note: type: Content of the tex entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TeX
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/TeX

note: type: Content of the thedslmodem entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DSL_modem
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/DSL

note: type: Content of the theextensiblemarkuplanguagexml entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML

note: type: Content of the theextensiblestysheetlanguagexsl entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensible_Stylesheet_Language
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensible_Stylesheet_Language

note: type: Content of the theinterprocesscommunicationipc entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter-process_communication
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comunicazione_tra_processi

note: type: Content of the thelempelzivwelcsdatacompression entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lempel-Ziv-Welch
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lempel-Ziv-Welch

note: type: Content of the thetetexhowtothextetexlocalguide entity
en: http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/TeTeX-HOWTO.html
it: http://www.pluto.it/files/ildp/HOWTO/TeTeX-HOWTO/TeTeX-HOWTO.html

note: type: Content of the topleveldomaintld entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top-level_domain
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominio_di_primo_livello

note: type: Content of the trim entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRIM
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRIM

note: type: Content of the truetype entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TrueType
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/TrueType

note: type: Content of the tuntap entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TUN/TAP
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/TUN/TAP

note: type: Content of the udf entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Disk_Format
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Disk_Format

note: type: Content of the udp entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_Datagram_Protocol
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_Datagram_Protocol

note: type: Content of the unbranded entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozilla_Corporation_software_rebranded_by_the_Debian_project
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/IceWeasel

note: type: Content of the unicode entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode

note: type: Content of the unix entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix

note: type: Content of the unixvariants entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix-like
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix-like

note: type: Content of the uri entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Identifier
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Identifier

note: type: Content of the url entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Locator
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Locator

note: type: Content of the usbstorage entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB_flash_drive
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiave_USB

note: type: Content of the usb entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Serial_Bus
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Serial_Bus

note: type: Content of the utfbgucsc entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTF-16/UCS-2
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTF-16/UCS-2

note: type: Content of the utfdcucse entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTF-32/UCS-4
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTF-32

note: type: Content of the utfi entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTF-8
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTF-8

note: type: Content of the utgmt entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Time
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo_universale

note: type: Content of the uuencode entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uuencoding
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codifica_UUencode

note: type: Content of the versioncontrolsystemsvcs entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revision_control
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controllo_versione

note: type: Content of the vim entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vim_(text_editor)
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vim_(editor_di_testo)

note: type: Content of the virtualbox entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VirtualBox
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/VirtualBox

note: type: Content of the virtualmemory entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_memory
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memoria_virtuale

note: type: Content of the vlcmediaplayer entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VLC_media_player
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/VLC_media_player

note: type: Content of the vmdk entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VMDK
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/VMDK

note: type: Content of the vpn entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_private_network
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_Private_Network

note: type: Content of the vtbaalike entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VT100
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/VT100

note: type: Content of the wan entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide_area_network
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide_area_network

note: type: Content of the watchdogtimer entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watchdog_timer
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watchdog

note: type: Content of the wdm entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W3m
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/W3m

note: type: Content of the webbrowser entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_Browsers
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Browser_web

note: type: Content of the wicd entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicd_(Linux_Network_Manager)
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicd

note: type: Content of the wifiprotectedaccessc entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11i
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11i

note: type: Content of the wifiprotectedaccess entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi_Protected_Access
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi_Protected_Access

note: type: Content of the windowsdomain entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_domain
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominio_Windows_Server

note: type: Content of the windowsmediavideowmv entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Media_Video
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Media_Video

note: type: Content of the wine entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine_(software)
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine

note: type: Content of the wiredequivalentprivacy entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wired_Equivalent_Privacy
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wired_Equivalent_Privacy

note: type: Content of the wirelessaccesspointsaps entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_access_point
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Access_Point

note: type: Content of the wirelesslanwlanforshort entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_LAN
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wlan

note: type: Content of the wireshark entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireshark
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireshark

note: type: Content of the wysiwyg entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WYSIWYG
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/WYSIWYG

note: type: Content of the xemacs entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XEmacs
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/XEmacs

note: type: Content of the xen entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xen
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xen

note: type: Content of the xfce entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xfce
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xfce

note: type: Content of the xfs entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XFS
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/XFS_(file_system)

note: type: Content of the xft entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xft
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xft

note: type: Content of the xwindowsystem entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_Window_System
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_Window_System

note: type: Content of the xine entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xine
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xine

note: type: Content of the xwindowmanager entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_window_manager
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window_manager

note: type: Content of the yacc entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacc
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacc

note: type: Content of the zeroconf entity
en: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeroconf
it: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeroconf

note: type: Attribute 'lang' of: <book>
en: en
it: it

note: type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><abstract><para>
en: This book is free; you may redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License of any version compliant to the Debian Free Software Guidelines (DFSG).
it: Questo testo è libero; lo si può ridistribuire e/o modificare nei termini della GNU General Public License in qualsiasi versione aderente alle Linee guida Debian per il Software Libero (DFSG).

note: type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><legalnotice><para>
en: This Debian Reference (v2) (&build-date;) is intended to provide a broad overview of the Debian system as a post-installation user's guide. It covers many aspects of system administration through shell-command examples for non-developers.
it: Questa guida di riferimento Debian, Debian Reference (v2) (&build-date;) è pensata per fornire un'ampia panoramica del sistema Debian in qualità di guida post-installazione per l'utente. Copre molti aspetti dell'amministrazione di sistema attraverso esempi di uso di comandi di shell, pensati per chi non è sviluppatore.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><title>
en: Preface
it: Prefazione

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><para>
en: This <ulink url="&debianreferenceversionc;">Debian Reference (version 2)</ulink> (&build-date;) is intended to provide a broad overview of Debian system administration as a post-installation user guide.
it: Questa guida di riferimento <ulink url="&debianreferenceversionc;">Debian Reference (versione 2)</ulink> (&build-date;) è pensata per fornire un'ampia panoramica dell'amministrazione di un sistema Debian in qualità di guida post-installazione per l'utente.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><para>
en: The target reader is someone who is willing to learn shell scripts but who is not ready to read all the C sources to figure out how the <ulink url="&gnu;">GNU</ulink>/<ulink url="&linux;">Linux</ulink> system works.
it: Si rivolge ad un lettore che abbia voglia di imparare gli script di shell, ma che non è pronto a leggere tutti i sorgenti C per scoprire come funzioni il sistema <ulink url="&gnu;">GNU</ulink>/<ulink url="&linux;">Linux</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><title>
en: Disclaimer
it: Note legali

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><para>
en: All warranties are disclaimed.  All trademarks are property of their respective trademark owners.
it: Non viene fornita alcuna garanzia. Tutti i marchi registrati appartengono ai rispettivi proprietari.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><para>
en: The Debian system itself is a moving target.  This makes its documentation difficult to be current and correct.  Although the current unstable version of Debian system was used as the basis for writing this, some contents may be already outdated by the time you read this.
it: Il sistema Debian è, di per sé, un'entità in continuo movimento; ciò rende difficile alla sua documentazione essere aggiornata e corretta. Sebbene come base per questo testo sia stata usata la versione "unstable" al momento della sua stesura, alcuni contenuti potrebbero essere obsoleti al momento della sua lettura.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><para>
en: Please treat this document as the secondary reference. This document does not replace any authoritative guides. The author and contributors do not take responsibility for consequences of errors, omissions or ambiguity in this document.
it: Si consideri questo documento come un riferimento secondario. Esso non sostituisce nessuna guida autorevole. L'autore e i collaboratori non si assumono responsabilità per le conseguenze di errori, omissioni o ambiguità presenti in questo documento.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><title>
en: What is Debian
it: Cosa è Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><para>
en: The <ulink url="&debianproject;">Debian Project</ulink> is an association of individuals who have made common cause to create a free operating system.  It's distribution is characterized by the following.
it: Il <ulink url="&debianproject;">Progetto Debian</ulink> è un'associazione di individui che hanno fatto causa comune per creare un sistema operativo libero. La sua distribuzione è caratterizzata dai seguenti aspetti.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Commitment to the software freedom: <ulink url="&debiansocialcontreguidelinesdfsg;">Debian Social Contract and Debian Free Software Guidelines (DFSG)</ulink>
it: Impegno per la libertà del software: <ulink url="&debiansocialcontreguidelinesdfsg;">Il Contratto sociale Debian e le Linee Guida Debian per il Software Libero (DFSG).</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Internet based distributed unpaid volunteer effort: <ulink url="&httpwwwdebianorg;">http://www.debian.org</ulink>
it: Sforzo volontario non pagato, distribuito, basato su Internet <ulink url="&httpwwwdebianorg;">http://www.debian.org</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Large number of pre-compiled high quality softwares
it: Vasto numero di software di alta qualità pre-compilati.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Focus on stability and security with easy access to the security updates
it: Attenzione alla stabilità e alla sicurezza, con facile accesso agli aggiornamenti di sicurezza.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Focus on smooth upgrade to latest softwares with <literal>unstable</literal> and <literal>testing</literal> archives
it: Attenzione ad aggiornamenti senza problemi alle più recenti versioni dei software con gli archivi <literal>unstable</literal> e <literal>testing</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Large number of supported hardware architectures
it: Vasto numero di architetture hardware supportate.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><para>
en: Free Software pieces in Debian come from <ulink url="&gnu;">GNU</ulink>, <ulink url="&linux;">Linux</ulink>, <ulink url="&bsd;">BSD</ulink>, <ulink url="&x;">X</ulink>, <ulink url="&isc;">ISC</ulink>, <ulink url="&apache;">Apache</ulink>, <ulink url="&ghostscript;">Ghostscript</ulink>, <ulink url="&commonunixprintingsystem;">Common Unix Printing System </ulink>, <ulink url="&samba;">Samba</ulink>, <ulink url="&gnome;">GNOME</ulink>, <ulink url="&kde;">KDE</ulink>, <ulink url="&mozilla;">Mozilla</ulink>, <ulink url="&openofficeorg;">OpenOffice.org</ulink>, <ulink url="&vim;">Vim</ulink>, <ulink url="&tex;">TeX</ulink>, <ulink url="&latex;">LaTeX</ulink>, <ulink url="&docbook;">DocBook</ulink>, <ulink url="&perl;">Perl</ulink>, <ulink url="&python;">Python</ulink>, <ulink url="&tcl;">Tcl</ulink>, <ulink url="&java;">Java</ulink>, <ulink url="&ruby;">Ruby</ulink>, <ulink url="&php;">PHP</ulink>, <ulink url="&berkeleydb;">Berkeley DB</ulink>, <ulink url="&mysql;">MySQL</ulink>, <ulink url="&postgresql;">PostgreSQL</ulink>, <ulink url="&exim;">Exim</ulink>, <ulink url="&postfix;">Postfix</ulink>, <ulink url="&mutt;">Mutt</ulink>, <ulink url="&freebsd;">FreeBSD</ulink>, <ulink url="&openbsd;">OpenBSD</ulink>, <ulink url="&planj;">Plan 9</ulink> and many more independent free software projects.  Debian integrates this diversity of Free Software into one system.
it: I vari pezzi di Software Libero in Debian provengono da <ulink url="&gnu;">GNU</ulink>, <ulink url="&linux;">Linux</ulink>, <ulink url="&bsd;">BSD</ulink>, <ulink url="&x;">X</ulink>, <ulink url="&isc;">ISC</ulink>, <ulink url="&apache;">Apache</ulink>, <ulink url="&ghostscript;">Ghostscript</ulink>, <ulink url="&commonunixprintingsystem;">Common Unix Printing System </ulink>, <ulink url="&samba;">Samba</ulink>, <ulink url="&gnome;">GNOME</ulink>, <ulink url="&kde;">KDE</ulink>, <ulink url="&mozilla;">Mozilla</ulink>, <ulink url="&openofficeorg;">OpenOffice.org</ulink>, <ulink url="&vim;">Vim</ulink>, <ulink url="&tex;">TeX</ulink>, <ulink url="&latex;">LaTeX</ulink>, <ulink url="&docbook;">DocBook</ulink>, <ulink url="&perl;">Perl</ulink>, <ulink url="&python;">Python</ulink>, <ulink url="&tcl;">Tcl</ulink>, <ulink url="&java;">Java</ulink>, <ulink url="&ruby;">Ruby</ulink>, <ulink url="&php;">PHP</ulink>, <ulink url="&berkeleydb;">Berkeley DB</ulink>, <ulink url="&mysql;">MySQL</ulink>, <ulink url="&postgresql;">PostgreSQL</ulink>, <ulink url="&exim;">Exim</ulink>, <ulink url="&postfix;">Postfix</ulink>, <ulink url="&mutt;">Mutt</ulink>, <ulink url="&freebsd;">FreeBSD</ulink>, <ulink url="&openbsd;">OpenBSD</ulink>, <ulink url="&planj;">Plan 9</ulink> e molti altri progetti software liberi indipendenti. Debian integra questa diversità del Software Libero in un unico sistema.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><title>
en: About this document
it: Informazioni su questo documento

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><title>
en: Guiding rules
it: Linee guida

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
en: Following guiding rules are followed while compiling this document.
it: Nella stesura di questo documento sono state seguite le seguenti linee guida.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Provide overview and skip corner cases. (<emphasis role="strong">Big Picture</emphasis>)
it: Fornire una panoramica ed evitare casi particolari. (<emphasis role="strong">Vista d'insieme</emphasis>.)

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Keep It Short and Simple. (<emphasis role="strong">KISS</emphasis>)
it: Mantenere il testo <emphasis role="strong">conciso e semplice</emphasis>.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Do not reinvent the wheel. (Use pointers to <emphasis role="strong">the existing references</emphasis>)
it: Non reinventare la ruota. (Usare rimandi alle <emphasis role="strong">risorse esistenti</emphasis>.)

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Focus on non-GUI tools and consoles. (Use <emphasis role="strong">shell examples</emphasis>)
it: Concentrarsi sugli strumenti senza interfaccia utente grafica e sulla console. (Usare <emphasis role="strong">esempi shell</emphasis>.)

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Be objective. (Use <ulink url="&popcon;">popcon</ulink> etc.)
it: Essere obiettivi. (Usare <ulink url="&popcon;">popcon</ulink>, ecc.)

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><tip><para>
en: I tried to elucidate hierarchical aspects and lower levels of the system.
it: Si è cercato di spiegare aspetti gerarchici e i più bassi livelli di funzionamento del sistema.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><title>
en: Prerequisites
it: Prerequisiti

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><warning><para>
en: You are expected to make good efforts to seek answers by yourself beyond this documentation.  This document only gives efficient starting points.
it: Il lettore deve fare lo sforzo di cercare risposte da solo andando oltre questa documentazione. Questo documento fornisce solo degli efficaci punti di partenza.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
en: You must seek solution by yourself from primary sources.
it: Il lettore deve cercare le soluzioni da solo dalle fonti primarie.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The Debian site at <ulink url="&httpwwwdebianorg;">http://www.debian.org</ulink> for the general information
it: Il sito Debian all'indirizzo <ulink url="&httpwwwdebianorg;">http://www.debian.org</ulink> per le informazioni generiche.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The documentation under the "<literal>/usr/share/doc/&lt;package_name&gt;</literal>" directory
it: La documentazione nella directory "<literal>/usr/share/doc/&lt;nome_pacchetto&gt;</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The Unix style <emphasis role="strong">manpage</emphasis>: "<literal>dpkg -L &lt;package_name&gt; |grep '/man/man.*/'</literal>"
it: La <emphasis role="strong">pagina man</emphasis> in stile Unix: "<literal>dpkg -L &lt;nome_pacchetto&gt; |grep '/man/man.*/'</literal>" .

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The GNU style <emphasis role="strong">info page</emphasis>: "<literal>dpkg -L &lt;package_name&gt; |grep '/info/'</literal>"
it: La <emphasis role="strong">pagina info</emphasis> in stile GNU: "<literal>dpkg -L &lt;nome_pacchetto&gt; |grep '/info/'</literal>" .

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The bug report: <ulink url="&httpbugsdebianorgpackage_name;">http://bugs.debian.org/&lt;package_name&gt;</ulink>
it: Le segnalazioni di bug: <ulink url="&httpbugsdebianorgpackage_name;">http://bugs.debian.org/&lt;nome_pacchetto&gt;</ulink> .

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The Debian Wiki at <ulink url="&httpwikidebianorg;">http://wiki.debian.org/</ulink> for the moving and specific topics
it: Il Debian Wiki all'indirizzo <ulink url="&httpwikidebianorg;">http://wiki.debian.org/</ulink> per gli aspetti mutevoli e gli argomenti specifici.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The HOWTOs from The Linux Documentation Project (TLDP) at <ulink url="&httptldporg;">http://tldp.org/</ulink>
it: Gli HOWTO del progetto di documentazione di Linux TLDP (The Linux Documentation Project), all'indirizzo <ulink url="&httptldporg;">http://tldp.org/</ulink> .

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The Single UNIX Specification from the Open Group's The UNIX System Home Page at <ulink url="&httpwwwunixorg;">http://www.unix.org/</ulink>
it: Le specifiche Single UNIX Specification dal sito web di The UNIX System di Open Group, all'indirizzo <ulink url="&httpwwwunixorg;">http://www.unix.org/</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The free encyclopedia from Wikipedia at <ulink url="&httpwwwwikipediaorg;">http://www.wikipedia.org/</ulink>
it: L'enciclopedia libera Wikipedia all'indirizzo <ulink url="&httpwwwwikipediaorg;">http://www.wikipedia.org/</ulink> .

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><note><para>
en: For detailed documentation, you may need to install the corresponding documentation package named with "<literal>-doc</literal>" as its suffix.
it: Per una documentazione dettagliata può essere necessario installare il corrispondente pacchetto di documentazione il cui nome ha il suffisso "<literal>-doc</literal>" .

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><title>
en: Conventions
it: Convenzioni

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
en: This document provides information through the following simplified presentation style with <citerefentry><refentrytitle>bash</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> shell command examples.
it: Questo documento fornisce informazioni attraverso il seguente stile semplificato di rappresentazione con esempi di comandi per la shell <citerefentry><refentrytitle>bash</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><screen>
en: # &lt;command in root account&gt;
    $ &lt;command in user account&gt;
it: # &lt;comando nell'account root&gt;
    $ &lt;comando nell'account utente&gt;

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
en: These shell prompts distinguish account used and correspond to set environment variables as: "<literal>PS1='\$'</literal>" and "<literal>PS2=' '</literal>".  These values are chosen for the sake of readability of this document and are not typical on actual installed system.
it: Questi prompt di shell distinguono gli account usati e corrispondono a ciò che si ottiene impostando le variabili d'ambiente in questo modo: "<literal>PS1='\$'</literal>" e "<literal>PS2=' '</literal>". Questi valori sono stati scelti per aumentare la leggibilità del documento e non sono quelli tipici di una reale installazione del sistema.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><note><para>
en: See the meaning of the "<literal>$PS1</literal>" and "<literal>$PS2</literal>" environment variables in <citerefentry><refentrytitle>bash</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
it: Si veda il significato delle variabili d'ambiente "<literal>$PS1</literal>" e "<literal>$PS2</literal>" in <citerefentry><refentrytitle>bash</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">Action</emphasis> required by the system administrator is written in the imperative sentence, e.g. "Type Enter-key after typing each command string to the shell."
it: Le <emphasis role="strong">azioni</emphasis> che gli amministratori di sistema devono eseguire sono scritte all'infinito, ad esempio "Premere il tasto Invio dopo ogni stringa di comando digitata nella shell."

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
en: The <emphasis role="strong">description</emphasis> column and similar ones in the table may contain a <emphasis role="strong">noun phrase</emphasis> following <ulink url="&thepackageshortdiptionconvention;">the package short description convention</ulink> which drops leading articles such as "a" and "the".  They may alternatively contain an infinitive phrase as a <emphasis role="strong">noun phrase</emphasis> without leading "to" following the short command description convention in manpages.  These may look funny to some people but are my intentional choices of style to keep this documentation as simple as possible.  These <emphasis role="strong">Noun phrases</emphasis> do not capitalize their starting nor end with periods following these short description convention.
it: La colonna <emphasis role="strong">descrizione</emphasis> ed altre simili in tabelle possono contenere un <emphasis role="strong">sintagma nominale</emphasis> che segue le <ulink url="&thepackageshortdiptionconvention;">convenzioni per le descrizioni brevi dei pacchetti</ulink> e che perde l'articolo iniziale quali "un" ed "il". Le colonne possono, in alternativa, contenere una verbo al presente seguendo la convenzione usata nella descrizione breve dei comandi nelle pagine man. Questa scelta potrà apparire strana per qualcuno, ma fa parte della scelta deliberata dell'autore di mantenere più semplice possibile lo stile di questa documentazione. In entrambi i casi l'iniziale non è maiuscola e manca il punto finale seguendo le dette convenzioni per le descrizioni brevi.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><note><para>
en: Proper nouns including command names keeps their case irrespective of their location.
it: I nomi propri, inclusi i nomi dei comandi mantengono la corretta iniziale maiuscola/minuscola indipendentemente dalla loro posizione.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
en: A <emphasis role="strong">command snippet</emphasis> quoted in a text paragraph is referred by the typewriter font between double quotation marks, such as "<literal>aptitude safe-upgrade</literal>".
it: Un <emphasis role="strong">breve comando</emphasis> citato all'interno di un paragrafo di testo viene reso dal carattere a spaziatura fissa racchiuso tra virgolette doppie come in "<literal>aptitude safe-upgrade</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
en: A <emphasis role="strong">text data</emphasis> from a configuration file quoted in a text paragraph is referred by the typewriter font between double quotation marks, such as "<literal>deb-src</literal>".
it: <emphasis role="strong">Dati testuali</emphasis> da un file di configurazione citati all'interno di un paragrafo di testo vengono resi ‪dal carattere a spaziatura fissa racchiuso tra virgolette doppie come in "<literal>deb-src</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
en: A <emphasis role="strong">command</emphasis> is referred by its name in the typewriter font optionally followed by its manpage section number in parenthesis, such as <citerefentry><refentrytitle>bash</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.  You are encouraged to obtain information by typing the following.
it: Un <emphasis role="strong">comando</emphasis> viene reso dall'uso del carattere a spaziatura fissa per il suo nome, seguito eventualmente dal numero di sezione della sua pagina man tra parentesi, come in <citerefentry><refentrytitle>bash</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>. Ci si senta incoraggiati ad ottenere ulteriori informazioni digitando quanto segue.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
en: A <emphasis role="strong">manpage</emphasis> is referred by its name in the typewriter font followed by its manpage section number in parenthesis, such as <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sources.list</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.  You are encouraged to obtain information by typing the following.
it: Una <emphasis role="strong">pagina man</emphasis> viene resa dall'uso del carattere a spaziatura fissa per il suo nome seguito dal numero della sua sezione nelle pagine man racchiuso tra parentesi, come in <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sources.list</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>. Ci si senta incoraggiati ad ottenere ulteriori informazioni digitando quanto segue.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
en: An <emphasis role="strong">info page</emphasis> is referred by its command snippet in the typewriter font between double quotation marks, such as "<literal>info make</literal>".  You are encouraged to obtain information by typing the following.
it: Una <emphasis role="strong">pagina info</emphasis> viene resa dal suo comando corrispondente in carattere a spaziatura fissa racchiuso tra virgolette doppie, come in "<literal>info make</literal>". Ci si senta incoraggiati ad ottenere ulteriori informazioni digitando quanto segue.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
en: A <emphasis role="strong">filename</emphasis> is referred by the typewriter font between double quotation marks, such as "<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>".  For configuration files, you are encouraged to obtain information by typing the following.
it: Un <emphasis role="strong">nome di file</emphasis> viene reso dal carattere a spaziatura fissa tra virgolette doppie, come in "<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>". Per quanto riguarda i file di configurazione ci si senta incoraggiati ad ottenere ulteriori informazioni digitando quanto segue.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
en: A <emphasis role="strong">directory name</emphasis> is referred by the typewriter font between double quotation marks, such as "<literal>/etc/init.d/</literal>".  You are encouraged to explore its contents by typing the following.
it: Un <emphasis role="strong">nome di directory</emphasis> viene reso dal carattere a spaziatura fissa tra virgolette doppie, come in "<literal>/etc/init.d</literal>". Ci si senta incoraggiati ad esplorare il suo contenuto digitando quanto segue.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
en: A <emphasis role="strong">package name</emphasis> is referred by its name in the typewriter font, such as <literal>vim</literal>.  You are encouraged to obtain information by typing the following.
it: Un <emphasis role="strong">nome di pacchetto</emphasis> viene reso dal carattere a spaziatura fissa, come in <literal>vim</literal>. Ci si senta incoraggiati ad ottenere ulteriori informazioni digitando quanto segue.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
en: A <emphasis role="strong">documentation</emphasis> may indicate its location by the filename in the typewriter font between double quotation marks, such as "<literal>/usr/share/doc/sysv-rc/README.runlevels.gz</literal>" and "<literal>/usr/share/doc/base-passwd/users-and-groups.html</literal>"; or by its <ulink url="&url;">URL</ulink>, such as <ulink url="&httpwwwdebianorg;">http://www.debian.org</ulink>.  You are encouraged to read the documentation by typing the following.
it: La posizione di una <emphasis role="strong">documentazione</emphasis> può essere indicata con il nome di file in carattere a spaziatura fissa tra virgolette doppie, come in "<literal>/usr/share/doc/sysv-rc/README.runlevels.gz</literal>" e "<literal>/usr/share/doc/base-passwd/users-and-groups.html</literal>", oppure dal suo <ulink url="&url;">URL</ulink>, come in <ulink url="&httpwwwdebianorg;">http://www.debian.org</ulink>. Ci si senta incoraggiati a leggere la documentazione digitando quanto segue.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
en: An <emphasis role="strong">environment variable</emphasis> is referred by its name with leading "<literal>$</literal>" in the typewriter font between double quotation marks, such as "<literal>$TERM</literal>".  You are encouraged to obtain its current value by typing the following.
it: Una <emphasis role="strong">variabile d'ambiente</emphasis> viene resa dal suo nome preceduto dal segno "<literal>$</literal>" in carattere a spaziatura fissa tra virgolette doppie, come in "<literal>$TERM</literal>". Ci si senta incoraggiati ad ottenere il suo valore attuale digitando quanto segue.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><title>
en: The popcon
it: Popcon

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
en: The <ulink url="&popcon;">popcon</ulink> data is presented as the objective measure for the popularity of each package.  It was downloaded on &pop-date; and contains the total submission of &pop-submissions; reports over &pop-packages; binary packages and &pop-architectures; architectures.
it: I dati da <ulink url="&popcon;">popcon</ulink> sono usati come misura oggettiva della popolarità di ciascun pacchetto. Sono stati scaricati il &pop-date; e contengono i dati totali inviati da &pop-submissions; rapporti su &pop-packages; pacchetti binari e &pop-architectures; architetture.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><note><para>
en: Please note that the <literal>&arch;</literal> <literal>unstable</literal> archive contains only &all-packages; packages currently.  The popcon data contains reports from many old system installations.
it: Notare che l'archivio <literal>&arch;</literal> <literal>unstable</literal> contiene attualmente solo &all-packages; pacchetti. I dati di popcon contengono rapporti inviati da molte installazioni su sistemi vecchi.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
en: The popcon number preceded with "V:" for "votes" is calculated by "1000 * (the popcon submissions for the package executed recently on the PC)/(the total popcon submissions)".
it: Il numero popcon, preceduto da "V:" che sta per "voti", è calcolato così: "1000 * (rapporti popcon inviati con il pacchetto eseguito di recente sul PC)/(numero totale di rapporti popcon inviati)".

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
en: The popcon number preceded with "I:" for "installs" is calculated by "1000 * (the popcon submissions for the package installed on the PC)/(the total popcon submissions)".
it: Il numero popcon, preceduto da "I:" che sta per "installazioni", è calcolato così: "1000 * (rapporti popcon inviati con il pacchetto installato sul PC)/(numero totale di rapporti popcon inviati)".

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><note><para>
en: The popcon figures should not be considered as absolute measures of the importance of packages.  There are many factors which can skew statistics.  For example, some system participating popcon may have mounted directories such as "<literal>/bin</literal>" with "<literal>noatime</literal>" option for system performance improvement and effectively disabled "vote" from such system.
it: I numeri popcon non dovrebbero essere considerati una misura assoluta dell'importanza dei pacchetti. Ci sono molti fattori che possono influenzare le statistiche. Per esempio, alcuni sistemi che partecipano a popcon possono avere montato directory quali "<literal>/bin</literal>" con l'opzione "<literal>noatime</literal>" per migliorare le prestazioni di sistema, influenzando di fatto negativamente i "voti" per quel sistema.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><title>
en: The package size
it: La dimensione dei pacchetti

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
en: The package size data is also presented as the objective measure for each package.  It is based on the "<literal>Installed-Size:</literal>" reported by "<literal>apt-cache show</literal>" or "<literal>aptitude show</literal>" command (currently on <literal>&arch;</literal> architecture for the <literal>unstable</literal> release).  The reported size is in KiB (<ulink url="&kibibyte;">Kibibyte</ulink> = unit for 1024 bytes).
it: Anche i dati sulla dimensione dei pacchetti sono usati come misura oggettiva per ciascun pacchetto. Sono basati sulla "<literal>Installed-Size:</literal>" riportata dal comando "<literal>apt-cache show</literal>" o "<literal>aptitude show</literal>" (attualmente sull'architettura <literal>&arch;</literal> per la versione <literal>unstable</literal>). La dimensione è riportata in KiB (<ulink url="&kibibyte;">Kibibyte</ulink> = unità di 1024 byte).

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><note><para>
en: A package with a small numerical package size may indicate that the package in the <literal>unstable</literal> release is a dummy package which installs other packages with significant contents by the dependency.  The dummy package enables a smooth transition or split of the package.
it: Una piccola dimensione per un pacchetto può indicare che esso è, nella versione <literal>unstable</literal> un pacchetto fittizio che installa, attraverso le dipendenze, altri pacchetti con contenuti sostanziosi. Il pacchetto fittizio permette una transizione facile o una suddivisione di pacchetto.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><note><para>
en: A package size followed by "(*)" indicates that the package in the <literal>unstable</literal> release is missing and the package size for the <literal>experimental</literal> release is used instead.
it: Una dimensione di pacchetto seguita da "(*)" indica che il pacchetto non è presente nella versione <literal>unstable</literal> ed è stata quindi usata la dimensione del pacchetto in <literal>experimental</literal> al suo posto.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><title>
en: Bug reports on this document
it: Segnalazioni di bug in questo documento

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><section><para>
en: Please file bug reports on the <literal>debian-reference</literal> package using <citerefentry><refentrytitle>reportbug</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> if you find any issues on this document. Please include correction suggestion by "<literal>diff -u</literal>" to the plain text version or to the source.
it: Se si trovano errori in questo documento segnalare i bug nel pacchetto <literal>debian-reference</literal> usando <citerefentry><refentrytitle>reportbug</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>. Se possibile, includere i suggerimenti di correzione come "<literal>diff -u</literal> alla versione in puro testo o ai sorgenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><title>
en: Some quotes for new users
it: Alcune citazioni per i nuovi utenti

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><para>
en: Here are some interesting quotes from the Debian mailing list which may help enlighten new users.
it: Ecco alcune interessanti citazioni dalla mailing list di Debian che potrebbero illuminare i nuovi utenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "This is Unix.  It gives you enough rope to hang yourself." --- Miquel van Smoorenburg <literal>&lt;miquels at cistron.nl&gt;</literal>
it: "Questo è Unix. Ti dà abbastanza corda da impiccarti." --- Miquel van Smoorenburg <literal>&lt;miquels at cistron.nl&gt;</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><preface><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "Unix IS user friendly… It's just selective about who its friends are." --- Tollef Fog Heen <literal>&lt;tollef at add.no&gt;</literal>
it: "Unix È amichevole... è solo molto selettivo riguardo i suoi amici." --- Tollef Fog Heen <literal>&lt;tollef at add.no&gt;</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
en: GNU/Linux tutorials
it: Tutorial GNU/Linux

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
en: I think learning a computer system is like learning a new foreign language.  Although tutorial books and documentation are helpful, you have to practice it yourself.  In order to help you get started smoothly, I elaborate a few basic points.
it: Penso che imparare un sistema informatico sia come imparare una lingua straniera. Anche se le guide e la documentazione sono utili, si deve fare pratica diretta. Per aiutare il lettore a iniziare dolcemente, ho elaborato alcuni punti base.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
en: The powerful design of <ulink url="&debian;">Debian</ulink> <ulink url="&gnu;">GNU</ulink>/<ulink url="&linux;">Linux</ulink> comes from the <ulink url="&unix;">Unix</ulink> operating system, i.e., a <ulink url="&multiuser;">multiuser</ulink>, <ulink url="&multitasking;">multitasking</ulink> operating system.  You must learn to take advantage of the power of these features and similarities between Unix and GNU/Linux.
it: Il potente design di <ulink url="&debian;">Debian</ulink> <ulink url="&gnu;">GNU</ulink>/<ulink url="&linux;">Linux</ulink> deriva dal sistema operativo <ulink url="&unix;">Unix</ulink>, cioè un sistema operativo <ulink url="&multiuser;">multiutente</ulink> e <ulink url="&multitasking;">multitasking</ulink>. Bisogna imparare a sfruttare la potenza di queste caratteristiche e le somiglianze tra Unix e GNU/Linux.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
en: Don't shy away from Unix oriented texts and don't rely solely on GNU/Linux texts, as this robs you of much useful information.
it: Non bisogna scappare dai testi pensati per Unix e affidarsi solamente a testi su GNU/Linux dato che in questo modo ci si priva di molte informazioni utili.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><note><para>
en: If you have been using any <ulink url="&unixlike;">Unix-like</ulink> system for a while with command line tools, you probably know everything I explain here.  Please use this as a reality check and refresher.
it: Se si è usato tramite strumenti a riga di comando un sistema <ulink url="&unixlike;">*nix</ulink> per un certo tempo, probabilmente si sa già tutto ciò che viene spiegato qui. Si usi questa sezione come un ripasso e per consultazioni.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Console basics
it: Nozioni di base sulla console

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The shell prompt
it: Il prompt di shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Upon starting the system, you are presented with the character based login screen if you did not install <ulink url="&xwindowsystem;">X Window System</ulink> with the display manager such as <literal>gdm3</literal>. Suppose your hostname is <literal>foo</literal>, the login prompt looks as follows.
it: All'avvio del sistema, se non è stato installato il <ulink url="&xwindowsystem;">Sistema X Window</ulink> con un display manager come <literal>gdm3</literal>, viene presentata la schermata di login a caratteri. Supponiamo che il proprio nome host sia <literal>pippo</literal>, il prompt di login apparirà come segue.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: foo login:
it: pippo login:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you did install a <ulink url="&gui;">GUI</ulink> environment such as <ulink url="&gnome;">GNOME</ulink> or <ulink url="&kde;">KDE</ulink>, then you can get to a login prompt by Ctrl-Alt-F1, and you can return to the GUI environment via Alt-F7 (see <xref linkend="_virtual_consoles"/> below for more).
it: Se è stato installato un ambiente <ulink url="&gui;">GUI</ulink> come <ulink url="&gnome;">GNOME</ulink> o <ulink url="&kde;">KDE</ulink>, allora ci si può spostare ad un prompt di login premendo Ctrl-Alt-F1 e si può ritornare all'ambiente grafico con Alt-F7 (vedere <xref linkend="_virtual_consoles"/> in seguito per maggiori informazioni).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: At the login prompt, you type your username, e.g. <literal>penguin</literal>, and press the Enter-key, then type your password and press the Enter-key again.
it: Al prompt di login digitare il proprio nome utente, ad esempio <literal>pinguino</literal> e premere il tasto Invio, poi digitare la propria password e premere di nuovo Invio.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: Following the Unix tradition, the username and password of the Debian system are case sensitive.  The username is usually chosen only from the lowercase.  The first user account is usually created during the installation.  Additional user accounts can be created with <citerefentry><refentrytitle>adduser</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> by root.
it: Nella tradizione Unix, il nome utente e la password di un sistema Debian distinguono le lettere maiuscole dalle minuscole. Il nome utente di solito viene scelto usando solo lettere minuscole. Il primo account utente viene normalmente creato durante l'installazione. Account utente aggiuntivi possono essere creati da root con <citerefentry><refentrytitle>adduser</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The system starts with the greeting message stored in "<literal>/etc/motd</literal>" (Message Of The Day) and presents a command prompt.
it: Il sistema si presenta con il messaggio di benvenuto memorizzato in "<literal>/etc/motd</literal>" (Message Of The Day, messaggio del giorno) e fornisce un prompt dei comandi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: Debian GNU/Linux lenny/sid foo tty1
    foo login: penguin
    Password:
    Last login: Sun Apr 22 09:29:34 2007 on tty1
    Linux snoopy 2.6.20-1-amd64 #1 SMP Sun Apr 15 20:25:49 UTC 2007 x86_64
    
    The programs included with the Debian GNU/Linux system are free software;
    the exact distribution terms for each program are described in the
    individual files in /usr/share/doc/*/copyright.
    
    Debian GNU/Linux comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY, to the extent
    permitted by applicable law.
    foo:~$
it: Debian GNU/Linux lenny/sid foo tty1
    pippo login: pinguino
    Password:
    Last login: Sun Apr 22 09:29:34 2007 on tty1
    Linux snoopy 2.6.20-1-amd64 #1 SMP Sun Apr 15 20:25:49 UTC 2007 x86_64
    
    The programs included with the Debian GNU/Linux system are free software;
    the exact distribution terms for each program are described in the
    individual files in /usr/share/doc/*/copyright.
    
    Debian GNU/Linux comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY, to the extent
    permitted by applicable law.
    pippo:~$

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here, the main part of the greeting message can be customized by editing the "<literal>/etc/motd.tail</literal>" file. The first line is generated from the system information using "<literal>uname -snrvm</literal>".
it: La parte centrale del messaggio di benvenuto può essere personalizzata modificando il file "<literal>/etc/motd.tail</literal>". La prima riga è generata a partire dalle informazioni sul sistema ottenute usando "<literal>uname -snrvm</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Now you are in the <ulink url="&shell;">shell</ulink>. The shell interprets your commands.
it: Si è ora nella <ulink url="&shell;">shell</ulink>. La shell interpreta i comandi dell'utente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The shell prompt under X
it: Il prompt di shell in X

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you installed <ulink url="&xwindowsystem;">X Window System</ulink> with a display manager such as <ulink url="&gnome;">GNOME</ulink>'s <literal>gdm3</literal> by selecting "Desktop environment" task during the installation, you are presented with the graphical login screen upon starting your system.  You type your username and your password to login to the non-privileged user account.  Use tab to navigate between username and password, or use the mouse and primary click.
it: Se è stato installato il <ulink url="&xwindowsystem;">Sistema X Window</ulink> con un display manager come <literal>gdm3</literal> di <ulink url="&gnome;">GNOME</ulink>, selezionando l'attività "Ambiente desktop" durante l'installazione, all'avvio del sistema viene presentata una schermata grafica di login. Si inseriscono il nome utente e la password per fare il login come utente non privilegiato. Usare il tasto Tab per spostarsi dal campo del nome utente a quello della password e viceversa, oppure usare il mouse e il clic principale.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can gain the shell prompt under X by starting a <literal>x-terminal-emulator</literal> program such as <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gnome-terminal</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>rxvt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> or <citerefentry><refentrytitle>xterm</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.  Under the GNOME Desktop environment, clicking "Applications" → "Accessories" → "Terminal" does the trick.
it: Si può ottenere il prompt di shell sotto X avviando un programma <literal>emulatore di terminale</literal> come <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gnome-terminal</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>rxvt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> o <citerefentry><refentrytitle>xterm</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>. Nell'ambiente desktop GNOME, cliccare su "Applicazioni" → "Accessori" → "Terminale" .

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can also see the section below <xref linkend="_virtual_consoles"/>.
it: Si può anche fare riferimento alla sezione <xref linkend="_virtual_consoles"/> in seguito.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Under some other Desktop systems (like <literal>fluxbox</literal>), there may be no obvious starting point for the menu.  If this happens, just try (right) clicking the center of the screen and hope for a menu to pop-up.
it: In altri sistemi Desktop (come <literal>fluxbox</literal>), potrebbe non esserci un punto evidente per l'apertura del menu. Se si è in questa condizione, provare a fare clic, con il tasto destro, nel centro dello schermo e sperare che appaia un menu.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The root account
it: L'account root

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The root account is also called <ulink url="&superuser;">superuser</ulink> or privileged user.  From this account, you can perform the following system administration tasks.
it: L'account root viene anche indicato come <ulink url="&superuser;">superutente</ulink> o utente privilegiato. Da questo account si possono eseguire i seguenti compiti amministrativi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Read, write, and remove any files on the system irrespective of their file permissions
it: Leggere, scrivere e cancellare qualsiasi file sul sistema indipendentemente dai suoi permessi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Set file ownership and permissions of any files on the system
it: Impostare il proprietario e i permessi di qualunque file sul sistema.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Set the password of any non-privileged users on the system
it: Impostare la password di qualsiasi utente non privilegiato nel sistema.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Login to any accounts without their passwords
it: Fare il login in qualsiasi account senza la password.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This unlimited power of root account requires you to be considerate and responsible when using it.
it: Questi poteri illimitati dell'account root rendono necessario essere prudenti e responsabili nel loro uso.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
en: Never share the root password with others.
it: Non comunicare mai la password di root ad altri.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: File permissions of a file (including hardware devices such as CD-ROM etc. which are just another file for the Debian system) may render it unusable or inaccessible by non-root users.  Although the use of root account is a quick way to test this kind of situation, its resolution should be done through proper setting of file permissions and user's group membership (see <xref linkend="_filesystem_permissions"/>).
it: I permessi di un file (inclusi i device hardware come CD-ROM, ecc. che sono nient'altro che un altro file per il sistema Debian) lo possono rendere inutilizzabile o inaccessibile per gli utenti non root. Benché usare l'account root sia un metodo veloce per affrontare questo tipo di situazione, la sua soluzione dovrebbe essere l'impostazione degli appropriati permessi e gruppi proprietari per il file (vedere <xref linkend="_filesystem_permissions"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The root shell prompt
it: Il prompt di shell di root

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here are a few basic methods to gain the root shell prompt by using the root password.
it: Ecco alcuni metodi di base per ottenere il prompt di shell per root usando la password di root.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Type <literal>root</literal> at the character based login prompt.
it: Inserire <literal>root</literal> al prompt di login a caratteri.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Click "Applications" → "Accessories" → "Root Terminal", under the GNOME Desktop environment.
it: Cliccare su "Applicazioni" → "Accessori" → "Terminale Root", nell'ambiente Desktop GNOME.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Type "<literal>su -l</literal>" from any user shell prompt.
it: Digitare "<literal>su -l</literal>" al prompt di shell di un utente qualsiasi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: This does not preserve the environment of the current user.
it: L'ambiente dell'utente attuale non viene in questo caso preservato.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Type "<literal>su</literal>" from any user shell prompt.
it: Digitare "<literal>su</literal>" al prompt di shell di un utente qualsiasi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: This preserves some of the environment of the current user.
it: L'ambiente dell'utente attuale viene in questo caso parzialmente preservato.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: GUI system administration tools
it: Strumenti di amministrazione del sistema con interfaccia utente grafica

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: When your desktop menu does not start GUI system administration tools automatically with the appropriate privilege, you can start them from the root shell prompt of the X terminal emulator, such as <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gnome-terminal</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>rxvt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, or <citerefentry><refentrytitle>xterm</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>. See <xref linkend="_the_root_shell_prompt"/> and <xref linkend="_running_x_clients_as_root"/>.
it: Quando il menu del desktop non avvia gli strumenti con interfaccia grafica per l'amministrazione di sistema con i privilegi appropriati, si può avviarli dal prompt di shell di root dell'emulatore di terminale per X, quali <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gnome-terminal</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>rxvt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> o <citerefentry><refentrytitle>xterm</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>. Vedere <xref linkend="_the_root_shell_prompt"/> e <xref linkend="_running_x_clients_as_root"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
en: Never start the X display/session manager under the root account by typing in <literal>root</literal> to the prompt of the display manager such as <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gdm3</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
it: Non avviare mai il gestore di sessioni/display manager di X dall'account root inserendo <literal>root</literal> al prompt di un  display manager come <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gdm3</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
en: Never run untrusted remote GUI program under X Window when critical information is displayed since it may eavesdrop your X screen.
it: Non eseguire mai in X Window programmi con interfaccia utente grafica non fidati da remoto quando sono visualizzate informazioni critiche, dato che potrebbero spiare lo schermo X.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Virtual consoles
it: Console virtuali

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: In the default Debian system, there are six switchable <ulink url="&vtbaalike;">VT100-like</ulink> character consoles available to start the command shell directly on the Linux host.  Unless you are in a GUI environment, you can switch between the virtual consoles by pressing the <literal>Left-Alt-key</literal> and one of the <literal>F1</literal> — <literal>F6</literal> keys simultaneously.  Each character console allows independent login to the account and offers the multiuser environment.  This multiuser environment is a great Unix feature, and very addictive.
it: Nel sistema Debian standard, ci sono sei console a caratteri <ulink url="&vtbaalike;">in stile VT100</ulink> disponibili tra cui ci si può spostare per avviare una shell di comando direttamente sull'host Linux. A meno che non si sia in un ambiente con interfaccia grafica, si può passare da una console virtuale all'altra usando simultaneamente il <literal>tasto_Alt_sinistro</literal> e uno dei tasti <literal>F1</literal> — <literal>F6</literal>. Ogni console a caratteri permette un login indipendente nell'account e offre un ambiente multiutente. L'ambiente multiutente è una bellissima caratteristica di Unix e ci si può abituare presto a dipendere da esso.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you are under the X Window System, you gain access to the character console 1 by pressing <literal>Ctrl-Alt-F1</literal> key, i.e., the <literal>left-Ctrl-key</literal>, the <literal>left-Alt-key</literal>, and the <literal>F1-key</literal> are pressed together.  You can get back to the X Window System, normally running on the virtual console 7, by pressing <literal>Alt-F7</literal>.
it: Se si è nel Sistema X Window, si accedere alla console a caratteri 1 premendo i tasti <literal>Ctrl-Alt-F1</literal>, cioè premendo contemporaneamente il <literal>tasto_Ctrl_sinistro</literal>, il <literal>tasto_Alt_sinistro</literal> e il <literal>tasto_F1</literal>. Si può tornare al Sistema X Window, che di solito è in esecuzione sulla console virtuale 7, premendo <literal>Alt-F7</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can alternatively change to another virtual console, e.g. to the console 1, from the commandline.
it: In alternativa ci si può spostare in un'altra console virtuale, per esempio la console 1, dalla riga di comando.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: How to leave the command prompt
it: Come uscire dal prompt dei comandi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You type <literal>Ctrl-D</literal>, i.e., the <literal>left-Ctrl-key</literal> and the <literal>d-key</literal> pressed together, at the command prompt to close the shell activity.  If you are at the character console, you return to the login prompt with this.  Even though these control characters are referred as "control D" with the upper case, you do not need to press the Shift-key. The short hand expression, <literal>^D</literal>, is also used for <literal>Ctrl-D</literal>.  Alternately, you can type "exit".
it: Si digita <literal>Ctrl-D</literal>, cioè il <literal>tasto_Ctrl_sinistro</literal> e il <literal>tasto_d</literal> vengono premuti contemporaneamente al prompt dei comandi per chiuderà l'attività della shell. Se si è nella console a caratteri, in questo modo si ritorna al prompt di login. Anche se questi caratteri di controllo vengono indicati con le lettere maiuscole, come "control D", non è necessario premere il tasto Maiusc. Per indicare <literal>Ctrl-D</literal> viene anche usata l'espressione abbreviata <literal>^D</literal>. In alternativa si può digitare "exit".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you are at <citerefentry><refentrytitle>x-terminal-emulator</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, you can close <literal>x-terminal-emulator</literal> window with this.
it: In quest'ultimo modo, se si è in un emulatore di terminale (<citerefentry><refentrytitle>x-terminal-emulator</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>), lo si può chiudere.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: How to shutdown the system
it: Come spegnere il sistema

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Just like any other modern OS where the file operation involves <ulink url="&cachingdata;">caching data</ulink> in memory for improved performance, the Debian system needs the proper shutdown procedure before power can safely be turned off. This is to maintain the integrity of files, by forcing all changes in memory to be written to disk. If the software power control is available, the shutdown procedure automatically turns off power of the system. (Otherwise, you may have to press power button for few seconds after the shutdown procedure.)
it: Esattamente come ogni altro SO moderno in cui le operazioni su file comportano <ulink url="&cachingdata;">una cache dei dati</ulink> in memoria per migliorare le prestazioni, il sistema Debian ha bisogno della appropriata procedura di spegnimento prima che l'alimentazione possa essere staccata in modo sicuro. Questo serve a preservare l'integrità dei file, forzando la scrittura su disco di tutti i cambiamenti avvenuti in memoria. Se è disponibile il controllo software dell'alimentazione, la procedura di spegnimento automaticamente toglie l'alimentazione al sistema. (In caso contrario può essere necessario tener premuto per alcuni secondi il tasto di accensione/spegnimento.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can shutdown the system under the normal multiuser mode from the commandline.
it: Si può spegnere il sistema dalla riga di comando nella normale modalità multiutente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can shutdown the system under the single-user mode from the commandline.
it: Si può spegnere il sistema dalla riga di comando nella modalità single-user.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Alternatively, you may type <literal>Ctrl-Alt-Delete</literal> (The <literal>left-Ctrl-key</literal>, the <literal>left-Alt-Key</literal>, and the <literal>Delete</literal> are pressed together) to shutdown if "<literal>/etc/inittab</literal>" contains "<literal>ca:12345:ctrlaltdel:/sbin/shutdown -t1 -a -h now</literal>" in it.  See <citerefentry><refentrytitle>inittab</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> for details.
it: In alternativa, se "<literal>/etc/inittab</literal>" contiene "<literal>ca:12345:ctrlaltdel:/sbin/shutdown -t1 -a -h now</literal>" al suo interno, per spegnere si può digitare <literal>Ctrl-Alt-Canc</literal> (il <literal>tasto_Ctrl_sinistro</literal>, il <literal>tasto_Alt_sinistro</literal> e <literal>Canc</literal> sono premuti contemporaneamente). Per i dettagli vedere <citerefentry><refentrytitle>inittab</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See <xref linkend="_how_to_shutdown_the_remote_system_on_ssh"/>.
it: Vedere <xref linkend="_how_to_shutdown_the_remote_system_on_ssh"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Recovering a sane console
it: Ripristinare una console funzionante

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: When the screen goes berserk after doing some funny things such as "<literal>cat &lt;some-binary-file&gt;</literal>", type "<literal>reset</literal>" at the command prompt. You may not be able to see the command echoed as you type.  You may also issue "<literal>clear</literal>" to clean up the screen.
it: Quando, dopo aver fatto qualcosa di strano come "<literal>cat &lt;un-qualche-file-binario&gt;</literal>", lo schermo impazzisce digitare "<literal>reset</literal>" al prompt dei comandi. Mentre lo si digita il comando potrebbe non essere visualizzato. Si può anche usare "<literal>clear</literal>" per pulire lo schermo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Additional package suggestions for the newbie
it: Suggerimenti per pacchetti aggiuntivi per i principianti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Although even the minimal installation of the Debian system without any desktop environment tasks provides the basic Unix functionality, it is a good idea to install few additional commandline and curses based character terminal packages such as <literal>mc</literal> and <literal>vim</literal> with <citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt-get</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> for beginners to get started by the following.
it: Sebbene anche l'installazione minima del sistema Debian, senza alcun ambiente desktop, fornisca le funzionalità Unix di base è una buona idea installare con <citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt-get</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> alcuni pacchetti aggiuntivi per la riga di comando e i terminali a caratteri basati su curses, come <literal>mc</literal> e <literal>vim</literal> con cui i principianti possono fare i primi passi. Eseguire i comandi seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you already had these packages installed, no new packages are installed.
it: Se questi pacchetti sono già installati, nessun nuovo pacchetto sarà installato.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of interesting text-mode program packages
it: Elenco di pacchetti con interessanti programmi in modalità testuale

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: package
it: pacchetto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: size
it: dimensione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: description
it: descrizione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: DUMMY
it: FITTIZIO

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: A text-mode full-screen file manager
it: Gestore di file testuale a tutto schermo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: A program to allow limited root privileges to users
it: Programma per garantire privilegi di root limitati agli utenti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Unix text editor Vi IMproved, a programmers text editor (standard version)
it: Editor di testi Unix Vi IMproved, un editor di testi per programmatori (versione standard)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Unix text editor Vi IMproved, a programmers text editor (compact version)
it: Editor di testi Unix Vi IMproved, un editor di testi per programmatori (versione compatta)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: GNU project Emacs, the Lisp based extensible text editor (version 23)
it: Emacs dal progetto GNU, l'editor di testi estensibile basato su Lisp (versione 23)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Text-mode WWW browsers
it: Browser Web testuali

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: The Unix style cut-and-paste on the text console (daemon)
it: Taglia e Incolla in stile Unix nella console testuale (demone)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: It may be a good idea to read some informative documentations.
it: Potrebbe essere una buona idea leggere un po' di documentazione.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of informative documentation packages
it: Elenco di pacchetti con documentazione interessante

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Debian Project documentation, (Debian FAQ) and other documents
it: Documentazione del Progetto Debian, (FAQ Debian) ed altri documenti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Debian Policy Manual and related documents
it: Manuale Debian Policy e documenti correlati

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Guidelines and information for Debian developers
it: Linee guida ed informazioni per gli sviluppatori Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Debian New Maintainers' Guide
it: Guida Debian per il nuovo Manutentore

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: History of the Debian Project
it: Storia del Progetto Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Debian FAQ
it: FAQ Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: The Linux System Administrators' Guide
it: Guida per l'amministratore di sistema Linux

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can install some of these packages by the following.
it: Si possono installare alcuni di questi pacchetti usando i comandi seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: # apt-get install package_name
it: # apt-get install nome_pacchetto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: An extra user account
it: Un account utente extra

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you do not want to use your main user account for the following training activities, you can create a training user account, e.g. <literal>fish</literal> by the following.
it: Se non si vuole usare il proprio account utente principale per le esercitazioni descritte in seguito, si può creare un account utente per esercitarsi, ad esempio <literal>pesce</literal> con il comando seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: # adduser fish
it: # adduser pesce

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Answer all questions.
it: Rispondere a tutte le domande.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This creates a new account named as <literal>fish</literal>.  After your practice, you can remove this user account and its home directory by the following.
it: In questo modo si crea un nuovo account chiamato <literal>pesce</literal>. Dopo aver fatto pratica si può rimuover questo account e la sua directory home digitando quanto segue.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: # deluser --remove-home fish
it: # deluser --remove-home pesce

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: sudo configuration
it: Configurazione di sudo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For the typical single user workstation such as the desktop Debian system on the laptop PC, it is common to deploy simple configuration of <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sudo</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> as follows to let the non-privileged user, e.g. <literal>penguin</literal>, to gain administrative privilege just with his user password but without the root password.
it: Per la tipica postazione di lavoro di un unico utente, come il sistema desktop Debian su un PC portatile, è frequente l'uso di una semplice configurazione di <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sudo</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, come qui di seguito descritto, per permettere all'utente non privilegiato, ad esempio <literal>pinguino</literal>, di ottenere privilegi di amministratore con la sola propria password, senza quella dell'utente root.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: # echo "penguin  ALL=(ALL) ALL" &gt;&gt; /etc/sudoers
it: # echo "pinguino  ALL=(ALL) ALL" &gt;&gt; /etc/sudoers

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Alternatively, it is also common to do as follows to let the non-privileged user, e.g. <literal>penguin</literal>, to gain administrative privilege without any password.
it: In alternativa è uso comune usare la configurazione seguente per permettere all'utente non privilegiato, ad esempio <literal>pinguino</literal>, di ottenere privilegi di amministratore senza alcuna password.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: # echo "penguin  ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD:ALL" &gt;&gt; /etc/sudoers
it: # echo "pinguino  ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD:ALL" &gt;&gt; /etc/sudoers

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This trick should only be used for the single user workstation which you administer and where you are the only user.
it: Questo trucco dovrebbe essere usato esclusivamente per le postazioni di lavoro con un solo utente, in cui l'utente è anche l'amministratore.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
en: Do not set up accounts of regular users on multiuser workstation like this because it would be very bad for system security.
it: Non impostare account per utenti regolari su postazioni di lavoro multi-utente in questo modo perché ciò sarebbe un grosso problema per la sicurezza del sistema.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: The password and the account of the <literal>penguin</literal> in the above example requires as much protection as the root password and the root account.
it: Nell'esempio precedente la password e l'account di <literal>pinguino</literal> richiedono altrettanta protezione della password e account dell'utente root.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: Administrative privilege in this context belongs to someone authorized to perform the system administration task on the workstation.  Never give some manager in the Admin department of your company or your boss such privilege unless they are authorized and capable.
it: I privilegi di amministrazione in questo contesto sono forniti a qualcuno che è autorizzato ad eseguire i compiti di amministrazione del sistema sulla macchina. Non dare mai tali privilegi ad un manager del dipartimento di Amministrazione della propria azienda o al proprio capo, a meno che non siano autorizzati e capaci.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: For providing access privilege to limited devices and limited files, you should consider to use <emphasis role="strong">group</emphasis> to provide limited access instead of using the <literal>root</literal> privilege via <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sudo</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
it: Per fornire privilegi di accesso a specifici device e file, si dovrebbe considerare l'uso dei <emphasis role="strong">gruppi</emphasis> per dare un accesso limitato, invece di usare i privilegi di <literal>root</literal> attraverso <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sudo</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: With more thoughtful and careful configuration, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sudo</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> can grant limited administrative privileges to other users on a shared system without sharing the root password.  This can help with accountability with hosts with multiple administrators so you can tell who did what.  On the other hand, you might not want anyone else to have such privileges.
it: Con una configurazione più attenta e precisa, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sudo</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> può garantire privilegi amministrativi limitati ad altri utenti in un sistema condiviso, senza rendere nota la password di root. Questo può aiutare la tracciabilità su host con più di un amministratore, in modo che si possa dire chi ha fatto cosa. D'altra parte si potrebbe anche volere che nessuno abbia tali privilegi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Play time
it: Tempo di giocare

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Now you are ready to play with the Debian system without risks as long as you use the non-privileged user account.
it: Si è ora pronti a giocare con il sistema Debian senza rischi fintanto che si usa l'account utente non privilegiato.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This is because the Debian system is, even after the default installation, configured with proper file permissions which prevent non-privileged users from damaging the system.  Of course, there may still be some holes which can be exploited but those who worry about these issues should not be reading this section but should be reading <ulink url="&securingdebianmanual;">Securing Debian Manual</ulink>.
it: Ciò è possibile perché il sistema Debian è, anche subito dopo l'installazione predefinita, configurato con i permessi dei file corretti che impediscono agli utenti non privilegiati di danneggiare il sistema. Ci possono essere naturalmente ancora dei punti deboli che possono essere sfruttati, ma chi si preoccupa di tali cose non dovrebbe leggere questa sezione ma piuttosto il manuale <ulink url="&securingdebianmanual;">Securing Debian</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: We learn the Debian system as a <ulink url="&unixlike;">Unix-like</ulink> system with the following.
it: Si può imparare il sistema Debian, come sistema <ulink url="&unixlike;">*nix</ulink> nelle sezioni seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <xref linkend="_unix_like_filesystem"/> (basic concept)
it: <xref linkend="_unix_like_filesystem"/> (concetti di base)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <xref linkend="_midnight_commander_mc"/> (survival method)
it: <xref linkend="_midnight_commander_mc"/> (sopravvivere)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <xref linkend="_the_basic_unix_like_work_environment"/> (basic method)
it: <xref linkend="_the_basic_unix_like_work_environment"/> (lavoro di base)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <xref linkend="_the_simple_shell_command"/> (shell mechanism)
it: <xref linkend="_the_simple_shell_command"/> (uso della shell)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <xref linkend="_unix_like_text_processing"/> (text processing method)
it: <xref linkend="_unix_like_text_processing"/> (elaborazione di testi)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Unix-like filesystem
it: File system stile Unix

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: In GNU/Linux and other <ulink url="&unixlike;">Unix-like</ulink> operating systems, <ulink url="&files;">files</ulink> are organized into <ulink url="&directories;">directories</ulink>.  All files and directories are arranged in one big tree rooted at "<literal>/</literal>". It's called a tree because if you draw the filesystem, it looks like a tree but it is upside down.
it: In GNU/Linux ed altri sistemi operativi <ulink url="&unixlike;">*nix</ulink>, i <ulink url="&files;">file</ulink> sono organizzati in <ulink url="&directories;">directory</ulink>. Tutti i file e le directory sono organizzati in un unico grande albero che ha la sua radice in "<literal>/</literal>". Viene chiamato albero perché il file system, se viene disegnato, ha l'aspetto di un albero messo però sottosopra.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: These files and directories can be spread out over several devices. <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mount</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> serves to attach the filesystem found on some device to the big file tree.  Conversely, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>umount</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> detaches it again.  On recent Linux kernels, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mount</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> with some options can bind part of a file tree somewhere else or can mount filesystem as shared, private, slave, or unbindable.  Supported mount options for each filesystem are available in "<literal>/share/doc/linux-doc-2.6.*/Documentation/filesystems/</literal>".
it: Questi file e directory possono essere sparsi su diversi dispositivi. <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mount</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> serve per attaccare il file system trovato su un qualche dispositivo al grande albero dei file. Al contrario, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>umount</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> lo stacca. Nei kernel Linux recenti <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mount</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> con alcune opzioni può collegare parte di un albero dei file in qualche altra posizione o può montare file system come condivisi, privati, slave o non-collegabili. Le opzioni di montaggio supportate per ciascun file system sono disponibili in "<literal>/share/doc/linux-doc-2.6.*/Documentation/filesystems/</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">Directories</emphasis> on Unix systems are called <emphasis role="strong">folders</emphasis> on some other systems.  Please also note that there is no concept for <emphasis role="strong">drive</emphasis> such as "<literal>A:</literal>" on any Unix system.  There is one filesystem, and everything is included. This is a huge advantage compared to Windows.
it: Nei sistemi Unix vengono chiamate <emphasis role="strong">directory</emphasis> quelle che in altri sistemi sono chiamate <emphasis role="strong">cartelle</emphasis>. Notare anche che non esiste in nessun sistema Unix un concetto di <emphasis role="strong">unità</emphasis>, come "<literal>A:</literal>". C'è un solo unico file system e tutto vi è incluso. Questo è un grandissimo vantaggio rispetto a Windows.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Unix file basics
it: Nozioni di base sui file Unix

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here are some Unix file basics.
it: Ecco alcune nozioni di base sui file Unix.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Filenames are <emphasis role="strong">case sensitive</emphasis>.  That is, "<literal>MYFILE</literal>" and "<literal>MyFile</literal>" are different files.
it: Nei nomi dei file si distingue tra <emphasis role="strong">maiuscole e minuscole</emphasis>. I file "<literal>MIOFILE</literal>" e "<literal>MioFile</literal>" sono cioè file diversi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The <emphasis role="strong">root directory</emphasis> means root of the filesystem referred as simply "<literal>/</literal>".  Don't confuse this with the home directory for the root user: "<literal>/root</literal>".
it: La <emphasis role="strong">directory root</emphasis> indica la radice del file system, indicata semplicemente con "<literal>/</literal>". Non la si confonda con la directory home dell'utente root: "<literal>/root</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Every directory has a name which can contain any letters or symbols <emphasis role="strong">except "<literal>/</literal>"</emphasis>.  The root directory is an exception; its name is "<literal>/</literal>" (pronounced "slash" or "the root directory") and it cannot be renamed.
it: Ogni directory ha un nome che può contenere qualsiasi lettera o simbolo <emphasis role="strong">tranne"<literal>/</literal>"</emphasis>. La directory radice è un'eccezione; il suo nome è "<literal>/</literal>" (pronunciato "slash" o "directory root/radice") e il suo nome non può essere cambiato.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Each file or directory is designated by a <emphasis role="strong">fully-qualified filename</emphasis>, <emphasis role="strong">absolute filename</emphasis>, or <emphasis role="strong">path</emphasis>, giving the sequence of directories which must be passed through to reach it.  The three terms are synonymous.
it: Ogni file o directory è indicato da un <emphasis role="strong">nome di file pienamente qualificato</emphasis>, un <emphasis role="strong">nome file assoluto</emphasis> o un <emphasis role="strong">percorso</emphasis>, fornendo la sequenza di directory attraverso le quali si deve passare per raggiungerlo. I tre termini sono sinonimi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: All <emphasis role="strong">fully-qualified filenames</emphasis> begin with the "<literal>/</literal>" directory, and there's a "<literal>/</literal>" between each directory or file in the filename.  The first "<literal>/</literal>" is the top level directory, and the other "<literal>/</literal>"'s separate successive subdirectories, until we reach the last entry which is the name of the actual file.  The words used here can be confusing.  Take the following <emphasis role="strong">fully-qualified filename</emphasis> as an example: "<literal>/usr/share/keytables/us.map.gz</literal>".  However, people also refers to its basename "<literal>us.map.gz</literal>" alone as a filename.
it: Tutti i <emphasis role="strong">nomi di file pienamente qualificati</emphasis> iniziano con la directory "<literal>/</literal>" e c'è un carattere "<literal>/</literal>" tra ciascuna directory o file nel nome del file. Il primo carattere "<literal>/</literal>" è la directory di più alto livello e gli altri "<literal>/</literal>" separano le directory successive fino a che non si raggiunge l'ultima voce che è il nome del file stesso. I termini usati possono creare confusione. Prendere in considerazione come esempio il seguente <emphasis role="strong">nome file pienamente qualificato</emphasis> come esempio: "<literal>/usr/share/keytables/us.map.gz</literal>"; anche se ci si riferisce al solo nome base,  "<literal>us.map.gz</literal>" come al suo nome file.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The root directory has a number of branches, such as "<literal>/etc/</literal>" and "<literal>/usr/</literal>".  These subdirectories in turn branch into still more subdirectories, such as "<literal>/etc/init.d/</literal>" and "<literal>/usr/local/</literal>".  The whole thing viewed collectively is called the <emphasis role="strong">directory tree</emphasis>.  You can think of an absolute filename as a route from the base of the tree ("<literal>/</literal>") to the end of some branch (a file).  You also hear people talk about the directory tree as if it were a <emphasis role="strong">family</emphasis> tree encompassing all direct descendants of a single figure called the root directory ("<literal>/</literal>"): thus subdirectories have <emphasis role="strong">parents</emphasis>, and a path shows the complete ancestry of a file.  There are also relative paths that begin somewhere other than the root directory.  You should remember that the directory "<literal>../</literal>" refers to the parent directory.  This terminology also applies to other directory like structures, such as hierarchical data structures.
it: La directory radice ha un certo numero di rami, come "<literal>/etc/</literal>" e "<literal>/usr/</literal>". Queste sottodirectory a loro volta si diramano in ulteriori sottodirectory, come "<literal>/etc/init.d/</literal>" e "<literal>/usr/local/</literal>". Viste tutte insieme vengono chiamate <emphasis role="strong">albero delle directory</emphasis>. Si può pensare ad un nome file assoluto come ad un percorso dalla base dell'albero ("<literal>/</literal>") alla punta di un ramo (un file). Si può anche sentir parlare dell'albero delle directory come se fosse un albero <emphasis role="strong">genealogico</emphasis> che comprende tutti i discendenti di un'unica figura detta directory radice ("<literal>/</literal>): le sottodirectory hanno perciò dei <emphasis role="strong">genitori</emphasis> e un percorso mostra gli antenati completi di un file. Ci sono anche percorsi relativi che iniziano da una qualche posizione che non sia la directory radice. Si dovrebbe tenere a mente che la directory "<literal>../</literal>" si riferisce alla directory genitore. Questa terminologia si applica anche ad altre strutture simili a quella delle directory, come le strutture di dati gerarchici.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: There's no special directory path name component that corresponds to a physical device, such as your hard disk.  This differs from <ulink url="&rtbb;">RT-11</ulink>, <ulink url="&cpm;">CP/M</ulink>, <ulink url="&openvms;">OpenVMS</ulink>, <ulink url="&msdos;">MS-DOS</ulink>, <ulink url="&amigaos;">AmigaOS</ulink>, and <ulink url="&microsoftwindows;">Microsoft Windows</ulink>, where the path contains a device name such as "<literal>C:\</literal>".  (However, directory entries do exist that refer to physical devices as a part of the normal filesystem.  See <xref linkend="_filesystem_internals"/>.)
it: Non c'è alcun nome speciale di percorso di directory che corrisponda ad un dispositivo fisico, come il disco fisso. Questa è una differenza rispetto a <ulink url="&rtbb;">RT-11</ulink>, <ulink url="&cpm;">CP/M</ulink>, <ulink url="&openvms;">OpenVMS</ulink>, <ulink url="&msdos;">MS-DOS</ulink>, <ulink url="&amigaos;">AmigaOS</ulink> e <ulink url="&microsoftwindows;">Microsoft Windows</ulink>, in cui il percorso contiene una porzione con il nome di dispositivo come "<literal>C:\</literal>". (Esistono tuttavia directory che si riferiscono ai dispositivi fisici come a parte del file system normale. Vedere <xref linkend="_filesystem_internals"/>.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: While you <emphasis role="strong">can</emphasis> use almost any letters or symbols in a file name, in practice it is a bad idea to do so.  It is better to avoid any characters that often have special meanings on the command line, including spaces, tabs, newlines, and other special characters: <literal>{ } ( ) [ ] ' ` " \ / &gt; &lt; | ; ! # &amp; ^ * % @ $</literal> .  If you want to separate words in a name, good choices are the period, hyphen, and underscore.  You could also capitalize each word, "<literal>LikeThis</literal>". Experienced Linux users tend to avoid spaces in filenames.
it: Benché si <emphasis role="strong">possa</emphasis> usare quasi qualsiasi lettera o simbolo nel nome di un file, in pratica farlo non è una bella idea. È meglio evitare qualsiasi carattere che ha spesso un significato particolare sulla riga di comando, inclusi spazi, tabulazioni, a capo e altri caratteri speciali: <literal>{ } ( ) [ ] ' ` " \ / &gt; &lt; | ; ! # &amp; ^ * % @ $</literal>. Se si vuole separare delle parole all'interno di un nome file, buone alternative sono un punto, un trattino ed il segno di sottolineatura. Si può anche scrivere in maiuscolo ogni parola, "<literal>InQuestoModo</literal>". Gli utenti Linux esperti tendono ad evitare l'uso degli spazi nei nomi dei file.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: The word "root" can mean either "root user" or "root directory".  The context of their usage should make it clear.
it: La parola "root" può significare l'"utente root" o la "directory root". Il contesto in cui il termine viene usato dovrebbe rendere chiaro il suo significato.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: The word <emphasis role="strong">path</emphasis> is used not only for <emphasis role="strong">fully-qualified filename</emphasis> as above but also for the <emphasis role="strong">command search path</emphasis>.  The intended meaning is usually clear from the context.
it: La parola <emphasis role="strong">percorso</emphasis> non è usata solamente per un <emphasis role="strong">nome di file pienamente qualificato</emphasis> come descritto in precedenza, ma anche per il <emphasis role="strong">percorso di ricerca dei comandi</emphasis>. Il significato è di solito reso chiaro dal contesto.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The detailed best practices for the file hierarchy are described in the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard ("<literal>/usr/share/doc/debian-policy/fhs/fhs-2.3.txt.gz</literal>" and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>hier</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>).  You should remember the following facts as the starter.
it: Le linee guida raccomandate per la gerarchia dei file sono descritte in dettaglio nel Filesystem Hierarchy Standard ("<literal>/usr/share/doc/debian-policy/fhs/fhs-2.3.txt.gz</literal>" e in <citerefentry><refentrytitle>hier</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>). Come inizio si dovrebbe tenere a mente quanto segue.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of usage of key directories
it: Elenco degli usi delle directory principali

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: usage of the directory
it: uso della directory

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: the root directory
it: la directory root

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: system wide configuration files
it: file di configurazione a livello di sistema

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: system log files
it: file di registro del sistema

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: all the home directories for all non-privileged users
it: tutte le directory home degli utenti non privilegiati

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Filesystem internals
it: Aspetti tecnici del file system

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Following the <emphasis role="strong">Unix tradition</emphasis>, the Debian GNU/Linux system provides the <ulink url="&filesystem;">filesystem</ulink> under which physical data on hard disks and other storage devices reside, and the interaction with the hardware devices such as console screens and remote serial consoles are represented in an unified manner under "<literal>/dev/</literal>".
it: Nella scia della <emphasis role="strong">tradizione Unix</emphasis>, il sistema Debian GNU/Linux fornisce il <ulink url="&filesystem;">file system</ulink> in cui risiedono i dati fisici nel disco fisso e negli altri dispositivi di memorizzazione, ed inoltre le interazioni con i dispositivi hardware come gli schermi delle console e le console seriali remote vengono rappresentate in un modo unificato in "<literal>/dev/</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Each file, directory, named pipe (a way two programs can share data), or physical device on a Debian GNU/Linux system has a data structure called an <ulink url="&inode;">inode</ulink> which describes its associated attributes such as the user who owns it (owner), the group that it belongs to, the time last accessed, etc.  If you are really interested, see "<literal>/usr/include/linux/fs.h</literal>" for the exact definition of "<literal>struct inode</literal>" in the Debian GNU/Linux system. The idea of representing just about everything in the filesystem was a Unix innovation, and modern Linux kernels have developed this idea ever further. Now, even information about processes running in the computer can be found in the filesystem.
it: Ogni file, directory, pipe con nome (un modo per due programmi di scambiare dati) o dispositivo fisico presente in un sistema Debian GNU/Linux ha una struttura di dati chiamata <ulink url="&inode;">inode</ulink> che descrive gli attributi ad esso associati come l'utente che lo possiede (proprietario), il gruppo a cui appartiene, la data dell'ultimo accesso ad esso, ecc. Se si è interessati a questo aspetto, vedere "<literal>/usr/include/linux/fs.h</literal> per l'esatta definizione di "<literal>struct inode</literal>" nel sistema Debian GNU/Linux. L'idea di rappresentare praticamente tutto nel file system è stata un'innovazione di Unix e i kernel Linux moderni hanno sviluppato questa idea e sono andati oltre. Ora anche le informazioni sui processi in esecuzione sul computer possono essere trovate nel file system.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This abstract and unified representation of physical entities and internal processes is very powerful since this allows us to use the same command for the same kind of operation on many totally different devices. It is even possible to change the way the kernel works by writing data to special files that are linked to running processes.
it: La rappresentazione astratta e unificata di entità fisiche e di processi interni è molto potente dato che permette di usare lo stesso comando per lo stesso tipo di operazione su molti tipi di device completamente diversi l'uno dall'altro. È anche possibile cambiare il modo in cui il kernel funziona scrivendo dati in file speciali che sono collegati ai processi in esecuzione.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: If you need to identify the correspondence between the file tree and the physical entity, execute <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mount</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> with no arguments.
it: Per identificare la corrispondenza tra l'albero dei file e le entità fisiche, eseguire <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mount</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> senza opzioni.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Filesystem permissions
it: Permessi del file system

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <ulink url="&filesystempermissions;">Filesystem permissions</ulink> of <ulink url="&unixlike;">Unix-like</ulink> system are defined for three categories of affected users.
it: I <ulink url="&filesystempermissions;">permessi del file system</ulink> di sistemi <ulink url="&unixlike;">*nix</ulink> sono definiti e influenzano tre categorie di utenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The <emphasis role="strong">user</emphasis> who owns the file (<emphasis role="strong">u</emphasis>)
it: L'<emphasis role="strong">utente</emphasis> che è il proprietario del file (<emphasis role="strong">u</emphasis>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Other users in the <emphasis role="strong">group</emphasis> which the file belongs to (<emphasis role="strong">g</emphasis>)
it: Gli altri utenti del <emphasis role="strong">gruppo</emphasis> a cui appartiene il file (<emphasis role="strong">g</emphasis>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: All <emphasis role="strong">other</emphasis> users (<emphasis role="strong">o</emphasis>) also referred to as "world" and "everyone"
it: Tutti gli <emphasis role="strong">altri</emphasis>utenti (<emphasis role="strong">o</emphasis>) a cui ci si riferisce anche con i termini "mondo" e "tutti".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For the file, each corresponding permission allows following actions.
it: Per un file, a ciascun permesso corrispondono le seguenti azioni.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The <emphasis role="strong">read</emphasis> (<emphasis role="strong">r</emphasis>) permission allows owner to examine contents of the file.
it: Il permesso di <emphasis role="strong">lettura</emphasis> (<emphasis role="strong">r</emphasis>) permette al proprietario di esaminare il contenuto del file.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The <emphasis role="strong">write</emphasis> (<emphasis role="strong">w</emphasis>) permission allows owner to modify the file.
it: Il permesso di <emphasis role="strong">scrittura</emphasis> (<emphasis role="strong">w</emphasis>) permette al proprietario di modificare il file.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The <emphasis role="strong">execute</emphasis> (<emphasis role="strong">x</emphasis>) permission allows owner to run the file as a command.
it: Il permesso di <emphasis role="strong">esecuzione</emphasis> (<emphasis role="strong">x</emphasis>) permette al proprietario di eseguire il file come comando.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For the directory, each corresponding permission allows following actions.
it: Per una directory, a ciascun permesso corrispondono le seguenti azioni.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The <emphasis role="strong">read</emphasis> (<emphasis role="strong">r</emphasis>) permission allows owner to list contents of the directory.
it: Il permesso di <emphasis role="strong">lettura</emphasis> (<emphasis role="strong">r</emphasis>) permette al proprietario di elencare il contenuto della directory.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The <emphasis role="strong">write</emphasis> (<emphasis role="strong">w</emphasis>) permission allows owner to add or remove files in the directory.
it: Il permesso di <emphasis role="strong">scrittura</emphasis> (<emphasis role="strong">w</emphasis>) permette al proprietario di aggiungere o rimuovere file dalla directory.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The <emphasis role="strong">execute</emphasis> (<emphasis role="strong">x</emphasis>) permission allows owner to access files in the directory.
it: Il permesso di <emphasis role="strong">esecuzione</emphasis> (<emphasis role="strong">x</emphasis>) permette al proprietario di accedere ai file nella directory.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here, the <emphasis role="strong">execute</emphasis> permission on a directory means not only to allow reading of files in that directory but also to allow viewing their attributes, such as the size and the modification time.
it: In questo caso il permesso di <emphasis role="strong">esecuzione</emphasis> su una directory non solo significa poter leggere i file in quella directory ma anche poterne vedere gli attributi, come la dimensione e la data di modifica.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ls</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> is used to display permission information (and more) for files and directories.  When it is invoked with the "<literal>-l</literal>" option, it displays the following information in the order given.
it: Per visualizzare le informazioni sui permessi (ed altro) di file e directory si usa <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ls</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>. Quando chiamato con l'opzione "<literal>-l</literal>" mostra, nell'ordine elencato in seguito, le seguenti informazioni.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">Type of file</emphasis> (first character)
it: <emphasis role="strong">Tipo di file</emphasis> (primo carattere).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Access <emphasis role="strong">permission</emphasis> of the file (nine characters, consisting of three characters each for user, group, and other in this order)
it: <emphasis role="strong">Permessi</emphasis> di accesso al file (nove caratteri, tre ciascuno per utente, gruppo e altri, in questo ordine).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">Number of hard links</emphasis> to the file
it: <emphasis role="strong">Numero di collegamenti fisici</emphasis> al file.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Name of the <emphasis role="strong">user</emphasis> who owns the file
it: Nome dell'<emphasis role="strong">utente</emphasis> proprietario del file.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Name of the <emphasis role="strong">group</emphasis> which the file belongs to
it: Nome del <emphasis role="strong">gruppo</emphasis> a cui il file appartiene.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">Size</emphasis> of the file in characters (bytes)
it: <emphasis role="strong">Dimensione</emphasis> in caratteri (byte) del file.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">Date and time</emphasis> of the file (mtime)
it: <emphasis role="strong">Data ed ora</emphasis> del file (mtime).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">Name</emphasis> of the file
it: <emphasis role="strong">Nome</emphasis> del file.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of the first character of "<literal>ls -l</literal>" output
it: Elenco dei valori possibili per il primo carattere nell'output di "<literal>ls -l</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: character
it: carattere

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: meaning
it: significato

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: normal file
it: file normale

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: symlink
it: collegamento simbolico

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: character device node
it: device a caratteri

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: block device node
it: device a blocchi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: named pipe
it: pipe con nome

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chown</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> is used from the root account to change the owner of the file.  <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chgrp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> is used from the file's owner or root account to change the group of the file.  <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chmod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> is used from the file's owner or root account to change file and directory access permissions.  Basic syntax to manipulate a <literal>foo</literal> file is the following.
it: Per cambiare il proprietario di un file da un account root si usa <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chown</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>. Per cambiare il gruppo di un file dall'account del proprietario o da quello di root si usa <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chgrp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>. Per cambiare i permessi di accesso di file o directory dall'account del proprietario o da quello di root si usa <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chmod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>. La sintassi di base per manipolare un file <literal>pippo</literal> è la seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: # chown &lt;newowner&gt; foo
    # chgrp &lt;newgroup&gt; foo
    # chmod  [ugoa][+-=][rwxXst][,...] foo
it: # chown &lt;nuovoproprietario&gt; pippo
    # chgrp &lt;nuovogruppo&gt; pippo
    # chmod  [ugoa][+-=][rwxXst][,...] pippo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For example, you can make a directory tree to be owned by a user <literal>foo</literal> and shared by a group <literal>bar</literal> by the following.
it: Per esempio si può fare in modo che l'utente <literal>pippo</literal> sia il proprietario di un albero di directory condivisa dal gruppo <literal>pluto</literal> con i seguenti comandi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: # cd /some/location/
    # chown -R foo:bar .
    # chmod -R ug+rwX,o=rX .
it: # cd /qualche/posizione/
    # chown -R pippo:pluto .
    # chmod -R ug+rwX,o=rX .

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There are three more special permission bits.
it: Ci sono altri tre bit speciali di permessi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The <emphasis role="strong">set user ID</emphasis> bit (<emphasis role="strong">s</emphasis> or <emphasis role="strong">S</emphasis> instead of user's <emphasis role="strong">x</emphasis>)
it: Il bit <emphasis role="strong">set user ID</emphasis> (<emphasis role="strong">s</emphasis> o <emphasis role="strong">S</emphasis> al posto del permesso <emphasis role="strong">x</emphasis> dell'utente).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The <emphasis role="strong">set group ID</emphasis> bit (<emphasis role="strong">s</emphasis> or <emphasis role="strong">S</emphasis> instead of group's <emphasis role="strong">x</emphasis>)
it: Il bit <emphasis role="strong">set group ID</emphasis> (<emphasis role="strong">s</emphasis> o <emphasis role="strong">S</emphasis> al posto del permesso <emphasis role="strong">x</emphasis> del gruppo).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The <emphasis role="strong">sticky</emphasis> bit (<emphasis role="strong">t</emphasis> or <emphasis role="strong">T</emphasis> instead of other's <emphasis role="strong">x</emphasis>)
it: Il bit <emphasis role="strong">sticky</emphasis> (<emphasis role="strong">t</emphasis> o <emphasis role="strong">T</emphasis> al posto del permesso <emphasis role="strong">x</emphasis> degli altri).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here the output of "<literal>ls -l</literal>" for these bits is <emphasis role="strong">capitalized</emphasis> if execution bits hidden by these outputs are <emphasis role="strong">unset</emphasis>.
it: Nell'output di "<literal>ls -l</literal>" il valore di questi bit è <emphasis role="strong">maiuscolo</emphasis> se il bit di permesso di esecuzione nascosto da essi è <emphasis role="strong"> non impostato</emphasis>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Setting <emphasis role="strong">set user ID</emphasis> on an executable file allows a user to execute the executable file with the owner ID of the file (for example <emphasis role="strong">root</emphasis>).  Similarly, setting <emphasis role="strong">set group ID</emphasis> on an executable file allows a user to execute the executable file with the group ID of the file (for example <emphasis role="strong">root</emphasis>).  Because these settings can cause security risks, enabling them requires extra caution.
it: L'impostazione del bit <emphasis role="strong">set user ID</emphasis> per un file eseguibile permette ad un utente di eseguire quel file con l'ID del proprietario del file (per esempio <emphasis role="strong">root</emphasis>). In modo simile, l'impostazione del bit <emphasis role="strong">set group ID</emphasis> per un file eseguibile permette ad un utente di eseguire il file con l'ID del gruppo a cui appartiene il file (per esempio <emphasis role="strong">root</emphasis>). Poiché l'impostazione di questi bit può causare rischi in termini di sicurezza, il loro uso richiede una particolare cautela.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Setting <emphasis role="strong">set group ID</emphasis> on a directory enables the <ulink url="&bsdlike;">BSD-like</ulink> file creation scheme where all files created in the directory belong to the <emphasis role="strong">group</emphasis> of the directory.
it: L'impostazione del bit <emphasis role="strong">set group ID</emphasis> per una directory abilita lo schema di creazione di file in <ulink url="&bsdlike;">stile BSD</ulink>, in cui tutti i file creati nella directory appartengono al <emphasis role="strong">gruppo</emphasis> della directory.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Setting the <emphasis role="strong">sticky bit</emphasis> on a directory prevents a file in the directory from being removed by a user who is not the owner of the file.  In order to secure contents of a file in world-writable directories such as "<literal>/tmp</literal>" or in group-writable directories, one must not only reset the <emphasis role="strong">write</emphasis> permission for the file but also set the <emphasis role="strong">sticky bit</emphasis> on the directory.  Otherwise, the file can be removed and a new file can be created with the same name by any user who has write access to the directory.
it: L'impostazione dello <emphasis role="strong">sticky bit</emphasis> per una directory impedisce la rimozione di un file nella directory da parte dell'utente che non ne è il proprietario. Per preservare i contenuti di un file in directory con permessi di scrittura per tutti, come "<literal>/tmp</literal>" o in directory con permessi di scrittura per un gruppo, non solo si deve impostare il permesso di <emphasis role="strong">scrittura</emphasis> per il file, ma anche impostare lo <emphasis role="strong">sticky bit</emphasis> per la directory. In caso contrario, qualunque utente con i permessi di scrittura per la directory può rimuovere il file e crearne uno nuovo con lo stesso nome.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here are a few interesting examples of file permissions.
it: Ecco alcuni interessanti esempi di permessi dei file.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There is an alternative numeric mode to describe file permissions with <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chmod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.  This numeric mode uses 3 to 4 digit wide octal (radix=8) numbers.
it: Esiste un metodo numerico alternativo per descrivere i permessi dei file con <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chmod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>; tale metodo numerico usa numeri ottali (base=8) di 3 o 4 cifre.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: The numeric mode for file permissions in <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chmod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> commands
it: Permessi in notazione numerica per i comandi <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chmod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: digit
it: cifra

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: 1st optional digit
it: 1ª cifra opzionale

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: sum of <emphasis role="strong">set user ID</emphasis> (=4), <emphasis role="strong">set group ID</emphasis> (=2), and <emphasis role="strong">sticky bit</emphasis> (=1)
it: somma di <emphasis role="strong">set user ID</emphasis> (=4), <emphasis role="strong">set group ID</emphasis> (=2) e <emphasis role="strong">sticky bit</emphasis> (=1)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: 2nd digit
it: 2ª cifra

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: sum of <emphasis role="strong">read</emphasis> (=4), <emphasis role="strong">write</emphasis> (=2), and <emphasis role="strong">execute</emphasis> (=1) permissions for <emphasis role="strong">user</emphasis>
it: somma dei permessi di <emphasis role="strong">lettura</emphasis> (=4), <emphasis role="strong">scrittura</emphasis> (=2) e <emphasis role="strong">esecuzione</emphasis> (=1) per l'<emphasis role="strong">utente</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: 3rd digit
it: 3ª cifra

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: ditto for <emphasis role="strong">group</emphasis>
it: come sopra, ma per il<emphasis role="strong">gruppo</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: 4th digit
it: 4ª cifra

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: ditto for <emphasis role="strong">other</emphasis>
it: come sopra, ma per gli <emphasis role="strong">altri</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This sounds complicated but it is actually quite simple.  If you look at the first few (2-10) columns from "<literal>ls -l</literal>" command output and read it as a binary (radix=2) representation of file permissions ("-" being "0" and "rwx" being "1"), the last 3 digit of the numeric mode value should make sense as an octal (radix=8) representation of file permissions to you.
it: Sembra complicato, ma è in realtà piuttosto semplice. Se si guardano le prime colonne (2-10) nell'output del comando "<literal>ls -l</literal>" e le si leggono come una rappresentazione binaria (base=2) dei permessi sui file (dove "-" equivale a "0" e "rwx" equivalgono a "1"), le ultime 3 cifre del valore numerico dei permessi dovrebbero apparire come la corretta rappresentazione dei permessi sui file in numerazione ottale (base=8).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For example, try the following
it: Per esempio, provare a fare quanto segue.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: $ touch foo bar
    $ chmod u=rw,go=r foo
    $ chmod 644 bar
    $ ls -l foo bar
    -rw-r--r-- 1 penguin penguin 0 Oct 16 21:39 bar
    -rw-r--r-- 1 penguin penguin 0 Oct 16 21:35 foo
it: $ touch pippo pluto
    $ chmod u=rw,go=r pippo
    $ chmod 644 pluto
    $ ls -l pippo pluto
    -rw-r--r-- 1 pinguino pinguino 0 ott 16 21:39 pluto
    -rw-r--r-- 1 pinguino pinguino 0 ott 16 21:35 pippo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: If you need to access information displayed by "<literal>ls -l</literal>" in shell script, you should use pertinent commands such as <citerefentry><refentrytitle>test</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>stat</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>readlink</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.  The shell builtin such as "<literal>[</literal>" or "<literal>test</literal>" may be used too.
it: Se si deve aver accesso alle informazioni visualizzate da "<literal>ls -l</literal>" in script di shell, si dovrebbero usare i comandi pertinenti, come <citerefentry><refentrytitle>test</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>stat</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> e <citerefentry><refentrytitle>readlink</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>. Si possono usare anche i comandi interni della shell come "<literal>[</literal>" o "<literal>test</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Control of permissions for newly created files: umask
it: Controllo dei permessi per i file appena creati: umask

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: What permissions are applied to a newly created file or directory is restricted by the <literal>umask</literal> shell builtin command.  See <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dash</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>bash</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>builtins</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
it: I permessi che vengono applicati ad un file o una directory appena creati sono limitati dal comando interno della shell <literal>umask</literal>. Vedere <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dash</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>bash</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> e <citerefentry><refentrytitle>builtins</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en:  (file permissions) = (requested file permissions) &amp; ~(umask value)
it: (permessi del file) = (permessi del file richiesti) &amp; ~(valore di umask)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: The <emphasis role="strong">umask</emphasis> value examples
it: Esempi di valori di <emphasis role="strong">umask</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: file permissions created
it: permessi dei file creati

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: directory permissions created
it: permessi delle directory create

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: usage
it: uso

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: writable only by the user
it: scrivibile solo dall'utente

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: writable by the group
it: scrivibile solo dal gruppo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The Debian system uses a user private group (UPG) scheme as its default. A UPG is created whenever a new user is added to the system. A UPG has the same name as the user for which it was created and that user is the only member of the UPG. UPG scheme makes it is safe to set umask to <literal>0002</literal> since every user has their own private group.  (In some Unix variants, it is quite common to setup all normal users belonging to a single <emphasis role="strong"><literal>users</literal></emphasis> group and is good idea to set umask to <literal>0022</literal> for security in such cases.)
it: Il sistema Debian usa, in modo predefinito, uno schema UPG (User Private Group, gruppo privato dell'utente). Ogni volta che viene aggiunto un nuovo utente al sistema, viene creato un UPG; questo ha lo stesso nome dell'utente per il quale è stato creato e quell'utente è l'unico membro dell'UPG. Lo schema UPG rende sicura l'impostazione della umask a <literal>0002</literal> dato che ogni utente ha il proprio gruppo privato. (In alcune varianti di Unix è abbastanza comune impostare tutti gli utenti normali come appartenenti ad un unico gruppo <emphasis role="strong">users<literal> ed è in quel caso una buona idea impostare umask a </literal>0022</emphasis> per ragioni di sicurezza.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Enable UPG by putting "<literal>umask 002</literal>" in the <literal>~/.bashrc</literal> file.
it: Abilitare UPG inserendo "<literal>umask 002</literal>" nel file <literal>~/.bashrc</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Permissions for groups of users (group)
it: Permessi per gruppi di utenti (gruppi)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: In order to make group permissions to be applied to a particular user, that user needs to be made a member of the group using "<literal>sudo vigr</literal>".
it: Per far sì che i permessi di un gruppo siano applicati ad un particolare utente, tale utente deve essere inserito come membro del gruppo usando "<literal>sudo vigr</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: Alternatively, you may dynamically add users to groups during the authentication process by adding "<literal>auth optional pam_group.so</literal>" line to "<literal>/etc/pam.d/common-auth</literal>" and setting "<literal>/etc/security/group.conf</literal>".  (See <xref linkend="_authentication"/>.)
it: In alternativa, si possono aggiungere dinamicamente gli utenti ai gruppi durante il processo di autenticazione aggiungendo la riga "<literal>auth optional pam_group.so</literal>" al file "<literal>/etc/pam.d/common-auth</literal>" e configurando "<literal>/etc/security/group.conf</literal>". (Vedere <xref linkend="_authentication"/>.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The hardware devices are just another kind of file on the Debian system.  If you have problems accessing devices such as CD-ROM and USB memory stick from a user account, you should make that user a member of the relevant group.
it: I dispositivi hardware sono, in un sistema Debian, semplicemente un altro tipo di file. Se si hanno problemi ad accedere a dispositivi quali CD-ROM e chiavette USB da un account utente, si dovrebbe inserire quell'utente nel gruppo appropriato.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Some notable system-provided groups allow their members to access particular files and devices without <literal>root</literal> privilege.
it: Alcuni importanti gruppi pre-impostati dal sistema permettono ai loro membri l'accesso a file e device particolari senza i privilegi di <literal>root</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of notable system-provided groups for file access
it: Elenco dei principali gruppi forniti dal sistema per accesso ai file

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: group
it: gruppo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: description for accessible files and devices
it: descrizione dei file e device accessibili

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: full and direct access to serial ports ("<literal>/dev/ttyS[0-3]</literal>")
it: accesso diretto e completo alle porte seriali ("<literal>/dev/ttyS[0-3]</literal>")

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: limited access to serial ports for <emphasis role="strong">Dialup IP</emphasis> connection to trusted peers
it: accesso limitato alle porte seriali per connessione <emphasis role="strong">IP dialup</emphasis> a peer fidati

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: CD-ROM, DVD+/-RW drives
it: unità CD-ROM, DVD+/-RW

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: audio device
it: device audio

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: video device
it: device video

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: scanner(s)
it: scanner

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: system monitoring logs
it: registri di monitoraggio del sistema

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: some directories for junior administrative work: "<literal>/usr/local</literal>", "<literal>/home</literal>"
it: alcune directory per compiti minori di amministrazione: ""<literal>/usr/local</literal>", "<literal>/home</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: You need to belong to the <literal>dialout</literal> group to reconfigure modem, dial anywhere, etc.  But if <literal>root</literal> creates pre-defined configuration files for trusted peers in "<literal>/etc/ppp/peers/</literal>", you only need to belong to the <literal>dip</literal> group to create <emphasis role="strong">Dialup IP</emphasis> connection to those trusted peers using <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pppd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pon</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>poff</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> commands.
it: È necessario far parte del gruppo <literal>dialout</literal> per riconfigurare il modem, comporre numeri, ecc. Se però <literal>root</literal> crea file di configurazione predefiniti per i peer fidati in "<literal>/etc/ppp/peers/</literal>", è necessario solamente far parte del grupo <literal>dip</literal> per creare una connessione <emphasis role="strong">IP dialup</emphasis> a tali peer fidati usando i comandi <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pppd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pon</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> e <citerefentry><refentrytitle>poff</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Some notable system-provided groups allow their members to execute particular commands without <literal>root</literal> privilege.
it: Alcuni importanti gruppi pre-impostati dal sistema permettono ai loro membri di eseguire particolari comandi senza i privilegi di <literal>root</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of notable system provided groups for particular command executions
it: Elenco dei principali gruppi forniti dal sistema per l'esecuzione di particolari comandi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: accessible commands
it: comandi accessibili

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: execute <literal>sudo</literal> without their password
it: eseguire <literal>sudo</literal> senza password

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: execute commands to add, modify, and remove printers from printer databases
it: eseguire comandi per aggiungere, modificare e rimuovere stampanti dal database delle stampanti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For the full listing of the system provided users and groups, see the recent version of the "Users and Groups" document in "<literal>/usr/share/doc/base-passwd/users-and-groups.html</literal>" provided by the <literal>base-passwd</literal> package.
it: Per l'elenco completo degli utenti e gruppi forniti dal sistema, vedere la recente versione del documento "Utenti e gruppi" in "<literal>/usr/share/doc/base-passwd/users-and-groups.html</literal>" fornito dal pacchetto <literal>base-passwd</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>newgrp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>vipw</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>vigr</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pam_group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> for management commands of the user and group system.
it: Vedere <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>newgrp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>vipw</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>vigr</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> e <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pam_group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> per informazioni sui comandi di gestione di utenti e gruppi sul sistema.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Timestamps
it: Orari

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There are three types of timestamps for a GNU/Linux file.
it: Ci sono tre tipi di orari per un file GNU/Linux.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of types of timestamps
it: Elenco dei tipi di data

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: type
it: tipo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: the file modification time (<literal>ls -l</literal>)
it: orario di modifica del file (<literal>ls -l</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: the file status change time (<literal>ls -lc</literal>)
it: orario di cambiamento di stato del file (<literal>ls -lc</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: the last file access time (<literal>ls -lu</literal>)
it: orario dell'ultimo accesso al file (<literal>ls -lu</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">ctime</emphasis> is not file creation time.
it: <emphasis role="strong">ctime</emphasis> non è l'orario di creazione del file.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Overwriting a file changes all of the <emphasis role="strong">mtime</emphasis>, <emphasis role="strong">ctime</emphasis>, and <emphasis role="strong">atime</emphasis> attributes of the file.
it: La sovrascrittura di un file cambia tutti gli attributi <emphasis role="strong">mtime</emphasis>, <emphasis role="strong">ctime</emphasis> e <emphasis role="strong">atime</emphasis> del file.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Changing ownership or permission of a file changes the <emphasis role="strong">ctime</emphasis> and <emphasis role="strong">atime</emphasis> attributes of the file.
it: Il cambiamento del proprietario o dei permessi di un file cambia gli attributi <emphasis role="strong">ctime</emphasis> e <emphasis role="strong">atime</emphasis> del file.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Reading a file changes the <emphasis role="strong">atime</emphasis> of the file.
it: La lettura di un file cambia l'attributo <emphasis role="strong">atime</emphasis> di un file.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: Even simply reading a file on the Debian system normally causes a file write operation to update <emphasis role="strong">atime</emphasis> information in the <emphasis role="strong">inode</emphasis>.  Mounting a filesystem with "<literal>noatime</literal>" or "<literal>relatime</literal>" option makes the system skip this operation and results in faster file access for the read. This is often recommended for laptops, because it reduces hard drive activity and saves power. See <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mount</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
it: Persino la semplice lettura di un file su un sistema Debian genera normalmente un'operazione di scrittura sul file per aggiornare l'informazione <emphasis role="strong">atime</emphasis> nell'<emphasis role="strong">inode</emphasis>. Montando un file system con le opzioni "<literal>noatime</literal>" o "<literal>relatime</literal>" fa sì che il sistema salti questa operazione e ciò ha come risultato un accesso ai file in lettura più veloce. Viene spesso raccomandato per i portatili, perché riduce l'attività del disco fisso e fa risparmiare energia. Vedere <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mount</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Use <citerefentry><refentrytitle>touch</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> command to change timestamps of existing files.
it: Usare il comando <citerefentry><refentrytitle>touch</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> per cambiare l'orario di file esistenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For timestamps, the <literal>ls</literal> command outputs different strings under non-English locale ("<literal>fr_FR.UTF-8</literal>") from under the old one ("<literal>C</literal>").
it: Per gli orari, il comando <literal>ls</literal> produce stringhe diverse con le localizzazioni non in inglese ("<literal>it_IT.UTF-8</literal>") rispetto alla vecchia ("<literal>C</literal>").

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: $ LANG=fr_FR.UTF-8  ls -l foo
    -rw-rw-r-- 1 penguin penguin 0 oct. 16 21:35 foo
    $ LANG=C  ls -l foo
    -rw-rw-r-- 1 penguin penguin 0 Oct 16 21:35 foo
it: $ LANG=it_IT.UTF-8  ls -l pippo
    -rw-rw-r-- 1 pinguino pinguino 0 ott 16 21:35 pippo
    $ LANG=C  ls -l pippo
    -rw-rw-r-- 1 pinguino pinguino 0 Oct 16 21:35 pippo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: See <xref linkend="_customized_display_of_time_and_date"/> to customize "<literal>ls -l</literal>" output.
it: Vedere <xref linkend="_customized_display_of_time_and_date"/> per personalizzare l'output di "<literal>ls -l</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Links
it: Collegamenti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There are two methods of associating a file "<literal>foo</literal>" with a different filename "<literal>bar</literal>".
it: Ci sono due metodi per associale un file "<literal>pippo</literal>" ad un diverso nome file "<literal>pluto</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&hardlink;">Hard link</ulink>
it: <ulink url="&hardlink;">Collegamento fisico</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Duplicate name for an existing file
it: Nome duplicato per un file esistente

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>ln foo bar</literal>"
it: "<literal>ln pippo pluto</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&symboliclinkorsymlink;">Symbolic link or symlink</ulink>
it: <ulink url="&symboliclinkorsymlink;">Collegamento simbolico o symlink</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Special file that points to another file by name
it: File speciale che punta ad un altro file in base al nome

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>ln -s foo bar</literal>"
it: "<literal>ln -s pippo pluto</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See the following example for changes in link counts and the subtle differences in the result of the <literal>rm</literal> command.
it: Vedere l'esempio seguente per notare i cambiamenti nel conteggio dei collegamenti e le sottili differenze tra i risultati del comando <literal>rm</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: $ umask 002
    $ echo "Original Content" &gt; foo
    $ ls -li foo
    1449840 -rw-rw-r-- 1 penguin penguin 17 Oct 16 21:42 foo
    $ ln foo bar     # hard link
    $ ln -s foo baz  # symlink
    $ ls -li foo bar baz
    1449840 -rw-rw-r-- 2 penguin penguin 17 Oct 16 21:42 bar
    1450180 lrwxrwxrwx 1 penguin penguin  3 Oct 16 21:47 baz -&gt; foo
    1449840 -rw-rw-r-- 2 penguin penguin 17 Oct 16 21:42 foo
    $ rm foo
    $ echo "New Content" &gt; foo
    $ ls -li foo bar baz
    1449840 -rw-rw-r-- 1 penguin penguin 17 Oct 16 21:42 bar
    1450180 lrwxrwxrwx 1 penguin penguin  3 Oct 16 21:47 baz -&gt; foo
    1450183 -rw-rw-r-- 1 penguin penguin 12 Oct 16 21:48 foo
    $ cat bar
    Original Content
    $ cat baz
    New Content
it: $ umask 002
    $ echo "Contenuto originale" &gt; pluto
    $ ls -li pluto
    1449840 -rw-rw-r-- 1 penguin penguin 17 ott 16 21:42 pluto
    $ ln pluto paper    # collegamento fisico
    $ ln -s pluto pippo  # collegamento simbolico
    $ ls -li pluto paper pippo
    1449840 -rw-rw-r-- 2 penguin penguin 17 ott 16 21:42 paper
    1450180 lrwxrwxrwx 1 penguin penguin  3 ott 16 21:47 pippo -&gt; pluto
    1449840 -rw-rw-r-- 2 penguin penguin 17 ott 16 21:42 pluto
    $ rm pluto
    $ echo "Nuovo contenuto" &gt; pluto
    $ ls -li pluto paper pippo
    1449840 -rw-rw-r-- 1 penguin penguin 17 ott 16 21:42 paper
    1450180 lrwxrwxrwx 1 penguin penguin  3 ott 16 21:47 pippo -&gt; pluto
    1450183 -rw-rw-r-- 1 penguin penguin 12 ott 16 21:48 pluto
    $ cat paper
    Contenuto originale
    $ cat pippo
    Nuovo contenuto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The hardlink can be made within the same filesystem and shares the same inode number which the "<literal>-i</literal>" option with <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ls</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> reveals.
it: Il collegamento fisico può essere creato all'interno dello stesso file system e condivide uno stesso numero di inode, come rivela l'opzione "<literal>-i</literal>" di <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ls</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The symlink always has nominal file access permissions of "<literal>rwxrwxrwx</literal>", as shown in the above example, with the effective access permissions dictated by permissions of the file that it points to.
it: Il collegamento simbolico ha sempre permessi di accesso nominali "<literal>rwxrwxrwx</literal>, come mostrato nell'esempio precedente, ma con gli effettivi permessi di accesso stabiliti dai permessi del file a cui punta.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: It is generally good idea not to create complicated symbolic links or hardlinks at all unless you have a very good reason.  It may cause nightmares where the logical combination of the symbolic links results in loops in the filesystem.
it: In generale è una buona idea non creare collegamenti simbolici complicati o non creare collegamenti fisici per nulla, a meno di non avere una ragione molto buona per farlo. Possono diventare degli incubi quando la combinazione logica dei collegamenti simbolici crea cicli ricorsivi nel file system.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: It is generally preferable to use symbolic links rather than hardlinks unless you have a good reason for using a hardlink.
it: È in generale preferibile usare collegamenti simbolici piuttosto che fisici, a meno che non sia abbia una buona ragione per usare un collegamento fisico.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The "<literal>.</literal>" directory links to the directory that it appears in, thus the link count of any new directory starts at 2.  The "<literal>..</literal>" directory links to the parent directory, thus the link count of the directory increases with the addition of new subdirectories.
it: La directory "<literal>.</literal>" punta alla directory in cui appare, perciò il conteggio dei collegamenti per ogni nuova directory inizia da 2. La directory "<literal>..</literal>" punta alla directory genitore, perciò il conteggio dei collegamenti di una directory aumenta con l'aggiunta di nuove sottodirectory.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you are just moving to Linux from Windows, it soon becomes clear how well-designed the filename linking of Unix is, compared with the nearest Windows equivalent of "shortcuts".  Because it is implemented in the filesystem, applications can't see any difference between a linked file and the original. In the case of hardlinks, there really is no difference.
it: Se si è appena passati da Windows a Linux, appare presto chiaro come sia ben progettato il collegamento dei nomi di file in Unix se paragonato con i collegamenti in ambiente Windows che sono l'equivalente più prossimo in quel sistema. Dato che sono implementati nel file system, le applicazioni non possono vedere alcuna differenza tra un file collegamento ed un originale. Nel caso di collegamenti fisici, non c'è realmente nessuna differenza.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Named pipes (FIFOs)
it: Pipe con nome (FIFO)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: A <ulink url="&namedpipe;">named pipe</ulink> is a file that acts like a pipe.  You put something into the file, and it comes out the other end.  Thus it's called a FIFO, or First-In-First-Out: the first thing you put in the pipe is the first thing to come out the other end.
it: Una <ulink url="&namedpipe;">pipe con nome</ulink> è un file che si comporta da pipe. Si mette qualcosa dentro il file e questa cosa esce dall'altra parte. Questa è chiamata una FIFO (First-In-First_Out, primo ad entrare-primo ad uscire): la prima cosa che viene immessa nella pipe è la prima ad uscire dall'altra estremità.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you write to a named pipe, the process which is writing to the pipe doesn't terminate until the information being written is read from the pipe.  If you read from a named pipe, the reading process waits until there is nothing to read before terminating.  The size of the pipe is always zero --- it does not store data, it just links two processes like the shell "<literal>|</literal>".  However, since this pipe has a name, the two processes don't have to be on the same command line or even be run by the same user. Pipes were a very influential innovation of Unix.
it: Se si scrive su una pipe con nome, il processo che sta eseguendo la scrittura nella pipe non termina fino a che l'informazione scritta nella pipe non viene letta. Se si legge da una pipe con nome, il processo di lettura attende che non ci sia più nulla da leggere prima di terminare. La dimensione della pipe è sempre zero: non archivia dati, ma semplicemente collega due processi come la pipe "<literal>|</literal>" di shell. Tuttavia, dato che questa pipe ha un nome, i due processi non devono essere nella stessa riga di comando e nemmeno essere eseguiti dallo stesso utente. Le pipe sono un'innovazione di Unix di grandissimo impatto.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: $ cd; mkfifo mypipe
    $ echo "hello" &gt;mypipe &amp; # put into background
    [1] 8022
    $ ls -l mypipe
    prw-rw-r-- 1 penguin penguin 0 Oct 16 21:49 mypipe
    $ cat mypipe
    hello
    [1]+  Done                    echo "hello" &gt;mypipe
    $ ls mypipe
    mypipe
    $ rm mypipe
it: $ cd; mkfifo miapipe
    $ echo "hello" &gt;miapipe &amp; # messo sullo sfondo
    [1] 8022
    $ ls -l miapipe
    prw-rw-r-- 1 pinguino pinguino 0 ott 16 21:49 miapipe
    $ cat miapipe
    hello
    [1]+  Done                    echo "hello" &gt;miapipe
    $ ls miapipe
    miapipe
    $ rm miapipe

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Sockets
it: Socket

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Sockets are used extensively by all the Internet communication, databases, and the operating system itself. It is similar to the named pipe (FIFO) and allows processes to exchange information even between different computers.  For the socket, those processes do not need to be running at the same time nor to be running as the children of the same ancestor process.  This is the endpoint for <ulink url="&theinterprocesscommunicationipc;">the inter process communication (IPC)</ulink>.  The exchange of information may occur over the network between different hosts.  The two most common ones are <ulink url="&theinternetsocket;">the Internet socket</ulink> and <ulink url="&theunixdomainsocket;">the Unix domain socket</ulink>.
it: I socket sono usati moltissimo da tutte le comunicazioni Internet, da database e dal sistema operativo stesso. Sono simili alle pipe con nome (FIFO) e permettono ai processi di scambiare informazioni anche tra computer diversi. Per un socket, non è necessario che questi processi siano in esecuzione contemporaneamente, né di essere eseguiti come processi figli di uno stesso processo antenato. Questo è il punto culminante della <ulink url="&theinterprocesscommunicationipc;">comunicazione tra processi (IPC)</ulink>. Lo scambio di informazioni può avvenire sulla rete tra host diversi. I due più comuni sono il <ulink url="&theinternetsocket;">socket Internet</ulink> e gli <ulink url="&theunixdomainsocket;">Unix domain socket</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: "<literal>netstat -an</literal>" provides a very useful overview of sockets that are open on a given system.
it: "<literal>netstat -an</literal>" fornisce una vista d'insieme molto utile dei socket aperti su un dato sistema.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Device files
it: File di device

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <ulink url="&devicefiles;">Device files</ulink> refer to physical or virtual devices on your system, such as your hard disk, video card, screen, or keyboard.  An example of a virtual device is the console, represented by "<literal>/dev/console</literal>".
it: I <ulink url="&devicefiles;">file di device</ulink> fanno riferimento a dispositivi fisici o virtuali sul sistema, come i dischi fissi, la scheda video, lo schermo o la tastiera. Un esempio di dispositivo virtuale è la console, rappresentata da "<literal>/dev/console</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There are 2 types of device files.
it: Ci sono 2 tipi di file di device.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">Character device</emphasis>
it: <emphasis role="strong">Device a caratteri</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Accessed one character at a time
it: Vi si accede un carattere alla volta.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: 1 character = 1 byte
it: 1 carattere = 1 byte

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: E.g. keyboard device, serial port, …
it: Es., device della tastiera, porta seriale, ...

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">Block device</emphasis>
it: <emphasis role="strong">Device a blocchi</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: accessed in larger units called blocks
it: Vi si accede in base a unità più grandi chiamate blocchi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: 1 block &gt; 1 byte
it: 1 blocco &gt; 1 byte

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: E.g. hard disk, …
it: Es., dischi fissi, ...

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can read and write device files, though the file may well contain binary data which may be an incomprehensible-to-humans gibberish.  Writing data directly to these files is sometimes useful for the troubleshooting of hardware connections.  For example, you can dump a text file to the printer device "<literal>/dev/lp0</literal>" or send modem commands to the appropriate serial port "<literal>/dev/ttyS0</literal>".  But, unless this is done carefully, it may cause a major disaster.  So be cautious.
it: I file di device possono essere letti e scritti, anche se è probabile che i file contengano dati binari che appaiono come farfuglii incomprensibili per le persone. La scrittura diretta di dati in questi file è utile a volte per trovare la soluzione a problemi con le connessioni hardware. Si può, per esempio, fare il dump di un file di testo in un device di stampa "<literal>/dev/lp0</literal>" o inviare comandi del modem alla porta seriale appropriata "<literal>/dev/ttyS0</literal>". Ma, a meno che ciò non venga fatto con cautela, può causare grandissimi disastri. Perciò, essere prudenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: For the normal access to a printer, use <citerefentry><refentrytitle>lp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
it: Per il normale accesso ad una stampante, usare <citerefentry><refentrytitle>lp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The device node number are displayed by executing <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ls</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> as the following.
it: I numeri di nodo dei device sono visualizzati se si esegue <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ls</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> come nell'esempio seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/dev/sda</literal>" has the major device number 8 and the minor device number 0.  This is read/write accessible by the user who belongs to <literal>disk</literal> group.
it: "<literal>/dev/sda</literal>" ha major number del device 8 e minor number del device 0. È accessibile in lettura e scrittura dagli utenti che appartengono al gruppo <literal>disk</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/dev/sr0</literal>" has the major device number 11 and the minor device number 0.  This is read/write accessible by the user who belongs to <literal>cdrom</literal> group.
it: "<literal>/dev/sr0</literal>" ha major number del device 11 e minor number del device 0. È accessibile in lettura e scrittura dagli utenti che appartengono al gruppo <literal>cdrom</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/dev/ttyS0</literal>" has the major device number 4 and the minor device number 64.  This is read/write accessible by the user who belongs to <literal>dialout</literal> group.
it: "<literal>/dev/ttyS0</literal>" ha major number del device 4 e minor number del device 64. È accessibile in lettura e scrittura dagli utenti che appartengono al gruppo <literal>dialout</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/dev/zero</literal>" has the major device number 1 and the minor device number 5.  This is read/write accessible by anyone.
it: "<literal>/dev/zero</literal>" ha major number del device 1 e minor number del device 5. È accessibile in lettura e scrittura da chiunque.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: On the modern Linux system, the filesystem under "<literal>/dev/</literal>" is automatically populated by the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>udev</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry> mechanism.
it: Nei sistemi Linux moderni il file system sotto "<literal>/dev</literal>" viene popolato automaticamente dal meccanismo <citerefentry><refentrytitle>udev</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Special device files
it: File di device speciali

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There are some special device files.
it: Ci sono alcuni file di device speciali.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of special device files
it: Elenco di file dei device speciali

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: device file
it: file di device

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: action
it: azione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: description of response
it: descrizione della risposta

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: read
it: lettura

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: return "end-of-file (EOF) character"
it: restituisce il "carattere EOF (End of File, fine del file)"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: write
it: scrittura

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: return nothing (a bottomless data dump pit)
it: non ritorna nulla (un pozzo senza fondo in cui buttare via dati)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: return "the <literal>\0</literal> (NUL) character" (not the same as the number zero ASCII)
it: ritorna il "carattere <literal>\0</literal> (NUL)", diverso dal numero zero in ASCII

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: return random characters from a true random number generator, delivering real entropy (slow)
it: ritorna caratteri a caso da un vero generatore di numeri casuali che dà reale entropia (lento)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: return random characters from a cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator
it: ritorna caratteri casuali da un generatore di numeri pseudocasuali crittograficamente sicuro

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: return the disk-full (ENOSPC) error
it: ritorna l'errore di disco pieno (ENOSPC)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: These are frequently used in conjunction with the shell redirection (see <xref linkend="_typical_command_sequences_and_shell_redirection"/>).
it: Sono spesso usati insieme alla redirezione di shell (vedere <xref linkend="_typical_command_sequences_and_shell_redirection"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: procfs and sysfs
it: procfs e sysfs

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <ulink url="&procfs;">procfs</ulink> and <ulink url="&sysfs;">sysfs</ulink> mounted on "<literal>/proc</literal>" and "<literal>/sys</literal>" are the pseudo-filesystem and expose internal data structures of the kernel to the userspace.  In other word, these entries are virtual, meaning that they act as a convenient window into the operation of the operating system.
it: <ulink url="&procfs;">procfs</ulink> e <ulink url="&sysfs;">sysfs</ulink>, montati in "<literal>/proc</literal>" e "<literal>/sys</literal>" sono pseudo-file system ed espongono strutture interne di dati del kernel nello spazio utente. In altre parole, queste voci sono virtuali, funzionano cioè come una comoda finestra sul funzionamento del sistema operativo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The directory "<literal>/proc</literal>" contains (among other things) one subdirectory for each process running on the system, which is named after the process ID (PID). System utilities that access process information, such as <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ps</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, get their information from this directory structure.
it: La directory "<literal>/proc</literal>" contiene (tra le altre cose) una sottodirectory per ciascun processo in esecuzione sul sistema che prende nome dall'ID del processo (PID). Le utilità di sistema, come <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ps</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, che accedono alle informazioni sui processi, ottengono le loro informazioni da questa struttura di directory.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The directories under "<literal>/proc/sys/</literal>" contain interface to change certain kernel parameters at run time.  (You may do the same through specialized <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sysctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> command or its preload/configuration file "<literal>/etc/sysctrl.conf</literal>".)
it: Le directory in "<literal>/proc/sys/</literal>" contengono interfacce per cambiare certi parametri del kernel durante l'esecuzione. (Si può fare la stessa cosa tramite comandi <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sysctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> specifici o tramite il suo file di precaricamento/configurazione "<literal>/etc/sysctrl.conf</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: The Linux kernel may complain "Too many open files".  You can fix this by increasing "<literal>file-max</literal>" value to a larger value from the root shell, e.g., "<literal>echo "65536" &gt; /proc/sys/fs/file-max</literal>" (This was needed on older kernels).
it: Il kernel Linux può lamentarsi con un messaggio "Too many open files" (troppi file aperti). Si può risolvere questo problema aumentando il valore di "<literal>file-max</literal>" dalla shell di root, per esempio con "<literal>echo "65536" &gt; /proc/sys/fs/file-max</literal>" (questo era necessario con i vecchi kernel).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: People frequently panic when they notice one file in particular - "<literal>/proc/kcore</literal>" - which is generally huge.  This is (more or less) a copy of the content of your computer's memory.  It's used to debug the kernel.  It is a virtual file that points to computer memory, so don't worry about its size.
it: Le persone spesso vanno in panico quando si accorgono di un file in particolare, "<literal>/proc/kcore</literal>" che è particolarmente enorme. È (più o meno) una copia del contenuto della memoria del computer ed è usato per fare il debug del kernel. È un file virtuale che punta alla memoria del computer perciò non ci si preoccupi della sua dimensione.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The directory under "<literal>/sys</literal>" contains exported kernel data structures, their attributes, and their linkages between them. It also contains interface to change certain kernel parameters at run time.
it: La directory "<literal>/sys</literal>" contiene strutture dati del kernel esportate, i loro attributi e i collegamenti tra di esse. Contiene anche interfacce per cambiare alcuni parametri del kernel durante l'esecuzione.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See "<literal>proc.txt(.gz)</literal>", "<literal>sysfs.txt(.gz)</literal>" and other related documents in the Linux kernel documentation ("<literal>/usr/share/doc/linux-doc-2.6.*/Documentation/filesystems/*</literal>") provided by the <literal>linux-doc-2.6.*</literal> package.
it: Vedere <literal>proc.txt(.gz)</literal>", "<literal>sysfs.txt(.gz)</literal>" e altri documenti correlati nella documentazione del kernel Linux ("<literal>/usr/share/doc/linux-doc-2.6.*/Documentation/filesystems/*</literal>") fornita dai pacchetti <literal>linux-doc-2.6.*</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <ulink url="&tmpfs;">tmpfs</ulink> is a temporary filesystem which keeps all files in the <ulink url="&virtualmemory;">virtual memory</ulink>.  The data of the tmpfs in the <ulink url="&pagecache;">page cache</ulink> on memory may be swapped out to the <ulink url="&swapspace;">swap space</ulink> on disk as needed.
it: <ulink url="&tmpfs;">tmpfs</ulink> è un file system temporaneo che contiene tutti i file nella <ulink url="&virtualmemory;">memoria virtuale</ulink>. I dati del tmpfs nella <ulink url="&pagecache;">page cache</ulink> in memoria possono essere spostati nello <ulink url="&swapspace;">spazio di swap</ulink> su disco quando necessario.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The directory "<literal>/run</literal>" is mounted as the tmpfs in the early boot process.  This enables writing to it even when the directory "<literal>/</literal>" is mounted as read-only.  This is the new location for the storage of transient state files and replaces several locations described in the <ulink url="&filesystemhierarchystandard;">Filesystem Hierarchy Standard</ulink> version 2.3:
it: La directory "<literal>/run</literal>" viene montata come il tmpfs nelle prime fasi del processo di avvio. Ciò vi permette la scrittura anche quando la directory "<literal>/</literal>" è montata in sola lettura. Questa è la nuova posizione per la memorizzazione dei file transitori e sostituisce diverse posizioni descritte nella versione 2.3 del <ulink url="&filesystemhierarchystandard;">Filesystem Hierarchy Standard</ulink>(Standard per la gerarchia del file system):

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See "<literal>tmpfs.txt(.gz)</literal>" in the Linux kernel documentation ("<literal>/usr/share/doc/linux-doc-*/Documentation/filesystems/*</literal>") provided by the <literal>linux-doc-*</literal> package.
it: Vedere "<literal>tmpfs.txt(.gz)</literal>" nella documentazione del kernel Linux ("<literal>/usr/share/doc/linux-doc-*/Documentation/filesystems/*</literal>") fornita dai pacchetti <literal>linux-doc-*</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: <ulink url="&midnightcommandermc;">Midnight Commander (MC)</ulink> is a GNU "Swiss army knife" for the Linux console and other terminal environments.  This gives newbie a menu driven console experience which is much easier to learn than standard Unix commands.
it: <ulink url="&midnightcommandermc;">Midnight Commander (MC)</ulink> è un "coltellino svizzero" GNU per la console Linux ed altri ambienti in terminale. Dà ai principianti la possibilità di usare una console comandata da menu che è molto più facile da imparare dei comandi Unix standard.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: You may need to install the Midnight Commander package which is titled "<literal>mc</literal>" by the following.
it: Potrebbe essere necessario installare il pacchetto di Midnight Commander che si chiama "<literal>mc</literal>" con il seguente comando.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Use the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mc</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> command to explore the Debian system.  This is the best way to learn.  Please explore few interesting locations just using the cursor keys and Enter key.
it: Usare il comando <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mc</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> per esplorare il sistema Debian. È il modo migliore di imparare. Esplorare qualche posizione interessante usando semplicemente i tasti freccia e il tasto Invio.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/etc</literal>" and its subdirectories
it: "<literal>/etc</literal>" e le sue sottodirectory

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/var/log</literal>" and its subdirectories
it: "<literal>/var/log</literal>" e le sue sottodirectory

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/usr/share/doc</literal>" and its subdirectories
it: "<literal>/usr/share/doc</literal>" e le sue sottodirectory

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/sbin</literal>" and "<literal>/bin</literal>"
it: "<literal>/sbin</literal>" e "<literal>/bin</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Customization of MC
it: Personalizzazione di MC

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: In order to make MC to change working directory upon exit and <literal>cd</literal> to the directory, I suggest to modify "<literal>~/.bashrc</literal>" to include a script provided by the <literal>mc</literal> package.
it: Per far sì che MC cambi la directory di lavoro in uscita e si sposti con <literal>cd</literal> nella directory, suggerisco di modificare "<literal>~/.bashrc</literal>" per includere uno scipt fornito nel pacchetto <literal>mc</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mc</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> (under the "<literal>-P</literal>" option) for the reason. (If you do not understand what exactly I am talking here, you can do this later.)
it: Vedere <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mc</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> (sotto l'opzione "<literal>-P</literal>") per capirne la ragione. (Se non è chiaro esattamento quello di cui sto parlando, si può tornare a questo più tardi.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Starting MC
it: Avvio di MC

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: MC can be started by the following.
it: MC può essere avviato nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: MC takes care of all file operations through its menu, requiring minimal user effort.  Just press F1 to get the help screen.  You can play with MC just by pressing cursor-keys and function-keys.
it: MC si prende cura di tutte le operazioni sui file attraverso i suoi menu, richiedendo perciò solo un minimo sforzo da parte dell'utente. Premere semplicemente F1 per ottenere la schermata di aiuto. Si può giocherellare con MC premendo semplicemente i tasti freccia e i tasti funzione.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: In some consoles such as <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gnome-terminal</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, key strokes of function-keys may be stolen by the console program.  You can disable these features by "Edit" → "Keyboard Shortcuts" for <literal>gnome-terminal</literal>.
it: In alcune console, come <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gnome-terminal</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, le battute sui tasti funzione potrebbero essere rubate dal programma di console. Si possono disabilitare queste funzionalità per <literal>gnome-terminal</literal> in "Modifica" → "Scorciatoie da tastiera".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you encounter character encoding problem which displays garbage characters, adding "<literal>-a</literal>" to MC's command line may help prevent problems.
it: Se si incontrano problemi di codifica dei caratteri con visualizzazione di caratteri spazzatura, l'aggiunta dell'opzione "<literal>-a</literal>" alla riga di comando di MC può aiutare a prevenirli.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If this doesn't clear up your display problems with MC, see <xref linkend="_the_terminal_configuration"/>.
it: Se ciò non risolve i problemi di visualizzazione in MC, vedere <xref linkend="_the_terminal_configuration"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: File manager in MC
it: Gestore dei file in MC

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The default is two directory panels containing file lists.  Another useful mode is to set the right window to "information" to see file access privilege information, etc.  Following are some essential keystrokes.  With the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpm</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> daemon running, one can use a mouse on Linux character consoles, too.  (Make sure to press the shift-key to obtain the normal behavior of cut and paste in MC.)
it: L'impostazione predefinita è con due pannelli di directory contenenti gli elenchi dei file. Un'altra utile modalità è l'impostazione della finestra destra per contenere le "informazioni" per vedere informazioni sui privilegi di accesso dei file, ecc. Di seguito sono elencati alcuni tasti essenziali. Con il demone <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpm</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> in esecuzione, si può anche usare il mouse in una console a caratteri Linux. (Assicurarsi di premeri il tasto Maiusc per ottenere il comportamento normale di taglia e incolla in MC.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: The key bindings of MC
it: Le associazioni dei tasti di MC

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: key
it: tasto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: key binding
it: azione associata

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: help menu
it: menu di aiuto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: internal file viewer
it: visualizzatore interno di file

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: internal editor
it: editor interno

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: activate pull down menu
it: attiva il menu a tendina

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: exit Midnight Commander
it: esce da Midnight Commander

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: move between two windows
it: sposta tra le due finestre

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>Insert</literal> or <literal>Ctrl-T</literal>
it: <literal>Insert</literal> o <literal>Ctrl-T</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: mark file for a multiple-file operation such as copy
it: segna il file per una operazione su più file, come la copia

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: delete file (be careful---set MC to safe delete mode)
it: cancella il file (essere prudenti: impostare MC per la modalità di cancellazione sicura)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Cursor keys
it: tasti freccia

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: self-explanatory
it: intuitivi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Command-line tricks in MC
it: Trucchetti per la riga di comando di MC

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>cd</literal> command changes the directory shown on the selected screen.
it: Il comando <literal>cd</literal> cambia la directory mostrata nel pannello selezionato.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>Ctrl-Enter</literal> or <literal>Alt-Enter</literal> copies a filename to the command line. Use this with <citerefentry><refentrytitle>cp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mv</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> commands together with command-line editing.
it: <literal>Ctrl-Invio</literal> o <literal>Alt-Invio</literal> copia un nome di file nella riga di comando. Usarlo con i comandi <citerefentry><refentrytitle>cp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> e <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mv</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> assieme alla modifica della riga di comando.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>Alt-Tab</literal> shows shell filename expansion choices.
it: <literal>Alt-Tab</literal> mostra le scelte date dall'espansione di shell dei nomi di file.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: One can specify the starting directory for both windows as arguments to MC; for example, "<literal>mc /etc /root</literal>".
it: Si possono specificare le directory iniziali per entrambe le finestre come argomenti per MC; per esempio, "<literal>mc /etc /root</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>Esc</literal> + <literal>n-key</literal> → <literal>Fn</literal> (i.e., <literal>Esc</literal> + <literal>1</literal> → <literal>F1</literal>, etc.; <literal>Esc</literal> + <literal>0</literal> → <literal>F10</literal>)
it: <literal>Esc</literal> + <literal>tasto n</literal> → <literal>Fn</literal> (cioè, <literal>Esc</literal> + <literal>1</literal> → <literal>F1</literal>, ecc.; <literal>Esc</literal> + <literal>0</literal> → <literal>F10</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Pressing <literal>Esc</literal> before the key has the same effect as pressing the <literal>Alt</literal> and the key together.; i.e., type <literal>Esc</literal> + <literal>c</literal> for <literal>Alt-C</literal>.  <literal>Esc</literal> is called meta-key and sometimes noted as "<literal>M-</literal>".
it: Premere <literal>Esc</literal> prima di un tasto ha lo stesso effetto di premere <literal>Alt</literal> ed il tasto contemporaneamente; premere cioè <literal>Esc</literal> + <literal>c</literal> per <literal>Alt-C</literal>. <literal>Esc</literal> è chiamato meta-tasto ed è a volte indicato con "<literal>M-</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The internal editor in MC
it: L'editor interno di MC

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The internal editor has an interesting cut-and-paste scheme.  Pressing <literal>F3</literal> marks the start of a selection, a second <literal>F3</literal> marks the end of selection and highlights the selection.  Then you can move your cursor.  If you press F6, the selected area is moved to the cursor location.  If you press F5, the selected area is copied and inserted at the cursor location.  <literal>F2</literal> saves the file.  <literal>F10</literal> gets you out.  Most cursor keys work intuitively.
it: L'editor interno ha un interessante schema per il taglia e incolla. La pressione di <literal>F3</literal> marca l'inizio di una selezione, una seconda pressione di <literal>F3</literal> marca la fine della selezione e la evidenzia. Si può poi muovere il cursore. Se si preme F6, l'area selezionata viene spostata nella posizione del cursore. Se si preme F5 l'area selezionata viene copiata ed inserita alla posizione del cursore. <literal>F2</literal> salva il file. <literal>F10</literal> fa uscire. La maggior parte dei tasti cursore funziona in modo intuitivo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This editor can be directly started on a file using one of the following commands.
it: Si può avviare direttamente questo editor su di un file usando uno dei comandi seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: $ mc -e filename_to_edit
it: $ mc -e nome_del_file_da_modificare

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: $ mcedit filename_to_edit
it: $ mcedit nome_del_file_da_modificare

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This is not a multi-window editor, but one can use multiple Linux consoles to achieve the same effect.  To copy between windows, use Alt-F&lt;n&gt; keys to switch virtual consoles and use "File→Insert file" or "File→Copy to file" to move a portion of a file to another file.
it: Questo non è un editor multi-finestra, ma si possono usare più console Linux per ottenere lo stesso effetto. Per copiare tra finestre, usare i tasti Alt-F&lt;n&gt; per cambiare console virtuale e usare "File→Insert file" o "File→Copy to file" per spostare una porzione di un file in un altro file.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This internal editor can be replaced with any external editor of choice.
it: Questo editor interno può essere rimpiazzato da qualsiasi editor esterno a propria scelta.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Also, many programs use the environment variables "<literal>$EDITOR</literal>" or "<literal>$VISUAL</literal>" to decide which editor to use.  If you are uncomfortable with <citerefentry><refentrytitle>vim</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> or <citerefentry><refentrytitle>nano</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> initially, you may set these to "<literal>mcedit</literal>" by adding the following lines to "<literal>~/.bashrc</literal>".
it: Inoltre molti programmi usano la variabile d'ambiente "<literal>$EDITOR</literal>" o "<literal>$VISUAL</literal>" per decidere quale editor usare. Se inizialmente non ci si trova a proprio agio con <citerefentry><refentrytitle>vim</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> o <citerefentry><refentrytitle>nano</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, si può impostare queste variabili a "<literal>mcedit</literal>" aggiungendo le righe seguenti al file "<literal>~/.bashrc</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: I do recommend setting these to "<literal>vim</literal>" if possible.
it: Io raccomando di impostarle a "<literal>vim</literal>", se possibile.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you are uncomfortable with <citerefentry><refentrytitle>vim</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, you can keep using <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mcedit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> for most system maintenance tasks.
it: Se non ci si trova a proprio agio con <citerefentry><refentrytitle>vim</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, si può continuare ad usare <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mcedit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> per la maggior parte dei compiti di manutenzione del sistema.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The internal viewer in MC
it: Il visualizzatore interno di MC

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: MC is a very smart viewer.  This is a great tool for searching words in documents.  I always use this for files in the "<literal>/usr/share/doc</literal>" directory.  This is the fastest way to browse through masses of Linux information.  This viewer can be directly started using one of the following commands.
it: MC è un visualizzatore molto intelligente. È un grande strumento per cercare parole in documenti. Lo uso sempre per i file nella directory "<literal>/usr/share/doc</literal>". È il metodo più veloce per navigare tra una massa di informazioni Linux. Questo visualizzatore può essere avviato direttamente usando uno dei comandi seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: $ mc -v path/to/filename_to_view
it: $ mc -v percorso/del/nome_file_da_visualizzare

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: $ mcview path/to/filename_to_view
it: $ mcview percorso/del/nome_file_da_visualizzare

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Auto-start features of MC
it: Funzionalità di avvio automatico di MC

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Press Enter on a file, and the appropriate program handles the content of the file (see <xref linkend="_customizing_program_to_be_started"/>).  This is a very convenient MC feature.
it: Se si preme Invio su di un file, un programma appropriato gestirà il contenuto del file (vedere <xref linkend="_customizing_program_to_be_started"/>). Questa è una funzionalità molto comoda di MC.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: The reaction to the enter key in MC
it: La reazione al tasto Invio in MC

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: file type
it: tipo di file

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: reaction to enter key
it: reazione al tasto Invio

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: executable file
it: file eseguibile

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: execute command
it: esegue comando

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: man file
it: file man

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: pipe content to viewer software
it: invia i contenuti tramite pipe al software di visualizzazione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: html file
it: file html

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: pipe content to web browser
it: invia i contenuti tramite pipe al browser web

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: "<literal>*.tar.gz</literal>" and "<literal>*.deb</literal>" file
it: file "<literal>*.tar.gz</literal>" e "<literal>*.deb</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: browse its contents as if subdirectory
it: naviga i suoi contenuti come se fosse una sottodirectory

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: In order to allow these viewer and virtual file features to function, viewable files should not be set as executable.  Change their status using <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chmod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> or via the MC file menu.
it: Per far sì che queste funzionalità di visualizzazione dei file e di file virtuali funzionino, i file visualizzabili non dovrebbero essere impostati come eseguibili. Cambiare il loro stato usando <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chmod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> o attraverso il menu file di MC.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: FTP virtual filesystem of MC
it: File system FTP virtuale di MC

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: MC can be used to access files over the Internet using FTP.  Go to the menu by pressing <literal>F9</literal>, then type "<literal>p</literal>" to activate the FTP virtual filesystem.  Enter a URL in the form "<literal>username:passwd@hostname.domainname</literal>", which retrieves a remote directory that appears like a local one.
it: MC può essere usato per accedere a file in Internet usando FTP. Premere <literal>F9</literal> per andare nel menu, poi digitare "<literal>p</literal>" per attivare il file system FTP virtuale. Inserire un URL nella forma "<literal>nomeutente:password@nomehost.nomedominio</literal>" e la directory remota apparirà come una directory locale.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Try "[http.us.debian.org/debian]" as the URL and browse the Debian archive.
it: Provare "[http.us.debian.org/debian]" come URL e navigare nell'archivio Debian.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: The basic Unix-like work environment
it: Ambiente di lavoro di base in stile Unix

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Although MC enables you to do almost everything, it is very important for you to learn how to use the command line tools invoked from the shell prompt and become familiar with the Unix-like work environment.
it: Anche se MC permette di fare quasi tutto, è bene imparare come usare gli strumenti a riga di comando invocati dal prompt di shell e prendere familiarità con l'ambiente di lavoro in stile Unix.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The login shell
it: La shell di login

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can select your login shell with <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
it: Si può selezionare la propria shell di login con <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of shell programs
it: Elenco di programmi shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: POSIX shell
it: Shell POSIX

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Yes
it: Sì

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&bash;">Bash</ulink>: the GNU Bourne Again SHell (de facto standard)
it: <ulink url="&bash;">Bash</ulink>: GNU Bourne Again SHell (standard de facto)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&tenexcshell;">TENEX C Shell</ulink>: an enhanced version of <ulink url="&berkeleycsh;">Berkeley csh</ulink>
it: <ulink url="&tenexcshell;">TENEX C Shell</ulink>: una versione migliorata di <ulink url="&berkeleycsh;">Berkeley csh</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Debian <ulink url="&almquistshell;">Almquist Shell</ulink>, good for shell script
it: Debian <ulink url="&almquistshell;">Almquist Shell</ulink>, buona per script di shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&zshell;">Z shell</ulink>: the standard shell with many enhancements
it: <ulink url="&zshell;">Z shell</ulink>: la shell standard con molti miglioramenti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: public domain version of the <ulink url="&kornshell;">Korn shell</ulink>
it: versione di dominio pubblico della <ulink url="&kornshell;">Korn shell</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&openbsd;">OpenBSD</ulink> C Shell, a version of <ulink url="&berkeleycsh;">Berkeley csh</ulink>
it: C Shell <ulink url="&openbsd;">OpenBSD</ulink>, una versione di <ulink url="&berkeleycsh;">Berkeley csh</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&standaloneshell;">Stand-alone shell</ulink> with builtin commands (Not meant for standard "<literal>/bin/sh</literal>")
it: <ulink url="&standaloneshell;">Stand-alone shell</ulink> con comandi interni (non adatta per essere la "<literal>/bin/sh</literal>" standard)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: the real, AT&amp;T version of the <ulink url="&kornshell;">Korn shell</ulink>
it: la versione reale di AT&amp;T della <ulink url="&kornshell;">Korn shell</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: implementation of the <ulink url="&attplanj;">AT&amp;T Plan 9</ulink> <ulink url="&rcshell;">rc shell</ulink>
it: implementazione della <ulink url="&rcshell;">rc shell</ulink> di <ulink url="&attplanj;">AT&amp;T Plan 9</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Policy-compliant Ordinary SHell (<literal>pdksh</literal> derivative)
it: Policy-compliant Ordinary SHell (derivata da <literal>pdksh</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: In this tutorial chapter, the interactive shell always means <literal>bash</literal>.
it: In questo capitolo del tutorial la shell interattiva considerata è sempre <literal>bash</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Customizing bash
it: Personalizzare bash

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can customize <citerefentry><refentrytitle>bash</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> behavior by "<literal>~/.bashrc</literal>".
it: Si può personalizzare il comportamento di <citerefentry><refentrytitle>bash</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> con "<literal>~/.bashrc</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For example, try the following.
it: Per esempio provare quanto segue.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: # CD upon exiting MC
    . /usr/lib/mc/mc.sh
    
    # set CDPATH to good one
    CDPATH=.:/usr/share/doc:~:~/Desktop:~
    export CDPATH
    
    PATH="${PATH}":/usr/sbin:/sbin
    # set PATH so it includes user's private bin if it exists
    if [ -d ~/bin ] ; then
      PATH=~/bin:"${PATH}"
    fi
    export PATH
    
    EDITOR=vim
    export EDITOR
it: # CD quando si esce da MC
    . /usr/lib/mc/mc.sh
    
    # impostare il CDPATH ad un buon valore
    CDPATH=.:/usr/share/doc:~:~/Desktop:~
    export CDPATH
    
    PATH="${PATH}":/usr/sbin:/sbin
    # impostare PATH in modo da includere la directory bin privata dell'utente se esiste
    if [ -d ~/bin ] ; then
      PATH=~/bin:"${PATH}"
    fi
    export PATH
    
    EDITOR=vim
    export EDITOR

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: You can find more <literal>bash</literal> customization tips, such as <xref linkend="_colorized_commands"/>, in <xref linkend="_system_tips"/>.
it: Si possono trovare altri suggerimenti sulla personalizzazione di <citerefentry><refentrytitle>bash</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, come <xref linkend="_colorized_commands"/>, in <xref linkend="_system_tips"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Special key strokes
it: Associazioni di tasti speciali

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: In the <ulink url="&unixlike;">Unix-like</ulink> environment, there are few key strokes which have special meanings.  Please note that on a normal Linux character console, only the left-hand <literal>Ctrl</literal> and <literal>Alt</literal> keys work as expected.  Here are few notable key strokes to remember.
it: Nell'ambiente <ulink url="&unixlike;">*nix</ulink>, ci sono alcune associazioni di tasti che hanno un significato speciale. Notare che in una console a caratteri Linux normale solo i tasti <literal>Ctrl</literal> e <literal>Alt</literal>sinistri funzionano come atteso. Ecco alcune combinazioni di tasti che vale la pena ricordare.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of key bindings for bash
it: Elenco di associazioni di tasti per bash

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: description of key binding
it: descrizione dell'associazione di tasti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: erase line before cursor
it: cancella il contenuto della riga prima del cursore

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: erase a character before cursor
it: cancella il carattere prima del cursore

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: terminate input (exit shell if you are using shell)
it: termina l'input (se si sta usando la shell, esce dalla shell)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: terminate a running program
it: termina un programma in esecuzione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: temporarily stop program by moving it to the background job
it: arresta temporaneamente un programma spostandolo come compito sullo sfondo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: halt output to screen
it: ferma l'output a schermo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: reactivate output to screen
it: riattiva l'output a schermo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: reboot/halt the system, see <citerefentry><refentrytitle>inittab</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
it: riavvia/ferma il sistema, vedere <citerefentry><refentrytitle>inittab</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>Left-Alt-key</literal> (optionally, <literal>Windows-key</literal>)
it: <literal>Left-Alt-key</literal> (opzionalmente, <literal>tasto Windows</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: meta-key for Emacs and the similar UI
it: meta-tasto per Emacs e interfacce utente simili

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>Up-arrow</literal>
it: freccia in su

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: start command history search under <literal>bash</literal>
it: avvia la ricerca nello storico dei comandi in <literal>bash</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: start incremental command history search under <literal>bash</literal>
it: inizia una ricerca incrementale nello storico dei comandi in <literal>bash</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: complete input of the filename to the command line under <literal>bash</literal>
it: completa l'input di un nome di file nella riga di comando in <literal>bash</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: input <literal>Tab</literal> without expansion to the command line under <literal>bash</literal>
it: inserisce in input un carattere <literal>Tab</literal> senza espansione nella riga di comando in <literal>bash</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: The terminal feature of <literal>Ctrl-S</literal> can be disabled using <citerefentry><refentrytitle>stty</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
it: La funzionalità di <literal>Ctrl-S</literal> nel terminale può essere disabilitata usando <citerefentry><refentrytitle>stty</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Unix style mouse operations
it: Funzionamento del mouse in stile Unix

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Unix style mouse operations are based on the 3 button mouse system.
it: Il funzionamento del mouse in stile Unix è basato sul sistema a 3 pulsanti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of Unix style mouse operations
it: Elenco delle funzioni del mouse in stile Unix

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: response
it: risposta

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Left-click-and-drag mouse
it: Clic sinistro e trascinamento

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: select and copy to the clipboard
it: seleziona e copia negli appunti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Left-click
it: Clic sinistro

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: select the start of selection
it: marca l'inizio della selezione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Right-click
it: Clic destro

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: select the end of selection and copy to the clipboard
it: marca la fine della selezione e copia negli appunti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Middle-click
it: Clic di mezzo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: paste clipboard at the cursor
it: incolla gli appunti alla posizione del cursore

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The center wheel on the modern wheel mouse is considered middle mouse button and can be used for middle-click.  Clicking left and right mouse buttons together serves as the middle-click under the 2 button mouse system situation.  In order to use a mouse in Linux character consoles, you need to have <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpm</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> running as daemon.
it: La rotella centrale presente nei mouse moderni viene considerata come il pulsante di mezzo e può essere usata per fare il corrispondente clic. Cliccare contemporaneamente con i pulsanti destro e sinistro funziona da clic di mezzo nelle situazioni in cui si hanno mouse a 2 pulsanti. Per poter usare il mouse in una console a caratteri Linux è necessario che <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpm</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> sia in esecuzione come demone.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The pager
it: Il paginatore

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>less</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> is the enhanced pager (file content browser).  Hit "<literal>h</literal>" for help.  It can do much more than <citerefentry><refentrytitle>more</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> and can be supercharged by executing "<literal>eval $(lesspipe)</literal>" or "<literal>eval $(lessfile)</literal>" in the shell startup script. See more in "<literal>/usr/share/doc/lessf/LESSOPEN</literal>".  The "<literal>-R</literal>" option allows raw character output and enables ANSI color escape sequences.  See <citerefentry><refentrytitle>less</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
it: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>less</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> è il paginatore (navigatore del contenuto dei file) migliorato. Premere "<literal>h</literal>" per l'aiuto. Può fare molto di più di <citerefentry><refentrytitle>more</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> e può essere fornito di superpoteri eseguendo "<literal>eval $(lesspipe)</literal>" o "<literal>eval $(lessfile)</literal>" nello script di avvio della shell. Vedere ulteriori informazioni in "<literal>/usr/share/doc/lessf/LESSOPEN</literal>".  L'opzione "<literal>-R</literal>" permette output raw e abilita le sequenze di escape ANSI per i colori. Vedere <citerefentry><refentrytitle>less</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The text editor
it: L'editor di testo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You should become proficient in one of variants of <ulink url="&vim;">Vim</ulink> or <ulink url="&emacs;">Emacs</ulink> programs which are popular in the Unix-like system.
it: Si dovrebbe diventare competenti in una delle varianti dei programmi <ulink url="&vim;">Vim</ulink> o <ulink url="&emacs;">Emacs</ulink> che sono popolari sui sistemi *nix.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: I think getting used to Vim commands is the right thing to do, since Vi-editor is always there in the Linux/Unix world.  (Actually, original <literal>vi</literal> or new <literal>nvi</literal> are programs you find everywhere.  I chose Vim instead for newbie since it offers you help through <literal>F1</literal> key while it is similar enough and more powerful.)
it: Penso che abituarsi ai comandi Vim sia la cosa giusta da fare, dato che un editor Vi è sempre presente nel mondo Linux/Unix. (In realtà, il <literal>vi</literal> originale o il nuovo <literal>nvi</literal> sono programmi che si trovano ovunque. Io ho scelto invece Vim per i principianti dato che offre l'aiuto attraverso il tasto <literal>F1</literal> pur essendo abbastanza simile e più potente.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you chose either <ulink url="&emacs;">Emacs</ulink> or <ulink url="&xemacs;">XEmacs</ulink> instead as your choice of the editor, that is another good choice indeed, particularly for programming.  Emacs has a plethora of other features as well, including functioning as a newsreader, directory editor, mail program, etc.  When used for programming or editing shell scripts, it intelligently recognizes the format of what you are working on, and tries to provide assistance.  Some people maintain that the only program they need on Linux is Emacs.  Ten minutes learning Emacs now can save hours later.  Having the GNU Emacs manual for reference when learning Emacs is highly recommended.
it: Se si sceglie invece <ulink url="&emacs;">Emacs</ulink> o <ulink url="&xemacs;">XEmacs</ulink> come editor preferito, si sta facendo comunque davvero un'ottima scelta, specialmente per la programmazione. Emacs ha una vastità di altre funzionalità, incluso il funzionamento come newsreader, editor di directory, programma di posta, ecc. Quando usato per la programmazione o la scrittura di script, riconosce intelligentemente il formato che si sta usando e cerca di fornire assistenza. Alcune persone sostengono che l'unico programma di cui hanno bisogno su Linux è Emacs. Dieci minuti spesi ad imparare Emacs ora possono far risparmiare ore in futuro. È caldamente raccomandato avere a portata di mano il manuale di GNU Emacs da consultare quando si sta imparando Emacs.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: All these programs usually come with tutoring program for you to learn them by practice.  Start Vim by typing "<literal>vim</literal>" and press F1-key.  You should at least read the first 35 lines.  Then do the online training course by moving cursor to "<literal>|tutor|</literal>" and pressing <literal>Ctrl-]</literal>.
it: Tutti questi programmi sono di solito forniti con un programma tutor che aiuta ad impararli facendo pratica. Avviare Vim digitando "<literal>vim</literal>" e premere il tasto F1. Si dovrebbero leggere come minimo le prime 35 righe. Poi seguire il corso di apprendimento in linea muovendo il cursore su "<literal>|tutor|</literal>" e premendo <literal>Ctrl-]</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: Good editors, such as Vim and Emacs, can be used to handle UTF-8 and other exotic encoding texts correctly with proper option in the x-terminal-emulator on X under UTF-8 locale with proper font settings.  Please refer to their documentation on multibyte text.
it: I buoni editor, come Vim ed Emacs, possono essere usati per gestire correttamente testi UTF-8 e testi in altre codifiche esotiche usando l'opzione adatta in x-terminal-emulator in X con la localizzazione in UTF-8 e le corrette impostazioni del tipo di carattere. Fare riferimento alla loro documentazione sui testi multibyte.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Setting a default text editor
it: Impostare un editor di testi predefinito

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Debian comes with a number of different editors. We recommend to install the <literal>vim</literal> package, as mentioned above.
it: Debian è fornita con svariati editor differenti. Si raccomanda di installare, come detto in precedenza, il pacchetto <literal>vim</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Debian provides unified access to the system default editor via command "<literal>/usr/bin/editor</literal>" so other programs (e.g., <citerefentry><refentrytitle>reportbug</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>) can invoke it.  You can change it by the following.
it: Debian fornisce un accesso unificato all'editor predefinito di sistema attraverso il comando "<literal>/usr/bin/editor</literal>" in modo che altri programmi (ad esempio <citerefentry><refentrytitle>reportbug</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>) possano richiamarlo. Lo si può modificare con il comando seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The choice "<literal>/usr/bin/vim.basic</literal>" over "<literal>/usr/bin/vim.tiny</literal>" is my recommendation for newbies since it supports syntax highlighting.
it: Io raccomando ai principianti la scelta di "<literal>/usr/bin/vim.basic</literal>" invece di"<literal>/usr/bin/vim.tiny</literal>" dato che supporta l'evidenziazione della sintassi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Many programs use the environment variables "<literal>$EDITOR</literal>" or "<literal>$VISUAL</literal>" to decide which editor to use (see <xref linkend="_the_internal_editor_in_mc"/> and <xref linkend="_customizing_program_to_be_started"/>).  For the consistency on Debian system, set these to "<literal>/usr/bin/editor</literal>". (Historically, "<literal>$EDITOR</literal>" was "<literal>ed</literal>" and "<literal>$VISUAL</literal>" was "<literal>vi</literal>".)
it: Molti programmi usano la variabile d'ambiente "<literal>$EDITOR</literal>" o "<literal>$VISUAL</literal>" per decidere quale editor usare (vedere<xref linkend="_the_internal_editor_in_mc"/> e <xref linkend="_customizing_program_to_be_started"/>. Per coerenza, in un sistema Debian, impostare queste variabili a "<literal>/usr/bin/editor</literal>". (Storicamente "<literal>$EDITOR</literal>" era "<literal>ed</literal>" e "<literal>$VISUAL</literal>" era "<literal>vi</literal>".)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Customizing vim
it: Personalizzare vim

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can customize <citerefentry><refentrytitle>vim</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> behavior by "<literal>~/.vimrc</literal>".
it: Si può personalizzare il comportamento di <citerefentry><refentrytitle>vim</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> tramite "<literal>~/.vimrc</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: " -------------------------------
    " Local configuration
    "
    set nocompatible
    set nopaste
    set pastetoggle=&lt;f2&gt;
    syn on
    if $USER == "root"
     set nomodeline
     set noswapfile
    else
     set modeline
     set swapfile
    endif
    " filler to avoid the line above being recognized as a modeline
    " filler
    " filler
it: " -------------------------------
    " Configurazione locale
    "
    set nocompatible
    set nopaste
    set pastetoggle=&lt;f2&gt;
    syn on
    if $USER == "root"
     set nomodeline
     set noswapfile
    else
     set modeline
     set swapfile
    endif
    " riempimento per evitare che la riga sopra sia considerata una modeline
    " riempimento
    " riempimento

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Recording the shell activities
it: Registrare le attività della shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The output of the shell command may roll off your screen and may be lost forever.  It is good practice to log shell activities into the file for you to review them later.  This kind of record is essential when you perform any system administration tasks.
it: L'output dei comandi di shell può scorrere fuori dallo schermo e potrebbe essere perduto per sempre. È buona norma registrare le attività di shell in un file in modo da poterle riguardare in seguito. Questo tipo di registro è essenziale quando si fa una qualsiasi attività di amministrazione del sistema.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The basic method of recording the shell activity is to run it under <citerefentry><refentrytitle>script</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
it: Il metodo base per registrare l'attività di shell è di eseguirla sotto <citerefentry><refentrytitle>script</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: $ script
    Script started, file is typescript
it: $ script
    Script è avviato, il file è typescript

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Do whatever shell commands under <literal>script</literal>.
it: Eseguire qualsiasi comando di shell sotto <literal>script</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Press <literal>Ctrl-D</literal> to exit <literal>script</literal>.
it: Premere <literal>Ctrl-D</literal> per uscire da <literal>script</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See <xref linkend="_recording_the_shell_activities_cleanly"/> .
it: Vedere <xref linkend="_recording_the_shell_activities_cleanly"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Basic Unix commands
it: Comandi Unix di base

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Let's learn basic Unix commands.  Here I use "Unix" in its generic sense.  Any Unix clone OSs usually offer equivalent commands.  The Debian system is no exception.  Do not worry if some commands do not work as you wish now. If <literal>alias</literal> is used in the shell, its corresponding command outputs are different.  These examples are not meant to be executed in this order.
it: È bene imparare i comandi Unix di base. Il termine "Unix" è qui usato in senso lato; ogni SO clone di Unix offre di solito comandi equivalenti. Il sistema Debian non fa eccezione. Non ci si preoccupi se, al momento, alcuni comandi non funzionano come si vorrebbe. Se si usa <literal>alias</literal> nella shell, i corrispondenti output dei comandi sono diversi. Questi esempi non sono pensati per essere eseguiti necessariamente in questo ordine.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Try all following commands from the non-privileged user account.
it: Provare tutti i comandi seguenti da un account utente non privilegiato.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of basic Unix commands
it: Elenco di comandi Unix di base

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: command
it: comando

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display name of current/working directory
it: mostra il nome della directory attuale/di lavoro

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display current user name
it: mostra il nome dell'utente attuale

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display current user identity (name, uid, gid, and associated groups)
it: mostra l'identità dell'utente attuale (nome, uid, gid e gruppi associati)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>file &lt;foo&gt;</literal>
it: <literal>file &lt;pippo&gt;</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display a type of file for the file "<literal>&lt;foo&gt;</literal>"
it: mostra che tipo di file sia il file "<literal>&lt;pippo&gt;</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>type -p &lt;commandname&gt;</literal>
it: <literal>type -p &lt;nomecomando&gt;</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display a file location of command "<literal>&lt;commandname&gt;</literal>"
it: mostra la posizione del file del comando "<literal>&lt;nomecomando&gt;</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>which &lt;commandname&gt;</literal>
it: <literal>which &lt;nomecomando&gt;</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: , ,
it: " "

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>type &lt;commandname&gt;</literal>
it: <literal>type &lt;nomecomando&gt;</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display information on command "<literal>&lt;commandname&gt;</literal>"
it: mostra informazioni sul comando "<literal>&lt;nomecomando&gt;</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>apropos &lt;key-word&gt;</literal>
it: <literal>apropos &lt;parola-chiave&gt;</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: find commands related to "<literal>&lt;key-word&gt;</literal>"
it: trova comandi riguardanti "<literal>&lt;parola-chiave&gt;</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>man -k &lt;key-word&gt;</literal>
it: <literal>man -k &lt;parola-chiave&gt;</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>whatis &lt;commandname&gt;</literal>
it: <literal>whatis &lt;nomecomando&gt;</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display one line explanation on command "<literal>&lt;commandname&gt;</literal>"
it: mostra una spiegazione di una riga sul comando "<literal>&lt;nomecomando&gt;</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>man -a &lt;commandname&gt;</literal>
it: <literal>man -a &lt;nomecomando&gt;</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display explanation on command "<literal>&lt;commandname&gt;</literal>" (Unix style)
it: mostra una spiegazione del comando "<literal>&lt;nomecomando&gt;</literal>" (in stile Unix)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>info &lt;commandname&gt;</literal>
it: <literal>info &lt;nomecomando&gt;</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display rather long explanation on command "<literal>&lt;commandname&gt;</literal>" (GNU style)
it: mostra una spiegazione piuttosto lunga del comando "<literal>&lt;nomecomando&gt;</literal>" (in stile GNU)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: list contents of directory (non-dot files and directories)
it: elenca il contenuto di directory (non i file punto e le directory)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: list contents of directory (all files and directories)
it: elenca il contenuto di directory (tutti i file e directory)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: list contents of directory (almost all files and directories, i.e., skip "<literal>..</literal>" and "<literal>.</literal>")
it: elenca il contenuto di directory (quasi tutti i file e directory, cioè salta "<literal>..</literal>" e "<literal>.</literal>")

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: list all contents of directory with detail information
it: elenca tutto il contenuto di directory con informazioni dettagliate

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: list all contents of directory with inode number and detail information
it: elenca tutto il contenuto di directory con numeri di inode e informazioni dettagliate

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: list all directories under the current directory
it: elenca tutte le directory dentro la directory attuale

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display file tree contents
it: mostra il contenuto in forma di albero

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>lsof &lt;foo&gt;</literal>
it: <literal>lsof &lt;pippo&gt;</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: list open status of file "<literal>&lt;foo&gt;</literal>"
it: mostra lo stato aperto per il file "<literal>&lt;pippo&gt;</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: list files opened by the process ID: "<literal>&lt;pid&gt;</literal>"
it: mostra i file aperti dal processo con ID "<literal>&lt;pid&gt;</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>mkdir &lt;foo&gt;</literal>
it: <literal>mkdir &lt;pippo&gt;</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: make a new directory "<literal>&lt;foo&gt;</literal>" in the current directory
it: crea una nuova directory "<literal>&lt;pippo&gt;</literal>" nella directory attuale

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>rmdir &lt;foo&gt;</literal>
it: <literal>rmdir &lt;pippo&gt;</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: remove a directory "<literal>&lt;foo&gt;</literal>" in the current directory
it: rimuove la directory "<literal>&lt;pippo&gt;</literal>" nella directory attuale

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>cd &lt;foo&gt;</literal>
it: <literal>cd &lt;pippo&gt;</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: change directory to the directory "<literal>&lt;foo&gt;</literal>" in the current directory or in the directory listed in the variable "<literal>$CDPATH</literal>"
it: cambia directory spostandosi nella directory "<literal>&lt;pippo&gt;</literal>" nella directory attuale o in una directory elencata nella variabile "<literal>$CDPATH</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: change directory to the root directory
it: cambia directory spostandosi nella directory radice

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: change directory to the current user's home directory
it: cambia directory spostandosi nella directory home dell'utente

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>cd /&lt;foo&gt;</literal>
it: <literal>cd /&lt;pippo&gt;</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: change directory to the absolute path directory "<literal>/&lt;foo&gt;</literal>"
it: cambia directory spostandosi nella directory con percorso assoluto "<literal>/&lt;pippo&gt;</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: change directory to the parent directory
it: cambia directory spostandosi nella directory genitore

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>cd ~&lt;foo&gt;</literal>
it: <literal>cd ~&lt;pippo&gt;</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: change directory to the home directory of the user "<literal>&lt;foo&gt;</literal>"
it: cambia directory spostandosi nella directory home dell'utente "<literal>&lt;pippo&gt;</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: change directory to the previous directory
it: cambia directory spostandosi nella directory precedente

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display contents of "<literal>/etc/motd</literal>" using the default pager
it: mostra il contenuto di "<literal>/etc/motd</literal>" usando il paginatore predefinito

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>touch &lt;junkfile&gt;</literal>
it: <literal>touch &lt;filediprova&gt;</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: create a empty file "<literal>&lt;junkfile&gt;</literal>"
it: crea un file "<literal>&lt;filediprova&gt;</literal>" vuoto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>cp &lt;foo&gt; &lt;bar&gt;</literal>
it: <literal>cp &lt;pippo&gt; &lt;pluto&gt;</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: copy a existing file "<literal>&lt;foo&gt;</literal>" to a new file "<literal>&lt;bar&gt;</literal>"
it: copia un file "<literal>&lt;pippo&gt;</literal>" esistente in un nuovo file "<literal>&lt;pluto&gt;</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>rm &lt;junkfile&gt;</literal>
it: <literal>rm &lt;filediprova&gt;</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: remove a file "<literal>&lt;junkfile&gt;</literal>"
it: rimuove il file "<literal>&lt;filediprova&gt;</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>mv &lt;foo&gt; &lt;bar&gt;</literal>
it: <literal>mv &lt;pippo&gt; &lt;pluto&gt;</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: rename an existing file "<literal>&lt;foo&gt;</literal>" to a new name "<literal>&lt;bar&gt;</literal>" ("<literal>&lt;bar&gt;</literal>" must not exist)
it: rinomina un file "<literal>&lt;pippo&gt;</literal>" esistente con il nuovo nome "<literal>&lt;pluto&gt;</literal>" ("<literal>&lt;pluto&gt;</literal>" non deve esistere)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: move an existing file "<literal>&lt;foo&gt;</literal>" to a new location "<literal>&lt;bar&gt;/&lt;foo&gt;</literal>" (the directory "<literal>&lt;bar&gt;</literal>" must exist)
it: muove un file "<literal>&lt;pippo&gt;</literal>" esistente nella nuova posizione "<literal>&lt;pluto&gt;/&lt;pippo&gt;</literal>" (la directory "<literal>&lt;pluto&gt;</literal>" deve esistere)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>mv &lt;foo&gt; &lt;bar&gt;/&lt;baz&gt;</literal>
it: <literal>mv &lt;pippo&gt; &lt;pluto&gt;/&lt;paperino&gt;</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: move an existing file "<literal>&lt;foo&gt;</literal>" to a new location with a new name "<literal>&lt;bar&gt;/&lt;baz&gt;</literal>" (the directory "<literal>&lt;bar&gt;</literal>" must exist but the directory "<literal>&lt;bar&gt;/&lt;baz&gt;</literal>" must not exist)
it: muove un file "<literal>&lt;pippo&gt;</literal>" esistente in una nuova posizione con il nuovo nome "<literal>&lt;pluto&gt;/&lt;paperino&gt;</literal>" (la directory "<literal>&lt;pluto&gt;</literal>" deve esistere ma non deve esistere "<literal>&lt;bar&gt;/&lt;baz&gt;</literal>")

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>chmod 600 &lt;foo&gt;</literal>
it: <literal>chmod 600 &lt;pippo&gt;</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: make an existing file "<literal>&lt;foo&gt;</literal>" to be non-readable and non-writable by the other people (non-executable for all)
it: fa sì che il file "<literal>&lt;pippo&gt;</literal>" esistente sia non leggibile e non scrivibile da altri (e non eseguibile per nessuno)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>chmod 644 &lt;foo&gt;</literal>
it: <literal>chmod 644 &lt;pippo&gt;</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: make an existing file "<literal>&lt;foo&gt;</literal>" to be readable but non-writable by the other people (non-executable for all)
it: fa sì che il file "<literal>&lt;pippo&gt;</literal>" esistente sia leggibile ma non scrivibile da altri (e non eseguibile per nessuno)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>chmod 755 &lt;foo&gt;</literal>
it: <literal>chmod 755 &lt;pippo&gt;</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: make an existing file "<literal>&lt;foo&gt;</literal>" to be readable but non-writable by the other people (executable for all)
it: fa sì che il file "<literal>&lt;pippo&gt;</literal>" esistente sia leggibile ma non scrivibile da altri (ed eseguibile per tutti)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>find .  -name &lt;pattern&gt;</literal>
it: <literal>find .  -name &lt;modello&gt;</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: find matching filenames using shell "<literal>&lt;pattern&gt;</literal>" (slower)
it: trova nomi di file corrispondenti al "<literal>&lt;modello&gt;</literal>" di shell (lento)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>locate -d .  &lt;pattern&gt;</literal>
it: <literal>locate -d .  &lt;modello&gt;</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: find matching filenames using shell "<literal>&lt;pattern&gt;</literal>" (quicker using regularly generated database)
it: trova nomi di file corrispondenti al "<literal>&lt;pattern&gt;</literal>" di shell (più veloce, usa un database generato regolarmente)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>grep -e "&lt;pattern&gt;" *.html</literal>
it: <literal>grep -e "&lt;modello&gt;" *.html</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: find a "&lt;pattern&gt;" in all files ending with "<literal>.html</literal>" in current directory and display them all
it: trova un "&lt;pattern&gt;" in tutti i file nella directory attuale che terminano con "<literal>.html</literal>" e mostra tutte le corrispondenze

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display process information using full screen, type "<literal>q</literal>" to quit
it: mostra informazioni sui processi a tutto schermo, digitare "<literal>q</literal>" per uscire

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display information on all the running processes using BSD style output
it: mostra informazioni su tutti i processi in esecuzione usando output in stile BSD

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display information on all the running processes using Unix system-V style output
it: mostra informazioni su tutti i processi in esecuzione usando output in stile system V Unix

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display all processes running "<literal>exim</literal>" and "<literal>exim4</literal>"
it: mostra tutti i processi che stanno eseguendo "<literal>exim</literal>" e "<literal>exim4</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display information on all the running processes with ASCII art output
it: mostra informazioni su tutti i processi in esecuzione usando output in ASCII art

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: kill a process identified by the process ID: "&lt;1234&gt;"
it: uccide un processo identificato dall'ID "&lt;1234&gt;"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>gzip &lt;foo&gt;</literal>
it: <literal>gzip &lt;pippo&gt;</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: compress "<literal>&lt;foo&gt;</literal>" to create "<literal>&lt;foo&gt;.gz</literal>" using the Lempel-Ziv coding (LZ77)
it: comprime <literal>&lt;pippo&gt;</literal>" per creare "<literal>&lt;pippo&gt;.gz</literal>", usando la codifica Lempel-Ziv (LZ77)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>gunzip &lt;foo&gt;.gz</literal>
it: <literal>gunzip &lt;pippo&gt;.gz</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: decompress "<literal>&lt;foo&gt;.gz</literal>" to create "<literal>&lt;foo&gt;</literal>"
it: decomprime "<literal>&lt;pippo&gt;.gz</literal>" per creare "<literal>&lt;pippo&gt;</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>bzip2 &lt;foo&gt;</literal>
it: <literal>bzip2 &lt;pippo&gt;</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: compress "<literal>&lt;foo&gt;</literal>" to create "<literal>&lt;foo&gt;.bz2</literal>" using the Burrows-Wheeler block sorting text compression algorithm, and Huffman coding (better compression than <literal>gzip</literal>)
it: comprime  "<literal>&lt;pippo&gt;</literal>" per creare "<literal>&lt;pippo&gt;.bz2</literal>", usando l'algoritmo Burrows-Wheeler per la compressione di testo con ordinamento di blocchi e la codifica Huffman (compressione migliore di <literal>gzip</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>bunzip2 &lt;foo&gt;.bz2</literal>
it: <literal>bunzip2 &lt;pippo&gt;.bz2</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: decompress "<literal>&lt;foo&gt;.bz2</literal>" to create "<literal>&lt;foo&gt;</literal>"
it: decomprime "<literal>&lt;pippo&gt;.bz2</literal>" per creare "<literal>&lt;pippo&gt;</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>xz &lt;foo&gt;</literal>
it: <literal>xz &lt;pippo&gt;</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: compress "<literal>&lt;foo&gt;</literal>" to create "<literal>&lt;foo&gt;.xz</literal>" using the Lempel–Ziv–Markov chain algorithm (better compression than <literal>bzip2</literal>)
it: comprime  "<literal>&lt;pippo&gt;</literal>" per creare "<literal>&lt;pippo&gt;.xz</literal>", usando l'algoritmo Lempel–Ziv–Markov chain (compressione migliore di <literal>bzip2</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>unxz &lt;foo&gt;.xz</literal>
it: <literal>unxz &lt;pippo&gt;.xz</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: decompress "<literal>&lt;foo&gt;.xz</literal>" to create "<literal>&lt;foo&gt;</literal>"
it: decomprime "<literal>&lt;pippo&gt;.xz</literal>" per creare "<literal>&lt;pippo&gt;</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>tar -xvf &lt;foo&gt;.tar</literal>
it: <literal>tar -xvf &lt;pippo&gt;.tar</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: extract files from "<literal>&lt;foo&gt;.tar</literal>" archive
it: estrae i file dall'archivio "<literal>&lt;pippo&gt;.tar</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>tar -xvzf &lt;foo&gt;.tar.gz</literal>
it: <literal>tar -xvzf &lt;pippo&gt;.tar.gz</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: extract files from gzipped "<literal>&lt;foo&gt;.tar.gz</literal>" archive
it: estrae file dall'archivio "<literal>&lt;pippo&gt;.tar.gz</literal>" compresso con gzip

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>tar -xvjf &lt;foo&gt;.tar.bz2</literal>
it: <literal>tar -xvjf &lt;pippo&gt;.tar.bz2</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: extract files from "<literal>&lt;foo&gt;.tar.bz2</literal>" archive
it: estrae file dall'archivio "<literal>&lt;pippo&gt;.tar.bz2</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>tar -xvJf &lt;foo&gt;.tar.xz</literal>
it: <literal>tar -xvJf &lt;pippo&gt;.tar.xz</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: extract files from "<literal>&lt;foo&gt;.tar.xz</literal>" archive
it: estrae file dall'archivio "<literal>&lt;pippo&gt;.tar.xz</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>tar -cvf &lt;foo&gt;.tar &lt;bar&gt;/</literal>
it: <literal>tar -cvf &lt;pippo&gt;.tar &lt;pluto&gt;/</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: archive contents of folder "<literal>&lt;bar&gt;/</literal>" in "<literal>&lt;foo&gt;.tar</literal>" archive
it: archivia i contenuti della directory "<literal>&lt;pluto&gt;/</literal>" nell'archivio "<literal>&lt;pippo&gt;.tar</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>tar -cvzf &lt;foo&gt;.tar.gz &lt;bar&gt;/</literal>
it: <literal>tar -cvzf &lt;pippo&gt;.tar.gz &lt;pluto&gt;/</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: archive contents of folder "<literal>&lt;bar&gt;/</literal>" in compressed "<literal>&lt;foo&gt;.tar.gz</literal>" archive
it: archivia i contenuti della directory "<literal>&lt;pluto&gt;/</literal>" nell'archivio compresso "<literal>&lt;pippo&gt;.tar.gz</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>tar -cvjf &lt;foo&gt;.tar.bz2 &lt;bar&gt;/</literal>
it: <literal>tar -cvjf &lt;pippo&gt;.tar.bz2 &lt;pluto&gt;/</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: archive contents of folder "<literal>&lt;bar&gt;/</literal>" in "<literal>&lt;foo&gt;.tar.bz2</literal>" archive
it: archivia i contenuti della directory "<literal>&lt;plutor&gt;/</literal>" nell'archivio "<literal>&lt;pippo&gt;.tar.bz2</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>tar -cvJf &lt;foo&gt;.tar.xz &lt;bar&gt;/</literal>
it: <literal>tar -cvJf &lt;pippo&gt;.tar.xz &lt;pluto&gt;/</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: archive contents of folder "<literal>&lt;bar&gt;/</literal>" in "<literal>&lt;foo&gt;.tar.xz</literal>" archive
it: archivia i contenuti della directory "<literal>&lt;plutor&gt;/</literal>" nell'archivio "<literal>&lt;pippo&gt;.tar.xz</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display contents of compressed "<literal>README.gz</literal>" using the default pager
it: mostra i contenuti del file compresso "<literal>README.gz</literal>" usando il paginatore predefinito

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>zcat README.gz &gt; foo</literal>
it: <literal>zcat README.gz &gt; pippo</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: create a file "<literal>foo</literal>" with the decompressed content of "<literal>README.gz</literal>"
it: crea un file "<literal>pippo</literal> con i contenuti di "<literal>README.gz</literal>" decompressi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>zcat README.gz &gt;&gt; foo</literal>
it: <literal>zcat README.gz &gt;&gt; pippo</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: append the decompressed content of "<literal>README.gz</literal>" to the end of the file "<literal>foo</literal>" (if it does not exist, create it first)
it: aggiunge i contenuti di "<literal>README.gz</literal>" decompressi in coda al file "<literal>pippo</literal>" (se il file non esiste, lo crea)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: Unix has a tradition to hide filenames which start with "<literal>.</literal>".  They are traditionally files that contain configuration information and user preferences.
it: Unix tradizionalmente nasconde i nomi di file che iniziano con "<literal>.</literal>". Sono tradizionalmente file contenenti informazioni di configurazione e preferenze dell'utente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: For <literal>cd</literal> command, see <citerefentry><refentrytitle>builtins</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
it: Per il comando <literal>cd</literal> vedere <citerefentry><refentrytitle>builtins</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: The default pager of the bare bone Debian system is <citerefentry><refentrytitle>more</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> which cannot scroll back.  By installing the <literal>less</literal> package using command line "<literal>apt-get install less</literal>", <citerefentry><refentrytitle>less</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> becomes default pager and you can scroll back with cursor keys.
it: Il paginatore predefinito del sistema di base di Debian è <citerefentry><refentrytitle>more</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> che non ha lo scorrimento all'indietro. Installando il pacchetto <literal>less</literal>, con la riga di comando "<literal>apt-get install less</literal>", <citerefentry><refentrytitle>less</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> diventa il paginatore predefinito e si può così scorrere il testo all'indietro usando i tasti freccia.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: The "<literal>[</literal>" and "<literal>]</literal>" in the regular expression of the "<literal>ps aux | grep -e "[e]xim4*"</literal>" command above enable <literal>grep</literal> to avoid matching itself.  The "<literal>4*</literal>" in the regular expression means 0 or more repeats of character "<literal>4</literal>" thus enables <literal>grep</literal> to match both "<literal>exim</literal>" and "<literal>exim4</literal>".  Although "<literal>*</literal>" is used in the shell filename glob and the regular expression, their meanings are different.  Learn the regular expression from <citerefentry><refentrytitle>grep</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
it: I caratteri "<literal>[</literal>" e "<literal>]</literal>" nella espressione regolare del comando "<literal>ps aux | grep -e "[e]xim4*"</literal>" sopra citato, permettono a <literal>grep</literal> di evitare di trovare corrispondenza con sé stesso. La parte "<literal>4*</literal>" nella espressione regolare significa 0 o più ripetizioni del carattere "<literal>4</literal>" e perciò permette a <literal>grep</literal> di trovare corrispondenza sia con "<literal>exim</literal>" sia con "<literal>exim4</literal>". Sebbene il carattere "<literal>*</literal>" sia usato nei nomi di file con metacaratteri della shell e nelle espressioni regolari, il suo significato è diverso nei due casi. Si possono imparare le espressioni regolari da <citerefentry><refentrytitle>grep</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Please traverse directories and peek into the system using the above commands as training.  If you have questions on any of console commands, please make sure to read the manual page.
it: Come esercizio, esplorare le directory e dare un'occhiata al sistema usando i comandi citati sopra. Se si hanno domande su uno qualsiasi dei comandi in console, assicurarsi di leggere la pagina di manuale.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The style of man pages may be a little hard to get used to, because they are rather terse, particularly the older, very traditional ones. But once you get used to it, you come to appreciate their succinctness.
it: Può essere un po' difficile abituarsi allo stile delle pagine man perché sono piuttosto concise, in particolar modo le più vecchie e tradizionali. Una volta che ci si fa la mano, però, si apprezza la loro concisione.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Please note that many Unix-like commands including ones from GNU and BSD display brief help information if you invoke them in one of the following ways (or without any arguments in some cases).
it: Notare che molti comandi in stile Unix, inclusi quelli da GNU e BSD, mostrano una breve informazione di aiuto se li si invoca in uno dei modi seguenti (o in alcuni casi se lo si fa senza usare opzioni).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: $ &lt;commandname&gt; --help
    $ &lt;commandname&gt; -h
it: $ &lt;nomecomando&gt; --help
    $ &lt;nomecomando&gt; -h

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: The simple shell command
it: Il semplice comando di shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Now you have some feel on how to use the Debian system.  Let's look deep into the mechanism of the command execution in the Debian system. Here, I have simplified reality for the newbie.  See <citerefentry><refentrytitle>bash</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> for the exact explanation.
it: Ora si ha un'idea di come usare il sistema Debian; è tempo di dare uno sguardo più approfondito al meccanismo di esecuzione dei comandi nel sistema Debian. Qui la realtà è stata semplificata ad uso del principiante. Vedere <citerefentry><refentrytitle>bash</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> per una spiegazione esatta.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: A simple command is a sequence of components.
it: Un semplice comando è formato da una sequenza di componenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Variable assignments (optional)
it: Assegnazioni di variabili (opzionale)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Command name
it: Nome del comando

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Arguments (optional)
it: Opzioni (opzionali)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Redirections (optional: <literal>&gt;</literal> , <literal>&gt;&gt;</literal> , <literal>&lt;</literal> , <literal>&lt;&lt;</literal> , etc.)
it: Ridirezioni (opzionali, <literal>&gt;</literal> , <literal>&gt;&gt;</literal> , <literal>&lt;</literal> , <literal>&lt;&lt;</literal> , ecc.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Control operator (optional: <literal>&amp;&amp;</literal> , <literal>||</literal> , &lt;newline&gt; , <literal>;</literal> , <literal>&amp;</literal> , <literal>(</literal> , <literal>)</literal> )
it: Operatori di controllo (opzionale, <literal>&amp;&amp;</literal> , <literal>||</literal> , &lt;a-capo&gt; , <literal>;</literal> , <literal>&amp;</literal> , <literal>(</literal> , <literal>)</literal> )

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Command execution and environment variable
it: Esecuzione dei comandi e variabili d'ambiente

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Values of some <ulink url="&environmentvariables;">environment variables</ulink> change the behavior of some Unix commands.
it: I valori di alcune <ulink url="&environmentvariables;">variabili d'ambiente</ulink> cambiano il comportamento di alcuni comandi Unix.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Default values of environment variables are initially set by the PAM system and then some of them may be reset by some application programs.
it: I valori predefiniti delle variabili d'ambiente sono impostati inizialmente dal sistema PAM e poi alcuni di essi possono essere reimpostati da alcuni programmi applicativi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The display manager such as <literal>gdm3</literal> resets environment variables.
it: Il display manager, come <literal>gdm3</literal>, reimposta variabili d'ambiente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The shell in its start up codes resets environment variables in "<literal>~/bash_profile</literal>" and "<literal>~/.bashrc</literal>".
it: La shell reimposta variabili d'ambiente nel suo codice di avvio in "<literal>~/bash_profile</literal>" e "<literal>~/.bashrc</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: "<literal>$LANG</literal>" variable
it: Variabile "<literal>$LANG</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The full locale value given to "<literal>$LANG</literal>" variable consists of 3 parts: "<literal>xx_YY.ZZZZ</literal>".
it: Il valore completo di localizzazione impostato nella variabile "<literal>$LANG</literal>" consiste di 3 parti: "<literal>xx_YY.ZZZZ</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: 3 parts of locale value
it: Le 3 parti del valore di localizzazione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: locale value
it: valore di localizzazione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&isogdjlanguagecoowercasesuchasen;">ISO 639 language codes (lower case) such as "en"</ulink>
it: <ulink url="&isogdjlanguagecoowercasesuchasen;">codice ISO 639 della lingua (in minuscole), come "en"</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&isodbggcountrycoppercasesuchasus;">ISO 3166 country codes (upper case) such as "US"</ulink>
it: <ulink url="&isodbggcountrycoppercasesuchasus;">codice ISO 3166 del paese (in maiuscole) come "US"</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&codesetalwayssettoutfi;">codeset, always set to "UTF-8"</ulink>
it: <ulink url="&codesetalwayssettoutfi;">codeset, impostato sempre ad "UTF-8"</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For language codes and country codes, see pertinent description in the "<literal>info gettext</literal>".
it: Per i codici delle lingue e dei paesi, vedere le descrizioni pertinenti in "<literal>info gettext</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For the codeset on the modern Debian system, you should always set it to <emphasis role="strong"><literal>UTF-8</literal></emphasis> unless you specifically want to use the historic one with good reason and background knowledge.
it: In un sistema Debian moderno il codeset dovrebbe essere sempre impostato a <emphasis role="strong"><literal>UTF-8</literal></emphasis>, a meno che non si voglia specificatamente usare uno usato in passato e avendo una buona ragione e le conoscenze per farlo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For fine details of the locale configuration, see <xref linkend="_the_locale"/>.
it: Per dettagli più specifici sulla configurazione della localizzazione vedere <xref linkend="_the_locale"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: The "<literal>LANG=en_US</literal>" is not "<literal>LANG=C</literal>" nor "<literal>LANG=en_US.UTF-8</literal>". It is "<literal>LANG=en_US.ISO-8859-1</literal>" (see <xref linkend="_basics_of_encoding"/>).
it: "<literal>LANG=en_US</literal>" non è "<literal>LANG=C</literal>" né "<literal>LANG=en_US.UTF-8</literal>". È "<literal>LANG=en_US.ISO-8859-1</literal>" (vedere <xref linkend="_basics_of_encoding"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of locale recommendations
it: Elenco di localizzazioni raccomandate

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: locale recommendation
it: localizzazione raccomandata

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: Language (area)
it: lingua (zona)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: English(USA)
it: inglese (USA)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: English(Great_Britain)
it: inglese (Gran Bretagna)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: French(France)
it: francese (Francia)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: German(Germany)
it: tedesco (Germania)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Italian(Italy)
it: italiano (Italia)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Spanish(Spain)
it: spagnolo (Spagna)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Catalan(Spain)
it: catalano (spagna)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Swedish(Sweden)
it: svedese (Svezia)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Portuguese(Brazil)
it: portoghese (Brasile)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Russian(Russia)
it: russo (Russia)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Chinese(P.R._of_China)
it: cinese (Repubblica Popolare Cinese)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Chinese(Taiwan_R.O.C.)
it: cinese (Taiwan Repubblica di Cina)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Japanese(Japan)
it: giapponese (Giappone)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Korean(Republic_of_Korea)
it: coreano (Corea del Sud)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Vietnamese(Vietnam)
it: vietnamita (Vietnam)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Typical command execution uses a shell line sequence as the following.
it: Una tipica esecuzione di un comando usa una sequenza sulla riga della shell come la seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here, the program <citerefentry><refentrytitle>date</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> is executed with different values of the environment variable "<literal>$LANG</literal>".
it: In questo caso il programma <citerefentry><refentrytitle>date</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> viene eseguito con valori differenti della variabile d'ambiente "<literal>$LANG</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: For the first command, "<literal>$LANG</literal>" is set to the system default <ulink url="&locale;">locale</ulink> value "<literal>en_US.UTF-8</literal>".
it: Per il primo comando "<literal>$LANG</literal>" è impostata al valore di <ulink url="&locale;">localizzazione</ulink> predefinito di sistema: "<literal>en_US.UTF-8</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: For the second command, "<literal>$LANG</literal>" is set to the French UTF-8 <ulink url="&locale;">locale</ulink> value "<literal>fr_FR.UTF-8</literal>".
it: Per il secondo comando "<literal>$LANG</literal>" è impostata al valore di <ulink url="&locale;">localizzazione</ulink> UTF-8 francese: <literal>fr_FR.UTF-8</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Most command executions usually do not have preceding environment variable definition.  For the above example, you can alternatively execute as the following.
it: La maggior parte delle invocazioni di comandi non è solitamente preceduta da definizioni di variabili d'ambiente. In alternativa all'esempio precedente, si può eseguire quanto segue.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: As you can see here, the output of command is affected by the environment variable to produce French output.  If you want the environment variable to be inherited to subprocesses (e.g., when calling shell script), you need to <emphasis role="strong">export</emphasis> it instead by the following.
it: Come si può vedere, l'output del comando è in questo caso influenzato dalla variabile d'ambiente per produrre output in francese. Se si desidera che una variabile d'ambiente venga ereditata da sottoprocessi, ad esempio quando si invocano script di shell, è necessario invece <emphasis role="strong">esportarla</emphasis> nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: When filing a bug report, running and checking the command under "<literal>LANG=en_US.UTF-8</literal>" is good idea if you use non-English environment.
it: Quando si segnala un bug, è una buona idea, se si usa un ambiente non inglese,  eseguire e controllare il comando nella localizzazione "<literal>LANG=en_US.UTF-8</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See <citerefentry><refentrytitle>locale</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>locale</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry> for "<literal>$LANG</literal>" and related environment variables.
it: Vedere <citerefentry><refentrytitle>locale</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> e <citerefentry><refentrytitle>locale</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry> per "<literal>$LANG</literal>" e variabili d'ambiente correlate.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: I recommend you to configure the system environment just by the "<literal>$LANG</literal>" variable and to stay away from "<literal>$LC_*</literal>" variables unless it is absolutely needed.
it: Io raccomando di configurare l'ambiente di sistema usando solo la variabile "<literal>$LANG</literal>" e di tenersi alla larga dalle variabili "<literal>$LC_*</literal>" a meno che non sia strettamente necessario.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: "<literal>$PATH</literal>" variable
it: Variabile "<literal>$PATH</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: When you type a command into the shell, the shell searches the command in the list of directories contained in the "<literal>$PATH</literal>" environment variable.  The value of the "<literal>$PATH</literal>" environment variable is also called the shell's search path.
it: Quando si digita un comando nella shell, questa cerca il comando nelle directory nell'elenco contenuto nella variabile d'ambiente "<literal>$PATH</literal>". Il valore della variabile d'ambiente "<literal>$PATH</literal>" è anche chiamato percorso di ricerca della shell.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: In the default Debian installation, the "<literal>$PATH</literal>" environment variable of user accounts may not include "<literal>/sbin</literal>" and "<literal>/usr/sbin</literal>".  For example, the <literal>ifconfig</literal> command needs to be issued with full path as "<literal>/sbin/ifconfig</literal>". (Similar <literal>ip</literal> command is located in "<literal>/bin</literal>".)
it: In una installazione Debian standard, la variabile d'ambiente "<literal>$PATH</literal>" degli account utente può non includere "<literal>/sbin</literal>" e "<literal>/usr/sbin</literal>". Il comando <literal>ifconfig</literal>, per esempio, deve essere eseguito con il percorso completo, come in "<literal>/sbin/ifconfig</literal>". (Il comando simile <literal>ip</literal> si trova in "<literal>/bin</literal>".)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can change the "<literal>$PATH</literal>" environment variable of Bash shell by "<literal>~/.bash_profile</literal>" or "<literal>~/.bashrc</literal>" files.
it: Si può modificare la variabile d'ambiente "<literal>$PATH</literal>" della shell Bash tramite il file "<literal>~/.bash_profile</literal>" o "<literal>~/.bashrc</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: "<literal>$HOME</literal>" variable
it: Variabile "<literal>$HOME</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Many commands stores user specific configuration in the home directory and changes their behavior by their contents.  The home directory is identified by the environment variable "<literal>$HOME</literal>".
it: Molti comandi memorizzano una configurazione specifica per l'utente nella directory home e cambiano il loro comportamento in base al suo contenuto. La directory home è identificata dalla variabile d'ambiente "<literal>$HOME</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of "<literal>$HOME</literal>" values
it: Elenco di valori di "<literal>$HOME</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: value of "<literal>$HOME</literal>"
it: valore di "<literal>$HOME</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: program execution situation
it: situazione di esecuzione del programma

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: program run by the init process (daemon)
it: programma eseguito da processo init (demone)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: program run from the normal root shell
it: programma eseguito dalla normale shell di root

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>/home/&lt;normal_user&gt;</literal>
it: <literal>/home/&lt;utente_normale&gt;</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: program run from the normal user shell
it: programma eseguito dalla shell di un utente normale

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: program run from the normal user GUI desktop menu
it: programma eseguito dal menu del desktop grafico di un utente normale

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: program run as root with "<literal>sudo program</literal>"
it: programma eseguito come root con "<literal>sudo programma</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: program run as root with "<literal>sudo -H program</literal>"
it: programma eseguito come root con "<literal>sudo -H programma</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Shell expands "<literal>~/</literal>" to current user's home directory, i.e., "<literal>$HOME/</literal>". Shell expands "<literal>~foo/</literal>" to <literal>foo</literal>'s home directory, i.e., "<literal>/home/foo/</literal>".
it: La shell espande "<literal>~/</literal> nella directory home dell'utente attuale, cioè "<literal>$HOME/</literal>". La shell espande "<literal>~pippo/</literal>" nella directory home di <literal>pippo</literal>, cioè "<literal>/home/pippo/</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Command line options
it: Opzioni della riga di comando

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Some commands take arguments.  Arguments starting with "<literal>-</literal>" or "<literal>--</literal>" are called options and control the behavior of the command.
it: Alcuni comandi accettano argomenti. Gli argomenti che iniziano con "<literal>-</literal>" o "<literal>--</literal>" sono chiamati opzioni e controllano il comportamento del comando.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: $ date
    Mon Oct 27 23:02:09 CET 2003
    $ date -R
    Mon, 27 Oct 2003 23:02:40 +0100
it: $ date
    dom apr 18 23:22:36 CEST 2010
    $ date -R
    Sun, 18 Apr 2010 23:23:08 +0200

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here the command-line argument "<literal>-R</literal>" changes <citerefentry><refentrytitle>date</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> behavior to output <ulink url="&rfccicc;">RFC2822</ulink> compliant date string.
it: In questo caso l'opzione "<literal>-R</literal>" sulla riga di comando cambia il comportamento di <citerefentry><refentrytitle>date</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> producendo in output la data in una stringa conforme alla <ulink url="&rfccicc;">RFC2822</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Shell glob
it: Glob della shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Often you want a command to work with a group of files without typing all of them.  The filename expansion pattern using the shell <emphasis role="strong">glob</emphasis>, (sometimes referred as <emphasis role="strong">wildcards</emphasis>), facilitate this need.
it: Spesso si desidera che un comando abbia effetto su un gruppo di file senza dover digitarli tutti. I modelli di espansione dei nomi di file che usano i <emphasis role="strong">glob</emphasis> della shell, a volte detti <emphasis role="strong">metacaratteri</emphasis> o <emphasis role="strong">caratteri jolly</emphasis>, facilitano questo compito.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: Shell glob patterns
it: Modelli di glob della shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: shell glob pattern
it: modello di glob della shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: description of match rule
it: descrizione della regola di corrispondenza

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: filename (segment) not started with "<literal>.</literal>"
it: nome file (segmento) che non inizia con "<literal>.</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: filename (segment) started with "<literal>.</literal>"
it: nome file (segmento) che inizia con "<literal>.</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: exactly one character
it: esattamente un carattere

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: exactly one character with any character enclosed in brackets
it: esattamente un carattere tra quelli racchiusi tra le parentesi quadre

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: exactly one character with any character between "<literal>a</literal>" and "<literal>z</literal>"
it: esattamente un carattere che sia un carattere compreso tra "<literal>a</literal>" e "<literal>z</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: exactly one character other than any character enclosed in brackets (excluding "<literal>^</literal>")
it: esattamente un carattere che non sia uno di quelli racchiusi tra parentesi quadre (non contando "<literal>^</literal>")

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: $ mkdir junk; cd junk; touch 1.txt 2.txt 3.c 4.h .5.txt ..6.txt
    $ echo *.txt
    1.txt 2.txt
    $ echo *
    1.txt 2.txt 3.c 4.h
    $ echo *.[hc]
    3.c 4.h
    $ echo .*
    . .. .5.txt ..6.txt
    $ echo .*[^.]*
    .5.txt ..6.txt
    $ echo [^1-3]*
    4.h
    $ cd ..; rm -rf junk
it: $ mkdir prova; cd prova; touch 1.txt 2.txt 3.c 4.h .5.txt ..6.txt
    $ echo *.txt
    1.txt 2.txt
    $ echo *
    1.txt 2.txt 3.c 4.h
    $ echo *.[hc]
    3.c 4.h
    $ echo .*
    . .. .5.txt ..6.txt
    $ echo .*[^.]*
    .5.txt ..6.txt
    $ echo [^1-3]*
    4.h
    $ cd ..; rm -rf prova

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See <citerefentry><refentrytitle>glob</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
it: Vedere <citerefentry><refentrytitle>glob</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: Unlike normal filename expansion by the shell, the shell pattern "<literal>*</literal>" tested in <citerefentry><refentrytitle>find</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> with "<literal>-name</literal>" test etc., matches the initial "<literal>.</literal>" of the filename. (New <ulink url="&posix;">POSIX</ulink> feature)
it: A differenza della normale espansione dei nomi della shell, il modello shell "<literal>*</literal>" cercato dal comando <citerefentry><refentrytitle>find</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> con la ricerca "<literal>-name</literal>" ecc., trova corrispondenza anche con nomi di file che iniziano con "<literal>.</literal>". (Nuova funzionalità <ulink url="&posix;">POSIX</ulink>.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: BASH can be tweaked to change its glob behavior with its shopt builtin options such as "<literal>dotglob</literal>", "<literal>noglob</literal>", "<literal>nocaseglob</literal>", "<literal>nullglob</literal>", "<literal>nocaseglob</literal>", "<literal>extglob</literal>", etc.  See <citerefentry><refentrytitle>bash</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
it: Si può manipolare il comportamento di BASH in relazione ai modelli di glob usando le sue opzioni shopt incorporate come "<literal>dotglob</literal>", "<literal>noglob</literal>", "<literal>nocaseglob</literal>", "<literal>nullglob</literal>", "<literal>nocaseglob</literal>", "<literal>extglob</literal>", ecc. Vedere <citerefentry><refentrytitle>bash</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Return value of the command
it: Valore restituito dal comando

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Each command returns its exit status (variable: "<literal>$?</literal>") as the return value.
it: Ogni comando restituisce il suo stato di uscita (variabile "<literal>$?</literal>") come valore restituito.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: Command exit codes
it: Codici di uscita dei comandi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: command exit status
it: stato di uscita del comando

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: numeric return value
it: valore numerico restituito

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: logical return value
it: valore logico restituito

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: success
it: successo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <emphasis role="strong">TRUE</emphasis>
it: <emphasis role="strong">VERO</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: error
it: errore

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <emphasis role="strong">FALSE</emphasis>
it: <emphasis role="strong">FALSO</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: Please note that, in the logical context for the shell, <emphasis role="strong">success</emphasis> is treated as the logical <emphasis role="strong">TRUE</emphasis> which has 0 (zero) as its value.  This is somewhat non-intuitive and needs to be reminded here.
it: Notare che, nel contesto logico della shell, il <emphasis role="strong">successo</emphasis> è trattato come il valore logico <emphasis role="strong">VERO</emphasis> che ha valore numerico 0 (zero). Questo è in qualche modo non intuitivo ed è bene rimarcarlo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Typical command sequences and shell redirection
it: Sequenze tipiche di comandi e ridirezione della shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Let's try to remember following shell command idioms typed in one line as a part of shell command.
it: È bene cercare di ricordare i seguenti idiomi per comandi di shell che vengono digitati sulla stessa riga come parte del comando di shell.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: Shell command idioms
it: Idiomi per comandi di shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: command idiom
it: idioma per comando

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>command &amp;</literal>
it: <literal>comando &amp;</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <emphasis role="strong">background</emphasis> execution of <literal>command</literal> in the subshell
it: esegue <literal>comando</literal> sullo <emphasis role="strong">sfondo</emphasis> in una sotto-shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>command1 | command2</literal>
it: <literal>comando1 | comando2</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <emphasis role="strong">pipe</emphasis> the standard output of <literal>command1</literal> to the standard input of <literal>command2</literal> (<emphasis role="strong">concurrent</emphasis> execution)
it: invia tramite <emphasis role="strong">pipe</emphasis> lo standard output di <literal>comando1</literal> allo standard input di <literal>comando2</literal> (<emphasis role="strong">esecuzione concorrente</emphasis>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>command1 2&gt;&amp;1 | command2</literal>
it: <literal>comando1 2&gt;&amp;1 | comando2</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <emphasis role="strong">pipe</emphasis> both standard output and standard error of <literal>command1</literal> to the standard input of <literal>command2</literal> (<emphasis role="strong">concurrent</emphasis> execution)
it: invia tramite <emphasis role="strong">pipe</emphasis> sia lo standard output sia lo standard error di <literal>comando1</literal> allo standard input di <literal>comando2</literal> (<emphasis role="strong">esecuzione</emphasis> concorrente)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>command1 ; command2</literal>
it: <literal>comando1 ; comando2</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: execute <literal>command1</literal> and <literal>command2</literal> <emphasis role="strong">sequentially</emphasis>
it: esegue <literal>comando1</literal> e <literal>comando2</literal> in <emphasis role="strong">sequenza</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>command1 &amp;&amp; command2</literal>
it: <literal>comando1 &amp;&amp; comando2</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: execute <literal>command1</literal>; if successful, execute <literal>command2</literal> <emphasis role="strong">sequentially</emphasis> (return success if both <literal>command1</literal> <emphasis role="strong">and</emphasis> <literal>command2</literal> are successful)
it: esegue <literal>comando1</literal>; se ha successo, esegue <literal>comando2</literal> in <emphasis role="strong">sequenza</emphasis> (restituisce lo stato di successo se sia <literal>comando1</literal> <emphasis role="strong">sia</emphasis> <literal>comando2</literal> hanno successo)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>command1 || command2</literal>
it: <literal>comando1 || comando2</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: execute <literal>command1</literal>; if not successful, execute <literal>command2</literal> <emphasis role="strong">sequentially</emphasis> (return success if <literal>command1</literal> <emphasis role="strong">or</emphasis> <literal>command2</literal> are successful)
it: esegue <literal>comando1</literal>; se non ha successo, esegue <literal>comando2</literal> in <emphasis role="strong">sequenza</emphasis> (restituisce lo stato di successo se <literal>comando1</literal> <emphasis role="strong">o</emphasis> <literal>comando2</literal> ha successo)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>command &gt; foo</literal>
it: <literal>comando &gt; pippo</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: redirect standard output of <literal>command</literal> to a file <literal>foo</literal> (overwrite)
it: ridirige lo standard output di <literal>comando</literal> al file "<literal>pippo</literal>" (sovrascrivendolo)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>command 2&gt; foo</literal>
it: <literal>comando 2&gt; pippo</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: redirect standard error of <literal>command</literal> to a file <literal>foo</literal> (overwrite)
it: ridirige lo standard error di <literal>comando</literal> al file "<literal>pippo</literal>" (sovrascrivendolo)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>command &gt;&gt; foo</literal>
it: <literal>comando &gt;&gt; pippo</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: redirect standard output of <literal>command</literal> to a file <literal>foo</literal> (append)
it: ridirige lo standard output di <literal>comando</literal> al file "<literal>pippo</literal>" (aggiungendo in coda)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>command 2&gt;&gt; foo</literal>
it: <literal>comando 2&gt;&gt; pippo</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: redirect standard error of <literal>command</literal> to a file <literal>foo</literal> (append)
it: ridirige lo standard error di <literal>comando</literal> al file "<literal>pippo</literal>" (aggiungendo in coda)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>command &gt; foo 2&gt;&amp;1</literal>
it: <literal>comando &gt; pippo 2&gt;&amp;1</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: redirect both standard output and standard error of <literal>command</literal> to a file "<literal>foo</literal>"
it: ridirige sia lo standard output sia lo standard error di <literal>comando</literal> al file "<literal>pippo</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>command &lt; foo</literal>
it: <literal>comando &lt; pippo</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: redirect standard input of <literal>command</literal> to a file <literal>foo</literal>
it: usa come standard input di <literal>comando</literal> il file "<literal>pippo</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>command &lt;&lt; delimiter</literal>
it: <literal>comando &lt;&lt; delimitatore</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: redirect standard input of <literal>command</literal> to the following lines until "<literal>delimiter</literal>" is met (here document)
it: usa come standard input di <literal>comando</literal> le righe che seguono fino a che non viene incontrato il testo "<literal>delimitatore</literal>" (inserire un documento)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>command &lt;&lt;- delimiter</literal>
it: <literal>comando &lt;&lt;- delimitatore</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: redirect standard input of <literal>command</literal> to the following lines until "<literal>delimiter</literal>" is met (here document, the leading tab characters are stripped from input lines)
it: usa come standard input di <literal>comando</literal> le righe che seguono fino a che non viene incontrato il testo "<literal>delimitatore</literal>"; i caratteri di tabulazione iniziali vengono eliminate dal testo (inserire un documento)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The Debian system is a multi-tasking system. Background jobs allow users to run multiple programs in a single shell.  The management of the background process involves the shell builtins: <literal>jobs</literal>, <literal>fg</literal>, <literal>bg</literal>, and <literal>kill</literal>.  Please read sections of bash(1) under "SIGNALS", and "JOB CONTROL", and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>builtins</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
it: Il sistema Debian è un sistema multi-tasking. I compiti sullo sfondo permettono agli utenti di eseguire più programmi in una singola shell. La gestione dei processi sullo sfondo coinvolge i comandi interni della shell <literal>jobs</literal>, <literal>fg</literal>, <literal>bg</literal> e <literal>kill</literal>. Leggere le sezioni "SIGNALS" e "JOB CONTROL" di bash(1) e <citerefentry><refentrytitle>builtins</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Although all 4 examples of shell redirections display the same thing, the last example runs an extra <literal>cat</literal> command and wastes resources with no reason.
it: Benché tutti i 4 esempi di ridirezione della shell mostrino la stessa cosa, l'ultimo esempio esegue un comando <literal>cat</literal> aggiuntivo e spreca risorse senza motivo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The shell allows you to open files using the <literal>exec</literal> builtin with an arbitrary file descriptor.
it: La shell permette di aprire file usando il comando interno <literal>exec</literal>con un descrittore di file arbitrario.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: $ echo Hello &gt;foo
    $ exec 3&lt;foo 4&gt;bar  # open files
    $ cat &lt;&amp;3 &gt;&amp;4       # redirect stdin to 3, stdout to 4
    $ exec 3&lt;&amp;- 4&gt;&amp;-    # close files
    $ cat bar
    Hello
it: $ echo Hello &gt;pippo
    $ exec 3&lt;pippo 4&gt;pluto  # apre i file
    $ cat &lt;&amp;3 &gt;&amp;4       # ridirige lo stdin in 3, lo stdout in 4
    $ exec 3&lt;&amp;- 4&gt;&amp;-    # chiude i file
    $ cat pluto
    Hello

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The file descriptor 0-2 are predefined.
it: I descrittori di file 0-2 sono predefiniti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: Predefined file descriptors
it: Descrittori di file predefiniti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: file descriptor
it: descrittore del file

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Command alias
it: Alias di comandi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can set an alias for the frequently used command.
it: Si possono impostare alias per i comandi usati di frequente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Now, "<literal>la</literal>" works as a short hand for "<literal>ls -la</literal>" which lists all files in the long listing format.
it: Ora "<literal>la</literal>" funziona da scorciatoia per "<literal>ls -la</literal>" che elenca tutti i file nel formato di elencazione esteso.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can list any existing aliases by <literal>alias</literal> (see <citerefentry><refentrytitle>bash</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> under "SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS").
it: Si possono elencare tutti gli alias esistenti con <literal>alias</literal> (vedere la sezione "SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS" in <citerefentry><refentrytitle>bash</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can identity exact path or identity of the command by <literal>type</literal> (see <citerefentry><refentrytitle>bash</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> under "SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS").
it: Si può identificare il percorso esatto o l'identità di un comando con <literal>type</literal> (vedere la sezione "SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS") di <citerefentry><refentrytitle>bash</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here <literal>ls</literal> was recently searched while "<literal>file</literal>" was not, thus "<literal>ls</literal>" is "hashed", i.e., the shell has an internal record for the quick access to the location of the "<literal>ls</literal>" command.
it: In questo caso <literal>ls</literal> era stato cercato di recente mentre "<literal>file</literal>" no, percio "<literal>ls</literal>" risulta "hashed", cioè la shell ha un record interno per un accesso veloce alla posizione del comando "<literal>ls</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: See <xref linkend="_colorized_commands"/>.
it: Vedere <xref linkend="_colorized_commands"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Unix-like text processing
it: Elaborazione di testo stile Unix

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: In Unix-like work environment, text processing is done by piping text through chains of standard text processing tools. This was another crucial Unix innovation.
it: Nell'ambiente di lavoro Unix, l'elaborazione del testo viene fatta instradando il testo tramite pipe attraverso catene di strumenti standard per l'elaborazione del testo. Questa è stata un'altra fondamentale innovazione di Unix.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Unix text tools
it: Strumenti Unix per il testo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There are few standard text processing tools which are used very often on the Unix-like system.
it: Ci sono alcuni strumenti di elaborazione del testo che sono usati molto spesso in un sistema *nix.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: No regular expression is used:
it: Senza l'uso di alcuna espressione regolare:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>cat</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> concatenates files and outputs the whole content.
it: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>cat</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> concatena file e produce in output il contenuto totale.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tac</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> concatenates files and outputs in reverse.
it: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tac</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> concatena file e produce l'output in senso inverso.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>cut</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> selects parts of lines and outputs.
it: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>cut</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> seleziona parti di righe e le produce in output.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>head</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> outputs the first part of files.
it: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>head</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> produce in output la prima parte di file.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tail</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> outputs the last part of files.
it: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tail</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> produce in output l'ultima parte di file.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sort</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> sorts lines of text files.
it: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sort</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> ordina righe in file di testo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>uniq</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> removes duplicate lines from a sorted file.
it: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>uniq</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> rimuove righe duplicate da un file ordinato.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tr</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> translates or deletes characters.
it: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tr</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> trasforma o elimina caratteri.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>diff</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> compares files line by line.
it: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>diff</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> paragona file riga per riga.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Basic regular expression (<emphasis role="strong">BRE</emphasis>) is used:
it: Con l'uso di espressioni regolari di base (<emphasis role="strong">BRE</emphasis>):

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>grep</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> matches text with patterns.
it: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>grep</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> trova corrispondenze di testo con modelli.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ed</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> is a primitive line editor.
it: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ed</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> è un primitivo editor di riga.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sed</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> is a stream editor.
it: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sed</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> è un editor di flussi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>vim</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> is a screen editor.
it: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>vim</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> è un editor a schermo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>emacs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> is a screen editor. (somewhat extended <emphasis role="strong">BRE</emphasis>)
it: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>emacs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> è un editor a schermo (con <emphasis role="strong">BRE</emphasis> un po' estese)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Extended regular expression (<emphasis role="strong">ERE</emphasis>) is used:
it: Con l'uso di espressioni regolari estese (<emphasis role="strong">ERE</emphasis>):

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>egrep</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> matches text with patterns.
it: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>egrep</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> trova corrispondenze di testo con modelli.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>awk</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> does simple text processing.
it: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>awk</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> fa semplici elaborazioni di testo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tcl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3tcl</manvolnum></citerefentry> can do every conceivable text processing: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>re_syntax</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>. Often used with <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tk</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3tk</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
it: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tcl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3tcl</manvolnum></citerefentry> può fare ogni elaborazione di testo immaginabile: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>re_syntax</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>. Spesso usato con <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tk</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3tk</manvolnum></citerefentry>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>perl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> can do every conceivable text processing.  <citerefentry><refentrytitle>perlre</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
it: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>perl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> può fare ogni elaborazione di testo immaginabile. <citerefentry><refentrytitle>perlre</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pcregrep</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> from the <literal>pcregrep</literal> package matches text with <ulink url="&perlcompatiblererexpressionspcre;">Perl Compatible Regular Expressions (PCRE)</ulink> pattern.
it: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pcregrep</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> dal pacchetto <literal>pcregrep</literal> trova corrispondenze di testo con modelli <ulink url="&perlcompatiblererexpressionspcre;">PCRE (Perl Compatible Regular Expressions)</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>python</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> with the <literal>re</literal> module can do every conceivable text processing. See "<literal>/usr/share/doc/python/html/index.html</literal>".
it: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>python</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> con il modulo <literal>re</literal> può fare ogni elaborazione di testo immaginabile. Vedere "<literal>/usr/share/doc/python/html/index.html</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you are not sure what exactly these commands do, please use "<literal>man command</literal>" to figure it out by yourself.
it: Se non si è sicuri di cosa facciano esattamente questi comandi, usare "<literal>man comando</literal>" per scoprirlo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: Sort order and range expression are locale dependent.  If you wish to obtain traditional behavior for a command, use <emphasis role="strong">C</emphasis> locale instead of <emphasis role="strong">UTF-8</emphasis> ones by prepnding command with "<literal>LANG=C</literal>" (see <xref linkend="_literal_lang_literal_variable"/> and <xref linkend="_the_locale"/>).
it: Il criterio di ordinamento e le espressioni di intervalli dipendono dalla localizzazione. Se si desidera ottenere il comportamento tradizionale di un comando, usare la localizzazione <emphasis role="strong">C</emphasis> invece di quelle <emphasis role="strong">UTF-8</emphasis> anteponendo al comando "<literal>LANG=C</literal>" (vedere <xref linkend="_literal_lang_literal_variable"/> e <xref linkend="_the_locale"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: <ulink url="&perl;">Perl</ulink> regular expressions (<citerefentry><refentrytitle>perlre</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>), <ulink url="&perlcompatiblererexpressionspcre;">Perl Compatible Regular Expressions (PCRE)</ulink>, and <ulink url="&python;">Python</ulink> regular expressions offered by the <literal>re</literal> module have many common extensions to the normal <emphasis role="strong">ERE</emphasis>.
it: Le espressioni regolari <ulink url="&perl;">Perl</ulink> (<citerefentry><refentrytitle>perlre</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>), le <ulink url="&perlcompatiblererexpressionspcre;">PCRE (Perl Compatible Regular Expressions)</ulink> e le espressioni regolari <ulink url="&python;">Python</ulink> fornite dal modulo <literal>re</literal> hanno molte estensioni comuni delle normali <emphasis role="strong">ERE</emphasis>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Regular expressions
it: Espressioni regolari

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <ulink url="&regularexpressions;">Regular expressions</ulink> are used in many text processing tools.  They are analogous to the shell globs, but they are more complicated and powerful.
it: Le <ulink url="&regularexpressions;">espressioni regolari</ulink> sono usate in molti strumenti di elaborazione del testo. Sono analoghe ai modelli di glob della shell, ma sono più complesse e potenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The regular expression describes the matching pattern and is made up of text characters and <emphasis role="strong">metacharacters</emphasis>.
it: Una espressione regolare descrive il modello a cui trovare corrispondenza ed è composta da caratteri di testo e <emphasis role="strong">metacaratteri</emphasis>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <emphasis role="strong">metacharacter</emphasis> is just a character with a special meaning.  There are 2 major styles, <emphasis role="strong">BRE</emphasis> and <emphasis role="strong">ERE</emphasis>, depending on the text tools as described above.
it: Un <emphasis role="strong">metacarattere</emphasis> è semplicemente un carattere con un significato speciale. Ci sono 2 stili principali, <emphasis role="strong">BRE</emphasis> e <emphasis role="strong">ERE</emphasis>, a seconda degli strumenti di testo descritti in precedenza.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: Metacharacters for BRE and ERE
it: Metacaratteri per BRE e ERE

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: description of the regular expression
it: descrizione della espressione regolare

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: common <emphasis role="strong">metacharacters</emphasis>
it: <emphasis role="strong">metacaratteri</emphasis> comuni

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: BRE only "<literal>\</literal>" escaped <emphasis role="strong">metacharacters</emphasis>
it: <emphasis role="strong">metacaratteri</emphasis> protetti dal carattere "<literal>\</literal>" di escape solo di BRE

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: ERE only non-"<literal>\</literal>" escaped <emphasis role="strong">metacharacters</emphasis>
it: <emphasis role="strong">metacaratteri</emphasis> non protetti dal carattere "<literal>\</literal>" di escape solo di ERE

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match <emphasis role="strong">non-metacharacter</emphasis> "<literal>c</literal>"
it: corrisponde al <emphasis role="strong">non metacarattere</emphasis> "<literal>c</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match a literal character "<literal>c</literal>" even if "<literal>c</literal>" is <emphasis role="strong">metacharacter</emphasis> by itself
it: corrisponde al carattere letterale "<literal>c</literal>" anche se "<literal>c</literal>" è in sé stesso un <emphasis role="strong">metacarattere</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match any character including newline
it: corrisponde a qualsiasi carattere incluso il carattere di a capo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: position at the beginning of a string
it: posizione all'inizio di una stringa

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: position at the end of a string
it: posizione alla fine di una stringa

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: position at the beginning of a word
it: posizione all'inizio di una parola

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: position at the end of a word
it: posizione alla fine di una parola

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match any characters in "<literal>abc…</literal>"
it: corrisponde ad ogni carattere in "<literal>abc...</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match any characters except in "<literal>abc…</literal>"
it: corrisponde ad ogni carattere eccetto a quelli in "<literal>abc...</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match zero or more regular expressions identified by "<literal>r</literal>"
it: corrisponde a zero o più occorrenze della espressione regolare identificata da "<literal>r</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match one or more regular expressions identified by "<literal>r</literal>"
it: corrisponde ad una o più occorrenza della espressione regolare identificata da "<literal>r</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match zero or one regular expressions identified by "<literal>r</literal>"
it: corrisponde a zero o una occorrenza dell'espressione regolare identificata da "<literal>r</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match one of the regular expressions identified by "<literal>r1</literal>" or "<literal>r2</literal>"
it: corrisponde ad una occorrenza della espressione regolare identificata da "<literal>r1</literal>" o "<literal>r2</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match one of the regular expressions identified by "<literal>r1</literal>" or "<literal>r2</literal>" and treat it as a <emphasis role="strong">bracketed</emphasis> regular expression
it: corrisponde ad una occorrenza dell'espressione regolare identificata da "<literal>r1</literal>" o "<literal>r2</literal>" e la tratta come una espressione regolare <emphasis role="strong">tra parentesi</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The regular expression of <emphasis role="strong"><literal>emacs</literal></emphasis> is basically <emphasis role="strong">BRE</emphasis> but has been extended to treat "<literal>+</literal>"and "<literal>?</literal>" as the <emphasis role="strong">metacharacters</emphasis> as in <emphasis role="strong">ERE</emphasis>.  Thus, there are no needs to escape them with "<literal>\</literal>" in the regular expression of <literal>emacs</literal>.
it: Le espressioni regolari di <emphasis role="strong"><literal>emacs</literal></emphasis> sono fondamentalmente <emphasis role="strong">BRE</emphasis>, ma sono state estese per trattare "<literal>+</literal>" e "<literal>?</literal>" come i <emphasis role="strong">metacaratteri</emphasis> nelle <emphasis role="strong">ERE</emphasis>. Perciò, nelle espressioni regolari di <literal>emacs</literal>, non è necessario proteggerli con il carattere di escape "<literal>\</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>grep</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> can be used to perform the text search using the regular expression.
it: Per effettuare ricerche di testo usando espressioni regolari si può usare <citerefentry><refentrytitle>grep</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Replacement expressions
it: Espressioni di sostituzione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For the replacement expression, some characters have special meanings.
it: Per le espressioni di sostituzione alcuni caratteri hanno un significato particolare.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: The replacement expression
it: L'espressione di sostituzione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: replacement expression
it: espressione di sostituzione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: description of the text to replace the replacement expression
it: descrizione del testo che sostituirà l'espressione di sostituzione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: what the regular expression matched (use <literal>\&amp;</literal> in <literal>emacs</literal>)
it: ciò che ha ha avuto corrispondenza con l'espressione regolare (usare <literal>\&amp;</literal> in <literal>emacs</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: what the n-th <emphasis role="strong">bracketed</emphasis> regular expression matched ("n" being number)
it: ciò che ha avuto corrispondenza con la n-esima espressione regolare <emphasis role="strong">tra parentesi</emphasis> ("n" è un numero)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For Perl replacement string, "<literal>$n</literal>" is used instead of "<literal>\n</literal>" and "<literal>&amp;</literal>" has no special meaning.
it: Per sostituzioni di stringhe in Perl "<literal>$n</literal>" viene usato al posto di "<literal>\n</literal>" e "<literal>&amp;</literal>" non ha un significato particolare.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here please pay extra attention to the style of the <emphasis role="strong">bracketed</emphasis> regular expression and how the matched strings are used in the text replacement process on different tools.
it: In questo esempio si faccia particolare attenzione allo stile delle espressioni regolari <emphasis role="strong">tra parentesi</emphasis> e come le stringhe corrispondenti siano usate nel processo di sostituzione del testo dai diversi strumenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: These regular expressions can be used for cursor movements and text replacement actions in some editors too.
it: Queste espressioni regolari possono essere usate per spostare il cursore e per fare sostituzioni di testo anche in alcuni editor.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The back slash "<literal>\</literal>" at the end of line in the shell commandline escapes newline as a white space character and continues shell command line input to the next line.
it: La barra inversa, "<literal>\</literal>" alla fine della prima riga nella riga di comando di shell protegge il carattere di a capo rendendolo uno spazio e continuando l'input della riga di comando di shell nella riga successiva.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Please read all the related manual pages to learn these commands.
it: Leggere tutte le pagine man relative per imparare l'uso di questi comandi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Global substitution with regular expressions
it: Sostituzione globale con espressioni regolari

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ed</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> command can replace all instances of "<literal>FROM_REGEX</literal>" with "<literal>TO_TEXT</literal>" in "<literal>file</literal>".
it: Il comando <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ed</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> può sostituire tutte le occorrenze di "<literal>DA_REGEX</literal>" con "<literal>A_TESTO</literal>" in "<literal>file</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: $ ed file &lt;&lt;EOF
    ,s/FROM_REGEX/TO_TEXT/g
    w
    q
    EOF
it: $ ed file &lt;&lt;EOF
    ,s/DA_REGEX/A_TESTO/g
    w
    q
    EOF

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sed</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> command can replace all instances of "<literal>FROM_REGEX</literal>" with "<literal>TO_TEXT</literal>" in "<literal>file</literal>".
it: Il comando <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sed</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> può sostituire tutte le occorrenze di "<literal>DA_REGEX</literal>" con "<literal>A_TESTO</literal>" in "<literal>file</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: $ sed -ie 's/FROM_REGEX/TO_TEXT/g' file
it: $ sed -ie 's/DA_REGEX/A_TESTO/g' file

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <citerefentry><refentrytitle>vim</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> command can replace all instances of "<literal>FROM_REGEX</literal>" with "<literal>TO_TEXT</literal>" in "<literal>file</literal>" by using <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ex</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> commands.
it: Il comando <citerefentry><refentrytitle>vim</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> può sostituire tutte le occorrenze di "<literal>DA_REGEX</literal>" with "<literal>A_TESTO</literal>" in "<literal>file</literal>" usando il comando <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ex</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: $ vim '+%s/FROM_REGEX/TO_TEXT/gc' '+w' '+q' file
it: $ vim '+%s/DA_REGEX/A_TESTO/gc' '+w' '+q' file

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: The "<literal>c</literal>" flag in the above ensures interactive confirmation for each substitution.
it: Il modificatore "<literal>c</literal>" nell'esempio soprastante assicura che venga chiesta la conferma interattiva per ciascuna sostituzione.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Multiple files ("<literal>file1</literal>", "<literal>file2</literal>", and "<literal>file3</literal>") can be processed with regular expressions similarly with <citerefentry><refentrytitle>vim</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> or <citerefentry><refentrytitle>perl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
it: Si possono elaborare file multipli ("<literal>file1</literal>", "<literal>file2</literal>" e "<literal>file3</literal>") in modo simile con <citerefentry><refentrytitle>vim</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> o <citerefentry><refentrytitle>perl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: $ vim '+argdo %s/FROM_REGEX/TO_TEXT/ge|update' '+q' file1 file2 file3
it: $ vim '+argdo %s/DA_REGEX/A_TESTO/ge|update' '+q' file1 file2 file3

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: The "<literal>e</literal>" flag in the above prevents the "No match" error from breaking a mapping.
it: Il modificatore "<literal>e</literal>" nell'esempio soprastante evita che un errore di nessuna corrispondenza trovata ("No match") rompa il processo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: $ perl -i -p -e 's/FROM_REGEX/TO_TEXT/g;' file1 file2 file3
it: $ perl -i -p -e 's/DA_REGEX/A_TESTO/g;' file1 file2 file3

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: In the perl(1) example, "<literal>-i</literal>" is for in-place editing, "<literal>-p</literal>" is for implicit loop over files.
it: Nell'esempio perl(1), "<literal>-i</literal>" è per la modifica sullo stesso file e "<literal>-p</literal>" è per reiterare implicitamente il comando sui diversi file.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Use of argument "<literal>-i.bak</literal>" instead of "<literal>-i</literal>" keeps each original file by adding "<literal>.bak</literal>" to its filename.  This makes recovery from errors easier for complex substitutions.
it: L'uso dell'opzione "<literal>-i.bak</literal>" invece di "<literal>-i</literal>" preserva una copia del file originale aggiungendo il suffisso "<literal>.bak</literal>" al suo nome file. Questo permette di ripristinare le cose più facilmente in caso di errori in sostituzioni complesse.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ed</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>vim</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> are <emphasis role="strong">BRE</emphasis>; <citerefentry><refentrytitle>perl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> is <emphasis role="strong">ERE</emphasis>.
it: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ed</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> e <citerefentry><refentrytitle>vim</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> usano <emphasis role="strong">BRE</emphasis>; <citerefentry><refentrytitle>perl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> usa <emphasis role="strong">ERE</emphasis>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Extracting data from text file table
it: Estrarre dati da file con tabelle di testo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Let's consider a text file called "<literal>DPL</literal>" in which some pre-2004 Debian project leader's names and their initiation days are listed in a space-separated format.
it: Considerare per esempio un file ti testo chiamato "<literal>DPL</literal>" in cui sono elencati, in un formato separato da spazi, alcuni nomi di leader del progetto Debian pre-2004 e la data della loro installazione.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: Ian     Murdock   August  1993
    Bruce   Perens    April   1996
    Ian     Jackson   January 1998
    Wichert Akkerman  January 1999
    Ben     Collins   April   2001
    Bdale   Garbee    April   2002
    Martin  Michlmayr March   2003
it: Ian     Murdock   Agosto  1993
    Bruce   Perens    Aprile  1996
    Ian     Jackson   Gennaio 1998
    Wichert Akkerman  Gennaio 1999
    Ben     Collins   Aprile  2001
    Bdale   Garbee    Aprile  2002
    Martin  Michlmayr Marzo   2003

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: See <ulink url="&abriefhistoryofdebian;">"A Brief History of Debian"</ulink> for the latest <ulink url="&debianleadershiphistory;">Debian leadership history</ulink>.
it: Vedere <ulink url="&abriefhistoryofdebian;">"Una breve storia di Debian"</ulink> per la <ulink url="&debianleadershiphistory;">storia della Guida del progetto Debian</ulink> aggiornata.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Awk is frequently used to extract data from these types of files.
it: Awk viene usato spesso per estrarre dati da questo tipo di file.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: $ awk '{ print $3 }' &lt;DPL                   # month started
    August
    April
    January
    January
    April
    April
    March
    $ awk '($1=="Ian") { print }' &lt;DPL          # DPL called Ian
    Ian     Murdock   August  1993
    Ian     Jackson   January 1998
    $ awk '($2=="Perens") { print $3,$4 }' &lt;DPL # When Perens started
    April 1996
it: $ awk '{ print $3 }' &lt;DPL                   # mese di inizio
    Agosto
    Aprile
    Gennaio
    Gennaio
    Aprile
    Aprile
    Marzo
    $ awk '($1=="Ian") { print }' &lt;DPL          # leader del progetto chiamato Ian
    Ian     Murdock   Agosto  1993
    Ian     Jackson   Gennaio 1998
    $ awk '($2=="Perens") { print $3,$4 }' &lt;DPL # quando ha iniziato Perens
    Aprile 1996

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Shells such as Bash can be also used to parse this kind of file.
it: Questo tipo di file può anche essere analizzato con le shell tipo Bash.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: $ while read first last month year; do
        echo $month
      done &lt;DPL
    ... same output as the first Awk example
it: $ while read nome cognome mese anno; do
        echo $mese
      done &lt;DPL
    ... stesso output del primo esempio Awk

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here, the <literal>read</literal> builtin command uses characters in "<literal>$IFS</literal>" (internal field separators) to split lines into words.
it: In questo caso, il comando incorporato <literal>read</literal> usa i caratteri in "<literal>$IFS</literal>" (internal field separator, separatore di campi interno) per suddividere le righe in parole.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you change "<literal>$IFS</literal>" to "<literal>:</literal>", you can parse "<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>" with shell nicely.
it: Se si modifica "<literal>$IFS</literal>" in "<literal>:</literal>", si possono analizzare facilmente con la shell i file "<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: $ oldIFS="$IFS"   # save old value
    $ IFS=':'
    $ while read user password uid gid rest_of_line; do
        if [ "$user" = "bozo" ]; then
          echo "$user's ID is $uid"
        fi
      done &lt; /etc/passwd
    bozo's ID is 1000
    $ IFS="$oldIFS"   # restore old value
it: $ vecchioIFS="$IFS"   # salva il vecchio valore
    $ IFS=':'
    $ while read utente password uid gid resto_della_riga; do
        if [ "$utente" = "bozo" ]; then
          echo "l'ID di $utente e' $uid"
        fi
      done &lt; /etc/passwd
    l'ID di bozo e' 1000
    $ IFS="$vecchioIFS"   # ripristina il vecchio valore

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: (If Awk is used to do the equivalent, use "<literal>FS=':'</literal>" to set the field separator.)
it: (Se si usa Awk per fare la stessa cosa, usare "<literal>FS=':'</literal>" per impostare il separatore di campi.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: IFS is also used by the shell to split results of parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic expansion.  These do not occur within double or single quoted words.  The default value of IFS is &lt;space&gt;, &lt;tab&gt;, and &lt;newline&gt; combined.
it: IFS viene anche usato dalla shell per suddividere i risultati dell'espansione di parametri, sostituzione di comandi ed espansioni aritmetiche. Queste non avvengono all'interno delle virgolette singole o doppie. Il valore predefinito di IFS è la combinazione di &lt;spazio&gt;, &lt;tab&gt; e &lt;a capo&gt;

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Be careful about using this shell IFS tricks.  Strange things may happen, when shell interprets some parts of the script as its <emphasis role="strong">input</emphasis>.
it: Essere prudenti nell'uso di questi trucchetti di shell con IFS. Possono accadere strane cose quando la shell interpreta alcune parti dello script come suo <emphasis role="strong">input</emphasis>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: $ IFS=":,"                        # use ":" and "," as IFS
    $ echo IFS=$IFS,   IFS="$IFS"     # echo is a Bash builtin
    IFS=  , IFS=:,
    $ date -R                         # just a command output
    Sat, 23 Aug 2003 08:30:15 +0200
    $ echo $(date -R)                 # sub shell --&gt; input to main shell
    Sat  23 Aug 2003 08 30 36 +0200
    $ unset IFS                       # reset IFS to the default
    $ echo $(date -R)
    Sat, 23 Aug 2003 08:30:50 +0200
it: $ IFS=":,"                        # usa ":" e "," come IFS
    $ echo IFS=$IFS,   IFS="$IFS"     # echo e'  un comando interno di Bash
    IFS=  , IFS=:,
    $ date -R                         # un output di comando qualunque
    Sat, 23 Aug 2003 08:30:15 +0200
    $ echo $(date -R)                 # sotto-shell --&gt; input alla shell principale
    Sat  23 Aug 2003 08 30 36 +0200
    $ unset IFS                       # reimposta il valore predefinito di IFS
    $ echo $(date -R)
    Sat, 23 Aug 2003 08:30:50 +0200

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Script snippets for piping commands
it: Frammenti di script per comandi con pipe

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The following scripts do nice things as a part of a pipe.
it: Gli script seguenti fanno alcune cose carine se inseriti in una pipe.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of script snippets for piping commands
it: Elenco di frammenti di script per comandi con pipe

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: script snippet (type in one line)
it: frammento di script (digitarlo in un'unica riga)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: effect of command
it: effetto del comando

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: find all files under "<literal>/usr</literal>"
it: trova tutti i file in "<literal>/usr</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: print 1 to 100
it: stampa da 1 a 100

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal> | xargs -n 1 &lt;command&gt;</literal>
it: <literal> | xargs -n 1 &lt;comando&gt;</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: run command repeatedly with each item from pipe as its argument
it: esegue ripetutamente il comando con ogni elemento dalla pipe come argomento

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: split white-space-separated items from pipe into lines
it: suddivide elementi separati da spazio nella pipe su righe distinte

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: merge all lines from pipe into a line
it: unisce tutte le righe dalla pipe in una riga

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal> | grep -e &lt;regex_pattern&gt;</literal>
it: <literal> | grep -e &lt;modello_regex&gt;</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: extract lines from pipe containing &lt;regex_pattern&gt;
it: estrae dalla pipe le righe che contengono ‪&lt;modello_regex&gt;

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal> | grep -v -e &lt;regex_pattern&gt;</literal>
it: <literal> | grep -v -e &lt;modello_regex&gt;</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: extract lines from pipe not containing &lt;regex_pattern&gt;
it: estrae dalla pipe le righe che non contengono &lt;modello_regex&gt;

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: extract third field from pipe separated by "<literal>:</literal>" (passwd file etc.)
it: estrae dalla il terzo campo, separato da "<literal>:</literal>" (file passwd, ecc.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: extract third field from pipe separated by whitespaces
it: estrae dalla pipe il terzo campo separato da spazi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: extract third field from pipe separated by tab
it: estrae dalla pipe il terzo campo separato da tabulazioni

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: remove backspace and expand tabs to spaces
it: rimuove i caratteri backspace ed espande le tabulazioni in sequenze di spazi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: expand tabs
it: espande le tabulazioni

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: sort and remove duplicates
it: ordina e rimuove i duplicati

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: convert uppercase to lowercase
it: converte le maiuscole in minuscole

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: concatenate lines into one line
it: concatena le righe in un'unica riga

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: remove CR
it: rimuove i caratteri di a capo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: add "<literal>#</literal>" to the start of each line
it: aggiunge "<literal>#</literal>" all'inizio di ogni riga

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: remove "<literal>.ext</literal>"
it: rimuove "<literal>.ext</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: print the second line
it: stampa la seconda riga

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: print the first 2 lines
it: stampa le prime due righe

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: print the last 2 lines
it: stampa le ultime due righe

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: One-line shell script can loop over many files using <citerefentry><refentrytitle>find</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>xargs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> to perform quite complicated tasks.  See <xref linkend="_idioms_for_the_selection_of_files"/> and <xref linkend="_repeating_a_command_looping_over_files"/>.
it: Script di shell di una riga possono operare reiteratamente su più file usando <citerefentry><refentrytitle>find</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> e <citerefentry><refentrytitle>xargs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> per fare compiti piuttosto complicati. Vedere <xref linkend="_idioms_for_the_selection_of_files"/> e <xref linkend="_repeating_a_command_looping_over_files"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: When using the shell interactive mode becomes too complicated, please consider to write a shell script (see <xref linkend="_the_shell_script"/>).
it: Quando usare la shell in modalità interattiva diventa troppo complicato, considerare la scrittura di uno script di shell (vedere <xref linkend="_the_shell_script"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
en: Debian package management
it: Gestione dei pacchetti in Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><note><para>
en: This chapter is written assuming the latest stable release is codename: <literal>&codename-stable;</literal>.
it: Questo capitolo è stato scritto assumendo che il rilascio stabile più recente abbia nome in codice: <literal>&codename-stable;</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
en: <ulink url="&debian;">Debian</ulink> is a volunteer organization which builds <emphasis role="strong">consistent</emphasis> distributions of pre-compiled binary packages of free software and distributes them from its archive.
it: <ulink url="&debian;">Debian</ulink> è un'organizzazione di volontari che crea distribuzioni <emphasis role="strong">coerenti</emphasis> di pacchetti binari precompilati di software libero e li distribuisce dal suo archivio.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
en: <ulink url="&thedebianarchive;">The Debian archive</ulink> is offered by <ulink url="&manyremotemirrorsites;">many remote mirror sites</ulink> for access through HTTP and FTP methods. It is also available as <ulink url="&cdromdvd;">CD-ROM/DVD</ulink>.
it: <ulink url="&thedebianarchive;">L'archivio Debian</ulink> viene fornito da <ulink url="&manyremotemirrorsites;">molti siti mirror remoti</ulink> per l'accesso con i metodi HTTP e FTP. È anche disponibile come <ulink url="&cdromdvd;">CD-ROM/DVD</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
en: The Debian package management system, <emphasis role="strong">when used properly</emphasis>, offers the user to install <emphasis role="strong">consistent sets of binary packages</emphasis> to the system from the archive.  Currently, there are &all-packages; packages available for the &arch; architecture.
it: Il sistema di gestione dei pacchetti di Debian, <emphasis role="strong">se usato in modo corretto</emphasis>, permette all'utente di installare dall'archivio <emphasis role="strong">insiemi coerenti di pacchetti binari</emphasis> sul sistema. Attualmente ci sono &all-packages; pacchetti disponibili per l'architettura &arch;.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
en: The Debian package management system has a rich history and many choices for the front end user program and back end archive access method to be used.  Currently, we recommend the following.
it: Il sistema di gestione dei pacchetti di Debian ha una storia ricca e fornisce molti programmi con interfacce per l'utente finale e molti metodi di backend per l'accesso agli archivi tra cui scegliere. Attualmente le scelte raccomandate sono le seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt-get</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> for all commandline operations, including package installation and removal, and dist-upgrades.
it: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt-get</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> per tutte le operazioni dalla riga di comando, incluse le installazioni e le rimozioni di pacchetti nonché gli aggiornamenti dist-upgrade.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>aptitude</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> for an interactive text interface to manage the installed packages and to search the available packages.
it: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>aptitude</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> per un'interfaccia testuale interattiva per gestire i pacchetti installati e per cercare i pacchetti disponibili.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>update-manager</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> for keeping your system up-to-date if you're running the default GNOME desktop.
it: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>update-manager</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> per mantenere il sistema aggiornato se si usa il desktop GNOME predefinito.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><title>
en: List of Debian package management tools
it: Elenco degli strumenti Debian di gestione dei pacchetti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Advanced Packaging Tool (APT), front-end for <literal>dpkg</literal> providing "<literal>http</literal>", "<literal>ftp</literal>", and "<literal>file</literal>" archive access methods (<literal>apt-get</literal>/<literal>apt-cache</literal> commands included)
it: Advanced Packaging Tool (APT), frontend per <literal>dpkg</literal> che fornisce i metodi "<literal>http</literal>", "<literal>ftp</literal>" e "<literal>file</literal>" per 'accesso agli archivi (inclusi i comandi <literal>apt-get</literal>/<literal>apt-cache</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: interactive terminal-based package manager with <citerefentry><refentrytitle>aptitude</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>
it: gestore di pacchetti interattivo basato su terminale con <citerefentry><refentrytitle>aptitude</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: GNOME application that manages software updates with <citerefentry><refentrytitle>update-manager</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>
it: Applicazione GNOME che gestisce gli aggiornamenti software con <citerefentry><refentrytitle>update-manager</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: tool for selecting tasks for installation on Debian system (front-end for APT)
it: strumento per selezionare attività per l'installazione sul sistema Debian (frontend per APT)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: enhancement package for APT to enable automatic installation of security upgrades
it: pacchetto di estensione per APT per abilitare l'installazione automatica degli aggiornamenti di sicurezza

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: terminal-based package manager (previous standard, front-end for APT and other old access methods)
it: gestore di pacchetti basato su terminale (standard precedente, frontend per APT e altri vecchi metodi di accesso)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: package management system for Debian
it: sistema di gestione dei pacchetti per Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: graphical package manager (GNOME front-end for APT)
it: gestore grafico dei pacchetti (front-end GNOME per APT)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: APT utility programs: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt-extracttemplates</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt-ftparchive</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt-sortpkgs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
it: programmi di utilità APT: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt-extracttemplates</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt-ftparchive</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> e <citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt-sortpkgs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: package change history notification tool
it: strumento di notifica dello storico dei cambiamenti dei pacchetti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: lists critical bugs before each APT installation
it: elenca i bug critici prima di ogni installazione di APT

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: APT package searching utility — command-line interface
it: utilità APT per ricerca di pacchetti, interfaccia a riga di comando

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: recursively lists package dependencies
it: elenca le dipendenze dei pacchetti in modo ricorsivo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Debian package management prerequisites
it: Prerequisiti per la gestione dei pacchetti Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Package configuration
it: Configurazione dei pacchetti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here are some key points for package configuration on the Debian system.
it: Questi sono alcuni punti fondamentali per la configurazione dei pacchetti in un sistema Debian.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The manual configuration by the system administrator is respected. In other words, the package configuration system makes no intrusive configuration for the sake of convenience.
it: La configurazione manuale fatta dall'amministratore di sistema viene rispettata. In altre parole, il sistema di configurazione dei pacchetti non fa configurazioni invadenti per ragioni di comodità.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Each package comes with its own configuration script with standardized user interface called <citerefentry><refentrytitle>debconf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry> to help initial installation process of the package.
it: Ogni pacchetto viene fornito con un proprio script di configurazione per l'interfaccia utente standard <citerefentry><refentrytitle>debconf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>, per aiutare nel processo di configurazione iniziale del pacchetto.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Debian Developers try their best to make your upgrade experience flawless with package configuration scripts.
it: I Debian Developer cercano di fare del loro meglio per rendere l'aggiornamento un'esperienza senza problemi grazie agli script di configurazione dei pacchetti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Full functionalities of packaged software are available to the system administrator.  But ones with security risks are disabled in the default installation.
it: Sono disponibili per l'amministratore di sistema le complete funzionalità di un pacchetto software, ma quelle con rischi per la sicurezza sono disabilitate nella installazione predefinita.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: If you manually activate a service with some security risks, you are responsible for the risk containment.
it: Se si attiva manualmente un servizio con rischi per la sicurezza, si è responsabili del contenimento del rischio.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Esoteric configuration may be manually enabled by the system administrator.  This may creates interference with popular generic helper programs for the system configuration.
it: L'amministratore di sistema può abilitare manualmente configurazioni esotiche; questo può creare interferenze con popolari programmi generici di supporto per la configurazione del sistema.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Basic precautions
it: Precauzioni base

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
en: Do not install packages from random mixture of suites.  It probably breaks the package consistency which requires deep system management knowledge, such as compiler <ulink url="&abi;">ABI</ulink>, <ulink url="&library;">library</ulink> version, interpreter features, etc.
it: Non installare pacchetti da una miscela casuale di suite. Probabilmente si disgrega la coerenza tra i pacchetti che richiede una conoscenza approfondita dalla gestione del sistema, come dell'<ulink url="&abi;">ABI</ulink> del compilatore, versione delle <ulink url="&library;">librerie</ulink>, funzionalità dell'interprete, ecc.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <ulink url="&newbie;">newbie</ulink> Debian system administrator should stay with the <emphasis role="strong"><literal>stable</literal></emphasis> release of Debian while applying only security updates.  I mean that some of the following valid actions are better avoided, as a precaution, until you understand the Debian system very well.  Here are some reminders.
it: L'amministratore di sistema <ulink url="&newbie;">novizio</ulink> dovrebbe rimanere con il rilascio <emphasis role="strong"><literal>stable</literal></emphasis> di Debian ed applicare solo gli aggiornamenti di sicurezza. Ciò significa che alcune delle azioni spiegate in seguito, seppur valide, sono, come precauzione, da evitare fino a che non si capisce il sistema Debian molto bene. Ecco alcune cose da ricordare.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Do not include <emphasis role="strong"><literal>testing</literal></emphasis> or <emphasis role="strong"><literal>unstable</literal></emphasis> in "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>".
it: Non includere <emphasis role="strong"><literal>testing</literal></emphasis> o <emphasis role="strong"><literal>unstable</literal></emphasis> in "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Do not mix standard Debian with other non-Debian archives such as Ubuntu in "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>".
it: Non mescolare gli archivi standard Debian con altri archivi non Debian, come quelli di Ubuntu, in "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Do not create "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>".
it: Non creare il file "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Do not change default behavior of package management tools through configuration files without knowing their full impacts.
it: Non cambiare il comportamento degli strumenti di gestione dei pacchetti attraverso i loro file di configurazione senza capire a pieno il loro effetto.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Do not install random packages by "<literal>dpkg -i &lt;random_package&gt;</literal>".
it: Non installare pacchetti presi qua e là con "<literal>dpkg -i &lt;pacchetto_a_caso&gt;</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Do not ever install random packages by "<literal>dpkg --force-all -i &lt;random_package&gt;</literal>".
it: Non installare mai pacchetti presi qua e là con "<literal>dpkg --force-all -i &lt;pacchetto_a_caso&gt;</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Do not erase or alter files in "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/</literal>".
it: Non cancellare o alterare i file in "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Do not overwrite system files by installing software programs directly compiled from source.
it: Non sovrascrivere file di sistema, installando direttamente programmi software compilati dai sorgenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Install them into "<literal>/usr/local</literal>" or "<literal>/opt</literal>", if needed.
it: Se necessario, installarli in "<literal>/usr/local</literal>" o "<literal>/opt</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The non-compatible effects caused by above actions to the Debian package management system may leave your system unusable.
it: Gli effetti causati dalle azioni descritte sopra al sistema di gestione dei pacchetti di Debian portano a incompatibilità che possono lasciare il sistema in uno stato inutilizzabile.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The serious Debian system administrator who runs mission critical servers, should use extra precautions.
it: Gli amministratori di sistema Debian seri, che gestiscono server di importanza critica, dovrebbero usare particolari precauzioni.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Do not install any packages including security updates from Debian without thoroughly testing them with your particular configuration under safe conditions.
it: Non installare alcun pacchetto, compresi quelli di aggiornamenti di sicurezza di Debian, senza averli attentamente testati con la propria particolare configurazione in condizioni sicure.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: You as the system administrator are responsible for your system in the end.
it: Alla fin fine è l'amministratore di sistema ad essere responsabile del proprio sistema.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The long stability history of Debian system is no guarantee by itself.
it: La lunga tradizione di stabilità dei sistemi Debian non è di per sé una garanzia.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Life with eternal upgrades
it: Una vita di aggiornamenti senza fine

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Despite my warnings above, I know many readers of this document wish to run the <literal>testing</literal> or <literal>unstable</literal> suites of Debian as their main system for <emphasis role="strong">self-administered Desktop environments</emphasis>. This is because they work very well, are updated frequently, and offer the latest features.
it: Nonostante le avvertenze dette prima, si sa che molti lettori di questo documento desiderano usare le suite <literal>testing</literal> o <literal>unstable</literal> di Debian come loro sistema principale per <emphasis role="strong">ambienti Desktop auto-amministrati</emphasis>. Ciò accade perché funzionano molto bene, sono aggiornate di frequente e offrono le più recenti funzionalità.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: For your <emphasis role="strong">production server</emphasis>, the <literal>stable</literal> suite with the security updates is recommended.  The same can be said for desktop PCs on which you can spend limited administration efforts, e.g. for your mother's PC.
it: Per i <emphasis role="strong">server di produzione</emphasis>, è raccomandata la suite <literal>stable</literal> con gli aggiornamenti di sicurezza. Lo stesso vale per i PC desktop su cui si investono sforzi di amministrazione limitati, ad esempio il PC di un genitore.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: It takes no more than simply setting the distribution string in the "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" to the suite name: "<literal>testing</literal>" or "<literal>unstable</literal>"; or the codename: "<literal>&codename-testing;</literal>" or "<literal>&codename-unstable;</literal>". This makes you live <emphasis role="strong">the life of eternal upgrades</emphasis>.
it: Non serve far altro che impostare semplicemente la stringa relativa alla distribuzione nel file "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" con il nome della suite voluta: "<literal>testing</literal>" o "<literal>unstable</literal>", o con il suo nome in codice: "<literal>&codename-testing;</literal> o "<literal>&codename-unstable;</literal>". Questo farà vivere una <literal>vita di aggiornamenti senza fine</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The use of <literal>testing</literal> or <literal>unstable</literal> is <emphasis role="strong">a lot of fun</emphasis> but comes with some risks.  Even though the <literal>unstable</literal> suite of Debian system looks very stable for most of the times, there have been some package problems on the <literal>testing</literal> and <literal>unstable</literal> suite of Debian system and a few of them were not so trivial to resolve. It may be <emphasis role="strong">quite painful</emphasis> for you. Sometimes, you may have a broken package or missing functionality for a few weeks.
it: L'uso di <literal>testing</literal> o <literal>unstable</literal> è <emphasis role="strong">molto divertente</emphasis> ma comporta qualche rischio. Anche se la suite <literal>unstable</literal> del sistema Debian sembra molto stabile per la maggior parte del tempo, ci sono stati alcuni problemi con i pacchetti delle suite <literal>testing</literal> e <literal>unstable</literal> e qualcuno di questi non era affatto banale da risolvere. Può essere <emphasis role="strong">piuttosto doloroso</emphasis> per l'utente. A volte si hanno pacchetti con dipendenze non soddisfatte o funzionalità mancanti per qualche settimana.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here are some ideas to ensure quick and easy recovery from bugs in Debian packages.
it: Ecco alcune idee per assicurare un recupero facile e veloce da bug nei pacchetti Debian.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Make the system <emphasis role="strong">dual bootable</emphasis> by installing the <literal>stable</literal> suite of Debian system to another partition
it: Impostare il sistema per avere <emphasis role="strong">due partizioni avviabili</emphasis> installando la suite <literal>stable</literal> di Debian in un'altra partizione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Make the installation CD handy for the <emphasis role="strong">rescue boot</emphasis>
it: Tenere a portata di mano il CD di installazione per l'<emphasis role="strong">avvio di ripristino</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Consider installing <literal>apt-listbugs</literal> to check the <ulink url="&debianbugtrackingsystembts;">Debian Bug Tracking System (BTS)</ulink> information before the upgrade
it: Considerare l'installazione di <literal>apt-listbugs</literal> per controllare le informazioni del <ulink url="&debianbugtrackingsystembts;">Sistema Debian di tracciamento dei Bug (BTS)</ulink> prima degli aggiornamenti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Learn the package system infrastructure enough to work around the problem
it: Imparare l'infrastruttura del sistema dei pacchetti abbastanza bene da poter aggirare il problema.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Create a chroot or similar environment and run the latest system in it in advance (see <xref linkend="_virtualized_system"/>)
it: Creare un ambiente chroot o simile ed eseguire prima lì il sistema più recente (vedere <xref linkend="_virtualized_system"/>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: (If you can not do any one of these precautionary actions, you are probably not ready for the <literal>testing</literal> and <literal>unstable</literal> suites.)
it: (Se non si è in grado di intraprendere nessuna di queste azioni precauzionali, probabilmente non si è pronti per le suite <literal>testing</literal> e <literal>unstable</literal>.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <ulink url="&enlightenment;">Enlightenment</ulink> with the following saves a person from the eternal <ulink url="&karmic;">karmic</ulink> struggle of upgrade <ulink url="&hell;">hell</ulink> and let him reach Debian <ulink url="&nirvana;">nirvana</ulink>.
it: L'<ulink url="&enlightenment;">illuminazione</ulink> data dalla lettura di ciò che segue salva l'utente dall'eterna lotta <ulink url="&karmic;">karmica</ulink> con l'<ulink url="&hell;">inferno</ulink> degli aggiornamenti e gli fa raggiungere il <ulink url="&nirvana;">nirvana</ulink> Debian.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Debian archive basics
it: Nozioni di base sugli archivi Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Let's look into <ulink url="&thedebianarchive;">the Debian archive</ulink> from a system user's perspective.
it: Guardiamo l'<ulink url="&thedebianarchive;">archivio Debian</ulink> dalla prospettiva dell'utente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Official policy of the Debian archive is defined at <ulink url="&debianpolicymanuthedebianarchive;">Debian Policy Manual, Chapter 2 - The Debian Archive</ulink>.
it: La politica ufficiale per gli archivi Debian è definita nel <ulink url="&debianpolicymanuthedebianarchive;">Capitolo 2 - "L'archivo Debian", del manuale Debian Policy</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For the typical HTTP access, the archive is specified in the "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" file as the following, e.g. for the current <literal>stable</literal> = <literal>&codename-stable;</literal> system.
it: Per il normale accesso HTTP, l'archivio viene specificato nel file "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" come nell'esempio seguente per l'attuale sistema <literal>stable</literal> = <literal>&codename-stable;</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Please note "<literal>ftp.XX.debian.org</literal>" must be replaced with appropriate mirror site URL for your location, for USA "<literal>ftp.us.debian.org</literal>", which can be found in <ulink url="&thelistofdebianwdwidemirrorsites;">the list of Debian worldwide mirror sites</ulink>.  The status of these servers can be checked at <ulink url="&debianmirrorcheckersite;">Debian Mirror Checker site</ulink>.
it: Notare che è necessario sostituire a "<literal>ftp.XX.debian.org</literal>" l'appropriato URL del sito mirror per la propria località che può essere trovato nell'<ulink url="&thelistofdebianwdwidemirrorsites;">elenco di siti mirror di Debian in tutto il mondo</ulink>; per gli USA è "<literal>ftp.us.debian.org</literal>". Si può controllare lo stato di questi server sul <ulink url="&debianmirrorcheckersite;">Sito di controllo dei mirror Debian</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here, I tend to use codename "<literal>&codename-stable;</literal>" instead of suite name "<literal>stable</literal>" to avoid surprises when the next <literal>stable</literal> is released.
it: Viene qui usato il nome in codice "<literal>&codename-stable;</literal> invece del nome della suite "<literal>stable</literal>" per evitare sorprese una volta che venga rilasciata la nuova <literal>stable</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The meaning of "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" is described in <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sources.list</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> and key points are followings.
it: La struttura di "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" è descritta in <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sources.list</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> ed i punti chiave sono i seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The "<literal>deb</literal>" line defines for the binary packages.
it: Le righe "<literal>deb</literal>" definiscono voci per pacchetti binari.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The "<literal>deb-src</literal>" line defines for the source packages.
it: Le righe "<literal>deb-src</literal>" definiscono voci per i pacchetti sorgenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The 1st argument is the root URL of the Debian archive.
it: Il primo argomento è l'URL radice dell'archivio Debian.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The 2nd argument is the distribution name: either the suite name or the codename.
it: Il secondo argomento è il nome della distribuzione, o il nome della suite o il nome in codice.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The 3rd and following arguments are the list of valid archive area names of the Debian archive.
it: Il terzo argomento e quelli seguenti sono l'elenco dei nomi di aree valide dell'archivio Debian.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The "<literal>deb-src</literal>" lines can safely be omitted (or commented out by placing "#" at the start of the line) if it is just for <literal>aptitude</literal> which does not access source related meta data. It speeds up the updates of the archive meta data. The URL can be "<literal>http://</literal>", "<literal>ftp://</literal>", "<literal>file://</literal>", ….
it: Le righe "<literal>deb-src</literal>" possono essere tranquillamente omesse (o commentate aggiungendo il carattere "#" all'inizio della riga) se si usa solo <literal>aptitude</literal> che non accede ai metadati relativi ai sorgenti. Si velocizza così l'aggiornamento dei metadati dell'archivio. L'URL può essere "<literal>http://</literal>", "<literal>ftp://</literal>", "<literal>file://</literal>", ….

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: If "<literal>sid</literal>" is used in the above example instead of "<literal>&codename-stable;</literal>", the "<literal>deb: <ulink url="&httpsecuritydebianorg;">http://security.debian.org/</ulink> …</literal>" line for security updates in the "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" is not required.  This is because there is no security update archive for "<literal>sid</literal>" (<literal>unstable</literal>).
it: Se nell'esempio precedente si usa "<literal>sid</literal>" invece di "<literal>&codename-stable;</literal>, in "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" non è richiesta la riga "<literal>deb: <ulink url="&httpsecuritydebianorg;">http://security.debian.org/</ulink>…</literal>" per gli aggiornamenti di sicurezza. Ciò è dovuto al fatto che non esiste un archivio per gli aggiornamenti di sicurezza per "<literal>sid</literal>" (<literal>unstable</literal>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here is the list of URL of the Debian archive sites and suite name or codename used in the configuration file.
it: Ecco l'elenco dei siti degli archivi Debian e dei nomi di suite e nomi in codice usati nel file di configurazione.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of Debian archive sites
it: Elenco dei siti con l'archivo Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: archive URL
it: URL dell'archivio

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: suite name (codename)
it: nome suite (nome in codice)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: purpose
it: scopo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: stable (&codename-stable;) release
it: rilascio stable (&codename-stable;)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: testing (&codename-testing;) release
it: rilascio testing (&codename-testing;)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: unstable (&codename-unstable;) release
it: rilascio unstable (&codename-unstable;)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: experimental pre-release (optional, only for developer)
it: pre-rilascio sperimentale (opzionale, solo per sviluppatori)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Updates for the next stable point release (optional)
it: aggiornamenti per il prossimo rilascio stabile minore (opzionale)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: security updates for stable release (important)
it: aggiornamenti di sicurezza per il rilascio stable (importante)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: security updates for testing release (important)
it: aggiornamenti di sicurezza per il rilascio testing (importante)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: compatible updates for spam filter, IM clients, etc. for &codename-stable;
it: aggiornamenti compatibili per filtri anti-spam, client di messaggistica istantanea, ecc. per &codename-stable;

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: newer backported packages for &codename-stable; (optional)
it: pacchetti più recenti in versione backport per &codename-stable; (opzionale)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: Only pure <emphasis role="strong"><literal>stable</literal></emphasis> release with security updates provides the best stability. Running mostly <emphasis role="strong"><literal>stable</literal></emphasis> release mixed with some packages from <emphasis role="strong"><literal>testing</literal></emphasis> or <emphasis role="strong"><literal>unstable</literal></emphasis> release is riskier than running pure <emphasis role="strong"><literal>unstable</literal></emphasis> release for library version mismatch etc.  If you really need the latest version of some programs under <emphasis role="strong"><literal>stable</literal></emphasis> release, please use packages from <ulink url="&codenamestableupdates;">&codename-stable;-updates</ulink> and <ulink url="&httpbackportsdebianorg;">http://backports.debian.org</ulink> (see <xref linkend="_updates_and_backports"/>) services.  These services must be used with extra care.
it: Solo il rilascio <emphasis role="strong"><literal>stable</literal></emphasis> puro con gli aggiornamenti di sicurezza fornisce la massima stabilità. Avere un sistema basato per lo più sul rilascio <emphasis role="strong"><literal>stable</literal></emphasis> con mescolati alcuni pacchetti dai rilasci <emphasis role="strong"><literal>testing</literal></emphasis> o <emphasis role="strong"><literal>unstable</literal></emphasis> è più rischioso che avere un sistema basato su un puro rilascio <emphasis role="strong"><literal>unstable</literal></emphasis> per ciò che riguarda conflitti tra le versioni di libreria, ecc. Se si ha veramente bisogno, nel rilascio <emphasis role="strong"><literal>stable</literal></emphasis>, dell'ultima versione di qualche programma usare pacchetti dai servizi <ulink url="&codenamestableupdates;">&codename-stable;-updates</ulink> e <ulink url="&httpbackportsdebianorg;">http://backports.debian.org</ulink> (vedere <xref linkend="_updates_and_backports"/>). Questi servizi devono essere usati con estrema cautela.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: You should basically list only one of <literal>stable</literal>, <literal>testing</literal>, or <literal>unstable</literal> suites in the "<literal>deb</literal>" line.  If you list any combination of <literal>stable</literal>, <literal>testing</literal>, and <literal>unstable</literal> suites in the "<literal>deb</literal>" line, APT programs slow down while only the latest archive is effective.  Multiple listing makes sense for these when the "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>" file is used with clear objectives (see <xref linkend="_tweaking_candidate_version"/>).
it: Fondamentalmente si dovrebbe mettere una sola tra le suite <literal>stable</literal>, <literal>testing</literal> o <literal>unstable</literal> nelle righe "<literal>deb</literal>". Se si elenca una combinazione delle suite <literal>stable</literal>, <literal>testing</literal> e <literal>unstable</literal> nelle righe "<literal>deb</literal>", il programma APT verrà rallentato e solo l'archivio più recente avrà effetto. Elencare più di una voce ha senso quando viene usato il file "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>" con scopi ben precisi (vedere <xref linkend="_tweaking_candidate_version"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: For the Debian system with the <literal>stable</literal> and <literal>testing</literal> suites, it is a good idea to include lines with "<literal>http://security.debian.org/</literal>" in the "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" to enable security updates as in the example above.
it: Per i sistemi Debian con le suite <literal>stable</literal> e <literal>testing</literal> è una buona norma includere nel file "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" le righe con "<literal>http://security.debian.org/</literal>" per abilitare gli aggiornamenti di sicurezza, come nell'esempio prededente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: The security bugs for the <literal>stable</literal> archive are fixed by the Debian security team.  This activity has been quite rigorous and reliable.  Those for the <literal>testing</literal> archive may be fixed by the Debian testing security team.  For <ulink url="&several;">several</ulink> <ulink url="&reasons;">reasons</ulink>, this activity is not as rigorous as that for <literal>stable</literal> and you may need to wait for the migration of fixed <literal>unstable</literal> packages.  Those for the <literal>unstable</literal> archive are fixed by the individual maintainer.  Actively maintained <literal>unstable</literal> packages are usually in a fairly good shape by leveraging latest upstream security fixes.  See <ulink url="&debiansecurityfaq;">Debian security FAQ</ulink> for how Debian handles security bugs.
it: I bug che riguardano la sicurezza per l'archivio <literal>stable</literal> vengono risolti dal Debian Security Team, la cui attività è piuttosto rigorosa ed affidabile. I bug per l'archivio <literal>testing</literal> possono essere risolti dal Debian Security Team. Per <ulink url="&several;">svariate</ulink> <ulink url="&reasons;">ragioni</ulink> questa attività non è così rigorosa come quella per <literal>stable</literal> e potrebbe essere necessario attendere la migrazione di pacchetti <literal>unstable</literal> corretti. I bug per l'archivio <literal>unstable</literal> sono corretti dal manutentore del pacchetto; i pacchetti <literal>unstable</literal> attivamente mantenuti sono solitamente in una forma piuttosto buona dato che sfruttano le più recenti correzioni a monte relative alla sicurezza. Per informazioni sul modo in cui Debian gestisce i bug relativi alla sicurezza, vedere le <ulink url="&debiansecurityfaq;">FAQ Debian sulla sicurezza</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of Debian archive area
it: Elenco delle aree dell'archivio Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: number of packages
it: numero di pacchetti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: criteria of package component
it: criterio dei componenti del pacchetto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: DFSG compliant and no dependency to <literal>non-free</literal>
it: aderenti alle DFSG e senza dipendenze da <literal>non-free</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: DFSG compliant but having dependency to <literal>non-free</literal>
it: aderenti alle DFSG ma con dipendenze da <literal>non-free</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: not DFSG compliant
it: non aderenti alle DFSG

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here the number of packages in the above is for the &arch; architecture.  The <literal>main</literal> area provides the Debian system (see <xref linkend="_debian_is_100_free_software"/>).
it: Nella tabella soprastante il numero dei pacchetti è per l'architettura &arch;. L'area <literal>main</literal> fornisce il sistema Debian (vedere <xref linkend="_debian_is_100_free_software"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The Debian archive organization can be studied best by pointing your browser to the each archive URL appended with <literal>dists</literal> or <literal>pool</literal>.
it: L'organizzazione dell'archivio Debian può essere studiata meglio puntando il proprio browser a ciascuno degli URL dell'archivio con aggiunto in coda <literal>dists</literal> o <literal>pool</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The distribution is referred by two ways, the suite or <ulink url="&codename;">codename</ulink>. The word distribution is alternatively used as the synonym to the suite in many documentations. The relationship between the suite and the codename can be summarized as the following.
it: Ci si riferisce alla distribuzione in due modi, con la suite o con il <ulink url="&codename;">nome in codice</ulink>. In alternativa la parola distribuzione viene usata come sinonimo di suite in molta documentazione. La relazione tra la suite e il nome in codice può essere riassunta nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: The relationship between suite and codename
it: Relazione tra suite e nome in codice

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: Timing
it: periodo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: after the <literal>&codename-stable;</literal> release
it: dopo il rilascio <literal>&codename-stable;</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: codename = <literal>&codename-stable;</literal>
it: nome in codice = <literal>&codename-stable;</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: codename = <literal>&codename-testing;</literal>
it: nome in codice = <literal>&codename-testing;</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: codename = <literal>sid</literal>
it: nome in codice = <literal>sid</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: after the <literal>&codename-testing;</literal> release
it: dopo il rilascio <literal>&codename-testing;</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: codename = <literal>&codename-nexttesting;</literal>
it: nome in codice = <literal>&codename-nexttesting;</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The history of codenames are described in <ulink url="&debianfaqgdbwhiceenusedinthepast;">Debian FAQ: 6.3.1 Which other codenames have been used in the past?</ulink>
it: La storia dei nomi in codice è descritta nelle <ulink url="&debianfaqgdbwhiceenusedinthepast;">FAQ Debian: 6.3.1 Quali altri nomi in codice sono stati usati in passato?</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: In the stricter Debian archive terminology, the word "section" is specifically used for the categorization of packages by the application area.  (Although, the word "main section" may sometimes be used to describe the Debian archive area named as "main".)
it: Nella terminologia per gli archivi Debian più precisa, la parola "sezione" è usata specificatamente per la categorizzazione dei pacchetti in base all'area di applicazione. (Anche se l'espressione "sezione main" può essere a volte usata per descrivere l'area dell'archivio Debian chiamata "main".)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Every time a new upload is done by the Debian developer (DD) to the <literal>unstable</literal> archive (via <ulink url="&incoming;">incoming</ulink> processing), DD is required to ensure uploaded packages to be compatible with the latest set of packages in the latest <literal>unstable</literal> archive.
it: Ogni volta che uno sviluppatore Debian (DD) carica un nuovo pacchetto nell'archivio <literal>unstable</literal> (passando per <ulink url="&incoming;">incoming</ulink>), gli viene richiesto di assicurare che i pacchetti caricati siano compatibili con l'insieme più recente di pacchetti nell'archivio <literal>unstable</literal> più recente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If DD breaks this compatibility intentionally for important library upgrade etc, there is usually announcement to <ulink url="&thedebiandevelmailinglist;">the debian-devel mailing list</ulink> etc.
it: Se un DD rompe questa compatibilità intenzionalmente per importanti aggiornamenti di librerie, ecc. di solito viene fatto un annuncio nella <ulink url="&thedebiandevelmailinglist;">mailing list debian-devel</ulink>, ecc.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Before a set of packages are moved by the Debian archive maintenance script from the <literal>unstable</literal> archive to the <literal>testing</literal> archive, the archive maintenance script not only checks the maturity (about 10 days old) and the status of the RC bug reports for the packages but also tries to ensure them to be compatible with the latest set of packages in the <literal>testing</literal> archive. This process makes the <literal>testing</literal> archive very current and usable.
it: Prima di muovere un insieme di pacchetti dall'archivio <literal>unstable</literal> all'archivio <literal>testing</literal>, lo script di gestione degli archivio Debian non solo controlla la maturità (circa 10 giorni di età) e lo stato delle segnalazioni di bug RC per i pacchetti, ma cerca anche di assicurare che siano compatibili con il più recente insieme di pacchetti nell'archivio <literal>testing</literal>. Questo processo rende l'archivio <literal>testing</literal> molto aggiornato e usabile.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Through the gradual archive freeze process led by the release team, the <literal>testing</literal> archive is matured to make it completely consistent and bug free with some manual interventions.  Then the new <literal>stable</literal> release is created by assigning the codename for the old <literal>testing</literal> archive to the new <literal>stable</literal> archive and creating the new codename for the new <literal>testing</literal> archive.  The initial contents of the new <literal>testing</literal> archive is exactly the same as that of the newly released <literal>stable</literal> archive.
it: Attraverso il graduale processo di freeze dell'archivio, giudato dal team di rilascio, l'archivio <literal>testing</literal> viene fatto maturare con un po' di intervento manuale per renderlo completamente coerente e libero da bug. Quindi viene creato il nuovo rilascio <literal>stable</literal> assegnando il nome in codice per il vecchio archivio <literal>testing</literal> al nuovo archivio <literal>stable</literal> e creando il nuovo nome in codice per il nuovo archivio <literal>testing</literal>. Il contenuto iniziale del nuovo archivio <literal>testing</literal> è esattamente lo stesso dell'archivio <literal>stable</literal> appena rilasciato.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Both the <literal>unstable</literal> and the <literal>testing</literal> archives may suffer temporary glitches due to several factors.
it: Sia l'archivio <literal>unstable</literal> sia l'archivio <literal>testing</literal> possono soffrire di problemi temporanei a causa di diversi fattori.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Broken package upload to the archive (mostly for <literal>unstable</literal>)
it: Pacchetti difettosi caricati nell'archivio (principalmente per <literal>unstable</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Delay of accepting the new packages to the archive (mostly for <literal>unstable</literal>)
it: Ritardo nell'accettazione di nuovi pacchetti nell'archivio (principalmente per <literal>unstable</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Archive synchronization timing issue (both for <literal>testing</literal> and <literal>unstable</literal>)
it: Problemi nei tempi di sincronizzazione degli archivi (sia per <literal>testing</literal> sia per <literal>unstable</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Manual intervention to the archive such as package removal (more for <literal>testing</literal>) etc.
it: Interventi manuali all'archivio, come rimozione di pacchetti (più per <literal>testing</literal>) ecc.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: So if you ever decide to use these archives, you should be able to fix or work around these kinds of glitches.
it: Perciò se si decide di usare questi archivi, si dovrebbe essere in grado di risolvere o aggirare questo tipo di problemi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: For about few months after a new <literal>stable</literal> release, most desktop users should use the <literal>stable</literal> archive with its security updates even if they usually use <literal>unstable</literal> or <literal>testing</literal> archives.  For this transition period, both <literal>unstable</literal> and <literal>testing</literal> archives are not good for most people. Your system is difficult to keep in good working condition with the <literal>unstable</literal> archive since it suffers surges of major upgrades for core packages.  The <literal>testing</literal> archive is not useful either since it contains mostly the same content as the <literal>stable</literal> archive without its security support (<ulink url="&debiantestingsectyannouncecaaibc;">Debian testing-security-announce 2008-12</ulink>). After a month or so, the <literal>unstable</literal> archive may be usable if you are careful.
it: Per qualche mese circa dopo un nuovo rilascio <literal>stable</literal>, la maggior parte degli utenti desktop dovrebbe usare l'archivio <literal>stable</literal> con i suoi aggiornamenti di sicurezza, anche se di solito usano gli archivi <literal>unstable</literal> o <literal>testing</literal>. Durante questo periodo di transizione, entrambi gli archivi <literal>unstable</literal> e <literal>testing</literal> non sono adatti alla maggior parte degli utenti. È difficile mantenere il proprio sistema in condizioni buone di funzionamento con l'archivio <literal>unstable</literal> dato che è affetto da ondate di aggiornamenti importanti di pacchetti fondamentali. Anche l'archivio <literal>testing</literal> non è molto utile perché contiene per lo più le stesse cose dell'archivio <literal>stable</literal> senza il suo supporto per la sicurezza (<ulink url="&debiantestingsectyannouncecaaibc;">Debian testing-security-announce 2008-12</ulink>). Dopo circa un mese, l'archivio <literal>unstable</literal> potrebbe essere utilizzabile se si è cauti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: When tracking the <literal>testing</literal> archive, a problem caused by a removed package is usually worked around by installing corresponding package from the <literal>unstable</literal> archive which is uploaded for bug fix.
it: Quando si usa l'archivio <literal>testing</literal>, i problemi causati da un pacchetto rimosso vengono solitamente aggirati installando il corrispondente pacchetto dall'archivio <literal>unstable</literal> che è caricato per risolvere un bug.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See <ulink url="&debianpolicymanual;">Debian Policy Manual</ulink> for archive definitions.
it: Vedere il <ulink url="&debianpolicymanual;">manuale Debian Policy</ulink> per le definizioni degli archivi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<ulink url="&sections;">Sections</ulink>"
it: "<ulink url="&sections;">Sezioni</ulink>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<ulink url="&priorities;">Priorities</ulink>"
it: "<ulink url="&priorities;">Priorità</ulink>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<ulink url="&basesystem;">Base system</ulink>"
it: "<ulink url="&basesystem;">Sistema base</ulink>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<ulink url="&essentialpackages;">Essential packages</ulink>"
it: "<ulink url="&essentialpackages;">Pacchetti essenziali</ulink>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Debian is 100% free software
it: Debian è al 100% software libero

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Debian is 100% free software because of the followings:
it: Debian è al 100% software libero perché:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Debian installs only free software by default to respect user freedoms.
it: Debian installa in modo predefinito solo software libero per rispettare le libertà dell'utente;

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Debian provides only free software in <literal>main</literal>.
it: Debian fornisce in <literal>main</literal> solo software libero.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Debian recommends running only free software from <literal>main</literal>.
it: Debian raccomanda l'esecuzione del solo software libero contenuto in <literal>main</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: No packages in <literal>main</literal> depend nor recommend packages in <literal>non-free</literal> nor <literal>contrib</literal>.
it: Nessun pacchetto in <literal>main</literal> dipende o raccomanda pacchetti in <literal>non-free</literal> o <literal>contrib</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Some people wonder if the following 2 facts contradict or not.
it: Alcune persone si chiedono se i seguenti due fatti siano in contraddizione o meno tra loro.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "Debian will remain 100% free". (First term of <ulink url="&debiansocialcontract;">Debian Social Contract</ulink>)
it: «Debian rimarrà libera al 100%». (Prima voce del <ulink url="&debiansocialcontract;">Contratto sociale Debian</ulink>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Debian servers host some <literal>non-free</literal> and <literal>contrib</literal> packages.
it: I server Debian ospitano alcuni pacchetti <literal>non-free</literal> e <literal>contrib</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: These do not contradict, because of the followings.
it: Queste due cose non sono in contraddizione, perché:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The Debian system is 100% free and its packages are hosted by Debian servers in the <literal>main</literal> area.
it: Il sistema Debian è libero al 100% e i suoi pacchetti sono ospitati dai server Debian nell'area <literal>main</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Packages outside of the Debian system are hosted by Debian servers in the <literal>non-free</literal> and <literal>contrib</literal> areas.
it: I pacchetti esterni al sistema Debian sono ospitati dai server Debian nelle aree <literal>non-free</literal> e <literal>contrib</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: These are precisely explained in the 4th and 5th terms of <ulink url="&debiansocialcontract;">Debian Social Contract</ulink>:
it: Queste sono spiegate in dettaglio nella quarta e nella quinta voce del <ulink url="&debiansocialcontract;">Contratto sociale Debian</ulink>:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Our priorities are our users and free software
it: Le nostre priorità sono gli utenti ed il software libero

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: We will be guided by the needs of our users and the free software community. We will place their interests first in our priorities. We will support the needs of our users for operation in many different kinds of computing environments. We will not object to non-free works that are intended to be used on Debian systems, or attempt to charge a fee to people who create or use such works. We will allow others to create distributions containing both the Debian system and other works, without any fee from us. In furtherance of these goals, we will provide an integrated system of high-quality materials with no legal restrictions that would prevent such uses of the system.
it: Ci faremo guidare dai bisogni dei nostri utenti e della comunità del software libero. Metteremo al primo posto i loro interessi. Supporteremo le necessità dei nostri utenti di operare in molti diversi tipi di ambienti di calcolo. Non ci opporremo alle opere non libere che siano state pensate per l'uso in sistemi Debian e non richiederemo compensi a chi crea o usa queste opere. Permetteremo ad altri di creare distribuzioni contenenti sia il sistema Debian che altre opere, senza richiedere compensi. Per raggiungere questi scopi, forniremo un sistema integrato di materiali di alta qualità senza alcuna restrizione legale che limiti qualsiasi uso del sistema.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Works that do not meet our free software standards
it: Opere che non rispettano i nostri standard free software

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: We acknowledge that some of our users require the use of works that do not conform to the Debian Free Software Guidelines. We have created "<literal>contrib</literal>" and "<literal>non-free</literal>" areas in our archive for these works. The packages in these areas are not part of the Debian system, although they have been configured for use with Debian. We encourage CD manufacturers to read the licenses of the packages in these areas and determine if they can distribute the packages on their CDs. Thus, although non-free works are not a part of Debian, we support their use and provide infrastructure for non-free packages (such as our bug tracking system and mailing lists).
it: Ci rendiamo conto che alcuni dei nostri utenti richiedono di usare opere non conformi alle Debian Free Software Guidelines. Abbiamo creato le aree «contrib» e «non-free» nel nostro archivio per queste opere. I pacchetti in queste aree non fanno parte del sistema Debian, sebbene siano stati configurati per l'uso con Debian. Invitiamo i realizzatori di CD a leggere le licenze dei pacchetti in queste aree per determinare se possono distribuire i pacchetti sui loro CD. Inoltre, anche se le opere non libere non fanno parte di Debian, supporteremo il loro uso e forniremo infrastrutture per i pacchetti non liberi (come il nostro bug tracking system e le mailing list).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Users should be aware of the risks of using packages in the <literal>non-free</literal> and <literal>contrib</literal> areas:
it: Gli utenti dovrebbero essere a conoscenza dei rischi correlati all'uso di pacchetti nelle aree <literal>non-free</literal> e <literal>contrib</literal>:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: lack of freedom for such software packages
it: mancanza di libertà legata a tali pacchetti software

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: lack of support from Debian on such software packages (Debian can't support software properly without having access to its source code.)
it: mancanza di supporto da parte di Debian per tali pacchetti software (Debian non può supportare del software in maniera adeguata senza avere accesso al suo codice sorgente)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: contamination of your 100% free Debian system
it: contaminazione del sistema Debian libero al 100%

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <ulink url="&debianfreesoftwareguidelines;">Debian Free Software Guidelines</ulink> is the free software standards for <ulink url="&debian;">Debian</ulink>.  Debian interprets "software" in the widest scope including document, firmware, logo, and artwork data in the package.  This makes Debian's free software standards very strict ones.
it: <ulink url="&debianfreesoftwareguidelines;">Debian Free Software Guidelines</ulink> è lo standard di <ulink url="&debian;">Debian</ulink> per il software libero. Debian interpreta la parola "software" nel suo senso più ampio includendo documentazione, firmware, logo e dati artistici nel pacchetto. Questo fa sì che gli standard Debian per il software libero siano molto severi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: In order to meet this strict free software standards required for <literal>main</literal>, Debian <ulink url="&unbrandsmozilla;">unbrands Mozilla</ulink> software packages such as Firefox, Thunderbird, and Seamonkey by removing their logo and some artwork data; and ships them as Iceweasel, Icedove, and Iceape, respectively.
it: Per potere rimanere conforme a questi severi standard per il software libero richiesti per <literal>main</literal>, Debian <ulink url="&unbrandsmozilla;">toglie il marchio</ulink> dai pacchetti software Mozilla come Firefox, Thunderbird e Seamonkey, rimuovendo i loro logo e alcuni elementi artistici e li fornisce come Iceweasel, Icedove e Iceape rispettivamente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Typical <literal>non-free</literal> and <literal>contrib</literal> packages include freely distributable packages of following types:
it: I pacchetti <literal>non-free</literal> e <literal>contribu</literal> tipici includono pacchetti liberamente distribuibili dei seguenti tipi:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Document packages under <ulink url="&gnufreedocumentationlicense;">GNU Free Documentation License</ulink> with invariant sections such as ones for GCC and Make.  (mostly found in the <literal>non-free/doc</literal> section.)
it: Pacchetti di documentazione distribuiti sotto la <ulink url="&gnufreedocumentationlicense;">GNU Free Documentation License</ulink> con sezioni invarianti come quelli per GCC e Make (per lo più presenti nella sezione <literal>non-free/doc</literal>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Firmware packages containing sourceless binary data such as ones listed in <xref linkend="_hardware_drivers_and_firmware"/> as non-free. (mostly found in the <literal>non-free/kernel</literal> section.)
it: Pacchetti di firmware contenenti dati binari senza sorgenti come quelli elencati in <xref linkend="_hardware_drivers_and_firmware"/> come non liberi (per lo più presenti nella sezione <literal>non-free/kernel</literal>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Game and font packages with restriction on commercial use and/or content modification.
it: Pacchetti di giochi e tipi di carattere con restrizioni sull'uso a scopo commerciale o sulla modifica dei contenuti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Please note that the number of <literal>non-free</literal> and <literal>contrib</literal> packages is less than 2% of that of <literal>main</literal> packages.  Enabling access to the <literal>non-free</literal> and <literal>contrib</literal> areas does not obscure the source of packages.  Interactive full screen use of <citerefentry><refentrytitle>aptitude</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> provides you with full visibility and control over what packages are installed from which area to keep your system as free as you wish.
it: Notare che il numero dei pacchetti <literal>non-free</literal> e <literal>contrib</literal> è meno del 2% di quello dei pacchetti in <literal>main</literal>. Permettere l'accesso alle aree <literal>non-free</literal> e <literal>contrib</literal> non oscura la fonte dei pacchetti. L'uso interattivo a schermo intero di <citerefentry><refentrytitle>aptitude</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> fornisce piena visibilità e controllo su quali pacchetti vengano installati e da quali aree, per permettere di mantenere il proprio sistema libero quanto lo si desidera.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Package dependencies
it: Dipendenze dei pacchetti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The Debian system offers a consistent set of binary packages through its versioned binary dependency declaration mechanism in the control file fields.  Here is a bit over simplified definition for them.
it: Il sistema Debian offre un insieme coerente di pacchetti binari grazie al suo meccanismo di dichiarazione, nei campi di controllo dei file, delle dipendenze binarie basate su versioni . Ecco una definizione molto semplificata delle dipendenze.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "Depends"
it: "Depends" (Dipende)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: This declares an absolute dependency and all of the packages listed in this field must be installed at the same time or in advance.
it: Dichiara una dipendenza assoluta e tutti i pacchetti elencati in questo campo devono essere installati insieme a quello scelto o prima.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "Pre-Depends"
it: "Pre-Depends" (Pre-dipende)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: This is like Depends, except that it requires completed installation of the listed packages in advance.
it: È come "Depends", tranne che richiede l'installazione completa dei pacchetti elencati in anticipo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "Recommends"
it: "Recommends" (Raccomanda)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: This declares a strong, but not absolute, dependency.  Most users would not want the package unless all of the packages listed in this field are installed.
it: Dichiara una dipendenza forte, ma non assoluta. La maggior parte degli utenti non vorrà il pacchetto in esame a meno che tutti i pacchetti elencati non siano installati.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "Suggests"
it: "Suggests" (Consiglia)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: This declares a weak dependency.  Many users of this package may benefit from installing packages listed in this field but can have reasonable functions without them.
it: Dichiara una dipendenza debole. La maggior parte degli utenti del pacchetto potrebbe trarre vantaggio dall'installazione dei pacchetti elencati in questo campo, ma può ottenere una funzionalità adeguata senza di essi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "Enhances"
it: "Enhances" (Migliora)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: This declares a week dependency like Suggests but works in the opposite direction.
it: Dichiara una dipendenza debole come "Suggests" ma in verso opposto.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "Breaks"
it: "Breaks" (Rompe)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: This declares a package incompatibility usually with some version specification.  Generally the resolution is to upgrade all of the packages listed in this field.
it: Dichiara un'incompatibilità del pacchetto di solito con qualche specifica versione. Generalmente la soluzione è di aggiornare tutti i pacchetti elencati in questo campo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "Conflicts"
it: "Conflicts" (Va in conflitto)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: This declares an absolute incompatibility.  All of the packages listed in this field must be removed to install this package.
it: Dichiara una incompatibilità assoluta. Tutti i pacchetti elencati in questo campo devono essere rimossi per installare il pacchetto in esame.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "Replaces"
it: "Replaces" (Sostituisce)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: This is declared when files installed by this package replace files in the listed packages.
it: Viene dichiarata quando i file installati dal pacchetto in esame sostituiscono i file nei pacchetti elencati.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "Provides"
it: "Provides" (Fornisce)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: This is declared when this package provide all of the files and functionality in the listed packages.
it: Viene dichiarata quando il pacchetto fornisce tutti i file e le funzionalità nei pacchetti elencati.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: Please note that defining, "Provides", "Conflicts" and "Replaces" simultaneously to an virtual package is the sane configuration.  This ensures that only one real package providing this virtual package can be installed at any one time.
it: Notare che una buona configurazione per un pacchetto virtuale deve avere "Provides", "Conflicts" e "Replaces" simultaneamente definiti. Questo assicura che in un dato momento possa essere installato un solo pacchetto reale che fornisce il pacchetto virtuale.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The official definition including source dependency can be found in <ulink url="&thepolicymanualcsbetweenpackages;">the Policy Manual: Chapter 7 - Declaring relationships between packages</ulink>.
it: La definizione ufficiale, compresa quella di dipendenza dei sorgenti, può essere trovata nel <ulink url="&thepolicymanualcsbetweenpackages;">manuale Debian Policy, Capitolo 7, Dichiarare le relazioni tra i pacchetti</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The event flow of the package management
it: Il flusso di eventi nella gestione dei pacchetti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here is a summary of the simplified event flow of the package management by APT.
it: Ecco un riassunto semplificato del flusso di eventi nella gestione dei pacchetti con APT.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">Update</emphasis> ("<literal>aptitude update</literal>" or "<literal>apt-get update</literal>"):
it: <emphasis role="strong">Update</emphasis> - aggiorna l'elenco dei pacchetti ("<literal>aptitude update</literal>" o "<literal>apt-get update</literal>"):

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Fetch archive metadata from remote archive
it: Recupera i metadati dell'archivio dall'archivio remoto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Reconstruct and update local metadata for use by APT
it: Ricostruisce e aggiorna i metadati locali usati da APT

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">Upgrade</emphasis> ("<literal>aptitude safe-upgrade</literal>" and "<literal>aptitude full-upgrade</literal>", or "<literal>apt-get upgrade</literal>" and "<literal>apt-get dist-upgrade</literal>"):
it: <emphasis role="strong">Upgrade</emphasis> - aggiorna ("<literal>aptitude safe-upgrade</literal>" e "<literal>aptitude full-upgrade</literal>", o "<literal>apt-get upgrade</literal>" e "<literal>apt-get dist-upgrade</literal>"):

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Chose candidate version which is usually the latest available version for all installed packages (see <xref linkend="_tweaking_candidate_version"/> for exception)
it: Sceglie la versione candidata, che è solitamente la più recente disponibile, per tutti i pacchetti installati (per le eccezioni vedere <xref linkend="_tweaking_candidate_version"/>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Make package dependency resolution
it: Risolve le dipendenze dei pacchetti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Fetch selected binary packages from remote archive if candidate version is different from installed version
it: Se la versione candidata è diversa da quella installata, scarica i pacchetti binari selezionati dall'archivio remoto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Unpack fetched binary packages
it: Spacchetta i pacchetti binari scaricati

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Run <emphasis role="strong">preinst</emphasis> script
it: Esegue gli script <emphasis role="strong">preinst</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Install binary files
it: Installa i file binari

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Run <emphasis role="strong">postinst</emphasis> script
it: Esegue gli script <emphasis role="strong">postinst</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">Install</emphasis> ("<literal>aptitude install …</literal>" or "<literal>apt-get install …</literal>"):
it: <emphasis role="strong">Install</emphasis> - installa ("<literal>aptitude install …</literal>" o "<literal>apt-get install …</literal>"):

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Chose packages listed on the command line
it: Sceglie i pacchetti elencati nella riga di comando

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Fetch selected binary packages from remote archive
it: Scarica i pacchetti binari selezionati dall'archivio remoto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">Remove</emphasis> ("<literal>aptitude remove …</literal>" or "<literal>apt-get remove …</literal>"):
it: <emphasis role="strong">Remove</emphasis> - rimuove ("<literal>aptitude remove …</literal>" o "<literal>apt-get remove …</literal>"):

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Run <emphasis role="strong">prerm</emphasis> script
it: Esegue gli script <emphasis role="strong">prerm</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Remove installed files <emphasis role="strong">except</emphasis> configuration files
it: Rimuove i file installati <emphasis role="strong">tranne</emphasis> i file di configurazione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Run <emphasis role="strong">postrm</emphasis> script
it: Esegue gli script <emphasis role="strong">postrm</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">Purge</emphasis> ("<literal>aptitude purge …</literal>" or "<literal>apt-get purge …</literal>"):
it: <emphasis role="strong">Purge</emphasis> - elimina del tutto ("<literal>aptitude purge …</literal>" o "<literal>apt-get purge …</literal>"):

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Remove installed files <emphasis role="strong">including</emphasis> configuration files
it: Rimuove i file installati <emphasis role="strong">inclusi</emphasis> i file di configurazione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here, I intentionally skipped technical details for the sake of big picture.
it: Sono stati intenzionalmente omessi dettagli tecnici a favore di una più chiara vista d'insieme.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: First response to package management troubles
it: Prima risposta a problemi di gestione dei pacchetti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You should read the fine official documentation.  The first document to read is the Debian specific "<literal>/usr/share/doc/&lt;package_name&gt;/README.Debian</literal>".  Other documentation in "<literal>/usr/share/doc/&lt;package_name&gt;/</literal>" should be consulted too.  If you set shell as <xref linkend="_customizing_bash"/>, type the following.
it: Si dovrebbe leggere la bella documentazione ufficiale. Il primo documento da leggere è il file specifico per Debian, "<literal>/usr/share/doc/&lt;nome_pacchetto&gt;/README.Debian</literal>". Andrebbe consultata anche l'altra documentazione in "<literal>/usr/share/doc/&lt;nome_pacchetto&gt;/</literal>. Se la shell è impostata come in <xref linkend="_customizing_bash"/>, digitare quanto segue.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: $ cd &lt;package_name&gt;
    $ pager README.Debian
    $ mc
it: $ cd &lt;nome_pacchetto&gt;
    $ pager README.Debian
    $ mc

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You may need to install the corresponding documentation package named with "<literal>-doc</literal>" suffix for detailed information.
it: Per informazioni dettagliate potrebbe essere necessario installare il pacchetto di documentazione corrispondente il cui nome ha il suffisso "<literal>-doc</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you are experiencing problems with a specific package, make sure to check out <ulink url="&thedebianbugtrackingsystembts;">the Debian bug tracking system (BTS)</ulink> sites, first.
it: Se si stanno avendo problemi con un pacchetto specifico, ricordarsi come prima cosa di controllare il sito del <ulink url="&thedebianbugtrackingsystembts;">Sistema Debian di tracciamento dei bug (BTS)</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of key web site to resolving problems with a specific package
it: Elenco dei siti web importanti per la risoluzione di problemi con un pacchetto specifico

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: web site
it: sito web

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Home page of <ulink url="&thedebianbugtrackingsystembts;">the Debian bug tracking system (BTS)</ulink>
it: Pagina web del <ulink url="&thedebianbugtrackingsystembts;">Sistema Debian di tracciamento dei bug (BTS)</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: The bug report of a known package name
it: Segnalazioni di bug di un pacchetto specifico

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>sensible-browser "http://bugs.debian.org/&lt;package_name&gt;"</literal>
it: <literal>sensible-browser "http://bugs.debian.org/&lt;nome_pacchetto&gt;"</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: The bug report of known bug number
it: Segnalazione di bug corrispondente ad un numero di bug

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>sensible-browser "http://bugs.debian.org/&lt;bug_number&gt;"</literal>
it: <literal>sensible-browser "http://bugs.debian.org/&lt;numero_bug&gt;"</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Search <ulink url="&google;">Google</ulink> with search words including "<literal>site:debian.org</literal>", "<literal>site:wiki.debian.org</literal>", "<literal>site:lists.debian.org</literal>", etc.
it: Cercare con <ulink url="&google;">Google</ulink> con parole chiave e aggiungendo "<literal>site:debian.org</literal>", "<literal>site:wiki.debian.org</literal>", "<literal>site:lists.debian.org</literal>", ecc.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: When you file a bug report, please use <citerefentry><refentrytitle>reportbug</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> command.
it: Quando si invia una segnalazione di bug, usare il comando <citerefentry><refentrytitle>reportbug</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Basic package management operations
it: Operazioni base per la gestione dei pacchetti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Basic package management operations on the Debian system can be performed by any package management tools available on the Debian system.  Here, we explain basic package management tools: <literal>apt-get</literal> / <literal>apt-cache</literal> and <literal>aptitude</literal>.
it: Le operazioni di base della gestione dei pacchetti sul sistema Debian possono essere eseguite da qualsiasi strumento di gestione dei pacchetti disponibile sul sistema Debian. Qui, verranno spiegati gli strumenti base di gestione dei pacchetti: <literal>apt-get</literal> / <literal>apt-cache</literal> e <literal>aptitude</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: For the package management operation which involves package installation or updates package metadata, you need to have root privilege.
it: Per operazioni di gestione dei pacchetti che comportano l'installazione o l'aggiornamento dei metadati dei pacchetti, è necessario avere privilegi di root.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: <literal>apt-get</literal> / <literal>apt-cache</literal> vs. <literal>aptitude</literal>
it: Confronto <literal>apt-get</literal> / <literal>apt-cache</literal> - <literal>aptitude</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <literal>apt-get</literal> and <literal>apt-cache</literal> commands are the most <emphasis role="strong">basic</emphasis> package management tool.
it: I comandi <literal>apt-get</literal> e <literal>apt-cache</literal> sono gli strumenti di gestione dei pacchetti più a livello <emphasis role="strong">base</emphasis>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>apt-get</literal> and <literal>apt-cache</literal> offer only the commandline user interface.
it: <literal>apt-get</literal> e <literal>apt-cache</literal> offrono solo l'interfaccia utente a riga di comando.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>apt-get</literal> is most suitable for the <emphasis role="strong">major system upgrade</emphasis> between releases, etc.
it: <literal>apt-get</literal> è più adatto per gli <emphasis role="strong">aggiornamenti principali del sistema</emphasis> tra rilasci diversi, ecc.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>apt-get</literal> offers a <emphasis role="strong">robust and stable</emphasis> package resolver which uses the common package state data.
it: <literal>apt-get</literal> offre un sistema <emphasis role="strong">solido e stabile</emphasis> di risoluzione dei conflitti dei pacchetti che utilizza i comuni dati sullo stato dei pacchetti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>apt-get</literal> is less demanding on hardware resources.  It consumes less memory and runs faster.
it: <literal>apt-get</literal> è meno avido di risorse di sistema. Consuma meno memoria ed è più veloce durante l'esecuzione.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>apt-get</literal> has been updated to support autoinstall and autoremove of recommended packages.
it: <literal>apt-get</literal> è stato aggiornato per supportare l'installazione e la rimozione automatiche dei pacchetti raccomandati.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>apt-get</literal> has been updated to support logging of package activities.
it: <literal>apt-get</literal> è stato aggiornato per supportare la registrazione delle attività del pacchetto.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>apt-cache</literal> offers a <emphasis role="strong">standard</emphasis> regex based search on the package name and description.
it: <literal>apt-cache</literal> offre una ricerca <emphasis role="strong">standard</emphasis>, basata su espressioni regolari, nei nomi e nelle descrizioni dei pacchetti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>apt-get</literal> and <literal>apt-cache</literal> can manage multiple versions of packages using <literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal> but it is quite cumbersome.
it: <literal>apt-get</literal> e <literal>apt-cache</literal> possono gestire più versioni dei pacchetti usando <literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>, ma è piuttosto elaborato farlo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <literal>aptitude</literal> command is the most <emphasis role="strong">versatile</emphasis> package management tool.
it: Il comando <literal>aptitude</literal> è lo strumento di gestione dei pacchetti più <emphasis role="strong">versatile</emphasis>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>aptitude</literal> offers the fullscreen interactive text user interface.
it: <literal>aptitude</literal> offre un'interfaccia utente testuale interattiva a schermo intero.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>aptitude</literal> offers the commandline user interface, too.
it: <literal>aptitude</literal> offre anche un'interfaccia utente a riga di comando.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>aptitude</literal> is most suitable for the <emphasis role="strong">daily interactive package management</emphasis> such as inspecting installed packages and searching available packages.
it: <literal>aptitude</literal> è più adatto per la <emphasis role="strong">gestione interattiva quotidiana dei pacchetti</emphasis>, come l'ispezione dei pacchetti installati e la ricerca dei pacchetti disponibili.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>aptitude</literal> is more demanding on hardware resources.  It consumes more memory and runs slower.
it: <literal>aptitude</literal> è più avido di risorse di sistema. Consuma più memoria ed è più lento durante l'esecuzione.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>aptitude</literal> offers an <emphasis role="strong">enhanced</emphasis> package resolver which also uses an extra package state data used only by <literal>aptitude</literal>.
it: <literal>aptitude</literal> offre un sistema <emphasis role="strong">migliorato</emphasis> di risoluzione dei conflitti dei pacchetti che usa anche dati extra sullo stato dei pacchetti utilizzati solo da <literal>aptitude</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>aptitude</literal> supports autoinstall and autoremove of recommended packages.
it: <literal>aptitude</literal> supporta l'installazione e la rimozione automatiche dei pacchetti raccomandati.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>aptitude</literal> supports logging of package activities.
it: <literal>aptitude</literal> supporta la registrazione delle attività del pacchetto.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>aptitude</literal> offers an <emphasis role="strong">enhanced</emphasis> regex based search on all of the package metadata.
it: <literal>apt-cache</literal> offre una ricerca <emphasis role="strong">migliorata</emphasis>, basata su espressioni regolari, su tutti i metadati dei pacchetti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>aptitude</literal> can manage multiple versions of packages without using <literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal> and it is quite intuitive.
it: <literal>aptitude</literal> può gestire più versioni dei pacchetti senza usare <literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal> e farlo è piuttosto intuitivo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: Although the <literal>aptitude</literal> command comes with rich features such as its enhanced package resolver, this complexity has caused (or may still causes) some regressions such as <ulink url="&bugebbbcd;">Bug #411123</ulink>, <ulink url="&bugfbejda;">Bug #514930</ulink>, and <ulink url="&bugfhadhh;">Bug #570377</ulink>.  In case of doubt, please use the <literal>apt-get</literal> and <literal>apt-cache</literal> commands over the <literal>aptitude</literal> command.
it: Sebbene il comando <literal>aptitude</literal> sia dotato di moltissime funzionalità come il suo risolutore avanzato di conflitti tra pacchetti, questa complessità ha causato (o può ancora causare) alcune regressioni quali i <ulink url="&bugebbbcd;">Bug # 411123</ulink>, <ulink url="&bugfbejda;">Bug # 514930</ulink> e <ulink url="&bugfhadhh;">Bug # 570377</ulink>. In caso di dubbio, preferire i comandi <literal>apt-get</literal> e <literal>apt-cache</literal> al comando <literal>aptitude</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Basic package management operations with the commandline
it: Operazioni base per la gestione dei pacchetti dalla riga di comando

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here are basic package management operations with the commandline using <citerefentry><refentrytitle>aptitude</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt-get</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> /<citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt-cache</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
it: Ecco alcune operazioni base di gestione dei pacchetti dalla riga di comando usando <citerefentry><refentrytitle>aptitude</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> e <citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt-get</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> /<citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt-cache</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: Basic package management operations with the commandline using <citerefentry><refentrytitle>aptitude</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt-get</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> /<citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt-cache</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>
it: Operazioni base di gestione dei pacchetti dalla riga di comando usando <citerefentry><refentrytitle>aptitude</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> e <citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt-get</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> /<citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt-cache</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: <literal>aptitude</literal> syntax
it: sintassi per <literal>aptitude</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: <literal>apt-get</literal>/<literal>apt-cache</literal> syntax
it: sintassi per <literal>apt-get</literal>/<literal>apt-cache</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: update package archive metadata
it: aggiorna i metadati dell'archivio dei pacchetti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>aptitude install foo</literal>
it: <literal>aptitude install pippo</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>apt-get install foo</literal>
it: <literal>apt-get install pippo</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: install candidate version of "<literal>foo</literal>" package with its dependencies
it: installa la versione candidata del pacchetto "<literal>pippo</literal>" con le sue dipendenze

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: install candidate version of installed packages without removing any other packages
it: installa le versioni candidate dei pacchetti installati senza rimuovere altri pacchetti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>apt-get dist-upgrade &lt;package&gt;</literal>
it: <literal>apt-get dist-upgrade</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: install candidate version of installed packages while removing other packages if needed
it: installa le versioni candidate dei pacchetti installati e rimuove, se necessario, altri pacchetti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>aptitude remove foo</literal>
it: <literal>aptitude remove pippo</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>apt-get remove foo</literal>
it: <literal>apt-get remove pippo</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: remove "<literal>foo</literal>" package while leaving its configuration files
it: rimuove il pacchetto "<literal>pippo</literal>" lasciando i suoi file di configurazione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: N/A
it: N/D

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: remove auto-installed packages which is no longer required
it: rimuove i pacchetti installati automaticamente che non sono più necessari

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>aptitude purge foo</literal>
it: <literal>aptitude purge pippo</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>apt-get purge foo</literal>
it: <literal>apt-get purge pippo</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: purge "<literal>foo</literal>" package with its configuration files
it: elimina completamente il pacchetto "<literal>pippo</literal>" con i suoi file di configurazione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: clear out the local repository of retrieved package files completely
it: pulisce completamente il repository locale dei file dei pacchetti scaricati

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: clear out the local repository of retrieved package files for outdated packages
it: pulisce il repository locale dei file dei pacchetti scaricati che sono obsoleti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>aptitude show foo</literal>
it: <literal>aptitude show pippo</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>apt-cache show &lt;package&gt;</literal>
it: <literal>apt-cache show pippo</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display detailed information about "<literal>foo</literal>" package
it: mostra informazioni dettagliate sul pacchetto "<literal>pippo</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: search packages which match &lt;regex&gt;
it: cerca i pacchetti che corrispondono all'espressione regolare

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: explain the reason why &lt;regex&gt; matching packages should be installed
it: spiega le ragioni per cui i pacchetti che corrispondono a &lt;regex&gt; dovrebbero essere installati

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: explain the reason why &lt;regex&gt; matching packages can not be installed
it: spiega le ragioni per cui i pacchetti che corrispondono a &lt;regex&gt; non dovrebbero essere installati

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: Since <literal>apt-get</literal> and <literal>aptitude</literal> share auto-installed package status (see <xref linkend="_the_package_state_for_apt"/>) after <literal>lenny</literal>, you can mix these tools without major troubles (see <ulink url="&bugfjeeja;">Bug #594490</ulink>).
it: Dato che <literal>apt-get</literal> e <literal>aptitude</literal>, a partire da <literal>lenny</literal>, condividono le informazioni suipacchetti installati automaticamente (vedere <xref linkend="_the_package_state_for_apt"/>), si può mescolare l'uso diquesti strumenti senza particolari problemi (vedere il <ulink url="&bugfjeeja;">Bug #594490</ulink>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The difference between "<literal>safe-upgrade</literal>"/"<literal>upgrade</literal>" and "<literal>full-upgrade</literal>"/"<literal>dist-upgrade</literal>" only appears when new versions of packages stand in different dependency relationships from old versions of those packages.  The "<literal>aptitude safe-upgrade</literal>" command does not install new packages nor remove installed packages.
it: La differenza tra "<literal>safe-upgrade</literal>"/"<literal>upgrade</literal>" e "<literal>full-upgrade</literal>"/"<literal>dist-upgrade</literal>" viene a galla solamente quando nuove versioni di pacchetti hanno una diverse relazioni di dipendenza rispetto alle vecchie versioni. Il comando "<literal>aptitude safe-upgrade</literal>" non installa nuovi pacchetti né rimuove pacchetti installati.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The "<literal>aptitude why &lt;regex&gt;</literal>" can list more information by "<literal>aptitude -v why &lt;regex&gt;</literal>".  Similar information can be obtained by "<literal>apt-cache rdepends &lt;package&gt;</literal>".
it: "<literal>aptitude why &lt;regex&gt;</literal>" può mostrare ancor più informazioni se usato come "<literal>aptitude -v why &lt;regex&gt;</literal>". Informazioni simili possono essere ottenute con "<literal>apt-cache rdepends &lt;pacchetto&gt;</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: When <literal>aptitude</literal> command is started in the commandline mode and faces some issues such as package conflicts, you can switch to the full screen interactive mode by pressing "<literal>e</literal>"-key later at the prompt.
it: Quando il comando <literal>aptitude</literal> è avviato in modalità a riga di comando e si trova davanti a problemi come conflitti tra pacchetti, si può passare alla modalità interattiva a tutto schermo premendo successivamente il tasto "<literal>e</literal>" al prompt.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You may provide command options right after "<literal>aptitude</literal>".
it: Si possono usare opzioni per il comando immediatamente dopo "<literal>aptitude</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: Notable command options for <citerefentry><refentrytitle>aptitude</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>
it: Opzioni degne di nota per il comando <citerefentry><refentrytitle>aptitude</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: command option
it: opzione per il comando

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: simulate the result of the command
it: simula il risultato del comando

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: download only but no install/upgrade
it: scarica solamente ma non installa/aggiorna

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: show brief explanations before the automatic installations and removals
it: mostra delle brevi spiegazioni prima di installazioni e rimozioni automatiche

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See <citerefentry><refentrytitle>aptitude</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> and "aptitude user's manual" at "<literal>/usr/share/doc/aptitude/README</literal>" for more.
it: Per maggiori informazioni vedere <citerefentry><refentrytitle>aptitude</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> e il "manuale utente di aptitude" in "<literal>/usr/share/doc/aptitude/README</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: The <literal>dselect</literal> package is still available and was the preferred full screen interactive package management tool in previous releases.
it: Il pacchetto <literal>dselect</literal> è ancora disponibile ed è stato lo strumento a tutto schermo interattivo di gestione dei pacchetti dei rilasci passati.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Interactive use of aptitude
it: Uso interattivo di aptitude

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For the interactive package management, you start <literal>aptitude</literal> in interactive mode from the console shell prompt as follows.
it: Per la gestione interattiva dei pacchetti, si avvia <literal>aptitude</literal> in modalità interattiva dal prompt di shell della console nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This updates the local copy of the archive information and display the package list in the full screen with menu.  Aptitude places its configuration at "<literal>~/.aptitude/config</literal>".
it: In questo modo si aggiorna la copia locale delle informazioni sull'archivio e viene mostrato l'elenco dei pacchetti in una schermata a pieno schermo. Aptitude posiziona la sua configurazione in "<literal>~/.aptitude/config</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: If you want to use root's configuration instead of user's one, use "<literal>sudo -H aptitude …</literal>" instead of "<literal>sudo aptitude …</literal>" in the above expression.
it: Se si desidera usare la configurazione di root, invece di quella dell'utente, usare "<literal>sudo -H aptitude …</literal>" invece di "<literal>sudo aptitude …</literal>", come nell'esempio precedente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: <literal>Aptitude</literal> automatically sets <emphasis role="strong">pending actions</emphasis> as it is started interactively. If you do not like it, you can reset it from menu: "Action" → "Cancel pending actions".
it: <literal>Aptitude</literal> imposta automaticamente le <emphasis role="strong">azioni pendenti</emphasis> quando viene avviato in modalità interattiva. Se ciò non piace, si può reimpostarlo usando il menu: "Azioni" → "Annulla azioni in attesa".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Key bindings of aptitude
it: Associazioni dei tasti per aptitude

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Notable key strokes to browse status of packages and to set "planned action" on them in this full screen mode are the following.
it: Quelle che seguono sono le associazioni di tasti degne di nota usate, nella modalità a schermo intero, per sfogliare lo stato dei pacchetti e per impostare "azioni pianificate" su di essi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of key bindings for aptitude
it: Elenco delle associazioni di tasti per aptitude

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>F10</literal> or <literal>Ctrl-t</literal>
it: <literal>F10</literal> o <literal>Ctrl-t</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display <emphasis role="strong">help</emphasis> for keystroke (more complete listing)
it: mostra l'<emphasis role="strong">aiuto</emphasis> per i tasti (elenco più completo)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>F10</literal> → Help → User's Manual
it: <literal>F10</literal> → Aiuto → Manuale utente

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display User's Manual
it: mostra il Manuale utente

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: update package archive information
it: aggiorna le informazioni sull'archivio dei pacchetti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: mark the package for the <emphasis role="strong">upgrade</emphasis> or the <emphasis role="strong">install</emphasis>
it: segna il pacchetto per l'<emphasis role="strong">aggiornamento</emphasis> o l'<emphasis role="strong">installazione</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: mark the package for the <emphasis role="strong">remove</emphasis> (keep configuration files)
it: segna il pacchetto per la <emphasis role="strong">rimozione</emphasis> (mantiene i file di configurazione)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: mark the package for the <emphasis role="strong">purge</emphasis> (remove configuration files)
it: segna il pacchetto per l'<emphasis role="strong">eliminazione completa</emphasis> (rimuove i file di configurazione)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: place the package on <emphasis role="strong">hold</emphasis>
it: <emphasis role="strong">blocca</emphasis> il pacchetto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: mark all upgradable packages (function as <emphasis role="strong">full-upgrade</emphasis>)
it: segna tutti i pacchetti aggiornabili (funziona come <emphasis role="strong">full-upgrade</emphasis>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: start <emphasis role="strong">downloading</emphasis> and <emphasis role="strong">installing</emphasis> selected packages
it: inizia a <emphasis role="strong">scaricare</emphasis> e <emphasis role="strong">installare</emphasis> i pacchetti selezionati

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: quit current screen and save changes
it: esce dalla schermata attuale e salva i cambiamenti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: quit current screen and discard changes
it: esce dalla schermata attuale e scarta i cambiamenti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>Enter</literal>
it: <literal>Invio</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: view information about a package
it: visualizza le informazioni su un pacchetto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: view a package's changelog
it: visualizza il registro dei cambiamenti di un pacchetto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: change the limit for the displayed packages
it: cambia la limitazione dei pacchetti visualizzati

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: search for the first match
it: cerca la prima corrispondenza

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: repeat the last search
it: ripete l'ultima ricerca

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The file name specification of the command line and the menu prompt after pressing "<literal>l</literal>" and "<literal>//</literal>" take the aptitude regex as described below.  Aptitude regex can explicitly match a package name using a string started by "<literal>~n</literal> and followed by the package name.
it: Le espressioni regolari usate per specificare il nome di pacchetto nella riga di comando e nel prompt del menu dopo aver premuto "<literal>l</literal>" o "<literal>//</literal>" sono descritte in seguito.  Le espressioni regolari di aptitude possono esplicitamente trovare corrispondenze con nomi di pacchetto usando una stringa che inizia con "<literal>~n</literal> seguita dal nome del pacchetto.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: You need to press "<literal>U</literal>" to get all the installed packages upgraded to the <emphasis role="strong">candidate version</emphasis> in the visual interface.  Otherwise only the selected packages and certain packages with versioned dependency to them are upgraded to the <emphasis role="strong">candidate version</emphasis>.
it: È necessario premere "<literal>U</literal>" per aggiornare tutti i pacchetti installati alla <emphasis role="strong">versione candidata</emphasis> nell'interfaccia interattiva. Altrimenti vengono aggiornati alla <emphasis role="strong">versione candidata</emphasis> solo i pacchetti selezionati e quelli da una cui particolare versione dipendono altri.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Package views under aptitude
it: Viste dei pacchetti in aptitude

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: In the interactive full screen mode of <citerefentry><refentrytitle>aptitude</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, packages in the package list are displayed as the next example.
it: Nella modalità interattiva a tutto schermo di <citerefentry><refentrytitle>aptitude</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, i pacchetti nell'elenco vengono mostrati come nell'esempio seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here, this line means from the left as the following.
it: Il significato degli elementi di questa riga, partendo da sinistra, è il seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The "current state" flag (the first letter)
it: Il flag di "stato attuale" (la prima lettera)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The "planned action" flag (the second letter)
it: Il flag di "azione pianificata" (la seconda lettera)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The "automatic" flag (the third letter)
it: Il flag "automatico" (la terza lettera)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The Package name
it: Il nome del pacchetto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The change in disk space usage attributed to "planned action"
it: Il cambiamento in termini di uso dello spazio su disco collegato dall'"azione pianificata"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The current version of the package
it: La versione attuale del pacchetto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The candidate version of the package
it: La versione candidata del pacchetto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: The full list of flags are given at the bottom of <emphasis role="strong">Help</emphasis> screen shown by pressing "<literal>?</literal>".
it: L'elenco completo dei flag è fornito alla fine della schermata mostrata di <emphasis role="strong">Aiuto</emphasis> mostrata se si preme "<literal>?</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <emphasis role="strong">candidate version</emphasis> is chosen according to the current local preferences (see <citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt_preferences</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> and <xref linkend="_tweaking_candidate_version"/>).
it: La <emphasis role="strong">versione candidata</emphasis> è scelta in base alle preferenze locali attuali (vedere <citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt_preferences</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> e <xref linkend="_tweaking_candidate_version"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Several types of package views are available under the menu "<literal>Views</literal>".
it: Diversi tipi di viste per i pacchetti sono disponibili nel menu "<literal>Viste</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of views for aptitude
it: Elenco delle viste di aptitude

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: view
it: vista

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: status
it: stato

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: description of view
it: descrizione della vista

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>Package View</literal>
it: <literal>Vista dei pacchetti</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Good
it: Buona

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: see <xref linkend="standard-package-views"/> (default)
it: vedere <xref linkend="standard-package-views"/> (vista standard)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>Audit Recommendations</literal>
it: <literal>Controlla Raccomandati</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: list packages which are recommended by some installed packages but not yet installed are listed
it: elenca i pacchetti che sono raccomandati da alcuni dei pacchetti installati, ma non sono ancora installati

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>Flat Package List</literal>
it: <literal>Elenco unico dei pacchetti</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: list packages without categorization (for use with regex)
it: elenca i pacchetti senza organizzarli in gruppi (per l'uso con espressioni regolari)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>Debtags Browser</literal>
it: <literal>Consultazione per «Debtags»</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Very usable
it: Molto usabile

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: list packages categorized according to their <ulink url="&debtags;">debtags</ulink> entries
it: elenca i pacchetti organizzati in base alle loro voci <ulink url="&debtags;">Debtags</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>Categorical Browser</literal>
it: <literal>Consultazione per categorie</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Deprecated
it: Deprecata

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: list packages categorized according to their category (use <literal>Debtags Browser</literal>, instead)
it: elenca i pacchetti organizzati in base alla loro categoria (usare al suo posto <literal>Consultazione per «Debtags»</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: Please help us <ulink url="&improvingtaggingkageswithdebtags;">improving tagging packages with debtags!</ulink>
it: È estremamente benvenuto ogni aiuto per <ulink url="&improvingtaggingkageswithdebtags;">migliorare l'assegnazione di etichette Debtags ai pacchetti!</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The standard "<literal>Package View</literal>" categorizes packages somewhat like <literal>dselect</literal> with few extra features.
it: La "<literal>Vista dei pacchetti</literal>" standard organizza i pacchetti un po' nello stile di <literal>dselect</literal> con alcune funzionalità extra.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: The categorization of standard package views
it: Organizzazione delle viste standard dei pacchetti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: category
it: categoria

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>Upgradable Packages</literal>
it: <literal>Pacchetti aggiornabili</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: list packages organized as <literal>section</literal> → <literal>area</literal> → <literal>package</literal>
it: elenca i pacchetti organizzati in <literal>sezione</literal> → <literal>area</literal> → <literal>pacchetto</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>New Packages</literal>
it: <literal>Pacchetti nuovi</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>Installed Packages</literal>
it: <literal>Pacchetti installati</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>Not Installed Packages</literal>
it: <literal>Pacchetti non installati</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>Obsolete and Locally Created Packages</literal>
it: <literal>Pacchetti obsoleti e creati localmente</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>Virtual Packages</literal>
it: <literal>Pacchetti virtuali</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: list packages with the same function
it: elenca i pacchetti con la stessa funzione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>Tasks</literal>
it: <literal>Task</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: list packages with different functions generally needed for a task
it: elenca i pacchetti con funzioni diverse solitamente necessarie per una stessa attività

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: <literal>Tasks</literal> view can be used to cherry pick packages for your task.
it: La vista dei <literal>Task</literal> può essere usata per scegliere a uno a uno i pacchetti per le proprie attività.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Search method options with aptitude
it: Opzioni per i metodi di ricerca in aptitude

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Aptitude offers several options for you to search packages using its regex formula.
it: Aptitude offre diverse opzioni per cercare pacchetti usando il suo schema di espressioni regolari.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Shell commandline:
it: Nella riga di comando della shell:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>aptitude search '&lt;aptitude_regex&gt;'</literal>" to list installation status, package name and short description of matching packages
it: "<literal>aptitude search '&lt;regex_aptitude&gt;'</literal>" per elencare lo stato di installazione, il nome del pacchetto ed una descrizione breve dei pacchetti che corrispondono.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>aptitude show '&lt;package_name&gt;'</literal>" to list detailed description of the package
it: "<literal>aptitude show '&lt;nome_pacchetto&gt;'</literal>" per elencare una descrizione dettagliata del pacchetto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Interactive full screen mode:
it: Nella modalità interattiva a tutto schermo:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>l</literal>" to limit package view to matching packages
it: "<literal>l</literal>" per limitare la vista dei pacchetti ai pacchetti che corrispondono

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/</literal>" for search to a matching package
it: "<literal>/</literal>" per cercare un pacchetto che corrisponda

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>\</literal>" for backward search to a matching package
it: "<literal>\</literal>" per cercare all'indietro un pacchetto che corrisponda

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>n</literal>" for find-next
it: "<literal>n</literal>" per trovare il successivo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>N</literal>" for find-next (backward)
it: "<literal>N</literal>" per trovare il successivo (all'indietro)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: The string for &lt;package_name&gt; is treated as the exact string match to the package name unless it is started explicitly with "<literal>~</literal>" to be the regex formula.
it: La stringa &lt;package_name&gt; viene usata per trovare una corrispondenza esatta con il nome di pacchetto a meno che non venga esplicitamente fatta iniziare con "<literal>~</literal>" per indicare una espressione regolare.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The aptitude regex formula
it: La struttura delle espressioni regolari di aptitude

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The aptitude regex formula is mutt-like extended <emphasis role="strong">ERE</emphasis> (see <xref linkend="_regular_expressions"/>) and the meanings of the <literal>aptitude</literal> specific special match rule extensions are as follows.
it: La struttura delle  espressioni regolari di aptitude è quella di <emphasis role="strong">ERE</emphasis> (vedere <xref linkend="_regular_expressions"/>) estese in stile mutt ed il significato delle speciali regole estese di corrispondenza, specifiche di <literal>aptitude</literal>, è il seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of the aptitude regex formula
it: Elenco delle regole per espressioni regolari di aptitude

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: description of the extended match rule
it: descrizione della regola estesa di corrispondenza

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: regex formula
it: struttura della espressione regolare

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match on package name
it: corrispondenza con il nome di pacchetto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>~n&lt;regex_name&gt;</literal>
it: <literal>~n&lt;regex_nome&gt;</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match on description
it: corrispondenza con la descrizione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>~d&lt;regex_description&gt;</literal>
it: <literal>~d&lt;regex_descrizione&gt;</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match on task name
it: corrispondenza con il nome del task

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match on debtag
it: corrispondenza con il debtag

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match on maintainer
it: corrispondenza con il manutentore

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>~m&lt;regex_maintainer&gt;</literal>
it: <literal>~m&lt;regex_mantainer&gt;</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match on package section
it: corrispondenza con la sezione del pacchetto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>~s&lt;regex_section&gt;</literal>
it: <literal>~s&lt;regex_sezione&gt;</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match on package version
it: corrispondenza con la versione del pacchetto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>~V&lt;regex_version&gt;</literal>
it: <literal>~V&lt;regex_versione&gt;</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match archive
it: corrispondenza con l'archivio

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match origin
it: corrispondenza con l'origine

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match priority
it: corrispondenza con la priorità

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match essential packages
it: corrispondenza con pacchetti essenziali

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match virtual packages
it: corrispondenza con pacchetti virtuali

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match new packages
it: corrispondenza con pacchetti nuovi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match with pending action
it: corrispondenza con azioni pendenti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match installed packages
it: corrispondenza con pacchetti installati

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match installed packages with <emphasis role="strong">A</emphasis>-mark (auto installed package)
it: corrispondenza con pacchetti installati e con l'indicatore <emphasis role="strong">A</emphasis> (pacchetti installati automaticamente)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match installed packages without <emphasis role="strong">A</emphasis>-mark (administrator selected package)
it: corrispondenza con i pacchetti installati e senza l'indicatore <emphasis role="strong">A</emphasis> (pacchetti selezionati dall'amministratore)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match installed and upgradable packages
it: corrispondenza con pacchetti installati che sono aggiornabili

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match removed but not purged packages
it: corrispondenza con pacchetti rimossi ma non eliminati completamente

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match removed, purged or can-be-removed packages
it: corrispondenza con pacchetti rimossi, eliminati o che possono essere rimossi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match packages with broken relation
it: corrispondenza con pacchetti con relazioni con problemi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match packages with broken depends/predepends/conflict
it: corrispondenza con pacchetti con problemi di dipendenze, predipendenze e conflitti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>~B&lt;type&gt;</literal>
it: <literal>~B&lt;tipogt;</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match packages from which relation &lt;type&gt; is defined to &lt;term&gt; package
it: corrispondenza con pacchetti per i quali è definita la relazione di tipo &lt;tipo&gt; verso il pacchetto &lt;termine&gt;

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>~D[&lt;type&gt;:]&lt;term&gt;</literal>
it: <literal>~D[&lt;tipogt;:]&lt;termine&gt;</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match packages from which <emphasis role="strong">broken</emphasis> relation &lt;type&gt; is defined to &lt;term&gt; package
it: corrispondenza con pacchetti per i quali è definita una relazione di tipo &lt;type&gt; con <emphasis role="strong">problemi</emphasis> verso il pacchetto &lt;termine&gt;

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>~DB[&lt;type&gt;:]&lt;term&gt;</literal>
it: <literal>~DB[&lt;tipo&gt;:]&lt;termine&gt;</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match packages to which the &lt;term&gt; package defines relation &lt;type&gt;
it: corrispondenza con pacchetti verso i quali il pacchetto &lt;termine&gt; definisce una relazione di tipo &lt;tipo&gt;

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>~R[&lt;type&gt;:]&lt;term&gt;</literal>
it: <literal>~R[&lt;tipo&gt;:]&lt;termine&gt;</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match packages to which the &lt;term&gt; package defines <emphasis role="strong">broken</emphasis> relation &lt;type&gt;
it: corrispondenza con pacchetti verso i quali il pacchetto &lt;termine&gt; definisce una relazione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>~RB[&lt;type&gt;:]&lt;term&gt;</literal>
it: <literal>~RB[&lt;tipo&gt;:]&lt;termine&gt;</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match packages to which some other installed packages depend on
it: corrispondenza con pacchetti da cui dipende un qualche altro pacchetto installato

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match packages to which no other installed packages depend on
it: corrispondenza con pacchetti da cui non dipende alcun pacchetto installato

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match packages to which some other installed packages depend or recommend on
it: corrispondenza con pacchetti da cui dipende o che vengono raccomandati da qualche altro pacchetto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match &lt;term&gt; package with filtered version
it: corrispondenza con pacchetti che la cui versione corrisponde al filtro e che corrispondono a &lt;termine&gt;

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>~S filter &lt;term&gt;</literal>
it: <literal>~S filtro &lt;termine&gt;</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match all packages (true)
it: corrispondenza con tutti i pacchetti (vero)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: match no packages (false)
it: corrispondenza con nessun pacchetto (falso)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The regex part is the same <emphasis role="strong">ERE</emphasis> as the one used in typical Unix-like text tools using "<literal>^</literal>", "<literal>.*</literal>", "<literal>$</literal>" etc. as in <citerefentry><refentrytitle>egrep</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>awk</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>perl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
it: Il formato dell'espressione regolare è la stessa di quello <emphasis role="strong">ERE</emphasis> usato nei tipici strumenti per il testo in stile Unix "<literal>^</literal>", "<literal>.*</literal>", "<literal>$</literal>", ecc. come in <citerefentry><refentrytitle>egrep</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>awk</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> e <citerefentry><refentrytitle>perl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The relation &lt;type&gt; is one of (depends, predepends, recommends, suggests, conflicts, replaces, provides).
it: Il &lt;tipo&gt; di relazione è uno tra (depends, predepends, recommends, suggests, conflicts, replaces, provides).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The default relation type is "depends".
it: Il tipo di relazione predefinito è "depends".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: When &lt;regex_pattern&gt; is a null string, place "<literal>~T</literal>" immediately after the command.
it: Quando &lt;modello_regex&gt; è una stringa vuota, mettere "<literal>~T</literal>" immediatamente dopo il comando.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here are some short cuts.
it: Ecco alcune scorciatoie.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>~P&lt;term&gt;</literal>" == "<literal>~Dprovides:&lt;term&gt;</literal>"
it: "<literal>~P&lt;termine&gt;</literal>" == "<literal>~Dprovides:&lt;termine&gt;</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>~C&lt;term&gt;</literal>" == "<literal>~Dconflicts:&lt;term&gt;</literal>"
it: "<literal>~C&lt;termine&gt;</literal>" == "<literal>~Dconflicts:&lt;termine&gt;</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>…~W term</literal>" == "<literal>(…|term)</literal>"
it: "<literal>…~W termine</literal>" == "<literal>(…|termine)</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Users familiar with <literal>mutt</literal> pick up quickly, as mutt was the inspiration for the expression syntax. See "SEARCHING, LIMITING, AND EXPRESSIONS" in the "User's Manual" "<literal>/usr/share/doc/aptitude/README</literal>".
it: Gli utenti che hanno familiarità con <literal>mutt</literal> imparano presto, dato che la sintassi per le espressioni si è ispirata a mutt. Vedere "SEARCHING, LIMITING, AND EXPRESSIONS" nel "Manuale utente", "<literal>/usr/share/doc/aptitude/README</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: With the <literal>lenny</literal> version of <citerefentry><refentrytitle>aptitude</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, the new <emphasis role="strong">long form</emphasis> syntax such as "<literal>?broken</literal>" may be used for regex matching in place for its old <emphasis role="strong">short form</emphasis> equivalent "<literal>~b</literal>". Now space character "<literal> </literal>" is considered as one of the regex terminating character in addition to tilde character "<literal>~</literal>".  See "User's Manual" for the new <emphasis role="strong">long form</emphasis> syntax.
it: Con la versione <literal>lenny</literal> di <citerefentry><refentrytitle>aptitude</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, può essere usata la nuova sintassi in <emphasis role="strong">forma lunga</emphasis> come "<literal>?broken</literal>" invece del vecchio equivalente in <emphasis role="strong">forma breve "</emphasis> "<literal>~b</literal>". Il carattere di spazio "<literal> </literal>" è ora considerato uno dei caratteri che terminano l'espressione regolare, oltre al carattere tilde "<literal>~</literal>". Vedere il "Manuale utente" per la sintassi della nuova <emphasis role="strong">forma lunga</emphasis>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Dependency resolution of aptitude
it: Risoluzione delle dipendenze di aptitude

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The selection of a package in <literal>aptitude</literal> not only pulls in packages which are defined in its "<literal>Depends:</literal>" list but also defined in the "<literal>Recommends:</literal>" list if the menu "<literal>F10</literal> → Options → Dependency handling" is set accordingly.  These auto installed packages are removed automatically if they are no longer needed under <literal>aptitude</literal>.
it: Se la voce di menu<literal>F10</literal> → Options → Gestione delle dipendenze" è impostata in modo appropriato, selezionando un pacchetto in <literal>aptitude</literal> non si richiamano solamente i pacchetti definiti nel suo elenco "<literal>Depends:</literal>", ma anche quelli nell'elenco "<literal>Recommends:</literal>". Questi pacchetti installati automaticamente vengo rimossi automaticamente se non sono più necessari secondo <literal>aptitude</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: Before the <literal>lenny</literal> release, <literal>apt-get</literal> and other standard APT tools did not offer the autoremove functionality.
it: Prima del rilascio <literal>lenny</literal>, <literal>apt-get</literal> e gli altri strumenti APT standard non offrivano la funzionalità di rimozione automatica.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Package activity logs
it: Registri delle attività sui pacchetti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can check package activity history in the log files.
it: Si può controllare lo storico delle attività sui pacchetti nei file di registro.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: The log files for package activities
it: File di registro per le attività sui pacchetti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: content
it: contenuto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Log of <literal>dpkg</literal> level activity for all package activities
it: Registro delle attività a livello <literal>dpkg</literal> per tutte le attività sui pacchetti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Log of generic APT activity
it: Registro delle attività APT generiche

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Log of <literal>aptitude</literal> command activity
it: Registro delle attività di comandi <literal>aptitude</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: In reality, it is not so easy to get meaningful understanding quickly out from these logs.  See <xref linkend="_recording_changes_in_configuration_files"/> for easier way.
it: In realtà non è facile ottenere delle informazioni immediatamente comprensibili da questi file di registro. Vedere <xref linkend="_recording_changes_in_configuration_files"/> per un metodo più facile.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Examples of aptitude operations
it: Esempi di operazioni con aptitude

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Here are few examples of <citerefentry><refentrytitle>aptitude</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> operations.
it: Ecco alcuni esempi di operazioni con <citerefentry><refentrytitle>aptitude</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Listing packages with regex matching on package names
it: Elencare pacchetti in base alla corrispondenza del nome con espressioni regolari

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The following command lists packages with regex matching on package names.
it: Il seguente comando elenca i pacchetti i cui nomi corrispondono alle espressioni regolari specificate.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This is quite handy for you to find the exact name of a package.
it: È piuttosto utile se si desidera trovare il nome esatto di un pacchetto.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Browsing with the regex matching
it: Sfogliare le corrispondenze ad una espressione regolare

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The regex "<literal>~dipv6</literal>" in the "New Flat Package List" view with "<literal>l</literal>" prompt, limits view to packages with the matching description and let you browse their information interactively.
it: L'espressione regolare "<literal>~dipv6</literal>" nel prompt di "<literal>l</literal>" nella vista "Nuovo elenco unico dei pacchetti", limita la visualizzazione dei pacchetti a quelli la cui descrizione corrisponde all'espressione "ipv6" e permette di sfogliare interattivamente le loro informazioni.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Purging removed packages for good
it: Eliminare completamente i pacchetti rimosssi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can purge all remaining configuration files of removed packages.
it: Si possono eliminare tutti i file di configurazione rimasti di pacchetti rimossi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Check results of the following command.
it: Controllare il risultato del comando seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you think listed packages are OK to be purged, execute the following command.
it: Se si pensa che sia giusto rimuover i pacchetti elencati, eseguire il comando seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You may want to do the similar in the interactive mode for fine grained control.
it: Si può fare la stessa cosa in modalità interattiva per avere un controllo più dettagliato.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You provide the regex "<literal>~c</literal>" in the "New Flat Package List" view with "<literal>l</literal>" prompt.  This limits the package view only to regex matched packages, i.e., "removed but not purged".  All these regex matched packages can be shown by pressing "<literal>[</literal>" at top level headings.
it: Fornire l'espressione regolare "<literal>~c</literal>" al prompt di "<literal>l</literal>" nella vista "Nuovo elenco unico dei pacchetti". In questo modo si limita la visualizzazione a quei pacchetti che corrispondono all'espressione regolare, cioè "rimossi ma non eliminati completamente". Tutte le corrispondenze trovate possono essere mostrate premendo "<literal>[</literal>" nelle intestazioni di primo livello.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Then you press "<literal>_</literal>" at top level headings such as "Installed Packages".  Only regex matched packages under the heading are marked to be purged by this.  You can exclude some packages to be purged by pressing "<literal>=</literal>" interactively for each of them.
it: Premere poi "<literal>_</literal>" nell'intestazione di primo livello, come "Pacchetti installati". In questo modo vengono selezionati per l'eliminazione completa solo quei pacchetti contenuti sotto l'intestazione che corrispondono all'espressione regolare. Si possono escludere alcuni pacchetti dall'eliminazione premendo "<literal>=</literal>" per ciascuno di essi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This technique is quite handy and works for many other command keys.
it: Questa tecnica è piuttosto comoda e funziona per molti altri tasti di comando.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Tidying auto/manual install status
it: Mettere ordine nello stato di installazione automatico/non automatico

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here is how I tidy auto/manual install status for packages (after using non-aptitude package installer etc.).
it: Ecco come faccio per mettere ordine nello stato di installazione automatico/non automatico per i pacchetti (dopo aver usato un installatore che non sia aptitude, ecc.).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Start <literal>aptitude</literal> in interactive mode as root.
it: Avviare da root <literal>aptitude</literal> in modalità interattiva.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Type "<literal>u</literal>", "<literal>U</literal>", "<literal>f</literal>" and "<literal>g</literal>" to update and upgrade package list and packages.
it: Digitare "<literal>u</literal>", "<literal>U</literal>", "<literal>f</literal>" e "<literal>g</literal>" per aggiornare l'elenco dei pacchetti e i pacchetti stessi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Type "<literal>l</literal>" to enter the package display limit as "<literal>~i(~R~i|~Rrecommends:~i)</literal>" and type "<literal>M</literal>" over "<literal>Installed Packages</literal>" as auto installed.
it: Digitare "<literal>l</literal>" per impostare la limitazione della visualizzazione con "<literal>~i(~R~i|~Rrecommends:~i)</literal>" e digitare "<literal>M</literal>" su "<literal>Pacchetti installati</literal>" per marcarli come installati automaticamente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Type "<literal>l</literal>" to enter the package display limit as "<literal>~prequired|~pimportant|~pstandard|~E</literal>" and type "<literal>m</literal>" over "<literal>Installed Packages</literal>" as manual installed.
it: Digitare "<literal>l</literal>" per impostare la limitazione della visualizzazione dei pacchetti  con "<literal>~prequired|~pimportant|~pstandard|~E</literal>" e digitare "<literal>m</literal>" su "<literal>Pacchetti installati</literal>" per marcarli come installati manualmente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Type "<literal>l</literal>" to enter the package display limit as "<literal>~i!~M</literal>" and remove unused package by typing "<literal>-</literal>" over each of them after exposing them by typing "<literal>[</literal>" over "<literal>Installed Packages</literal>".
it: Digitare "<literal>l</literal>" per impostare la limitazione della visualizzazione dei pacchetti con "<literal>~i!~M</literal>" e rimuovere i pacchetti inutilizzati digitando "<literal>-</literal>" su ciascuno di essi dopo averli visualizzati digitando "<literal>[</literal>" su "<literal>Pacchetti installati</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Type "<literal>l</literal>" to enter the package display limit as "<literal>~i</literal>" and type "<literal>m</literal>" over "<literal>Tasks</literal>" as manual installed.
it: Digitare "<literal>l</literal>" per impostare la limitazione della visualizzazione dei pacchetti con "<literal>~i</literal>" e digitare "<literal>m</literal>" su "<literal>Task</literal>" per marcarli come installati manualmente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Exit <literal>aptitude</literal>.
it: Uscire da <literal>aptitude</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Start "<literal>apt-get -s autoremove|less</literal>" as root to check what are not used.
it: Avviare "<literal>apt-get -s autoremove|less</literal>" da root per controllare quelli che non sono usati.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Restart <literal>aptitude</literal> in interactive mode and mark needed packages as "<literal>m</literal>".
it: Riavviare <literal>aptitude</literal> in modalità interattiva e segnare i pacchetti necessari con "<literal>m</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Restart "<literal>apt-get -s autoremove|less</literal>" as root to recheck REMOVED contain only expected packages.
it: Riavviare "<literal>apt-get -s autoremove|less</literal>" da root per controllare che in REMOVED siano contenuti soltanto i pacchetti attesi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Start "<literal>apt-get autoremove|less</literal>" as root to autoremove unused packages.
it: Avviare "<literal>apt-get autoremove|less</literal>" da root per rimuovere automaticamente i pacchetti non utilizzati.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The "<literal>m</literal>" action over "<literal>Tasks</literal>" is an optional one to prevent mass package removal situation in future.
it: L'azione "<literal>m</literal>" sopra "<literal>Task</literal>" è opzionale e server per prevenire situazioni di rimozioni di massa di pacchetti in futuro.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: System wide upgrade
it: Aggiornamento di tutto il sistema

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: When moving to a new release etc, you should consider to perform a clean installation of new system even though Debian is upgradable as described below.  This provides you a chance to remove garbages collected and exposes you to the best combination of latest packages.  Of course, you should make a full backup of system to a safe place (see <xref linkend="_backup_and_recovery"/>) before doing this. I recommend to make a dual boot configuration using different partition to have the smoothest transition.
it: Quando si passa ad un nuovo rilascio, ecc. si dovrebbe considerare una installazione pulita di un nuovo sistema anche se è possibile aggiornare Debian nel modo descritto in seguito. Ciò dà la possibilità di rimuovere la spazzatura raccolta nel tempo e fornisce la migliore combinazione dei pacchetti più nuovi. Naturalmente si dovrebbe fare un backup completo del sistema in un posto sicuro (vedere <xref linkend="_backup_and_recovery"/>) prima di farlo. Raccomando di creare una configurazione con due sistemi avviabili usando due diverse partizioni per avere una transizione il più lineare possibile.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can perform system wide upgrade to a newer release by changing contents of the "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" file pointing to a new release and running the "<literal>apt-get update; apt-get dist-upgrade</literal>" command.
it: Si può fare l'aggiornamento completo del sistema ad un nuovo rilascio cambiando il contenuto del file "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" facendolo puntare al nuovo rilascio ed eseguendo il comando "<literal>apt-get update; apt-get dist-upgrade</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: To upgrade from <literal>stable</literal> to <literal>testing</literal> or <literal>unstable</literal>, you replace "<literal>&codename-stable;</literal>" in the "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" example of <xref linkend="_debian_archive_basics"/> with "<literal>&codename-testing;</literal>" or "<literal>sid</literal>".
it: Per aggiornare da <literal>stable</literal> a <literal>testing</literal> o <literal>unstable</literal>, sostituire ""<literal>&codename-stable;</literal>" nel file "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" di esempio descritto in <xref linkend="_debian_archive_basics"/> con "<literal>&codename-testing;</literal>" o "<literal>sid</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: In reality, you may face some complications due to some package transition issues, mostly due to package dependencies.  The larger the difference of the upgrade, the more likely you face larger troubles.  For the transition from the old <literal>stable</literal> to the new <literal>stable</literal> after its release, you can read its new <ulink url="&releasenotes;">Release Notes</ulink> and follow the exact procedure described in it to minimize troubles.
it: In realtà si possono dover affrontare alcune complicazioni a causa di problemi di transizione dei pacchetti, per lo più a causa di dipendenze. Più è grande la differenza nell'aggiornamento, più è probabile dover affrontare problemi più grossi. Per la transizione dal vecchio rilascio <literal>stable</literal> al nuovo <literal>stable</literal> si possono leggere le nuove <ulink url="&releasenotes;">Note di rilascio</ulink> e seguire esattamente la procedura che vi è descritta per minimizzare i problemi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: When you decide to move from <literal>stable</literal> to <literal>testing</literal> before its formal release, there are no <ulink url="&releasenotes;">Release Notes</ulink> to help you. The difference between <literal>stable</literal> and <literal>testing</literal> could have grown quite large after the previous <literal>stable</literal> release and makes upgrade situation complicated.
it: Quando si decide di passare da <literal>stable</literal> a <literal>testing</literal> prima del suo rilascio formale non ci sono <ulink url="&releasenotes;">Note di rilascio</ulink> che possano aiutare. La differenza tra <literal>stable</literal> e <literal>testing</literal> potrebbe essere diventata piuttosto grande dopo il precendente rilascio <literal>stable</literal> e potrebbe rendere l'aggiornamento complicato.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You should make precautionary moves for the full upgrade while gathering latest information from mailing list and using common senses.
it: SI dovrebbero prendere misure precauzionali per l'aggiornamento completo raccogliendo le informazioni più aggiornate da mailing list ed usando il buon senso.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Read previous "Release Notes".
it: Leggere le "Note di rilascio" precedenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Backup entire system (especially data and configuration information).
it: Fare il backup dell'intero sistema (specialmente dei dati e della configurazione).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Have bootable media handy for broken bootloader.
it: Tenere a portata di mano supporti avviabili in caso di problemi con il bootloader.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Inform users on the system well in advance.
it: Informare con un buon anticipo gli utenti nel sistema.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Record upgrade activity with <citerefentry><refentrytitle>script</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
it: Registrare l'attività di aggiornamento con <citerefentry><refentrytitle>script</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Apply "unmarkauto" to required packages, e.g., "<literal>aptitude unmarkauto vim</literal>", to prevent removal.
it: Applicare l'opzione "unmarkauto" ai pacchetti richiesti, ad esempio "<literal>aptitude unmarkauto vim</literal>, per prevenire la loro rimozione.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Minimize installed packages to reduce chance of package conflicts, e.g., remove desktop task packages.
it: Minimizzare i pacchetti installati per ridurre le probabilità di conflitti tra i pacchetti, ad esempio rimuovere i pacchetti dell'attività desktop.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Remove the "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>" file (disable apt-pinning).
it: Rimuovere il file "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>" (disabilitare apt-pinning).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Try to upgrade step wise: <literal>oldstable</literal> → <literal>stable</literal> → <literal>testing</literal> → <literal>unstable</literal>.
it: Cercare di aggiornare per gradi: <literal>oldstable</literal> → <literal>stable</literal> → <literal>testing</literal> → <literal>unstable</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Update the "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" file to point to new archive only and run "<literal>aptitude update</literal>".
it: Aggiornare il file "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal> per farlo puntare solamente al nuovo archivio ed eseguire "<literal>aptitude update</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Install, optionally, new <emphasis role="strong">core packages</emphasis> first, e.g., "<literal>aptitude install perl</literal>".
it: Installare, opzionalmente i nuovi pacchetti partendo dai <emphasis role="strong">pacchetti fondamentali</emphasis>, ad esempio "<literal>aptitude install perl</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Run the "<literal>apt-get -s dist-upgrade</literal>" command to assess impact.
it: Eseguire il comando "<literal>apt-get -s dist-upgrade</literal>" per avere un'idea dell'impatto dell'aggiornamento.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Run the "<literal>apt-get dist-upgrade</literal>" command at last.
it: Eseguire da ultimo il comando "<literal>apt-get dist-upgrade</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: It is not wise to skip major Debian release when upgrading between <literal>stable</literal> releases.
it: Non è saggio saltare un rilascio principale Debian quando si aggiorna da un rilascio <literal>stable</literal> ad un altro.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: In previous "Release Notes", GCC, Linux Kernel, initrd-tools, Glibc, Perl, APT tool chain, etc. have required some special attention for system wide upgrade.
it: Nelle "Note di rilascio" precedenti GCC, il kernel Linux, initrd-tools, Glibc, Perl, APT tool chain, ecc. hanno richiesto un po' di attenzione particolare per gli aggiornamenti dell'intero sistema.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For daily upgrade in <literal>unstable</literal>, see <xref linkend="_safeguarding_for_package_problems"/>.
it: Per gli aggiornamenti quotidiani in <literal>unstable</literal>, vedere <xref linkend="_safeguarding_for_package_problems"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Advanced package management operations
it: Operazioni avanzate per la gestione dei pacchetti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Advanced package management operations with commandline
it: Operazioni avanzate per la gestione dei pacchetti dalla riga di comando

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here are list of other package management operations for which <literal>aptitude</literal> is too high-level or lacks required functionalities.
it: Ecco un elenco di altre operazioni di gestione dei pacchetti per i quali <literal>aptitude</literal> è di livello troppo altro o manca delle funzionalità richieste.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of advanced package management operations
it: Elenco delle operazioni avanzate per la gestione dei pacchetti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>COLUMNS=120 dpkg -l &lt;package_name_pattern&gt;</literal>
it: <literal>COLUMNS=120 dpkg -l &lt;modello_nome_pacchetto&gt;</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: list status of an installed package for the bug report
it: elenca lo stato di un pacchetto installato per una segnalazione di bug

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>dpkg -L &lt;package_name&gt;</literal>
it: <literal>dpkg -L &lt;nome_pacchetto&gt;</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: list contents of an installed package
it: elenca il contenuto di un pacchetto installato

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>dpkg -L &lt;package_name&gt; | egrep '/usr/share/man/man.*/.+'</literal>
it: <literal>dpkg -L &lt;nome_pacchetto&gt; | egrep '/usr/share/man/man.*/.+'</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: list manpages for an installed package
it: elenca le pagine man di un pacchetto installato

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>dpkg -S &lt;file_name_pattern&gt;</literal>
it: <literal>dpkg -S &lt;modello_nome_file&gt;</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: list installed packages which have matching file name
it: elenca i pacchetti installati che uno un file con un nome che corrisponde al modello

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>apt-file search &lt;file_name_pattern&gt;</literal>
it: <literal>apt-file search &lt;modello_nome_file&gt;</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: list packages in archive which have matching file name
it: elenca i pacchetti nell'archivio che hanno un file con un nome che corrisponde al modello

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>apt-file list &lt;package_name_pattern&gt;</literal>
it: <literal>apt-file list &lt;modello_nome_pacchetto&gt;</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: list contents of matching packages in archive
it: elenca il contenuto dei pacchetti nell'archivio che corrispondono al modello

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>dpkg-reconfigure &lt;package_name&gt;</literal>
it: <literal>dpkg-reconfigure &lt;nome_pacchetto&gt;</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: reconfigure the exact package
it: riconfigura il pacchetto con esattamente quel nome

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>dpkg-reconfigure -p=low &lt;package_name&gt;</literal>
it: <literal>dpkg-reconfigure -p=low &lt;nome_pacchetto&gt;</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: reconfigure the exact package with the most detailed question
it: riconfigura il pacchetto con esattamente quel nome ponendo le domande più dettagliate

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: reconfigure packages from the full screen menu
it: riconfigura i pacchetti da un'interfaccia a tutto schermo a menu

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: audit system for partially installed packages
it: controlla il sistema alla ricerca di pacchetti parzialmente installati

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: configure all partially installed packages
it: configura tutti i pacchetti parzialmente installati

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>apt-cache policy &lt;binary_package_name&gt;</literal>
it: <literal>apt-cache policy &lt;nome_pacchetto_binario&gt;</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: show available version, priority, and archive information of a binary package
it: mostra la versione disponibile, la priorità e le informazioni nell'archivio di un pacchetto binario

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>apt-cache madison &lt;package_name&gt;</literal>
it: <literal>apt-cache madison &lt;nome pacchetto&gt;</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: show available version, archive information of a package
it: mostra la versione disponibile e le informazioni nell'archivio di un pacchetto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>apt-cache showsrc &lt;binary_package_name&gt;</literal>
it: <literal>apt-cache showsrc &lt;nome_pacchetto_binario&gt;</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: show source package information of a binary package
it: mostra informazioni sul pacchetto sorgente di un pacchetto binario

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>apt-get build-dep &lt;package_name&gt;</literal>
it: <literal>apt-get build-dep &lt;nome_pacchetto&gt;</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: install required packages to build package
it: installa i pacchetti richiesti per compilare un pacchetto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>aptitude build-dep &lt;package_name&gt;</literal>
it: <literal>aptitude build-dep &lt;nome_pacchetto&gt;</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>apt-get source &lt;package_name&gt;</literal>
it: <literal>apt-get source &lt;nome_pacchetto&gt;</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: download a source (from standard archive)
it: scarica un sorgente (da un archivio standard)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>dget &lt;URL for dsc file&gt;</literal>
it: <literal>dget &lt;URL del file dsc&gt;</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: download a source packages (from other archive)
it: scarica un pacchetto sorgente (da un altro archivio)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>dpkg-source -x &lt;package_name&gt;_&lt;version&gt;-&lt;debian_version&gt;.dsc</literal>
it: <literal>dpkg-source -x &lt;nome_pacchetto&gt;_&lt;versione&gt;-&lt;versione_debian&gt;.dsc</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: build a source tree from a set of source packages ("<literal>*.orig.tar.gz</literal>" and "<literal>*.debian.tar.gz</literal>"/"<literal>*.diff.gz</literal>")
it: crea un albero dei sorgenti a partire da un insieme di pacchetti sorgenti ("<literal>*.orig.tar.gz</literal>" e "<literal>*.debian.tar.gz</literal>"/"<literal>*.diff.gz</literal>")

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: build package(s) from a local source tree
it: compila pacchetti da un albero dei sorgenti locale

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>make-kpkg kernel_image</literal>
it: <literal>make-kpkg immagine_kernel</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: build a kernel package from a kernel source tree
it: compila un pacchetto kernel a partire da un albero dei sorgenti del kernel

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>make-kpkg --initrd kernel_image</literal>
it: <literal>make-kpkg --initrd immagine_kernel</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: build a kernel package from a kernel source tree with initramfs enabled
it: compila un pacchetto kernel con initramfs abilitato, a partire da un albero dei sorgenti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>dpkg -i &lt;package_name&gt;_&lt;version&gt;-&lt;debian_version&gt;_&lt;arch&gt;.deb</literal>
it: <literal>dpkg -i &lt;nome_pacchetto&gt;_&lt;versione&gt;-&lt;versione_debian&gt;_&lt;arch&gt;.deb</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: install a local package to the system
it: installa un pacchetto locale nel sistema

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>debi &lt;package_name&gt;_&lt;version&gt;-&lt;debian_version&gt;_&lt;arch&gt;.dsc</literal>
it: <literal>debi &lt;nome_pacchetto&gt;_&lt;versione&gt;-&lt;versione_debian&gt;_&lt;arch&gt;.dsc</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: install local package(s) to the system
it: installa pacchetti locali nel sistema

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: save <literal>dpkg</literal> level package selection state information
it: salva le informazioni di stato sui pacchetti selezionati a livello di <literal>dpkg</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: set <literal>dpkg</literal> level package selection state information
it: imposta le informazioni di stato sui pacchetti selezionati a livello di <literal>dpkg</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>echo &lt;package_name&gt; hold | dpkg --set-selections</literal>
it: <literal>echo &lt;nome_pacchetto&gt; hold | dpkg --set-selections</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: set <literal>dpkg</literal> level package selection state for a package to <emphasis role="strong">hold</emphasis> (equivalent to "<literal>aptitude hold &lt;package_name&gt;</literal>")
it: imposta lo stato di selezione di un pacchetto a livello di <literal>dpkg</literal> a <emphasis role="strong">hold</emphasis> (equivalente a "<literal>aptitude hold&lt;nome_pacchetto&gt;</literal>")

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: Lower level package tools such as "<literal>dpkg -i …</literal>" and "<literal>debi …</literal>" should be carefully used by the system administrator.  It does not automatically take care required package dependencies. Dpkg's commandline options "<literal>--force-all</literal>" and similar (see <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dpkg</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>) are intended to be used by experts only.  Using them without fully understanding their effects may break your whole system.
it: Gli strumenti per i pacchetti a più basso livello, come "<literal>dpkg -i …</literal>" e "<literal>debi …</literal>" dovrebbero essere usati con molta cura dall'amministratore di sistema. Non si prendono cura in modo automatico delle dipendenze richieste dai pacchetti. Le opzioni "<literal>--force-all</literal>" e simili, per la riga di comando di dpkg (vedere<citerefentry><refentrytitle>dpkg</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, sono pensate per essere usate solamente da utenti esperti. Usarle senza comprenderne pienamente l'effetto potrebbe portare tutto il sistema in uno stato problematico.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Please note the following.
it: Notare quanto segue.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: All system configuration and installation commands require to be run from root.
it: Tutti i comandi di configurazione ed installazioni di sistema devono essere eseguiti da root.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Unlike <literal>aptitude</literal> which uses regex (see <xref linkend="_regular_expressions"/>), other package management commands use pattern like shell glob (see <xref linkend="_shell_glob"/>).
it: A differenza di <literal>aptitude</literal> che usa espressioni regolari (vedere <xref linkend="_regular_expressions"/>), gli altri comandi di gestione dei pacchetti usano espansioni di modelli in stile shell (vedere <xref linkend="_shell_glob"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt-file</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> provided by the <literal>apt-file</literal> package must run "<literal>apt-file update</literal>" in advance.
it: Per <citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt-file</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, fornito dal pacchetto <literal>apt-file</literal>, è necessario eseguire prima "<literal>apt-file update</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>configure-debian</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> provided by the <literal>configure-debian</literal> package runs <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dpkg-reconfigure</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> as its backend.
it: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>configure-debian</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, fornito dal pacchetto <literal>configure-debian</literal> esegue <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dpkg-reconfigure</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> come suo backend.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dpkg-reconfigure</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> runs package scripts using <citerefentry><refentrytitle>debconf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> as its backend.
it: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dpkg-reconfigure</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> esegue gli script dei pacchetti usando <citerefentry><refentrytitle>debconf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> come suo backend.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>apt-get build-dep</literal>", "<literal>apt-get source</literal>" and "<literal>apt-cache showsrc</literal>" commands require "<literal>deb-src</literal>" entry in "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>".
it: I comandi "<literal>apt-get build-dep</literal>", "<literal>apt-get source</literal>" e "<literal>apt-cache showsrc</literal>" richiedono la voce "<literal>deb-src</literal>" in "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dget</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>debuild</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>debi</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> require <literal>devscripts</literal> package.
it: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dget</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>debuild</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> e <citerefentry><refentrytitle>debi</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> richiedono il pacchetto <literal>devscripts</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: See (re)packaging procedure using "<literal>apt-get source</literal>" in <xref linkend="_porting_a_package_to_the_stable_system"/>.
it: Vedere la procedura per (ri)creare pacchetti usando "<literal>apt-get source</literal>" in <xref linkend="_porting_a_package_to_the_stable_system"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>make-kpkg</literal> command requires the <literal>kernel-package</literal> package (see <xref linkend="_the_kernel"/>).
it: Il comando <literal>make-kpkg</literal> richiede il pacchetto <literal>kernel_package</literal> (vedere <xref linkend="_the_kernel"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: See <xref linkend="_making_debian_package"/> for general packaging.
it: Vedere <xref linkend="_making_debian_package"/> per informazioni generali sulla creazione di pacchetti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Verification of installed package files
it: Verifica dei pacchetti installati

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The installation of <literal>debsums</literal> enables verification of installed package files against MD5sum values in the "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/*.md5sums</literal>" file with <citerefentry><refentrytitle>debsums</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.  See <xref linkend="_the_md5_sum"/> for how MD5sum works.
it: L'installazione di <literal>debsums</literal> permette la verifica dei file di pacchetto installati in base ai valori delle somme di controllo MD5sum nei file "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/*.md5sums</literal>" con <citerefentry><refentrytitle>debsums</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>. Per il funzionamento di MD5sum vedere <xref linkend="_the_md5_sum"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: Because MD5sum database may be tampered by the intruder, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>debsums</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> is of limited use as a security tool. It is only good for checking local modifications by the administrator or damage due to media errors.
it: Dato che il database MD5sum può essere manomesso da un intruso, <literal>debsums</literal> ha un'utilità limitata come strumento di sicurezza. È adatto solo per controllare modifiche fatte dall'amministratore o danni dovuti ad errori dei supporti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Safeguarding for package problems
it: Salvaguardarsi da problemi coi pacchetti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Many users prefer to follow the <emphasis role="strong">unstable</emphasis> release of the Debian system for its new features and packages.  This makes the system more prone to be hit by the critical package bugs.
it: Molti utenti preferiscono usare il rilascio <emphasis role="strong">unstable</emphasis> del sistema Debian per avere le nuove funzionalità ed i nuovi pacchetti. Questo rende il sistema più esposto a bug critici sui pacchetti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The installation of the <literal>apt-listbugs</literal> package safeguards your system against critical bugs by checking Debian BTS automatically for critical bugs when upgrading with APT system.
it: L'installazione del pacchetto <literal>apt-listbugs</literal> salvaguarda il sistema dai bug critici controllando automaticamente, al momento degli aggiornamenti fatti con il sistema APT, il BTS Debian alla ricerca dei bug critici.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The installation of the <literal>apt-listchanges</literal> package provides important news in "<literal>NEWS.Debian</literal>" when upgrading with APT system.
it: L'installazione del pacchetto <literal>apt-listchanges</literal> fornisce importanti notizie contenute in <literal>NEWS.Debian</literal> quando si fanno aggiornamenti con il sistema APT.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Searching on the package meta data
it: Cercare tra i metadati dei pacchetti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Although visiting Debian site <ulink url="&httppackagesdebianorg;">http://packages.debian.org/</ulink> facilitates easy ways to search on the package meta data these days, let's look into more traditional ways.
it: Sebbene visitare il sito Debian <ulink url="&httppackagesdebianorg;">http://packages.debian.org/</ulink> faciliti oggi giorno la ricerca nei metadati dei pacchetti, ci sono metodi più tradizionali per farlo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <citerefentry><refentrytitle>grep-dctrl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>grep-status</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>grep-available</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> commands can be used to search any file which has the general format of a Debian package control file.
it: I comandi <citerefentry><refentrytitle>grep-dctrl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>grep-status</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> e <citerefentry><refentrytitle>grep-available</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> possono essere usati per cercare in qualsiasi file che sia nel formato generico dei file di controllo dei pacchetti di Debian.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The "<literal>dpkg -S &lt;file_name_pattern&gt;</literal>" can be used search package names which contain files with the matching name installed by <literal>dpkg</literal>.  But this overlooks files created by the maintainer scripts.
it: "<literal>dpkg -S &lt;modello_nome_file&gt;</literal>" può essere usato per cercare i pacchetti che contengono al loro interno file installati da <literal>dpkg</literal> il cui nome corrisponde al modello. Ma non trova i file creati dagli script dei manutentori.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you need to make more elaborate search on the dpkg meta data, you need to run "<literal>grep -e regex_pattern *</literal>" command in the "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/</literal>" directory.  This makes you search words mentioned in package scripts and installation query texts.
it: Se è necessario fare ricerche più elaborate sui metadati dei pacchetti, è necessario eseguire il comando "<literal>grep -e modello_regex *</literal>" nella directory "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/</literal>". In questo modo si cercano le parole indicate negli script e nei testi con le domande di installazione dei pacchetti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you wish to look up package dependency recursively, you should use <citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt-rdepends</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
it: Se si desiderano vedere in modo ricorsivo le dipendenze dei pacchetti, si dovrebbe usare <citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt-rdepends</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Debian package management internals
it: Aspetti tecnici della gestione dei pacchetti in Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Let's learn how the Debian package management system works internally.  This should help you to create your own solution to some package problems.
it: Verranno ora trattati alcuni aspetti tecnici interni del funzionamento del sistema di gestione dei pacchetti Debian. Queste informazioni dovrebbero aiutare a trovare soluzioni proprie ai problemi con i pacchetti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Archive meta data
it: Metadati degli archivi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Meta data files for each distribution are stored under "<literal>dist/&lt;codename&gt;</literal>" on each Debian mirror sites, e.g., "<literal>http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/</literal>".  Its archive structure can be browsed by the web browser. There are 6 types of key meta data.
it: I file con i metadati per ciascuna distribuzione sono archiviati in "<literal>dists/&lt;codename&gt;</literal>" su ciascun sito mirror di Debian, ad esempio "<literal>http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/</literal>". La struttura del suo archivio può essere navigata con il browser web. Ci sono 6 tipi di metadati.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: The content of the Debian archive meta data
it: Il contenuto dei metadati dell'archivio Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: location
it: posizione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: top of distribution
it: directory della distribuzione di più alto livello

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: archive description and integrity information
it: descrizione dell'archivio e informazioni sull'integrità

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: signature file for the "<literal>Release</literal>" file signed with the archive key
it: file di firma per il file "<literal>Release</literal>" firmato con la chiave dell'archivio

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>Contents-&lt;architecture&gt;</literal>
it: <literal>Contents-&lt;architettura&gt;</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: list of all files for all the packages in the pertinent archive
it: elenca tutti i file per tutti i pacchetti nell'archivio relativo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: top of each distribution/area/architecture combination
it: directory più elevata per ciascuna combinazione distribuzione/area/architettura

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: archive description used for the rule of <citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt_preferences</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
it: descrizione dell'archivio usata per le regole di <citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt_preferences</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: top of each distribution/area/binary-architecture combination
it: directory più elevata per ciascuna combinazione distribuzione/area/architettura-binaria

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: concatenated <literal>debian/control</literal> for binary packages
it: dati <literal>debian/control</literal> concatenati dei pacchetti binari

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: top of each distribution/area/source combination
it: directory più elevata per ciascuna combinazione distribuzione/area/source

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: concatenated <literal>debian/control</literal> for source packages
it: dati <literal>debian/control</literal> concatenati dei pacchetti sorgenti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: In the recent archive, these meta data are stored as the compressed and differential files to reduce network traffic.
it: Negli archivi recenti questi metadati sono memorizzati come file compressi e file di differenze per ridurre il traffico di rete.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Top level "Release" file and authenticity
it: File "Release" nella directory principale ed autenticità

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: The top level "<literal>Release</literal>" file is used for signing the archive under the <emphasis role="strong">secure APT</emphasis> system.
it: Il file "<literal>Release</literal>" nella directory di livello più alto è usato per firmare gli archivi nel sistema <emphasis role="strong">secure APT</emphasis>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Each suite of the Debian archive has a top level "<literal>Release</literal>" file, e.g., "<literal>http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/dists/unstable/Release</literal>", as follows.
it: Ogni suite dell'archivio Debian ha un file "<literal>Release</literal>" nella sua directory di livello più alto, ad esempio "<literal>http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/dists/unstable/Release</literal>", di questo tipo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: Here, you can find my rationale to use the "suite", and "codeneme" in <xref linkend="_debian_archive_basics"/>.  The "distribution" is used when referring to both "suite" and "codeneme".  All archive "area" names offered by the archive are listed under "Component".
it: Qui si può scoprire il motivo per cui in questa guida si è scelto di usare "suite" e "codename" in <xref linkend="_debian_archive_basics"/>. Il termine "distribuzione" è usato per riferirsi sia a "suite" sia a "codename". Tutti i nomi delle "aree" dell'archivio offerte da un archivio sono elencate in "Componente".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The integrity of the top level "<literal>Release</literal>" file is verified by cryptographic infrastructure called the <ulink url="&secureapt;">secure apt</ulink>.
it: L'integrità del file "<literal>Release</literal>" nella directory base viene verificata usando l'infrastruttura crittografica chiamata <ulink url="&secureapt;">secure apt</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The cryptographic signature file "<literal>Release.gpg</literal>" is created from the authentic top level "<literal>Release</literal>" file and the secret Debian archive key.
it: Il file "<literal>Release.gpg</literal>" con la firma crittografica viene creato a partire dal file "<literal>Release</literal>" nella directory base e dalla chiave segreta dell'archivio Debian.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The public Debian archive key can be seeded into "<literal>/etc/apt/trusted.gpg</literal>";
it: La chiave pubblica dell'archivio Debian può essere inserita in "<literal>/etc/apt/trusted.gpg</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: automatically by installing the keyring with the latest <literal>base-files</literal> package, or
it: automaticamente installando il portachiavi con il file <literal>base-files</literal> più recente o

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: manually by <literal>gpg</literal> or <literal>apt-key</literal> tool with <ulink url="&thelatestpublicapmasterdebianorg;">the latest public archive key posted on the ftp-master.debian.org</ulink> .
it: manualmente dagli strumenti <literal>gpg</literal> o <literal>apt-key</literal> con <ulink url="&thelatestpublicapmasterdebianorg;">la più recente chiave pubblica dell'archivio pubblicata su ftp-master.debian.org</ulink> .

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The <emphasis role="strong">secure APT</emphasis> system verifies the integrity of the downloaded top level "<literal>Release</literal>" file cryptographically by this "<literal>Release.gpg</literal>" file and the public Debian archive key in "<literal>/etc/apt/trusted.gpg</literal>".
it: Il sistema <emphasis role="strong">secure APT</emphasis> verifica crittograficamente l'integrità del file "<literal>Release</literal>" di più alto livello scaricato con questo file "<literal>Release.gpg</literal>" e la chiave pubblica dell'archivio Debian in "<literal>/etc/apt/trusted.gpg</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The integrity of all the "<literal>Packages</literal>" and "<literal>Sources</literal>" files are verified by using MD5sum values in its top level "<literal>Release</literal>" file.  The integrity of all package files are verified by using MD5sum values in the "<literal>Packages</literal>" and "<literal>Sources</literal>" files.  See <citerefentry><refentrytitle>debsums</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> and <xref linkend="_verification_of_installed_package_files"/>.
it: L'integrità di tutti i file "<literal>Packages</literal>" e "<literal>Sources</literal>" viene verificata usando i valori MD5sum nel file "<literal>Release</literal>" nella ripsettiva directory base. L'integrità di tutti i file di pacchetto viene verificata usando i valori MD5sum nei file "<literal>Packages</literal>" e "<literal>Sources</literal>". Vedere <citerefentry><refentrytitle>debsums</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> e <xref linkend="_verification_of_installed_package_files"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Since the cryptographic signature verification is very CPU intensive process than the MD5sum value calculation, use of MD5sum value for each package while using cryptographic signature for the top level "<literal>Release</literal>" file provides <ulink url="&thegoodsecuritywththeperformance;">the good security with the performance</ulink> (see <xref linkend="_data_security_infrastructure"/>).
it: Dato che la verifica crittografica della firma è un processo molto dispendioso in termini di uso della CPU rispetto al calcolo di valori MD5sum, l'uso di valori MD5sum per ciascun pacchetto mentre viene usata la firma crittografica per il file "<literal>Release</literal>" principale, fornisce <ulink url="&thegoodsecuritywththeperformance;">una buona sicurezza con buone prestazioni</ulink> (vedere <xref linkend="_data_security_infrastructure"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Archive level "Release" files
it: File "Release" a livello di archivio

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: The archive level "<literal>Release</literal>" files are used for the rule of <citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt_preferences</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
it: I file "<literal>Release</literal>" a livello di archivio sono usati per le regole di <citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt_preferences</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There are archive level "<literal>Release</literal>" files for all archive locations specified by "<literal>deb</literal>" line in "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>", such as "<literal>http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/dists/unstable/main/binary-amd64/Release</literal>" or "<literal>http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/dists/sid/main/binary-amd64/Release</literal>" as follows.
it: Ci sono file "<literal>Release</literal>" a livello di archivio per tutte le posizioni nell'archivio specificate dalla riga "<literal>deb</literal>" in "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>", come "<literal>http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/dists/unstable/main/binary-amd64/Release</literal>" o "<literal>http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/dists/sid/main/binary-amd64/Release</literal>" nell'esempio seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: For "<literal>Archive:</literal>" stanza, suite names ("<literal>stable</literal>", "<literal>testing</literal>", "<literal>unstable</literal>", …) are used in <ulink url="&thedebianarchive;">the Debian archive</ulink> while codenames ("<literal>dapper</literal>", "<literal>feisty</literal>", "<literal>gutsy</literal>", "<literal>hardy</literal>", "<literal>intrepid</literal>", …) are used in <ulink url="&theubuntuarchive;">the Ubuntu archive</ulink>.
it: Nell'<ulink url="&thedebianarchive;">archivio Debian</ulink>, per la voce "<literal>Archive:</literal> vengono usati i nomi di suite ("<literal>stable</literal>", "<literal>testing</literal>", "<literal>unstable</literal>", …), mentre vengono usati i nomi in codice ("<literal>dapper</literal>", "<literal>feisty</literal>", "<literal>gutsy</literal>", "<literal>hardy</literal>", "<literal>intrepid</literal>", …) nell'<ulink url="&theubuntuarchive;">archivio Ubuntu</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For some archives, such as <literal>experimental</literal>, and <literal>&codename-stable;-backports</literal>, which contain packages which should not be installed automatically, there is an extra line, e.g., "<literal>http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/dists/experimental/main/binary-amd64/Release</literal>" as follows.
it: Per alcuni archivi, come <literal>experimental</literal> e <literal>&codename-stable;-backports</literal>, che contengono pacchetti che non dovrebbero essere installati automaticamente, c'è una riga aggiuntiva, come "<literal>http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/dists/experimental/main/binary-amd64/Release</literal>" nell'esempio seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Please note that for normal archives without "<literal>NotAutomatic: yes</literal>", the default Pin-Priority value is 500, while for special archives with "<literal>NotAutomatic: yes</literal>", the default Pin-Priority value is 1 (see <citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt_preferences</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> and <xref linkend="_tweaking_candidate_version"/>).
it: Notare che per gli archivi normali senza la riga "<literal>NotAutomatic: yes</literal>", il valore predefinito per la priorità di Pin è 500, mentre per gli archivi speciali con "<literal>NotAutomatic: yes</literal>", il valore predefinito per la priorità di Pin è 1 (vedere <citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt_preferences</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> e <xref linkend="_tweaking_candidate_version"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Fetching of the meta data for the package
it: Recuperare i metadati per un pacchetto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: When APT tools, such as <literal>aptitude</literal>, <literal>apt-get</literal>, <literal>synaptic</literal>, <literal>apt-file</literal>, <literal>auto-apt</literal>…, are used, we need to update the local copies of the meta data containing the Debian archive information. These local copies have following file names corresponding to the specified <literal>distribution</literal>, <literal>area</literal>, and <literal>architecture</literal> names in the "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" (see <xref linkend="_debian_archive_basics"/>).
it: Quando si usano strumenti APT, quali <literal>aptitude</literal>, <literal>apt-get</literal>, <literal>synaptic</literal>, <literal>apt-file</literal>, <literal>auto-apt</literal>…, è necessario aggiornare le copie locali dei metadati contenenti le informazioni sull'archivio Debian. Queste copie locali hanno i seguenti nomi di file che corrispondono ai nomi di <literal>distribuzione</literal>, <literal>area</literal> e <literal>architettura</literal> specificati in "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" (vedere <xref linkend="_debian_archive_basics"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/var/lib/apt/lists/ftp.us.debian.org_debian_dists_&lt;distribution&gt;_Release</literal>"
it: "<literal>/var/lib/apt/lists/ftp.us.debian.org_debian_dists_&lt;distribuzione&gt;_Release</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/var/lib/apt/lists/ftp.us.debian.org_debian_dists_&lt;distribution&gt;_Release.gpg</literal>"
it: "<literal>/var/lib/apt/lists/ftp.us.debian.org_debian_dists_&lt;distribuzione&gt;_Release.gpg</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/var/lib/apt/lists/ftp.us.debian.org_debian_dists_&lt;distribution&gt;_&lt;area&gt;_binary-&lt;architecture&gt;_Packages</literal>"
it: "<literal>/var/lib/apt/lists/ftp.us.debian.org_debian_dists_&lt;distribuzione&gt;_&lt;area&gt;_binary-&lt;architettura&gt;_Packages</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/var/lib/apt/lists/ftp.us.debian.org_debian_dists_&lt;distribution&gt;_&lt;area&gt;_source_Sources</literal>"
it: "<literal>/var/lib/apt/lists/ftp.us.debian.org_debian_dists_&lt;distribuzione&gt;_&lt;area&gt;_source_Sources</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/var/cache/apt/apt-file/ftp.us.debian.org_debian_dists_&lt;distribution&gt;_Contents-&lt;architecture&gt;.gz</literal>" (for <literal>apt-file</literal>)
it: "<literal>/var/cache/apt/apt-file/ftp.us.debian.org_debian_dists_&lt;distribuzione&gt;_Contents-&lt;architettura&gt;.gz</literal>" (per <literal>apt-file</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: First 4 types of files are shared by all the pertinent APT commands and updated from command line by "<literal>apt-get update</literal>" and "<literal>aptitude update</literal>".  The "<literal>Packages</literal>" meta data are updated if there is the "<literal>deb</literal>" line in "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>". The "<literal>Sources</literal>" meta data are updated if there is the "<literal>deb-src</literal>" line in "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>".
it: I primi quattro tipi di file sono condivisi da tutti i comandi APT pertinenti e vengono aggiornati dalla riga di comando con "<literal>apt-get update</literal>" e "<literal>aptitude update</literal>". I metadati "<literal>Packages</literal>" sono aggiornati se esiste la riga "<literal>deb</literal>" in "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>". I metadati "<literal>Sources</literal>" sono aggiornati se esiste la riga "<literal>deb-src</literal>" in "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The "<literal>Packages</literal>" and "<literal>Sources</literal>" meta data contain "<literal>Filename:</literal>" stanza pointing to the file location of the binary and source packages.  Currently, these packages are located under the "<literal>pool/</literal>" directory tree for the improved transition over the releases.
it: I metadati "<literal>Packages</literal>" e "<literal>Sources</literal>" contengono la voce "<literal>Filename:</literal>" che punta alla posizione dei file dei pacchetti binari e sorgenti. Attualmente questi pacchetti sono posizionati nell'albero di directory "<literal>pool/</literal>" per una transizione migliore tra i rilasci.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Local copies of "<literal>Packages</literal>" meta data can be interactively searched with the help of <literal>aptitude</literal>.  The specialized search command <citerefentry><refentrytitle>grep-dctrl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> can search local copies of "<literal>Packages</literal>" and "<literal>Sources</literal>" meta data.
it: Le copie locali dei metadati "<literal>Packages</literal>" possono essere ricercate interattivamente con l'aiuto di <literal>aptitude</literal>. Il comando specializzato di ricerca <citerefentry><refentrytitle>grep-dctrl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> può cercare nelle copie locai dei metadati "<literal>Packages</literal>" e "<literal>Sources</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Local copy of "<literal>Contents-&lt;architecture&gt;</literal>" meta data can be updated by "<literal>apt-file update</literal>" and its location is different from other 4 ones. See <citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt-file</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>. (The <literal>auto-apt</literal> uses different location for local copy of "<literal>Contents-&lt;architecture&gt;.gz</literal>" as default.)
it: La copia locale dei metadati "<literal>Contents-&lt;architettura&gt;</literal>" può essere aggiornata con "<literal>apt-file update</literal>" e la sua posizione è diversa da quella degli altri quattro file. Vedere <citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt-file</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>. (<literal>auto-apt</literal> usa in modo predefinito una posizione differente per la copia locale di "<literal>Contents-&lt;architettura&gt;.gz</literal>".)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The package state for APT
it: Lo stato dei pacchetti per APT

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: In addition to the remotely fetched meta data, the APT tool after <literal>lenny</literal> stores its locally generated installation state information in the "<literal>/var/lib/apt/extended_states</literal>" which is used by all APT tools to track all auto installed packages.
it: In aggiunta ai metadati recuperati da remoto, lo strumento APT, a partire da <literal>lenny</literal>, memorizza le informazioni generate localmente sullo stato delle installazioni in "<literal>/var/lib/apt/extended_states</literal>" che è usato da tutti gli strumenti APT per tenere traccia dei pacchetti installati automaticamente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The package state for aptitude
it: Lo stato dei pacchetti per aptitude

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: In addition to the remotely fetched meta data, the <literal>aptitude</literal> command stores its locally generated installation state information in the "<literal>/var/lib/aptitude/pkgstates</literal>" which is used only by it.
it: In aggiunta ai metadati recuperati da remoto, il comando <literal>aptitude</literal> memorizza le informazioni generate localmente sullo stato delle installazioni in "<literal>/var/lib/aptitude/pkgstates</literal>" che è usato solo da esso.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Local copies of the fetched packages
it: Copie locali dei pacchetti scaricati

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: All the remotely fetched packages via APT mechanism are stored in the "<literal>/var/cache/apt/archives</literal>" until they are cleaned.
it: Tutti i pacchetti scaricati da remoto attraverso il meccanismo APT vengono salvati nella directory "<literal>/var/cache/apt/archives</literal>" fino a che non vengono cancellati.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Debian package file names
it: Nomi dei file di pacchetto di Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Debian package files have particular name structures.
it: I file di pacchetto Debian hanno nomi con una particolare struttura.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: The name structure of Debian packages
it: La struttura dei nomi dei pacchetti Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: package type
it: tipo di pacchetto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: name structure
it: struttura del nome

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: The binary package (a.k.a <literal>deb</literal>)
it: Il pacchetto binario (alias <literal>deb</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>&lt;package-name&gt;_&lt;epoch&gt;:&lt;upstream-version&gt;-&lt;debian.version&gt;-&lt;architecture&gt;.deb</literal>
it: <literal>&lt;nome-pacchetto&gt;_&lt;epoca&gt;:&lt;versione-originale&gt;-&lt;versione.debian&gt;-&lt;architettura&gt;.deb</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: The binary package (a.k.a <literal>udeb</literal>)
it: Il pacchetto binario (alias <literal>udeb</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>&lt;package-name&gt;_&lt;epoch&gt;:&lt;upstream-version&gt;-&lt;debian.version&gt;-&lt;architecture&gt;.udeb</literal>
it: <literal>&lt;nome-pacchetto&gt;_&lt;epoca&gt;:&lt;versione-originale&gt;-&lt;versione.debian&gt;-&lt;architettura&gt;.udeb</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: The source package (upstream source)
it: Il pacchetto sorgente (sorgenti originali)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>&lt;package-name&gt;_&lt;epoch&gt;:&lt;upstream-version&gt;-&lt;debian.version&gt;.orig.tar.gz</literal>
it: <literal>&lt;nome-pacchetto&gt;_&lt;epoca&gt;:&lt;versione-originale&gt;-&lt;versione.debian&gt;.orig.tar.gz</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: The <literal>1.0</literal> source package (Debian changes)
it: Il pacchetto sorgente <literal>1.0</literal> (modifiche Debian)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>&lt;package-name&gt;_&lt;epoch&gt;:&lt;upstream-version&gt;-&lt;debian.version&gt;.diff.gz</literal>
it: <literal>&lt;nome-pacchetto&gt;_&lt;epoca&gt;:&lt;versione-originale&gt;-&lt;versione.debian&gt;.diff.gz</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: The <literal>3.0 (quilt)</literal> source package (Debian changes)
it: Il pacchetto sorgente <literal>3.0 (quilt)</literal> (modifiche Debian)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>&lt;package-name&gt;_&lt;epoch&gt;:&lt;upstream-version&gt;-&lt;debian.version&gt;.debian.tar.gz</literal>
it: <literal>&lt;nome-pacchetto&gt;_&lt;epoca&gt;:&lt;versione-originale&gt;-&lt;versione.debian&gt;.debian.tar.gz</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: The source package (description)
it: Il pacchetto sorgente (descrizione)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>&lt;package-name&gt;_&lt;epoch&gt;:&lt;upstream-version&gt;-&lt;debian.version&gt;.dsc</literal>
it: <literal>&lt;nome-pacchetto&gt;_&lt;epoca&gt;:&lt;versione-originale&gt;-&lt;versione.debian&gt;.dsc</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Here only the basic source package formats are described.  See more on <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dpkg-source</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
it: Sono qui descritti solamente i formati base dei pacchetti sorgenti. Per ulteriori informazioni vedere <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dpkg-source</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: The usable characters for each component in the Debian package names
it: I caratteri utilizzabili all'interno di ciascuna porzione del nome dei pacchetti Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: name component
it: nome porzione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: usable characters (regex)
it: caratteri utilizzabili (espressione regolare)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: existence
it: presenza

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>&lt;package-name&gt;</literal>
it: <literal>&lt;nome-pacchetto&gt;</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: required
it: richiesta

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>&lt;epoch&gt;:</literal>
it: <literal>&lt;epoca&gt;:</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: optional
it: opzionale

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>&lt;upstream-version&gt;</literal>
it: <literal>&lt;versione-originale&gt;</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>&lt;debian.version&gt;</literal>
it: <literal>&lt;versione.debian&gt;</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: You can check package version order by <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dpkg</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, e.g., "<literal>dpkg --compare-versions 7.0 gt 7.~pre1 ; echo $?</literal>" .
it: Si può controllare l'ordine delle versioni dei pacchetti con <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dpkg</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, per esempio con "<literal>dpkg --compare-versions 7.0 gt 7.~pre1 ; echo $?</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: <ulink url="&thedebianinstallerdi;">The debian-installer (d-i)</ulink> uses <literal>udeb</literal> as the file extension for its binary package instead of normal <literal>deb</literal>.  An <literal>udeb</literal> package is a stripped down <literal>deb</literal> package which removes few non-essential contents such as documentation to save space while relaxing the package policy requirements.  Both <literal>deb</literal> and <literal>udeb</literal> packages share the same package structure.  The "<literal>u</literal>" stands for micro.
it: <ulink url="&thedebianinstallerdi;">L'installatore Debian (d-i)</ulink> usa come estensione per i suoi pacchetti binari <literal>udeb</literal> invece della normale <literal>deb</literal>. Un pacchetto <literal>udeb</literal> è un pacchetto <literal>deb</literal> ridotto al minimo, con rimossi alcuni contenuti non essenziali come la documentazione, per risparmiare spazio seguendo meno rigorosamente i requisiti richiesti dalle norme per i pacchetti. Entrambi i pacchetti <literal>deb</literal> e <literal>udeb</literal> condividono la stessa struttura di pacchetto. La "<literal>u</literal>" sta per micro.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The dpkg command
it: Il comando dpkg

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dpkg</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> is the lowest level tool for the Debian package management.  This is very powerful and needs to be used with care.
it: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dpkg</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> è lo strumento di più basso livello per la gestione dei pacchetti Debian. È molto potente e deve essere usato con cautela.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: While installing package called "<literal>&lt;package_name&gt;</literal>", <literal>dpkg</literal> process it in the following order.
it: Quando installa un pacchetto chiamato "<literal>&lt;nome_pacchetto&gt;</literal>", <literal>dpkg</literal> fa nell'ordine elencato le seguenti operazioni.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Unpack the deb file ("<literal>ar -x</literal>" equivalent)
it: Spacchetta il file deb (equivalente di "<literal>ar -x</literal>")

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Execute "<literal>&lt;package_name&gt;.preinst</literal>" using <citerefentry><refentrytitle>debconf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
it: Esegue "<literal>&lt;nome_pacchetto&gt;.preinst</literal>" usando <citerefentry><refentrytitle>debconf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Install the package content to the system ("<literal>tar -x</literal>" equivalent)
it: Installa il contenuto del pacchetto nel sistema (equivalente di "<literal>tar -x</literal>")

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Execute "<literal>&lt;package_name&gt;.postinst</literal>" using <citerefentry><refentrytitle>debconf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
it: Esegue "<literal>&lt;nome_pacchetto&gt;.postinst</literal>" usando <citerefentry><refentrytitle>debconf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <literal>debconf</literal> system provides standardized user interaction with I18N and L10N (<xref linkend="_i18n_and_l10n"/>) supports.
it: Il sistema <literal>debconf</literal> fornisce un'interazione standard con l'utente con supporto per internazionalizzazione e localizzazione (<xref linkend="_i18n_and_l10n"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: The notable files created by <literal>dpkg</literal>
it: I file degni di nota creati da <literal>dpkg</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: description of contents
it: descrizione del contenuto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/&lt;package_name&gt;.conffiles</literal>
it: <literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/&lt;nome_pacchetto&gt;.conffiles</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: list of configuration files. (user modifiable)
it: elenco di file di configurazione (modificabile dall'utente)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/&lt;package_name&gt;.list</literal>
it: <literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/&lt;nome_pacchetto&gt;.list</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: list of files and directories installed by the package
it: elenco dei file e delle directory installate dal pacchetto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/&lt;package_name&gt;.md5sums</literal>
it: <literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/&lt;nome_pacchetto&gt;.md5sums</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: list of MD5 hash values for files installed by the package
it: elenco dei valori degli hash MD5 per i file installati dal pacchetto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/&lt;package_name&gt;.preinst</literal>
it: <literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/&lt;nome_pacchetto&gt;.preinst</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: package script run before the package installation
it: script eseguito prima dell'installazione del pacchetto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/&lt;package_name&gt;.postinst</literal>
it: <literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/&lt;nome_pacchetto&gt;.postinst</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: package script run after the package installation
it: script eseguito dopo l'installazione del pacchetto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/&lt;package_name&gt;.prerm</literal>
it: <literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/&lt;nome_pacchetto&gt;.prerm</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: package script run before the package removal
it: script eseguito prima della rimozione del pacchetto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/&lt;package_name&gt;.postrm</literal>
it: <literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/&lt;nome_pacchetto&gt;.postrm</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: package script run after the package removal
it: script eseguito dopo la rimozione del pacchetto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/&lt;package_name&gt;.config</literal>
it: <literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/&lt;nome_pacchetto&gt;.config</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: package script for <literal>debconf</literal> system
it: script per il sistema <literal>debconf</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>/var/lib/dpkg/alternatives/&lt;package_name&gt;</literal>
it: <literal>/var/lib/dpkg/alternatives/&lt;nome_pacchetto&gt;</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: the alternative information used by the <literal>update-alternatives</literal> command
it: informazioni sulle alternative usate dal comando <literal>update-alternatives</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: the availability information for all the package
it: informazioni sulla disponibilità per tutti i pacchetti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: the diversions information used by <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dpkg</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> and set by`dpkg-divert`(8)
it: le informazioni sulle diversioni usate da <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dpkg</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> e impostate con "dpkg-divert"(8)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: the stat override information used by <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dpkg</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> and set by`dpkg-statoverride`(8)
it: le informazioni di sovrascrittura di stato usate da <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dpkg</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> e impostate da "dpkg-statoverride"(8)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: the status information for all the packages
it: le informazioni sullo stato per tutti i pacchetti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: the first-generation backup of the "<literal>var/lib/dpkg/status</literal>" file
it: la prima generazione di backup del file "<literal>var/lib/dpkg/status</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: the second-generation backup and older ones of the "<literal>var/lib/dpkg/status</literal>" file
it: la seconda generazione e le generazioni precedenti di backup del file "<literal>var/lib/dpkg/status</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The "<literal>status</literal>" file is also used by the tools such as <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dpkg</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "<literal>dselect update</literal>" and "<literal>apt-get -u dselect-upgrade</literal>".
it: Il file "<literal>status</literal>" è anche usato da altri strumenti come <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dpkg</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>: "<literal>dselect update</literal>" e "<literal>apt-get -u dselect-upgrade</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The specialized search command <citerefentry><refentrytitle>grep-dctrl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> can search the local copies of "<literal>status</literal>" and "<literal>available</literal>" meta data.
it: Il comando di ricerca specializzato <citerefentry><refentrytitle>grep-dctrl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> può ricercare nelle copie locali dei metadati "<literal>status</literal>" e "<literal>available</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: In <ulink url="&thedebianinstaller;">the debian-installer</ulink> environment, the <literal>udpkg</literal> command is used to open <literal>udeb</literal> packages.  The <literal>udpkg</literal> command is a stripped down version of the <literal>dpkg</literal> command.
it: Nell'ambiente dell'<ulink url="&thedebianinstaller;">installatore Debian</ulink>, viene usato il comando <literal>udpkg</literal> per aprire i pacchetti <literal>udeb</literal>. Il comando <literal>udpkg</literal> è una versione ridotta al minimo del comando <literal>dpkg</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The update-alternative command
it: Il comando update-alternative

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The Debian system has mechanism to install somewhat overlapping programs peacefully using <citerefentry><refentrytitle>update-alternatives</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>.  For example, you can make the <literal>vi</literal> command select to run <literal>vim</literal> while installing both <literal>vim</literal> and <literal>nvi</literal> packages.
it: Il sistema Debian ha un meccanismo per installare senza problemi programmi che si sovrappongono nelle loro funzioni usando <citerefentry><refentrytitle>update-alternatives</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>. Per esempio, si può far sì che il comando <literal>vi</literal> esegua <literal>vim</literal> quando si sono installati entrambi i pacchetti <literal>vim</literal> e <literal>nvi</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: $ ls -l $(type -p vi)
    lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 20 2007-03-24 19:05 /usr/bin/vi -&gt; /etc/alternatives/vi
    $ sudo update-alternatives --display vi
    ...
    $ sudo update-alternatives --config vi
      Selection    Command
     ----------------------------------------------
          1        /usr/bin/vim
    *+    2        /usr/bin/nvi
    
    Enter to keep the default[*], or type selection number: 1
it: $ ls -l $(type -p vi)
    lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 20 2007-03-24 19:05 /usr/bin/vi -&gt; /etc/alternatives/vi
    $ sudo update-alternatives --display vi
    ...
    $ sudo update-alternatives --config vi
      Selezione    Percorso
     ----------------------------------------------
          1        /usr/bin/vim
    *+    2        /usr/bin/nvi
    
    Premere Invio per mantenere il valore predefinito[*] o digitare il numero della selezione: 1

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The Debian alternatives system keeps its selection as symlinks in "<literal>/etc/alternatives/</literal>".  The selection process uses corresponding file in "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/alternatives/</literal>".
it: Il sistema delle alternative Debian mantiene le proprie selezioni in forma di collegamenti simbolici in "<literal>/etc/alternatives/</literal>". Il procedimento di selezione usa i file corrispondenti in "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/alternatives/</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The dpkg-statoverride command
it: Il comando dpkg-statoverride

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">Stat overrides</emphasis> provided by the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dpkg-statoverride</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> command are a way to tell <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dpkg</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> to use a different owner or mode for a <emphasis role="strong">file</emphasis> when a package is installed. If "<literal>--update</literal>" is specified and file exists, it is immediately set to the new owner and mode.
it: La <emphasis role="strong">sovrascrittura dello stato</emphasis> fornita dal comando <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dpkg-statoverride</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> è un modo per dire a <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dpkg</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> di usare un proprietario o una modalità diversa per un <emphasis role="strong">file</emphasis> quando viene installato un pacchetto. Se viene specificato "<literal>--update</literal>" e il file esiste già, viene immediatamente impostato con il prorpietario e la modalità nuovi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: The direct alteration of owner or mode for a <emphasis role="strong">file</emphasis> owned by the package using <literal>chmod</literal> or <literal>chown</literal> commands by the system administrator is reset by the next upgrade of the package.
it: La modifica diretta del proprietario o della modalità, usando <literal>chmod</literal> o <literal>chown</literal>, di un <emphasis role="strong">file</emphasis> che appartiene ad un pacchetto da parte dell'amministratore del sistema viene vanificata dal successivo aggiornamento del pacchetto.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: I use the word <emphasis role="strong">file</emphasis> here, but in reality this can be any filesystem object that <literal>dpkg</literal> handles, including directories, devices, etc.
it: È stata usata la parola <emphasis role="strong">file</emphasis>, ma in realtà si può trattare di un qualsiasi oggetto nel file system gestito da <literal>dpkg</literal>, inclusi directory, device, ecc.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The dpkg-divert command
it: Il comando dpkg-divert

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: File <emphasis role="strong">diversions</emphasis> provided by the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dpkg-divert</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> command are a way of forcing <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dpkg</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> not to install a file into its default location, but to a <emphasis role="strong">diverted</emphasis> location.  The use of <literal>dpkg-divert</literal> is meant for the package maintenance scripts.  Its casual use by the system administrator is deprecated.
it: Le <emphasis role="strong">deviazioni</emphasis> per i file fornite dal comando <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dpkg-divert</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> sono un modo per forzare <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dpkg</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> a non installare un file nella sua posizione predefinita, ma in una posizione <emphasis role="strong">deviata</emphasis>. L'uso di <literal>dpkg-divert</literal> è pensato per gli script di manutenzione dei pacchetti. Il suo uso in maniera superficiale da parte dell'amministratore di sistema è deprecato.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Recovery from a broken system
it: Ripristino da un sistema con problemi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: When running <literal>unstable</literal> system, the administrator is expected to recover from broken package management situation.
it: Quando si usa il sistema <literal>unstable</literal>, l'amministratore deve saper ripristinare le cose da una situazione problematica di gestione dei pacchetti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><caution><para>
en: Some methods described here are high risk actions.  You have been warned!
it: Alcuni dei metodi descritti comportano azioni ad alto rischio. Ci si consideri avvertiti!

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Incompatibility with old user configuration
it: Incompatibilità con vecchie configurazioni utente

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If a desktop GUI program experienced instability after significant upstream version upgrade, you should suspect interferences with old local configuration files created by it. If it is stable under newly created user account, this hypothesis is confirmed.  (This is a bug of packaging and usually avoided by the packager.)
it: Se un programma con interfaccia grafica per il desktop presenta problemi di instabilità dopo un importante aggiornamento della versione originale, si dovrebbero sospettare interferenze con vecchi file locali di configurazione creati da esso. Se è stabile per account utente creati da zero, questa ipotesi è confermata. (Questo è un bug nella creazione del pacchetto e viene solitamente evitato dal curatore del pacchetto.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: To recover stability, you should move corresponding local configuration files and restart the GUI program.  You may need to read old configuration file contents to recover configuration information later.  (Do not erase them too quickly.)
it: Per ripristinare la stabilità, si dovrebbero spostare i corrispondenti file locali di configurazione e riavviare il programma GUI. Potrebbe essere necessario leggere il contenuto dei vecchi file di configurazione per ripristinare successivamente le informazioni di configurazione. (Non cancellarli troppo di fretta.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Different packages with overlapped files
it: Pacchetti diversi con file sovrapposti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Archive level package management systems, such as <citerefentry><refentrytitle>aptitude</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> or <citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt-get</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, do not even try to install packages with overlapped files using package dependencies (see <xref linkend="_package_dependencies"/>).
it: I sistemi di gestione dei pacchetti a livello dell'archivio, come <citerefentry><refentrytitle>aptitude</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> o <citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt-get</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> non provano nemmeno ad installare pacchetti con file sovrapposti, basandosi sulle dipendenze dei pacchetti (vedere <xref linkend="_package_dependencies"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Errors by the package maintainer or deployment of inconsistently mixed source of archives (see <xref linkend="_packages_from_mixed_source_of_archives"/>) by the system administrator may create situation with incorrectly defined package dependencies. When you install a package with overlapped files using <citerefentry><refentrytitle>aptitude</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> or <citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt-get</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> under such situation, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dpkg</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> which unpacks package ensures to return error to the calling program without overwriting existing files.
it: Errori dei manutentori dei pacchetti o l'uso di fonti degli archivi mescolate in modo incoerente (vedere <xref linkend="_packages_from_mixed_source_of_archives"/>) dall'amministratore di sistema possono creare situazioni con dipendenze dei pacchetti non correttamente definite. Quando, in una situazione di questo tipo, si installa un pacchetto con file sovrapposti usando <citerefentry><refentrytitle>aptitude</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> o <citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt-get</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dpkg</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> che spacchetta i pacchetti si assicura di restituire un errore al programma che lo ha invocato senza sovrascrivere file esistenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: The use of third party packages introduces significant system risks via maintainer scripts which are run with root privilege and can do anything to your system.  The <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dpkg</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> command only protects against overwriting by the unpacking.
it: L'uso di pacchetti di terze parti introduce significativi rischi per il sistema attraverso gli script dei manutentori che sono eseguiti con privilegi di root e che possono fare qualsiasi cosa nel sistema. Il comando <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dpkg</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> protegge solo contro la sovrascrittura in fase di spacchettamento.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can work around such broken installation by removing the old offending package, <literal>&lt;old-package&gt;</literal>, first.
it: Si possono risolvere installazioni problematiche di questo tipo rimuovendo prima il vecchio pacchetto che crea problemi: <literal>&lt;vecchio-pacchetto&gt;</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: $ sudo dpkg -P &lt;old-package&gt;
it: $ sudo dpkg -P &lt;vecchio-pacchetto&gt;

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Fixing broken package script
it: Risolvere problemi negli script di pacchetto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: When a command in the package script returns error for some reason and the script exits with error, the package management system aborts their action and ends up with partially installed packages.  When a package contains bugs in its removal scripts, the package may become impossible to remove and quite nasty.
it: Quando un comando nello script di un pacchetto restituisce un errore per una qualche ragione e lo script finisce con un errore, il sistema di gestione dei pacchetti cancella l'azione e finisce con pacchetti parzialmente installati. Quando un pacchetto contiene bug nei suoi script di rimozione, il pacchetto può diventare impossibile da rimuovere e fonte di problemi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For the package script problem of "<literal>&lt;package_name&gt;</literal>", you should look into following package scripts.
it: Per i problemi di script di pacchetto di "<literal>&lt;nome_pacchetto&gt;</literal>", si dovrebbe guardare negli script di pacchetto seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/&lt;package_name&gt;.preinst</literal>"
it: "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/&lt;nome_pacchetto&gt;.preinst</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/&lt;package_name&gt;.postinst</literal>"
it: "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/&lt;nome_pacchetto&gt;.postinst</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/&lt;package_name&gt;.prerm</literal>"
it: "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/&lt;nome_pacchetto&gt;.prerm</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/&lt;package_name&gt;.postrm</literal>"
it: "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/info/&lt;nome_pacchetto&gt;.postrm</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Edit the offending package script from the root using following techniques.
it: Modificare dall'account root lo script di pacchetto che causa problemi usando le tecniche seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: disable the offending line by preceding "<literal>#</literal>"
it: disabilitare la riga che causa problemi facendola precedere da "<literal>#</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: force to return success by appending the offending line with "<literal>|| true</literal>"
it: forzare la restituzione di esecuzione con successo aggiungendo in fondo alla riga che causa problemi "<literal>|| true</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Configure all partially installed packages with the following command.
it: Configurare tutti i pacchetti parzialmente installati con il comando seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Rescue with the dpkg command
it: Ripristinare con il comando dpkg

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Since <literal>dpkg</literal> is very low level package tool, it can function under the very bad situation such as unbootable system without network connection.  Let's assume <literal>foo</literal> package was broken and needs to be replaced.
it: Dato che <literal>dpkg</literal> è uno strumento per pacchetti a livello molto basso, può funzionare anche in situazioni molto brutte come un sistema non avviabile senza una connessione di rete. Assumiamo, per esempio, che il pacchetto <literal>pippo</literal> sia difettoso e debba essere sostituito.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You may still find cached copies of older bug free version of <literal>foo</literal> package in the package cache directory: "<literal>/var/cache/apt/archives/</literal>".  (If not, you can download it from archive of <ulink url="&httpsnapshotdebiannet;">http://snapshot.debian.net/</ulink> or copy it from package cache of a functioning machine.)
it: Si possono trovare copie di versioni più vecchie del pacchetto <literal>pippo</literal>,  libere dal bug, nella directory della cache dei pacchetti: "<literal>/var/cache/apt/archives/</literal>". (Se non ci sono, se ne può scaricare una dall'archivio di <ulink url="&httpsnapshotdebiannet;">http://snapshot.debian.net/</ulink> o copiarla dalla cache dei pacchetti di una macchina funzionante.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you can boot the system, you may install it by the following command.
it: Se si può avviare il sistema, lo si può installare con il comando seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: # dpkg -i /path/to/foo_&lt;old_version&gt;_&lt;arch&gt;.deb
it: # dpkg -i /percorso/di/pippo_&lt;vecchia_versione&gt;_&lt;arch&gt;.deb

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: If system breakage is minor, you may alternatively downgrade the whole system as <xref linkend="_emergency_downgrading"/> using the higher level APT system.
it: Se il danno al sistema è piccolo, si può in alternativa retrocedere tutto il sistema ad una versione precedente come in <xref linkend="_emergency_downgrading"/>, usando il sistema di più alto livello APT.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If your system is unbootable from hard disk, you should seek other ways to boot it.
it: Se il sistema non è avviabile dal disco fisso, si dovrebbe cercare un altro modo per fare l'avvio.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Boot the system using the debian-installer CD in rescue mode.
it: Avviare il sistema usando il CD dell'installatore Debian in modalità ripristino.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Mount the unbootable system on the hard disk to "<literal>/target</literal>".
it: Montare il sistema non avviabile sul disco fisso in "<literal>/destinazione</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Install older version of <literal>foo</literal> package by the following.
it: Installare una versione più vecchia del pacchetto <literal>pippo</literal> con il comando seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: # dpkg --root /target -i /path/to/foo_&lt;old_version&gt;_&lt;arch&gt;.deb
it: # dpkg --root /destinazione -i /percorso/di/pippo_&lt;vecchia_versione&gt;_&lt;arch&gt;.deb

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This example works even if the <literal>dpkg</literal> command on the hard disk is broken.
it: Questo esempio funziona persino se il comando <literal>dpkg</literal> sul disco fisso è danneggiato.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Any GNU/Linux system started by another system on hard disk, live GNU/Linux CD, bootable USB-key drive, or netboot can be used similarly to rescue broken system.
it: Per ripristinare il sistema danneggiato, può essere usato in modo simile qualsiasi sistema GNU/Linux avviato da un altro sistema sul disco fisso, CD live GNU/Linux, chiavetta USB avviabile o avvio di rete.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If attempting to install a package this way fails due to some dependency violations and you really need to do this as the last resort, you can override dependency using <literal>dpkg</literal>'s "<literal>--ignore-depends</literal>", "<literal>--force-depends</literal>" and other options.  If you do this, you need to make serious effort to restore proper dependency later. See <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dpkg</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> for details.
it: Se il tentativo di installare un pacchetto in questo modo fallisce a causa di qualche violazione di dipendenze e si deve necessariamente farlo come ultima spiaggia, si possono sovrascrivere le dipendenze usando "<literal>--ignore-depends</literal>", "<literal>--force-depends</literal>" e altre opzioni di <literal>dpkg</literal>. Se lo si fa, è necessario in seguito fare tutti gli sforzi possibili per ripristinare le dipendenze corrette. Per i dettagli vedere <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dpkg</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: When your system is seriously broken, you should make a full backup of system to a safe place (see <xref linkend="_backup_and_recovery"/>) and should perform a clean installation.  This is less time consuming and produces better results in the end.
it: Quando il sistema è seriamente danneggiato, se ne dovrebbe fare un backup completo in un posto sicuro (vedere <xref linkend="_backup_and_recovery"/>) e fare un'installazione pulita. Ciò comporta meno perdita di tempo e alla fine produce un risultato migliore.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Recovering package selection data
it: Ripristinare i dati sui pacchetti selezionati

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/status</literal>" becomes corrupt for any reason, the Debian system loses package selection data and suffers severely.  Look for the old "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/status</literal>" file at "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/status-old</literal>" or "<literal>/var/backups/dpkg.status.*</literal>".
it: Se "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/status</literal>" diventa corrotto per una qualsiasi ragione, il sistema Debian perde i dati sulla selezione dei pacchetti e ne ha grave danno. Cercare il vecchio file "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/status</literal>" in "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/status-old</literal>" o "<literal>/var/backups/dpkg.status.*</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Keeping "<literal>/var/backups/</literal>" in a separate partition may be a good idea since this directory contains lots of important system data.
it: Mantenere "<literal>/var/backups/</literal>" in una partizione separata può essere una buona idea dato che questa directory contiene molti dati importanti per il sistema.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For serious breakage, I recommend to make fresh re-install after making backup of the system. Even if everything in "<literal>/var/</literal>" is gone, you can still recover some information from directories in "<literal>/usr/share/doc/</literal>" to guide your new installation.
it: Per danni molto seri, raccomando di fare una re-installazione pulita dopo aver fatto il backup del sistema. Anche se tutto ciò che era in "<literal>/var/</literal>" è andato perduto, è sempre possibile recuperare alcune informazioni dalle directory in "<literal>/usr/share/doc/</literal>" per guidare le nuove installazioni.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Reinstall minimal (desktop) system.
it: Reinstallare un sistema (desktop) minimale

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: # mkdir -p /path/to/old/system
it: # mkdir -p /percorso/del/vecchio/sistema

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Mount old system at "<literal>/path/to/old/system/</literal>".
it: Montare il vecchio sistema in "<literal>percorso/del/vecchio/sistema/</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: # cd /path/to/old/system/usr/share/doc
    # ls -1 &gt;~/ls1.txt
    # cd /usr/share/doc
    # ls -1 &gt;&gt;~/ls1.txt
    # cd
    # sort ls1.txt | uniq | less
it: # cd /percorso/del/vecchio/sistema/usr/share/doc
    # ls -1 &gt;~/ls1.txt
    # cd /usr/share/doc
    # ls -1 &gt;&gt;~/ls1.txt
    # cd
    # sort ls1.txt | uniq | less

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Then you are presented with package names to install.  (There may be some non-package names such as "<literal>texmf</literal>".)
it: Verranno mostrati i nomi dei pacchetti da installare. (Ci potrebbero essere alcuni nomi non di pacchetto, come "<literal>texmf</literal>".)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Tips for the package management
it: Suggerimenti per la gestione dei pacchetti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: How to pick Debian packages
it: Come scegliere i pacchetti Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can seek packages which satisfy your needs with <literal>aptitude</literal> from the package description or from the list under "Tasks".
it: Si possono cercare i pacchetti che soddisfano i propri bisogni con <literal>aptitude</literal> in base alla descrizione del pacchetto o dall'elenco in "Task".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: When you encounter more than 2 similar packages and wonder which one to install without "trial and error" efforts, you should use some <emphasis role="strong">common sense</emphasis>.  I consider following points are good indications of preferred packages.
it: Quando si incontrano più di due pacchetti simili e non si sa quale installare senza doverli installare per prova, si dovrebbe usare un po' di <emphasis role="strong"> buon senso</emphasis>. Considero i punti seguenti un buon consiglio per i paccchetti da preferire.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Essential: yes &gt; no
it: Essenziale: sì &gt; no

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Component: main &gt; contrib &gt; non-free
it: Componente: main &gt; contrib &gt; non-free

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Priority: required &gt; important &gt; standard &gt; optional &gt; extra
it: Priorità: richiesto &gt; importante &gt; standard &gt; opzionale &gt; extra

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Tasks: packages listed in tasks such as "Desktop environment"
it: Task: pacchetti elencati in task come "Ambiente desktop"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Packages selected by the dependency package (e.g., <literal>python2.4</literal> by <literal>python</literal>)
it: Pacchetti selezionati da pacchetti di dipendenze (es, <literal>python2.4</literal> selezionato da <literal>python</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Popcon: higher in the vote and install number
it: Popcon: maggior numero di voti e di installazioni

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Changelog: regular updates by the maintainer
it: Changelog: aggiornamenti regolari da parte del manutentore

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: BTS: No RC bugs (no critical, no grave, and no serious bugs)
it: BTS: nessun bug RC (nessun bug critico, grave o serio)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: BTS: responsive maintainer to bug reports
it: BTS: manutentore sensibile alle segnalazioni di bug

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: BTS: higher number of the recently fixed bugs
it: BTS: maggior numero di bug risolti di recente

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: BTS: lower number of remaining non-wishlist bugs
it: BTS: minor numero di bug rimanenti non wishlist

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Debian being a volunteer project with distributed development model, its archive contains many packages with different focus and quality.  You must make your own decision what to do with them.
it: Essendo Debian un progetto di volontari con modello di sviluppo distribuito, i suoi archivi contengono molti pacchetti con scopi e qualità molto differenti. Si deve scegliere con la propria testa che uso farne.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Packages from mixed source of archives
it: Pacchetti da fonti mescolate di archivi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: Installing packages from mixed source of archives is not supported by the official Debian distribution except for officially supported particular combinations of archives such as <literal>stable</literal> with <ulink url="&securityupdates;">security updates</ulink> and <ulink url="&codenamestableupdates;">&codename-stable;-updates</ulink>.
it: Installare pacchetti da fonti mescolate di archivi non è supportato dalla distribuzione Debian ufficiale, tranne che per particolari combinazioni supportate ufficialmente, come <literal>stable</literal> con <ulink url="&securityupdates;">security updates</ulink> e <ulink url="&codenamestableupdates;">&codename-stable;-updates</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here is an example of operations to include specific newer upstream version packages found in <literal>unstable</literal> while tracking <literal>testing</literal> for single occasion.
it: Ecco un esempio di operazioni da fare per includere, sporadicamente, versioni originali più recenti di specifici pacchetti presenti in <literal>unstable</literal> pur mantenendo <literal>testing</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Change the "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" file temporarily to single "<literal>unstable</literal>" entry.
it: Cambiare temporaneamente il file "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" ad una singola voce "<literal>unstable</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Run "<literal>aptitude update</literal>".
it: Eseguire "<literal>aptitude update</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Run "<literal>aptitude install &lt;package-name&gt;</literal>".
it: Eseguire "<literal>aptitude install &lt;nome-pacchetto&gt;</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Recover the original "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" file for <literal>testing</literal>.
it: Ripristinare il file "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" originale per <literal>testing</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You do not create the "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>" file nor need to worry about apt-pinning with this manual approach.  But this is very cumbersome.
it: Con questo approccio manuale non si deve creare il file "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>" né ci si deve preoccupare dei pin di apt. Ma è piuttosto laborioso.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: When using mixed source of archives, you must ensure compatibility of packages by yourself since the Debian does not guarantee it. If package incompatibility exists, you may break system. You must be able to judge these technical requirements. The use of mixed source of random archives is completely optional operation and its use is not something I encourage you to use.
it: Quando si usano fonti di archivi mescolate, si deve assicurare la compatibilità tra i pacchetti da soli, dato che Debian non la garantisce. Se esistono incompatibilità tra i pacchetti, si può danneggiare il sistema. Si deve essere in grado di giudicare queste esigenze tecniche. L'uso di fonti mescolate di archivi non correlati è una modalità di funzionamento del tutto facoltativa e il suo uso non è per nulla raccomandato.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: General rules for installing packages from different archives are followings.
it: Le regole generali per installare pacchetti da archivi diversi sono le seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Non-binary packages ("<literal>Architecture: all</literal>") are <emphasis role="strong">safer</emphasis> to install.
it: L'installazione di pacchetti non binari ("<literal>Architecture: all</literal>") è <literal>più sicura</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: documentation packages: no special requirements
it: pacchetti di documentazione: nessun requisito particolare

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: interpreter program packages: compatible interpreter must be available
it: pacchetti programma per interpreti: deve essere disponibile un interprete compatibile

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Binary packages (non "<literal>Architecture: all</literal>") usually face many road blocks and <emphasis role="strong">unsafe</emphasis> to install.
it: L'installazione di pacchetti binari (non "<literal>Architecture: all</literal>") di solito comporta molte difficoltà e <literal>non è sicura</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: library version compatibility (including "<literal>libc</literal>")
it: compatibilità di versione con librerie (inclusa "<literal>libc</literal>")

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: related utility program version compatibility
it: compatibilità di versione con programmi applicativi correlati

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Kernel <ulink url="&abi;">ABI</ulink> compatibility
it: compatibilità con l'<ulink url="&abi;">ABI</ulink> del kernel

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: C++ <ulink url="&abi;">ABI</ulink> compatibility
it: compatibilità con l'<ulink url="&abi;">ABI</ulink> C++

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: In order to make a package to be <emphasis role="strong">safer</emphasis> to install, some commercial non-free binary program packages may be provided with completely statically linked libraries.  You should still check <ulink url="&abi;">ABI</ulink> compatibility issues etc. for them.
it: Per rendere l'installazione di un pacchetto <emphasis role="strong">più sicura</emphasis>, possono essere forniti alcuni pacchetti binari applicativi commerciali non liberi con librerie completamente statiche. Si dovrebbe anche per essi controllare in ogni caso la compatibilità con <ulink url="&abi;">ABI</ulink>, ecc.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: Except to avoid broken package for a short term, installing binary packages from officially unsupported archives is generally bad idea.  This is true even if you use apt-pinning (see <xref linkend="_tweaking_candidate_version"/>).  You should consider chroot or similar techniques (see <xref linkend="_virtualized_system"/>) to run programs from different archives.
it: Installare pacchetti binari da archivi non ufficialmente supportati è generalmente una cattiva idea, tranne che per evitare pacchetti danneggiati per un breve tempo. Questo è vero anche se si usano i pin di APT (vedere <xref linkend="_tweaking_candidate_version"/>). Si dovrebbe considerare chroot o tecniche simili (vedere <xref linkend="_virtualized_system"/>) per eseguire programmi da archivi differenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Tweaking candidate version
it: Modificare la versione candidata

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Without the "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>" file, APT system choses the latest available version as the <emphasis role="strong">candidate version</emphasis> using the version string.  This is the normal state and most recommended usage of APT system.  All officially supported combinations of archives do not require the "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>" file since some archives which should not be used as the automatic source of upgrades are marked as <emphasis role="strong">NotAutomatic</emphasis> and dealt properly.
it: Senza il file "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>", il sistema APT sceglie la versione più recente disponibile come <emphasis role="strong">versione candidata</emphasis> usando la stringa di versione. Questa è la situazione normale e l'uso raccomandato del sistema APT. Tutte le combinazioni di archivi supportate ufficialmente non necessitano del file "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>", dato che gli archivi che non dovrebbero essere usati come fonti automatica per gli aggiornamenti sono marcati come <emphasis role="strong">NotAutomatic</emphasis> e trattati in modo appropriato.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: The version string comparison rule can be verified with, e.g., "<literal>dpkg --compare-versions ver1.1 gt ver1.1~1; echo $?</literal>" (see <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dpkg</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>).
it: La regola di comparazione della stringa di versione può essere verificata con, ad esempio, "<literal>dpkg --compare-versions ver1.1 gt ver1.1~1; echo $?</literal>" (vedere <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dpkg</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: When you install packages from mixed source of archives (see <xref linkend="_packages_from_mixed_source_of_archives"/>) regularly, you can automate these complicated operations by creating the "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>" file with proper entries and tweaking the package selection rule for <emphasis role="strong">candidate version</emphasis> as described in <citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt_preferences</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.  This is called <emphasis role="strong">apt-pinning</emphasis>.
it: Quando si installano regolarmente pacchetti da fonti di archivi mescolate (vedere <xref linkend="_packages_from_mixed_source_of_archives"/>), si possono automatizzare queste operazioni complicate creando il file "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>" con le voci appropriate e modificando la regola di selezione dei pacchetti per le <emphasis role="strong">versioni candidate</emphasis> come descritto in <citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt_preferences</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>. Questo è chiamato <emphasis role="strong">usare i pin di APT</emphasis>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
en: Use of apt-pinning by a novice user is sure call for major troubles.  You must avoid using apt-pinning except when you absolutely need it.
it: L'uso dei pin di APT da parte di un utente inesperto è una fonte sicura di grossi problemi. Si dovrebbe evitare l'uso dei pin di APT se non strettamente necessario.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: When using apt-pinning, you must ensure compatibility of packages by yourself since the Debian does not guarantee it.  The apt-pinning is completely optional operation and its use is not something I encourage you to use.
it: Quando si usano i pin di APT si deve assicurare la compatibilità dei pacchetti da soli dato che Debian non la garantisce. L'uso dei pin di APT è una modalità di funzionamento del tutto facoltativa e il suo uso non è per nulla consigliato.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: Archive level Release files (see <xref linkend="_archive_level_release_files"/>) are used for the rule of <citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt_preferences</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.  Thus apt-pinning works only with "suite" name for <ulink url="&normaldebianarchives;">normal Debian archives</ulink> and <ulink url="&securitydebianarchives;">security Debian archives</ulink>. (This is different from <ulink url="&ubuntu;">Ubuntu</ulink> archives).  For example, you can do "<literal>Pin: release a=unstable</literal>" but can not do "<literal>Pin: release a=sid</literal>" in the "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>" file.
it: Per le regole di <citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt_preferences</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> sono usati i file Release a livello di archivio (vedere <xref linkend="_archive_level_release_files"/>). I pin di APT perciò funzionano solo con il nome della "suite" per i <ulink url="&normaldebianarchives;">normali archivi Debian</ulink> e per gli <ulink url="&securitydebianarchives;">archivi di sicurezza Debian</ulink>. (Ciò è diverso per gli archivi <ulink url="&ubuntu;">Ubuntu</ulink>). Per esempio nel file "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>" si può usare "<literal>Pin: release a=unstable</literal>", ma non "<literal>Pin: release a=sid</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: When you use non-Debian archive as a part of apt-pinning, you should check what they are intended for and also check their credibility.  For example, Ubuntu and Debian are not meant to be mixed.
it: Quando si usano archivi non Debian con i pin di APT si dovrebbe controllare quale sia il loro scopo e la loro credibilità. Ubuntu e Debian, per esempio, non sono fatti per essere mescolati.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: Even if you do not create the "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>" file, you can do fairly complex system operations (see <xref linkend="_rescue_with_the_dpkg_command"/> and <xref linkend="_packages_from_mixed_source_of_archives"/>) without apt-pinning.
it: Anche se non si crea il file "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>" si possono fare operazioni piuttosto complesse (vedere <xref linkend="_rescue_with_the_dpkg_command"/> e <xref linkend="_packages_from_mixed_source_of_archives"/>) senza l'uso dei pin di APT.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here is a simplified explanation of <emphasis role="strong">apt-pinning</emphasis> technique.
it: Quella che segue è una spiegazione semplificata dell<emphasis role="strong">uso dei pin di APT</emphasis>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: APT system choses highest Pin-Priority <emphasis role="strong">upgrading</emphasis> package from available package sources defined in the "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" file as the <emphasis role="strong">candidate version</emphasis> package.  If the Pin-Priority of the package is larger than 1000, this version restriction for <emphasis role="strong">upgrading</emphasis> is dropped to enable downgrading (see <xref linkend="_emergency_downgrading"/>).
it: Il sistema APT sceglie, dalle fonti per i pacchetti disponibili definite nel file "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>", il pacchetto di <emphasis role="strong">aggiornamento</emphasis> con la priorità di pin più elevata come <emphasis role="strong">versione candidata</emphasis> del pacchetto. Se la priorità di pin del pacchetto è maggiore di 1000, la restrizione a versioni di <emphasis role="strong">aggiornamento</emphasis> non viene considerata per permettere la retrocessione ad una versione precedente (vedere <xref linkend="_emergency_downgrading"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Pin-Priority value of each package is defined by "Pin-Priority" entries in the "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>" file or uses its default value.
it: Il valore della priorità di pin per ciascun pacchetto è definito dalle voci "Pin-Priority" nel file "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal> o viene usato il valore predefinito.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of notable Pin-Priority values for <emphasis role="strong">apt-pinning</emphasis> technique.
it: Elenco di valori di priorità di pin che esemplificano la tecnica d'<emphasis role="strong">uso dei pin di APT</emphasis>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: Pin-Priority
it: Priorità di pin

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: apt-pinning effects to the package
it: Effetti del pin di APT sul pacchetto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: install the package even if this constitutes a downgrade of the package
it: installa il pacchetto anche se ciò costituisce il ritorno ad una versione precedente

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: used as the default for the <emphasis role="strong">target release</emphasis> archive
it: usato come valore predefinito per l'archivio del <emphasis role="strong">rilascio prescelto</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: used as the default for the <emphasis role="strong">normal</emphasis> archive
it: usato come valore predefinito per l'archivio <emphasis role="strong">normale</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: used as the default for the <emphasis role="strong">NotAutomatic</emphasis> and <emphasis role="strong">ButAutomaticUpgrades</emphasis> archive
it: usato come valore predefinito per l'archivio <emphasis role="strong">NonAutomatico</emphasis> e <emphasis role="strong">MaConAggiornamentiAutomatici</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: used for the <emphasis role="strong">installed</emphasis> package
it: usato per i pacchetti <emphasis role="strong">installati</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: used as the default for the <emphasis role="strong">NotAutomatic</emphasis> archive
it: usato come valore predefinito per l'archivio <emphasis role="strong">NonAutomatico</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <emphasis role="strong">never install</emphasis> the package even if recommended
it: <emphasis role="strong">non installa mai</emphasis> il pacchetto nemmeno se raccomandato

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <emphasis role="strong">target release</emphasis> archive can be set by several methods.
it: L'archivio del <emphasis role="strong">rilascio definito</emphasis> può essere impostato in svariati modi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/etc/apt/apt.conf</literal>" configuration file with "<literal>APT::Default-Release "stable";</literal>" line
it: nel file di configurazione "<literal>/etc/apt/apt.conf</literal>" con la riga "<literal>APT::Default-Release "stable";</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: command line option, e.g., "<literal>apt-get install -t testing some-package</literal>"
it: con l'opzione per la riga di comando, ad esempio, "<literal>apt-get install -t testing qualche-pacchetto</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <emphasis role="strong">NotAutomatic</emphasis> and <emphasis role="strong">ButAutomaticUpgrades</emphasis> archive is set by archive server having its archive level Release file (see <xref linkend="_archive_level_release_files"/>) containing both "<literal>NotAutomatic: yes</literal>" and "<literal>ButAutomaticUpgrades: yes</literal>". The <emphasis role="strong">NotAutomatic</emphasis> archive is set by archive server having its archive level Release file containing only "<literal>NotAutomatic: yes</literal>".
it: Gli attributi di archivio <emphasis role="strong">NonAutomatico</emphasis> e <emphasis role="strong">MaConAggiornamentiAutomatici</emphasis> vengono impostati dal server dell'archivio che ha il file Release a livello di archivio (vedere <xref linkend="_archive_level_release_files"/>) che contiene sia "<literal>NotAutomatic: yes</literal>" sia "<literal>ButAutomaticUpgrades: yes</literal>". L'archivio <emphasis role="strong">NonAutomatico</emphasis> viene impostato dal server dell'archivio che ha il file Release a livello di archivio che contiene solamente "<literal>NotAutomatic: yes</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <emphasis role="strong">apt-pinning situation</emphasis> of &lt;package&gt; from multiple archive sources is displayed by "<literal>apt-cache policy &lt;package&gt;</literal>".
it: La <emphasis role="strong">situazione dei pin di APT</emphasis> di &lt;pacchetto&gt; da diverse fonti di archivi viene mostrata con "<literal>apt-cache policy &lt;pacchetto&gt;</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: A line started with "<literal>Package pin:</literal>" lists the package version of <emphasis role="strong">pin</emphasis> if association just with &lt;package&gt; is defined, e.g., "<literal>Package pin: 0.190</literal>".
it: Una riga che inizia con "<literal>pacchetto pin:</literal>" elenca la versione del pacchetto di <emphasis role="strong">pin</emphasis> se è definita un'associazione specifica per &lt;pacchetto&gt;, ad esempio "<literal>Package pin: 0.190</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: No line with "<literal>Package pin:</literal>" exists if no association just with &lt;package&gt; is defined.
it: Non esiste alcuna riga con "<literal>Package pin:</literal>" se non è definita alcuna associazione solamente con &lt;pacchetto&gt;.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The Pin-Priority value associated just with &lt;package&gt; is listed right side of all version strings, e.g., "<literal>0.181 700</literal>".
it: Il valore di priorità di pin associato solamente con &lt;pacchetto&gt; viene mostrato alla destra di tutte le sringhe di versione, ad esempio "<literal>0.181 700</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>0</literal>" is listed right side of all version strings if no association just with &lt;package&gt; is defined, e.g., "<literal>0.181 0</literal>".
it: Se non è definita un'associazione specifica con &lt;pacchetto&gt; viene mostrato "<literal>0</literal>" alla destra di tutte le stringhe di versione.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The Pin-Priority values of archives (defined as "<literal>Package: *</literal>" in the "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>" file) are listed left side of all archive paths, e.g., "<literal>100 http://ftp.xx.debian.org/debian/ &codename-stable;-backports/main Packages</literal>".
it: I valori di priorità di pin degli archivi (definiti come "<literal>Package: *</literal>" nel file "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>") sono elencati alla sinistra di tutti i percorsi di archivio, ad esempio "<literal>100 http://ftp.xx.debian.org/debian/&codename-stable;-backports/main Packages</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Updates and Backports
it: Updates e Backports

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There are <ulink url="&codenamestableupdates;">&codename-stable;-updates</ulink> and <ulink url="&backportsdebianorg;">backports.debian.org</ulink> archives which provide updgrade packages for <literal>stable</literal> (<literal>&codename-stable;</literal>).
it: Esistono gli archivi di <ulink url="&codenamestableupdates;">&codename-stable;-updates</ulink> e <ulink url="&backportsdebianorg;">backports.debian.org</ulink> che forniscono pacchetti di aggiornamento per <literal>stable</literal> (<literal>&codename-stable;</literal>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: In order to use these archives, you list all required archives in the "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" file as the following.
it: Per usare questi archivi, si devono elencare tutti quelli richiesti nel file "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There is no need to set Pin-Priority value explicitly in the "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>" file.  When newer packages become available, the default configuration provides most reasonable upgrades (see <xref linkend="_archive_level_release_files"/>).
it: Non è necessario impostare esplicitamente un valore di priorità di pin nel file "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>". Quando nuovi pacchetti diventano disponibili, la configurazione predefinita fornisce gli aggiornamenti più ragionevoli (vedere <xref linkend="_archive_level_release_files"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: All installed older packages are upgraded to newer ones from <literal>&codename-stable;-updates</literal>.
it: Tutti i vecchi pacchetti installati vengono aggiornati con quelli più nuovi da <literal>&codename-stable;-updates</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Only manually installed older packages from <literal>&codename-stable;-backports</literal> are upgraded to newer ones from <literal>&codename-stable;-backports</literal>.
it: Solo i vecchi pacchetti installati manualmente da <literal>&codename-stable;-backports</literal> vengono aggiornati a quelli più nuovi da <literal>&codename-stable;-backports</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Whenever you wish to install a package named "<literal>&lt;package-name&gt;</literal>" with its dependency from <literal>&codename-stable;-backports</literal> archive manually, you use following command while switching target release with "<literal>-t</literal>" option.
it: Ogni volta che si desidera installare manualmente un pacchetto chiamato "<literal>&lt;nome-pacchetto&gt;</literal>" con le sue dipendenze dall'archivio <literal>&codename-stable;-backports</literal>, usare questo comando che sposta il rilascio stabilito con l'opzione "<literal>-t</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: $ sudo apt-get install -t &codename-stable;-backports &lt;package-name&gt;
it: $ sudo apt-get install -t &codename-stable;-backports &lt;nome-pacchetto&gt;

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Blocking packages installed by "Recommends"
it: Bloccare i pacchetti da installare perché "Raccomandati"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you wish not to pull in particular packages automatically by "Recommends", you must create the "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>" file and explicitly list all those packages at the top of it as the following.
it: Se non si desidera installare pacchetti particolari richiamati automaticamente perché "Raccomandati", è necessario creare il file "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>" ed elencarvi esplicitamente all'inizio tutti quei pacchetti nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Tracking <literal>testing</literal> with some packages from <literal>unstable</literal>
it: Usare e aggiornare <literal>testing</literal> con alcuni pacchetti da <literal>unstable</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here is an example of <emphasis role="strong">apt-pinning</emphasis> technique to include specific newer upstream version packages found in <literal>unstable</literal> regularly upgraded while tracking <literal>testing</literal>.  You list all required archives in the "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" file as the following.
it: Quello che segue è un esempio di <emphasis role="strong">uso dei pin di APT</emphasis> per includere pacchetti specifici con versioni originali più recenti presenti in <literal>unstable</literal> aggiornandoli regolarmente pur mantenendo <literal>testing</literal>. Si devono elencare nel file "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" tutti gli archivi necessari nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Set the "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>" file as as the following.
it: Impostare il file "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>" come segue.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: When you wish to install a package named "<literal>&lt;package-name&gt;</literal>" with its dependencies from <literal>unstable</literal> archive under this configuration, you issue the following command which switches target release with "<literal>-t</literal>" option (Pin-Priority of <literal>unstable</literal> becomes 990.).
it: Quando, con questa configurazione, si desidera installare un pacchetto chiamato "<literal>&lt;nome-pacchetto&gt;</literal>" con le sue dipendenze dall'archivio <literal>unstable</literal>, usare il comando seguente che cambia il rilascio definito con l'opzione "<literal>-t</literal>" (la priorità di pin di <literal>unstable</literal> diventa 990.).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: $ sudo apt-get install -t unstable &lt;package-name&gt;
it: $ sudo apt-get install -t unstable &lt;nome-pacchetto&gt;

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: With this configuration, usual execution of "<literal>apt-get upgrade</literal>" and "<literal>apt-get dist-upgrade</literal>" (or "<literal>aptitude safe-upgrade</literal>" and "<literal>aptitude full-upgrade</literal>") upgrades packages which were installed from <literal>testing</literal> archive using current <literal>testing</literal> archive and packages which were installed from <literal>unstable</literal> archive using current <literal>unstable</literal> archive.
it: Con quessta configurazione, la normale esecuzione di "<literal>apt-get upgrade</literal>" e "<literal>apt-get dist-upgrade</literal>" (o "<literal>aptitude safe-upgrade</literal>" e "<literal>aptitude full-upgrade</literal>") aggiorna i pacchetti che erano stati installati dall'archivio <literal>testing</literal> usando l'attuale archivio <literal>testing</literal> e i pacchetti che erano stati installati dall'archivio <literal>unstable</literal> usando l'attuale archivio <literal>unstable</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: Be careful not to remove "<literal>testing</literal>" entry from the "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" file.  Without "<literal>testing</literal>" entry in it, APT system upgrades packages using newer <literal>unstable</literal> archive.
it: Fare attenzione a non rimuovere la voce "<literal>testing</literal>" dal file "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>". Senza di essa il sistema APT aggiorna i pacchetti usando l'archivio <literal>unstable</literal> più recente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: I usually edit the "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" file to comment out "<literal>unstable</literal>" archive entry right after above operation.  This avoids slow update process of having too many entries in the "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" file although this prevents upgrading packages which were installed from <literal>unstable</literal> archive using current <literal>unstable</literal> archive.
it: Io di solito modifico il file "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal> per commentare le voci relative all'archivio "<literal>unstable</literal> immediatamente dopo l'azione descritta sopra. Questo evita il rallentamento del processo di aggiornamento dovuto a troppe voci nel file "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" anche se impedisce l'aggiornamento, usando l'attuale archivio <literal>unstable</literal> dei pacchetti che erano stati installati dall'archivio <literal>unstable</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: If "<literal>Pin-Priority: 1</literal>" is used instead of "<literal>Pin-Priority: 100</literal>" for the "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>" file, already installed packages having Pin-Priority value of 100 are not upgraded by <literal>unstable</literal> archive even if "<literal>testing</literal>" entry in the "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" file is removed.
it: Se viene usato "<literal>Pin-Priority: 1</literal>" invece di "<literal>Pin-Priority: 100</literal>" nel file "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>", i pacchetti già installati che hanno 100 come valore della priorità di pin, non vengono aggiornati dall'archivio <literal>unstable</literal> nemmeno se viene rimossa la voce "<literal>testing</literal>" dal file "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you wish to track particular packages in <literal>unstable</literal> automatically without initial "<literal>-t unstable</literal>" installation, you must create the "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>" file and explicitly list all those packages at the top of it as the following.
it: Se si desidera tenere traccia automaticamente di particolari pacchetti in <literal>unstable</literal> senza l'iniziale installazione con "<literal>-t unstable</literal>", si deve creare il file "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>" ed elencarvi esplicitamente tutti i pacchetti voluti nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: Package: &lt;package-1&gt;
    Pin: release a=unstable
    Pin-Priority: 700
    
    Package: &lt;package-2&gt;
    Pin: release a=unstable
    Pin-Priority: 700
it: Package: &lt;pacchetto-1&gt;
    Pin: release a=unstable
    Pin-Priority: 700
    
    Package: &lt;pacchetto-2&gt;
    Pin: release a=unstable
    Pin-Priority: 700

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: These set Pin-Priority value for each specific package.  For example, in order to track the latest <literal>unstable</literal> version of this "Debian Reference" in English, you should have following entries in the "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>" file.
it: Questo imposta il valore della priorità di pin per ciascun pacchetto specifico. Per esempio, per tenere traccia della versione più recente in <literal>unstable</literal> di questo manuale "Debian Reference" in inglese, si dovrebbero avere, nel file "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>" le voci seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: This apt-pinning technique is valid even when you are tracking <literal>stable</literal> archive.  Documentation packages have been always safe to install from <literal>unstable</literal> archive in my experience, so far.
it: Questo modo di usare i pin di APT è valido anche quando si segue l'archivio <literal>stable</literal>. Per la mia esperienza, installare i pacchetti di documentazione dall'archivio <literal>unstable</literal> è sempre sicuro.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Tracking <literal>unstable</literal> with some packages from <literal>experimental</literal>
it: Usare e aggiornare <literal>unstable</literal> con alcuni pacchetti da <literal>experimental</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here is another example of <emphasis role="strong">apt-pinning</emphasis> technique to include specific newer upstream version packages found in <literal>experimental</literal> while tracking <literal>unstable</literal>.  You list all required archives in the "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" file as the following.
it: Quello che segue è un esempio di <emphasis role="strong">uso dei pin di APT</emphasis> per includere pacchetti specifici con versioni originali più recenti presenti in <literal>experimental</literal> pur mantenendo <literal>unstable</literal>. Si devono elencare nel file "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" tutti gli archivi necessari nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The default Pin-Priority value for <literal>experimental</literal> archive is always 1 (&lt;&lt;100) since it is <emphasis role="strong">NotAutomatic</emphasis> archive (see <xref linkend="_archive_level_release_files"/>).  There is no need to set Pin-Priority value explicitly in the "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>" file just to use <literal>experimental</literal> archive unless you wish to track particular packages in it automatically for next upgrading.
it: Il valore predefinito della priorità di pin per l'archivio <literal>experimental</literal> è sempre 1 (&lt;&lt;100) dato che è un archivio <emphasis role="strong">Non automatico</emphasis> (vedere <xref linkend="_archive_level_release_files"/>). Per usare semplicemente l'archivio <literal>experimental</literal> non c'è alcun bisogno di impostare il valore di priorità di pin esplicitamente nel file "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>", a meno che non si desideri aggiornare automaticamente da esso in futuro particolari pacchetti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Automatic download and upgrade of packages
it: Scaricare ed aggiornare automaticamente i pacchetti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <literal>apt</literal> package comes with its own cron script "<literal>/etc/cron.daily/apt</literal>" to support the automatic download of packages.  This script can be enhanced to perform the automatic upgrade of packages by installing the <literal>unattended-upgrades</literal> package. These can be customized by parameters in "<literal>/etc/apt/apt.conf.d/02backup</literal>" and "<literal>/etc/apt/apt.conf.d/50unattended-upgrades</literal>" as described in "<literal>/usr/share/doc/unattended-upgrades/README</literal>".
it: Il pacchetto <literal>apt</literal> viene fornito con il proprio script di cron, "<literal>/etc/cron.daily/apt</literal>" per permettere di scaricare automaticamente i pacchetti. Questo script può essere migliorato, installando il pacchetto <literal>unattended-upgrades</literal>, per effettuare l'aggiornamento automatico dei pacchetti. Può essere personalizzato dai parametri in "<literal>/etc/apt/apt.conf.d/02backup</literal>" e "<literal>/etc/apt/apt.conf.d/50unattended-upgrades</literal>" come descritto in "<literal>/usr/share/doc/unattended-upgrades/README</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <literal>unattended-upgrades</literal> package is mainly intended for the security upgrade for the <literal>stable</literal> system.  If the risk of breaking an existing <literal>stable</literal> system by the automatic upgrade is smaller than that of the system broken by the intruder using its security hole which has been closed by the security update, you should consider using this automatic upgrade with configuration parameters as the following.
it: Il pacchetto "<literal>unattended-upgrades</literal> è pensato principalmente per gli aggiornamenti di sicurezza del sistema <literal>stable</literal>. Se il rischio di danneggiare un sistema <literal>stable</literal> esistente con gli aggiornamenti automatici è minore di quello che il sistema venga danneggiato da un intruso, usando una falla nella sicurezza chiusa dall'aggiornamento di sicurezza, si dovrebbe considerare l'uso di questi aggiornamenti automatici con parametri simili ai seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you are running an <literal>unstable</literal> system, you do not want to use the automatic upgrade since it certainly breaks system some day.  Even for such <literal>unstable</literal> case, you may still want to download packages in advance to save time for the interactive upgrade with configuration parameters as the following.
it: Se si sta usando un sistema <literal>unstable</literal>, non è bene usare gli aggiornamenti automatici perché certamente prima o poi danneggeranno il sistema. Anche per <literal>unstable</literal> però, per risparmiare tempo nell'aggiornamento interattivo, si può volere scaricare i pacchetti in anticipo usando parametri di configurazione come i seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Limiting download bandwidth for APT
it: Limitare l'uso di banda di APT per gli scaricamenti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you want to limit the download bandwidth for APT to e.g. 800Kib/sec (=100kiB/sec), you should configure APT with its configuration parameter as the following.
it: Se si desidera limitare l'uso della banda da parte di APT per gli scaricamenti, per esempio a 800Kib/sec (=100kiB/sec), si devono usare i parametri di configurazione di APT nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Emergency downgrading
it: Retrocessione di emergenza alla versione precedente

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: Downgrading is not officially supported by the Debian by design.  It should be done only as a part of emergency recovery process.  Despite of this situation, it is known to work well in many incidents.  For critical systems, You should backup all important data on the system after the recovery operation and re-install the new system from the scratch.
it: La retrocessione ad una versione precedente non è ufficialmente supportata da Debian. Dovrebbe essere fatta solamente come parte di un processo di ripristino di emergenza. Nonostante questo è noto che funziona bene in caso di molti incidenti. Per i sistemi critici, si dovrebbe fare un backup di tutti i dati importanti sul sistema dopo l'operazione di ripristino e reinstallare un nuovo sistema da zero.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You may be lucky to downgrade from newer archive to older archive to recover from broken system upgrade by manipulating <emphasis role="strong">candidate version</emphasis> (see <xref linkend="_tweaking_candidate_version"/>).  This is lazy alternative to tedious actions of many "<literal>dpkg -i &lt;broken-package&gt;_&lt;old-version&gt;.deb</literal>" commands (see <xref linkend="_rescue_with_the_dpkg_command"/>).
it: Si potrebbe essere fortunati e riuscire a retrocedere da un archivio più recente ad uno più vecchio per ripristinare un aggiornamento di sistema andato male, manipolando le <emphasis role="strong">versioni candidate</emphasis> (vedere <xref linkend="_tweaking_candidate_version"/>). Questa è l'alternativa pigra al lavoro tedioso di dover usare molti comandi "<literal>dpkg -i &lt;pacchetto-danneggiato&gt;_&lt;vecchia-versione&gt;.deb</literal>" (vedere<xref linkend="_rescue_with_the_dpkg_command"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Search lines in the "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" file tracking <literal>unstable</literal> as the following.
it: Cercare le righe nel file "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" che rimandano a <literal>unstable</literal>, come la seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Replace it with the following to track <literal>testing</literal>.
it: Sostituirle con la seguente per puntare a <literal>testing</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Set the "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>" file as the following.
it: Impostare il file "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>" come segue.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Run "<literal>apt-get dist-upgrade</literal>" to force downgrading of packages across the system.
it: Eseguire "<literal>apt-get dist-upgrade</literal>" per forzare la retrocessione dei pacchetti in tutto il sistema.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Remove this special "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>" file after this emergency downgrading.
it: Rimuovere questo file speciale "<literal>/etc/apt/preferences</literal>" dopo la retrocessione di emergenza.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: It is good idea to remove (not purge!) as much packages to minimize dependency problems.  You may need to manually remove and install some packages to get system downgraded.  Linux kernel, bootloader, udev, PAM, APT, and networking related packages and their configuration files require special attention.
it: È una buona idea rimuovere (non eliminare completamente!) il maggior numero di pacchetti per minimizzare i problemi di dipendenza. Potrebbe essere necessario rimuovere o installare manualmente alcuni pacchetti per retrocedere il sistema. Il kernel Linux, il bootloader, udev, PAM, APT e i pacchetti relativi alla rete ed i loro file di configurazione richiedono particolare attenzione.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Who uploaded the package?
it: Chi ha caricato il pacchetto?

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Although the maintainer name listed in "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/available</literal>" and "<literal>/usr/share/doc/package_name/changelog</literal>" provide some information on "who is behind the packaging activity", the actual uploader of the package is somewhat obscure.  <citerefentry><refentrytitle>who-uploads</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> in the <literal>devscripts</literal> package identifies the actual uploader of Debian source packages.
it: Anche se i nomi dei manutentori elencati in "<literal>/var/lib/dpkg/available</literal>" e"<literal>/usr/share/doc/package_name/changelog</literal>" forniscono alcune informazioni su "chi stia dietro la pacchettizzazione", l'identità di chi ha effettivamente caricato il pacchetto è un po' oscura. <citerefentry><refentrytitle>who-uploads</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> nel pacchetto <literal>devscripts</literal> identifica l'effettivo autore del caricamento dei pacchetti sorgenti Debian.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The equivs package
it: Il pacchetto equivs

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you are to compile a program from source to replace the Debian package, it is best to make it into a real local debianized package (<literal>*.deb</literal>) and use private archive.
it: Se si ha intenzione di compilare un programma dai sorgenti per rimpiazzare un pacchetto Debian, la cosa migliore è creare un vero pacchetto debianizzato locale (<literal>*.deb</literal>) e usare un archivio privato.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you chose to compile a program from source and to install them under "<literal>/usr/local</literal>" instead, you may need to use <literal>equivs</literal> as a last resort to satisfy the missing package dependency.
it: Se si sceglie di compilare un programma dai sorgenti e di installarlo invece in "<literal>/usr/local</literal>", si può usare <literal>equivs</literal> come ultima spiaggia per soddisfare le dipendenze mancanti del pacchetto.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Porting a package to the stable system
it: Fare il port di un pacchetto nel sistema stabile

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For partial upgrades of the <literal>stable</literal> system, rebuilding a package within its environment using the source package is desirable.  This avoids massive package upgrades due to their dependencies.
it: Per aggiornamenti parziali del sistema <literal>stable</literal>, è una buona idea ricompilare un pacchetto, usando il pacchetto sorgente, all'interno del suo ambiente. Questo evita massicci aggiornamenti di pacchetti a causa delle dipendenze.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Add the following entries to the "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" of a <literal>stable</literal> system.
it: Aggiungere le voci seguenti al file "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" di un sistema <literal>stable</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Install required packages for the compilation and download the source package as the following.
it: Installare i pacchetti richiesti per la compilazione e scaricare il pacchetto sorgente, come nell'esempio seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: # apt-get update
    # apt-get dist-upgrade
    # apt-get install fakeroot devscripts build-essential
    $ apt-get build-dep foo
    $ apt-get source foo
    $ cd foo*
it: # apt-get update
    # apt-get dist-upgrade
    # apt-get install fakeroot devscripts build-essential
    $ apt-get build-dep pippo
    $ apt-get source pippo
    $ cd pippo*

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Adjust installed packages if needed.
it: Cambiare i pacchetti da installare se necessario.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Execute the following.
it: Eseguire quanto segue.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Bump package version, e.g. one appended with "<literal>+bp1</literal>" in "<literal>debian/changelog</literal>"
it: Incrementare la versione del pacchetto, ad esempio aggiungendo "<literal>+bp1</literal>" in "<literal>debian/changelog</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Build packages and install them to the system as the following.
it: Compilare i pacchetti ed installarli nel sistema nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: $ debuild
    $ cd ..
    # debi foo*.changes
it: $ debuild
    $ cd ..
    # debi pippo*.changes

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Proxy server for APT
it: Server proxy per APT

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Since mirroring whole subsection of Debian archive wastes disk space and network bandwidth, deployment of a local proxy server for APT is desirable consideration when you administer many systems on <ulink url="&lan;">LAN</ulink>.  APT can be configure to use generic web (http) proxy servers such as <literal>squid</literal> (see <xref linkend="_other_network_application_servers"/>) as described in <citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> and in "<literal>/usr/share/doc/apt/examples/configure-index.gz</literal>".  The "<literal>$http_proxy</literal>" environment variable can be used to override proxy server setting in the "<literal>/etc/apt/apt.conf</literal>" file.
it: Dato che fare il mirror di intere sottosezioni dell'archivio Debian spreca spazio su disco e banda, l'utilizzo di un server proxy locale per APT è una buona idea quando si amministrano molti sistemi in una <ulink url="&lan;">LAN</ulink>. APT può essere configurato per usare server proxy web generici (http), quale <literal>squid</literal> (vedere <xref linkend="_other_network_application_servers"/>) come descritto in <citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt.confo</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> ed in "<literal>/usr/share/doc/apt/examples/configure-index.gz</literal>". La variabile d'ambiente "<literal>$http_proxy</literal>" può essere usata per scavalcare l'impostazione del server proxy nel file "<literal>/etc/apt/apt.conf</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There are proxy tools specially for Debian archive.  You should check BTS before using them.
it: Ci sono strumenti proxy specifici per l'archivio Debian. Prima di usarli si dovrebbe contollare il BTS.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of the proxy tools specially for Debian archive
it: Elenco degli strumenti proxy specifici per l'archivio Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: caching proxy server for Debian archive files (compiled <ulink url="&ocaml;">OCaml</ulink> program)
it: server proxy con cache per i file di archivio Debian (programma <ulink url="&ocaml;">OCaml</ulink> compilato)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Caching proxy for Debian package and source files (Perl program)
it: proxy con cache per file di pacchetto e sorgenti Debian (programma Perl)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Caching proxy for distribution of software packages (compiled C++ program)
it: proxy con cache per la distribuzione di pacchetti software (programma in C++ compilato)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Bittorrent proxy for downloading Debian packages (Python program)
it: proxy Bittorrent per scaricare pacchetti Debian (programma Python)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: When Debian reorganizes its archive structure, these specialized proxy tools tend to require code rewrites by the package maintainer and may not be functional for a while.  On the other hand, generic web (http) proxy servers are more robust and easier to cope with such changes.
it: Quando Debian riorganizza la struttura del suo archivio, questi strumenti proxy specializzati tendono ad aver bisogno di ritocchi al codice da parte del manutentore del pacchetto e possono non essere funzionanti per un po' di tempo. D'altra parte i server proxy web generici (http) sono più robusti e gestiscono questi cambiamenti più facilmente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Small public package archive
it: Piccolo archivio pubblico per i pacchetti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here is an example for creating a small public package archive compatible with the modern <emphasis role="strong">secure APT</emphasis> system (see <xref linkend="_top_level_release_file_and_authenticity"/>). Let's assume few things.
it: Ecco un esempio per creare un piccolo archivio pubblico di pacchetti compatibile con il moderno sistema <emphasis role="strong">APT sicuro</emphasis> (vedere <xref linkend="_top_level_release_file_and_authenticity"/>). Consideriamo la situazione seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Account name: "<literal>foo</literal>"
it: Nome account: "<literal>pippo</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Host name: "<literal>www.example.com</literal>"
it: Nome host: "<literal>www.esempio.com</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Required packages: <literal>apt-utils</literal>, <literal>gnupg</literal>, and other packages
it: Pacchetti necessari: <literal>apt-utils</literal>, <literal>gnupg</literal> ed altri

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: URL: "<literal>http://www.example.com/~foo/</literal>" ( → "<literal>/home/foo/public_html/index.html</literal>")
it: URL: "<literal>http://www.esempio.com/~pippo/</literal>" ( → "<literal>/home/pippo/public_html/index.html</literal>")

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Architecture of packages: "<literal>amd64</literal>"
it: Architettura dei pacchetti: "<literal>amd64</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Create an APT archive key of Foo on your server system as the following.
it: Creare una chiave per l'archivio APT di Pippo nel sistema server, nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: $ ssh foo@www.example.com
    $ gpg --gen-key
    ...
    $ gpg -K
    ...
    sec   1024D/3A3CB5A6 2008-08-14
    uid                  Foo (ARCHIVE KEY) &lt;foo@www.example.com&gt;
    ssb   2048g/6856F4A7 2008-08-14
    $ gpg --export -a 3A3CB5A6 &gt;foo.public.key
it: $ ssh pippo@www.esempio.com
    $ gpg --gen-key
    ...
    $ gpg -K
    ...
    sec   1024D/3A3CB5A6 2008-08-14
    uid                  Pippo (ARCHIVE KEY) &lt;pippo@www.esempio.com&gt;
    ssb   2048g/6856F4A7 2008-08-14
    $ gpg --export -a 3A3CB5A6 &gt;pippo.public.key

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Publish the archive key file "<literal>foo.public.key</literal>" with the key ID "<literal>3A3CB5A6</literal>" for Foo
it: Pubblicare il file della chiave dell'archivio per Pippo, "<literal>pippo.public.key</literal>", con l'ID di chiave "<literal>3A3CB5A6</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Create an archive tree called "Origin: Foo" as the following.
it: Creare un albero di archivio chiamato "Origin: Pippo", nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: $ umask 022
    $ mkdir -p ~/public_html/debian/pool/main
    $ mkdir -p ~/public_html/debian/dists/unstable/main/binary-amd64
    $ mkdir -p ~/public_html/debian/dists/unstable/main/source
    $ cd ~/public_html/debian
    $ cat &gt; dists/unstable/main/binary-amd64/Release &lt;&lt; EOF
    Archive: unstable
    Version: 4.0
    Component: main
    Origin: Foo
    Label: Foo
    Architecture: amd64
    EOF
    $ cat &gt; dists/unstable/main/source/Release &lt;&lt; EOF
    Archive: unstable
    Version: 4.0
    Component: main
    Origin: Foo
    Label: Foo
    Architecture: source
    EOF
    $ cat &gt;aptftp.conf &lt;&lt;EOF
    APT::FTPArchive::Release {
      Origin "Foo";
      Label "Foo";
      Suite "unstable";
      Codename "sid";
      Architectures "amd64";
      Components "main";
      Description "Public archive for Foo";
    };
    EOF
    $ cat &gt;aptgenerate.conf &lt;&lt;EOF
    Dir::ArchiveDir ".";
    Dir::CacheDir ".";
    TreeDefault::Directory "pool/";
    TreeDefault::SrcDirectory "pool/";
    Default::Packages::Extensions ".deb";
    Default::Packages::Compress ". gzip bzip2";
    Default::Sources::Compress "gzip bzip2";
    Default::Contents::Compress "gzip bzip2";
    
    BinDirectory "dists/unstable/main/binary-amd64" {
      Packages "dists/unstable/main/binary-amd64/Packages";
      Contents "dists/unstable/Contents-amd64";
      SrcPackages "dists/unstable/main/source/Sources";
    };
    
    Tree "dists/unstable" {
      Sections "main";
      Architectures "amd64 source";
    };
    EOF
it: $ umask 022
    $ mkdir -p ~/public_html/debian/pool/main
    $ mkdir -p ~/public_html/debian/dists/unstable/main/binary-amd64
    $ mkdir -p ~/public_html/debian/dists/unstable/main/source
    $ cd ~/public_html/debian
    $ cat &gt; dists/unstable/main/binary-amd64/Release &lt;&lt; EOF
    Archive: unstable
    Version: 4.0
    Component: main
    Origin: Pippo
    Label: Pippo
    Architecture: amd64
    EOF
    $ cat &gt; dists/unstable/main/source/Release &lt;&lt; EOF
    Archive: unstable
    Version: 4.0
    Component: main
    Origin: Pippo
    Label: Pippo
    Architecture: source
    EOF
    $ cat &gt;aptftp.conf &lt;&lt;EOF
    APT::FTPArchive::Release {
      Origin "Pippo";
      Label "Pippo";
      Suite "unstable";
      Codename "sid";
      Architectures "amd64";
      Components "main";
      Description "Archivio pubblico di Pippo";
    };
    EOF
    $ cat &gt;aptgenerate.conf &lt;&lt;EOF
    Dir::ArchiveDir ".";
    Dir::CacheDir ".";
    TreeDefault::Directory "pool/";
    TreeDefault::SrcDirectory "pool/";
    Default::Packages::Extensions ".deb";
    Default::Packages::Compress ". gzip bzip2";
    Default::Sources::Compress "gzip bzip2";
    Default::Contents::Compress "gzip bzip2";
    
    BinDirectory "dists/unstable/main/binary-amd64" {
      Packages "dists/unstable/main/binary-amd64/Packages";
      Contents "dists/unstable/Contents-amd64";
      SrcPackages "dists/unstable/main/source/Sources";
    };
    
    Tree "dists/unstable" {
      Sections "main";
      Architectures "amd64 source";
    };
    EOF

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can automate repetitive updates of APT archive contents on your server system by configuring <literal>dupload</literal>.
it: Si possono automatizzare aggiornamenti regolari del contenuto dell'archivio APT nel proprio sistema server configurando <literal>dupload</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Place all package files into "<literal>~foo/public_html/debian/pool/main/</literal>" by executing "<literal>dupload -t foo changes_file</literal>" in client while having "<literal>~/.dupload.conf</literal>" containing the following.
it: Mettere tutti i file pacchetto in "<literal>~pippo/public_html/debian/pool/main/</literal>" eseguendo "<literal>dupload -t pippo changes_file</literal>" nel client ed avendo il file "<literal>~/.dupload.conf</literal>" che contiene quanto segue.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: $cfg{'foo'} = {
      fqdn =&gt; "www.example.com",
      method =&gt; "scpb",
      incoming =&gt; "/home/foo/public_html/debian/pool/main",
      # The dinstall on ftp-master sends emails itself
      dinstall_runs =&gt; 1,
    };
    
    $cfg{'foo'}{postupload}{'changes'} = "
      echo 'cd public_html/debian ;
      apt-ftparchive generate -c=aptftp.conf aptgenerate.conf;
      apt-ftparchive release -c=aptftp.conf dists/unstable &gt;dists/unstable/Release ;
      rm -f dists/unstable/Release.gpg ;
      gpg -u 3A3CB5A6 -bao dists/unstable/Release.gpg dists/unstable/Release'|
      ssh foo@www.example.com  2&gt;/dev/null ;
      echo 'Package archive created!'";
it: $cfg{'pippo'} = {
      fqdn =&gt; "www.esempio.com",
      method =&gt; "scpb",
      incoming =&gt; "/home/pippo/public_html/debian/pool/main",
      # dinstall su ftp-master invia esso stesso email
      dinstall_runs =&gt; 1,
    };
    
    $cfg{'pippo'}{postupload}{'changes'} = "
      echo 'cd public_html/debian ;
      apt-ftparchive generate -c=aptftp.conf aptgenerate.conf;
      apt-ftparchive release -c=aptftp.conf dists/unstable &gt;dists/unstable/Release ;
      rm -f dists/unstable/Release.gpg ;
      gpg -u 3A3CB5A6 -bao dists/unstable/Release.gpg dists/unstable/Release'|
      ssh pippo@www.esempio.com  2&gt;/dev/null ;
      echo 'Archivio dei pacchetti creato!'";

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <emphasis role="strong">postupload</emphasis> hook script initiated by <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dupload</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> creates updated archive files for each upload.
it: Lo script automatico <emphasis role="strong">postupload</emphasis> avviato da <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dupload</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> crea file di archivio aggiornati per ciascun caricamento.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can add this small public archive to the apt-line of your client system by the following.
it: Si può aggiungere questo piccolo archivio pubblico nelle righe di apt del proprio sistema client con i comandi seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: $ sudo bash
    # echo "deb http://www.example.com/~foo/debian/ unstable main" \
       &gt;&gt; /etc/apt/sources.list
    # apt-key add foo.public.key
it: $ sudo bash
    # echo "deb http://www.esempio.com/~pippo/debian/ unstable main" \
       &gt;&gt; /etc/apt/sources.list
    # apt-key add pippo.public.key

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: If the archive is located on the local filesystem, you can use "<literal>deb file:///home/foo/debian/ …</literal>" instead.
it: Se l'archivio si trova sul file system locale, si può usare invece "<literal>deb file:///home/pippo/debian/ …</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Recording and copying system configuration
it: Registrare e copiare la configurazione di sistema

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can make a local copy of the package and debconf selection states by the following.
it: Si può creare una copia locale dello stato delle selezioni dei pacchetti e di debconf nel modo seguente

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here, "<literal>*</literal>" makes "<literal>selection.dpkg</literal>" to include package entries for "purge" too.
it: In questo esempio "<literal>*</literal>" fa sì che "<literal>selection.dpkg</literal>" includa anche le voci dei pacchetti "eliminati".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can transfer these 2 files to another computer, and install there with the following.
it: Questi 2 file possono essere trasferiti su un altro computer ed i pacchetti installati lì con i comandi seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: # dselect update
    # debconf-set-selections &lt; myselection.debconf
    # dpkg --set-selections  &lt; myselection.dpkg
    # apt-get -u dselect-upgrade    # or dselect install
it: # dselect update
    # debconf-set-selections &lt; miaselezione.debconf
    # dpkg --set-selections  &lt; miaselezione.dpkg
    # apt-get -u dselect-upgrade    # o dselect install

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you are thinking about managing many servers in a cluster with practically the same configuration, you should consider to use specialized package such as <literal>fai</literal> to manage the whole system.
it: Se si ha in progetto di gestire molti server in un cluster con praticamente la stessa configurazione, si dovrebbe considerare l'uso di pacchetti specifici come <literal>fai</literal> per gestire l'intero sistema.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Converting or installing an alien binary package
it: Convertire o installare un pacchetto binario alieno

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>alien</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> enables the conversion of binary packages provided in Red Hat <literal>rpm</literal>, Stampede <literal>slp</literal>, Slackware <literal>tgz</literal>, and Solaris <literal>pkg</literal> file formats into a Debian <literal>deb</literal> package.  If you want to use a package from another Linux distribution than the one you have installed on your system, you can use <literal>alien</literal> to convert it from your preferred package format and install it.  <literal>alien</literal> also supports LSB packages.
it: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>alien</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> permette la conversione di pacchetti binari forniti in file in formato Red Hat <literal>rpm</literal>, Stampede <literal>slp</literal>, Slackware <literal>tgz</literal> e Solaris <literal>pkg</literal> in pacchetti Debian <literal>deb</literal>. Se si vuole usare un pacchetto da una distribuzione Linux diversa da quella installata sul proprio sistema, si può usare <literal>alien</literal> per convertire il formato di pacchetto ed installarlo. <literal>alien</literal> supporta anche pacchetti LSB.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
en: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>alien</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> should not be used to replace essential system packages, such as <literal>sysvinit</literal>, <literal>libc6</literal>, <literal>libpam-modules</literal>, etc.  Practically, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>alien</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> should only used for <emphasis role="strong">non-free</emphasis> binary-only packages which are LSB compliant or statically linked.  For free softwares, you should use their source packages to make real Debian packages.
it: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>alien</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> non dovrebbe essere usato per rimpiazzare pacchetti di sistema essenziali, come <literal>sysvinit</literal>, <literal>libc66</literal>, <literal>libpam-modules</literal>, ecc. In pratica, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>alien</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> dovrebbe essere usato solamente per pacchetti solo-binari <emphasis role="strong">non-free</emphasis> che sono conformi a LSB o con link statico. Per i software liberi si dovrebbero usare i loro pacchetti sorgenti per creare veri pacchetti Debian.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Extracting package without dpkg
it: Estrarre pacchetti senza dpkg

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The current "<literal>*.deb</literal>" package contents can be extracted without using <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dpkg</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> on any <ulink url="&unixlike;">Unix-like</ulink> environment using standard <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ar</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tar</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
it: In qualsiasi ambiente <ulink url="&unixlike;">*nix</ulink> i contenuti di un pacchetto "<literal>*.deb</literal>" possono essere estratti senza usare <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dpkg</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> utilizzando le utilità standard <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ar</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> e <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tar</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: # ar x /path/to/dpkg_&lt;version&gt;_&lt;arch&gt;.deb
    # ls
    total 24
    -rw-r--r-- 1 bozo bozo  1320 2007-05-07 00:11 control.tar.gz
    -rw-r--r-- 1 bozo bozo 12837 2007-05-07 00:11 data.tar.gz
    -rw-r--r-- 1 bozo bozo     4 2007-05-07 00:11 debian-binary
    # mkdir control
    # mkdir data
    # tar xvzf control.tar.gz -C control
    # tar xvzf data.tar.gz -C data
it: # ar x /percorso/di/dpkg_&lt;versione&gt;_&lt;arch&gt;.deb
    # ls
    total 24
    -rw-r--r-- 1 bozo bozo  1320 2007-05-07 00:11 control.tar.gz
    -rw-r--r-- 1 bozo bozo 12837 2007-05-07 00:11 data.tar.gz
    -rw-r--r-- 1 bozo bozo     4 2007-05-07 00:11 debian-binary
    # mkdir control
    # mkdir data
    # tar xvzf control.tar.gz -C control
    # tar xvzf data.tar.gz -C data

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can also browse package content using the <literal>mc</literal> command.
it: Si può anche navigare il contenuto del pacchetto usando il comando <literal>mc</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: More readings for the package management
it: Ulteriori letture sulla gestione dei pacchetti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can learn more on the package management from following documentations.
it: Si possono ottenere molte altre informazioni sulla gestione dei pacchetti dalla documentazione seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Primary documentations on the package management:
it: Documentazione principale sulla gestione dei pacchetti:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>aptitude</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dpkg</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tasksel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt-get</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt-config</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt-key</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sources.list</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt_preferences</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>;
it: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>aptitude</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dpkg</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tasksel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt-get</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt-config</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt-key</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sources.list</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> e <citerefentry><refentrytitle>apt_preferences</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>;

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/usr/share/doc/apt-doc/guide.html/index.html</literal>" and "<literal>/usr/share/doc/apt-doc/offline.html/index.html</literal>" from the <literal>apt-doc</literal> package; and
it: "<literal>/usr/share/doc/apt-doc/guide.html/index.html</literal>" e "<literal>/usr/share/doc/apt-doc/offline.html/index.html</literal>" dal pacchetto <literal>apt-doc</literal> e

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/usr/share/doc/aptitude/html/en/index.html</literal>" from the <literal>aptitude-doc-en</literal> package.
it: "<literal>/usr/share/doc/aptitude/html/en/index.html</literal>" dal pacchetto <literal>aptitude-doc-en</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Official and detailed documentations on the Debian archive:
it: Documentazione ufficiale dettagliata sull'archivio Debian:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&debianpolicymanuthedebianarchive;">"Debian Policy Manual Chapter 2 - The Debian Archive"</ulink>,
it: <ulink url="&debianpolicymanuthedebianarchive;">"Manuale Debian Policy, capitolo 2 - L'archivio Debian"</ulink>,

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&debiandevelopersthedebianarchive;">"Debian Developer's Reference, Chapter 4 - Resources for Debian Developers 4.6 The Debian archive"</ulink>, and
it: <ulink url="&debiandevelopersthedebianarchive;">"Debian Developer's Reference, capitolo 4 - Risorse per gli sviluppatori Debian, 4.6 L'archivio Debian"</ulink> e

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&thedebiangnulinuebianftparchives;">"The Debian GNU/Linux FAQ, Chapter 5 - The Debian FTP archives"</ulink>.
it: <ulink url="&thedebiangnulinuebianftparchives;">"FAQ Debian GNU/Linux, capitolo 5 - Gli archivi FTP Debian"</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Tutorial for building of a Debian package for Debian users:
it: Tutorial per gli utenti Debian sulla creazione di un pacchetto Debian:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
en: The system initialization
it: Inizializzazione del sistema

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
en: It is wise for you as the system administrator to know roughly how the Debian system is started and configured.  Although the exact details are in the source files of the packages installed and their documentations, it is a bit overwhelming for most of us.
it: È bene che l'amministratore di sistema conosca almeno a grandi linee come viene avviato e configurato il sistema Debian. Anche se i dettagli precisi sono nei file sorgenti dei pacchetti installati e nella loro documentazione, essi sono un po' troppo per la maggior parte degli utenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
en: I did my best to provide a quick overview of the key points of the Debian system and their configuration for your reference, based on the current and previous knowledge of mine and others. Since the Debian system is a moving target, the situation over the system may have been changed.  Before making any changes to the system, you should refer to the latest documentation for each package.
it: Ho cercato di fornire una veloce panoramica dei punti chiave del sistema Debian e della loro configurazione, come punto di riferimento per l'utente, in base alle conoscenze attuali e passate mie e di altri. Dato che il sistema Debian è in costante evoluzione, la situazione potrebbe essere cambiata. Prima di fare qualsiasi modifica al sistema, si dovrebbe far riferimento alla documentazione più recente per ciascun pacchetto.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: An overview of the boot strap process
it: Panoramica del processo di avvio

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The computer system undergoes several phases of <ulink url="&bootstrapprocesses;">boot strap processes</ulink> from the power-on event until it offers the fully functional operating system (OS) to the user.
it: Il sistema del computer passa attraverso varie fasi del <ulink url="&bootstrapprocesses;">processo di avvio</ulink>, dall'accensione a quando offre all'utente il sistema operativo (SO) pienamente funzionante.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: For simplicity, I limit discussion to the typical PC platform with the default installation.
it: Per semplicità la spiegazione è limitata alla piattaforma PC tipica con l'installazione standard.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The typical boot strap process is like a four-stage rocket.  Each stage rocket hands over the system control to the next stage one.
it: Il normale processo di avvio è come un razzo a quattro stadi. Ogni stadio del razzo passa il controllo del sistema allo stadio successivo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Of course, these can be configured differently.  For example, if you compiled your own kernel, you may be skipping the step with the mini-Debian system.  So please do not assume this is the case for your system until you check it yourself.
it: Naturalmente questo può essere configurato in modo diverso. Per esempio, se è stato compilato un kernel personalizzato, si potrebbe saltare la fase con il mini-sistema Debian. Non dare per scontato che quanto detto valga per il proprio sistema fino a che non si abbia controllato direttamente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><note><para>
en: For non-legacy PC platform such as the SUN or the Macintosh system, the BIOS on ROM and the partition on the disk may be quite different (<xref linkend="_disk_partition_configuration"/>).  Please seek the platform specific documentations elsewhere for such a case.
it: Per piattaforme PC non sorpassate, come il sistema SUN o Macintosh, il BIOS nella ROM e la partizione sul disco possono essere alquanto differenti (<xref linkend="_disk_partition_configuration"/>). In questi casi, cercare la documentazione piattaforma specifica altrove.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Stage 1: the BIOS
it: Stadio 1: il BIOS

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The <ulink url="&bios;">BIOS</ulink> is the 1st stage of the boot process which is started by the power-on event. The <ulink url="&bios;">BIOS</ulink> residing on the <ulink url="&readonlymemoryrom;">read only memory (ROM)</ulink> is executed from the particular memory address to which the program counter of CPU is initialized by the power-on event.
it: Il <ulink url="&bios;">BIOS</ulink> è il primo stadio del processo di avvio che viene avviato dall'accensione. Il <ulink url="&bios;">BIOS</ulink>, che risiede nella <ulink url="&readonlymemoryrom;">ROM (read only memory, memoria in sola lettura)</ulink> è eseguito da un particolare indirizzo di memoria al quale è inizializzato, dall'accensione, il contatore di programma della CPU.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: This BIOS performs the basic initialization of the hardware (<ulink url="&postpoweronselftest;">POST: power on self test</ulink>) and hands the system control to the next step which you provide.  The BIOS is usually provided with the hardware.
it: Il BIOS effettua l'inizializzazione base dell'hardware (<ulink url="&postpoweronselftest;">POST (power on self test, auto-test di accensione)</ulink> e passa il controllo del sistema allo stadio successivo fornito dall'utente. Il BIOS è di solito fornito con l'hardware.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The BIOS startup screen usually indicates what key(s) to press to enter the BIOS setup screen to configure the BIOS behavior. Popular keys used are F1, F2, F10, Esc, Ins, and Del. If your BIOS startup screen is hidden by a nice graphics screen, you may press some keys such as Esc to disable this.  These keys are highly dependent on the hardware.
it: La schermata di avvio del BIOS indica solitamente quale tasto o tasti premere per entrare nella schermata di impostazioni del BIOS, per configurarne il comportamento. Tasti comunemente usati sono F1, F2, F10, Esc, Ins e Canc. Se la schermata di avvio del BIOS è nascosta da una bella schermata grafica, si può premere dei tasti, come Esc, per disabilitarla. Quali tasti vadano premuti dipende fortemente dall'hardware.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The hardware location and the priority of the code started by the BIOS can be selected from the BIOS setup screen.  Typically, the first few sectors of the first found selected device (hard disk, floppy disk, CD-ROM, …) are loaded to the memory and this initial code is executed.  This initial code can be any one of the following.
it: Dalla schermata di impostazioni del BIOS si può scegliere la posizione hardware e la priorità del codice avviato dal BIOS. Tipicamente vengono caricati in memoria i primi pochi settori del primo dispositivo selezionato trovato (disco fisso, dischetto floppy, CD-ROM, ...) e viene eseguito questo codice iniziale che può essere una qualsiasi tra le cose seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The boot loader code
it: Il codice del bootloader

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The kernel code of the stepping stone OS such as <ulink url="&freedos;">FreeDOS</ulink>
it: Il codice del kernel di SO di passaggio come <ulink url="&freedos;">FreeDOS</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The kernel code of the target OS if it fits in this small space
it: Il codice del kernel del sistema operativo finale, se può essere contenuto in questo piccolo spazio

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Typically, the system is booted from the specified partition of the primary hard disk partition. First 2 sectors of the hard disk on legacy PC contain the <ulink url="&masterbootrecordmbr;">master boot record (MBR)</ulink>.  The disk partition information including the boot selection is recorded at the end of this MBR. The first boot loader code executed from the BIOS occupies the rest of this MBR.
it: Tipicamente il sistema viene avviato dalla partizione specificata del disco fisso primario. I primi 2 settori del disco fisso nei PC vecchi contengono il<ulink url="&masterbootrecordmbr;">master boot record (MBR)</ulink>. Le informazioni sulle partizioni del disco, inclusa la selezione per l'avvio sono memorizzate alla fine di questo MBR. Il primo codice boot loader eseguito dal BIOS occupa la parte restante di questo MBR.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Stage 2: the boot loader
it: Stadio 2: il bootloader

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The <ulink url="&bootloader;">boot loader</ulink> is the 2nd stage of the boot process which is started by the BIOS.  It loads the system kernel image and the <ulink url="&initrd;">initrd</ulink> image to the memory and hands control over to them.  This initrd image is the root filesystem image and its support depends on the bootloader used.
it: Il <ulink url="&bootloader;">bootloader</ulink> è il secondo stadio del processo di avvio che è iniziato dal BIOS. Carica l'immagine kernel del sistema e l'immagine <ulink url="&initrd;">initrd</ulink> in memoria e passa il controllo ad essi. L'immagine initrd è l'immagine del file system radice ed il suo supporto dipende dal bootloader usato.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The Debian system normally uses the Linux kernel as the default system kernel. The initrd image for the current 2.6 Linux kernel is technically the initramfs (initial RAM filesystem) image. The initramfs image is a gzipped cpio archive of files in the root filesystem.
it: Il sistema Debian normalmente usa il kernel Linux come kernel predefinito del sistema. L'immagine initrd dell'attuale kernel Linux 2.6 è tecnicamente l'immagine initramfs (initial RAM filesystem). Questa è un archivio cpio compresso con gzip dei file nel filesystem root.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The default install of the Debian system places first-stage GRUB boot loader code into the <ulink url="&mbr;">MBR</ulink> for the PC platform. There are many boot loaders and configuration options available.
it: L'installazione predefinita del sistema Debian posiziona, per la piattaforma PC, il codice di primo stadio del bootloader GRUB nell'<ulink url="&mbr;">MBR</ulink>. Sono disponibili molti bootloader e opzioni di configurazione.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of boot loaders
it: Elenco di bootloader

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Supported
it: Supportato

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: This is smart enough to understand disk partitions and filesystems such as vfat, ext3, …. (<literal>lenny</literal> default)
it: Intelligente abbastanza da capire partizioni su disco e filesystem come vfat, ext3, ... (predefinito in <literal>lenny</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: This is smart enough to understand disk partitions and filesystems such as vfat, ext3, ….
it: Intelligente abbastanza da capire partizioni su disco e filesystem come vfat, ext3, ...

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: This is GRUB 2 bootable rescue images (CD and floppy) (PC/BIOS version)
it: È l'immagine di ripristino avviabile di GRUB 2 (CD e floppy) (versione PC/BIOS)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: This relies on the sector locations of data on the hard disk. (Old)
it: Si basa sulla posizione dei settori dei dati sul disco fisso. (Vecchio)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: This understands the ISO9660 filesystem.  This is used by the boot CD.
it: Capisce il filesystem ISO 9660. Usato dal CD di avvio.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: This understands the <ulink url="&msdosfilesystemfat;">MSDOS filesystem (FAT)</ulink>.  This is used by the boot floppy.
it: Capisce il <ulink url="&msdosfilesystemfat;">filesystem MSDOS (FAT)</ulink>. Usato dai dischetti floppy di avvio.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: New system is started from the FreeDOS/MSDOS system.
it: Il nuovo sistema viene avviato dal sistema FreeDOS/MSDOS.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Not supported
it: Non supportato

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&mbrbyneilturton;">MBR by Neil Turton</ulink>
it: <ulink url="&mbrbyneilturton;">MBR di Neil Turton</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: This is free software which substitutes MSDOS <ulink url="&mbr;">MBR</ulink>.  This only understands disk partitions.
it: Software libero che sostituisce <ulink url="&mbr;">MBR</ulink> MSDOS. Capisce solo le partizioni su disco.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><warning><para>
en: Do not play with boot loaders without having bootable rescue media (CD or floppy) created from images in the <literal>grub-rescue-pc</literal> package.  It makes you boot your system even without functioning bootloader on the hard disk.
it: Non mettere mano ai bootloader senza aver creato supporti avviabili di ripristino (CD o floppy) da immagini nel pacchetto <literal>grub-rescue-pc</literal>. Questo permette di avviare il sistema anche senza un bootloader funzionante sul disco fisso.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: For GRUB Legacy, the menu configuration file is located at "<literal>/boot/grub/menu.lst</literal>".  For example, it has entries as the following.
it: Per GRUB Legacy, il file di configurazione del menu è "<literal>/boot/grub/menu.lst</literal>". Contiene, per esempio, delle voci come quella seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: For GRUB 2, the menu configuration file is located at "<literal>/boot/grub/grub.cfg</literal>". It is automatically generated by "<literal>/usr/sbin/update-grub</literal>" using templates from "<literal>/etc/grub.d/*</literal>" and settings from "<literal>/etc/default/grub</literal>".  For example, it has entries as the following.
it: Per GRUB 2, il file di configurazione del menu è "<literal>/boot/grub/grub.cfg</literal>". Viene generato automaticamente da "<literal>/usr/sbin/update-grub</literal>" usando modelli da "<literal>/etc/grub.d/*</literal>" e impostazioni da "<literal>/etc/default/grub</literal>". Contiene, per esempio, delle voci come quella seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: For these examples, these GRUB parameters mean the following.
it: Negli esempi precedenti i parametri di GRUB hanno i seguenti significati.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: The meaning of GRUB parameters
it: Significato dei parametri di GRUB

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: GRUB parameter
it: parametro di GRUB

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: use 3rd partition on the primary disk by setting it as "<literal>(hd0,2)</literal>" in GRUB legacy or as "<literal>(hd0,3)</literal>" in GRUB 2
it: usa la terza partizione sul primo disco fisso indicandola come "<literal>(hd0,2)</literal>" in GRUB legacy o come "<literal>(hd0,3)</literal>" in GRUB 2

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: use kernel located at "<literal>/vmlinuz</literal>" with kernel parameter: "<literal>root=/dev/hda3 ro</literal>"
it: usa il kernel che si trova in "<literal>/vmlinuz</literal>" con i parametri  "<literal>root=/dev/hda3 ro</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: use <ulink url="&initrdinitramfs;">initrd/initramfs</ulink> image located at "<literal>/initrd.img</literal>"
it: usa l'immagine <ulink url="&initrdinitramfs;">initrd/initramfs</ulink> che si trova in "<literal>/initrd.img</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><note><para>
en: The value of the partition number used by GRUB legacy program is one less than normal one used by Linux kernel and utility tools.  GRUB 2 program fixes this problem.
it: Il valore per il numero di partizione usato dal programma GRUB Legacy è minore di uno rispetto a quello normale usato dal kernel Linux e dagli strumenti di utilità. il programma GRUB 2 ha risolto questo problema.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
en: <ulink url="&uuid;">UUID</ulink> (see <xref linkend="_accessing_partition_using_uuid"/>) may be used to identify a block special device instead of its file name such as "<literal>/dev/hda3</literal>", e.g."<literal>root=UUID=81b289d5-4341-4003-9602-e254a17ac232 ro</literal>".
it: Per identificare un particolare dispositivo a blocchi si può usare il suo <ulink url="&uuid;">UUID</ulink> (vedere <xref linkend="_accessing_partition_using_uuid"/>) invece del suo nome file come "<literal>/dev/hda3</literal>", ad esempio "<literal>root=UUID=81b289d5-4341-4003-9602-e254a17ac232 ro</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
en: You can start a boot loader from another boot loader using techniques called <ulink url="&chainloading;">chain loading</ulink>.
it: Si può avviare un bootloader da un altro bootloader usando una tecnica chiamata <ulink url="&chainloading;">caricamento a catena</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: See "<literal>info grub</literal>" and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>grub-install</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
it: Vedere "<literal>info grub</literal>" e <citerefentry><refentrytitle>grub-install</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Stage 3: the mini-Debian system
it: Stadio 3: il mini-sistema Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The mini-Debian system is the 3rd stage of the boot process which is started by the boot loader.  It runs the system kernel with its root filesystem on the memory. This is an optional preparatory stage of the boot process.
it: Il mini-sistema Debian è il terzo stadio del processo di avvio che viene iniziato dal bootloader. Esegue il kernel del sistema con il suo filesystem root in memoria. Questo è uno stadio opzionale preparatorio del processo di avvio.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><note><para>
en: The term "the mini-Debian system" is coined by the author to describe this 3rd stage boot process for this document.  This system is commonly referred as the <ulink url="&initrd;">initrd</ulink> or initramfs system. Similar system on the memory is used by <ulink url="&thedebianinstaller;">the Debian Installer</ulink>.
it: L'espressione "sistema Debian mini" è stata coniata per descrivere il terzo stadio del processo di avvio in questo documento. Normalmente ci si riferisce a questo sistema come sistema <ulink url="&initrd;">initrd</ulink> o initramfs. Un sistema simile in memoria è usato dall'<ulink url="&thedebianinstaller;">installatore Debian</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The "<literal>/init</literal>" script is executed as the first program in this root filesystem on the memory.  It is a shell script program which initializes the kernel in user space and hands control over to the next stage. This mini-Debian system offers flexibility to the boot process such as adding kernel modules before the main boot process or mounting the root filesystem as an encrypted one.
it: Lo script "<literal>/init</literal>" viene eseguito come primo programma in questo filesystem root in memoria. È un programma script di shell che inizializza il kernel in spazio utente e passa il controllo allo stadio successivo. Questo mini-sistema Debian offre flessibilità al processo di avvio, come la possibilità di aggiungere moduli del kernel prima del processo di avvio principale o di montare il filesystem root come cifrato.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: You can interrupt this part of the boot process to gain root shell by providing "<literal>break=init</literal>" etc. to the kernel boot parameter. See the "<literal>/init</literal>" script for more break conditions.  This shell environment is sophisticated enough to make a good inspection of your machine's hardware.
it: Si può interrompere questa parte del processo di avvio per ottenere una shell di root fornendo il parametro di avvio per il kernel "<literal>break=init</literal>" etc. Vedere lo script "<literal>/init</literal>" per ulteriori condizioni di interruzione. Questo ambiente shell è abbastanza sofisticato da fare una buona ispezione dell'hardware della macchina.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Commands available in this mini-Debian system are stripped down ones and mainly provided by a GNU tool called <citerefentry><refentrytitle>busybox</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
it: I comandi disponibili in questo mini-sistema Debian sono versioni minimali e vengono principalmente forniti da uno strumento GNU chiamato <citerefentry><refentrytitle>busybox</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><caution><para>
en: You need to use "<literal>-n</literal>" option for <literal>mount</literal> command when you are on the readonly root filesystem.
it: È necessario usare l'opzione "<literal>-n</literal>" per il comando <literal>mount</literal> quando si è nel filesystem root in sola lettura.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Stage 4: the normal Debian system
it: Stadio 4: il normale sistema Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of boot utilities for the Debian system
it: Elenco di utilità di avvio per il sistema Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: scripts for initializing and shutting down the system
it: script per inizializzare ed arrestare il sistema

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: System-V-like <citerefentry><refentrytitle>init</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> utilities
it: utilità <citerefentry><refentrytitle>init</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> in stile System-V

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: System-V-like runlevel change mechanism
it: meccanismo di cambiamento del runlevel in stile System-V

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: System-V-like utilities (<citerefentry><refentrytitle>startpar</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>bootlogd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, …)
it: utilità in stile System-V (<citerefentry><refentrytitle>startpar</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>bootlogd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, …)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&linuxstandardbase;">Linux Standard Base</ulink> 3.2 init script functionality
it: funzionalità di script init <ulink url="&linuxstandardbase;">Linux Standard Base</ulink> 3.2

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: tool to organize boot sequence using LSB init.d script dependencies
it: strumento per organizzare la sequenza di avvio usando dipendenze LSB negli script init.d

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: event-based <citerefentry><refentrytitle>init</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> daemon for concurrency (alternative to <literal>sysvinit</literal>)
it: demone <citerefentry><refentrytitle>init</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> basato su eventi per concorrenza (alternativa a <literal>sysvinit</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>readahead</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> to preload boot process files
it: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>readahead</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> per precaricare file del processo di avvio

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: tools to use userspace software suspend provided by Linux
it: strumenti per usare la sospensione software in spazio utente fornita da Linux

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: kexec tool for <citerefentry><refentrytitle>kexec</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> reboots (warm reboot)
it: strumento kexec per riavvii <citerefentry><refentrytitle>kexec</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> (riavvio a caldo)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: boot process performance analyser
it: analizzatore delle prestazioni del processo di avvio

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: boot process performance analyser (visualisation)
it: analizzatore delle prestazioni del processo di avvio (visualizzazione)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: console-only <citerefentry><refentrytitle>getty</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>
it: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>getty</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> solo console

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: smart modem <citerefentry><refentrytitle>getty</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> replacement
it: rimpiazzio di <citerefentry><refentrytitle>getty</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> per smart modem

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
en: All boot mechanisms are compatible through "<literal>/etc/init.d/rc</literal>", "<literal>/etc/init.d/rcS</literal>", "<literal>/usr/sbin/update-rc.d</literal>", and "<literal>/usr/sbin/invoke-rc.d</literal>" scripts.
it: Tutti i meccanismi di avvio sono compatibili grazie agli script "<literal>/etc/init.d/rc</literal>", "<literal>/etc/init.d/rcS</literal>", "<literal>/usr/sbin/update-rc.d</literal>" e "<literal>/usr/sbin/invoke-rc.d</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
en: The <literal>readahead-fedora</literal> package can speed up starting of a system with decent amount of DRAM.
it: Il pacchetto <literal>readahead-fedora</literal> può velocizzare l'avvio di un sistema con una buona quantità di DRAM.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The normal Debian system is the 4th stage of the boot process which is started by the mini-Debian system.  The system kernel for the mini-Debian system continues to run in this environment. The root filesystem is switched from the one on the memory to the one on the real hard disk filesystem.
it: Il sistema Debian normale è il quarto stadio del processo di avvio che viene iniziato dal mini-sistema Debian. Il kernel di sistema del mini-sistema Debian continua ad essere in esecuzione anche in questo ambiente. Il filesystem root viene cambiato da quello in memoria all'effettivo filesystem sul disco fisso.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The "<literal>/sbin/init</literal>" program is executed as the first program and performs the main boot process. The Debian normally uses the traditional sysvinit scheme with the <literal>sysv-rc</literal> package.  See <citerefentry><refentrytitle>init</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>inittab</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, and "<literal>/usr/share/doc/sysv-rc/README.runlevels.gz</literal>" for the exact explanation.  This main boot process essentially goes through the following.
it: Il programma "<literal>/sbin/init</literal>" viene eseguito per primo e effettua il lavoro principale del processo di avvio. Debian normalmente usa lo schema sysvinit tradizionale tramite il pacchetto <literal>sysv-rc</literal>. Vedere <citerefentry><refentrytitle>init</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>inittab</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> e "<literal>/usr/share/doc/sysv-rc/README.runlevels.gz</literal>" per una spiegazione dettagliata. Questo processo principale di avvio fondamentalmente attraversa le fasi seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: The Debian system goes into <emphasis role="strong">runlevel N</emphasis> (none) to initialize the system by following the "<literal>/etc/inittab</literal>" description.
it: Il sistema Debian va nel <emphasis role="strong">runlevel N</emphasis> (None, nessuno) per inizializzare il sistema seguendo la descrizione "<literal>/etc/inittab</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: The Debian system goes into <emphasis role="strong">runlevel S</emphasis> to initialize the system under the single-user mode to complete hardware initialization etc.
it: Il sistema Debian va nel <emphasis role="strong">runlevel S</emphasis> per inizializzare il sistema in modalità singolo-utente per completare l'inizializzazione dell'hardware, ecc.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: The Debian system goes into one of the specified <emphasis role="strong">multi-user runlevels (2 to 5)</emphasis> to start the system services.
it: Il sistema Debian va in uno dei <emphasis role="strong">runlevel multiutente (da 2 a 5)</emphasis> specificato per avviare i servizi di sistema.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The initial runlevel used for multi-user mode is specified with the "<literal>init=</literal>" kernel boot parameter or in the "initdefault" line of the "<literal>/etc/inittab</literal>". The Debian system as installed starts at the <emphasis role="strong">runlevel 2</emphasis>.
it: Il runlevel iniziale usato per la modalità multi-utente è specificato con il parametro di avvio del kernel "<literal>init=</literal>" o nella riga "initdefault" del file "<literal>/etc/inittab</literal>". Il sistema Debian, nella configurazione predefinita, si avvia nel <emphasis role="strong">runlevel 2</emphasis>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: All actual script files executed by the init system are located in the directory "<literal>/etc/init.d/</literal>".
it: Tutti i file script effettivamente eseguiti dal sistema init sono contenuti nella directory "<literal>/etc/init.d/</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The meaning of the runlevel
it: Il significato del runlevel

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Each <ulink url="&runlevel;">runlevel</ulink> uses a directory for its configuration and has specific meaning as the following.
it: Ogni <ulink url="&runlevel;">runlevel</ulink> usa una directory per la propria configurazione e ha un significato specifico come descritto nella tabella seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of runlevels and description of their usage
it: Elenco dei runlevel e descrizione del loro uso

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: description of runlevel usage
it: descrizione dell'uso del runlevel

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: none
it: nessuna

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: system bootup (NONE) level (no "<literal>/etc/rcN.d/</literal>" directory)
it: livello di avvio del sistema (NONE) (nessuna directory "<literal>/etc/rcN.d/</literal>")

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: halt the system
it: arresta il sistema

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: single-user mode on boot (alias: "<literal>s</literal>")
it: modalità utente-singolo all'avvio (alias "<literal>s</literal>")

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: single-user mode switched from multi-user mode
it: modalità utente-singolo dalla modalità multi-utente

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: multi-user mode
it: modalità multi-utente

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: ,,
it: ""

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: reboot the system
it: riavvia il sistema

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: valid multi-user mode but not normally used
it: modalità multi-utente valida ma normalmente non usata

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can change the runlevel from the console to, e.g., 4 by the following.
it: Si può cambiare il runlevel dalla console, per esempio a 4, nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">The Debian system does not pre-assign any special meaning differences among the <ulink url="&runlevels;">runlevels</ulink> between 2 and 5.</emphasis> The system administrator on the Debian system may change this.  (I.e., Debian is not <ulink url="&redhatlinux;">Red Hat Linux</ulink> nor <ulink url="&solarisbysunmicrosystems;">Solaris by Sun Microsystems</ulink> nor <ulink url="&hpuxbyhewlettpackard;">HP-UX by Hewlett Packard</ulink> nor <ulink url="&aixbyibm;">AIX by IBM</ulink> nor …)
it: <emphasis role="strong">Il sistema Debian non assegna nessuna differenza significativa ai<ulink url="&runlevels;">runlevel</ulink> compresi tra 2 e 5.</emphasis> L'amministratore di un sistema Debian può cambiare questa situazione. (Cioè Debian non è <ulink url="&redhatlinux;">Red Hat Linux</ulink> né <ulink url="&solarisbysunmicrosystems;">Solaris di Sun Microsystems</ulink> né <ulink url="&hpuxbyhewlettpackard;">HP-UX di Hewlett Packard</ulink> né <ulink url="&aixbyibm;">AIX di IBM</ulink>, né …)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: The Debian system does not populate directories for the <ulink url="&runlevels;">runlevels</ulink> between 7 and 9 when the package is installed.  Traditional <ulink url="&unixvariants;">Unix variants</ulink> don't use these <ulink url="&runlevels;">runlevels</ulink>.
it: Il sistema Debian non popola le directory per i <ulink url="&runlevels;">runlevel</ulink> tra 7 e 9 quando il pacchetto è installato. Le <ulink url="&unixvariants;">varianti di Unix</ulink> tradizionali non usano questi <ulink url="&runlevels;">runlevel</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The configuration of the runlevel
it: La configurazione del runlevel

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: When <citerefentry><refentrytitle>init</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> or <citerefentry><refentrytitle>telinit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> commands goes into the runlevel to "&lt;n&gt;", the system basically executes the initialization scripts as follows.
it: Quando i comandi <citerefentry><refentrytitle>init</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> o <citerefentry><refentrytitle>telinit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> vanno nel runlevel "&lt;n&gt;", il sistema fondamentalmente esegue gli script di inizializzazione nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: The script names starting with a "<literal>K</literal>" in "<literal>/etc/rc&lt;n&gt;.d/</literal>" are executed in alphabetical order with the single argument "<literal>stop</literal>". (killing services)
it: Gli script in "<literal>/etc/rc&lt;n&gt;.d/</literal> il cui nome inizia con una "<literal>K</literal>" vengono eseguiti in ordine alfabetico con l'unico argomento "<literal>stop</literal>". (uccisione dei servizi)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: The script names starting with an "<literal>S</literal>" in "<literal>/etc/rc&lt;n&gt;.d/</literal>" are executed in alphabetical order with the single argument "<literal>start</literal>". (starting services)
it: Gli script in "<literal>/etc/rc&lt;n&gt;.d/</literal> il cui nome inizia con una "<literal>S</literal>" vengono eseguiti in ordine alfabetico con l'unico argomento "<literal>start</literal>". (avvio dei servizi)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For example, if you had the links "<literal>S10sysklogd</literal>" and "<literal>S20exim4</literal>" in a runlevel directory, "<literal>S10sysklogd</literal>" which is symlinked to "<literal>../init.d/sysklogd</literal>" would run before "<literal>S20exim4</literal>" which is symlinked to "<literal>../init.d/exim4</literal>".
it: Per esempio, se in una directory di runlevel sono presenti i collegamenti "<literal>S10sysklogd</literal>" e "<literal>S20exim4</literal>", "<literal>S10sysklogd</literal>", che è un collegamento simbolico a "<literal>../init.d/sysklogd</literal>", viene eseguito prima di "<literal>S20exim4</literal>", che è un collegamento simbolico a "<literal>../init.d/exim4</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This simple sequential initialization system is the classical <ulink url="&systemv;">System V</ulink> style boot system and was used up to the Debian <literal>lenny</literal> system.
it: Questo semplice sistema di inizializzazione sequenziale è il classico sistema di avvio in stile <ulink url="&systemv;">System V</ulink> ed è stato usato fino al rilascio <literal>Lenny</literal> di Debian.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The recent Debian system is optimized to execute the initialization scripts concurrently, instead.
it: Il sistema Debian recente è stato ottimizzato per eseguire invece gli script di inizializzazione in modo concorrente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The <citerefentry><refentrytitle>insserv</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> command uses the LSB package dependency information and calculates the dependencies between all scripts.
it: Il comando <citerefentry><refentrytitle>insserv</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> usa le informazioni di dipendenza dei pacchetti LSB e calcola le dipendenze tra tutti gli script.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: See "<literal>/usr/share/doc/insserv/README.Debian</literal>".
it: Vedere "<literal>/usr/share/doc/insserv/README.Debian</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The LSB package dependency information defined in the header of init scripts ensures availabilities of required resources.
it: Le informazioni di dipendenza dei pacchetti LSB definite nell'intestazione degli script init assicura la disponibilità delle risorse necessarie.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: See <ulink url="&linuxstandardbaseminitialization;">Linux Standard Base Core Specification 3.1, VII. System Initialization</ulink>.
it: Vedere <ulink url="&linuxstandardbaseminitialization;">Linux Standard Base Core Specification 3.1, VII. System Initialization</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&announcementofpaenabledbydefault;">Announcement of "Parallel booting enabled by default"</ulink>
it: <ulink url="&announcementofpaenabledbydefault;">Annuncio dell'"Abilitazione dell'avvio parallelo come predefinito"</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
en: It is not advisable to make any changes to symlinks in "<literal>/etc/rcS.d/</literal>" unless you know better than the maintainer.
it: È sconsigliato fare qualsiasi cambiamento ai collegamenti simbolici in "<literal>/etc/rcS.d/</literal>" a meno che non si sia più esperti del manutentore.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The runlevel management example
it: Esempio di gestione dei runlevel

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For example, let's set up runlevel system somewhat like <ulink url="&redhatlinux;">Red Hat Linux</ulink> as the following.
it: Per esempio, si può impostare il sistema dei runlevel in un modo che ricorda <ulink url="&redhatlinux;">Red Hat Linux</ulink> nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>init</literal> starts the system in runlevel=3 as the default.
it: <literal>init</literal> avvia il sistema con runlevel=3 in modo predefinito.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>init</literal> does not start <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gdm3</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> in runlevel=(0,1,2,6).
it: <literal>init</literal> non avvia <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gdm3</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> nei runlevel=(0,1,2,6).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>init</literal> starts <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gdm3</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> in runlevel=(3,4,5).
it: <literal>init</literal> avvia <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gdm3</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> nei runlevel=(3,4,5).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This can be done by using editor on the "<literal>/etc/inittab</literal>" file to change starting runlevel and using user friendly runlevel management tools such as <literal>sysv-rc-conf</literal> or <literal>bum</literal> to edit the runlevel.  If you are to use command line only instead, here is how you do it (after the default installation of the <literal>gdm3</literal> package and selecting it to be the choice of display manager).
it: Si può ottenre questo modificando con un editor il file "<literal>/etc/inittab</literal>", per cambiare il runlevel di avvio, e usando strumenti amichevoli di gestione dei runlevel come <literal>sysv-rc-conf</literal> o <literal>bum</literal>, per modificare i runlevel. Se si vuole invece usare solamente la riga di comando, si può farlo nel modo seguente (dopo l'installazione standard del pacchetto <literal>gdm3</literal> e avendolo selezionato come display manager prescelto).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Please note the "<literal>/etc/X11/default-display-manager</literal>" file is checked when starting the display manager daemons: <literal>xdm</literal>, <literal>gdm3</literal>, <literal>kdm</literal>, and <literal>wdm</literal>.
it: Notare che il file "<literal>/etc/X11/default-display-manager</literal>" viene controllato quando vengono avviati i demoni per display manager: <literal>xdm</literal>, <literal>gdm3</literal>, <literal>kdm</literal> e <literal>wdm</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: You can still start X from any console shell with the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>startx</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> command.
it: Si può sempre avviare X da qualsiasi shell in console con il comando <citerefentry><refentrytitle>startx</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The default parameter for each init script
it: Il parametro predefinito per ciascuno script init

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The default parameter for each init script in "<literal>/etc/init.d/</literal>" is given by the corresponding file in "<literal>/etc/default/</literal>" which contains environment variable assignments <emphasis role="strong">only</emphasis>. This choice of directory name is specific to the Debian system.  It is roughly the equivalent of the "<literal>/etc/sysconfig</literal>" directory found in <ulink url="&redhatlinux;">Red Hat Linux</ulink> and other distributions.  For example, "<literal>/etc/default/cron</literal>" can be used to control how "<literal>/etc/init.d/cron</literal>" works.
it: Il parametro predefinito per ciascun script init in "<literal>/etc/init.d/</literal>" è dato dal file corrispondente in "<literal>/etc/default/</literal>" che contiene <emphasis role="strong">solamente</emphasis> assegnazioni di variabili d'ambiente. Il nome della directory è una scelta specifica di Debian. È grossomodo l'equivalente della directory "<literal>/etc/sysconfig</literal>" di <ulink url="&redhatlinux;">Red Hat Linux</ulink> e altre distribuzioni. Per esempio, si può usare "<literal>/etc/default/cron</literal>" per controllare il funzionamento di "<literal>/etc/init.d/cron</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The "<literal>/etc/default/rcS</literal>" file can be used to customize boot-time defaults for <citerefentry><refentrytitle>motd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sulogin</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, etc.
it: Il file "<literal>/etc/default/rcS</literal>" può essere usato per personalizzare impostazioni standard dell'avvio per <citerefentry><refentrytitle>motd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sulogin</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, ecc.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you cannot get the behavior you want by changing such variables then you may <ulink url="&modifytheinitscripts;">modify the init scripts</ulink> themselves.  These are configuration files editable by system administrators.
it: Se non si ottiene il comportamento voluto cambiando queste variabili, si possono <ulink url="&modifytheinitscripts;">modificare gli script init</ulink> stessi. Questi sono file di configurazione modificabili dall'amministratore di sistema.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The hostname
it: Il nome host

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The kernel maintains the system <emphasis role="strong">hostname</emphasis>.  The init script in runlevel S which is symlinked to "<literal>/etc/init.d/hostname.sh</literal>" sets the system hostname at boot time (using the <literal>hostname</literal> command) to the name stored in "<literal>/etc/hostname</literal>".  This file should contain <emphasis role="strong">only</emphasis> the system hostname, not a fully qualified domain name.
it: Il kernel gestisce il <emphasis role="strong">nome host</emphasis> del sistema. Lo script init nel runlevel S, che è un collegamento simbolico a "<literal>/etc/init.d/hostname.sh</literal>" imposta il nome host del sistema all'avvio (usando il comando <literal>hostname</literal>) al nome memorizzato in "<literal>/etc/hostname</literal>". Questo file dovrebbe contenere <emphasis role="strong">solamente</emphasis> il nome host del sistema, non un nome di dominio pienamente qualificato.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: To print out the current hostname run <citerefentry><refentrytitle>hostname</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> without an argument.
it: Per visualizzare il nome host attuale eseguire <citerefentry><refentrytitle>hostname</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> senza alcun argomento.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The filesystem
it: Il filesystem

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Although the root filesystem is mounted by the kernel when it is started, other filesystems are mounted in the runlevel S by the following init scripts.
it: Benché il filesystem root sia montato dal kernel quando viene avviato, gli altri filesystem sono montati nel runlevel S dagli scritp init seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>`/etc/init.d/mountkernfs.sh</literal>" for kernel filesystems in "<literal>/proc</literal>", "<literal>/sys</literal>", etc.
it: "<literal>`/etc/init.d/mountkernfs.sh</literal>" per i filesystem del kernel in "<literal>/proc</literal>", "<literal>/sys</literal>", ecc.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>`/etc/init.d/mountdevsubfs.sh</literal>" for virtual filesystems in "<literal>/dev</literal>"
it: "<literal>`/etc/init.d/mountdevsubfs.sh</literal>" per i filesystem virtuali in "<literal>/dev</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>`/etc/init.d/mountall.sh</literal>" for normal filesystems using "<literal>/etc/fstab</literal>"
it: "<literal>`/etc/init.d/mountall.sh</literal>" per i filesystem normali, usando "<literal>/etc/fstab</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>`/etc/init.d/mountnfs.sh</literal>" for network filesystems using"<literal>/etc/fstab</literal>"
it: "<literal>`/etc/init.d/mountnfs.sh</literal>" per i filesystem di rete, usando using"<literal>/etc/fstab</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The mount options of kernel filesystems are set in "<literal>/etc/default/rcS</literal>".  See <citerefentry><refentrytitle>rcS</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
it: Le opzioni usare per montare i file system del kernel sono impostate in "<literal>/etc/default/rcS</literal>". Vedere <citerefentry><refentrytitle>rcS</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The mount options of the filesystem are set in "<literal>/etc/fstab</literal>".  See <xref linkend="_optimization_of_filesystem_by_mount_options"/>.
it: Le opzioni usate per montare i filesystem sono impostate in "<literal>/etc/fstab</literal>". Vedere <xref linkend="_optimization_of_filesystem_by_mount_options"/>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: The actual mounting of network filesystems waits for the start of the network interface.
it: L'effettivo montaggio dei filesystem di rete attende l'avvio delle interfacce di rete.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
en: After mounting all the filesystems, temporary files in "<literal>/tmp</literal>", "<literal>/var/lock</literal>", and "<literal>/var/run</literal>" are cleaned for each boot up.
it: Dopo aver montato tutti i filesystem, i file temporanei in "<literal>/tmp</literal>", "<literal>/var/lock</literal>" e "<literal>/var/run</literal>" vengono ripuliti ad ogni avvio.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Network interface initialization
it: Inizializzazione delle interfacce di rete

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Network interfaces are initialized in runlevel S by the init script symlinked to "<literal>/etc/init.d/ifupdown-clean</literal>" and "<literal>/etc/init.d/ifupdown</literal>".  See <xref linkend="_network_setup"/> for how to configure them.
it: Le interfacce di rete sono inizializzate nel runlevel S dagli script init che sono collegamenti simbolici a "<literal>/etc/init.d/ifupdown-clean</literal>" e "<literal>/etc/init.d/ifupdown</literal>". Vedere<xref linkend="_network_setup"/> per la loro configurazione.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Network service initialization
it: Inizializzazione dei servizi di rete

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Many network services (see <xref linkend="_network_applications"/>) are started under multi-user mode directly as daemon processes at boot time by the init script, e.g., "<literal>/etc/rc2.d/S20exim4</literal>" (for RUNLEVEL=2) which is a symlink to "<literal>/etc/init.d/exim4</literal>".
it: Molti servizi di rete (vedere <xref linkend="_network_applications"/>) sono avviati nella modalità multi-utente direttamente, come processi demone, all'avvio da script di init, per esempio, "<literal>/etc/rc2.d/S20exim4</literal>" (per RUNLEVEL=2) che è un collegamento simbolico a "<literal>/etc/init.d/exim4</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Some network services can be started on demand using the <ulink url="&superserver;">super-server</ulink> <literal>inetd</literal> (or its equivalents).  The <literal>inetd</literal> is started at boot time by "<literal>/etc/rc2.d/S20inetd</literal>" (for RUNLEVEL=2) which is a symlink to "<literal>/etc/init.d/inetd</literal>".  Essentially, <literal>inetd</literal> allows one running daemon to invoke several others, reducing load on the system.
it: Alcuni servizi di rete possono essere avviati a richiesta, usando il <ulink url="&superserver;">super-server</ulink> <literal>inetd</literal> (o un equivalente). <literal>inetd</literal> viene avviato all'avvio da "<literal>/etc/rc2.d/S20inetd</literal>" (per RUNLEVEL=2) che è un collegamento simbolico a "<literal>/etc/init.d/inetd</literal>". Fondamentalmente <literal>inetd</literal> permette ad un demone in esecuzione di invocarne svariati altri, riducendo il carico sul sistema.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Whenever a request for service arrives at <ulink url="&superserver;">super-server</ulink> <literal>inetd</literal> , its protocol and service are identified by looking them up in the databases in "<literal>/etc/protocols</literal>" and "<literal>/etc/services</literal>".  <literal>inetd</literal> then looks up a normal Internet service in the "<literal>/etc/inetd.conf</literal>" database, or a <ulink url="&opennetworkcompucalloncrpcsunrpc;">Open Network Computing Remote Procedure Call (ONC RPC)/Sun RPC</ulink> based service in "<literal>/etc/rpc.conf</literal>".
it: Quando al <ulink url="&superserver;">super-server</ulink> <literal>inetd</literal> arriva una richiesta per un servizio, vengono identificati il suo protocollo e il suo servizio cercandoli nei database in "<literal>/etc/protocols</literal>" e "<literal>/etc/services</literal>". <literal>inetd</literal> quindi cerca un servizio Internet normale nel database "<literal>/etc/inetd.conf</literal>" o un servizio basato su  <ulink url="&opennetworkcompucalloncrpcsunrpc;">Open Network Computing Remote Procedure Call (ONC RPC)/Sun RPC</ulink> in "<literal>/etc/rpc.conf</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Sometimes, <literal>inetd</literal> does not start the intended server directly but starts the <ulink url="&tcpwrapper;">TCP wrapper</ulink> program, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tcpd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, with the intended server name as its argument in "<literal>/etc/inetd.conf</literal>".  In this case, <literal>tcpd</literal> runs the appropriate server program after logging the request and doing some additional checks using "<literal>/etc/hosts.deny</literal>" and "<literal>/etc/hosts.allow</literal>".
it: A volte, <literal>inetd</literal> non avvia il servizio richiesto direttamente, ma avvia il programma <ulink url="&tcpwrapper;">wrapper TCP</ulink> <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tcpd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, con il nome di servizio richiesto, in "<literal>/etc/inetd.conf</literal>", come argomento. In questo caso, <literal>tcpd</literal> esegue il programma server appropriato dopo aver fatto la registrazione della richiesta e qualche altro controllo addizionale usando "<literal>/etc/hosts.deny</literal>" e "<literal>/etc/hosts.allow</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For system security, disable as much network service programs as possible.  See <xref linkend="_restricting_access_to_some_server_services"/>.
it: Per la sicurezza del sistema è bene disabilitare più servizi di rete possibile. Vedere <xref linkend="_restricting_access_to_some_server_services"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See <citerefentry><refentrytitle>inetd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>inetd.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>protocols</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>services</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tcpd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>hosts_access</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>hosts_options</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>rpcinfo</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>portmap</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, and "<literal>/usr/share/doc/portmap/portmapper.txt.gz</literal>".
it: Vedere <citerefentry><refentrytitle>inetd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>inetd.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>protocols</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>services</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tcpd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>hosts_access</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>hosts_options</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>rpcinfo</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>portmap</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> e "<literal>/usr/share/doc/portmap/portmapper.txt.gz</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The system message
it: I messaggi di sistema

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The system message can be customized by "<literal>/etc/default/rsyslog</literal>" and "<literal>/etc/rsyslog.conf</literal>" for both the log file and on-screen display. See <citerefentry><refentrytitle>rsyslogd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>rsyslog.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.  See also <xref linkend="_log_analyzer"/>.
it: I messaggi di sistema possono essere personalizzati da "<literal>/etc/default/rsyslog</literal>" e "<literal>/etc/rsyslog.conf</literal>" sia per il file di registro sia per la visualizzazione a schermo. Vedere <citerefentry><refentrytitle>rsyslogd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> e <citerefentry><refentrytitle>rsyslog.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>. Vedere anche <xref linkend="_log_analyzer"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The kernel message
it: I messaggi del kernel

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The kernel message can be customized by "<literal>/etc/default/klogd</literal>" for both the log file and on-screen display.  Set "<literal>KLOGD='-c 3'</literal>" in this file and run "<literal>/etc/init.d/klogd restart</literal>".  See <citerefentry><refentrytitle>klogd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
it: I messaggi del kernel possono essere personalizzati da "<literal>/etc/default/klogd</literal>" sia per il file di registro sia per la visualizzazione a schermo. Impostare "<literal>KLOGD='-c 3'</literal>" in tale file ed eseguire "<literal>/etc/init.d/klogd restart</literal>". Vedere <citerefentry><refentrytitle>klogd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You may directly change the error message level by the following.
it: Si può cambiare direttamente il livello dei messaggi di errore mostrati con il comando seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of kernel error levels
it: Elenco dei livelli di errore del kernel

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: error level value
it: valore del livello di errore

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: error level name
it: nome del livello di errore

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: system is unusable
it: il sistema è inutilizzabile

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: action must be taken immediately
it: bisogna agire immediatamente

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: critical conditions
it: condizione critica

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: error conditions
it: condizione di errore

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: warning conditions
it: condizione di avvertimento

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: normal but significant condition
it: condizione normale ma significativa

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: informational
it: messaggio informativo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: debug-level messages
it: messaggio a livello di debug

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The udev system
it: Il sistema udev

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For Linux kernel 2.6, <ulink url="&theudevsystem;">the udev system</ulink> provides mechanism for the automatic hardware discovery and initialization (see <citerefentry><refentrytitle>udev</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>). Upon discovery of each device by the kernel, the udev system starts a user process which uses information from the <ulink url="&sysfs;">sysfs</ulink> filesystem (see <xref linkend="_procfs_and_sysfs"/>), loads required kernel modules supporting it using the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>modprobe</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> program (see <xref linkend="_the_kernel_module_initialization"/>), and creates corresponding device nodes.
it: Per i kernel Linux 2.6, <ulink url="&theudevsystem;">il sistema udev</ulink> fornisce un meccanismo di rilevazione e inizializzazione automatiche dell'hardware (vedere <citerefentry><refentrytitle>udev</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>). Per ogni dispositivo rilevato dal kernel, il sistema udev avvia un processo utente che usa le informazioni del filesystem <ulink url="&sysfs;">sysfs</ulink> (vedere <xref linkend="_procfs_and_sysfs"/>), carica, usando <citerefentry><refentrytitle>modprobe</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> (vedere <xref linkend="_the_kernel_module_initialization"/>), i moduli del kernel necessari per il supporto del dispositivo e crea i nodi di device corrispondenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: If "<literal>/lib/modules/&lt;kernel-version&gt;/modules.dep</literal>" was not generated properly by <citerefentry><refentrytitle>depmod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> for some reason, modules may not be loaded as expected by the udev system. Execute "<literal>depmod -a</literal>" to fix it.
it: Se, per una qualche ragione "<literal>/lib/modules/&lt;versione-kernel&gt;/modules.dep</literal> non viene generato in modo appropriato dal <citerefentry><refentrytitle>depmod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, i moduli non possono essere caricati come dovuto dal sistema udev. Per risolvere il problema eseguire "<literal>depmod -a</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The name of device nodes can be configured by udev rule files in "<literal>/etc/udev/rules.d/</literal>".  Current default rules tend to create dynamically generated names resulting non-static device names except for cd and network devices.  By adding your custom rules similar to what cd and network devices do, you can generate static device names for other devices such as USB memory sticks, too.  See "<ulink url="&writingudevrules;">Writing udev rules</ulink>" or "<literal>/usr/share/doc/udev/writing_udev_rules/index.html</literal>".
it: Il nome dei nodi di device può essere configurato dai file di regole di udev in "<literal>/etc/udev/rules.d/</literal>". Le regole predefinite attuali tendono a creare nomi generati dinamicamente che hanno come risultato nomi di device non fissi, tranne che per dispositivi CD e di rete. Aggiungendo le proprie regole personalizzate, in modo simile a quelle per i dispositivi CD e di rete, si possono creare nomi di device statici anche per altri dispositivi, come chiavette USB. Vedere "<ulink url="&writingudevrules;">Scrivere regole udev</ulink>" o "<literal>/usr/share/doc/udev/writing_udev_rules/index.html</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Since the udev system is somewhat a moving target, I leave details to other documentations and describe the minimum information here.
it: Dato che il sistema udev è in qualche modo in costante evoluzione, in questo documento sono fornite informazioni base, lasciando i dettagli ad altra documentazione.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: For mounting rules in "<literal>/etc/fstab</literal>", device nodes do not need to be static ones. You can use <ulink url="&uuid;">UUID</ulink> to mount devices instead of device names such as "<literal>/dev/sda</literal>".  See <xref linkend="_accessing_partition_using_uuid"/>.
it: Per le regole di montaggio in "<literal>/etc/fstab</literal>", non è necessario che i nodi di device siano statici. Si possono usare gli <ulink url="&uuid;">UUID</ulink> per montare i dispositivi, al posto dei nomi di device come "<literal>/dev/sda</literal>". Vedere <xref linkend="_accessing_partition_using_uuid"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The kernel module initialization
it: L'inizializzazione dei moduli del kernel

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <citerefentry><refentrytitle>modprobe</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> program enables us to configure running Linux kernel from user process by adding and removing kernel modules.  The udev system (see <xref linkend="_the_udev_system"/>) automates its invocation to help the kernel module initialization.
it: Il programma <citerefentry><refentrytitle>modprobe</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> permette di configurare il kernel Linux in esecuzione da processi utente, aggiungendo e rimuovendo moduli del kernel. Il sistema udev (vedere <xref linkend="_the_udev_system"/>) automatizza la sua invocazione per facilitare l'inizializzazione dei moduli del kernel.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There are non-hardware modules and special hardware driver modules as the following which need to be pre-loaded by listing them in the "<literal>/etc/modules</literal>" file (see <citerefentry><refentrytitle>modules</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>).
it: Ci sono moduli non-hardware e speciali moduli con driver hardware, come quelli elencati in seguito, che devono essere precaricati elencandoli nel file "<literal>/etc/modules</literal>" (vedere <citerefentry><refentrytitle>modules</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&tuntap;">TUN/TAP</ulink> modules providing virtual Point-to-Point network device (TUN) and virtual Ethernet network device (TAP),
it: moduli <ulink url="&tuntap;">TUN/TAP</ulink> che forniscono device virtuali di rete Point-to-Point (TUN) e device virtuali di rete Ethernet (TAP),

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&netfilter;">netfilter</ulink> modules providing netfilter firewall capabilities (<citerefentry><refentrytitle>iptables</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <xref linkend="_netfilter_infrastructure"/>), and
it: moduli <ulink url="&netfilter;">netfilter</ulink> che forniscono funzionalità di firewall netfilter (<citerefentry><refentrytitle>iptables</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <xref linkend="_netfilter_infrastructure"/> e

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&watchdogtimer;">watchdog timer</ulink> driver modules.
it: moduli driver <ulink url="&watchdogtimer;">watchdog timer</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The configuration files for the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>modprobe</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> program are located under the "<literal>/etc/modprobes.d/</literal>" directory as explained in <citerefentry><refentrytitle>modprobe.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.  (If you want to avoid some kernel modules to be auto-loaded, consider to blacklist them in the "<literal>/etc/modprobes.d/blacklist</literal>" file.)
it: I file di configurazione per il programma <citerefentry><refentrytitle>modprobe</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> sono contenuti nella directory "<literal>/etc/modprobes.d/</literal>", come spiegato in <citerefentry><refentrytitle>modprobe.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>. (Se si desidera evitare l'autocaricamento di alcuni moduli del kernel, considerare la loro aggiunta nella lista nera nel file "<literal>/etc/modprobes.d/blacklist</literal>".)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The "<literal>/lib/modules/&lt;version&gt;/modules.dep</literal>" file generated by the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>depmod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> program describes module dependencies used by the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>modprobe</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> program.
it: Il file "<literal>/lib/modules/&lt;versione&gt;/modules.dep</literal>" generato dal programma <citerefentry><refentrytitle>depmod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> descrive le dipendenze dei moduli usate dal programma <citerefentry><refentrytitle>modprobe</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: If you experience module loading issues with boot time module loading or with <citerefentry><refentrytitle>modprobe</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "<literal>depmod -a</literal>" may resolve these issues by reconstructing "<literal>modules.dep</literal>".
it: Se si hanno problemi di caricamento dei moduli all'avvio o con <citerefentry><refentrytitle>modprobe</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "<literal>depmod -a</literal>" potrebbe risolverli rigenerando il file "<literal>modules.dep</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <citerefentry><refentrytitle>modinfo</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> program shows information about a Linux kernel module.
it: Il programma <citerefentry><refentrytitle>modinfo</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> mostra informazioni su un modulo del kernel Linux.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <citerefentry><refentrytitle>lsmod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> program nicely formats the contents of the "<literal>/proc/modules</literal>", showing what kernel modules are currently loaded.
it: Il programma <citerefentry><refentrytitle>lsmod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> formatta in un bel modo i contenuti di "<literal>/proc/modules</literal>", mostrando quali moduli del kernel siano attualmente caricati.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: You can identify exact hardware on your system.  See <xref linkend="_hardware_identification"/>.
it: Si può identificare l'esatto hardware sul proprio sistema. Vedere <xref linkend="_hardware_identification"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: You may configure hardware at boot time to activate expected hardware features. See <xref linkend="_hardware_configuration"/>.
it: Si può configurare l'hardware all'avvio per attivare le funzionalità dell'hardware desiderate. Vedere <xref linkend="_hardware_configuration"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: You can add support for your device by recompiling kernel.  See <xref linkend="_the_kernel"/>.
it: Si può aggiungere il supporto per il proprio dispositivo ricompilando il kernel. Vedere <xref linkend="_the_kernel"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
en: Authentication
it: Autenticazione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
en: When a person (or a program) requests access to the system, authentication confirms the identity to be a trusted one.
it: Quando una persona (o un programma) richiede l'accesso al sistema, l'autenticazione verifica che l'identità sia fidata.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><warning><para>
en: Configuration errors of PAM may lock you out of your own system.  You must have a rescue CD handy or setup an alternative boot partition.  To recover, boot the system with them and correct things from there.
it: Errori di configurazione di PAM possono lasciare l'utente fuori dal proprio sistema. Si deve avere un CD di ripristino a portata di mano o impostare una partizione di avvio alternativa. Per fare il ripristino, avviare il sistema con uno di essi e correggere le cose da lì.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Normal Unix authentication
it: Autenticazione Unix normale

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Normal Unix authentication is provided by the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pam_unix</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> module under the <ulink url="&pampluggableauthnticationmodules;">PAM (Pluggable Authentication Modules)</ulink>.  Its 3 important configuration files, with "<literal>:</literal>" separated entries, are the following.
it: L'autenticazione Unix normale è fornita dal modulo <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pam_unix</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> sotto <ulink url="&pampluggableauthnticationmodules;">PAM (Pluggable Authentication Modules)</ulink>. I suoi 3 importanti file di configurazione, con voci separate da "<literal>:</literal>", sono i seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: 3 important configuration files for <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pam_unix</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>
it: I 3 importanti file di configurazione per <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pam_unix</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: permission
it: permessi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: user
it: utente

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: (sanitized) user account information
it: informazioni sugli account utente (ripulite)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: secure user account information
it: informazioni sicure sugli account utente

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: group information
it: informazioni sui gruppi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: "<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>" contains the following.
it: "<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>" contiene righe come le seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><screen>
en:  ...
    user1:x:1000:1000:User1 Name,,,:/home/user1:/bin/bash
    user2:x:1001:1001:User2 Name,,,:/home/user2:/bin/bash
     ...
it:  ...
    utente1:x:1000:1000:Utente1 Nome,,,:/home/utente1:/bin/bash
    utente2:x:1001:1001:Utente2 Nome,,,:/home/utente2:/bin/bash
     ...

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: As explained in <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, each "<literal>:</literal>" separated entry of this file means the following.
it: Come spiegato in "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, le voci separate da "<literal>:</literal> in questo file hanno il significato seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Login name
it: Nome di login

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Password specification entry
it: Voce di specificazione della password

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Numerical user ID
it: ID numerico dell'utente

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Numerical group ID
it: ID numerico del gruppo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: User name or comment field
it: Nome dell'utente o campo di commento

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: User home directory
it: Directory home dell'utente

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Optional user command interpreter
it: Voce opzionale per l'interprete di comandi utente

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The second entry of "<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>" was used for the encrypted password entry.  After the introduction of "<literal>/etc/shadow</literal>", this entry is used for the password specification entry.
it: La seconda voce del file "<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>" era usata per la password cifrata. Dopo l'introduzione di "<literal>/etc/shadow</literal>", questa voce è usata per la specificazione della password.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: The second entry content of "<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>"
it: Il contenuto della seconda voce di "<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: (empty)
it: (vuoto)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: passwordless account
it: account senza password

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: the encrypted password is in "<literal>/etc/shadow</literal>"
it: la password cifrata è in "<literal>/etc/shadow</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: no login for this account
it: nessun login per questo account

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: "<literal>/etc/shadow</literal>" contains the following.
it: "<literal>/etc/shadow</literal>" contiene righe come le seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><screen>
en:  ...
    user1:$1$Xop0FYH9$IfxyQwBe9b8tiyIkt2P4F/:13262:0:99999:7:::
    user2:$1$vXGZLVbS$ElyErNf/agUDsm1DehJMS/:13261:0:99999:7:::
     ...
it:  ...
    utente1:$1$Xop0FYH9$IfxyQwBe9b8tiyIkt2P4F/:13262:0:99999:7:::
    utente2:$1$vXGZLVbS$ElyErNf/agUDsm1DehJMS/:13261:0:99999:7:::
     ...

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: As explained in <citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, each "<literal>:</literal>" separated entry of this file means the following.
it: Come spiegato in "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, le voci separate da "<literal>:</literal> in questo file hanno il significato seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Encrypted password (The initial "<literal>$1$</literal>" indicates use of the MD5 encryption. The "*" indicates no login.)
it: Password cifrata (I caratteri "<literal>$1$</literal>" iniziali indicano l'uso della cifratura MD5. "*" indica nessun login.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Days since Jan 1, 1970 that password was last changed
it: La data, espressa in giorni trascorsi dal 1° gennaio 1970, in cui la password è stata modificata l'ultima volta

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Days before password may be changed
it: Giorni che devono trascorrere prima che la password possa essere cambiata

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Days after which password must be changed
it: Giorni trascorsi i quali la password deve essere cambiata

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Days before password is to expire that user is warned
it: Giorni di preavviso per avvisare l'utente che la password è in scadenza

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: "<literal>/etc/group</literal>" contains the following.
it: "<literal>/etc/group</literal>" contiene righe come le seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><screen>
en: group1:x:20:user1,user2
it: gruppo1:x:20:utente1,utente2

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: As explained in <citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, each "<literal>:</literal>" separated entry of this file means the following.
it: Come spiegato in "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, le voci separate da "<literal>:</literal> in questo file hanno il significato seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Group name
it: Nome del gruppo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Encrypted password (not really used)
it: Password cifrata (non realmente usato)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "," separated list of user names
it: Elenco di nomi utente separati da ","

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><note><para>
en: "<literal>/etc/gshadow</literal>" provides the similar function as "<literal>/etc/shadow</literal>" for "<literal>/etc/group</literal>" but is not really used.
it: "<literal>/etc/gshadow</literal>" fornisce funzioni simili a "<literal>/etc/shadow</literal>" per "<literal>/etc/group</literal>", ma non è realmente usato.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><note><para>
en: The actual group membership of a user may be dynamically added if "<literal>auth optional pam_group.so</literal>" line is added to "<literal>/etc/pam.d/common-auth</literal>" and set it in "<literal>/etc/security/group.conf</literal>".  See <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pam_group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
it: Può essere dinamicamente aggiunta la reale appartenenza di un utente ad un gruppo se viene aggiunta la riga "<literal>auth optional pam_group.so</literal> al file "<literal>/etc/pam.d/common-auth</literal>" e se viene impostata in "<literal>/etc/security/group.conf</literal>". Vedere <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pam_group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><note><para>
en: The <literal>base-passwd</literal> package contains an authoritative list of the user and the group: "<literal>/usr/share/doc/base-passwd/users-and-groups.html</literal>".
it: Il pacchetto <literal>base-passwd</literal> contiene una lista autorevole di utenti e gruppi: "<literal>/usr/share/doc/base-passwd/users-and-groups.html</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Managing account and password information
it: Gestire le informazioni su account e password

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Here are few notable commands to manage account information.
it: Quelli che seguono sono alcuni comandi degni di nota per gestire le informazioni sugli account

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of commands to manage account information
it: Elenco di comandi per gestire informazioni su account

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: function
it: funzione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>getent passwd &lt;user_name&gt;</literal>
it: <literal>getent passwd &lt;nome_utente&gt;</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: browse account information of "<literal>&lt;user_name&gt;</literal>"
it: sfoglia le informazioni sull'account di "<literal>&lt;nome_utente&gt;</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>getent shadow &lt;user_name&gt;</literal>
it: <literal>getent shadow &lt;nome_utente&gt;</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: browse shadowed account information of "<literal>&lt;user_name&gt;</literal>"
it: sfoglia le informazioni shadow sull'account di "<literal>&lt;nome_utente&gt;</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>getent group &lt;group_name&gt;</literal>
it: <literal>getent group &lt;nome_gruppo&gt;</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: browse group information of "<literal>&lt;group_name&gt;</literal>"
it: sfoglia le informazioni sul gruppo "<literal>&lt;nome_gruppo&gt;</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: manage password for the account
it: gestisce la password per l'account

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: set one-time password for the account activation
it: imposta una password usa e getta per l'attivazione dell'account

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: manage password aging information
it: gestisce le informazioni sulla scadenza della password

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: You may need to have the root privilege for some functions to work. See <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry> for the password and data encryption.
it: Può essere necessario avere i privilegi di root per far funzionare alcune di queste funzioni. Vedere <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry> per la cifratura di password e dati.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><note><para>
en: On the system set up with PAM and NSS as the Debian <ulink url="&alioth;">alioth</ulink> machine, the content of local "<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>", "<literal>/etc/group</literal>" and "<literal>/etc/shadow</literal>" may not be actively used by the system.  Above commands are valid even under such environment.
it: Nei sistemi configurati con PAM e NSS, come la macchina <ulink url="&alioth;">alioth</ulink> Debian, il contenuto dei file locali "<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>", "<literal>/etc/group</literal>" e "<literal>/etc/shadow</literal>" può non essere attivamente usato dal sistema. I comandi sopra descritti sono validi anche in un ambiente di questo tipo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Good password
it: Password buone

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: When creating an account during your system installation or with the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> command, you should choose a <ulink url="&goodpassword;">good password</ulink> which consists of 6 to 8 characters including one or more characters from each of the following sets according to <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
it: Quando si crea un account, durante l'installazione del sistema o con il comando <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, si dovrebbe scegliere una <ulink url="&goodpassword;">buona password</ulink> che consiste, secondo <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, di un numero di caratteri da 6 a 8, incluso uno o più caratteri da ciascuno dei seguenti insiemi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Lower case alphabetics
it: Lettere dell'alfabeto minuscole

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Digits 0 through 9
it: Cifre da 0 a 9

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Punctuation marks
it: Segni di punteggiatura

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><warning><para>
en: Do not chose guessable words for the password.
it: Non scegliere come password parole indovinabili.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Creating encrypted password
it: Creare password cifrate

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: There are independent tools to generate encrypted password with salt.
it: Ci sono strumenti indipendenti per generare password cifrate con salt

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of tools to generate password
it: Elenco di strumenti per generare password

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: over-featured front end to the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry> library
it: frontend ricco di funzionalità per la libreria <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: compute password hashes (OpenSSL). <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1ssl</manvolnum></citerefentry>
it: calcola hash di password (OpenSSL). <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1ssl</manvolnum></citerefentry>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: PAM and NSS
it: PAM e NSS

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Modern <ulink url="&unixlike;">Unix-like</ulink> systems such as the Debian system provide <ulink url="&pampluggableauthnticationmodules;">PAM (Pluggable Authentication Modules)</ulink> and <ulink url="&nssnameserviceswitch;">NSS (Name Service Switch)</ulink> mechanism to the local system administrator to configure his system.  The role of these can be summarizes as the following.
it: I moderni sistemi <ulink url="&unixlike;">*nix</ulink> come il sistema Debian, forniscono all'amministratore di sistema i meccanismi <ulink url="&pampluggableauthnticationmodules;">PAM (Pluggable Authentication Modules)</ulink> e <ulink url="&nssnameserviceswitch;">NSS (Name Service Switch)</ulink> per configurare il sistema. Il ruolo di questi meccanismi può essere riassunto nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: PAM offers a flexible authentication mechanism used by the application software thus involves password data exchange.
it: PAM offre un meccanismo di autenticazione flessibile usato dal software applicativo e comporta pertanto scambio di dati sulle password

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: NSS offers a flexible name service mechanism which is frequently used by the <ulink url="&cstandardlibrary;">C standard library</ulink> to obtain the user and group name for programs such as <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ls</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>id</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
it: NSS offre un meccanismo di servizio dei nomi flessibile che è usato di frequente dalla <ulink url="&cstandardlibrary;">libreria standard C</ulink> per ottenere i nomi di utenti e gruppi per programmi come <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ls</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> e <citerefentry><refentrytitle>id</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: These PAM and NSS systems need to be configured consistently.
it: Questi sistemi PAM e NSS devono essere configurati in modo coerente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The notable packages of PAM and NSS systems are the following.
it: I pacchetti degni di nota relativi ai sistemi PAM e NSS sono i seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of notable PAM and NSS systems
it: Elenco dei pacchetti degni di nota per i sistemi PAM e NSS

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Pluggable Authentication Modules (basic service)
it: Pluggable Authentication Modules, moduli di autenticazione inseribili (servizio base)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Pluggable Authentication Module allowing LDAP interfaces
it: Pluggable Authentication Module, modulo di autenticazione inseribile, che permette interfacce LDAP

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Pluggable Authentication Module to enable cracklib support
it: Pluggable Authentication Module, modulo di autenticazione inseribile, che permette il supporto di cracklib

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Pluggable Authentication Modules (documentation in html and text)
it: Pluggable Authentication Modules, moduli di autenticazione inseribili (documentazione in html e testo semplice)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: GNU C Library: Shared libraries which also provides "Name Service Switch" service
it: Libreria GNU C: librerie condivise che forniscono anche il servizio "Name Service Switch"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: GNU C Library: Manpages
it: Libreria GNU C: pagine man

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: GNU C Library: Reference manual in info, pdf and html format (non-free)
it: Libreria GNU C: manuale di riferimento nei formati info, pdf e html (non-free)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: NSS module for Multicast DNS name resolution
it: Modulo NSS per la risoluzione dei nomi DNS Multicast

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: NSS module for using LDAP as a naming service
it: Modulo NSS per l'uso di LDAP come servizio per i nomi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: NSS module for using LDAP as a naming service (new folk of <literal>libnss-ldap</literal>)
it: Modulo NSS per l'uso di LDAP come servizio per i nomi (nuovo fork di <literal>libnss-ldap</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "The Linux-PAM System Administrators' Guide" in <literal>libpam-doc</literal> is essential for learning PAM configuration.
it: La guida per l'amministratore di sistema di Linux-PAM, "The Linux-PAM System Administrators' Guide", in <literal>libpam-doc</literal> è essenziale per imparare la configurazione di PAM.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "System Databases and Name Service Switch" section in <literal>glibc-doc-reference</literal> is essential for learning NSS configuration.
it: La sezione "System Databases and Name Service Switch" in <literal>glibc-doc-reference</literal> è essenziale per imparare la configurazione di NSS.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><note><para>
en: You can see more extensive and current list by "<literal>aptitude search 'libpam-|libnss-'</literal>" command.  The acronym NSS may also mean "Network Security Service" which is different from "Name Service Switch".
it: Si può ottenere un elenco più esteso ed aggiornato usando il comando "<literal>aptitude search 'libpam-|libnss-'</literal>". L'acronimo NSS può anche significare "Network Security Service" che è una cosa diversa da "Name Service Switch".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><note><para>
en: PAM is the most basic way to initialize environment variables for each program with the system wide default value.
it: PAM è il metodo più basilare per inizializzare le variabili d'ambiente per ciascun programma con valori predefiniti a livello di sistema.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Configuration files accessed by the PAM and NSS
it: File di configurazione letti da PAM e NSS

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here are few notable configuration files accessed by the PAM.
it: Quelli che seguono sono alcuni file degni di nota letti da PAM.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of configuration files accessed by the PAM
it: Elenco di file di configurazione letti da PAM

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: configuration file
it: file di configurazione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>/etc/pam.d/&lt;program_name&gt;</literal>
it: <literal>/etc/pam.d/&lt;nome_programma&gt;</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: set up PAM configuration for the "<literal>&lt;program_name&gt;</literal>" program; see <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pam</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry> and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pam.d</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
it: imposta la configurazione PAM per il programma "<literal>&lt;nome_programma&gt;</literal>"; vedere <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pam</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry> e <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pam.d</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: set up NSS configuration with the entry for each service. See <citerefentry><refentrytitle>nsswitch.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
it: imposta la configurazione NSS con la voce per ciascun servizio. Vedere <citerefentry><refentrytitle>nsswitch.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: limit the user login by the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pam_nologin</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> module
it: limita il login utente con il modulo <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pam_nologin</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: limit the tty for the root access by the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pam_securetty</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> module
it: limita la tty per l'accesso root con il modulo <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pam_securetty</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: set access limit by the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pam_access</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> module
it: imposta il limite di accesso con il modulo <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pam_access</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: set group based restraint by the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pam_group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> module
it: imposta restrizioni basate su gruppi con il modulo <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pam_group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: set environment variables by the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pam_env</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> module
it: imposta le variabili d'ambiente con il modulo <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pam_env</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: set additional environment variables by the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pam_env</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> module with the "<literal>readenv=1</literal>" argument
it: imposta variabili d'ambiente aggiuntive con il modulo <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pam_env</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> con l'argomento "<literal>readenv=1</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: set locale by <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pam_env</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> module with the "<literal>readenv=1 envfile=/etc/default/locale</literal>" argument. (Debian)
it: imposta la localizzazione con il modulo <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pam_env</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> con l'argomento "<literal>readenv=1 envfile=/etc/default/locale</literal>" (Debian)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: set resource restraint (ulimit, core, …) by the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pam_linits</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> module
it: imposta limitazioni alle risorse (ulimit, core, …) con il modulo <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pam_limits</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: set time restraint by the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pam_time</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> module
it: imposta limitazioni temporali con il modulo <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pam_time</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The limitation of the password selection is implemented by the PAM modules, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pam_unix</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pam_cracklib</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>. They can be configured by their arguments.
it: Le restrizioni sulla scelta delle password sono implementate dai moduli PAM <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pam_unix</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> e <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pam_cracklib</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>. Possono essere configurati tramite i loro argomenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: PAM modules use suffix "<literal>.so</literal>" for their filenames.
it: I moduli PAM usano il suffisso "<literal>.so</literal>" nei loro nomi file.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The modern centralized system management
it: La moderna gestione centralizzata del sistema

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The modern centralized system management can be deployed using the centralized <ulink url="&lightweightdireccessprotocolldap;">Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP)</ulink> server to administer many Unix-like and non-Unix-like systems on the network.  The open source implementation of the Lightweight Directory Access Protocol is <ulink url="&openldapsoftware;">OpenLDAP Software</ulink>.
it: La moderna gestione centralizzata del sistema può essere messa in atto usando il server del <ulink url="&lightweightdireccessprotocolldap;">Protocollo LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol)</ulink> per amministrare molti sistemi *nix e non *nix in rete. L'implementazione open source del protocollo LDAP è il <ulink url="&openldapsoftware;">software OpenLDAP</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The LDAP server provides the account information through the use of PAM and NSS with <literal>libpam-ldap</literal> and <literal>libnss-ldap</literal> packages for the Debian system. Several actions are required to enable this (I have not used this setup and the following is purely secondary information.  Please read this in this context.).
it: Il server LDAP fornisce le informazioni sugli account attraverso l'uso di PAM e NSS con i pacchetti per il sistema Debian <literal>libpam-ldap</literal> e <literal>libnss-ldap</literal>. Per abilitare ciò sono necessarie diverse azioni. (Non ho mai usato questa configurazione e le informazioni che seguono sono di seconda mano. Tenerlo a mente quando si legge quanto segue.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: You set up a centralized LDAP server by running program such as stand-alone LDAP daemon, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>slapd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
it: Si configura un server LDAP centralizzato eseguendo programmi come il demone LDAP autonomo <citerefentry><refentrytitle>slapd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: You change the PAM configuration files in the "<literal>/etc/pam.d/</literal>" directory to use "<literal>pam_ldap.so</literal>" instead of the default "<literal>pam_unix.so</literal>".
it: Si modificano i file di configurazione di PAM nella directory "<literal>/etc/pam.d/</literal>" per usare "<literal>pam_ldap.so</literal>" invece del predefinito "<literal>pam_unix.so</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Debian uses "<literal>/etc/pam_ldap.conf</literal>" as the configuration file for <literal>libpam-ldap</literal> and "<literal>/etc/pam_ldap.secret</literal>" as the file to store the password of the root.
it: Debian usa "<literal>/etc/pam_ldap.conf</literal>" come file di configurazione per <literal>libpam-ldap</literal> e "<literal>/etc/pam_ldap.secret</literal>" come file per archiviare la password di root.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: You change the NSS configuration in the "<literal>/etc/nsswitch.conf</literal>" file to use "<literal>ldap</literal>" instead of the default ("<literal>compat</literal>" or "<literal>file</literal>").
it: Si modifica la configurazione di NSS nel file "<literal>/etc/nsswitch.conf</literal>" per usare "<literal>ldap</literal>" invece della scelta predefinita ("<literal>compat</literal>" o "<literal>file</literal>").

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Debian uses "<literal>/etc/libnss-ldap.conf</literal>" as the configuration file for <literal>libnss-ldap</literal>.
it: Debian usa "<literal>/etc/libnss-ldap.conf</literal>" come file di configurazione per <literal>libnss-ldap</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: You must make <literal>libpam-ldap</literal> to use <ulink url="&sslortls;">SSL (or TLS)</ulink> connection for the security of password.
it: Per la sicurezza delle password è necessario far sì che <literal>libpam-ldap</literal> usi una connessione <ulink url="&sslortls;">SSL (o TLS)</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: You may make <literal>libnss-ldap</literal> to use <ulink url="&sslortls;">SSL (or TLS)</ulink> connection to ensure integrity of data at the cost of the LDAP network overhead.
it: Per assicurare l'integrità dei dati, si può far sì che <literal>libnss-ldap</literal> usi una connessione <ulink url="&sslortls;">SSL (o TLS)</ulink> a prezzo di un maggiore carico sulla rete LDAP.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: You should run <citerefentry><refentrytitle>nscd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> locally to cache any LDAP search results in order to reduce the LDAP network traffic.
it: Si dovrebbe eseguire <citerefentry><refentrytitle>nscd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> localmente per mettere nella cache ogni risultato di ricerche LDAP in modo da ridurre il traffico di rete LDAP.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See documentations in <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pam_ldap.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> and "<literal>/usr/share/doc/libpam-doc/html/</literal>" offered by the <literal>libpam-doc</literal> package and "<literal>info libc 'Name Service Switch'</literal>" offered by the <literal>glibc-doc</literal> package.
it: Vedere la documentazione in <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pam_ldap.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> e "<literal>/usr/share/doc/libpam-doc/html/</literal>" fornita dal pacchetto <literal>libpam-doc</literal> e in "<literal>info libc 'Name Service Switch'</literal>" fornita dal pacchetto <literal>glibc-doc</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Similarly, you can set up alternative centralized systems with other methods.
it: In modo simile si possono impostare sistemi centralizzati alternativi con altri metodi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Integration of user and group with the Windows system.
it: Integrazione di utenti e gruppi con il sistema Windows.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Access <ulink url="&windowsdomain;">Windows domain</ulink> services by the <literal>winbind</literal> and <literal>libpam_winbind</literal> packages.
it: Accesso ai servizi <ulink url="&windowsdomain;">di dominio Windows</ulink> con i pacchetti <literal>winbind</literal> e <literal>libpam_winbind</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: See <citerefentry><refentrytitle>winbindd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> and <ulink url="&integratingmswinetworkswithsamba;">Integrating MS Windows Networks with Samba</ulink>.
it: Vedere <citerefentry><refentrytitle>winbindd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> e <ulink url="&integratingmswinetworkswithsamba;">Integrare reti MS Windows con Samba</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Integration user and group with the legacy Unix-like system.
it: Integrazione di utenti e gruppi con sistemi simil-Unix datati

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Access <ulink url="&nisoriginallycalledyp;">NIS (originally called YP)</ulink> or <ulink url="&nis;">NIS+</ulink> by the <literal>nis</literal> package.
it: Accesso a <ulink url="&nisoriginallycalledyp;">NIS (chiamato in origine YP)</ulink> o <ulink url="&nis;">NIS+</ulink> con il pacchetto <literal>nis</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: See <ulink url="&thelinuxnisypnysnishowto;">The Linux NIS(YP)/NYS/NIS+ HOWTO</ulink>.
it: Vedere il <ulink url="&thelinuxnisypnysnishowto;">Linux NIS(YP)/NYS/NIS+ HOWTO</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: "Why GNU su does not support the wheel group"
it: "Perché GNU su non supporta il gruppo wheel"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This is the famous phrase at the bottom of the old "<literal>info su</literal>" page by Richard M. Stallman.  Not to worry: the current <literal>su</literal> command in Debian uses PAM, so that one can restrict the ability to use <literal>su</literal> to the <literal>root</literal> group by enabling the line with "<literal>pam_wheel.so</literal>" in "<literal>/etc/pam.d/su</literal>".
it: Questa è la famosa sezione scritta da Richard M. Stallman, alla fine della vecchia pagina "<literal>info su</literal>. Non c'è da preoccuparsi: l'attuale comando <literal>su</literal> in Debian usa PAM, perciò questo può limitare la possibilità di usare <literal>su</literal> verso il gruppo <literal>root</literal> abilitando la riga con "<literal>pam_wheel.so</literal>" in "<literal>/etc/pam.d/su</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Stricter password rule
it: Regole più stringenti per le password

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Installing the <literal>libpam-cracklib</literal> package enables you to force stricter password rule, for example, by having active lines in "<literal>/etc/pam.d/common-password</literal>" as the following.
it: L'installazione del pacchetto <literal>libpam-cracklib</literal> permette di imporre regole più stringenti sulle password, per esempio usando righe attive nel file "<literal>/etc/pam.d/common-password</literal>" come le seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For <literal>squeeze</literal>:
it: Per <literal>squeeze</literal>:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Other access controls
it: Altri controlli sugli accessi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><note><para>
en: See <xref linkend="_alt_sysrq_key"/> for restricting the kernel <ulink url="&secureattentionkeysak;">secure attention key (SAK)</ulink> feature.
it: Vedere <xref linkend="_alt_sysrq_key"/> per limitare la funzionalità <ulink url="&secureattentionkeysak;">SAK (Secure Attention Key)</ulink> del kernel.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sudo</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> is a program designed to allow a sysadmin to give limited root privileges to users and log root activity. <literal>sudo</literal> requires only an ordinary user's password.  Install <literal>sudo</literal> package and activate it by setting options in "<literal>/etc/sudoers</literal>".  See configuration example at "<literal>/usr/share/doc/sudo/examples/sudoers</literal>" and <xref linkend="_sudo_configuration"/>.
it: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sudo</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> è un programma progettato per permettere ad un amministratore di sistema di dare privilegi di root limitati ad utenti, e di registrare l'attività come root. <literal>sudo</literal> richiede solo la password di un utente regolare. Installare il pacchetto <literal>sudo</literal> e attivarlo impostando le opzioni in "<literal>/etc/sudoers</literal>". Vedere esempi di configurazione in "<literal>/usr/share/doc/sudo/examples/sudoers</literal>" e <xref linkend="_sudo_configuration"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: My usage of <literal>sudo</literal> for the single user system (see <xref linkend="_sudo_configuration"/>) is aimed to protect myself from my own stupidity. Personally, I consider using <literal>sudo</literal> a better alternative to using the system from the root account all the time.  For example, the following changes the owner of "<literal>&lt;some_file&gt;</literal>" to "<literal>&lt;my_name&gt;</literal>".
it: Il mio uso di <literal>sudo</literal> per un sistema con un singolo utente (vedere <xref linkend="_sudo_configuration"/>) è mirato a proteggere me stesso dalla mia stupidità. Personalmente condidero l'uso di <literal>sudo</literal> come un'alternativa migliore all'uso costante del sistema dall'account root. Per esempio, il comando seguente cambia il proprietario di "<literal>&lt;un_certo_file&gt;</literal>" in "<literal>&lt;mio_nome&gt;</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: $ sudo chown &lt;my_name&gt; &lt;some_file&gt;
it: $ sudo chown &lt;mio_nome&gt; &lt;un_certo_file&gt;

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Of course if you know the root password (as self-installed Debian users do), any command can be run under root from any user's account using "<literal>su -c</literal>".
it: Naturalmente se si conosce la password di root (come accade per ogni utente Debian che ha installato il proprio sistema), qualsiasi comando può essere eseguito come utente root da qualsiasi account utente usando "<literal>su -c</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <ulink url="&policykit;">PolicyKit</ulink> is an operating system component for controlling system-wide privileges in Unix-like operating systems.
it: <ulink url="&policykit;">PolicyKit</ulink> è un componente del sistema operativo per controllare privilegi a livello di sistema in sistemi operativi simil-Unix.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Newer GUI applications are not designed to run as privileged processes. They talk to privileged processes via PolicyKit to perform administrative operations.
it: Le applicazioni GUI più recenti non sono pensate per essere eseguite come processi privilegiati. Per effettuare operazioni amministrative comunicano con processi privilegiati attraverso PolicyKit.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: PolicyKit limits such operations to user accounts belonging to the <literal>sudo</literal> group on Debian system.
it: PolicyKit limita tali operazioni agli account utente che appartengono al gruppo <literal>sudo</literal> in sistemi Debian.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See <citerefentry><refentrytitle>polkit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
it: Vedere <citerefentry><refentrytitle>polkit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <ulink url="&securityenhancedlinuxselinux;">Security-Enhanced Linux (SELinux)</ulink> is a framework to tighten privilege model tighter than the ordinary Unix-like security model with the <ulink url="&mandatoryaccesscontrolmac;">mandatory access control (MAC)</ulink> policies.  The root power may be restricted under some conditions.
it: <ulink url="&securityenhancedlinuxselinux;">SELinux (Security-Enhanced Linux)</ulink> è un'infrastruttura per rendere il modello basato su privilegi più restrittivo del modello ordinario di sicurezza in stile Unix, usando politiche di <ulink url="&mandatoryaccesscontrolmac;">controllo obbligatorio degli accessi (MAC, mandatory access control)</ulink>. I poteri di root possono essere limitati in determinate condizioni.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Restricting access to some server services
it: Limitare l'accesso ad alcuni servizi server

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For system security, It is a good idea to disable as much server programs as possible.  This becomes critical for network servers.  Having unused servers, activated either directly as <ulink url="&daemon;">daemon</ulink> or via <ulink url="&superserver;">super-server</ulink> program, are considered security risks.
it: Per la sicurezza del sistema è una buona idea disabilitare il maggior numero di programmi server possibile. Questo aspetto diventa critico per i server di rete. Avere server inutilizzati, attivati direttamente come <ulink url="&daemon;">demoni</ulink> o attraverso un programma <ulink url="&superserver;">super-server</ulink>, è considerato un rischio per la sicurezza.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Many programs, such as <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sshd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, use PAM based access control.  There are many ways to restrict access to some server services.
it: Molti programmi, come <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sshd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, usano un controllo degli accessi basato su PAM. Ci sono molti modi per limitare gli accessi ad un qualche servizio server.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: configuration files: "<literal>/etc/default/&lt;program_name&gt;</literal>"
it: file di configurazione: "<literal>/etc/default/&lt;nome_programma&gt;</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: runlevel configuration for <ulink url="&daemon;">daemon</ulink>
it: configurazione del runlevel per il <ulink url="&daemon;">demone</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/etc/inetd.conf</literal>" for <ulink url="&superserver;">super-server</ulink>
it: "<literal>/etc/inetd.conf</literal>" per il <ulink url="&superserver;">super-server</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/etc/hosts.deny</literal>" and "<literal>/etc/hosts.allow</literal>" for <ulink url="&tcpwrapper;">TCP wrapper</ulink>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tcpd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>
it: "<literal>/etc/hosts.deny</literal>" e "<literal>/etc/hosts.allow</literal>" per il <ulink url="&tcpwrapper;">wrapper TCP</ulink>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tcpd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/etc/rpc.conf</literal>" for <ulink url="&sunrpc;">Sun RPC</ulink>
it: "<literal>/etc/rpc.conf</literal>" per <ulink url="&sunrpc;">Sun RPC</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/etc/at.allow</literal>" and "<literal>/etc/at.deny</literal>" for <citerefentry><refentrytitle>atd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>
it: "<literal>/etc/at.allow</literal>" e "<literal>/etc/at.deny</literal>" per <citerefentry><refentrytitle>atd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/etc/cron.allow</literal>" and "<literal>/etc/cron.deny</literal>" for <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crontab</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
it: "<literal>/etc/cron.allow</literal>" e "<literal>/etc/cron.deny</literal>" per <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crontab</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&networkfirewall;">Network firewall</ulink> of <ulink url="&netfilter;">netfilter</ulink> infrastructure
it: il <ulink url="&networkfirewall;">firewall di rete</ulink> della infrastruttura <ulink url="&netfilter;">netfilter</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See <xref linkend="_the_runlevel_management_example"/>, <xref linkend="_the_default_parameter_for_each_init_script"/>, <xref linkend="_configuration_files_accessed_by_the_pam_and_nss"/>, <xref linkend="_network_service_initialization"/>, and <xref linkend="_netfilter_infrastructure"/>.
it: Vedere <xref linkend="_the_runlevel_management_example"/>, <xref linkend="_the_default_parameter_for_each_init_script"/>, <xref linkend="_configuration_files_accessed_by_the_pam_and_nss"/>, <xref linkend="_network_service_initialization"/> e <xref linkend="_netfilter_infrastructure"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: <ulink url="&sunrpc;">Sun RPC</ulink> services need to be active for <ulink url="&nfs;">NFS</ulink> and other RPC based programs.
it: I servizi <ulink url="&sunrpc;">Sun RPC</ulink> devono essere attivi per i programmi <ulink url="&nfs;">NFS</ulink> ed altri programmi basati su RPC.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: If you have problems with remote access in a recent Debian system, comment out offending configuration such as "ALL: PARANOID" in "<literal>/etc/hosts.deny</literal>" if it exists.  (But you must be careful on security risks involved with this kind of action.)
it: Se si hanno problemi con l'accesso remoto in sistemi Debian recenti, commentare la configurazione responsabile come "ALL: PARANOID" in "<literal>/etc/hosts.deny</literal>", se esiste. (Essere però consapevoli dei rischi per la sicurezza che questo tipo di azione comporta.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Security of authentication
it: Sicurezza dell'autenticazione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The information here may not be sufficient for your security needs but it should be a good start.
it: Le informazioni fornite in questo documento potrebbe non essere sufficienti per le proprie necessità di sicurezza ma dovrebbero essere un buon punto di partenza.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Secure password over the Internet
it: Password sicure in Internet

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Many popular transportation layer services communicate messages including password authentication in the plain text. It is very bad idea to transmit password in the plain text over the wild Internet where it can be intercepted.  You can run these services over "<ulink url="&transportlayersecurity;">Transport Layer Security</ulink>" (TLS) or its predecessor, "Secure Sockets Layer" (SSL) to secure entire communication including password by the encryption.
it: Molti servizi per livello di trasporto popolari comunicano i loro messaggi, compresa l'autenticazione con password, in puro testo. È una pessima idea trasmettere password in puro testo attraverso l'Internet selvaggia dove possono essere intercettate. Si possono eseguire questi servizi attraverso "<ulink url="&transportlayersecurity;">TLS</ulink>" (Transport Layer Security, sicurezza del livello di trasporto), o il suo predecessore "SSL" (Secure Sockets Layer, livello per socket sicuri), per rendere sicura tramite cifratura tutta la comunicazione, compresa la password.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of insecure and secure services and ports
it: Elenco di servizi e porte sicuri e non sicuri

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: insecure service name
it: nome del servizio non sicuro

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: port
it: porta

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: secure service name
it: nome del servizio sicuro

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: smtp (mail)
it: smtp (posta)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The encryption costs CPU time.  As a CPU friendly alternative, you can keep communication in plain text while securing just password with the secure authentication protocol such as "Authenticated Post Office Protocol" (APOP) for POP and "Challenge-Response Authentication Mechanism MD5" (CRAM-MD5) for SMTP and IMAP.  (For sending mail messages over the Internet to your mail server from your mail client, it is recently popular to use new message submission port 587 instead of traditional SMTP port 25 to avoid port 25 blocking by the network provider while authenticating yourself with CRAM-MD5.)
it: La cifratura ha un costo in termini di tempo CPU. Come alternativa leggera per la CPU, si può mantenere la comunicazione in testo semplice, rendendo allo stesso tempo sicura la sola password con un protocollo di autenticazione sicura come "APOP" (Authenticated Post Office Protocol) per POP e "CRAMD-MD5" (Challenge-Response Authentication Mechanism MD5) per SMTP e IMAP. (Per inviare messaggi di posta elettronica via Internet dal proprio programma di posta al proprio server di posta è diventato popolare recentemente l'uso per SMTP della porta 587 invece della porta tradizionale 25, per evitare il blocco da parte del fornitore del servizio Internet della porta 25 autenticandosi allo stesso tempo con CRAM-MD5.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Secure Shell
it: Secure Shell, shell sicura

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <ulink url="&secureshellssh;">Secure Shell (SSH)</ulink> program provides secure encrypted communications between two untrusted hosts over an insecure network with the secure authentication. It consists of the <ulink url="&openssh;">OpenSSH</ulink> client, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ssh</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, and the <ulink url="&openssh;">OpenSSH</ulink> daemon, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sshd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>.  This SSH can be used to tunnel the insecure protocol communication such as POP and X securely over the Internet with the port forwarding feature.
it: Il programma  <ulink url="&secureshellssh;">Secure Shell (SSH</ulink> fornisce comunicazioni sicure cifrate tra due host non fidati attraverso una rete non sicura, grazie ad un'autenticazione sicura. Consiste del client <ulink url="&openssh;">OpenSSH</ulink>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ssh</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> e del demone <ulink url="&openssh;">OpenSSH</ulink>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sshd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>. SSH può essere usato per fare da tunnel sicuro attraverso Internet per le comunicazioni con protocollo non sicuro come POP ed X, con la funzionalità di inoltro delle porte.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The client tries to authenticate itself using host-based authentication, public key authentication, challenge-response authentication, or password authentication.  The use of public key authentication enables the remote password-less login. See <xref linkend="_the_remote_access_server_and_utility_ssh"/>.
it: Il client cerca di autenticarsi usando un'autenticazione basata sull'host, su una chiave pubblica, challenge-response o con password. L'uso di un'autenticazione con chiave pubblica permette il login remoto senza password. Vedere <xref linkend="_the_remote_access_server_and_utility_ssh"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Extra security measures for the Internet
it: Misure aggiuntive di sicurezza per Internet

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Even when you run secure services such as <ulink url="&secureshellssh;">Secure Shell (SSH)</ulink> and <ulink url="&pointtopointtunnlingprotocolpptp;">Point-to-point tunneling protocol (PPTP)</ulink> servers, there are still chances for the break-ins using brute force password guessing attack etc. from the Internet.  Use of the firewall policy (see <xref linkend="_netfilter_infrastructure"/>) together with the following secure tools may improve the security situation.
it: Anche quando si eseguono servizi sicuri, come server <ulink url="&secureshellssh;">SSH (Secure shell)</ulink> e <ulink url="&pointtopointtunnlingprotocolpptp;">PPTP (Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol)</ulink>, esiste sempre la possibilità di un'intrusione da Internet con attacchi basati sull'indovinare la password usando metodi con forza bruta, ecc. L'uso di una politica di firewall (vedere  <xref linkend="_netfilter_infrastructure"/>) insieme agli strumenti di sicurezza elencati in seguito, può migliorare la sicurezza generale.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of tools to provide extra security measures
it: Elenco di strumenti per fornire misure aggiuntive di sicurezza

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: small port-knock daemon <citerefentry><refentrytitle>knockd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> and client <citerefentry><refentrytitle>konck</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
it: demone, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>knockd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, e client, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>knock</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> piccoli per bussare alle porte

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: utility to help sysadmins thwart ssh hackers
it: utilità per aiutare gli amministratori di sistema a contrastare hacker ssh

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: ban IPs that cause multiple authentication errors
it: strumento per interdire IP che causano errori di autenticazione multipli

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: lock out remote attackers trying password guessing
it: blocca all'esterno gli attacchi remoti che cercano di indovinare le password

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Securing the root password
it: Rendere sicura la password di root

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: To prevent people to access your machine with root privilege, you need to make following actions.
it: Per impedire che qualcuno possa accedere alla propria macchina con privilegi di root, è necessario compiere le azioni seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Prevent physical access to the hard disk
it: Impedire l'accesso fisico al disco fisso

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Lock BIOS and prevent booting from the removable media
it: Bloccare il BIOS ed impedire l'avvio da supporti removibili

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Set password for GRUB interactive session
it: Impostare una password per la sessione interattiva di GRUB

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Lock GRUB menu from editing
it: Bloccare il menu di GRUB impedendo i cambiamenti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: With physical access to hard disk, resetting the password is relatively easy with following steps.
it: Avendo accesso fisico al disco fisso, reimpostare la password di root è relativamente semplice seguendo i passi seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Move the hard disk to a PC with CD bootable BIOS.
it: Spostare il disco fisso in un PC con un BIOS che permette l'avvio da CD

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Boot system with a rescue media (Debian boot disk, Knopix CD, GRUB CD, …).
it: Avviare il sistema con un supporto di ripristino (disco di avvio di Debian, CD Knoppix, CD GRUB, …).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Mount root partition with read/write access.
it: Montare la partizione root con accesso in lettura e scrittura

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Edit "<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>" in the root partition and make the second entry for the <literal>root</literal> account empty.
it: Modificare il file "<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>" nella partizione root e rendere la seconda voce per l'account di <literal>root</literal> vuota.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you have the edit access to the GRUB menu entry (see <xref linkend="_stage_2_the_boot_loader"/>) for <literal>grub-rescue-pc</literal> at the boot time, it is even easier with following steps.
it: Se si ha l'accesso in modifica alle voci di menu di GRUB (vedere <xref linkend="_stage_2_the_boot_loader"/>) per <literal>grub-rescue-pc</literal> all'avvio, è ancora più semplice, seguendo i passi seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Boot system with the kernel parameter changed to something like "<literal>root=/dev/hda6 rw init=/bin/sh</literal>".
it: Avviare il sistema con i parametri del kernel modificati in qualcosa del tipo "<literal>root=/dev/hda6 rw init=/bin/sh</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Edit "<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>" and make the second entry for the <literal>root</literal> account empty.
it: Modificare il file "<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>" e rendere la seconda voce per l'account di <literal>root</literal> vuota.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Reboot system.
it: Riavviare il sistema.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The root shell of the system is now accessible without password.
it: Si può ora accedere alla shell di root del sistema senza password.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: Once one has root shell access, he can access everything on the system and reset any passwords on the system.  Further more, he may compromise password for all user accounts using brute force password cracking tools such as <literal>john</literal> and <literal>crack</literal> packages (see <xref linkend="_system_security_and_integrity_check"/>).  This cracked password may lead to compromise other systems.
it: Una volta ottenuto l'accesso alla shell di root, si ha l'accesso a qualsiasi cosa sul sistema e si può reimpostare qualsiasi password. Inoltre, si possono compromettere le password per tutti gli account utente usando strumenti di violazione delle password con attacchi a forza bruta, come quelli nei pacchetti <literal>john</literal> e <literal>crack</literal> (vedere <xref linkend="_system_security_and_integrity_check"/>). Queste password violate possono portare alla compromissione di altri sistemi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The only reasonable software solution to avoid all these concerns is to use software encrypted root partition (or "<literal>/etc</literal>" partition) using <ulink url="&dmcrypt;">dm-crypt</ulink> and initramfs (see <xref linkend="_data_encryption_tips"/>).  You always need password to boot the system, though.
it: L'unica soluzione software ragionevole per evitare tutte queste preoccupazioni è l'uso di una partizione root (o partizione "<literal>/etc</literal>") cifrata, usando <ulink url="&dmcrypt;">dm-crypt</ulink> e initramfs (vedere <xref linkend="_data_encryption_tips"/>). Tuttavia è sempre necessaria la password per avviare il sistema.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
en: Network setup
it: Impostazione della rete

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><tip><para>
en: For general guide to the GNU/Linux networking, read the <ulink url="&linuxnetworkadministratorsguide;">Linux Network Administrators Guide</ulink>.
it: Per una guida generica all'uso della rete in GNU/Linux, leggere la <ulink url="&linuxnetworkadministratorsguide;">Linux Network Administrators Guide</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><tip><para>
en: Although this document still uses old <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ifconfig</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> with IPv4 for its network configuration examples, Debian is moving to <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ip</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> with IPv4+IPv6 in the <literal>wheezy</literal> release.  Patches to update this document are welcomed.
it: Anche se questo documento usa ancora il vecchio <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ifconfig</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> con IPv4 per i suoi esempi di configurazione della rete, Debian sta migrando a <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ip</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> con IPv4+IPv6 nel rilascio <literal>wheezy</literal>. Patch per aggiornare questo documento sono le benvenute.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: The basic network infrastructure
it: L'infrastruttura base di rete

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Let's review the basic network infrastructure on the modern Debian system.
it: In questa sezione viene descritta in breve l'infrastruttura base di rete in un sistema Debian moderno.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of network configuration tools
it: Elenco degli strumenti di configurazione della rete

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: packages
it: pacchetto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: standardized tool to bring up and down the network (Debian specific)
it: strumento standard per attivare e disattivare la rete (specifico di Debian)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: manage the wired network automatically
it: gestisce automaticamente la rete cablata

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: network testing script to enhance "<literal>ifupdown</literal>" package
it: script per testare la rete di supporto al pacchetto "<literal>ifupdown</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: set routing metrics for a network interface
it: imposta la metrica di routing per un'interfaccia di rete

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: mapping script to enhance "<literal>ifupdown</literal>" package via "<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>" file
it: script di mappatura di supporto al pacchetto "<literal>ifupdown</literal>", attraverso il file "<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: mapping scripts to enhance "<literal>ifupdown</literal>" package
it: script di mappatura di supporto al pacchetto "<literal>ifupdown</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Zugschlus' interface scripts for ifupdown's manual method
it: script di interfaccia di Zugschlus per il metodo manuale di ifupdown

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&networkmanager;">NetworkManager</ulink> (daemon): manage the network automatically
it: <ulink url="&networkmanager;">NetworkManager</ulink> (demone): gestisce la rete automaticamente

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&networkmanager;">NetworkManager</ulink> (GNOME frontend)
it: <ulink url="&networkmanager;">NetworkManager</ulink> (frontend GNOME)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&networkmanager;">NetworkManager</ulink> (KDE frontend)
it: <ulink url="&networkmanager;">NetworkManager</ulink> (frontend KDE)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: wired and wireless network manager (metapackage)
it: gestore della rete cablata e wireless (metapacchetto)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: wired and wireless network manager (command-line client)
it: gestore della rete cablata e wireless (client a riga di comando)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: wired and wireless network manager (Curses client)
it: gestore della rete cablata e wireless (client Curses)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: wired and wireless network manager (daemon)
it: gestore della rete cablata e wireless (demone)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: wired and wireless network manager (GTK+ client)
it: gestore della rete cablata e wireless (client GTK+)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: administration tools for packet filtering and NAT (<ulink url="&netfilter;">Netfilter</ulink>)
it: strumenti amministrativi per filtraggio di pacchetti di rete e NAT (<ulink url="&netfilter;">Netfilter</ulink>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&iproutec;">iproute2</ulink>, IPv6 and other advanced network configuration: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ip</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tc</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, etc
it: <ulink url="&iproutec;">iproute2</ulink>, IPv6 e altra configurazione di rete avanzata: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ip</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tc</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, ecc.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: rename network interfaces based on various static criteria: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ifrename</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>
it: rinomina le interfacce di rete in base a vari criteri statici: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ifrename</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display or change Ethernet device settings
it: mostra e modifica le impostazioni dei device Ethernet

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: test network reachability of a remote host by <ulink url="&hostname;">hostname</ulink> or <ulink url="&ipaddress;">IP address</ulink> (<ulink url="&iproutec;">iproute2</ulink>)
it: testa la raggiungibilità di rete di un host remoto con <ulink url="&hostname;">nome host</ulink> o <ulink url="&ipaddress;">indirizzo IP</ulink> (<ulink url="&iproutec;">iproute2</ulink>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: test network reachability of a remote host specified by the <ulink url="&arp;">ARP</ulink> address
it: testa la raggiungibilità di rete di un host remoto specificato con il suo indirizzo <ulink url="&arp;">ARP</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: trace the network path to a remote host
it: traccia il percorso di rete verso un host remoto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: NET-3 networking toolkit (<ulink url="&nettools;">net-tools</ulink>, IPv4 network configuration): <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ifconfig</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> etc.
it: toolkit di rete NET-3 (<ulink url="&nettools;">net-tools</ulink>, configurazione di rete IPv4): <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ifconfig</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, ecc.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: test network reachability of a remote host by <ulink url="&hostname;">hostname</ulink> or <ulink url="&ipaddress;">IP address</ulink> (legacy, GNU)
it: testa la raggiungibilità della rete di un host remoto con <ulink url="&hostname;">nome host</ulink> o <ulink url="&ipaddress;">indirizzo IP</ulink> (datato, GNU)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: test network reachability of a remote host specified by the <ulink url="&arp;">ARP</ulink> address (legacy)
it: testa la raggiungibilità di rete di un host remoto specificato con il suo indirizzo <ulink url="&arp;">ARP</ulink> (datato)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: trace the network path to a remote host (legacy, console)
it: traccia il percorso di rete verso un host remoto (datato, console)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: DHCP client
it: client DHCP

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: client support for WPA and WPA2 (IEEE 802.11i)
it: supporto client per WPA e WPA2 (IEEE 802.11i)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Qt GUI client for wpa_supplicant
it: client GUI Qt per WPA supplicant

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: tools for manipulating Linux Wireless Extensions
it: strumenti per manipolare le estensioni wireless per Linux

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: PPP/PPPoE connection with <literal>chat</literal>
it: connessione PPP/PPPoE con <literal>chat</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: configuration helper for PPPoE connection
it: strumento di aiuto di configurazione per la connessione PPPoE

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: configuration helper for PPP connection with <literal>chat</literal>
it: strumento di aiuto per la connessione PPP con <literal>chat</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: configuration helper for PPP connection with <literal>wvdial</literal> and <literal>ppp</literal>
it: strumento di aiuto per la connessione PPP con <literal>wvdial</literal> e <literal>ppp</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: trace the network path to a remote host (curses)
it: traccia il percorso di rete verso un host remoto (curses)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: trace the network path to a remote host (curses and GTK+)
it: traccia il percorso di rete verso un host remoto (curses e GTK+)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: tools for common network information operations (GNOME)
it: strumenti per operazioni comuni sulle informazioni di rete (GNOME)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: network mapper / port scanner (<ulink url="&nmap;">Nmap</ulink>, console)
it: strumento per mappatura della rete / esplorazione delle porte (<ulink url="&nmap;">Nmap</ulink>, console)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: network mapper / port scanner (GTK+)
it: strumento per mappatura della rete /esplorazione delle porte (GTK+)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: network traffic analyzer (<ulink url="&tcpdump;">Tcpdump</ulink>, console)
it: analizzatore del traffico di rete (<ulink url="&tcpdump;">Tcpdump</ulink>, console)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: network traffic analyzer (<ulink url="&wireshark;">Wireshark</ulink>, GTK+)
it: analizzatore del traffico di rete (<ulink url="&wireshark;">Wireshark</ulink>, GTK+)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: network traffic analyzer (console)
it: analizzatore del traffico di rete (console)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: monitoring and management system for hosts, services and networks (<ulink url="&nagios;">Nagios</ulink>)
it: sistema di monitoraggio e gestione per host, servizi e reti (<ulink url="&nagios;">Nagios</ulink>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: produce a summarization of the connections from <literal>tcpdump</literal> output
it: produce un riassunto delle connessioni dall'output di <literal>tcpdump</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: flexible network intrusion detection system (<ulink url="&snort;">Snort</ulink>)
it: sistema flessibile di rilevazione delle intrusioni di rete (<ulink url="&snort;">Snort</ulink>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display network usage in web browser
it: mostra l'uso della rete nel browser web

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: network clients provided with <ulink url="&bind;">BIND</ulink>: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>nslookup</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>nsupdate</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dig</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>
it: client di rete forniti con <ulink url="&bind;">BIND</ulink>: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>nslookup</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>nsupdate</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <literal>dig</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: check <ulink url="&dns;">DNS</ulink> zone information using nameserver lookups
it: controlla l'informazione <ulink url="&dns;">DNS</ulink> di zona usando interrogazioni del server di nomi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: trace a chain of <ulink url="&dns;">DNS</ulink> servers to the source
it: traccia una catena di server <ulink url="&dns;">DNS</ulink> fino alla sorgente

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The domain name
it: Il nome di dominio

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The naming for the domain name is a tricky one for the normal PC workstation users.  The PC workstation may be mobile one hopping around the network or located behind the NAT firewall inaccessible from the Internet. For such case, you may not want the domain name to be a valid domain name to avoid name collision.
it: La scelta del nome di dominio è un punto un po' problematico per gli utenti con normali postazioni di lavoro PC. La postazione di lavoro potrebbe essere una portatile che si sposta nella rete oppure essere posta dietro un firewall NAT e inaccessibile da Internet. Per questo è bene che il nome di dominio non sia un nome valido per evitare collisioni di nomi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you are not sure what to chose for the domain name, choose "<literal>localdomain</literal>".
it: Se non si è sicuri su cosa scegliere per il nome di dominio, scegliere "<literal>localdomain</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Other popular choices for such invalid and safe <ulink url="&topleveldomaintld;">top-level domain (TLD)</ulink> seem to be "<literal>lan</literal>", "<literal>localnet</literal>", "<literal>home</literal>", "<literal>invalid</literal>", or "<literal>local</literal>" according to my incoming mail analysis.  This is consistent with the reported invalid TLD queries.  You may also chose some unused second or third level domains.
it: Altre scelte popolari per <ulink url="&topleveldomaintld;">TLD (top-level domain, domini di primo livello)</ulink> di questo tipo, non validi e sicuri sembrano essere "<literal>lan</literal>", "<literal>localnet</literal>", "<literal>home</literal>", "<literal>invalid</literal>" o "<literal>local</literal>", stando all'analisi della mia posta in entrata. Ciò è coerente con le interrogazioni TLD non valide riportate. Si possono anche scegliere domini di secondo o terzo livello non usati.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&invalid;">".invalid"</ulink> is intended for use in online construction of domain names that are sure to be invalid. (<ulink url="&rfccgag;">rfc2606</ulink>)
it: <ulink url="&invalid;">".invalid"</ulink> è pensato per l'uso nella creazione online di nomi di dominio che sono sicuramente non validi. (<ulink url="&rfccgag;">RFC2606</ulink>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&local;">".local"</ulink> is the <ulink url="&pseudotopleveldomain;">pseudo-top-level domain</ulink> used by the <ulink url="&mdns;">mDNS</ulink> network discovery protocol (<ulink url="&applebonjourapplerendezvous;">Apple Bonjour / Apple Rendezvous</ulink>, Avahi on Debian).
it: <ulink url="&local;">".local"</ulink> è il <ulink url="&pseudotopleveldomain;">pseudodominio di primo livello</ulink> usato dal protocollo di rilevazione della rete <ulink url="&mdns;">mDNS</ulink> (<ulink url="&applebonjourapplerendezvous;">Apple Bonjour/Apple Rendezvous</ulink>, Avahi in Debian).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
en: If the DNS service on your LAN uses "<literal>local</literal>" as TLD for your LAN, it may interfare with mDNS.
it: Se il servizio DNS della propria LAN usa "<literal>local</literal> come TLD per la LAN, potrebbe interferire con mDNS.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: When you use an invalid domain name, you need to spoof the domain name used by some programs such as MTA for their proper operation.  See <xref linkend="_the_mail_address_configuration"/>.
it: Quando si utilizza un nome di dominio non valido, è necessario falsificare il nome di dominio usato da alcuni programmi, come gli MTA per il loro corretto funzionamento.  Vedere <xref linkend="_the_mail_address_configuration"></xref>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The hostname resolution
it: Risoluzione dei nomi di host

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The hostname resolution is currently supported by the <ulink url="&nssnameserviceswitch;">NSS (Name Service Switch)</ulink> mechanism too.  The flow of this resolution is the following.
it: La risoluzione del nome host è attualmente supportata dal meccanismo <ulink url="&nssnameserviceswitch;">NSS (Name Service Switch)</ulink>. Il flusso di eventi nella risoluzione è il seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: The "<literal>/etc/nsswitch.conf</literal>" file with stanza like "<literal>hosts: files dns</literal>" dictates the hostname resolution order. (This replaces the old functionality of the "<literal>order</literal>" stanza in "<literal>/etc/host.conf</literal>".)
it: Il file "<literal>/etc/nsswitch.conf</literal>" con blocchi tipo "<literal>hosts: files dns</literal>" detta l'ordine di risoluzione dei nomi di host. (Questo rimpiazza la vecchia funzionalità del blocco "<literal>order</literal> in "<literal>/etc/host.conf</literal>".)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: The <literal>files</literal> method is invoked first.  If the hostname is found in the "<literal>/etc/hosts</literal>" file, it returns all valid addresses for it and exits. (The "<literal>/etc/host.conf</literal>" file contains "<literal>multi on</literal>".)
it: Il metodo <literal>files</literal> è invocato per primo. Se il nome host viene trovato nel file "<literal>/etc/hosts</literal>", vengono restituiti tutti gli indirizzi validi per esso e il programma termina. (Il file "<literal>/etc/host.conf</literal>" contiene "<literal>multi on</literal>".)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: The <literal>dns</literal> method is invoked.  If the hostname is found by the query to the <ulink url="&internetdomainnamesystemdns;">Internet Domain Name System (DNS)</ulink> identified by the "<literal>/etc/resolv.conf</literal>" file, it returns all valid addresses for it and exits.
it: Viene invocato il metodo <literal>dns</literal>. Se il nome host viene trovato dalla interrogazione al <ulink url="&internetdomainnamesystemdns;">DNS (Internet Domain Name System, sistema dei nomi di dominio Internet)</ulink>, identificato dal file "<literal>/etc/resolv.conf</literal>", vengono restituiti tutti gli indirizzi validi per esso e il programma termina.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For example, "<literal>/etc/hosts</literal>" looks like the following.
it: Per esempio, "<literal>/etc/hosts</literal>"  contiene righe come le seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: 127.0.0.1 localhost
    127.0.1.1 &lt;host_name&gt;.&lt;domain_name&gt; &lt;host_name&gt;
    
    # The following lines are desirable for IPv6 capable hosts
    ::1     ip6-localhost ip6-loopback
    fe00::0 ip6-localnet
    ff00::0 ip6-mcastprefix
    ff02::1 ip6-allnodes
    ff02::2 ip6-allrouters
    ff02::3 ip6-allhosts
it: 127.0.0.1 localhost
    127.0.1.1 &lt;nome_host&gt;.&lt;nome_dominio&gt; &lt;nome_host&gt;
    
    # Le righe seguenti sono desiderabili per host con supporto per IPv6
    ::1     ip6-localhost ip6-loopback
    fe00::0 ip6-localnet
    ff00::0 ip6-mcastprefix
    ff02::1 ip6-allnodes
    ff02::2 ip6-allrouters
    ff02::3 ip6-allhosts

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Each line starts with a <ulink url="&ipaddress;">IP address</ulink> and it is followed by the associated <ulink url="&hostname;">hostname</ulink>.
it: Ogni riga inizia con un <ulink url="&ipaddress;">indirizzo IP</ulink> e prosegue con l'<ulink url="&hostname;">hostname</ulink> associato.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The IP address <literal>127.0.1.1</literal> in the second line of this example may not be found on some other Unix-like systems.  The <ulink url="&debianinstaller;">Debian Installer</ulink> creates this entry for a system without a permanent IP address as a workaround for some software (e.g., GNOME) as documented in the <ulink url="&bugdbgajj;">bug #316099</ulink>.
it: L'indirizzo IP <literal>127.0.1.1</literal> nella seconda riga dell'esempio può non essere presente in altri sistemi simil-Unix. L'<ulink url="&debianinstaller;">Installatore Debian</ulink> crea questa voce per i sistemi senza un indirizzo IP permanente come soluzione per alcuni software (es., GNOME) come documentato nel <ulink url="&bugdbgajj;">bug#316099</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The &lt;host_name&gt; matches the hostname defined in the "<literal>/etc/hostname</literal>".
it: Il &lt;nome_host&gt; corrisponde al nome host definito in "<literal>/etc/hostname</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For &lt;domain_name&gt; of the mobile PC, you may chose invalid and safe domain such as "<literal>localdomain</literal>". (See <xref linkend="_the_domain_name"/>)
it: Per il &lt;nome_dominio&gt; dei PC portatili, si può scegliere un dominio non valido e sicuro come "<literal>localdomain</literal>". (Vedere <xref linkend="_the_domain_name"/>.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For a system with a permanent IP address, that permanent IP address should be used here instead of <literal>127.0.1.1</literal>.
it: Per un sistema con un indirizzo IP permanente, si dovrebbe usare qui tale indirizzo invece di <literal>127.0.1.1</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For a system with a permanent IP address and a <ulink url="&fullyqualifieddomainnamefqdn;">fully qualified domain name (FQDN)</ulink> provided by the <ulink url="&domainnamesystemdns;">Domain Name System (DNS)</ulink>, that canonical &lt;host_name&gt; and &lt;domain_name&gt; should be used here.
it: Per un sistema con un indirizzo IP permanente e un <ulink url="&fullyqualifieddomainnamefqdn;">FQDN (Fully Qualified Domain Name, nome di dominio pienamente qualificato)</ulink> fornito dal <ulink url="&domainnamesystemdns;">DNS (Domain Name System)</ulink>, dovrebbero essere usati qui tali &lt;nome_host&gt; e &lt;nome_dominio&gt;.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The "<literal>/etc/resolv.conf</literal>" is a static file if the <literal>resolvconf</literal> package is not installed.  If installed, it is a symbolic link.  Either way, it contains information that initialize the resolver routines. If the DNS is found at IP="<literal>192.168.11.1</literal>", it contains the following.
it: Il file "<literal>/etc/resolv.conf</literal>" è un file statico se non è installato il pacchetto <literal>resolvconf</literal>. Se invece quest'ultimo è installato il file è un collegamento simbolico. In ogni caso contiene le informazioni che inizializzano le routine del risolutore. Se il DNS si trova all'IP="<literal>192.168.11.1</literal>", il file conterrà la riga seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <literal>resolvconf</literal> package makes this "<literal>/etc/resolv.conf</literal>" into a symbolic link and manages its contents by the hook scripts automatically.
it: Il pacchetto <literal>resolvconf</literal> rendo questo file "<literal>/etc/resolv.conf</literal>" un collegamento simbolico e gestisce il suo contenuto con script eseguiti in automatico.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The hostname resolution via Multicast DNS (using <ulink url="&zeroconf;">Zeroconf</ulink>, aka <ulink url="&applebonjourapplerendezvous;">Apple Bonjour / Apple Rendezvous</ulink>) which effectively allows name resolution by common Unix/Linux programs in the ad-hoc mDNS domain "<literal>local</literal>", can be provided by installing the <literal>libnss-mdns</literal> package.  The "<literal>/etc/nsswitch.conf</literal>" file should have stanza like "<literal>hosts: files mdns4_minimal [NOTFOUND=return] dns mdns4</literal>" to enable this functionality.
it: La risoluzione del nome host con DNS Multicast (usando <ulink url="&zeroconf;">Zeroconf</ulink>, ossia <ulink url="&applebonjourapplerendezvous;">Apple Bonjour /Apple Rendezvous</ulink>), che permette la risoluzione dei nomi in modo efficace da parte dei comuni programmi Unix/Linux nel dominio mDNS ad-hoc "<literal>local</literal>", può essere fornita installando il pacchetto <literal>libnss-mdns</literal>. Per abilitare questa funzionalità il file "<literal>/etc/nsswitch.conf</literal>" dovrebbe contenere un blocco come "<literal>hosts: files mdns4_minimal [NOTFOUND=return] dns mdns4</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The hostname resolution via deprecated <ulink url="&netbiosovertcpip;">NETBios over TCP/IP</ulink> used by the older Windows system can be provided by installing the <literal>winbind</literal> package.  The "<literal>/etc/nsswitch.conf</literal>" file should have stanza like "<literal>hosts: files mdns4_minimal [NOTFOUND=return] dns mdns4 wins</literal>" to enable this functionality.  (Modern Windows system usually use the <literal>dns</literal> method for the hostname resolution.)
it: La risoluzione del nome host con il deprecato <ulink url="&netbiosovertcpip;">NETBios su TCP/IP</ulink>, usato dai vecchi sistemi Windows può essere fornita installando il pacchetto <literal>winbind</literal>. Per abilitare questa funzionalità il file "<literal>/etc/nsswitch.conf</literal>" dovrebbe avere una sezione come "<literal>hosts: files mdns4_minimal [NOTFOUND=return] dns mdns4 wins</literal>". (I sistemi Windows moderni solitamente usano il metodo <literal>dns</literal> per la risoluzione del nome host.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The network interface name
it: Il nome dell'interfaccia di rete

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The network interface name, e.g. <literal>eth0</literal>, is assigned to each hardware in the Linux kernel through the user space configuration mechanism, <literal>udev</literal> (see <xref linkend="_the_udev_system"/>), as it is found.  The network interface name is referred as <emphasis role="strong">physical interface</emphasis> in <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ifup</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>interfaces</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
it: Il nome dell'interfaccia di rete, ad esempio <literal>eth0</literal>, viene assegnato a ciascun hardware, quando viene rilevato, nel kernel Linux attraverso il meccanismo di configurazione in spazio utente <literal>udev</literal> (vedere <xref linkend="_the_udev_system"/>). Il nome dell'interfaccia di rete è chiamato <emphasis role="strong">interfaccia fisica</emphasis> in <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ifup</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> e <citerefentry><refentrytitle>interfaces</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: In order to ensure each network interface to be named persistently for each reboot using <ulink url="&macaddress;">MAC address</ulink> etc., there is a record file "<literal>/etc/udev/rules.d/70-persistent-net.rules</literal>".  This file is automatically generated by the "<literal>/lib/udev/write_net_rules</literal>" program, probably run by the "<literal>persistent-net-generator.rules</literal>" rules file. You can modify it to change naming rule.
it: Per garantire che ciascuna interfaccia di rete abbia un nome persistente ad ogni avvio, usando <ulink url="&macaddress;">indirizzi MAC</ulink> ecc., esiste un file di memorizzazione: "<literal>/etc/udev/rules.d/70-persistent-net.rules</literal>". Questo file viene generato automaticamente dal programma "<literal>/lib/udev/write_net_rules</literal>" eseguito probabilmente dal file "<literal>persistent-net-generator.rules</literal>". Lo si può modificare per cambiare le regole di assegnazione dei nomi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: When editing the "<literal>/etc/udev/rules.d/70-persistent-net.rules</literal>" rules file, you must keep each rule on a single line and the <ulink url="&macaddress;">MAC address</ulink> in lowercase. For example, if you find "FireWire device" and "PCI device" in this file, you probably want to name "PCI device" as <literal>eth0</literal> and configure it as the primary network interface.
it: Quando si modifica il file delle regole "<literal>/etc/udev/rules.d/70-persistent-net.rules</literal>", si deve mantenere ciascuna regola su una singola riga e l'<ulink url="&macaddress;">indirizzo MAC</ulink> in lettere minuscole. Per esempio, se si trova in quessto file una voce "FireWire device" e una "PCI device", probabilmente si vorrà chiamare "PCI device" <literal>eth0</literal> e configurarla come interfaccia di rete primaria.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The network address range for the LAN
it: L'intervallo degli indirizzi di rete per la LAN

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Let us be reminded of the IPv4 32 bit address ranges in each class reserved for use on the <ulink url="&localareanetworkslans;">local area networks (LANs)</ulink> by <ulink url="&rfcbjbi;">rfc1918</ulink>.  These addresses are guaranteed not to conflict with any addresses on the Internet proper.
it: Ecco un ripasso degli intervalli di indirizzi IPv4 a 32 bit in ciascuna classe, riservati per l'uso in <ulink url="&localareanetworkslans;">reti locali (LAN)</ulink> dalla <ulink url="&rfcbjbi;">rfc1918</ulink>. È garantito che questi indirizzi non creino conflitti con altri indirizzi della vera e propria rete Internet.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of network address ranges
it: Elenco di intervalli di indirizzi di rete

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: Class
it: Classe

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: network addresses
it: indirizzi di rete

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: net mask
it: maschera di rete

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: net mask /bits
it: maschera rete /bit

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: # of subnets
it: numero di sottoreti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: If one of these addresses is assigned to a host, then that host must not access the Internet directly but must access it through a gateway that acts as a proxy for individual services or else does <ulink url="&networkaddresstranslationnat;">Network Address Translation(NAT)</ulink>.  The broadband router usually performs NAT for the consumer LAN environment.
it: Se uno di questi indirizzi viene assegnato ad un host, allora l'host non deve accedere ad Internet direttamente, ma deve accedervi attraverso un gateway che agisca da proxy per i singoli servizi o che, in alternativa, faccia da <ulink url="&networkaddresstranslationnat;">NAT (Network Address Translation, traduzione degli indirizzi di rete)</ulink>. I router a banda larga di solito agiscono da NAT per l'ambiente LAN dell'utente finale.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The network device support
it: Il supporto per i dispositivi di rete

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Although most hardware devices are supported by the Debian system, there are some network devices which require <ulink url="&dfsg;">DFSG</ulink> non-free firmware to support them.  Please see <xref linkend="_hardware_drivers_and_firmware"/>.
it: Nonostante la maggior parte dei dispositivi hardware sia supportata dal sistema Debian, ci sono alcuni dispositivi di rete che necessitano, per essere supportati, firmware non libero secondo la definizione nelle <ulink url="&dfsg;">DFSG</ulink>. Vedere <xref linkend="_hardware_drivers_and_firmware"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: The modern network configuration for desktop
it: La configurazione moderna della rete per il desktop

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Debian <literal>squeeze</literal> systems can manage the network connection via management <ulink url="&daemon;">daemon</ulink> software such as <ulink url="&networkmanagernm;">NetworkManager (NM)</ulink> (network-manager and associated packages) or <ulink url="&wicd;">Wicd</ulink> (wicd and associated packages).
it: I sistemi Debian <literal>squeeze</literal> possono gestire la connessione di rete attraverso software per <ulink url="&daemon;">demoni</ulink> di gestione come <ulink url="&networkmanagernm;">NetworkManager (NM)</ulink> (network-manager e pacchetti associati) oppure <ulink url="&wicd;">Wicd</ulink> (wicd e pacchetti associati).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: They come with their own <ulink url="&gui;">GUI</ulink> and command-line programs as their user interfaces.
it: Questi sono forniti con propri programmi per l'interfaccia utente con <ulink url="&gui;">GUI</ulink> o a riga di comando.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: They come with their own <ulink url="&daemon;">daemon</ulink> as their backend system.
it: Sono forniti con un proprio <ulink url="&daemon;">demone</ulink> come sistema di backend.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: They allow easy connection of your system to the Internet.
it: Permettono al proprio sistema di connettersi facilmente ad Internet.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: They allow easy management of wired and wireless network configuration.
it: Permettono una facile gestione della configurazione delle reti cablate e wireless.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: They allow us to configure network independent of the legacy <literal>ifupdown</literal> package.
it: Permettono di configurare la rete in modo indipendente dal datato pacchetto <literal>ifupdown</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><note><para>
en: Do not use these automatic network configuration tools for servers.  These are aimed primarily for mobile desktop users on laptops.
it: Non usare questi strumenti di configurazione automatica della rete per server. Sono pensati principalmente per utenti con desktop mobili su portatili.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: These modern network configuration tools need to be configured properly to avoid conflicting with the legacy <literal>ifupdown</literal> package and its configuration file "<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>".
it: Questi strumenti moderni di configurazione della rete devono essere configurati in modo corretto per evitare conflitti con il datato pacchetto <literal>ifupdown</literal> e con il suo file di configurazione "<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><note><para>
en: Some features of these automatic network configuration tools may suffer regressions.  These are not as robust as the legacy <literal>ifupdown</literal> package.  Check <ulink url="&btsofnetworkmanager;">BTS of network-manager</ulink> and <ulink url="&btsofwicd;">BTS of wicd</ulink> for current issues and limitations.
it: Alcune funzionalità di questi strumenti automatici di configurazione della rete possono soffrire dei problemi. Non sono così robusti come il vecchio pacchetto <literal>ifupdown</literal>. Controllare il <ulink url="&btsofnetworkmanager;">BTS di network-manager</ulink> e il <ulink url="&btsofwicd;">BTS di wicd</ulink> per vedere i problemi e i limiti attuali.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: GUI network configuration tools
it: Strumenti grafici di configurazione della rete

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Official documentations for NM and Wicd on Debian are provided in "<literal>/usr/share/doc/network-manager/README.Debian</literal>" and "<literal>/usr/share/doc/wicd/README.Debian</literal>", respectively.
it: La documentazione ufficiale per NM e Wicd su Debian è fornita rispettivamente in "<literal>/usr/share/doc/network-manager/README.Debian</literal>" e "<literal>/usr/share/doc/wicd/README.Debian</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Essentially, the network configuration for desktop is done as follows.
it: Fondamentalmente, la configurazione di rete per il desktop viene fatta nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Make desktop user, e.g. <literal>foo</literal>, belong to group "<literal>netdev</literal>" by the following (Alternatively, do it automatically via <ulink url="&dbus;">D-bus</ulink> under modern desktop environments such as GNOME and KDE).
it: Aggiungere l'utente desktop, ad esempio <literal>pippo</literal>, al gruppo "<literal>netdev</literal>" con il comando seguente. (In alternativa farlo automaticamente attraverso <ulink url="&dbus;">D-bus</ulink> nei moderni ambienti desktop come GNOME e KDE).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><screen>
en: $ sudo adduser foo netdev
it: $ sudo adduser pippo netdev

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Keep configuration of "<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>" as simple as the the following.
it: Mantenere la configurazione di "<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>" semplice come la seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Restart NM or Wicd by the following.
it: Riavviare NM o Wicd con il comando seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Configure your network via GUI.
it: Configurare la propria rete attraverso l'interfaccia grafica.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: Only interfaces which are <emphasis role="strong">not</emphasis> listed in "<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>" or which have been configured with "<literal>auto …</literal>" or "<literal>allow-hotplug …</literal>" and "<literal>iface … inet dhcp</literal>" (with no other options) are managed by NM to avoid conflict with <literal>ifupdown</literal>.
it: Solo le interfacce che <emphasis role="strong">non</emphasis> sono elencate in "<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>" o che sono state configurate con "<literal>auto …</literal>" o "<literal>allow-hotplug …</literal>" e "<literal>iface … inet dhcp</literal>" (e con nessuna altra opzione) sono gestite da NM, per evitare conflitti con <literal>ifupdown</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: If you wish to extend network configuration capabilities of NM, please seek appropriate plug-in modules and supplemental packages such as <literal>network-manager-openconnect</literal>, <literal>network-manager-openvpn-gnome</literal>, <literal>network-manager-pptp-gnome</literal>, <literal>mobile-broadband-provider-info</literal>, <literal>gnome-bluetooth</literal>, etc.  The same goes for those of Wicd.
it: Se si desirano estendere le capacità di configurazione della rete di NM, cercare i moduli plugin appropriati e i pacchetti supplementari, quali <literal>network-manager-openconnect</literal>, <literal>network-manager-openvpn-gnome</literal>, <literal>network-manager-pptp-gnome</literal>, <literal>mobile-broadband-provider-info</literal>, <literal>gnome-bluetooth</literal>, ecc. Lo stesso vale per quelli di Wicd.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: These automatic network configuration tools may not be compatible with esoteric configurations of legacy <literal>ifupdown</literal> in "<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>" such as ones in <xref linkend="_the_basic_network_configuration_with_ifupdown_legacy"/> and <xref linkend="_the_advanced_network_configuration_with_ifupdown_legacy"/>.  Check <ulink url="&btsofnetworkmanager;">BTS of network-manager</ulink> and <ulink url="&btsofwicd;">BTS of wicd</ulink> for current issues and limitations.
it: Questi strumenti di configurazione automatica della rete possono non essere compatibili con alcune configurazioni esotiche del datato <literal>ifupdown</literal> contenute in "<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>", come quelle in <xref linkend="_the_basic_network_configuration_with_ifupdown_legacy"/> e <xref linkend="_the_advanced_network_configuration_with_ifupdown_legacy"/>. Per informazioni sui problemi e le limitazioni attualmente esistenti, controllare il <ulink url="&btsofnetworkmanager;">BTS di network-manager</ulink> e il <ulink url="&btsofwicd;">BTS di wicd</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: The legacy network connection and configuration
it: La vecchia connessione e configurazione di rete

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: When the method described in <xref linkend="_the_modern_network_configuration_for_desktop"/> does not suffice your needs, you should use the legacy network connection and configuration method which combines many simpler tools.
it: Quando il metodo descritto in <xref linkend="_the_modern_network_configuration_for_desktop"/> non è sufficiente per le proprie necessità, si dovrebbe usare il metodo datato di connessione e configurazione della rete che combina assieme diversi strumenti più semplici.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The legacy network connection is specific for each method (see <xref linkend="_the_network_connection_method_legacy"/>).
it: La connessione di rete in vecchio stile è specifica per ciascun metodo (vedere <xref linkend="_the_network_connection_method_legacy"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: There are 2 types of programs for the low level network configuration on Linux (see <xref linkend="_iproute2_commands"/>).
it: Esistono 2 tipi di programma per la configurazione a basso livello della rete in Linux (vedere <xref linkend="_iproute2_commands"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Old <ulink url="&nettools;">net-tools</ulink> programs (<citerefentry><refentrytitle>ifconfig</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, …) are from the Linux NET-3 networking system. Most of these are obsolete now.
it: I vecchi programmi <ulink url="&nettools;">net-tools</ulink> (<citerefentry><refentrytitle>ifconfig</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, …) provengono dal sistema di rete Linux NET-3. La maggior parte di essi è ora superata.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: New <ulink url="&linuxiproutec;">Linux iproute2</ulink> programs (<citerefentry><refentrytitle>ip</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, …) are the current Linux networking system.
it: I nuovi programmi <ulink url="&linuxiproutec;">Linux iproute2</ulink> (<citerefentry><refentrytitle>ip</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, …) formano l'attuale sistema Linux di rete.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Although these low level networking programs are powerful, they are cumbersome to use.  So high level network configuration systems have been created.
it: Anche se questi programmi di rete a basso livello sono potenti, sono complicati da usare. Perciò sono stati creati strumenti di configurazione della rete di alto livello.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The <literal>ifupdown</literal> package is the de facto standard for such high level network configuration system on Debian.  It enables you to bring up network simply by doing , e.g., "<literal>ifup eth0</literal>".  Its configuration file is the "<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>" file and its typical contents are the following.
it: Il pacchetto <literal>ifupdown</literal> è lo standard de facto per una configurazione di rete di altro livello di questo tipo in Debian. Permette di attivare la rete semplicemente eseguendo, per esempio, "<literal>ifup eth0</literal>". Il suo file di configurazione è il file "<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>" e i suoi contenuti hanno tipicamente un aspetto simile al seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The <literal>resolvconf</literal> package was created to supplement <literal>ifupdown</literal> system to support smooth reconfiguration of network address resolution by automating rewrite of resolver configuration file "<literal>/etc/resolv.conf</literal>".  Now, most Debian network configuration packages are modified to use <literal>resolvconf</literal> package (see "<literal>/usr/share/doc/resolvconf/README.Debian</literal>").
it: Il pacchetto <literal>resolvconf</literal> è stato creato per fornire al sistema <literal>ifupdown</literal> il supporto per una riconfigurazione indolore della risoluzione degli indirizzi di rete, riscrivendo automaticamente il file "<literal>/etc/resolv.conf</literal>" di configurazione del risolutore. Attualmente la maggior parte dei pacchetti di configurazione della rete in Debian sono modificati per usare il pacchetto <literal>resolvconf</literal> (vedere "<literal>/usr/share/doc/resolvconf/README.Debian</literal>").

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Helper scripts to the <literal>ifupdown</literal> package such as <literal>ifplugd</literal>, <literal>guessnet</literal>, <literal>ifscheme</literal>, etc. are created to automate dynamic configuration of network environment such as one for mobile PC on wired LAN.  These are relatively difficult to use but play well with existing <literal>ifupdown</literal> system.
it: Per automatizzare la configurazione dinamica di ambienti di rete come un PC portatile in una LAN cablata, sono stati creati script di aiuto per il pacchetto <literal>ifupdown</literal>, come <literal>ifplugd</literal>, <literal>guessnet</literal>, <literal>ifscheme</literal>, ecc. Essi sono relativamente difficili da usare ma si comportano bene con il sistema <literal>ifupdown</literal> esistente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: These are explained in detail with examples (see <xref linkend="_the_basic_network_configuration_with_ifupdown_legacy"/> and <xref linkend="_the_advanced_network_configuration_with_ifupdown_legacy"/>).
it: Questi sono spiegati in dettaglio con esempi (vedere <xref linkend="_the_basic_network_configuration_with_ifupdown_legacy"/> e <xref linkend="_the_advanced_network_configuration_with_ifupdown_legacy"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: The network connection method (legacy)
it: Il metodo di connessione alla rete (datato)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><caution><para>
en: The connection test method described in this section are meant for testing purposes.  It is not meant to be used directly for the daily network connection.  You are advised to use them via NM, Wicd, or the <literal>ifupdown</literal> package (see <xref linkend="_the_modern_network_configuration_for_desktop"/> and <xref linkend="_the_basic_network_configuration_with_ifupdown_legacy"/>).
it: I metodi per testare la connessione descritti in questa sezione sono pensati per fare prove. Non sono pensati per essere usati direttamente per connettersi alla rete quotidianamente. È consigliato il loro uso con NM, Wicd o il pacchetto <literal>ifupdown</literal> (vedere <xref linkend="_the_modern_network_configuration_for_desktop"/> e <xref linkend="_the_basic_network_configuration_with_ifupdown_legacy"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The typical network connection method and connection path for a PC can be summarized as the following.
it: I metodi di connessione tipici alla rete e i percorsi tipici per la connessione per un PC possono essere schematizzati nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of network connection methods and connection paths
it: Elenco dei metodi di connessione alla rete e dei percorsi di connessione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: connection method
it: metodo di connessione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: connection path
it: percorso di connessione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Serial port (<literal>ppp0</literal>)
it: Porta seriale (<literal>ppp0</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: ⇔ <ulink url="&modem;">modem</ulink> ⇔ POTS ⇔ dial-up access point ⇔ ISP
it: ⇔ <ulink url="&modem;">modem</ulink> ⇔ POTS ⇔ punto di accesso dial-up ⇔ ISP

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Ethernet port (<literal>eth0</literal>)
it: Porta ethernet (<literal>eth0</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: PPPoE/DHCP/Static
it: PPPoE/DHCP/Statico

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: ⇔ BB-modem ⇔ BB service ⇔ BB access point ⇔ ISP
it: ⇔ modem BB (banda larga) ⇔ servizio BB ⇔ punto di accesso BB  ⇔ ISP

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: DHCP/Static
it: DHCP/Statico

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: ⇔ LAN ⇔ BB-router with <ulink url="&networkaddresstranslationnat;">network address translation (NAT)</ulink> (⇔ BB-modem …)
it: ⇔ LAN ⇔ router BB (banda larga) con <ulink url="&networkaddresstranslationnat;">NAT (traduzione degli indirizzi di rete</ulink> (⇔ modem BB …)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Here is the summary of configuration script for each connection method.
it: Quella che segue è una schematizzazione degli script di configurazione per ciascun metodo di connessione.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of network connection configurations
it: Elenco di configurazioni della connessione di rete

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: configuration
it: configurazione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: backend package(s)
it: pacchetto(i) backend

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>pppconfig</literal> to create deterministic chat
it: <literal>pppconfig</literal> per creare chat deterministiche

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: PPP (alternative)
it: PPP (alternativo)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>wvdialconf</literal> to create heuristic chat
it: <literal>wvdialconf</literal> per creare chat euristiche

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>pppoeconf</literal> to create deterministic chat
it: <literal>pppoeconf</literal> per creare chat deterministiche

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: described in "<literal>/etc/dhcp/dhclient.conf</literal>"
it: descritto in "<literal>/etc/dhcp/dhclient.conf</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: static IP (IPv4)
it: IP statico (IPv4)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: described in "<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>"
it: descritto in "<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: static IP (IPv6)
it: IP statico (IPv6)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The network connection acronyms mean the following.
it: Gli acronimi per le connessioni di rete hanno il significato seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of network connection acronyms
it: Elenco di acronimi per le connessioni di rete

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: acronym
it: acronimo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: plain old telephone service
it: Plain Old Telephone Service, il semplice vecchio servizio telefonico

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&broadband;">broadband</ulink>
it: <ulink url="&broadband;">banda larga</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: BB-service
it: servizio BB (BB-service)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: e.g., the digital subscriber line (DSL), the cable TV, or the fiber to the premises (FTTP)
it: ad esempio, la linea digitale (DSL), la TV via cavo o fibre ottiche

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: BB-modem
it: modem BB

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: e.g., <ulink url="&thedslmodem;">the DSL modem</ulink>, <ulink url="&thecablemodem;">the cable modem</ulink>, or <ulink url="&theopticalnetworkterminalont;">the optical network terminal (ONT)</ulink>
it: ad esempio, il <ulink url="&thedslmodem;">modem DSL</ulink>, il <ulink url="&thecablemodem;">modem via cavo</ulink> o l'<ulink url="&theopticalnetworkterminalont;">ONT, il terminale di rete ottica</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: local area network
it: rete locale (Local Area Network)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: wide area network
it: rete geografica (Wide Area Network)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: dynamic host configuration protocol
it: Protocollo di Configurazione Dinamica dell'Host

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: point-to-point protocol
it: protocollo Point-to-Point

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: point-to-point protocol over Ethernet
it: protocollo Point-to-Point via Ethernet

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Internet service provider
it: Fornitore di servizi Internet (Internet Service Provider)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><note><para>
en: The WAN connection services via cable TV are generally served by DHCP or PPPoE.  The ones by ADSL and FTTP are generally served by PPPoE.  You have to consult your ISP for exact configuration requirements of the WAN connection.
it: I servizi di connessione WAN attraverso la TV via cavo sono generalmente serviti da DHCP o PPPoE. Quelli ADSL e FTTP sono generalmente serviti da PPPoE. Si deve consultare il proprio fornitore di servizi Internet per i requisiti esatti di configurazione della connessione WAN.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><note><para>
en: When BB-router is used to create home LAN environment, PCs on LAN are connected to the WAN via BB-router with <ulink url="&networkaddresstranslationnat;">network address translation (NAT)</ulink>.  For such case, PC's network interfaces on the LAN are served by static IP or DHCP from the BB-router.  BB-router must be configured to connect the WAN following the instruction by your ISP.
it: Quando un router BB è usato per creare un ambiente LAN domestico, i PC della LAN sono connessi alla WAN attraverso il router BB con <ulink url="&networkaddresstranslationnat;">NAT (traduzione degli indirizzi di rete)</ulink>. In questi casi alle interfacce di rete dei PC nella LAN sono assegnati dal router BB indirizzi IP statici o DHCP. Il router BB deve essere configurato per connettersi alla WAN seguendo le istruzioni del proprio fornitore di servizi Internet.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The DHCP connection with the Ethernet
it: Connessione DHCP con Ethernet

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The typical modern home and small business network, i.e. LAN, are connected to the WAN(Internet) using some consumer grade broadband router.  The LAN behind this router is usually served by the <ulink url="&dynamichostconfitionprotocoldhcp;">dynamic host configuration protocol (DHCP)</ulink> server running on the router.
it: Le reti tipiche moderne per le abitazioni e le piccole aziende, cioè le LAN, sono connese alla WAN (Internet) usando un router per banda larga economico. La LAN dietro questo router è di solito servita dal server <ulink url="&dynamichostconfitionprotocoldhcp;">DHCP</ulink> (protocollo di configurazione dinamica dell'host) in esecuzione sul router.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Just install the <literal>isc-dhcp-client</literal> package for the Ethernet served by the <ulink url="&dynamichostconfitionprotocoldhcp;">dynamic host configuration protocol (DHCP)</ulink>.
it: Installare semplicemente il pacchetto <literal>isc-dhcp-client</literal> per Ethernet con <ulink url="&dynamichostconfitionprotocoldhcp;">DHCP (protocollo di configurazione dinamica dell'host)</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dhclient.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
it: Vedere <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dhclient.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The static IP connection with the Ethernet
it: Connessione con IP statico con Ethernet

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: No special action is needed for the Ethernet served by the static IP.
it: Per Ethernet con IP statico non è necessaria alcuna azione particolare.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The PPP connection with pppconfig
it: Connessione PPP con pppconfig

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The configuration script <literal>pppconfig</literal> configures the <ulink url="&ppp;">PPP</ulink> connection interactively just by selecting the following.
it: Lo script di configurazione <literal>pppconfig</literal> imposta la connessione <ulink url="&ppp;">PPP</ulink> interattivamente chiedendo all'utente di selezionare solamente quanto segue.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The telephone number
it: Il numero di telefono

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The ISP user name
it: Il nome utente per il fornitore di servizi Internet

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The ISP password
it: La password per il fornitore di servizi Internet

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The port speed
it: La velocità della porta

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The modem communication port
it: La porta di comunicazione del modem

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The authentication method
it: Il metodo di autenticazione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of configuration files for the <ulink url="&ppp;">PPP</ulink> connection with pppconfig
it: Elenco dei file di configurazione per la connessione <ulink url="&ppp;">PPP</ulink> con pppconfig

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>/etc/ppp/peers/&lt;isp_name&gt;</literal>
it: <literal>/etc/ppp/peers/&lt;nome_isp&gt;</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: The <literal>pppconfig</literal> generated configuration file for <literal>pppd</literal> specific to &lt;isp_name&gt;
it: Il file di configurazione per <literal>pppd</literal> specifico per il fornitore di servizi &lt;nome_isp&gt;, generato da <literal>pppconfig</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>/etc/chatscripts/&lt;isp_name&gt;</literal>
it: <literal>/etc/chatscripts/&lt;nome_isp&gt;</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: The <literal>pppconfig</literal> generated configuration file for <literal>chat</literal> specific to &lt;isp_name&gt;
it: Il file di configurazione per <literal>chat</literal> specifico per il fornitore di servizi &lt;nome_isp&gt;, generato da <literal>pppconfig</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: The general execution parameter for <literal>pppd</literal>
it: I parametri generici di esecuzione per <literal>ppd</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Authentication data for the <ulink url="&pap;">PAP</ulink> (security risk)
it: Dati di autenticazione per <ulink url="&pap;">PAP</ulink> (rischio per la sicurezza)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Authentication data for the <ulink url="&chap;">CHAP</ulink> (more secure)
it: Dati di autenticazione per <ulink url="&pap;">PAP</ulink> (più sicuri)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: The "&lt;isp_name&gt;" value of "<literal>provider</literal>" is assumed if <literal>pon</literal> and <literal>poff</literal> commands are invoked without arguments.
it: Se i comandi <literal>pon</literal> e <literal>poff</literal> vengono invocati senza argomenti, "&lt;nome_isp&gt;" viene impostato a "<literal>provider</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can test configuration using low level network configuration tools as the following.
it: Si può testare la configurazione usando strumenti di configurazione di rete a basso livello come nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: $ sudo pon &lt;isp_name&gt;
    ...
    $ sudo poff &lt;isp_name&gt;
it: $ sudo pon &lt;nome_isp&gt;
    ...
    $ sudo poff &lt;nome_isp&gt;

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See "<literal>/usr/share/doc/ppp/README.Debian.gz</literal>".
it: Vedere "<literal>/usr/share/doc/ppp/README.Debian.gz</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The alternative PPP connection with wvdialconf
it: Connessione PPP alternativa con wvdialconf

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: A different approach to using <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pppd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> is to run it from <citerefentry><refentrytitle>wvdial</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> which comes in the <literal>wvdial</literal> package.  Instead of <literal>pppd</literal> running <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chat</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> to dial in and negotiate the connection, <literal>wvdial</literal> does the dialing and initial negotiating and then starts <literal>pppd</literal> to do the rest.
it: Un approccio diverso all'uso di <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pppd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> è la sua esecuzione tramite <citerefentry><refentrytitle>wvdial</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> che è fornito nel pacchetto "<literal>wvdial</literal>. Invece di essere <literal>pppd</literal> ad eseguire <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chat</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> per comporre il numero e negoziare la connessione, è <literal>wvdial</literal> che fa queste cose e poi avvia <literal>pppd</literal> per tutto il resto.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The configuration script <literal>wvdialconf</literal> configures the PPP connection interactively just by selecting the following.
it: Lo script di configurazione <literal>wvdialconf</literal> imposta la connessione PPP interattivamente chiedendo all'utente di selezionare solamente quanto segue.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <literal>wvdial</literal> succeeds in making the connection in most cases and maintains authentication data list automatically.
it: Nella maggior parte dei casi <literal>wvdial</literal> crea la connessione con successo e mantiene automaticamente un elenco dei dati di autenticazione.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of configuration files for the PPP connection with wvdialconf
it: Elenco dei file di configurazione per la connessione PPP con wvdialconf

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: The <literal>wvdialconf</literal> generated configuration file for <literal>pppd</literal> specific to <literal>wvdial</literal>
it: Il file di configurazione per <literal>pppd</literal> specifico per <literal>wvdial</literal>, generato da <literal>wvdialconf</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: The <literal>wvdialconf</literal> generated configuration file
it: Il file di configurazione creato da <literal>wvdialconf</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See <citerefentry><refentrytitle>wvdial</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>wvdial.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
it: Vedere <citerefentry><refentrytitle>wvdial</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> e <citerefentry><refentrytitle>wvdial.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The PPPoE connection with pppoeconf
it: Connessione PPPoE con pppoeconf

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: When your ISP serves you with PPPoE connection and you decide to connect your PC directly to the WAN, the network of your PC must be configured with the PPPoE. The PPPoE stand for PPP over Ethernet. The configuration script <literal>pppoeconf</literal> configures the PPPoE connection interactively.
it: Quando il fornitore di servizi Internet dà una connessione PPPoE e si decide di connettere il proprio PC direttamente alla WAN, la rete del proprio PC deve essere configurata con PPPoE. PPPoE sta per "PPP over Ethernet" (PPP via Ethernet). Lo script di configurazione <literal>pppoeconf</literal> configura la connessione PPPoE in modo interattivo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The configuration files are the following.
it: I file di configurazione sono i seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of configuration files for the PPPoE connection with pppoeconf
it: Elenco dei file di configurazione per la connessione PPPoE con pppoeconf

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: The <literal>pppoeconf</literal> generated configuration file for <literal>pppd</literal> specific to <literal>pppoe</literal>
it: Il file di configurazione per <literal>pppd</literal> specifico per <literal>pppoe</literal>, generato da <literal>pppoeconf</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See "<literal>/usr/share/doc/pppoeconf/README.Debian</literal>".
it: Vedere "<literal>/usr/share/doc/pppoeconf/README.Debian</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: The basic network configuration with ifupdown (legacy)
it: Configurazione base della rete con ifupdown (metodo vecchio)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The traditional <ulink url="&tcpipnetwork;">TCP/IP network</ulink> setup on Debian system uses <literal>ifupdown</literal> package as a high level tool.  There are 2 typical cases.
it: La configurazione tradizionale della <ulink url="&tcpipnetwork;">rete TCP/IP</ulink> in un sistema Debian usa il pacchetto <literal>ifupdown</literal> come strumento ad alto livello. Ci sono 2 casi tipici.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: For <emphasis role="strong">dynamic IP</emphasis> system such as mobile PCs, you should setup TCP/IP network <emphasis role="strong">with</emphasis> the <literal>resolvconf</literal> package and enable you to switch your network configuration easily (see <xref linkend="_the_network_interface_served_by_the_dhcp"/>).
it: Per sistemi con <emphasis role="strong">IP dinamico</emphasis>, come PC portatili, si dovrebbe impostare la rete TCP/IP <emphasis role="strong">con</emphasis> il pacchetto <literal>resolvconf</literal> che permette di cambiare facilmente la configurazione di rete (vedere <xref linkend="_the_network_interface_served_by_the_dhcp"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: For <emphasis role="strong">static IP</emphasis> system such as servers, you should setup TCP/IP network <emphasis role="strong">without</emphasis> the <literal>resolvconf</literal> package and keep your system simple (see <xref linkend="_the_network_interface_with_the_static_ip"/>).
it: Per sistemi con <emphasis role="strong">IP statico</emphasis>, come sever, si dovrebbe impostare la rete TCP/IP <emphasis role="strong">senza</emphasis> il pacchetto <literal>resolvconf</literal> e mantere semplice il proprio sistema (vedere <xref linkend="_the_network_interface_with_the_static_ip"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: These traditional setup methods are quite useful if you wish to set up advanced configuration (see <xref linkend="_the_basic_network_configuration_with_ifupdown_legacy"/>).
it: Questi metodi di impostazione tradizionali sono piuttosto utili se si desidera impostare una configurazione avanzata (vedere <xref linkend="_the_basic_network_configuration_with_ifupdown_legacy"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The <literal>ifupdown</literal> package provides the standardized framework for the high level network configuration in the Debian system. In this section, we learn the basic network configuration with <literal>ifupdown</literal> with simplified introduction and many typical examples.
it: Il pacchetto <literal>ifupdown</literal> fornisce l'infrastruttura standard per la configurazione di rete di alto livello nel sistema Debian. In questa sezione viene descritta la configurazione base della rete con <literal>ifupdown</literal> con un'introduzione semplificata e molti esempi tipici.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The command syntax simplified
it: Sintassi di base dei comandi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <literal>ifupdown</literal> package contains 2 commands: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ifup</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ifdown</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>.  They offer high level network configuration dictated by the configuration file "/etc/network/interfaces".
it: Il pacchetto <literal>ifupdown</literal> contiene 2 comandi: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ifup</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> e <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ifdown</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>. Offrono una configurazione della rete di alto livello in base al file di configurazione "/etc/network/interfaces".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of basic network configuration commands with ifupdown
it: Elenco di comandi base per la configurazione della rete con ifupdown

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: bring up a network interface <literal>eth0</literal> with the configuration <literal>eth0</literal> if "<literal>iface eth0</literal>" stanza exists
it: attiva una interfaccia di rete <literal>eth0</literal> con la configurazione di <literal>eth0</literal> se esiste un blocco "<literal>iface eth0</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: bring down a network interface <literal>eth0</literal> with the configuration <literal>eth0</literal> if "<literal>iface eth0</literal>" stanza exists
it: disattiva una interfaccia di rete <literal>eth0</literal> con la configurazione di <literal>eth0</literal> se esiste un blocco "<literal>iface eth0</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
en: Do not use low level configuration tools such as <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ifconfig</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ip</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> commands to configure an interface in <emphasis role="strong">up</emphasis> state.
it: Non usare strumenti di configurazione a basso livello, come i comandi <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ifconfig</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> e <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ip</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, per configurare un'interfaccia nello stato <emphasis role="strong">attivo (up)</emphasis>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: There is no command <literal>ifupdown</literal>.
it: Non esiste un comando <literal>ifupdown</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The basic syntax of "/etc/network/interfaces"
it: Sintassi di base di "/etc/network/interfaces"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The key syntax of "<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>" as explained in <citerefentry><refentrytitle>interfaces</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> can be summarized as the following.
it: La sintassi di base di "<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>", come spiegato in <citerefentry><refentrytitle>interfaces</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, può essere riassunta nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of stanzas in "<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>"
it: Elenco dei blocchi in "<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: stanza
it: blocco

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: "<literal>auto &lt;interface_name&gt;</literal>"
it: "<literal>auto &lt;nome_interfaccia&gt;</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: start interface &lt;interface_name&gt; upon start of the system
it: attiva l'interfaccia &lt;nome_interfaccia&gt; all'avvio del sistema

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: "<literal>allow-auto &lt;interface_name&gt;</literal>"
it: "<literal>allow-auto &lt;nome_interfaccia&gt;</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: "<literal>allow-hotplug &lt;interface_name&gt;</literal>"
it: "<literal>allow-hotplug &lt;nome_interfaccia&gt;</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: start interface &lt;interface_name&gt; when the kernel detects a hotplug event from the interface
it: attiva l'interfaccia &lt;nome_interfaccia&gt; quando il kernel rileva un evento hotplug dall'interfaccia

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Lines started with "<literal>iface &lt;config_name&gt; …</literal>"
it: Le righe che iniziano con "<literal>iface &lt;nome_config&gt; …</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: define the network configuration &lt;config_name&gt;
it: definiscono la configurazione di rete &lt;nome_config&gt;

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Lines started with "<literal>mapping &lt;interface_name_glob&gt; </literal>"
it: Le righe che iniziano con "<literal>mapping &lt;glob_nome_interfaccia&gt; </literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: define mapping value of &lt;config_name&gt; for the matching &lt;interface_name&gt;
it: definiscono i valori di mappatura di &lt;nome_config&gt; al corrispondente &lt;nome_interfaccia&gt;

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: A line starting with a hash "<literal>#</literal>"
it: Le righe che iniziano con un carattere cancelletto "<literal>#</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: ignore as comments (end-of-line comments are <emphasis role="strong">not</emphasis> supported)
it: sono commenti e vengono ignorate (i commenti di fine riga <emphasis role="strong">non</emphasis> sono supportati)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: A line ending with a backslash "<literal>\</literal>"
it: Le righe che terminano con una barra rovesciata "<literal>\</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: extend the configuration to the next line
it: estendono la configurazione alla riga seguente

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Lines started with <emphasis role="strong"><literal>iface</literal></emphasis> stanza has the following syntax.
it: Le righe con un blocco <emphasis role="strong"><literal>iface</literal></emphasis> hanno la sintassi seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: iface &lt;config_name&gt; &lt;address_family&gt; &lt;method_name&gt;
     &lt;option1&gt; &lt;value1&gt;
     &lt;option2&gt; &lt;value2&gt;
     ...
it: iface &lt;nome_config&gt; &lt;famiglia_indirizzi&gt; &lt;nome_metodo&gt;
     &lt;opzione1&gt; &lt;valore1&gt;
     &lt;opzione2&gt; &lt;valore2&gt;
     ...

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For the basic configuration, the <emphasis role="strong"><literal>mapping</literal></emphasis> stanza is not used and you use the network interface name as the network configuration name (See <xref linkend="_the_mapping_stanza"/>).
it: Per la configurazione di base non vengono usati i blocchi <emphasis role="strong"><literal>mapping</literal></emphasis> ma viene usato il nome dell'interfaccia di rete come nome della configurazione di rete (vedere <xref linkend="_the_mapping_stanza"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
en: Do not define duplicates of the "<literal>iface</literal>" stanza for a network interface in "<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>".
it: Non creare definizioni duplicate per un blocco "<literal>iface</literal>" per un'interfaccia di rete in "<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The loopback network interface
it: Interfaccia di rete loopback

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The following configuration entry in the "<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>" file brings up the loopback network interface <literal>lo</literal> upon booting the system (via <emphasis role="strong"><literal>auto</literal></emphasis> stanza).
it: La voce di configurazione seguente, nel file "<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>" attiva l'interfaccia di rete loopback, <literal>lo</literal>, all'avvio del sistema (attraverso il blocco <emphasis role="strong"><literal>auto</literal></emphasis>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This one always exists in the "<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>" file.
it: Questo blocco esiste sempre nel file "<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The network interface served by the DHCP
it: Interfaccia di rete servita da DHCP

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: After preparing the system by <xref linkend="_the_dhcp_connection_with_the_ethernet"/>, the network interface served by the DHCP is configured by creating the configuration entry in the "<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>" file as the following.
it: Dopo aver preparato il sistema con <xref linkend="_the_dhcp_connection_with_the_ethernet"/>, l'interfaccia di rete con DHCP viene configurata creando una voce di configurazione nel file "<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>" nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: When the Linux kernel detects the physical interface <literal>eth0</literal>, the <emphasis role="strong"><literal>allow-hotplug</literal></emphasis> stanza causes <literal>ifup</literal> to bring up the interface and the <emphasis role="strong"><literal>iface</literal></emphasis> stanza causes <literal>ifup</literal> to use DHCP to configure the interface.
it: Quando il kernel Linux rileva l'interfaccia fisica <literal>eth0</literal>, il blocco <emphasis role="strong"><literal>allow-hotplug</literal></emphasis> fa sì che <literal>ifup</literal> attivi l'interfaccia e il blocco <emphasis role="strong"><literal>iface</literal></emphasis> fa sì che <literal>ifup</literal> usi DHCP per configurare l'interfaccia.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The network interface with the static IP
it: Interfaccia di rete con IP statico

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The network interface served by the static IP is configured by creating the configuration entry in the "<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>" file as the following.
it: L'interfaccia di rete con IP statico viene configurata creando una voce di configurazione nel file "<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>" nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: When the Linux kernel detects the physical interface <literal>eth0</literal>, the <emphasis role="strong"><literal>allow-hotplug</literal></emphasis> stanza causes <literal>ifup</literal> to bring up the interface and the <emphasis role="strong"><literal>iface</literal></emphasis> stanza causes <literal>ifup</literal> to use the static IP to configure the interface.
it: Quando il kernel Linux rileva l'interfaccia fisica <literal>eth0</literal>, il blocco <emphasis role="strong"><literal>allow-hotplug</literal></emphasis> fa sì che <literal>ifup</literal> attivi l'interfaccia e il blocco <emphasis role="strong"><literal>iface</literal></emphasis> fa sì che <literal>ifup</literal> usi l'IP statico per configurare l'interfaccia.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here, I assumed the following.
it: In questo esempio sono stati dati per veri i seguenti dati.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: IP address range of the LAN network: <literal>192.168.11.0</literal> - <literal>192.168.11.255</literal>
it: Intervallo di indirizzi IP della rete LAN: <literal>192.168.11.0</literal> - <literal>192.168.11.255</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: IP address of the gateway: <literal>192.168.11.1</literal>
it: Indirizzo IP del gateway: <literal>192.168.11.1</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: IP address of the PC: <literal>192.168.11.100</literal>
it: Indirizzo IP del PC: <literal>192.168.11.100</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The <literal>resolvconf</literal> package: installed
it: Il pacchetto <literal>resolvconf</literal> è installato.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The domain name: "<literal>example.com</literal>"
it: Nome di dominio: "<literal>example.com</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: IP address of the DNS server: <literal>192.168.11.1</literal>
it: Indirizzo IP del server DNS: <literal>192.168.11.1</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: When the <literal>resolvconf</literal> package is not installed, DNS related configuration needs to be done manually by editing the "<literal>/etc/resolv.conf</literal>" as the following.
it: Quando il pacchetto <literal>resolvconf</literal> non è installato, la configurazione relativa al DNS deve essere fatta manualmente modificando "<literal>/etc/resolv.conf</literal>" nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: The IP addresses used in the above example are not meant to be copied literally.  You have to adjust IP numbers to your actual network configuration.
it: L'indirizzo IP usato nell'esempio soprastante non deve essere copiato pari pari. È necessario mettere i numeri IP della reale configurazione della propria rete.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The basics of wireless LAN interface
it: Informazioni di base sull'interfaccia LAN wireless

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <ulink url="&wirelesslanwlanforshort;">wireless LAN (WLAN for short)</ulink> provides the fast wireless connectivity through the spread-spectrum communication of unlicensed radio bands based on the set of standards called <ulink url="&ieeeiacbb;">IEEE 802.11</ulink>.
it: La <ulink url="&wirelesslanwlanforshort;">LAN wireless (in breve WLAN)</ulink> fornisce connettività veloce wireless attraverso comunicazioni con espansione di spettro in bande radio senza licenza basate sull'insieme di standard chiamato <ulink url="&ieeeiacbb;">IEEE 802.11</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The WLAN interfaces are almost like normal Ethernet interfaces but require some network ID and encryption key data to be provided when they are initialized.  Their high level network tools are exactly the same as that of Ethernet interfaces except interface names are a bit different like <literal>eth1</literal>, <literal>wlan0</literal>, <literal>ath0</literal>, <literal>wifi0</literal>, … depending on the kernel drivers used.
it: Le interfacce WLAN sono quasi come normali interfacce Ethernet, ma richiedono alcuni dati sull'identità della rete e sulla chiave di cifratura per essere usate una volta inizializzate. Gli strumenti di rete di alto livello per esse sono esattamente gli stessi delle interfacce di rete, tranne che i nomi delle interfacce sono un po' diversi come <literal>eth1</literal>, <literal>wlan0</literal>, <literal>ath0</literal>, <literal>wifi0</literal>, … a seconda dei driver del kernel utilizzati.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: The <literal>wmaster0</literal> device is the master device which is an internal device used only by <ulink url="&softmac;">SoftMAC</ulink> with new <ulink url="&maciacbbapioflinux;">mac80211 API of Linux</ulink>.
it: Il device <literal>wmaster0</literal> è il device master che è un device interno usato solamente da <ulink url="&softmac;">SoftMAC</ulink> con la nuova <ulink url="&maciacbbapioflinux;">API mac80211 di Linux</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here are some keywords to remember for the WLAN.
it: Quelle che seguono sono alcune parole chiave relative alla WLAN che è bene ricordare.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of acronyms for WLAN
it: Elenco di acronimi per WLAN

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: full word
it: forma estesa

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Network ID
it: Network ID (ID di rete)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: 16 bit network ID used by pre-802.11 <ulink url="&wavelan;">WaveLAN</ulink> network (very deprecated)
it: identificativo di rete a 16 bit usato da reti <ulink url="&wavelan;">WaveLAN</ulink> pre-802.11 (molto deprecato)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: (Extended) <ulink url="&servicesetidentifier;">Service Set Identifier</ulink>
it: (Extended) <ulink url="&servicesetidentifier;">Service Set Identifier</ulink> (Identificativo di insieme di servizi (esteso))

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: network name of the <ulink url="&wirelessaccesspointsaps;">Wireless Access Points (APs)</ulink> interconnected to form an integrated <ulink url="&iacbbwirelesslan;">802.11 wireless LAN</ulink>, Domain ID
it: il nome di rete dei <ulink url="&wirelessaccesspointsaps;">punti di accesso wireless (Wireless Access Points, AP)</ulink> interconnessi a formare una <ulink url="&iacbbwirelesslan;">LAN wireless 802.11</ulink>; identificativo del dominio

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&wiredequivalentprivacy;">Wired Equivalent Privacy</ulink>
it: <ulink url="&wiredequivalentprivacy;">Wired Equivalent Privacy</ulink> (Privacy equivalente alla cablata)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: 1st generation 64-bit (128-bit) wireless encryption standard with 40-bit key (deprecated)
it: standard di cifratura per wireless a 64 bit (128 bit) di prima generazione con chiave a 40-bit (deprecato)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&wifiprotectedaccess;">Wi-Fi Protected Access</ulink>
it: <ulink url="&wifiprotectedaccess;">Wi-Fi Protected Access</ulink> (Accesso Wi-Fi protetto)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: 2nd generation wireless encryption standard (most of 802.11i), compatible with WEP
it: standard di cifratura per wireless di seconda generazione (maggior parte del 802.11i), compatibile con WEP

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&wifiprotectedaccessc;">Wi-Fi Protected Access 2</ulink>
it: <ulink url="&wifiprotectedaccessc;">Wi-Fi Protected Access 2</ulink> (Accesso Wi-Fi protetto 2)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: 3rd generation wireless encryption standard (full 802.11i), non-compatible with WEP
it: standard di cifratura per wireless di terza generazione (tutto il 802.11i), non compatibile con WEP

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The actual choice of protocol is usually limited by the wireless router you deploy.
it: Di fatto la scelta del protocollo è di solito limitata dal router wireless che si possiede.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The wireless LAN interface with WPA/WPA2
it: Interfaccia LAN wireless con WPA/WPA2

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You need to install the <literal>wpasupplicant</literal> package to support the WLAN with the new WPA/WPA2.
it: È necessario installare il pacchetto <literal>wpasupplicant</literal> per supportare la WLAN con i nuovi WPA/WPA2.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: In case of the <ulink url="&dhcp;">DHCP</ulink> served IP on WLAN connection, the "<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>" file entry should be as the following.
it: In caso di IP <ulink url="&dhcp;">DHCP</ulink> per la connessione WLAN, la voce nel file "<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>" dovrebbe essere come la seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: allow-hotplug ath0
    iface ath0 inet dhcp
     wpa-ssid homezone
     # hexadecimal psk is encoded from a plaintext passphrase
     wpa-psk 000102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f101112131415161718191a1b1c1d1e1f
it: allow-hotplug ath0
    iface ath0 inet dhcp
     wpa-ssid zonacasa
     # la chiave di cifratura, psk, esadecimale e' codificata da una passphrase in puro testo
     wpa-psk 000102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f101112131415161718191a1b1c1d1e1f

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See "<literal>/usr/share/doc/wpasupplicant/README.modes.gz</literal>".
it: Vedere "<literal>/usr/share/doc/wpasupplicant/README.modes.gz</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The wireless LAN interface with WEP
it: Interfaccia LAN wireless con WEP

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You need to install the <literal>wireless-tools</literal> package to support the WLAN with the old WEP.  (Your consumer grade router may still be using this insecure infrastructure but this is better than nothing.)
it: È necessario installare il pacchetto <literal>wireless-tools</literal> per supportare la rete WLAN con il vecchio WEP. (Il proprio router economico potrebbe usare ancora questa infrastruttura non sicura, ma è meglio di niente.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: Please note that your network traffic on WLAN with WEP may be sniffed by others.
it: Notare che il traffico di rete in una WLAN con WEP può essere spiato da altri.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: allow-hotplug eth0
    iface eth0 inet dhcp
     wireless-essid Home
     wireless-key1 0123-4567-89ab-cdef
     wireless-key2 12345678
     wireless-key3 s:password
     wireless-defaultkey 2
     wireless-keymode open
it: allow-hotplug eth0
    iface eth0 inet dhcp
     wireless-essid Casa
     wireless-key1 0123-4567-89ab-cdef
     wireless-key2 12345678
     wireless-key3 s:password
     wireless-defaultkey 2
     wireless-keymode open

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See "<literal>/usr/share/doc/wireless-tools/README.Debian</literal>".
it: Vedere "<literal>/usr/share/doc/wireless-tools/README.Debian</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The PPP connection
it: Connessione PPP

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You need to configure the PPP connection first as described before (see <xref linkend="_the_ppp_connection_with_pppconfig"/>).  Then, add the "<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>" file entry for the primary PPP device <literal>ppp0</literal> as the following.
it: È necessario come prima cosa configurare la connessione PPP come descritto in precedenza (vedere <xref linkend="_the_ppp_connection_with_pppconfig"/>). Quindi aggiungere nel file "<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>" la voce per il device PPP primario <literal>ppp0</literal> nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: iface ppp0 inet ppp
     provider &lt;isp_name&gt;
it: iface ppp0 inet ppp
     provider &lt;nome_isp&gt;

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The alternative PPP connection
it: Connessione PPP alternativa

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You need to configure the alternative PPP connection with <literal>wvdial</literal> first as described before (see <xref linkend="_the_alternative_ppp_connection_with_wvdialconf"/>).  Then, add the "<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>" file entry for the primary PPP device <literal>ppp0</literal> as the following.
it: È necessario come prima cosa configurare la connessione PPP alternativa con <literal>wvdial</literal>, come descritto in precedenza (vedere <xref linkend="_the_alternative_ppp_connection_with_wvdialconf"/>). Quindi aggiungere nel file "<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>" la voce per il device PPP primario <literal>ppp0</literal> nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The PPPoE connection
it: Connessione PPPoE

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For PC connected directly to the WAN served by the PPPoE, you need to configure system with the PPPoE connection as described before (see <xref linkend="_the_pppoe_connection_with_pppoeconf"/>).  Then, add the "<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>" file entry for the primary PPPoE device <literal>eth0</literal> as the following.
it: Per i PC connessi direttamente alla WAN con servizio PPPoE, è necessario configurare il sistema con la connessione PPPoE come descritto in precedenza (vedere <xref linkend="_the_pppoe_connection_with_pppoeconf"/>). Quindi aggiungere nel file "<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>" la voce per il device PPPoE primario <literal>eth0</literal> nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: allow-hotplug eth0
    iface eth0 inet manual
     pre-up /sbin/ifconfig eth0 up
     up ifup ppp0=dsl
     down ifdown ppp0=dsl
     post-down /sbin/ifconfig eth0 down
    # The following is used internally only
    iface dsl inet ppp
     provider dsl-provider
it: allow-hotplug eth0
    iface eth0 inet manual
     pre-up /sbin/ifconfig eth0 up
     up ifup ppp0=dsl
     down ifdown ppp0=dsl
     post-down /sbin/ifconfig eth0 down
    # Quello che segue e' usato solo internamente
    iface dsl inet ppp
     provider dsl-provider

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The network configuration state of ifupdown
it: Lo stato di configurazione della rete di ifupdown

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The "<literal>/etc/network/run/ifstate</literal>" file stores the <emphasis role="strong">intended</emphasis> network configuration states for all the currently active network interfaces managed by the <literal>ifupdown</literal> package are listed. Unfortunately, even if the <literal>ifupdown</literal> system fails to bring up the interface as intended, the "<literal>/etc/network/run/ifstate</literal>" file lists it active.
it: Il file "<literal>/etc/network/run/ifstate</literal>" memorizza gli stati <emphasis role="strong">previsti</emphasis> di configurazione della rete per tutte le interfacce di rete attualmente attive gestite dal pacchetto<literal>ifupdown</literal>. Sfortunatamente, anche se il tentativo del sistema <literal>ifupdown</literal> di attivare un'interfaccia come previsto fallisce, il file "<literal>/etc/network/run/ifstate</literal>" la elenca come attiva.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Unless the output of the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ifconfig</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> command for an interface does not have a line like following example, it can not be used as a part of <ulink url="&ipvenetwork;">IPV4 network</ulink>.
it: Se l'output del comando <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ifconfig</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> per un'interfaccia non ha una riga come quella dell'esempio seguente, l'interfaccia non può essere usata come parte di una <ulink url="&ipvenetwork;">rete IPV4</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: For the Ethernet device connected to the PPPoE, the output of the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ifconfig</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> command lacks a line which looks like above example.
it: Per i dispositivi Ethernet connessi con PPPoE, l'output di <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ifconfig</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> manca di una riga come quella dell'esempio precedente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The basic network reconfiguration
it: Riconfigurazione base della rete

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: When you try to reconfigure the interface, e.g. <literal>eth0</literal>, you must disable it first with the "<emphasis role="strong"><literal>sudo ifdown eth0</literal></emphasis>" command.  This removes the entry of <literal>eth0</literal> from the "<literal>/etc/network/run/ifstate</literal>" file. (This may result in some error message if <literal>eth0</literal> is not active or it is configured improperly previously.  So far, it seems to be safe to do this for the simple single user work station at any time.)
it: Quando si cerca di riconfigurare un'interfaccia, ad esempio <literal>eth0</literal>, per prima cosa è necessario disattivarla con il comando "<emphasis role="strong"><literal>sudo ifdown eth0</literal></emphasis>". Questo rimuove la voce corrispondente ad <literal>eth0</literal> dal file "<literal>/etc/network/run/ifstate</literal>". (Potrebbero essere generati messaggi di errore se <literal>eth0</literal> non è attiva o se non era stata configurata in modo conrretto.) Per il momento, fare questa azione per una postazione di lavoro per singolo utente sembra sicuro in qualunque momento.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You are now free to rewrite the "<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>" contents as needed to reconfigure the network interface, <literal>eth0</literal>.
it: Si può ora modificare liberamente il contenuto di "<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>" in base alle proprie necessità per riconfigurare l'interfaccia di rete <literal>eth0</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Then, you can reactivate <literal>eth0</literal> with the "<emphasis role="strong"><literal>sudo ifup eth0</literal></emphasis>" command.
it: In seguito si può riattivare <literal>eth0</literal> con il comando "<emphasis role="strong"><literal>sudo ifup eth0</literal></emphasis>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: You can (re)initialize the network interface simply by "<emphasis role="strong"><literal>sudo ifdown eth0;sudo ifup eth0</literal></emphasis>".
it: Si può (re)inizializzare l'interfaccia di rete semplicemente usando "<emphasis role="strong"><literal>sudo ifdown eth0;sudo ifup eth0</literal></emphasis>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The ifupdown-extra package
it: Pacchetto ifupdown-extra

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <literal>ifupdown-extra</literal> package provides easy network connection tests for use with the <literal>ifupdown</literal> package.
it: Il pacchetto <literal>ifupdown-extra</literal> fornisce facili testi della connessione di rete per l'uso con il pacchetto <literal>ifupdown</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The <citerefentry><refentrytitle>network-test</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> command can be used from the shell.
it: Il comando <citerefentry><refentrytitle>network-test</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> può essere usato dalla shell.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The automatic scripts are run for each <literal>ifup</literal> command execution.
it: Gli script automatici vengono eseguiti per ogni invocazione del comando <literal>ifup</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <literal>network-test</literal> command frees you from the execution of cumbersome low level commands to analyze the network problem.
it: Il comando <literal>network-test</literal> libera l'utente dal faticoso compito di eseguire comandi a basso livello per analizzare i problemi di rete.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The automatic scripts are installed in "<literal>/etc/network/*/</literal>" and performs the following.
it: Gli script automtici vengono installati in "<literal>/etc/network/*/</literal>" e effettuano le azioni seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Check the network cable connection
it: Verifica della connessione del cavo di rete

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Check duplicate use of IP address
it: Verifica dell'eventuale uso duplicato di indirizzi IP

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Setup system's static routes based on the "<literal>/etc/network/routes</literal>" definition
it: Impostazione di instradamenti statici del sistema in base alle definizioni in "<literal>/etc/network/routes</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Check if network gateway is reachable
it: Verifica della raggiungibilità del gateway di rete

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Record results in the "<literal>/var/log/syslog</literal>" file
it: Registrazione dei risultati nel file "<literal>/var/log/syslog</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This syslog record is quite useful for administration of the network problem on the remote system.
it: Queste voci nel syslog sono piuttosto utili per l'amministrazione di problemi di rete nel sistema remoto.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: The automatic behavior of the <literal>ifupdown-extra</literal> package is configurable with the "<literal>/etc/default/network-test</literal>". Some of these automatic checks slow down the system boot-up a little bit since it takes some time to listen for <ulink url="&arp;">ARP</ulink> replies.
it: Il comportamento automatico del pacchetto <literal>ifupdown-extra</literal> è configurabile con "<literal>/etc/default/network-test</literal>". Alcuni di questi controlli automatici rallentano un po' il sistema all'avvio dato che è necessario un po' di tempo per restare in ascolto per le risposte <ulink url="&arp;">ARP</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: The advanced network configuration with ifupdown (legacy)
it: Configurazione avanzata della rete con ifupdown (strumento datato)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The functionality of the <literal>ifupdown</literal> package can be improved beyond what was described in <xref linkend="_the_basic_network_configuration_with_ifupdown_legacy"/> with the advanced knowledge.
it: Le funzionalità del pacchetto  <literal>ifupdown</literal> possono essere migliorate andando oltre quanto è stato descritto in <xref linkend="_the_basic_network_configuration_with_ifupdown_legacy"/>, con qualche informazione più avanzata.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The functionalities described here are completely optional.  I, being lazy and minimalist, rarely bother to use these.
it: Le funzionalità descritte in questa sezione sono completamente opzionali. Essendo io pigro e minimalista, raramente faccio lo sforzo di usarle.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><caution><para>
en: If you could not set up network connection by information in <xref linkend="_the_basic_network_configuration_with_ifupdown_legacy"/>, you make situation worse by using information below.
it: Se non si è riusciti a configurare la connessione di rete usando le informazioni in <xref linkend="_the_basic_network_configuration_with_ifupdown_legacy"/>, cercare una soluzione nelle informazioni che seguono non farà che peggiorare le cose.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The ifplugd package
it: Il pacchetto ifplugd

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <literal>ifplugd</literal> package is older automatic network configuration tool which can manage only Ethernet connections. This solves unplugged/replugged Ethernet cable issues for mobile PC etc.  If you have <ulink url="&networkmanager;">NetworkManager</ulink> or <ulink url="&wicd;">Wicd</ulink> (see <xref linkend="_the_modern_network_configuration_for_desktop"/>) installed, you do not need this package.
it: Il pacchetto <literal>ifplugd</literal> è un vecchio strumento di configurazione della rete che può gestire soltanto connessioni Ethernet. Risolve problemi di cavi Ethernet sconnessi/ricconessi per PC portatili, ecc. Se è installato <ulink url="&networkmanager;">NetworkManager</ulink> o <ulink url="&wicd;">Wicd</ulink> (vedere <xref linkend="_the_modern_network_configuration_for_desktop"/>), questo pacchetto non è necessario.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This package runs <ulink url="&daemon;">daemon</ulink> and replaces <emphasis role="strong">auto</emphasis> or <emphasis role="strong">allow-hotplug</emphasis> functionalities (see <xref linkend="list-of-stanzas-in-eni"/>) and starts interfaces upon their connection to the network.
it: Questo pacchetto viene eseguito come <ulink url="&daemon;">demone</ulink> e rimpiazza le funzionalità <emphasis role="strong">auto</emphasis> o <emphasis role="strong">allow-hotplug</emphasis> (vedere <xref linkend="list-of-stanzas-in-eni"/>) ed abilita le interfacce quando queste vengono connesse alla rete.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here is how to use the <literal>ifplugd</literal> package for the internal Ethernet port, e.g. <literal>eth0</literal>.
it: Ecco come usare il pacchetto <literal>ifplugd</literal> per la porta Ethernet interna, ad esempio <literal>eth0</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Remove stanza in "<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>": "<literal>auto eth0</literal>" or "<literal>allow-hotplug eth0</literal>".
it: Rimuovere il blocco "<literal>auto eth0</literal>" o "<literal>allow-hotplug eth0</literal>" dal file "<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Keep stanza in "<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>": "<literal>iface eth0 inet …</literal>" and "<literal>mapping …</literal>".
it: Mantenere i blocchi "<literal>iface eth0 inet …</literal>" e "<literal>mapping …</literal>" nel file "<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Install the <literal>ifplugd</literal> package.
it: Installare il pacchetto <literal>ifplugd</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Run "<literal>sudo dpkg-reconfigure ifplugd</literal>".
it: Eseguire "<literal>sudo dpkg-reconfigure ifplugd</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Put <literal>eth0</literal> as the "static interfaces to be watched by ifplugd".
it: Indicare <literal>eth0</literal> come "interfaccia statica che ifplugd deve osservare".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Now, the network reconfiguration works as you desire.
it: Ora, dopo la riconfigurazione, la rete funziona come voluto.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Upon power-on or upon hardware discovery, the interface is not brought up by itself.
it: All'avvio o al rilevamento dell'hardware, l'interfaccia non viene attivata da sé stessa.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Quick boot process without the long DHCP timeout.
it: Procedura di avvio veloce senza lunghi tempi di attesa per DHCP.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: No funny activated interface without proper IPv4 address (see <xref linkend="_the_network_configuration_state_of_ifupdown"/>).
it: Nessuna interfaccia attivata in modo inconsueto senza un appropriato indirizzo IPv4 (vedere <xref linkend="_the_network_configuration_state_of_ifupdown"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Upon finding the Ethernet cable, the interface is brought up.
it: Quando viene rilevato il cavo Ethernet l'interfaccia viene attivata.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Upon some time after unplugging the Ethernet cable, the interface is brought down automatically.
it: Dopo un certo intervallo di tempo dalla disconnessione del cavo Ethernet, l'interfaccia viene automaticamente disattivata.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Upon plugging in another Ethernet cable, the interface is brought up under the new network environment.
it: Quando viene inserito un altro cavo Ethernet, l'interfaccia è attivata nel nuovo ambiente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: The arguments for the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ifplugd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> command can set its behaviors such as the delay for reconfiguring interfaces.
it: Gli argomenti del comando <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ifplugd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> possono impostare il suo comportamento, come il ritardo nella riconfigurazione delle interfacce.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The ifmetric package
it: Il pacchetto ifmetric

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <literal>ifmeric</literal> package enables us to manipulate metrics of routes a posteriori even for DHCP.
it: Il pacchetto <literal>ifmetric</literal> permette di manipolare la metrica di instradamenti a posteriori, anche per DHCP.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The following sets the <literal>eth0</literal> interface to be preferred over the <literal>wlan0</literal> interface.
it: Le azioni seguenti impostano l'interfaccia <literal>eth0</literal> come preferita rispetto alla interfaccia <literal>wlan0</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Install the <literal>ifmetric</literal> package.
it: Installare il pacchetto <literal>ifmetric</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Add an option line with "<literal>metric 0</literal>" just below the "<literal>iface eth0 inet dhcp</literal>" line.
it: Aggiungere una riga con l'opzione "<literal>metric 0</literal>" immediatamente sotto alla riga "<literal>iface eth0 inet dhcp</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Add an option line with "<literal>metric 1</literal>" just below the "<literal>iface wlan0 inet dhcp</literal>" line.
it: Aggiungere una riga con l'opzione "<literal>metric 1</literal>" immediatamente sotto alla riga "<literal>iface wlan0 inet dhcp</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The metric 0 means the highest priority route and is the default one.  The larger metric value means lower priority routes. The IP address of the active interface with the lowest metric value becomes the originating one. See <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ifmetric</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
it: "metric 0" significa instradamento con la più alta priorità ed è quello predefinito. Un valore di metrica più alto indica instradamenti con priorità più bassa. L'indirizzo IP dell'interfaccia attiva con il valore di metrica più basso diventa quello di origine. Vedere <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ifmetric</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The virtual interface
it: L'interfaccia virtuale

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: A single physical Ethernet interface can be configured as multiple virtual interfaces with different IP addresses.  Usually the purpose is to connect an interface to several IP subnetworks.  For example, IP address based virtual web hosting by a single network interface is one such application.
it: Una singola interfaccia fisica Ethernet può essere configurata come interfacce virtuali multiple con indirizzi IP differenti. Di solito ciò ha lo scopo di connettere un'interfaccia a diverse sottoreti di IP. Per esempio, un'applicazione di questo tipo è l'hosting web virtuale basato su indirizzi IP con una singola interfaccia di rete.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For example, let's suppose the following.
it: Per esempio, si supponga quanto segue.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: A single Ethernet interface on your host is connected to a Ethernet hub (not to the broadband router).
it: Una singola interfaccia Ethernet dell'host è connessa ad un hub Ethernet (non al router a banda larga).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The Ethernet hub is connected to both the Internet and LAN network.
it: L'hub Ethernet è connesso sia ad Internet sia alla rete LAN.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The LAN network uses subnet <literal>192.168.0.x/24</literal>.
it: La rete LAN usa la sottorete <literal>192.168.0.x/24</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Your host uses DHCP served IP address with the physical interface <literal>eth0</literal> for the Internet.
it: L'host usa per Internet indirizzi IP DHCP sull'interfaccia fisica <literal>eth0</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Your host uses <literal>192.168.0.1</literal> with the virtual interface <literal>eth0:0</literal> for the LAN.
it: L'host usa <literal>192.168.0.1</literal> con l'interfaccia virtuale <literal>eth0:0</literal> per la LAN.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The following stanzas in "<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>" configure your network.
it: I blocchi seguenti in " <literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>" configurano la rete.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: Although this configuration example with <ulink url="&networkaddresstranslationnat;">network address translation (NAT)</ulink> using <ulink url="&netfilteriptables;">netfilter/iptables</ulink> (see <xref linkend="_netfilter_infrastructure"/>) can provide cheap router for the LAN with only single interface, there is no real firewall capability with such set up.  You should use 2 physical interfaces with NAT to secure the local network from the Internet.
it: Anche se questo esempio di configurazione con <ulink url="&networkaddresstranslationnat;">traduzione degli indirizzi di rete (NAT)</ulink> usando <ulink url="&netfilteriptables;">netfilter/iptables</ulink> (vedere <xref linkend="_netfilter_infrastructure"/>) può fornire un router a basso prezzo per la LAN usando una sola interfaccia, non c'è alcuna reale funzionalità di firewall con una configurazione di questo tipo. Si dovrebbero usare 2 interfacce fisiche con NAT per rendere sicura la rete locale rispetto ad Internet.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The advanced command syntax
it: Sintassi avanzata dei comandi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <literal>ifupdown</literal> package offers advanced network configuration using the <emphasis role="strong">network configuration</emphasis> name and the <emphasis role="strong">network interface</emphasis> name.  I use slightly different terminology from one used in <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ifup</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>interfaces</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
it: Il pacchetto <literal>ifupdown</literal> offre funzionalità di configurazione avanzata della rete usando il nome di <emphasis role="strong">configurazione della rete</emphasis> e il nome dell'<emphasis role="strong">interfaccia di rete</emphasis>. Viene qui usata una terminologia leggermente diversa da quella usata in <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ifup</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> e <citerefentry><refentrytitle>interfaces</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of terminology for network devices
it: Elenco della terminologia per i device di rete

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: manpage terminology
it: terminologia delle pagine man

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: my terminology
it: terminologia di questo documento

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: examples in the following text
it: esempi nel testo seguente

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <emphasis role="strong">physical interface</emphasis> name
it: nome dell'<emphasis role="strong">interfaccia fisica</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <emphasis role="strong">network interface</emphasis> name
it: nome dell'<emphasis role="strong">interfaccia di rete</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>lo</literal>, <literal>eth0</literal>, <literal>&lt;interface_name&gt;</literal>
it: <literal>lo</literal>, <literal>eth0</literal>, <literal>&lt;nome_interfaccia&gt;</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: name given by the Linux kernel (using <literal>udev</literal> mechanism)
it: nome dato dal kernel Linux (usando il meccanismo <literal>udev</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <emphasis role="strong">logical interface</emphasis> name
it: nome dell'<emphasis role="strong">interfaccia logica</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <emphasis role="strong">network configuration</emphasis> name
it: nome della <emphasis role="strong">configurazione di rete</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>config1</literal>, <literal>config2</literal>, <literal>&lt;config_name&gt;</literal>
it: <literal>config1</literal>, <literal>config2</literal>, <literal>&lt;nome_config&gt;</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: name token following <emphasis role="strong"><literal>iface</literal></emphasis> in the "<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>"
it: elemento indicante il nome che segue la parola <emphasis role="strong"><literal>iface</literal></emphasis> nel file "<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Basic network configuration commands in <xref linkend="_the_command_syntax_simplified"/> require the <emphasis role="strong">network configuration</emphasis> name token of the <emphasis role="strong"><literal>iface</literal></emphasis> stanza to match the <emphasis role="strong">network interface</emphasis> name in the "<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>".
it: I comandi base per la configurazione della rete descritti in <xref linkend="_the_command_syntax_simplified"/> richiedono che, nel file "<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>", il nome della <emphasis role="strong">configurazione di rete</emphasis> indicato nel blocco <emphasis role="strong"><literal>iface</literal></emphasis> corrisponda al nome dell'<emphasis role="strong">interfaccia di rete</emphasis>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Advanced network configuration commands enables separation of the <emphasis role="strong">network configuration</emphasis> name and the <emphasis role="strong">network interface</emphasis> name in the "<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>" as the following.
it: I comandi avanzati per la configurazione della rete permettono, nel file "<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>", la distinzione tra il nome della <emphasis role="strong">configurazione di rete</emphasis> e della <emphasis role="strong">interfaccia di rete</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of advanced network configuration commands with ifupdown
it: Elenco di comandi avanzati per la configurazione della rete con ifupdown

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: bring up a network interface <literal>eth0</literal> with the configuration <literal>config1</literal>
it: attiva una interfaccia di rete <literal>eth0</literal> con la configurazione <literal>config1</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: bring down a network interface <literal>eth0</literal> with the configuration <literal>config1</literal>
it: disattiva una interfaccia di rete <literal>eth0</literal> con la configurazione <literal>config1</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: bring up a network interface <literal>eth0</literal> with the configuration selected by <emphasis role="strong"><literal>mapping</literal></emphasis> stanza
it: attiva una interfaccia di rete <literal>eth0</literal> con la configurazione scelta dal blocco di mappatura <emphasis role="strong"><literal>mapping</literal></emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: bring down a network interface <literal>eth0</literal> with the configuration selected by <emphasis role="strong"><literal>mapping</literal></emphasis> stanza
it: disattiva una interfaccia di rete <literal>eth0</literal> con la configurazione scelta dal blocco di mappatura <emphasis role="strong"><literal>mapping</literal></emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The mapping stanza
it: Il blocco di mappatura "mapping"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: We skipped explaining the <emphasis role="strong"><literal>mapping</literal></emphasis> stanza in the "<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>" in <xref linkend="_the_basic_syntax_of_etc_network_interfaces"/> to avoid complication.  This stanza has the following syntax.
it: Nella sezione <xref linkend="_the_basic_syntax_of_etc_network_interfaces"/> è stata saltata la spiegazione del blocco <emphasis role="strong"><literal>mapping</literal></emphasis> nel file "<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>", per evitare complicazioni. Questo blocco ha la sintassi seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: mapping &lt;interface_name_glob&gt;
     script &lt;script_name&gt;
     map &lt;script_input1&gt;
     map &lt;script_input2&gt;
     map ...
it: mapping &lt;glob_nome_interfaccia&gt;
     script &lt;nome_script&gt;
     map &lt;script_input1&gt;
     map &lt;script_input2&gt;
     map ...

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This provides advanced feature to the "<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>" file by automating the choice of the configuration with the mapping script specified by <literal>&lt;script_name&gt;</literal>.
it: Ciò fornisce funzionalità avanzate al file "<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>" automatizzando la scelta della configurazione con lo script di mappatura specificato da <literal>&lt;nome_script&gt;</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Let's follow the execution of the following.
it: Ecco cosa succede quando viene eseguito il comando seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: When the "<literal>&lt;interface_name_glob&gt;</literal>" matches "<literal>eth0</literal>", this execution produces the execution of the following command to configure <literal>eth0</literal> automatically.
it: Quando il "<literal>&lt;glob_nome_interfaccia&gt;</literal> trova corrispondenza con "<literal>eth0</literal>", l'esecuzione di questo comando produce, per configurare automaticamente <literal>eth0</literal>,  l'invocazione del comando seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: $ sudo ifup eth0=$(echo -e '&lt;script_input1&gt; \n &lt;script_input2&gt; \n ...' | &lt;script_name&gt; eth0)
it: $ sudo ifup eth0=$(echo -e '&lt;script_input1&gt; \n &lt;script_input2&gt; \n ...' | &lt;nome_script&gt; eth0)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here, script input lines with "<literal>map</literal>" are optional and can be repeated.
it: Le righe, per l'input dello script, che iniziano con "<literal>map</literal>" sono opzionali e possono essere ripetute.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: The glob for <emphasis role="strong"><literal>mapping</literal></emphasis> stanza works like shell filename glob (see <xref linkend="_shell_glob"/>).
it: L'espressione glob per il blocco <emphasis role="strong"><literal>mapping</literal></emphasis> funziona come i metacaratteri dei glob per nomi di file della shell (vedere <xref linkend="_shell_glob"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The manually switchable network configuration
it: Configurazione della rete commutabile manualmente

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here is how to switch manually among several network configurations without rewriting the "<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>" file as in <xref linkend="_the_basic_network_reconfiguration"/> .
it: Quella che segue è una descrizione di come commutare manualmente tra diverse configurazioni di rete senza dover riscrivere il file "<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>" come in <xref linkend="_the_basic_network_reconfiguration"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For all the network configuration you need to access, you create a single "<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>" file as the following.
it: Per tutte le configurazioni di rete alle quali si deve accedere è sufficiente creare un solo file "<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>" come quello seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: auto lo
    iface lo inet loopback
    
    iface config1 inet dhcp
    
    iface config2 inet static
     address 192.168.11.100
     netmask 255.255.255.0
     gateway 192.168.11.1
     dns-domain example.com
     dns-nameservers 192.168.11.1
    
    iface pppoe inet manual
     pre-up /sbin/ifconfig eth0 up
     up ifup ppp0=dsl
     down ifdown ppp0=dsl
     post-down /sbin/ifconfig eth0 down
    
    # The following is used internally only
    iface dsl inet ppp
     provider dsl-provider
    
    iface pots inet ppp
     provider provider
it: auto lo
    iface lo inet loopback
    
    iface config1 inet dhcp
    
    iface config2 inet static
     address 192.168.11.100
     netmask 255.255.255.0
     gateway 192.168.11.1
     dns-domain example.com
     dns-nameservers 192.168.11.1
    
    iface pppoe inet manual
     pre-up /sbin/ifconfig eth0 up
     up ifup ppp0=dsl
     down ifdown ppp0=dsl
     post-down /sbin/ifconfig eth0 down
    
    # Quanto segue viene usato solo internamente
    iface dsl inet ppp
     provider dsl-provider
    
    iface pots inet ppp
     provider provider

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Please note the <emphasis role="strong">network configuration name</emphasis> which is the token after <emphasis role="strong"><literal>iface</literal></emphasis> does not use the token for the <emphasis role="strong">network interface name</emphasis>.  Also, there are no <emphasis role="strong"><literal>auto</literal></emphasis> stanza nor <emphasis role="strong"><literal>allow-hotplug</literal></emphasis> stanza to start the network interface <literal>eth0</literal> automatically upon events.
it: Notare che il <emphasis role="strong">nome di configurazione della rete</emphasis>, che è l'elemento che viene dopo <emphasis role="strong"><literal>iface</literal></emphasis>, non usa il <emphasis role="strong">nome dell'interfaccia di rete</emphasis>. Inoltre non ci sono blocchi <emphasis role="strong"><literal>auto</literal></emphasis>, né <emphasis role="strong"><literal>allow-hotplug</literal></emphasis> per attivare l'interfaccia di rete <literal>eth0</literal> automaticamente in base ad eventi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Now you are ready to switch the network configuration.
it: Ora tutto è pronto per commutare tra le configurazioni di rete.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Let's move your PC to a LAN served by the DHCP.  You bring up the <emphasis role="strong">network interface</emphasis> (the physical interface) <literal>eth0</literal> by assigning the <emphasis role="strong">network configuration</emphasis> name (the logical interface name) <literal>config1</literal> to it by the following.
it: Spostare il PC in una LAN con DHCP. L'<emphasis role="strong">interfaccia di rete</emphasis> (l'interfaccia fisica) <literal>eth0</literal> viene attivata assegnandole il nome di <emphasis role="strong">configurazione della rete</emphasis> (il nome dell'interfaccia logica) <literal>config1</literal> nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The interface <literal>eth0</literal> is up, configured by DHCP and connected to LAN.
it: L'interfaccia <literal>eth0</literal> è attiva, configurata con DHCP e connessa alla LAN.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The interface <literal>eth0</literal> is down and disconnected from LAN.
it: L'interfaccia di rete <literal>eth0</literal> è disattivata e disconnessa dalla LAN.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Let's move your PC to a LAN served by the static IP.  You bring up the <emphasis role="strong">network interface</emphasis> <literal>eth0</literal> by assigning the <emphasis role="strong">network configuration</emphasis> name <literal>config2</literal> to it by the following.
it: Spostare il PC in una LAN con IP statico. L'<emphasis role="strong">interfaccia di rete</emphasis> <literal>eth0</literal> viene attivata assegnandole il nome di <emphasis role="strong">configurazione della rete</emphasis> <literal>config2</literal> nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The interface <literal>eth0</literal> is up, configured with static IP and connected to LAN. The additional parameters given as <literal>dns-*</literal> configures "<literal>/etc/resolv.conf</literal>" contents.  This "<literal>/etc/resolv.conf</literal>" is better manged if the <literal>resolvconf</literal> package is installed.
it: L'interfaccia <literal>eth0</literal> è attiva, configurata con IP statico e connessa alla LAN. I parametri aggiuntivi <literal>dns-*</literal> forniti configurano il contenuto di "<literal>/etc/resolv.conf</literal>". Tale file "<literal>/etc/resolv.conf</literal>" viene gestito meglio se è installato il pacchetto <literal>resolvconf</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The interface <literal>eth0</literal> is down and disconnected from LAN, again.
it: L'interfaccia di rete <literal>eth0</literal> è di nuovo disattivata e disconnessa dalla LAN.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Let's move your PC to a port on BB-modem connected to the PPPoE served service.  You bring up the <emphasis role="strong">network interface</emphasis> <literal>eth0</literal> by assigning the <emphasis role="strong">network configuration</emphasis> name <literal>pppoe</literal> to it by the following.
it: Spostare il PC su una porta di un modem per banda larga connesso ad un servizio PPPoE. L'<emphasis role="strong">interfaccia di rete</emphasis> <literal>eth0</literal> viene attivata assegnandole il nome di <emphasis role="strong">configurazione della rete</emphasis> <literal>pppoe</literal> nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The interface <literal>eth0</literal> is up, configured with PPPoE connection directly to the ISP.
it: L'interfaccia <literal>eth0</literal> è attiva, configurata per la connessione PPPoE diretta con il fornitore di servizi Internet.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The interface <literal>eth0</literal> is down and disconnected, again.
it: L'interfaccia di rete <literal>eth0</literal> è di nuovo disattivata e disconnessa.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Let's move your PC to a location without LAN or BB-modem but with POTS and modem.  You bring up the <emphasis role="strong">network interface</emphasis> <literal>ppp0</literal> by assigning the <emphasis role="strong">network configuration</emphasis> name <literal>pots</literal> to it by the following.
it: Spostare il PC in una postazione senza LAN o modem per banda larga, ma con una linea telefonica ed un modem. L'<emphasis role="strong">interfaccia di rete</emphasis> <literal>ppp0</literal> viene attivata assegnandole il nome di <emphasis role="strong">configurazione della rete</emphasis> <literal>pots</literal> nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The interface <literal>ppp0</literal> is up and connected to the Internet with PPP.
it: L'interfaccia <literal>ppp0</literal> è attiva e connessa ad Internet con PPP.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The interface <literal>ppp0</literal> is down and disconnected from the Internet.
it: L'interfaccia di rete <literal>ppp0</literal> è disattivata e disconnessa da Internet.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You should check the "<literal>/etc/network/run/ifstate</literal>" file for the current network configuration state of the <literal>ifupdown</literal> system.
it: Si dovrebbe controllare nel file "<literal>/etc/network/run/ifstate</literal>" lo stato attuale della configurazione di rete del sistema <literal>ifupdown</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
en: You may need to adjust numbers at the end of <literal>eth*</literal>, <literal>ppp*</literal>, etc. if you have multiple network interfaces.
it: Potrebbe essere necessario cambiare i numeri alla fine di <literal>eth*</literal>, <literal>ppp*</literal>, ecc., se si ha più di un'interfaccia di rete.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Scripting with the ifupdown system
it: Uso di script con il sistema ifupdown

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <literal>ifupdown</literal> system automatically runs scripts installed in "<literal>/etc/network/*/</literal>" while exporting environment variables to scripts.
it: Il sistema <literal>ifupdown</literal> esegue automaticamente gli script installati in "<literal>/etc/network/*/</literal>" esportando le variabili d'ambiente negli script.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of environment variables passed by the ifupdown system
it: Elenco delle variabili d'ambiente passate dal sistema ifupdown

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: environment variable
it: variabile d'ambiente

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: value passed
it: valore passato

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: physical name (interface name) of the interface being processed
it: nome fisico (nome dell'interfaccia) dell'interfaccia in fase di elaborazione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: logical name (configuration name) of the interface being processed
it: nome logico (nome dell'interfaccia) dell'interfaccia in fase di elaborazione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: &lt;address_family&gt; of the interface
it: &lt;famiglia_indirizzi&gt; dell'interfaccia

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: &lt;method_name&gt; of the interface. (e.g., "static")
it: &lt;nome_metodo&gt; dell'interfaccia (es., "static")

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: "start" if run from <literal>ifup</literal>, "stop" if run from <literal>ifdown</literal>
it: "start" se invocato da <literal>ifup</literal>, "stop" se invocato da <literal>ifdown</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: as per "<literal>$MODE</literal>", but with finer granularity, distinguishing the <literal>pre-up</literal>, <literal>post-up</literal>, <literal>pre-down</literal> and <literal>post-down</literal> phases
it: come per "<literal>$MODE</literal>", ma in modo più dettagliato, distinguendo le fasi <literal>pre-up</literal>, <literal>post-up</literal>, <literal>pre-down</literal> e <literal>post-down</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: indicates whether "<literal>--verbose</literal>" was used; set to 1 if so, 0 if not
it: indica se è stato usato "<literal>--verbose</literal>"; se lo è stato viene impostata a 1, altrimenti a 0

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: command search path: "<literal>/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin</literal>"
it: percorso di ricerca dei comandi: "<literal>/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: "<literal>$IF_&lt;OPTION&gt;</literal>"
it: "<literal>$IF_&lt;OPZIONE&gt;</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: value for the corresponding option under the <emphasis role="strong"><literal>iface</literal></emphasis> stanza
it: valore della opzione corrispondente all'interno del blocco <emphasis role="strong"><literal>iface</literal></emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here, each environment variable, "<literal>$IF_&lt;OPTION&gt;</literal>", is created from the name for the corresponding option such as &lt;option1&gt; and &lt;option2&gt; by prepending "<literal>$IF_</literal>", converting the case to the upper case, replacing hyphens to underscores, and discarding non-alphanumeric characters.
it: In questo caso, ciascuna variabile d'ambiente di tipo "<literal>$IF_&lt;OPZIONE&gt;</literal>" viene creata a partire dal nome dell'opzione corrispondente, come &lt;opzione1&gt; e &lt;opzione2&gt;, preceduto da "<literal>$IF_</literal>" e convertendo tutte le lettere in maiuscolo, sostituendo i caratteri di sottolineatura con trattini e scartando i caratteri non alfanumerici.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: See <xref linkend="_the_basic_syntax_of_etc_network_interfaces"/> for &lt;address_family&gt;, &lt;method_name&gt;, &lt;option1&gt; and &lt;option2&gt;.
it: Vedere <xref linkend="_the_basic_syntax_of_etc_network_interfaces"/> per &lt;famiglia_indirizzi&gt;, &lt;nome_metodo&gt;, &lt;opzione1&gt; e &lt;opzione2&gt;.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <literal>ifupdown-extra</literal> package (see <xref linkend="_the_ifupdown_extra_package"/>) uses these environment variables to extend the functionality of the <literal>ifupdown</literal> package.  The <literal>ifmetric</literal> package (see <xref linkend="_the_ifmetric_package"/>) installs the "<literal>/etc/network/if-up.d/ifmetric</literal>" script which sets the metric via the "<literal>$IF_METRIC</literal>" variable.  The <literal>guessnet</literal> package (see <xref linkend="_mapping_with_guessnet"/>), which provides simple and powerful framework for the auto-selection of the network configuration via the mapping mechanism, also uses these.
it: Il pacchetto <literal>ifupdown-extra</literal> (vedere <xref linkend="_the_ifupdown_extra_package"/>) usa queste variabili d'ambiente per estendere la funzionalità del pacchetto <literal>ifupdown</literal>. Il pacchetto <literal>ifmetric</literal> (vedere <xref linkend="_the_ifmetric_package"/>) installa lo script "<literal>/etc/network/if-up.d/ifmetric</literal>" che imposta la metrica attraverso la variabile "<literal>$IF_METRIC</literal>". Anche il pacchetto <literal>guessnet</literal> (vedere <xref linkend="_mapping_with_guessnet"/>), che fornisce un'infrastruttura semplice e potente per la selezione automatica della configurazione di rete tramite il meccanismo di mappatura , usa queste variabili.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: For more specific examples of custom network configuration scripts using these environment variables, you should check example scripts in "<literal>/usr/share/doc/ifupdown/examples/*</literal>" and scripts used in <literal>ifscheme</literal> and <literal>ifupdown-scripts-zg2</literal> packages.  These additional scripts have some overlaps of functionalities with basic <literal>ifupdown-extra</literal> and <literal>guessnet</literal> packages.  If you install these additional scripts, you should customize these scripts to avoid interferences.
it: Per esempi più dettagliati di script personalizzati per la configurazione della rete che usano queste variabili d'ambiente, controllare gli script d'esempio in "<literal>/usr/share/doc/ifupdown/examples/*</literal>" e gli script usati nei pacchetti <literal>ifscheme</literal> e <literal>ifupdown-scripts-zg2</literal>. Questi script addizionali hanno alcune funzionalità che si sovrappongono in parte a quelle dei pacchetti base <literal>ifupdown-extra</literal> e <literal>guessnet</literal>. Se si installano questi script addizionali, si dovrebbe personalizzarli in modo da evitare interferenze.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Mapping with guessnet
it: Mappatura con guessnet

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Instead of manually choosing configuration as described in <xref linkend="_the_manually_switchable_network_configuration"/>, you can use the mapping mechanism described in <xref linkend="_the_mapping_stanza"/> to select network configuration automatically with custom scripts.
it: Invece di scegliere manualmente la configurazione, come descritto in <xref linkend="_the_manually_switchable_network_configuration"/>, si può usare il meccanismo di mappatura descritto in <xref linkend="_the_mapping_stanza"/> per selezionare automaticamente la configurazione di rete con script personalizzati.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <citerefentry><refentrytitle>guessnet-ifupdown</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> command provided by the <literal>guessnet</literal> package is designed to be used as a mapping script and provides powerful framework to enhance the <literal>ifupdown</literal> system.
it: Il comando <citerefentry><refentrytitle>guessnet-ifupdown</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> fornito nel pacchetto <literal>guessnet</literal> è pensato per essere usato come uno script di mappatura e fornisce un'infrastruttura potente per migliorare il sistema <literal>ifupdown</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: You list test condition as the value for <emphasis role="strong"><literal>guessnet</literal></emphasis> options for each network configuration under <emphasis role="strong"><literal>iface</literal></emphasis> stanza.
it: Per ciascuna configurazione di rete in un blocco <emphasis role="strong"><literal>iface</literal></emphasis>, si elencano delle condizioni da testare come valore per le opzioni di <emphasis role="strong"><literal>guessnet</literal></emphasis>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Mapping choses the <emphasis role="strong"><literal>iface</literal></emphasis> with first non-ERROR result as the network configuration.
it: La mappatura sceglie come configurazione di rete la prima <emphasis role="strong"><literal>iface</literal></emphasis> che dà come risultato un non-ERRORE.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This dual usage of the "<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>" file by the mapping script, <literal>guessnet-ifupdown</literal>, and the original network configuration infrastructure, <literal>ifupdown</literal>, does not cause negative impacts since <emphasis role="strong"><literal>guessnet</literal></emphasis> options only export extra environment variables to scripts run by the <literal>ifupdown</literal> system.  See details in <citerefentry><refentrytitle>guessnet-ifupdown</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
it: Questo doppio uso del file "<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>" da parte dello script di mappatura, <literal>guessnet-ifupdown</literal>, e dell''infrastruttura originale di configurazione della rete, <literal>ifupdown</literal>, non causa impatti negativi dato che le opzioni <emphasis role="strong"><literal>guessnet</literal></emphasis> esportano solo variabili d'ambiente extra a script eseguiti dal sistema <literal>ifupdown</literal>. Vedere i dettagli in <citerefentry><refentrytitle>guessnet-ifupdown</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: When multiple <emphasis role="strong"><literal>guessnet</literal></emphasis> option lines are required in "<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>", use option lines started with <emphasis role="strong"><literal>guessnet1</literal></emphasis>, <emphasis role="strong"><literal>guessnet2</literal></emphasis>, and so on, since the <literal>ifupdown</literal> package does not allow starting strings of option lines to be repeated.
it: Quando in "<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal> è necessaria più di una riga di opzione <emphasis role="strong"><literal>guessnet</literal></emphasis>, usare righe di opzione che iniziano con <emphasis role="strong"><literal>guessnet1</literal></emphasis>, <emphasis role="strong"><literal>guessnet2</literal></emphasis> e così via, dato che il pacchetto <literal>ifupdown</literal> non permette ripetizioni della stringa iniziale delle righe di opzione.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: The low level network configuration
it: Configurazione della rete a basso livello

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Iproute2 commands
it: Comandi iproute2

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <ulink url="&iproutec;">Iproute2</ulink> commands offer complete low-level network configuration capabilities. Here is a translation table from obsolete <ulink url="&nettools;">net-tools</ulink> commands to new <ulink url="&iproutec;">iproute2</ulink> etc. commands.
it: I comandi <ulink url="&iproutec;">Iproute2</ulink> offrono funzionalità complete di configurazione della rete a basso livello. Quella che segue è una tabella di traduzione dai comandi obsoleti di <ulink url="&nettools;">net-tools</ulink> ai nuovi comandi <ulink url="&iproutec;">iproute2</ulink> ecc.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: Translation table from obsolete <literal>net-tools</literal> commands to new <literal>iproute2</literal> commands
it: Tabella di traduzione dai comandi obsoleti <literal>net-tools</literal> ai nuovi comandi <literal>iproute2</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: obsolete net-tools
it: net-tools obsoleti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: new iproute2 etc.
it: nuovi iproute2, ecc.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: manipulation
it: manipolazione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: protocol (IP or IPv6) address on a device
it: indirizzo di protocollo (IP o IPv6) di un device

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: routing table entry
it: voce nella tabella di instradamento

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: ARP or NDISC cache entry
it: voce nella cache ARP o NDISC

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: multicast address
it: indirizzo multicast

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: name network interfaces based on MAC addresses
it: nomina le interfacce di rete in base all'indirizzo MAC

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Ethernet device settings
it: impostazioni del device Ethernet

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ip</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> and <ulink url="&iproutecutilitysuitehowto;">IPROUTE2 Utility Suite Howto</ulink>.
it: Vedere <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ip</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> e <ulink url="&iproutecutilitysuitehowto;">IPROUTE2 Utility Suite Howto</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Safe low level network operations
it: Operazioni sicure a basso livello sulla rete

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You may use low level network commands as follows safely since they do not change network configuration.
it: Si possono usare i comandi a basso livello per la rete seguenti in modo sicuro dato che non cambiano la configurazione della rete.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of low level network commands
it: Elenco di comandi di rete a basso livello

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display the link and address status of active interfaces
it: mostra lo stato del collegamento e l'indirizzo delle interfacce attive

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display all the routing table in numerical addresses
it: mostra tutta la tabella di instradamento in indirizzi numerici

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display the current content of the <ulink url="&arp;">ARP</ulink> cache tables
it: mostra l'attuale contenuto delle tabelle cache <ulink url="&arp;">ARP</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display ppp daemon log
it: mostra il registro del demone ppp

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: check the Internet connection to "<literal>yahoo.com</literal>"
it: controlla la connessione Internet verso "<literal>yahoo.com</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: check who registered "<literal>yahoo.com</literal>" in the domains database
it: controlla chi ha registrato "<literal>yahoo.com</literal>" nel database dei domini

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: trace the Internet connection to "<literal>yahoo.com</literal>"
it: traccia la connessione Internet verso "<literal>yahoo.com</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: trace the Internet connection to "<literal>yahoo.com</literal>" (repeatedly)
it: traccia la connessione Internet verso "<literal>yahoo.com</literal>" (ripetutamente)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>dig [@dns-server.com] example.com [{a|mx|any}]</literal>
it: <literal>dig [@dns-server.com] esempio.com [{a|mx|any}]</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: check <ulink url="&dns;">DNS</ulink> records of "<literal>example.com</literal>" by "<literal>dns-server.com</literal>" for a "<literal>a</literal>", "<literal>mx</literal>", or "<literal>any</literal>" record
it: controlla i record <ulink url="&dns;">DNS</ulink> di "<literal>esempio.com</literal>" con "<literal>dns-server.com</literal>" alla ricerca di un record "<literal>a</literal>", "<literal>mx</literal>" o "<literal>any</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: check packet filter
it: controlla il filtraggio dei pacchetti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: find all open ports
it: trova tutte le porte aperte

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: find listening ports
it: trova le porte in ascolto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: find listening TCP ports (numeric)
it: trova le porte (numeriche) TCP in ascolto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>dlint example.com</literal>
it: <literal>dlint esempio.com</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: check DNS zone information of "<literal>example.com</literal>"
it: controlla le informazioni DNS di zona per "<literal>esempio.com</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Some of these low level network configuration tools reside in "<literal>/sbin/</literal>".  You may need to issue full command path such as "<literal>/sbin/ifconfig</literal>" or add "<literal>/sbin</literal>" to the "<literal>$PATH</literal>" list in your "<literal>~/.bashrc</literal>".
it: Alcuni di questi strumenti di configurazione di basso livello della rete sono contenuti in "<literal>/sbin/</literal>". Potrebbe essere necessario fornire il percorso completo dei comandi, come "<literal>/sbin/ifconfig</literal>" o aggiungere "<literal>/sbin</literal>" all'elenco in "<literal>$PATH</literal>" nel proprio file "<literal>~/.bashrc</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Network optimization
it: Ottimizzazione della rete

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Generic network optimization is beyond the scope of this documentation.  I touch only subjects pertinent to the consumer grade connection.
it: L'ottimizzazione generale della rete va oltre gli scopi che questo documento si prefigge. Vengono trattati solo quegli argomenti che interessano le connessioni dei computer personali.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of network optimization tools
it: Elenco degli strumenti di ottimizzazione della rete

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display bandwidth usage information on an network interface
it: mostra informazioni sull'uso della banda su di un'interfaccia di rete

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Internet Protocol bandwidth measuring tool
it: strumento di misurazione della banda del protocollo Internet

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: write a "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" file based on bandwidth tests
it: scrive un file "<literal>/etc/apt/sources.list</literal>" in base a test sulla banda

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: InterFace STATistics Monitoring
it: Monitoraggio delle STATistiche sulle InterFacce

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: portable bandwidth monitor and rate estimator
it: strumento portabile per monitoraggio della banda e stime della velocità

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: script that quickly measures network device throughput
it: script che misura velocemente la quantità di dati passanti per un device di rete

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: empirical stochastic bandwidth tester
it: tester empirico stocastico della banda

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: small and simple console-based bandwidth monitor
it: strumento piccolo e semplice basato sulla console per il monitoraggio della banda

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: console-based Ethernet statistics monitor
it: strumento basato su console per il monitoraggio delle statistiche Ethernet

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: bandwidth analysis tool
it: strumento di analisi della banda

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Finding optimal MTU
it: Trovare l'MTU ottimale

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <ulink url="&maximumtransmissionunitmtu;">Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU)</ulink> value can be determined experimentally with <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ping</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> with "<literal>-M do</literal>" option which sends ICMP packets with data size starting from 1500 (with offset of 28 bytes for the IP+ICMP header) and finding the largest size without IP fragmentation.
it: Il valore di <ulink url="&maximumtransmissionunitmtu;">MTU (Maximum Transmission Unit, unità massima di trasmissione)</ulink> può essere determinato sperimentalmente con <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ping</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> usando l'opzione "<literal>-M do</literal>" che invia pacchetti ICMP con una dimensione dei dati a partire da 1500 (con un offset di 28 byte per l'intestazione IP+ICMP) e trova la dimensione maggiore che non comporta frammentazione IP.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Try 1454 instead of 1500
it: Provare 1454 invece di 1500

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You see <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ping</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> succeed with 1454.
it: Come si può vedere <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ping</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> ha avuto successo con 1454.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This process is <ulink url="&pathmtupmtudiscovery;">Path MTU (PMTU) discovery</ulink> (<ulink url="&rfcbbjb;">RFC1191</ulink>) and the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tracepath</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> command can automate this.
it: Questo processo si chiama "<ulink url="&pathmtupmtudiscovery;">Path MTU (PMTU) discovery</ulink> (<ulink url="&rfcbbjb;">RFC1191</ulink>) e il comado <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tracepath</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> può automatizzarlo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: The above example with PMTU value of 1454 is for my previous FTTP provider which used <ulink url="&asynchronoustransfermode;">Asynchronous Transfer Mode</ulink> (ATM) as its backbone network and served its clients with the <ulink url="&pppoe;">PPPoE</ulink>.  The actual PMTU value depends on your environment, e.g., 1500 for the my new FTTP provider.
it: L'esempio precedente di PMTU con un valore di 1454 è per il mio precedente fornitore FTTP che usava <ulink url="&asynchronoustransfermode;">ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode)</ulink> come rete backbone e forniva ai clienti un servizio <ulink url="&pppoe;">PPPoE</ulink>. Il valore effettivo di PMTU dipende dal proprio ambiente, ad esempio è 1500 per il mio nuovo fornitore FTTP.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: Basic guide lines of the optimal MTU value
it: Linee guida di base per il valore di MTU ottimale

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: network environment
it: ambiente di rete

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: rationale
it: motivo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Dial-up link (IP: PPP)
it: collegamento dial-up (IP: PPP)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Ethernet link (IP: DHCP or fixed)
it: collegamento Ethernet (IP: DHCP o statico)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: standard and default
it: standard e predefinito

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Ethernet link (IP: PPPoE)
it: collegamento Ethernet (IP: PPPoE)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: 2 bytes for PPP header and 6 bytes for PPPoE header
it: 2 byte per l'intestazione PPP e 6 byte per l'intestazione PPPoE

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Ethernet link (ISP's backbone: ATM, IP: DHCP or fixed)
it: collegamento Ethernet (backbone del fornitore servizi: ATM, IP: DHCP o statico)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: author's speculation: 18 for Ethernet header, 8 for SAR trailer
it: ipotesi dell'autore: 18 per l'intestazione Ethernet, 8 per la coda SAR

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Ethernet link (ISP's backbone: ATM, IP: PPPoE)
it: collegamento Ethernet (backbone del fornitore servizi: ATM, IP: PPPoE)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: see "<ulink url="&optimalmtuconfigeadslconnections;">Optimal MTU configuration for PPPoE ADSL Connections</ulink>" for rationale
it: vedere <ulink url="&optimalmtuconfigeadslconnections;">Configurazione ottimale dell'MTU per connessioni ADSL con PPPoE</ulink>" per il ragionamento

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: In addtion to these basic guide lines, you should know the following.
it: In aggiunta a queste linee guida di base si dovrebbe sapere quanto segue.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Any use of tunneling methods (<ulink url="&vpn;">VPN</ulink> etc.) may reduce optimal MTU further by their overheads.
it: Qualsiasi uso di metodi di tunnelling (<ulink url="&vpn;">VPN</ulink>, ecc.) può ridurre ulteriormente l'MTU ottimale per il loro carico.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The MTU value should not exceed the experimentally determined PMTU value.
it: Il valore di MTU non dovrebbe superare il valore di PMTU determinato sperimentalmente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The bigger MTU value is generally better when other limitations are met.
it: A patto di seguire le indicazioni precedenti un valore maggiore di MTU è meglio.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Setting MTU
it: Impostazione dell'MTU

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here are examples for setting the MTU value from its default 1500 to 1454.
it: Quelli che seguono sono alcuni esempi di come impostare il valore di MTU dal suo valore predefinito 1500 a 1454.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For the DHCP (see <xref linkend="_the_network_interface_served_by_the_dhcp"/>), you can replace pertinent <emphasis role="strong"><literal>iface</literal></emphasis> stanza lines in the "<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>" with the following.
it: Per DHCP (vedere <xref linkend="_the_network_interface_served_by_the_dhcp"/>), si possono sostituire le righe pertinenti nei blocchi <emphasis role="strong"><literal>iface</literal></emphasis> nel file "<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>" con blocchi come il seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For the static IP (see <xref linkend="_the_network_interface_with_the_static_ip"/>), you can replace pertinent <emphasis role="strong"><literal>iface</literal></emphasis> stanza lines in the "<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>" with the following.
it: Per IP statico (vedere <xref linkend="_the_network_interface_with_the_static_ip"/>), si possono sostituire le righe pertinenti nei blocchi <emphasis role="strong"><literal>iface</literal></emphasis> nel file "<literal>/etc/network/interfaces</literal>" con blocchi come il seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For the direct PPPoE (see <xref linkend="_the_pppoe_connection_with_pppoeconf"/>), you can replace pertinent "<literal>mtu</literal>" line in the "<literal>/etc/ppp/peers/dsl-provider</literal>" with the following.
it: Per la connessione PPPoE diretta (vedere <xref linkend="_the_pppoe_connection_with_pppoeconf"/>, si possono sostituire le riga "<literal>mtu</literal>" pertinente nel file "<literal>/etc/ppp/peers/dsl-provider</literal>" con la seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <ulink url="&maximumsegmentsize;">maximum segment size</ulink> (MSS) is used as an alternative measure of packet size.  The relationship between MSS and MTU are the following.
it: Il valore di <ulink url="&maximumsegmentsize;">MSS (Maximum Segment Size, dimensione massima di segmento)MSS</ulink> è usato come misura alternativa della dimensione dei pacchetti. Le relazioni tra MSS e MTU sono le seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: MSS = MTU - 40 for IPv4
it: MSS = MTU - 40 per IPv4

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: MSS = MTU - 60 for IPv6
it: MSS = MTU - 60 per IPv6

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: The <citerefentry><refentrytitle>iptables</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> (see <xref linkend="_netfilter_infrastructure"/>) based optimization can clamp packet size by the MSS and is useful for the router.  See "TCPMSS" in <citerefentry><refentrytitle>iptables</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
it: L'ottimizzazione basata su <citerefentry><refentrytitle>iptables</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> (vedere <xref linkend="_netfilter_infrastructure"/>) può bloccare la dimensione dei pacchetti al valore MSS ed è utile per il router. Vedere "TCPMSS" in <citerefentry><refentrytitle>iptables</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: WAN TCP optimization
it: Ottimizzazione di TCP per la WAN

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The TCP throughput can be maximized by adjusting TCP buffer size parameters as described in "<ulink url="&tcptuningguide;">TCP Tuning Guide</ulink>" and "<ulink url="&tcptuning;">TCP tuning</ulink>" for the modern high-bandwidth and high-latency WAN.  So far, the current Debian default settings serve well even for my LAN connected by the fast 1G bps FTTP service.
it: Il flusso TCP può essere massimizzato regolando i parametri di dimensione del buffer TCP come descritto in "<ulink url="&tcptuningguide;">TCP Tuning Guide</ulink>" e "<ulink url="&tcptuning;">TCP tuning</ulink>" per le moderne WAN a larga banda e alta latenza. Per adesso, le attuali impostazioni predefinite di Debian funzionano bene persino per la mia LAN connessa con un servizio FTTP veloce a 1Gbps.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Netfilter infrastructure
it: Infrastruttura netfilter

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: <ulink url="&netfilter;">Netfilter</ulink> provides infrastructure for <ulink url="&statefulfirewall;">stateful firewall</ulink> and <ulink url="&networkaddresstranslationnat;">network address translation (NAT)</ulink> with <ulink url="&linuxkernel;">Linux kernel</ulink> modules (see <xref linkend="_the_kernel_module_initialization"/>).
it: <ulink url="&netfilter;">Netfilter</ulink> fornisce un'infrastruttura per <ulink url="&statefulfirewall;">firewall con stati</ulink> e <ulink url="&networkaddresstranslationnat;">traduzione di indirizzi di rete (NAT)</ulink> con moduli del <ulink url="&linuxkernel;">kernel Linux</ulink> (vedere <xref linkend="_the_kernel_module_initialization"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of firewall tools
it: Elenco di strumenti per firewall

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: administration tools for <ulink url="&netfilter;">netfilter</ulink>
it: strumenti di amministrazione per <ulink url="&netfilter;">netfilter</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: continuously monitor <ulink url="&netfilter;">netfilter</ulink> state (similar to <citerefentry><refentrytitle>top</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>)
it: monitora continuamente lo stato di <ulink url="&netfilter;">netfilter</ulink> (in modo simile a <citerefentry><refentrytitle>top</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&shorelinefirewall;">Shoreline Firewall</ulink> initialization
it: inizializzazione di <ulink url="&shorelinefirewall;">Shoreline Firewall</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&shorelinefirewall;">Shoreline Firewall</ulink>, <ulink url="&netfilter;">netfilter</ulink> configuration file generator
it: generatore di file di configurazione per <ulink url="&shorelinefirewall;">Shoreline Firewall</ulink>, <ulink url="&netfilter;">netfilter</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&shorelinefirewall;">Shoreline Firewall</ulink>, <ulink url="&netfilter;">netfilter</ulink> configuration file generator (light version)
it: generatore di file di configurazione per <ulink url="&shorelinefirewall;">Shoreline Firewall</ulink>, <ulink url="&netfilter;">netfilter</ulink> (versione leggera)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&shorelinefirewall;">Shoreline Firewall</ulink>, <ulink url="&netfilter;">netfilter</ulink> configuration file generator (IPv6 version)
it: generatore di file di configurazione per <ulink url="&shorelinefirewall;">Shoreline Firewall</ulink>, <ulink url="&netfilter;">netfilter</ulink> (versione IPv6)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&shorelinefirewall;">Shoreline Firewall</ulink>, <ulink url="&netfilter;">netfilter</ulink> configuration file generator (IPv6, light version)
it: generatore di file di configurazione per <ulink url="&shorelinefirewall;">Shoreline Firewall</ulink>, <ulink url="&netfilter;">netfilter</ulink> (versione IPv6 leggera)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Main user space program of <ulink url="&netfilter;">netfilter</ulink> is <citerefentry><refentrytitle>iptables</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>.  You can manually configure <ulink url="&netfilter;">netfilter</ulink> interactively from shell, save its state with <citerefentry><refentrytitle>iptables-save</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, and restore it via init script with <citerefentry><refentrytitle>iptables-restore</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> upon system reboot.
it: Il principale programma in spazio utente di <ulink url="&netfilter;">netfilter</ulink> è <citerefentry><refentrytitle>iptables</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>. Si può configurare manualmente <ulink url="&netfilter;">netfilter</ulink> in modo interattivo dalla shell, salvare il suo stato con <citerefentry><refentrytitle>iptables-save</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> e ripristinarlo attraverso uno script di init con <citerefentry><refentrytitle>iptables-restore</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> al riavvio del sistema.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Configuration helper scripts such as <ulink url="&shorewall;">shorewall</ulink> ease this process.
it: Script di aiuto per la configurazione come <ulink url="&shorewall;">shorewall</ulink> facilitano questo processo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: See documentations at <ulink url="&httpwwwnetfilterorgdocumentation;">http://www.netfilter.org/documentation/</ulink> (or in "<literal>/usr/share/doc/iptables/html/</literal>").
it: Vedere la documentazione all'indirizzo <ulink url="&httpwwwnetfilterorgdocumentation;">http://www.netfilter.org/documentation/</ulink> (o in "<literal>/usr/share/doc/iptables/html/</literal>").

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
en: Although these were written for Linux <emphasis role="strong">2.4</emphasis>, both <citerefentry><refentrytitle>iptables</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> command and netfilter kernel function apply for current Linux <emphasis role="strong">2.6</emphasis>.
it: Anche se questi documenti sono stati scritti per Linux <emphasis role="strong">2.4</emphasis>, sia il comando <citerefentry><refentrytitle>iptables</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> sia la funzione netfilter del kernel sono validi per l'attuale Linux <emphasis role="strong">2.6</emphasis>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
en: Network applications
it: Applicazioni per la rete

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
en: After establishing network connectivity (see <xref linkend="_network_setup"/>), you can run various network applications.
it: Dopo aver stabilito la connessione di rete (vedere <xref linkend="_network_setup"/>), si possono eseguire svariate applicazioni per la rete.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Web browsers
it: Browser web

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: There are many <ulink url="&webbrowser;">web browser</ulink> packages to access remote contents with <ulink url="&hypertexttransferprotocol;">Hypertext Transfer Protocol</ulink> (HTTP).
it: Ci sono molti pacchetti per <ulink url="&webbrowser;">browser web</ulink> per accedere a contenuti remoti tramite <ulink url="&hypertexttransferprotocol;">HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of web browsers
it: Elenco di browser web

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: description of web browser
it: descrizione del browser web

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: X
it: per X

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&chromium;">Chromium</ulink>, (open-source browser from Google)
it: <ulink url="&chromium;">Chromium</ulink>, (browser open-source da Google)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&unbranded;">unbranded</ulink> <ulink url="&mozillafirefox;">Mozilla Firefox</ulink>
it: <ulink url="&mozillafirefox;">Mozilla Firefox</ulink> <ulink url="&unbranded;">senza marchi</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&unbranded;">unbranded</ulink><ulink url="&mozilla;">Mozilla</ulink>, removed due to security concerns <ulink url="&bugfaffgf;">bug#505565</ulink>
it: <ulink url="&mozilla;">Mozilla</ulink> <ulink url="&unbranded;">senza marchi</ulink> rimosso a causa di problemi con la sicurezza: <ulink url="&bugfaffgf;">bug#505565</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&gnome;">GNOME</ulink>, <ulink url="&hig;">HIG</ulink> compliant, <ulink url="&epiphany;">Epiphany</ulink>
it: <ulink url="&epiphany;">Epiphany</ulink>, per <ulink url="&gnome;">GNOME</ulink>, aderente alle <ulink url="&hig;">HIG</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&kde;">KDE</ulink>, <ulink url="&konqueror;">Konqueror</ulink>
it: <ulink url="&konqueror;">Konqueror</ulink>, per <ulink url="&kde;">KDE</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&dillo;">Dillo</ulink>, (light weight browser, <ulink url="&fltk;">FLTK</ulink> based)
it: <ulink url="&dillo;">Dillo</ulink>, (browser leggero, basato su <ulink url="&fltk;">FLTK</ulink>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: text
it: testuali

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&links;">Links</ulink> (text only)
it: <ulink url="&links;">Links</ulink> (solo testo)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: graphics
it: grafici

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&links;">Links</ulink> (console graphics without X)
it: <ulink url="&links;">Links</ulink> (grafica in console senza X)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Browser configuration
it: Configurazione del browser

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You may be able to use following special URL strings for some browsers to confirm their settings.
it: Per alcuni browser si può accedere alle loro impostazioni usando le seguenti stringhe URL speciali.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Debian offers many free browser plugin packages in the main archive area which can handle not only <ulink url="&javasoftwareplatform;">Java (software platform)</ulink> and <ulink url="&flash;">Flash</ulink> but also <ulink url="&mpeg;">MPEG</ulink>, <ulink url="&mpegc;">MPEG2</ulink>, <ulink url="&mpege;">MPEG4</ulink>, <ulink url="&divx;">DivX</ulink>, <ulink url="&windowsmediavideowmv;">Windows Media Video (.wmv)</ulink>, <ulink url="&quicktimemov;">QuickTime (.mov)</ulink>, <ulink url="&mpdmpd;">MP3 (.mp3)</ulink>, <ulink url="&oggvorbis;">Ogg/Vorbis</ulink> files, DVDs, VCDs, etc.  Debian also offers helper programs to install non-free browser plugin packages as contrib or non-free archive area.
it: Debian offre, nell'area main dell'archivio, molti pacchetti liberi con plugin per browser che possono gestire non soltanto <ulink url="&javasoftwareplatform;">Java (piattaforma software)</ulink> e <ulink url="&flash;">Flash</ulink>, ma anche file <ulink url="&mpeg;">MPEG</ulink>, <ulink url="&mpegc;">MPEG2</ulink>, <ulink url="&mpege;">MPEG4</ulink>, <ulink url="&divx;">DivX</ulink>, <ulink url="&windowsmediavideowmv;">Windows Media Video (.wmv)</ulink>, <ulink url="&quicktimemov;">QuickTime (.mov)</ulink>, <ulink url="&mpdmpd;">MP3 (.mp3)</ulink>, file <ulink url="&oggvorbis;">Ogg/Vorbis</ulink>, DVD, VCD, ecc. Debian offre anche, nell'aree contrib o non-free dell'archivio, programmi di aiuto per installare pacchetti con plugin non liberi per il browser.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of browser plugin packages
it: Elenco di pacchetti con plugin per browser

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Java plugin based on OpenJDK and IcedTea
it: Plugin Java basato su OpenJDK e IcedTea

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Flash plugin based on Gnash
it: Plugin Flash basato su Gnash

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Flash plugin helper to install Adobe Flash Player (i386, amd64 only)
it: Strumento di aiuto per plugin Flash, per installare Adobe Flash Player (soli i386 e amd64)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Multimedia plugin based on <ulink url="&vlcmediaplayer;">VLC media player</ulink>
it: Plugin multimediale basato sul <ulink url="&vlcmediaplayer;">riproduttore multimediale VLC</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Multimedia plugin based on <ulink url="&gnomestotemmediaplayer;">GNOME's Totem media player</ulink>
it: Plugin multimediale basato sul <ulink url="&gnomestotemmediaplayer;">riproduttore multimediale Totem di GNOME</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Multimedia plugin based on (GNOME) <ulink url="&mplayer;">MPlayer</ulink>
it: Plugin multimediale basato su <ulink url="&mplayer;">MPlayer</ulink> (GNOME)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Although use of above Debian packages are much easier, browser plugins can be still manually enabled by installing "*.so" into plugin directories (e.g., "<literal>/usr/lib/iceweasel/plugins/</literal>") and restarting browsers.
it: Benché l'uso dei pacchetti Debian elencati sopra sia molto più facile, è sempre possibile abilitare i plugin manualmente installando i file "*.so" nelle directory dei plugin (ad esempio, "<literal>/usr/lib/iceweasel/plugins/</literal>") e riavviando il browser.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Some web sites refuse to be connected based on the user-agent string of your browser.  You can work around this situation by <ulink url="&spoofingtheuseragentstring;">spoofing the user-agent string</ulink>.  For example, you can do this by adding following line into user configuration files such as "<literal>~/.gnome2/epiphany/mozilla/epiphany/user.js</literal>" or "<literal>~/.mozilla/firefox/*.default/user.js</literal>".
it: Alcuni siti web rifiutano la connessione in base alla stringa user-agent del browser. Si può aggirare questa situazione <ulink url="&spoofingtheuseragentstring;">mimando la stringa user-agent</ulink>. Per esempio, può essere fatto aggiungendo nei file di configurazione, come "<literal>~/.gnome2/epiphany/mozilla/epiphany/user.js</literal>" o "<literal>~/.mozilla/firefox/*.default/user.js</literal>", la riga seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Alternatively, you can add and reset this variable by typing "<literal>about:config</literal>" into URL and right clicking its display contents.
it: In alternativa si può aggiungere e reimpostare questa variabile digitando "<literal>about:config</literal>" al posto dell'URL e cliccando con il pulsante destro sul suo contenuto.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: Spoofed user-agent string may cause <ulink url="&badsideeffectswithjava;">bad side effects with Java</ulink>.
it: La stringa user-agent falsificata può causare dei <ulink url="&badsideeffectswithjava;">brutti effetti collaterali con Java</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: The mail system
it: Il sistema di posta

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><caution><para>
en: If you are to set up the mail server to exchange mail directly with the Internet, you should be better than reading this elementary document.
it: Se si desidera impostare il server di posta per scambiare la posta direttamente con Internet, si dovrebbe leggere una documentazione più dettagliata di questo documentazione base.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><note><para>
en: The following configuration examples are only valid for the typical mobile workstation on consumer grade Internet connections.
it: Gli esempi di configurazione che seguono sono validi solamente per la postazione di lavoro mobile su connessioni Internet di largo consumo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Email basics
it: Nozioni di base sulla posta elettronica

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: An <ulink url="&email;">email</ulink> message consists of three components, the message envelope, the message header, and the message body.
it: Un messaggio <ulink url="&email;">email</ulink> è formato da tre componenti: la busta del messaggio, l'intestazione del messaggio e il corpo del messaggio.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The "To" and "From" information in the message envelope is used by the <ulink url="&smtp;">SMTP</ulink> to deliver the email. (The "From" information in the message envelope is also called <ulink url="&bounceaddress;">bounce address</ulink>, From_, etc.)
it: Le informazioni "To" e "From" nella busta del messaggio vengono usate dall'<ulink url="&smtp;">SMTP</ulink> per consegnare l'email. (L'informazione "From" nella busta del messaggio è anche chiamata <ulink url="&bounceaddress;">indirizzo di bounce</ulink>, From_, ecc.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The "To" and "From" information in the message header is displayed by the <ulink url="&emailclient;">email client</ulink>. (While it is most common for these to be the same as ones in the message envelope, such is not always the case.)
it: Le informazioni "To" e "From" nell'intestazione del messaggio vengono visualizzate dal <ulink url="&emailclient;">programma di posta</ulink>. (Benché nella maggior parte dei casi questi sono identici a quelli nella busta del messaggio, può non essere sempre così.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <ulink url="&emailclient;">email client</ulink> needs to interpret the message header and body data using <ulink url="&multipurposeinteilextensionsmime;">Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME)</ulink> to deal the content data type and encoding.
it: Il <ulink url="&emailclient;">programma di posta</ulink> deve interpretare l'intestazione e il corpo del messaggio usando <ulink url="&multipurposeinteilextensionsmime;">MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions)</ulink> per gestire il tipo di dati e la codifica del contenuto.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Modern mail service basics
it: Nozioni di base sui servizi di posta moderni

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: In order to contain spam (unwanted and unsolicited email) problems, many ISPs which provide consumer grade Internet connections are implementing counter measures.
it: Per limitare i problemi di spam (posta elettronica indesiderata e non richiesta), molti fornitori di servizi Internet che forniscono connessioni Internet domestiche stanno implementando contromisure.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The smarthost service for their customers to send message uses the message submission port (587) specified in <ulink url="&rfceeaj;">rfc4409</ulink> with the password (<ulink url="&smtpauth;">SMTP AUTH</ulink> service) specified in <ulink url="&rfcejfe;">rfc4954</ulink>.
it: Il servizio smarthost per i loro clienti per inviare i messaggi usa la porta di inoltro dei messaggi (587) specificata in <ulink url="&rfceeaj;">rfc4409</ulink>, con la password (servizio <ulink url="&smtpauth;">SMTP AUTH</ulink>) come specificata in <ulink url="&rfcejfe;">rfc4954</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The <ulink url="&smtp;">SMTP</ulink> port (25) connection from their internal network hosts (except ISP's own outgoing mail server) to the Internet are blocked.
it: Le connessioni alla porta (25) <ulink url="&smtp;">SMTP</ulink> dagli host interni della loro rete (tranne che per il server della posta in uscita del fornitore di servizi stesso) verso Internet sono bloccate.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The <ulink url="&smtp;">SMTP</ulink> port (25) connection to the ISP's incoming mail server from some suspicious external network hosts are blocked.  (The connection from hosts on the dynamic IP address range used by the dial-up and other consumer grade Internet connections are the first ones to be blocked.)
it: Le connessioni alla porta (25) <ulink url="&smtp;">SMTP</ulink> del server di posta in entrata del fornitore di servizi Internet da host di rete esterni sospetti sono bloccate. (La connessione da host su intervalli di indirizzi IP dinamici usati dalle connessioni Internet dial-up e da altre connessioni di tipo domestico sono le prime ad essere bloccate).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&antispamtechniques;">Anti-spam techniques</ulink> such as <ulink url="&domainkeysidentifiedmaildkim;">DomainKeys Identified Mail (DKIM)</ulink> and <ulink url="&sender_policy_frameworkspf;">Sender_Policy_Framework (SPF)</ulink> are widely used for the <ulink url="&emailfiltering;">email filtering</ulink>.
it: <ulink url="&antispamtechniques;">Tecniche anti-spam</ulink> come <ulink url="&domainkeysidentifiedmaildkim;">DKIM (DomainKeys Identified Mail)</ulink> e <ulink url="&sender_policy_frameworkspf;">SPF (Sender_Policy_Framework)</ulink> sono usate di frequente per il <ulink url="&emailfiltering;">filtraggio delle email</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The <ulink url="&domainkeysidentifiedmail;">DomainKeys Identified Mail</ulink> service may be provided for your mail sent through the smarthost.
it: Il servizio <ulink url="&domainkeysidentifiedmail;">DomainKeys Identified Mail</ulink> può essere fornito per la propria posta inviata attraverso uno smarthost.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: When configuring your mail system or resolving mail delivery problems, you must consider these new limitations.
it: Queste nuove limitazioni vanno tenute a mente quando si configura il proprio server di posta o si cerca di risolvere problemi di consegna della posta.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: In light of these hostile Internet situation and limitations, some independent Internet mail ISPs such as Yahoo.com and Gmail.com offer the secure mail service which can be connected from anywhere on the Internet using <ulink url="&transportlayerseesocketslayerssl;">Transport Layer Security (TLS) and its predecessor, Secure Sockets Layer (SSL)</ulink>.
it: Alla luce di queste limitazioni e situazioni ostili in Internet, alcuni fornitori di servizi di posta via Internet indipendenti, come Yahoo.com e Gmail.com, offrono un servizio di posta sicuro a cui ci si può connettere da qualsiasi parte di Internet usando <ulink url="&transportlayerseesocketslayerssl;">TLS (Transport Layer Security) e il suo predecessore SSL (Secure Sockets Layer)</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The smarthost service on port 465 with the deprecated SMTP over SSL (<ulink url="&smtps;">SMTPS</ulink> protocol).
it: Il servizio smarthost sulla porta 465 con il deprecato SMTP via SSL (protocollo <ulink url="&smtps;">SMTPS</ulink>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The smarthost service on port 587 with the <ulink url="&starttls;">STARTTLS</ulink>.
it: Il servizio smarthost sulla porta 587 con <ulink url="&starttls;">STARTTLS</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The incoming mail is accessible at the TLS/POP3 port (995) with <ulink url="&popd;">POP3</ulink>.
it: La posta in entrata è accessibile sulla porta TLS/POP3 (995) con <ulink url="&popd;">POP3</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: It is not realistic to run SMTP server on consumer grade network to send mail directly to the remote host reliably.  They are very likely to be rejected.  You must use some smarthost services offered by your connection ISP or independent mail ISPs.
it: Avere in esecuzione un server SMTP su una rete ad uso personale per inviare posta direttamente ad host remoti in modo affidabile non è un'ipotesi realistica. È molto probabile che la posta venga rigettata. Si deve usare un qualche servizio smarthost offerto dal proprio fornitore di servizi Internet o da fornitori di servizi di posta via Internet indipendenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For the simplicity, I assume that the smarthost is located at "<literal>smtp.hostname.dom</literal>", requires <ulink url="&smtpauthentication;">SMTP Authentication</ulink>, and uses the message submission port (587) with the <ulink url="&starttls;">STARTTLS</ulink> in the following text.
it: Per semplicità, nel testo che segue si assume che lo smarthost sia alla posizione "<literal>smtp.hostname.dom</literal>", che richieda <ulink url="&smtpauth;">SMTP AUTH</ulink> e che usi la porta di invio dei messaggi (587) con <ulink url="&starttls;">STARTTLS</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The mail configuration strategy for workstation
it: Strategia di configurazione della posta per postazione PC

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The most simple mail configuration is that the mail is sent to the ISP's smarthost and received from ISP's POP3 server by the MUA (see <xref linkend="_mail_user_agent_mua"/>) itself. This type of configuration is popular with full featured GUI based MUA such as <citerefentry><refentrytitle>icedove</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>evolution</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, etc. If you need to filter mail by their types, you use MUA's filtering function. For this case, the local MTA (see <xref linkend="_mail_transport_agent_mta"/>) need to do local delivery only.
it: La configurazione di posta più semplice possibile è che la posta sia inviata allo smarthost del fornitore di servizi Internet e ricevuta dal server POP3 del fornitore di servizi dal programma di posta (vedere <xref linkend="_mail_user_agent_mua"/>) stesso. Questo tipo di configurazione è popolare per i programmi di posta completi basati su interfaccia utente grafica come <citerefentry><refentrytitle>icedove</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>evolution</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, ecc. Se si necessita di filtrare la posta in base alla sua tipologia, si usano le funzioni di filtro del programma di posta. In questo caso l'MTA (vedere <xref linkend="_mail_transport_agent_mta"/>) locale deve solo fare la consegna locale della posta.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The alternative mail configuration is that the mail is sent via local MTA to the ISP's smarthost and received from ISP's POP3 by the mail retriever (see <xref linkend="_the_remote_mail_retrieval_and_forward_utility"/>) to the local mailbox.  If you need to filter mail by their types, you use MDA with filter (see <xref linkend="_mail_delivery_agent_mda_with_filter"/>) to filter mail into separate mailboxes.  This type of configuration is popular with simple console based MUA such as <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mutt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gnus</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, etc., although this is possible with any MUAs (see <xref linkend="_mail_user_agent_mua"/>). For this case, the local MTA (see <xref linkend="_mail_transport_agent_mta"/>) need to do both smarthost delivery and local delivery.  Since mobile workstation does not have valid FQDN, you must configure the local MTA to hide and spoof the real local mail name in outgoing mail to avoid mail delivery errors (see <xref linkend="_the_mail_address_configuration"/>).
it: La configurazione di posta alternativa prevede che la posta sia inviata attraverso l'MTA locale allo smarthost del fornitore di servizi Internet e ricevuta dal server POP3 del fornitore di servizi dal programma di recupero della posta (vedere <xref linkend="_the_remote_mail_retrieval_and_forward_utility"/>) che la mette nella casella di posta locale. Se si necessita di filtrare la posta in base alla sua tipologia, si usa un MDA con filtri (vedere <xref linkend="_mail_delivery_agent_mda_with_filter"/>) per smistare la posta in caselle diverse. Questo tipo di configurazione è popolare con i semplici programmi di posta basati sulla console come <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mutt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gnus</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, ecc., anche se è possibile con qualsiasi programma di posta (vedere <xref linkend="_mail_user_agent_mua"/>). In questo caso l'MTA (vedere <xref linkend="_mail_transport_agent_mta"/>) locale deve fare sia la consegna allo smarthost sia quella locale. Dato che le postazioni di lavoro mobile non hanno un FQDN valido, è necessario configurare l'MTA locale in modo che nasconda e falsifichi il vero nome locale del sistema di posta nei messaggi di posta in uscita per evitare errori nella consegna della posta (vedere <xref linkend="_the_mail_address_configuration"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: You may wish to configure MUA/MDA to use <ulink url="&maildir;">Maildir</ulink> for storing email messages somewhere under your home directory.
it: Si potrebbe voler configurare i MUA e MDA in modo che usino il formato <ulink url="&maildir;">Maildir</ulink> per archiviare i messaggi di posta elettronica da qualche parte nella propria directory home.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Mail transport agent (MTA)
it: Agente di trasporto della posta (MTA)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: For normal workstation, the popular choice for Mail transport agent (MTA) is either <literal>exim4-*</literal> or <literal>postfix</literal> packages.  It is really up to you.
it: Per le normali postazioni PC, la scelta più comune per il server di posta (MTA) sono i pacchetti <literal>exim4-*</literal> o <literal>postfix</literal>. La scelta spetta all'utente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of basic mail transport agent related packages for workstation
it: Elenco di pacchetti base relativi ai server di trasporto della posta per postazioni PC

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Exim4 mail transport agent (MTA: Debian default)
it: agente di trasporto della posta Exim4 (MTA predefinito in Debian)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Exim4 documentation (text) and common files
it: documentazione (formato testo) e file comuni per Exim4

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Exim4 documentation (html)
it: documentazione per Exim4 (in formato HTML)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Exim4 documentation (info)
it: documentazione per Exim4 (in formato info)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Postfix mail transport agent (MTA: alternative)
it: agente di trasferimento della posta Postfix (MTA alternativo)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Postfix documentation (html+text)
it: documentazione per Postfix (formati HTML e testo)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Cyrus SASL API implementation (supplement postfix for SMTP AUTH)
it: implementazione dell'API SASL Cyrus (di supporto a Postfix per SMTP AUTH)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Cyrus SASL - documentation
it: SASL Cyrus - documentazione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Although the popcon vote count of <literal>exim4-*</literal> looks several times popular than that of <literal>postfix</literal>, this does not mean <literal>postfix</literal> is not popular with Debian developers.  The Debian server system uses both <literal>exim4</literal> and <literal>postfix</literal>.  The <ulink url="&mailheaderanalysis;">mail header analysis</ulink> of mailing list postings from prominent Debian developers also indicate both of these MTAs are as popular.
it: Anche dal conteggio dei voti popcon <literal>exim4-*</literal> sembra svariate volte più popolare di <literal>postfix</literal>, ciò non significa che <literal>postfix</literal> non sia popolare tra gli sviluppatori Debian. Il sistema server Debian usa sia <literal>exim4</literal> sia <literal>postfix</literal>. Anche l'<ulink url="&mailheaderanalysis;">analisi delle intestazioni della posta</ulink> sui messaggi delle mailing list, da parte di sviluppatori Debian di spicco, indica che i due MTA sono ugualmente popolari.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The <literal>exim4-*</literal> packages are known to have very small memory consumption and very flexible for its configuration.  The <literal>postfix</literal> package is known to be compact, fast, simple, and secure.  Both come with ample documentation and are as good in quality and license.
it: I pacchetti <literal>exim4-*</literal> sono conosciuti per il loro consumo di memoria molto basso e per essere molto flessibili nella configurazione. Il pacchetto <literal>postfix</literal> è conosciuto per essere compatto, veloce, facile e sicuro. Entrambi sono forniti con un'ampia documentazione, sono di alta qualità ed hanno una buona licenza.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: There are many choices for mail transport agent (MTA) packages with different capability and focus in Debian archive.
it: Nell'archivio Debian ci sono molte scelte per i pacchetti con agenti di trasporto della posta (MTA) con capacità e scopi diversi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of choices for mail transport agent (MTA) packages in Debian archive
it: Elenco delle scelte per l'agente di trasporto della posta (MTA) tra i pacchetti dell'archivio Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: capability and focus
it: capacità e scopo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: full
it: completa

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: full (security)
it: completa (sicurezza)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: full (flexible)
it: completa (flessibilità)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: full (only if you are already familiar)
it: completa (solo se si ha già familiarità con esso)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: strip down, no local mail
it: ridotta, niente posta locale

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: very full (web interface etc.)
it: molto completa (interfaccia web, ecc.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: light
it: leggera

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: light (sendmail compatibility extension to <literal>esmtp</literal>)
it: leggera (estensioni per la compatibilità con sendmail per <literal>esmtp</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: light (sendmail compatibility extension to <literal>msmtp</literal>)
it: leggera (estensioni per la compatibilità con sendmail per <literal>msmtp</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The configuration of exim4
it: La configurazione di exim4

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For the Internet mail via smarthost, you (re)configure <literal>exim4-*</literal> packages as the following.
it: Per la posta di Internet attraverso uno smarthost, riconfigurare i pacchetti <literal>exim4-*</literal> nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Select "mail sent by smarthost; received via SMTP or fetchmail" for "General type of mail configuration".
it: Selezionare "posta inviata tramite «uno smarthost», ricevuta via SMTP o fetchmail" per "Tipo di configurazione del sistema di posta".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Set "System mail name:" to its default as the FQDN (see <xref linkend="_the_hostname_resolution"/>).
it: Impostare "Mail name del sistema:" al suo valore predefinito come FQDN (vedere <xref linkend="_the_hostname_resolution"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Set "IP-addresses to listen on for incoming SMTP connections:" to its default as "127.0.0.1 ; ::1".
it: Impostare "indirizzi IP sui quali attendere connessioni SMTP in ingresso:" al suo valore predefinito "127.0.0.1 ; ::1".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Unset contents of "Other destinations for which mail is accepted:".
it: Svuotare il contenuto di "Altre destinazioni per conto delle quali accettare posta:".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Unset contents of "Machines to relay mail for:".
it: Svuotare il contenuto di "Sistemi per i quali fare il "relay":".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Set "IP address or host name of the outgoing smarthost:" to "smtp.hostname.dom:587".
it: Impostare l'"Indirizzo IP o nome host dello smarthost per la posta in uscita:" a "smtp.hostname.dom:587".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Select "&lt;No&gt;" for "Hide local mail name in outgoing mail?". (Use "<literal>/etc/email-addresses</literal>" as in <xref linkend="_the_mail_address_configuration"/>, instead.)
it: Selezionare "&lt;No&gt;" per "Omettere il mail name locale dai messaggi in uscita?". (Usare invece "<literal>/etc/email-addresses</literal>" come in <xref linkend="_the_mail_address_configuration"/>.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Reply to "Keep number of DNS-queries minimal (Dial-on-Demand)?" as one of the following.
it: Rispondere a "Mantenere al minimo il numero di richieste DNS (Dial-on-Demand)?" in uno dei modi seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "No" if the system is connected to the Internet while booting.
it: "No", se il sistema è connesso ad Internet durante l'avvio.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "Yes" if the system is <emphasis role="strong">not</emphasis> connected to the Internet while booting.
it: "Sì", se il sistema <emphasis role="strong">non</emphasis> è connesso ad Internet durante l'avvio.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Set "Delivery method for local mail:" to "mbox format in /var/mail/".
it: Impostare "Modalità di consegna per la posta locale:" a "Formato mbox in /var/mail/".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Select "&lt;Yes&gt;" for "Split configuration into small files?:".
it: Selezionare "&lt;Sì&gt;" per "Dividere la configurazione in molti piccoli file?:".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Create password entries for the smarthost by editing "<literal>/etc/exim4/passwd.client</literal>".
it: Creare voci per la password dello smarthost modificando il file "<literal>/etc/exim4/passwd.client</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: $ sudo vim /etc/exim4/passwd.client
     ...
    $ cat /etc/exim4/passwd.client
    ^smtp.*\.hostname\.dom:username@hostname.dom:password
it: $ sudo vim /etc/exim4/passwd.client
     ...
    $ cat /etc/exim4/passwd.client
    ^smtp.*\.hostname\.dom:nomeutente@hostname.dom:password

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Start <literal>exim4</literal> by the following.
it: Avviare <literal>exim4</literal> con il comando seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The host name in "<literal>/etc/exim4/passwd.client</literal>" should not be the alias.  You check the real host name with the following.
it: Il nome host in "<literal>/etc/exim4/passwd.client</literal>" non dovrebbe essere l'alias. Si può controllare il vero nome host nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: I use regex in "<literal>/etc/exim4/passwd.client</literal>" to work around the alias issue.  SMTP AUTH probably works even if the ISP moves host pointed by the alias.
it: Per aggirare il problema degli alias, io uso espressioni regolari nel file "<literal>/etc/exim4/passwd.client</literal>" SMTP AUTH probabilmente funziona anche se il fornitore di servizi Internte sposta l'host a cui punta l'alias.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can manually updating <literal>exim4</literal> configuration by the following:
it: Si può aggiornare manualmente la configurazione di <literal>exim4</literal> facendo quanto segue:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Update <literal>exim4</literal> configuration files in "<literal>/etc/exim4/</literal>".
it: Aggiornare i file di configurazione di <literal>exim4</literal> in "<literal>/etc/exim4/</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: creating "<literal>/etc/exim4/exim4.conf.localmacros</literal>" to set MACROs and editing "<literal>/etc/exim4/exim4.conf.template</literal>". (non-split configuration)
it: Creare "<literal>/etc/exim4/exim4.conf.localmacros</literal>" per impostare le MACRO e modificare "<literal>/etc/exim4/exim4.conf.template</literal>". (Configurazione non suddivisa.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: creating new files or editing existing files in the "<literal>/etc/exim4/exim4.conf.d</literal>" subdirectories. (split configuration)
it: Creare nuovi file o modificare quelli esistenti nelle sottodirectory "<literal>/etc/exim4/exim4.conf.d</literal>". (Configurazione suddivisa.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Run "<literal>invoke-rc.d exim4 reload</literal>".
it: Eseguire "<literal>invoke-rc.d exim4 reload</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Please read the official guide at: "<literal>/usr/share/doc/exim4-base/README.Debian.gz</literal>" and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>update-exim4.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
it: Leggere la guida ufficiale in "<literal>/usr/share/doc/exim4-base/README.Debian.gz</literal>" e <citerefentry><refentrytitle>update-exim4.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: Starting <literal>exim4</literal> takes long time if "No" (default value) was chosen for the debconf query of "Keep number of DNS-queries minimal (Dial-on-Demand)?" and the system is <emphasis role="strong">not</emphasis> connected to the Internet while booting.
it: Se si è scelta la ripsosta "No" (risposta predefinita) per la domanda di debconf "Mantenere al minino il numero di richieste DNS (Dial-on-Demand)?" ed il sistema <emphasis role="strong">non</emphasis> è connesso ad Internet, l'avvio di <literal>exim4</literal> può richiedere un tempo molto lungo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
en: It is insecure to use plain text password without encryption even if your ISP allows it.
it: Usare password in testo semplice senza cifratura non è sicuro, nemmeno se il proprio ISP lo permette.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Although use of <ulink url="&smtp;">SMTP</ulink> with <ulink url="&starttls;">STARTTLS</ulink> on port 587 is recommended, some ISPs still use deprecated <ulink url="&smtps;">SMTPS</ulink> (SSL on port 465).  Exim4 after 4.77 supports this deprecated SMTPS protocol for both as client and as server.
it: Benché sia raccomandato l'uso di <ulink url="&smtp;">SMTP</ulink> con <ulink url="&starttls;">STARTTLS</ulink> sulla porta 587, alcuni ISP usano ancora il deprecato <ulink url="&smtps;">SMTPS</ulink> (SSL sulla porta 465). Exim4 dopo la versione 4.77 supporta questo protocollo SMTPS deprecato sia per il client sia per il server.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: If you are looking for a light weight MTA that respects "<literal>/etc/aliases</literal>" for your laptop PC, you should consider to configure <citerefentry><refentrytitle>exim4</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> with "<literal>QUEUERUNNER='queueonly'</literal>", "<literal>QUEUERUNNER='nodaemon'</literal>", etc. in "<literal>/etc/default/exim4</literal>".
it: Se si sta cercando un MTA leggero che rispetti "<literal>/etc/aliases</literal>" per il proprio PC portatile, si dovrebbe considerare la configurazione di <citerefentry><refentrytitle>exim4</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> con "<literal>QUEUERUNNER='queueonly'</literal>", "<literal>QUEUERUNNER='nodaemon'</literal> ecc. in "<literal>/etc/default/exim4</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The configuration of postfix with SASL
it: La configurazione di Postfix con SASL

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For the Internet mail via smarthost, you should first read <ulink url="&postfixdocumentation;">postfix documentation</ulink> and key manual pages.
it: Per la posta Internet via smarthost, si dovrebbe come prima cosa leggere la <ulink url="&postfixdocumentation;">documentazione di Postfix</ulink> e le pagine man principali.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of important postfix manual pages
it: Elenco delle pagine di manuale di Postfix importanti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Postfix control program
it: programma di controllo di Postfix

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Postfix configuration utility
it: utilità di configurazione per Postfix

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Postfix configuration parameters
it: parametri di configurazione di Postfix

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Postfix lookup table maintenance
it: gestione delle tabelle di consultazione di Postfix

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Postfix alias database maintenance
it: gestione del database degli alias di Postfix

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You (re)configure <literal>postfix</literal> and <literal>sasl2-bin</literal> packages as follows.
it: Si possono (ri)configurare i pacchetti <literal>postfix</literal> e <literal>sasl2-bin</literal> nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Chose "Internet with smarthost".
it: Scegliere "Internet con smarthost".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Set "SMTP relay host (blank for none):" to "<literal>[smtp.hostname.dom]:587</literal>" and configure it by the following.
it: Impostare "relay host SMTP (vuoto per nessuno):" a "<literal>[smtp.hostname.dom]:587</literal>" e configurarlo nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Create password entries for the smarthost.
it: Creare le voci con le password per lo smarthost.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: $ cat /etc/postfix/sasl_passwd
    [smtp.hostname.dom]:587     username:password
    $ sudo postmap hush:/etc/postfix/sasl_passwd
it: $ cat /etc/postfix/sasl_passwd
    [smtp.hostname.dom]:587     nomeutente:password
    $ sudo postmap hash:/etc/postfix/sasl_passwd

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Start the <literal>postfix</literal> by the following.
it: Avviare <literal>postfix</literal> con il comando seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here the use of "<literal>[</literal>" and "<literal>]</literal>" in the <literal>dpkg-reconfigure</literal> dialog and "<literal>/etc/postfix/sasl_passwd</literal>" ensures not to check MX record but directly use exact hostname specified.  See "Enabling SASL authentication in the Postfix SMTP client" in "<literal>/usr/share/doc/postfix/html/SASL_README.html</literal>".
it: In questo caso l'uso di "<literal>[</literal>" e "<literal>]</literal>" nel dialogo di <literal>dpkg-reconfigure</literal> e in "<literal>/etc/postfix/sasl_passwd</literal>" assocura che non venga controllato il record MX, ma usato direttamente l'esatto nome host specificato. Vedere "Abilitare l'autenticazione SASL nel client SMTP di Postfix" in "<literal>/usr/share/doc/postfix/html/SASL_README.html</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The mail address configuration
it: La configurazione dell'indirizzo di posta

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There are a few <ulink url="&mailaddressconfieryanduseragents;">mail address configuration files for mail transport, delivery and user agents</ulink>.
it: Ci sono diversi <ulink url="&mailaddressconfieryanduseragents;">file di configurazione dell'indirizzo di posta per gli strumenti di trasporto della posta, di consegna e per i programma di posta</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of mail address related configuration files
it: Elenco dei file di configurazione correlati all'indirizzo di posta

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: application
it: applicazione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: default host name for (outgoing) mail
it: nome host predefinito per la posta (in uscita)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Debian specific, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mailname</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
it: specifico di Debian, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mailname</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: host name spoofing for outgoing mail
it: sostituzione del home host per la posta in uscita

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>exim</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> specific, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>exim4-config_files</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
it: specifico di <citerefentry><refentrytitle>exim</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>exim4-config_files</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>postfix</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> specific, activated after <citerefentry><refentrytitle>postmap</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> command execution.
it: specifico di <citerefentry><refentrytitle>postfix</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, attivato dopo l'esecuzione del comando <citerefentry><refentrytitle>postmap</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: account name alias for incoming mail
it: alias dei nomi degli account per la posta in entrata

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: general, activated after <citerefentry><refentrytitle>newaliases</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> command execution.
it: generale, attivato dopo l'esecuzione del comando <citerefentry><refentrytitle>newaliases</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <emphasis role="strong">mailname</emphasis> in the "<literal>/etc/mailname</literal>" file is usually a fully qualified domain name (FQDN) that resolves to one of the host's IP addresses.  For the mobile workstation which does not have a hostname with resolvable IP address, set this <emphasis role="strong">mailname</emphasis> to the value of "<literal>hostname -f</literal>". (This is safe choice and works for both <literal>exim4-*</literal> and <literal>postfix</literal>.)
it: Il <emphasis role="strong">nomeposta</emphasis> nel file "<literal>/etc/mailname</literal>" è solitamente un nome di dominio pienamente qualificato (FQDN) che è risolto ad uno degli indirizzi IP dell'host. Per le postazioni mobili che non hanno un nome host con un indirizzo IP risolvibile, impostare questo <emphasis role="strong">nomemail</emphasis> al valore di "<literal>hostname -f</literal>". (Questa è una scelta sicura e funziona sia per <literal>exim4-*</literal> sia per <literal>postfix</literal>.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: The contents of "<literal>/etc/mailname</literal>" is used by many non-MTA programs for their default behavior. For <literal>mutt</literal>, set "<literal>hostname</literal>" and "<literal>from</literal>" variables in <literal>~/muttrc</literal> file to override the <emphasis role="strong">mailname</emphasis> value.  For programs in the <literal>devscripts</literal> package, such as <citerefentry><refentrytitle>bts</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dch</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, export environment variables "<literal>$DEBFULLNAME</literal>" and "<literal>$DEBEMAIL</literal>" to override it.
it: Il contenuto di "<literal>/etc/mailname</literal>" è usato da molti programmi non MTA per determinare il loro comportamento predefinito. Per <literal>mutt</literal>, impostare le variabili "<literal>hostname</literal>" e <literal>from</literal>" nel file <literal>~/muttrc</literal> per sovrascrivere il valore di <emphasis role="strong">mailname</emphasis>. Per i programmi nel pacchetto <literal>devscripts</literal>, come <citerefentry><refentrytitle>bts</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> e <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dch</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, esportare le variabili d'ambiente "<literal>$DEBFULLNAME</literal>" e "<literal>$DEBEMAIL</literal>" per sovrascriverlo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: The <literal>popularity-contest</literal> package normally send mail from root account with FQDN.  You need to set <literal>MAILFROM</literal> in <literal>/etc/popularity-contest.conf</literal> as described in the <literal>/usr/share/popularity-contest/default.conf</literal> file.  Otherwise, your mail will be rejected by the smarthost SMTP server. Although this is tedious, this approach is safer than rewriting the source address for all mails from root by MTA and should be used for other daemons and cron scripts.
it: Il pacchetto <literal>popularity-contest</literal> normalmente invia posta dall'account di root con FQDN. È necessario impostare <literal>MAILFROM</literal> in <literal>/etc/popularity-contest.conf</literal> come descritto nel file <literal>/usr/share/popularity-contest/default.conf</literal>. In caso contrario la posta verrà rigettata dal server SMTP dello smarthost. Sebbene sia una scocciatura, questo approccio è più sicuro della riscrittura dell'indirizzo sorgente di tutta la posta di root da parte dell'MTA e dovrebbe essere usato per altri demoni e script cron.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: When setting the <emphasis role="strong">mailname</emphasis> to "<literal>hostname -f</literal>", the spoofing of the source mail address via MTA can be realized by the following.
it: Qunado si imposta <emphasis role="strong">mailname</emphasis> al valore di "<literal>hostname -f</literal>", la modifica dell'indirizzo di posta d'origine con il MTA può essere fatta nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/etc/email-addresses</literal>" file for <citerefentry><refentrytitle>exim4</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> as explained in the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>exim4-config_files</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
it: Usando il file "<literal>/etc/email-addresses</literal>" per <citerefentry><refentrytitle>exim4</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, come spiegato in <citerefentry><refentrytitle>exim4-config_files</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/etc/postfix/generic</literal>" file for <citerefentry><refentrytitle>postfix</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> as explained in the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>generic</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
it: Usando il file "<literal>/etc/postfix/generic</literal>" per <citerefentry><refentrytitle>postfix</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, come spiegato in <citerefentry><refentrytitle>generic</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For <literal>postfix</literal>, the following extra steps are needed.
it: Per <literal>postfix</literal> sono necessarie, in aggiunta, le azioni seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can test mail address configuration using the following.
it: Si può testare la configurazione dell'indirizzo di posta nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>exim</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> with <literal>-brw, -bf, -bF, -bV, …</literal> options
it: per <citerefentry><refentrytitle>exim</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> con le opzioni <literal>-brw, -bf, -bF, -bV, …</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>postmap</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> with <literal>-q</literal> option.
it: per <citerefentry><refentrytitle>postmap</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> con l'opzione <literal>-q</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Exim comes with several utility programs such as <citerefentry><refentrytitle>exiqgrep</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>exipick</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>.  See "<literal>dpkg -L exim4-base|grep man8/</literal>" for available commands.
it: Exim viene fornito con svariati programmi di utilità, come <citerefentry><refentrytitle>exiqgrep</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> e <citerefentry><refentrytitle>exipick</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>. Per conoscere i comandi disponibili vedere "<literal>dpkg -L exim4-base|grep man8/</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Basic MTA operations
it: Operazioni di base degli MTA

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There are several basic MTA operations.  Some may be performed via <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sendmail</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> compatibility interface.
it: Ci sono svariate operazioni di base degli MTA. Alcune possono essere fatte usando l'interfaccia di compatibilità con <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sendmail</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of basic MTA operation
it: Elenco di operazioni base degli MTA

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: exim command
it: comando exim

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: postfix command
it: comando postfix

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: read mails from standard input and arrange for delivery (<literal>-bm</literal>)
it: legge la posta dallo standard input e gestisce la consegna (<literal>-bm</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: list the mail queue with status and queue ID (<literal>-bp</literal>)
it: elenca la coda della posta con stato e ID dei messaggi in coda (<literal>-bp</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: initialize alias database (<literal>-I</literal>)
it: inizializza il database degli alias (<literal>-I</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: flush waiting mails (<literal>-q</literal>)
it: invia tutta la posta in attesa (<literal>-q</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: flush all mails
it: invia tutta la posta

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: flush even frozen mails
it: invia anche la posta congelata

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>exim4 -Mg queue_id</literal>
it: <literal>exim4 -Mg id_in_coda</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>postsuper -h queue_id</literal>
it: <literal>postsuper -h id_in_coda</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: freeze one message by its queue ID
it: congela un messaggio in base al suo ID nella coda

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>exim4 -Mrm queue_id</literal>
it: <literal>exim4 -Mrm id_in_coda</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>postsuper -d queue_id</literal>
it: <literal>postsuper -d id_in_coda</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: remove one message by its queue ID
it: rimuove un messaggio in base al suo ID nella coda

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: remove all messages
it: rimuove tutti i messaggi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: It may be a good idea to flush all mails by a script in "<literal>/etc/ppp/ip-up.d/*</literal>".
it: Può essere una buona idea far inviare tutta la posta da uno script in "<literal>/etc/ppp/ip-up.d/*</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Mail user agent (MUA)
it: Programma di posta (MUA, Mail User Agent)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: If you subscribe to Debian related mailing list, it may be a good idea to use such MUA as <literal>mutt</literal> and <literal>gnus</literal> which are the de facto standard for the participant and known to behave as expected.
it: Se ci si iscrive ad una mailing list relativa a Debian, può essere una buona idea usare programmi di posta come <literal>mutt</literal> e <literal>gnus</literal> che sono lo standard de facto per i partecipanti e che si comportano come previsto.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of mail user agent (MUA)
it: Elenco di programmi di posta (MUA)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: X GUI program (GNOME3, groupware suite)
it: programma per X con interfaccia utente grafica (GNOME3, suite groupware)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: X GUI program (GNOME2, <ulink url="&unbranded;">unbranded</ulink> <ulink url="&mozillathunderbird;">Mozilla Thunderbird</ulink>)
it: programma per X con interfaccia utente grafica (GNOME2, <ulink url="&mozillathunderbird;">Mozilla Thunderbird</ulink> <ulink url="&unbranded;">senza marchi</ulink>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: X GUI program (KDE)
it: programma per X con interfaccia utente grafica (KDE)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: character terminal program probably used with <literal>vim</literal>
it: programma basato su terminale a caratteri probabilmente usato con <literal>vim</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: character terminal program under <literal>(x)emacs</literal>
it: programma basato su terminale a caratteri in <literal>(x)emacs</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Basic MUA — Mutt
it: Programma di posta base — Mutt

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Customize "<literal>~/.muttrc</literal>" as the following to use <literal>mutt</literal> as the mail user agent (MUA) in combination with <literal>vim</literal>.
it: Per usare <literal>mutt</literal> come programma di posta (MUA) in combinazione con <literal>vim</literal>, persoonalizzare "<literal>~/.muttrc</literal>" nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: #
    # User configuration file to override /etc/Muttrc
    #
    # spoof source mail address
    set use_from
    set hostname=example.dom
    set from="Name Surname &lt;username@example.dom&gt;"
    set signature="~/.signature"
    
    # vim: "gq" to reformat quotes
    set editor="vim -c 'set tw=72 et ft=mail'"
    
    # "mutt" goes to Inbox, while "mutt -y" lists mailboxes
    set mbox_type=Maildir           # use qmail Maildir format for creating mbox
    set mbox=~/Mail                 # keep all mail boxes in $HOME/Mail/
    set spoolfile=+Inbox            # mail delivered to $HOME/Mail/Inbox
    set record=+Outbox              # save fcc mail to $HOME/Mail/Outbox
    set postponed=+Postponed        # keep postponed in $HOME/Mail/postponed
    set move=no                     # do not move Inbox items to mbox
    set quit=ask-yes                # do not quit by "q" only
    set delete=yes                  # always delete w/o asking while exiting
    set fcc_clear                   # store fcc as non encrypted
    
    # Mailboxes in Maildir (automatic update)
    mailboxes `cd ~/Mail; /bin/ls -1|sed -e 's/^/+/' | tr "\n" " "`
    unmailboxes Maillog *.ev-summary
    
    ## Default
    #set index_format="%4C %Z %{%b %d} %-15.15L (%4l) %s"
    ## Thread index with senders (collapse)
    set index_format="%4C %Z %{%b %d} %-15.15n %?M?(#%03M)&amp;(%4l)? %s"
    
    ## Default
    #set folder_format="%2C %t %N %F %2l %-8.8u %-8.8g %8s %d %f"
    ## just folder names
    set folder_format="%2C %t %N %f"
it: #
    # File di configurazione utente per sovrascrivere le impostazioni in /etc/Muttrc
    #
    # falsifica gli indirizzi di posta sorgenti
    set use_from
    set hostname=esempio.dom
    set from="Nome Cognome &lt;nomeutente@esempio.dom&gt;"
    set signature="~/.signature"
    
    # vim: "gq" per riformattare le citazioni
    set editor="vim -c 'set tw=72 et ft=mail'"
    
    # "mutt" apre la posta in entrata, mentre "mutt -y" elenca le caselle di posta
    set mbox_type=Maildir           # usa il formato Maildir di qmail per creare mbox
    set mbox=~/Mail                 # mette tutte le caselle di posta in $HOME/Mail/
    set spoolfile=+Inbox            # posta consegnata in $HOME/Mail/Inbox
    set record=+Outbox              # salva la posta fcc in $HOME/Mail/Outbox
    set postponed=+Postponed        # mette la posta posposta in $HOME/Mail/postponed
    set move=no                     # non spostare gli elementi nella posta in entrata in mbox
    set quit=ask-yes                # non uscire con il semplice uso di "q"
    set delete=yes                  # all'uscita cancella sempre senza chiedere
    set fcc_clear                   # salva fcc come non cifrate
    
    # Caselle di posta in Maildir (aggiornamento automatico)
    mailboxes `cd ~/Mail; /bin/ls -1|sed -e 's/^/+/' | tr "\n" " "`
    unmailboxes Maillog *.ev-summary
    
    ## Predefinito
    #set index_format="%4C %Z %{%b %d} %-15.15L (%4l) %s"
    ## Indice con thread con mittenti (collassato)
    set index_format="%4C %Z %{%b %d} %-15.15n %?M?(#%03M)&amp;(%4l)? %s"
    
    ## Predefinito
    #set folder_format="%2C %t %N %F %2l %-8.8u %-8.8g %8s %d %f"
    ## solo i nomi delle cartelle
    set folder_format="%2C %t %N %f"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Add the following to "<literal>/etc/mailcap</literal>" or "<literal>~/.mailcap</literal>" to display HTML mail and MS Word attachments inline.
it: Per visualizzare la posta HTML e gli allegati MS Word all'interno del messaggio, aggiungere a "<literal>/etc/mailcap</literal>" o a "<literal>~/.mailcap</literal>" le righe seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Mutt can be used as the <ulink url="&imap;">IMAP</ulink> client and the mailbox format converter.  You can tag messages with "<literal>t</literal>", "<literal>T</literal>", etc.  These tagged messages can be copied with "<literal>;C</literal>" between different mailboxes and deleted with "<literal>;d</literal>" in one action.
it: Mutt può essere usato come client <ulink url="&imap;">IMAP</ulink> e convertitore di formato per le caselle di posta. Si possono marcare messaggi con "<literal>t</literal>", "<literal>T</literal>", ecc. Questi messaggi marcati possono essere copiati con "<literal>;C</literal>" tra caselle di posta diverse e cancellati in un'unica volta con "<literal>;d</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: The remote mail retrieval and forward utility
it: L'utilità per il recupero della posta da remoto e l'inoltro

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Although <citerefentry><refentrytitle>fetchmail</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> has been de facto standard for the remote mail retrieval on GNU/Linux, the author likes <citerefentry><refentrytitle>getmail</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> now.  If you want to reject mail before downloading to save bandwidth, <literal>mailfilter</literal> or <literal>mpop</literal> may be useful.  Whichever mail retriever utilities are used, it is good idea to configure system to deliver retrieved mails to MDA, such as <literal>maildrop</literal>, via pipe.
it: Anche se <citerefentry><refentrytitle>fetchmail</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> è stato lo standard de facto in GNU/Linux per il recupero della posta da remoto, l'autore preferisce <citerefentry><refentrytitle>getmail</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>. Se si desidera rifiutare la posta prima di scaricarla per salvare banda, potrebbero essere utili <literal>mailfilter</literal> o <literal>mpop</literal>. Qualsiasi strumento di recupero della posta si usi, è una buona idea configurare il sistema in modo che la posta recuperata venga consegnata ad un MDA, come <literal>maildrop</literal>, attraverso una pipe.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of remote mail retrieval and forward utilities
it: Elenco di utilità per il recupero della posta da remoto e l'inoltro

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: mail retriever (POP3, APOP, IMAP) (old)
it: strumento di recupero della posta (POP3, APOP, IMAP) (vecchio)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: mail retriever (POP3, IMAP4, and SDPS) (simple, secure, and reliable)
it: strumento di recupero della posta (POP3, IMAP4 e SDPS) (semplice, sicuro e affidabile)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: mail retriever (POP3) with with regex filtering capability
it: strumento di recupero della posta (POP3) con capacità di filtraggio con espressioni regolari

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: mail retriever (POP3) and MDA with filtering capability
it: strumento di recupero della posta (POP3) e MDA con capacità di filtraggio con espressioni regolari

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: getmail configuration
it: Configurazione di getmail

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>getmail</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> configuration is described in <ulink url="&getmaildocumentation;">getmail documentation</ulink>. Here is my set up to access multiple POP3 accounts as user.
it: La configurazione di <citerefentry><refentrytitle>getmail</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> è descritta nella <ulink url="&getmaildocumentation;">documentazione di getmail</ulink>. Quelle seguenti sono le mie impostazioni per accedere ad account POP3 multipli come utente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Create "<literal>/usr/local/bin/getmails</literal>" as the following.
it: Creare il file "<literal>/usr/local/bin/getmails</literal>" nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Configure it as the following.
it: Configurarlo nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Create configuration files "<literal>$HOME/.getmail/config/pop3_name</literal>" for each POP3 accounts as the following.
it: Creare i file "<literal>$HOME/.getmail/config/nome_pop3</literal>", uno per ciascun account POP3, nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: [retriever]
    type = SimplePOP3SSLRetriever
    server = pop.example.com
    username =  pop3_name@example.com
    password = secret
    
    [destination]
    type = MDA_external
    path = /usr/bin/maildrop
    unixfrom = True
    
    [options]
    verbose = 0
    delete = True
    delivered_to = False
    message_log = ~/.getmail/log/pop3_name.log
it: [retriever]
    type = SimplePOP3SSLRetriever
    server = pop.eesempio.com
    username =  nome_pop3@esempio.com
    password = segreta
    
    [destination]
    type = MDA_external
    path = /usr/bin/maildrop
    unixfrom = True
    
    [options]
    verbose = 0
    delete = True
    delivered_to = False
    message_log = ~/.getmail/log/nome_pop3.log

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Schedule "<literal>/usr/local/bin/getmails</literal>" to run every 15 minutes with <citerefentry><refentrytitle>cron</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> by executing "<literal>sudo crontab -e -u &lt;user_name&gt;</literal>" and adding following to user's cron entry.
it: Pianificare l'esecuzione di "<literal>/usr/local/bin/getmails</literal>" ogni 15 minuti usando <citerefentry><refentrytitle>cron</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, eseguendo "<literal>sudo crontab -e -u &lt;nome_utente&gt;</literal>" e aggiungendo la riga seguente alle voci di cron dell'utente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Problems of POP3 access may not come from <literal>getmail</literal>. Some popular free POP3 services may be violating the POP3 protocol and their SPAM filter may not be perfect.  For example, they may delete messages just after receiving RETR command before receiving DELE command and may quarantined messages into Spam mailbox.  You should minimize damages by configuring them to archive accessed messages and not to delete them. See also <ulink url="&somemailwasnotdownloaded;">"Some mail was not downloaded"</ulink>.
it: Eventuali problemi nell'accesso POP3 potrebbero non derivare da <literal>getmail</literal>. Alcuni servizi POP3 gratuiti popolari possono violare il protocollo POP3 e i loro filtri anti-SPAM possono non essere perfetti. Per esempio, possono cancellare i messaggi subito dopo aver ricevuto il comando RETR, prima di ricevere il comando DELE, e possono mettere messaggi in quarantena nella casella dello Spam. Si dovrebbero minimizzare i danni configurandoli in modo da archiviare i messaggi a cui si ha avuto accesso, senza cancellarli. Vedere anche <ulink url="&somemailwasnotdownloaded;">Alcuni messaggi di posta non sono stati scaricati</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: fetchmail configuration
it: configurazione di fetchmail

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>fetchmail</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> configuration is set by "<literal>/etc/default/fetchmail</literal>", "<literal>/etc/fetchmailrc</literal>" and "<literal>$HOME/.fetchmailrc</literal>".  See its example in "<literal>/usr/share/doc/fetchmail/examples/fetchmailrc.example</literal>".
it: La configurazione di <citerefentry><refentrytitle>fetchmail</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> è determinata da "<literal>/etc/default/fetchmail</literal>", "<literal>/etc/fetchmailrc</literal>" e "<literal>$HOME/.fetchmailrc</literal>". Vedere il suo esempio di configurazione in "<literal>/usr/share/doc/fetchmail/examples/fetchmailrc.example</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Mail delivery agent (MDA) with filter
it: Agente di consegna della posta (MDA, Mail Delivery Agent) con filtri

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Most MTA programs, such as <literal>postfix</literal> and <literal>exim4</literal>, function as MDA (mail delivery agent). There are specialized MDA with filtering capabilities.
it: La maggior parte dei programmi MTA, come <literal>postfix</literal> e <literal>exim4</literal>, funziona anche da MDA (Mail Delivery Agent, agente di consegna della posta). Ci sono MDA specializzati con capacità di filtraggio.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Although <citerefentry><refentrytitle>procmail</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> has been de facto standard for MDA with filter on GNU/Linux, author likes <citerefentry><refentrytitle>maildrop</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> now.  Whichever filtering utilities are used, it is good idea to configure system to deliver filtered mails to a <ulink url="&qmailstylemaildir;">qmail-style Maildir</ulink>.
it: Anche se <citerefentry><refentrytitle>procmail</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> è stato lo standard de facto in GNU/Linux per ciò riguarda gli MDA con filtri, l'autore preferisce <citerefentry><refentrytitle>maildrop</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>. Qualsiasi strumento di filtraggio si usi, è una buona idea configurare il sistema per inviare la posta filtrata ad una <ulink url="&qmailstylemaildir;">Maildir in stile qmail</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of MDA with filter
it: Elenco di MDA con filtri

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: MDA with filter (old)
it: MDA con filtri (vecchio)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: MDA with Perl filter
it: MDA con filtri Perl

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: MDA with structured filtering language
it: MDA con linguaggio strutturato per i filtri

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: maildrop configuration
it: configurazione di maildrop

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>maildrop</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> configuration is described in <ulink url="&maildropfilterdocumentation;">maildropfilter documentation</ulink>.  Here is a configuration example for "<literal>$HOME/.mailfilter</literal>".
it: La configurazione di <citerefentry><refentrytitle>maildrop</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> è descritta nella <ulink url="&maildropfilterdocumentation;">documentazione di maildropfilter</ulink>. Quello che segue è un esempio di configurazione per "<literal>$HOME/.mailfilter</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: # Local configuration
    MAILROOT="$HOME/Mail"
    # set this to /etc/mailname contents
    MAILHOST="example.dom"
    logfile $HOME/.maildroplog
    
    # rules are made to override the earlier value by the later one.
    
    # mailing list mails ?
    if (     /^Precedence:.*list/:h || /^Precedence:.*bulk/:h )
    {
        # rules for mailing list mails
        # default mailbox for mails from mailing list
        MAILBOX="Inbox-list"
        # default mailbox for mails from debian.org
        if ( /^(Sender|Resent-From|Resent-Sender): .*debian.org/:h )
        {
            MAILBOX="service.debian.org"
        }
        # default mailbox for mails from bugs.debian.org (BTS)
        if ( /^(Sender|Resent-From|Resent-sender): .*@bugs.debian.org/:h )
        {
            MAILBOX="bugs.debian.org"
        }
        # mailbox for each properly maintained mailing list with "List-Id: foo" or "List-Id: ...&lt;foo.bar&gt;"
        if ( /^List-Id: ([^&lt;]*&lt;)?([^&lt;&gt;]*)&gt;?/:h )
        {
            MAILBOX="$MATCH2"
        }
    }
    else
    {
        # rules for non-mailing list mails
        # default incoming box
        MAILBOX="Inbox-unusual"
        # local mails
        if ( /Envelope-to: .*@$MAILHOST/:h )
        {
            MAILBOX="Inbox-local"
        }
        # html mails (99% spams)
        if ( /DOCTYPE html/:b ||\
             /^Content-Type: text\/html/ )
        {
            MAILBOX="Inbox-html"
        }
        # blacklist rule for spams
        if ( /^X-Advertisement/:h ||\
             /^Subject:.*BUSINESS PROPOSAL/:h ||\
             /^Subject:.*URGENT.*ASISSTANCE/:h ||\
             /^Subject: *I NEED YOUR ASSISTANCE/:h )
        {
            MAILBOX="Inbox-trash"
        }
        # whitelist rule for normal mails
        if ( /^From: .*@debian.org/:h ||\
             /^(Sender|Resent-From|Resent-Sender): .*debian.org/:h ||\
             /^Subject: .*(debian|bug|PATCH)/:h )
        {
            MAILBOX="Inbox"
        }
        # whiltelist rule for BTS related mails
        if ( /^Subject: .*Bug#.*/:h ||\
             /^(To|Cc): .*@bugs.debian.org/:h )
        {
            MAILBOX="bugs.debian.org"
        }
        # whitelist rule for getmails cron mails
        if ( /^Subject: Cron .*getmails/:h )
        {
            MAILBOX="Inbox-getmails"
        }
    }
    
    # check existance of $MAILBOX
    `test -d $MAILROOT/$MAILBOX`
    if ( $RETURNCODE == 1 )
    {
        # create maildir mailbox for $MAILBOX
        `maildirmake $MAILROOT/$MAILBOX`
    }
    # deliver to maildir $MAILBOX
    to "$MAILROOT/$MAILBOX/"
    exit
it: # Configurazione locale
    MAILROOT="$HOME/Mail"
    # impostare questo al contenuto di /etc/mailname
    MAILHOST="esempio.dom"
    logfile $HOME/.maildroplog
    
    # le regole sono fatte per sovrascrivere il valore precedente con quello successivo.
    
    # posta di mailing list ?
    if (     /^Precedence:.*list/:h || /^Precedence:.*bulk/:h )
    {
        # regole per la posta di mailing list
        # casella di posta predefinita per i messaggi di mailing list
        MAILBOX="Inbox-list"
        # casella di posta predefinita per i messaggi di debian.org
        if ( /^(Sender|Resent-From|Resent-Sender): .*debian.org/:h )
        {
            MAILBOX="service.debian.org"
        }
        # casella di posta predefinita per i messaggi di bugs.debian.org (BTS)
        if ( /^(Sender|Resent-From|Resent-sender): .*@bugs.debian.org/:h )
        {
            MAILBOX="bugs.debian.org"
        }
        # casella di posta per ogni mailing list correttamente mantenuta con "List-Id: pippo" o "List-Id: ...&lt;pippo.pluto&gt;"
        if ( /^List-Id: ([^&lt;]*&lt;)?([^&lt;&gt;]*)&gt;?/:h )
        {
            MAILBOX="$MATCH2"
        }
    }
    else
    {
        # regole per messaggi non di mailing list
        # casella di posta in entrata predefinita
        MAILBOX="Inbox-unusual"
        # messaggi di posta locali
        if ( /Envelope-to: .*@$MAILHOST/:h )
        {
            MAILBOX="Inbox-local"
        }
        # messaggi di posta html (al 99% posta indesiderata)
        if ( /DOCTYPE html/:b ||\
             /^Content-Type: text\/html/ )
        {
            MAILBOX="Inbox-html"
        }
        # regola per la lista nera per la posta indesiderata
        if ( /^X-Advertisement/:h ||\
             /^Subject:.*BUSINESS PROPOSAL/:h ||\
             /^Subject:.*URGENT.*ASISSTANCE/:h ||\
             /^Subject: *I NEED YOUR ASSISTANCE/:h )
        {
            MAILBOX="Inbox-trash"
        }
        # regola per la lista bianca per la posta normale
        if ( /^From: .*@debian.org/:h ||\
             /^(Sender|Resent-From|Resent-Sender): .*debian.org/:h ||\
             /^Subject: .*(debian|bug|PATCH)/:h )
        {
            MAILBOX="Inbox"
        }
        # regola per la lista bianca dei messaggi relativi al BTS
        if ( /^Subject: .*Bug#.*/:h ||\
             /^(To|Cc): .*@bugs.debian.org/:h )
        {
            MAILBOX="bugs.debian.org"
        }
        # regola per la lista bianca per messaggi di cron relativi a getmail
        if ( /^Subject: Cron .*getmails/:h )
        {
            MAILBOX="Inbox-getmails"
        }
    }
    
    # controlla esistenza di $MAILBOX
    `test -d $MAILROOT/$MAILBOX`
    if ( $RETURNCODE == 1 )
    {
        # crea una casella di posta maildir per $MAILBOX
        `maildirmake $MAILROOT/$MAILBOX`
    }
    # consegna nella maildir $MAILBOX
    to "$MAILROOT/$MAILBOX/"
    exit

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
en: Unlike <literal>procmail</literal>, <literal>maildrop</literal> does not create missing maildir directories automatically.  You must create them manually using <citerefentry><refentrytitle>maildirmake</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> in advance as in the example "<literal>$HOME/.mailfilter</literal>".
it: A differenza di <literal>procmail</literal>, <literal>maildrop</literal> non crea automaticamente le directory maildir mancanti. Devono essere create prima  manualmente usando <citerefentry><refentrytitle>maildirmake</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> come nell'esempio di file "<literal>$HOME/.mailfilter</literal>" precedente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: procmail configuration
it: configurazione di procmail

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here is a similar configuration with "<literal>$HOME/.procmailrc</literal>" for <citerefentry><refentrytitle>procmail</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
it: Quello che segue è un file di configurazione simile "<literal>$HOME/.procmailrc</literal>" per <citerefentry><refentrytitle>procmail</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: MAILDIR=$HOME/Maildir
    DEFAULT=$MAILDIR/Inbox/
    LOGFILE=$MAILDIR/Maillog
    # clearly bad looking mails: drop them into X-trash and exit
    :0
    * 1^0 ^X-Advertisement
    * 1^0 ^Subject:.*BUSINESS PROPOSAL
    * 1^0 ^Subject:.*URGENT.*ASISSTANCE
    * 1^0 ^Subject: *I NEED YOUR ASSISTANCE
    X-trash/
    
    # Delivering mailinglist messages
    :0
    * 1^0 ^Precedence:.*list
    * 1^0 ^Precedence:.*bulk
    * 1^0 ^List-
    * 1^0 ^X-Distribution:.*bulk
    {
    :0
    * 1^0 ^Return-path:.*debian-devel-admin@debian.or.jp
    jp-debian-devel/
    
    :0
    * ^Resent-Sender.*debian-user-request@lists.debian.org
    debian-user/
    
    :0
    * ^Resent-Sender.*debian-devel-request@lists.debian.org
    debian-devel/
    
    :0
    * ^Resent-Sender.*debian-announce-request@lists.debian.org
    debian-announce
    
    :0
    mailing-list/
    }
    
    :0
    Inbox/
it: MAILDIR=$HOME/Maildir
    DEFAULT=$MAILDIR/Inbox/
    LOGFILE=$MAILDIR/Maillog
    # posta palesemente con brutto aspetto: gettarla in X-trash e uscire
    :0
    * 1^0 ^X-Advertisement
    * 1^0 ^Subject:.*BUSINESS PROPOSAL
    * 1^0 ^Subject:.*URGENT.*ASISSTANCE
    * 1^0 ^Subject: *I NEED YOUR ASSISTANCE
    X-trash/
    
    # Consegna dei messaggi di mailinglist
    :0
    * 1^0 ^Precedence:.*list
    * 1^0 ^Precedence:.*bulk
    * 1^0 ^List-
    * 1^0 ^X-Distribution:.*bulk
    {
    :0
    * 1^0 ^Return-path:.*debian-devel-admin@debian.or.jp
    jp-debian-devel/
    
    :0
    * ^Resent-Sender.*debian-user-request@lists.debian.org
    debian-user/
    
    :0
    * ^Resent-Sender.*debian-devel-request@lists.debian.org
    debian-devel/
    
    :0
    * ^Resent-Sender.*debian-announce-request@lists.debian.org
    debian-announce
    
    :0
    mailing-list/
    }
    
    :0
    Inbox/

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Redeliver mbox contents
it: Riconsegna del contenuto di mbox

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You need to manually deliver mails to the sorted mailboxes in your home directory from "<literal>/var/mail/&lt;username&gt;</literal>" if your home directory became full and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>procmail</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> failed.  After making disk space in the home directory, run the following.
it: Se la propria directory home diventa piena e la consegna con <citerefentry><refentrytitle>procmail</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> fallisce, sarà necessario consegnare manualmente la posta da "<literal>/var/mail/&lt;nomeutente&gt;</literal>" alle proprie caselle di posta distinte nella directory home. Dopo aver fatto spazio nella directory home, eseguire quanto segue.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: # /etc/init.d/${MAILDAEMON} stop
    # formail -s procmail &lt;/var/mail/&lt;username&gt;
    # /etc/init.d/${MAILDAEMON} start
it: # /etc/init.d/${MAILDAEMON} stop
    # formail -s procmail &lt;/var/mail/&lt;nomeutente&gt;
    # /etc/init.d/${MAILDAEMON} start

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: POP3/IMAP4 server
it: Server POP3/IMAP4

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: If you are to run a private server on LAN, you may consider to run <ulink url="&popd;">POP3</ulink> / <ulink url="&imape;">IMAP4</ulink> server for delivering mail to LAN clients.
it: Se si deve eseguire un server privato in una LAN, si può prendere in considerazione l'esecuzione di un server <ulink url="&popd;">POP3</ulink> / <ulink url="&imape;">IMAP4</ulink> per la consegna della posta ai client nella LAN.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of POP3/IMAP4 servers
it: Elenco di server POP3/IMAP4

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Courier mail server - POP3 server (maildir format only)
it: Server di posta Courier - server POP3 (solo formato maildir)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Cyrus mail system (POP3 support)
it: sistema di posta Cyrus (supporto POP3)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: ESMTP/POP3 mail server
it: Server di posta ESMTP/POP3

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Courier mail server - IMAP server (maildir format only)
it: Server di posta Courier - server IMAP (solo formato maildir)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Cyrus mail system (IMAP support)
it: sistema di posta Cyrus (supporto IMAP)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: The print server and utility
it: Server ed utilità per la stampa

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: In the old Unix-like system, the BSD <ulink url="&lineprinterdaemon;">Line printer daemon</ulink> was the standard.  Since the standard print out format of the free software is PostScript on the Unix like system, some filter system was used along with <ulink url="&ghostscript;">Ghostscript</ulink> to enable printing to the non-PostScript printer.
it: Nei vecchi sistemi *nix, lo standard era il <ulink url="&lineprinterdaemon;">demone di stampa</ulink> BSD. Dato che il formato standard per l'output di stampa del software libero nei sistemi in stile Unix è PostScript, veniva usato un sistema di filtri insieme a <ulink url="&ghostscript;">Ghostscript</ulink> per permettere la stampa su stampanti non-PostScript.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Recently, <ulink url="&commonunixprintingsystem;">Common UNIX Printing System</ulink> (CUPS) is the new de facto standard.  The CUPS uses <ulink url="&internetprintingprotocol;">Internet Printing Protocol</ulink> (IPP). The IPP is now supported by other OSs such as Windows XP and Mac OS X and has became new cross-platform de facto standard for remote printing with bi-directional communication capability.
it: Di recente il nuovo standard de facto è <ulink url="&commonunixprintingsystem;">CUPS (Common UNIX Printing System)</ulink>. CUPS usa il protocollo <ulink url="&internetprintingprotocol;">IPP (Internet Printing Protocol)</ulink>. IPP è ora supportato da altri sistemi operativi come Windows XP e Mac OS X ed è diventato il nuovo standard de facto multipiattaforma per la stampa da remoto con capacità di comunicazione bidirezionale.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The standard printable data format for the application on the Debian system is the <ulink url="&postscriptps;">PostScript (PS)</ulink> which is a page description language.  The data in PS format is fed into the Ghostscript PostScript interpreter to produce the printable data specific to the printer.  See <xref linkend="_ghostscript"/>.
it: Il formato standard per i dati stampabili per le applicazioni nel sistema Debian è il formato <ulink url="&postscriptps;">PostScript (PS)</ulink> che è un linguaggio di descrizione della pagina. I dati in formato PS vengono passati all'interprete PosPostScript Ghostscript per produrre i dati stampabili specifici per la stampante. Vedere <xref linkend="_ghostscript"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Thanks to the file format dependent auto-conversion feature of the CUPS system, simply feeding any data to the <literal>lpr</literal> command should generate the expected print output. (In CUPS, <literal>lpr</literal> can be enabled by installing the <literal>cups-bsd</literal> package.)
it: Grazie alla funzionalità di auto-conversione in base al formato dei file del sistema CUPS, il semplice passaggio di qualsiasi tipo di dati al comando <literal>lpr</literal> dovrebbe generare l'output di stampa atteso. (In CUPS, il comando <literal>lpr</literal> può essere abilitato installando il pacchetto <literal>cups-bsd</literal>.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The Debian system has some notable packages for the print servers and utilities.
it: Il sistema Debian ha alcuni pacchetti degni di nota per ciò che riguarda i server e le utilità di stampa

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of print servers and utilities
it: Elenco di server e utilità di stampa

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: BSD lpr/lpd (<ulink url="&lineprinterdaemon;">Line printer daemon</ulink>)
it: lpr/lpd BSD (<ulink url="&lineprinterdaemon;">Line printer daemon</ulink>, demone di stampa in linea)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: , , (Enhanced)
it: " " (Migliorato)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Internet Printing CUPS server
it: server CUPS di stampa Internet

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&systemvprintercommands;">System V printer commands</ulink> for CUPS: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>lp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>lpstat</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>lpoptions</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>cancel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>lpmove</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>lpinfo</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>lpadmin</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, …
it: <ulink url="&systemvprintercommands;">comandi System V per la stampa</ulink> con CUPS: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>lp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>lpstat</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>lpoptions</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>cancel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>lpmove</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>lpinfo</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>lpadmin</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, …

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&bsdprintercommands;">BSD printer commands</ulink> for CUPS: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>lpr</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>lpq</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>lprm</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>lpc</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>
it: <ulink url="&bsdprintercommands;">comandi BSD per la stampa</ulink> con CUPS: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>lpr</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>lpq</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>lprm</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>lpc</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Not applicable
it: Non applicabile

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: printer drivers for CUPS
it: driver di stampa per CUPS

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
en: You can configure CUPS system by pointing your web browser to "<ulink url="&httplocalhostgdb;">http://localhost:631/</ulink>" .
it: Si può configurare il sistema CUPS indirizzando il proprio browser web all'indirizzo "<ulink url="&httplocalhostgdb;">http://localhost:631/</ulink>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: The remote access server and utility (SSH)
it: Il server e le utilità per l'accesso remoto (SSH)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The <ulink url="&secureshell;">Secure SHell</ulink> (SSH) is the <emphasis role="strong">secure</emphasis> way to connect over the Internet.  A free version of SSH called <ulink url="&openssh;">OpenSSH</ulink> is available as <literal>openssh-client</literal> and <literal>openssh-server</literal> packages in Debian.
it: <ulink url="&secureshell;">SSH (Secure SHell)</ulink>  è il metodo <emphasis role="strong">sicuro</emphasis> per connettersi in Internet. Una versione libera di SSH chiamata <ulink url="&openssh;">OpenSSH</ulink> è disponibile nei pacchetti Debian <literal>openssh-client</literal> e <literal>openssh-server</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of remote access server and utilities
it: Elenco dei server e delle utilità per l'accesso remoto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: tool
it: strumento

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Secure shell client
it: client SSH

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Secure shell server
it: server SSH

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: asks user for a pass phrase for ssh-add (GNOME2)
it: chiede all'utente una passphrase per ssh-add (GNOME2)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: asks user for a pass phrase for ssh-add (plain X)
it: chiede all'utente una passphrase per ssh-add (X semplice)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><caution><para>
en: See <xref linkend="_extra_security_measures_for_the_internet"/> if your SSH is accessible from the Internet.
it: Se il proprio SSH è accessibile da Internet, vedere <xref linkend="_extra_security_measures_for_the_internet"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
en: Please use the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>screen</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> program to enable remote shell process to survive the interrupted connection (see <xref linkend="_the_screen_program"/>).
it: Per permettere al processo della shell remota di sopravvivere all'interruzione della connessione, usare il programma <citerefentry><refentrytitle>screen</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> (vedere <xref linkend="_the_screen_program"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Basics of SSH
it: Nozioni di base su SSH

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
en: "<literal>/etc/ssh/sshd_not_to_be_run</literal>" must not be present if one wishes to run the OpenSSH server.
it: Se si desidera eseguire il server OpenSSH, non deve esistere il file "<literal>/etc/ssh/sshd_not_to_be_run</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: SSH has two authentication protocols.
it: SSH ha due protocolli di autenticazione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of SSH authentication protocols and methods
it: Elenco dei protocolli e dei metodi di autenticazione di SSH

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: SSH protocol
it: protocollo SSH

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: SSH method
it: metodo SSH

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: RSA identity key based user authentication
it: autenticazione utente RSA basata su chiave identificativa

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: "<literal>.rhosts</literal>" based host authentication (insecure, disabled)
it: autenticazione di host basata su "<literal>.rhosts</literal>" (insicura, disabilitata)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: "<literal>.rhosts</literal>" based host authentication combined with RSA host key (disabled)
it: autenticazione di host basata su "<literal>.rhosts</literal>" in combinazione con chiave RSA per host(disabilitata)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: RSA challenge-response authentication
it: autenticazione RSA challenge-response

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: password based authentication
it: autenticazione basata su password

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: public key based user authentication
it: autenticazione utente basata su chiave pubblica

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: "<literal>~/.rhosts</literal>" or "<literal>/etc/hosts.equiv</literal>" based host authentication combined with public key client host authentication (disabled)
it: autenticazione di host basata su "<literal>~/.rhosts</literal>" o "<literal>/etc/hosts.equiv</literal>" in combinazione con autenticazione dell'host client con chiave pubblica (disabilitata)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: challenge-response authentication
it: autenticazione challenge-response

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: Be careful about these differences if you are using a non-Debian system.
it: Se si usa un sistema non Debian si faccia attenzione a queste differenze.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See "<literal>/usr/share/doc/ssh/README.Debian.gz</literal>", <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ssh</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sshd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ssh-agent</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ssh-keygen</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> for details.
it: Per i dettagli vedere "<literal>/usr/share/doc/ssh/README.Debian.gz</literal>", <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ssh</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sshd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ssh-agent</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> e <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ssh-keygen</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Following are the key configuration files.
it: Di seguito è riportato l'elenco dei file di configurazione più importanti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of SSH configuration files
it: Elenco dei file di configurazione per SSH

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: description of configuration file
it: descrizione del file di configurazione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: SSH client defaults, see <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ssh_config</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
it: impostazioni predefinite per il client SSH, vedere <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ssh_config</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: SSH server defaults, see <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sshd_config</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
it: impostazioni predefinite per il server SSH, vedere <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ssh_config</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: default public SSH keys that clients use to connect to this account on this SSH server
it: chiavi SSH pubbliche predefinite che i client usano per connettersi a questo account su questo server SSH

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: secret SSH-1 RSA key of the user
it: chiave RSA SSH-1 segreta dell'utente

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: secret SSH-2 RSA key of the user
it: chiave RSA SSH-2 segreta dell'utente

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: secret SSH-2 DSA key of the user
it: chiave DSA SSH-2 segreta dell'utente

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: See <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ssh-keygen</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ssh-add</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ssh-agent</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> for how to use public and secret SSH keys.
it: Per l'uso delle chiavi SSH pubbliche e segrete, vedere <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ssh-keygen</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ssh-add</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> e <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ssh-agent</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Make sure to verify settings by testing the connection.  In case of any problem, use "<literal>ssh -v</literal>".
it: Assicurarsi di verificare le impostazioni testando la connessione. In caso di problemi, usare "<literal>ssh -v</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: You can change the pass phrase to encrypt local secret SSH keys later with "<literal>ssh-keygen -p</literal>".
it: Si può cambiare successivamente la passphrase per cifrare le chiavi SSH segrete locali  usando "<literal>ssh-keygen -p</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: You can add options to the entries in "<literal>~/.ssh/authorized_keys</literal>" to limit hosts and to run specific commands.  See <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sshd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> for details.
it: Si possono aggiungere opzioni alle voci in "<literal>~/.ssh/authorized_keys</literal>" per limitare gli host e per eseguire comandi specifici. Per i dettagli vedere <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sshd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The following starts an <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ssh</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> connection from a client.
it: I comandi seguenti avviano una connessione <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ssh</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> da un client.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of SSH client startup examples
it: Elenco di esempi di avvio di client SSH

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>ssh username@hostname.domain.ext</literal>
it: <literal>ssh nomeutente@nomehost.dominio.ext</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: connect with default mode
it: connette nella modalità predefinita

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>ssh -v username@hostname.domain.ext</literal>
it: <literal>ssh -v nomeutente@nomehost.dominio.ext</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: connect with default mode with debugging messages
it: connette nella modalità predefinita con messaggi di debug

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>ssh -1 username@hostname.domain.ext</literal>
it: <literal>ssh -1 nomeutente@nomehost.dominio.ext</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: force to connect with SSH version 1
it: forza la connessione con SSH versione 1

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>ssh -1 -o RSAAuthentication=no -l username hostname.domain.ext</literal>
it: <literal>ssh -1 -o RSAAuthentication=no -l nomeutente nomehost.dominio.ext</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: force to use password with SSH version 1
it: forza l'uso di password con SSH versione 1

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>ssh -o PreferredAuthentications=password -l username hostname.domain.ext</literal>
it: <literal>ssh -o PreferredAuthentications=password -l nomeutente nomehost.dominio.ext</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: force to use password with SSH version 2
it: forza l'uso di password con SSH versione 2

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you use the same user name on the local and the remote host, you can eliminate typing "<literal>username@</literal>".  Even if you use different user name on the local and the remote host, you can eliminate it using "<literal>~/.ssh/config</literal>".  For <ulink url="&debianaliothservice;">Debian Alioth service</ulink> with account name "<literal>foo-guest</literal>", you set "<literal>~/.ssh/config</literal>" to contain the following.
it: Se si usa lo stesso nome utente sull'host locale e su quello remoto, si può evitare di digitare la parte "<literal>nomeutente@</literal>". Anche se si usa un nome utente diverso nell'host locale rispetto a quello remoto, si può evitare di digitare quella parte usando il file "<literal>~/.ssh/config</literal>". Per il <ulink url="&debianaliothservice;">servizio Debian Alioth</ulink> con nome account "<literal>pippo-guest</literal>", impostare "<literal>~/.ssh/config</literal>" in modo che contenga quanto segue.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: Host alioth.debian.org svn.debian.org git.debian.org
        User foo-guest
it: Host alioth.debian.org svn.debian.org git.debian.org
        User pippo-guest

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For the user, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ssh</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> functions as a smarter and more secure <citerefentry><refentrytitle>telnet</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.  Unlike <literal>telnet</literal> command, <literal>ssh</literal> command does not bomb on the <literal>telnet</literal> escape character (initial default CTRL-]).
it: Per l'utente <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ssh</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> funziona come un  <citerefentry><refentrytitle>telnet</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> più intelligente e più sicuro. A differenza del comando <literal>telnet</literal>, <literal>ssh</literal> non va in crash a seguito del carattere di escape di <literal>telnet</literal> (impostazione predefinita iniziale CTRL-]).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Port forwarding for SMTP/POP3 tunneling
it: Forwarding della porta per tunnel SMTP/POP3

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: To establish a pipe to connect to port 25 of <literal>remote-server</literal> from port 4025 of <literal>localhost</literal>, and to port 110 of <literal>remote-server</literal> from port 4110 of <literal>localhost</literal> through <literal>ssh</literal>, execute on the local host as the following.
it: Per stabilire una pipe per connettersi alla porta 25 del <literal>server-remoto</literal> dalla porta 4025 dell'<literal>host locale</literal> e alla porta 110 del <literal>server-remoto</literal> dalla porta 4110 dell'<literal>host locale</literal> attraverso <literal>ssh</literal>, eseguire sull'host locale il comando seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: # ssh -q -L 4025:remote-server:25 4110:remote-server:110 username@remote-server
it: # ssh -q -L 4025:server-remoto:25 4110:server-remoto:110 nomeutente@server-remoto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This is a secure way to make connections to SMTP/POP3 servers over the Internet.  Set the "<literal>AllowTcpForwarding</literal>" entry to "<literal>yes</literal>" in "<literal>/etc/ssh/sshd_config</literal>" of the remote host.
it: Questo è un metodo sicuro di creare connessioni a server SMTP/POP3 in Internet. Impostare nel file "<literal>/etc/ssh/sshd_config</literal>" dell'host remoto la voce "<literal>AllowTcpForwarding</literal>" a "<literal>yes</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Connecting without remote passwords
it: Connettersi senza password remote

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: One can avoid having to remember passwords for remote systems by using "<literal>RSAAuthentication</literal>" (SSH-1 protocol) or "<literal>PubkeyAuthentication</literal>" (SSH-2 protocol).
it: Si può evitare di doversi ricordare le password per sistemi remoti usando "<literal>RSAAuthentication</literal>" (protocollo SSH-1) o "<literal>PubkeyAuthentication</literal>" (protocollo SSH-2).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: On the remote system, set the respective entries, "<literal>RSAAuthentication yes</literal>" or "<literal>PubkeyAuthentication yes</literal>", in "<literal>/etc/ssh/sshd_config</literal>".
it: Sul sistema remoto impostare nel file "<literal>/etc/ssh/sshd_config</literal>" le rispettive voci "<literal>RSAAuthentication yes</literal>" o "<literal>PubkeyAuthentication yes</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Generate authentication keys locally and install the public key on the remote system by the following.
it: Generare localmente le chiavi di autenticazione ed installare la chiave pubblica sul sistema remoto con i comandi seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>RSAAuthentication</literal>": RSA key for SSH-1 (deprecated because it is superseded.)
it: "<literal>RSAAuthentication</literal>": chiave RSA per SSH-1 (deprecata perché superata)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: $ ssh-keygen
    $ cat .ssh/identity.pub | ssh user1@remote "cat - &gt;&gt;.ssh/authorized_keys"
it: $ ssh-keygen
    $ cat .ssh/identity.pub | ssh utente1@remote "cat - &gt;&gt;.ssh/authorized_keys"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>PubkeyAuthentication</literal>": RSA key for SSH-2
it: "<literal>PubkeyAuthentication</literal>": chiave RSA per SSH-2

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: $ ssh-keygen -t rsa
    $ cat .ssh/id_rsa.pub | ssh user1@remote "cat - &gt;&gt;.ssh/authorized_keys"
it: $ ssh-keygen -t rsa
    $ cat .ssh/id_rsa.pub | ssh utente1@remote "cat - &gt;&gt;.ssh/authorized_keys"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>PubkeyAuthentication</literal>": DSA key for SSH-2 (deprecated because it is slow.)
it: "<literal>PubkeyAuthentication</literal>": chiave DSA per SSH-2 (deprecata perché lenta)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: $ ssh-keygen -t dsa
    $ cat .ssh/id_dsa.pub | ssh user1@remote "cat - &gt;&gt;.ssh/authorized_keys"
it: $ ssh-keygen -t dsa
    $ cat .ssh/id_dsa.pub | ssh utente1@remote "cat - &gt;&gt;.ssh/authorized_keys"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Use of DSA key for SSH-2 is deprecated because key is smaller and slow. There are no more reasons to work around RSA patent using DSA since it has been expired.  DSA stands for <ulink url="&digitalsignaturealgorithm;">Digital Signature Algorithm</ulink> and slow. Also see <ulink url="&dsabfhbb;">DSA-1571-1</ulink>.
it: L'uso di una chiave DSA per SSH-2 è deprecato perché la chiave è più piccola e più lenta. Non esistono più motivi per aggirare i brevetti RSA usando DSA, dato che essi sono scaduti. DSA sta per <ulink url="&digitalsignaturealgorithm;">Algoritmo di firma digitale (Digital Signature Algorithm)</ulink> ed è lento. Vedere anche <ulink url="&dsabfhbb;">DSA-1571-1</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: For "<literal>HostbasedAuthentication</literal>" to work in SSH-2, you must adjust the settings of "<literal>HostbasedAuthentication</literal>" to "<literal>yes</literal>" in both "<literal>/etc/ssh/sshd_config</literal>" on the server host and "<literal>/etc/ssh/ssh_config</literal>" or "<literal>~/.ssh/config</literal>" on the client host.
it: Affinché "<literal>HostbasedAuthentication</literal>" funzioni con SSH-2, si deve impostare la voce "<literal>HostbasedAuthentication</literal>" a "<literal>yes</literal>" in entrambi i file "<literal>/etc/ssh/sshd_config</literal>" nell'host server e i "<literal>/etc/ssh/ssh_config</literal>" o "<literal>~/.ssh/config</literal>" nell'host client.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Dealing with alien SSH clients
it: Gestire client SSH estranei

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There are some free <ulink url="&ssh;">SSH</ulink> clients available for other platforms.
it: Sono disponibili alcuni client <ulink url="&ssh;">SSH</ulink> liberi per altre piattaforme.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of free SSH clients for other platforms
it: Elenco di client SSH per altre piattaforme

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: environment
it: ambiente

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: free SSH program
it: programma ssh libero

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: OpenSSH; use <literal>ssh</literal> in the Terminal application (GPL)
it: OpenSSH; usare <literal>ssh</literal> nell'applicazione Terminale (GPL)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Setting up ssh-agent
it: Impostare ssh-agent

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: It is safer to protect your SSH authentication secret keys with a pass phrase.  If a pass phrase was not set, use "<literal>ssh-keygen -p</literal>" to set it.
it: È meglio per ragioni di sicurezza proteggere la propria chiave segreta di autenticazione SSH con una passphrase. Se non è già stata impostata una passphrase usare "<literal>ssh-keygen -p</literal>" per farlo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Place your public SSH key (e.g.  "<literal>~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub</literal>") into "<literal>~/.ssh/authorized_keys</literal>" on a remote host using a password-based connection to the remote host as described above.
it: Mettere la propria chiav SSH pubblica (ad esempio "<literal>~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub</literal>") in "<literal>~/.ssh/authorized_keys</literal>" su un host remoto usando una connessione all'host remoto basata su password, come descritto in precedenza.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: $ ssh-agent bash
    $ ssh-add ~/.ssh/id_rsa
    Enter passphrase for /home/&lt;username&gt;/.ssh/id_rsa:
    Identity added: /home/&lt;username&gt;/.ssh/id_rsa (/home/&lt;username&gt;/.ssh/id_rsa)
it: $ ssh-agent bash
    $ ssh-add ~/.ssh/id_rsa
    Enter passphrase for /home/&lt;nomeutente&gt;/.ssh/id_rsa:
    Identity added: /home/&lt;nomeutente&gt;/.ssh/id_rsa (/home/&lt;nomeutente&gt;/.ssh/id_rsa)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: No remote password needed from here on for the next command.
it: Per il comando successivo non sarà più necessaria da questo momento la password remota.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: $ scp foo &lt;username&gt;@remote.host:foo
it: $ scp pippo &lt;nomeutente&gt;@host.remoto:pippo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Press ^D to terminating ssh-agent session.
it: Premere ~D per terminare la sessione ssh-agent.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For the X server, the normal Debian startup script executes <literal>ssh-agent</literal> as the parent process.  So you only need to execute <literal>ssh-add</literal> once. For more, read <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ssh-agent</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ssh-add</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
it: Per il server X, il normale script di avvio Debian esegue <literal>ssh-agent</literal> come processo genitore. Perciò è necessario eseguire <literal>ssh-add</literal> una volta sola. Per ulteriori informazioni, leggere <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ssh-agent</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> e <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ssh-add</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: How to shutdown the remote system on SSH
it: Spegnere il sistema remoto su SSH

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You need to protect the process doing "<literal>shutdown -h now</literal>" (see <xref linkend="_how_to_shutdown_the_system"/>) from the termination of SSH using the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>at</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> command (see <xref linkend="_scheduling_tasks_once"/>) by the following.
it: È necessario proteggere il processo che esegue "<literal>shutdown -h now</literal>" (vedere <xref linkend="_how_to_shutdown_the_system"/>) dalla terminazione di SSH usando il comando <citerefentry><refentrytitle>at</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> (vedere <xref linkend="_scheduling_tasks_once"/>) nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Running "<literal>shutdown -h now</literal>" in <citerefentry><refentrytitle>screen</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> (see <xref linkend="_the_screen_program"/>) session is another way to do the same.
it: Eseguire "<literal>shutdown -h now</literal>" in una sessione  <citerefentry><refentrytitle>screen</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> (vedere <xref linkend="_the_screen_program"/>) è un altro modo di ottenere lo stesso risultato.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Troubleshooting SSH
it: Risolvere il problemi con SSH

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you have problems, check the permissions of configuration files and run <literal>ssh</literal> with the "<literal>-v</literal>" option.
it: Se si hanno problemi, controllare i permessi dei file di configurazione ed eseguire <literal>ssh</literal> con l'opzione "<literal>-v</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Use the "<literal>-P</literal>" option if you are root and have trouble with a firewall; this avoids the use of server ports 1 — 1023.
it: Se si è root e si hanno problemi con un firewall usare l'opzione "<literal>-P</literal>"; questo evita l'uso delle porte 1 - 1023 del server.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If <literal>ssh</literal> connections to a remote site suddenly stop working, it may be the result of tinkering by the sysadmin, most likely a change in "<literal>host_key</literal>" during system maintenance.  After making sure this is the case and nobody is trying to fake the remote host by some clever hack, one can regain a connection by removing the "<literal>host_key</literal>" entry from "<literal>~/.ssh/known_hosts</literal>" on the local host.
it: Se le connessioni <literal>ssh</literal> ad un sito remoto smettono di funzionare improvvisamente, potrebbe essere a causa di modifiche fatte dall'amministratore di sistema, molto probabilmente cambiamenti in "<literal>host-key</literal>" durante l'amministrazione del sistema. Dopo essersi accertati che questa sia davvero la causa e che nessuna stia cercando di falsificare l'host remoto con qualche trucchetto, si può riottenere una connessione rimuovendo la voce "<literal>host-key</literal>" dal file "<literal>~/.ssh/known_hosts</literal>" sull'host locale.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Other network application servers
it: Altri server di rete

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Here are other network application servers.
it: Ecco un elenco di altri server applicativi di rete.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of other network application servers
it: Elenco di altri server applicativi di rete

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: protocol
it: protocollo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: TELNET server
it: server TELNET

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: , , (SSL support)
it: " " (supporto SSL)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Unix file sharing
it: condivisione di file Unix

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Windows file and printer sharing
it: condivisione di file e stampanti Windows

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Apple/Mac file and printer sharing (AppleTalk)
it: condivisione di file e stampanti Apple/Mac (AppleTalk)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: General file download
it: scaricamento generico di file

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: General web server
it: server web generico

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: General web <ulink url="&proxyserver;">proxy server</ulink>
it: <ulink url="&proxyserver;">server proxy</ulink> web generico

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&openslp;">OpenSLP</ulink> Server as <ulink url="&ldap;">LDAP</ulink> server
it: server <ulink url="&openslp;">OpenSLP</ulink> come server <ulink url="&ldap;">LDAP</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: IP address for other hosts
it: indirizzo IP per altri host

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: IP address of client itself
it: indirizzo IP per il client stesso

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Common Internet File System Protocol (CIFS) is the same protocol as <ulink url="&servermessageblocksmb;">Server Message Block (SMB)</ulink> and is used widely by Microsoft Windows.
it: CIFS (Common Internet File System Protocol) è lo stesso protocollo di <ulink url="&servermessageblocksmb;">SMB (Server Message Block)</ulink> ed è ampiamente usato da Microsoft Windows.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
en: See <xref linkend="_the_modern_centralized_system_management"/> for integration of server systems.
it: Vedere <xref linkend="_the_modern_centralized_system_management"/> per l'integrazione di sistemi server.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
en: The hostname resolution is usually provided by the <ulink url="&dns;">DNS</ulink> server.  For the host IP address dynamically assigned by <ulink url="&dhcp;">DHCP</ulink>, <ulink url="&dynamicdns;">Dynamic DNS</ulink> can be set up for the hostname resolution using <literal>bind9</literal> and <literal>isc-dhcp-server</literal> as described in the <ulink url="&ddnspageonthedebianwiki;">DDNS page on the Debian wiki</ulink>.
it: La risoluzione del nome di host è solitamente fornita dal server <ulink url="&dns;">DNS</ulink>. Per l'indirizzo IP dell'host assegnato dinamicamente da <ulink url="&dhcp;">DHCP</ulink>, può essere impostato un <ulink url="&dynamicdns;">DNS dinamico</ulink> per la risoluzione del nome host, usando <literal>bind9</literal> e <literal>isc-dhcp-server</literal> come descritto nella <ulink url="&ddnspageonthedebianwiki;">pagina del Wiki Debian sui DDNS</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
en: Use of proxy server such as <literal>squid</literal> is much more efficient for saving bandwidth than use of local mirror server with the full Debian archive contents.
it: L'uso di server proxy come <literal>squid</literal> è molti più efficiente per risparmiare banda rispetto all'uso di server mirror locali con il completo contenuto dell'archivio Debian.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Other network application clients
it: Altri client di rete

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Here are other network application clients.
it: Ecco un elenco di altri client applicativi di rete.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of network application clients
it: Elenco di altri client applicativi di rete

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: TCP/IP swiss army knife
it: coltellino svizzero TCP/IP

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Secure Socket Layer (SSL) binary and related cryptographic tools
it: eseguibile SSL (Secure Socket Layer) e strumenti crittografici relativi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: universal SSL Wrapper
it: wrapper SSL universale

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: TELNET client
it: client TELNET

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: MS Windows file and printer sharing client
it: client per condivisione di file e stampanti MS Windows

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: mount and umount commands for remote MS Windows file
it: comandi mount e umount per file MS Windows remoti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: FTP client
it: client FTP

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: full screen FTP client
it: client FTP a tutto schermo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&http;">HTTP</ulink> and <ulink url="&ftp;">FTP</ulink>
it: <ulink url="&http;">HTTP</ulink> e <ulink url="&ftp;">FTP</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: web downloader
it: scaricatore per web

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: accelerated downloader
it: scaricatore accelerato

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: accelerated downloader with <ulink url="&bittorrent;">BitTorrent</ulink> and <ulink url="&metalink;">Metalink</ulink> supports
it: scaricatore accelerato con gestione di <ulink url="&bittorrent;">BitTorrent</ulink> e <ulink url="&metalink;">Metalink</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>host</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> from bind9, "<literal>Priority: standard</literal>"
it: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>host</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> da bind9, "<literal>Priorità: standard</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dig</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> from bind, "<literal>Priority: standard</literal>"
it: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dig</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> da bind, "<literal>Priorità: standard</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: obtain IP address
it: ottiene indirizzo IP

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: obtain data from LDAP server
it: ottiene dati da server LDAP

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: The diagnosis of the system daemons
it: Diagnosi dei demoni di sistema

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The <literal>telnet</literal> program enables manual connection to the system daemons and its diagnosis.
it: Il programma <literal>telnet</literal> permette la connessione manuale ai demoni di sistema e la loro diagnosi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: For testing plain <ulink url="&popd;">POP3</ulink> service, try the following
it: Per testare il semplice servizio <ulink url="&popd;">POP3</ulink> provare il comando seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><screen>
en: $ telnet mail.ispname.net pop3
it: $ telnet mail.nomeisp.net pop3

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: For testing the <ulink url="&tls;">TLS</ulink>/SSL enabled <ulink url="&popd;">POP3</ulink> service by some ISPs, you need TLS/SSL enabled <literal>telnet</literal> client by the <literal>telnet-ssl</literal> or <literal>openssl</literal> packages.
it: Per testare il servizio <ulink url="&popd;">POP3</ulink> con <ulink url="&tls;">TLS</ulink>/SSL abilitato di alcuni fornitori di servizi Internet, è necessario un client <literal>telnet</literal> con TLS/SSL abilitato fornito dal pacchdetto <literal>telnet-ssl</literal> o <literal>openssl</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The following <ulink url="&rfcs;">RFCs</ulink> provide required knowledge to each system daemon.
it: Le seguenti <ulink url="&rfcs;">RFC</ulink> forniscono le conoscenze necessarie per ciascun demone di sistema.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of popular RFCs
it: Elenco di RFC popolari

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&rfcbjdj;">rfc1939</ulink> and <ulink url="&rfcceej;">rfc2449</ulink>
it: <ulink url="&rfcbjdj;">rfc1939</ulink> e <ulink url="&rfcceej;">rfc2449</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&popd;">POP3</ulink> service
it: servzio <ulink url="&popd;">POP3</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&imape;">IMAP4</ulink> service
it: servizio <ulink url="&imape;">IMAP4</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&smtp;">SMTP</ulink> service
it: servizio <ulink url="&smtp;">SMTP</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Mail file format
it: formato file di posta

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&multipurposeinteilextensionsmime;">Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME)</ulink>
it: <ulink url="&multipurposeinteilextensionsmime;">MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions)</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&dns;">DNS</ulink> service
it: servizio <ulink url="&dns;">DNS</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&http;">HTTP</ulink> service
it: servizio <ulink url="&http;">HTTP</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&uri;">URI</ulink> definition
it: definizione di <ulink url="&uri;">URI</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The port usage is described in "<literal>/etc/services</literal>".
it: L'uso delle porte è descritto in "<literal>/etc/services</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
en: The X Window System
it: Il sistema X Window

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
en: The <ulink url="&xwindowsystem;">X Window System</ulink> on the Debian system is based on the source from <ulink url="&xorg;">X.Org</ulink>. As of July 2009, they are X11R7.1(etch), X11R7.3(lenny), X11R7.3(squeeze) and X11R7.4(sid).
it: Il <ulink url="&xwindowsystem;">sistema X Window</ulink> in Debian è basato sui sorgenti di <ulink url="&xorg;">X.org</ulink>. A partire da luglio 2009 sono X11R7.1(etch), X11R7.3(lenny), X11R7.3(squeeze) e X11R7.4(sid).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Key packages
it: Pacchetti fondamentali

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: There are a few (meta)packages provided to ease installation.
it: Per facilitare l'installazione sono forniti alcuni (meta)pacchetti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of key (meta)packages for X Window
it: Elenco di (meta)pacchetti fondamentali per X Window

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: (meta)package
it: (meta)pacchetto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: X libraries, an X server, a set of fonts, and a group of basic X clients and utilities (metapackage)
it: librerie X, un server X, un insieme di tipi di carattere e un gruppo di client e utilità X di base (metapacchetto)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: full suits of the X server and its configuration
it: insieme completo del server X e della sua configurazione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: miscellaneous assortment of X clients
it: vari client X assortiti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: filesystem infrastructure for the X Window System
it: infrastruttura del filesystem per il sistema X Window

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: miscellaneous documentation for the X.Org software suite
it: documentazione varia per la suite software X.Org

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: generate the Debian menu for all menu-aware applications
it: genera il menu Debian per tutte le applicazioni con supporto per il menu

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Gtk+ frontend to <citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> or <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sudo</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>
it: frontend Gtk+ a <citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> o <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sudo</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: convert the Debian menu structure to the <ulink url="&freedesktoporg;">freedesktop.org</ulink> xdg menu structure
it: converte la struttura del menu Debian nella struttura del menu xdg di <ulink url="&freedesktoporg;">freedesktop.org</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: utilities to integrate desktop environment provided by the <ulink url="&freedesktoporg;">freedesktop.org</ulink>
it: utilità per integrare l'ambiente desktop fornito da <ulink url="&freedesktoporg;">freedesktop.org</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: standard <ulink url="&gnome;">GNOME</ulink> desktop environment (metapackage)
it: ambiente desktop <ulink url="&gnome;">GNOME</ulink> standard (metapacchetto)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: core <ulink url="&kde;">KDE</ulink> desktop environment (metapackage)
it: ambiente desktop <ulink url="&kde;">KDE</ulink> di base (metapacchetto)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&xfce;">Xfce</ulink> lightweight desktop environment (metapackage)
it: ambiente desktop leggero <ulink url="&xfce;">Xfce</ulink> (metapacchetto)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&lxde;">LXDE</ulink> lightweight desktop environment (metapackage)
it: ambiente desktop leggero <ulink url="&lxde;">LXDE</ulink> (metapacchetto)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&fluxbox;">Fluxbox</ulink>: package for highly configurable and low resource <ulink url="&xwindowmanager;">X window manager</ulink>
it: <ulink url="&fluxbox;">Fluxbox</ulink>: pacchetto per un <ulink url="&xwindowmanager;">gestore di finestre per X</ulink> altamente configurabile e con basso uso di risorse

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: For the basics of X, refer to <citerefentry><refentrytitle>X</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <ulink url="&theldpxwindowuserhowto;">the LDP XWindow-User-HOWTO</ulink>.
it: Per le nozioni base su X fare riferimento a <citerefentry><refentrytitle>X</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry> e il <ulink url="&theldpxwindowuserhowto;">XWindow-User-HOWTO del LDP</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Setting up desktop environment
it: Impostare l'ambiente desktop

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: A <ulink url="&desktopenvironment;">desktop environment</ulink> is usually a combination of a <ulink url="&xwindowmanager;">X window manager</ulink>, a file manager, and a suite of compatible utility programs.
it: Un <ulink url="&desktopenvironment;">ambiente desktop</ulink> è solitamente una combinazione di un <ulink url="&xwindowmanager;">gestore di finestre per X</ulink>, un gestore di file e una suite di utilità compatibili.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: You can setup a full <ulink url="&desktopenvironment;">desktop environment</ulink> such as <ulink url="&gnome;">GNOME</ulink>, <ulink url="&kde;">KDE</ulink>, <ulink url="&xfce;">Xfce</ulink>, or <ulink url="&lxde;">LXDE</ulink>, from the <literal>aptitude</literal> under the task menu.
it: Si può configurare un <ulink url="&desktopenvironment;">ambiente desktop</ulink> completo come <ulink url="&gnome;">GNOME</ulink>, <ulink url="&kde;">KDE</ulink>, <ulink url="&xfce;">Xfce</ulink> o <ulink url="&lxde;">LXDE</ulink> da aptitude nel menu dei task.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
en: Task menu may be out of sync with the latest package transition state under Debian <literal>unstable</literal>/<literal>testing</literal> environment. In such situation, you need to deselect some (meta)packages listed under <citerefentry><refentrytitle>aptitude</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> task menu to avoid package conflicts.  When deselecting (meta)packages, you must select certain packages providing their dependencies manually to avoid them deleted automatically.
it: Il menu dei task potrebbe non essere in sincrono con le più recenti transizioni di pacchetti negli ambienti  Debian <literal>unstable</literal>/<literal>testing</literal>. In questo caso è necessario deselezionare alcuni (meta)pacchetti elencati nel menu dei task di <citerefentry><refentrytitle>aptitude</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> per evitare conflitti tra pacchetti. Quando si deselezionano (meta)pacchetti, è necessario selezionare manualmente alcuni pacchetti che forniscono le loro dipendenze per evitare che vengano automaticamente rimossi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: You may alternatively setup a simple environment manually just with a <ulink url="&xwindowmanager;">X window manager</ulink> such as <ulink url="&fluxbox;">Fluxbox</ulink>.
it: In alternativa è possibile impostare manualmente un ambiente semplice con solamente un <ulink url="&xwindowmanager;">gestore di finestre per X</ulink> come <ulink url="&fluxbox;">Fluxbox</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: See <ulink url="&windowmanagersforx;">Window Managers for X</ulink> for the guide to the X window manager and the desktop environment.
it: Vedere <ulink url="&windowmanagersforx;">Gestori di finestre per X</ulink> per una guida ai gestori di finestre per X e agli ambienti desktop.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Debian menu
it: Menu Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <ulink url="&debianmenusystem;">Debian menu system</ulink> provides a general interface for both text- and X-oriented programs with <citerefentry><refentrytitle>update-menus</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> from the <literal>menu</literal> package.  Each package installs its menu data in the "<literal>/usr/share/menu/</literal>" directory. See "<literal>/usr/share/menu/README</literal>".
it: Il <ulink url="&debianmenusystem;">sistema del menu Debian</ulink> fornisce un'interfaccia generale ai programmi sia testuali sia orientati ad X, tramite <citerefentry><refentrytitle>update-menus</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> nel pacchetto <literal>menu</literal>. Ciascun pacchetto installa i propri dati per il menu nella directory "<literal>/usr/share/menu/</literal>". Vedere "<literal>/usr/share/menu/README</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Freedesktop.org menu
it: Menu Freedesktop.org

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Each package which is compliant to Freedesktop.org's xdg menu system installs its menu data provided by "<literal>*.desktop</literal>" under "<literal>/usr/share/applications/</literal>". Modern desktop environments which are compliant to Freedesktop.org standard use these data to generate their menu using the <literal>xdg-utils</literal> package.  See "<literal>/usr/share/doc/xdg-utils/README</literal>".
it: Ogni pacchetto conforme al sistema di menu xdg di Freedesktop.org installa i propri dati di menu forniti da "<literal>*.desktop</literal>" in "<literal>/usr/share/applications/</literal>". Gli ambienti desktop moderni che sono conformi agli standard Freedesktop.org usano questi dati per generare i propri menu usando il pacchetto <literal>xdg-utils</literal>. Vedere "<literal>/usr/share/doc/xdg-utils/README</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Debian menu under GNOME desktop environment
it: Il menu Debian nell'ambiente desktop GNOME

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: In order to obtain access to the traditional Debian menu under GNOME desktop environment, you must install the <literal>menu-xdg</literal> package, click "System" → "Preference" → "Main Menu", and check the box for "Debian".
it: Per ottenere l'accesso al menu Debian tradizionale nell'ambiente desktop GNOME, si deve installare il pacchetto <literal>menu-xdg</literal>, cliccare su "Sistema" → "Preferenze" → "Menu principale" e spuntare la casella per "Debian".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: You may need to do the similar for other modern desktop environments which are compliant to Freedesktop.org standard.
it: Potrebbe essere necessario fare un'azione simile per altri ambienti desktop moderni che sono conformi allo standard Freedesktop.org.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: The server/client relationship
it: La relazione client/server

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The X Window System is activated as a combination of the server and client programs. The meaning for the words <emphasis role="strong">server</emphasis> and <emphasis role="strong">client</emphasis> with respect to the words <emphasis role="strong">local</emphasis> and <emphasis role="strong">remote</emphasis> requires attention here.
it: Il sistema X Window è attivato come combinazione di programmi server e client. Il significato delle parole <emphasis role="strong">server</emphasis> e <emphasis role="strong">client</emphasis> in relazione alle parole <emphasis role="strong">locale</emphasis> e <emphasis role="strong">remoto</emphasis> richiede un po' di attenzione.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of server/client terminology
it: Elenco della terminologia per server/client

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <emphasis role="strong">X server</emphasis>
it: <emphasis role="strong">server X</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: a program run on a <emphasis role="strong">local host</emphasis> connected to the user's display and input devices.
it: un programma eseguito su un <emphasis role="strong">host locale</emphasis> connesso al display dell'utente e ai device di input

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <emphasis role="strong">X client</emphasis>
it: <emphasis role="strong">client X</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: a program run on a <emphasis role="strong">remote host</emphasis> that processes data and talks to the X server.
it: un programma in esecuzione su un <emphasis role="strong">host remoto</emphasis> che elabora dati e comunica con il server X

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: a program run on a <emphasis role="strong">remote host</emphasis> that processes data and talks to the clients.
it: un programma in esecuzione su un <emphasis role="strong">host remoto</emphasis> che elabora dati e comunica con i client

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <emphasis role="strong">application client</emphasis>
it: <emphasis role="strong">client applicativo</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: The X server
it: Il server X

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: See <citerefentry><refentrytitle>xorg</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> for X server information.
it: Per informazioni sul server X vedere <citerefentry><refentrytitle>xorg</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The (re)configuration of the X server
it: La (ri)configurazione del server X

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: X server (post-<literal>lenny</literal>) is rewritten to use more information from standardized OS services such as <ulink url="&hal;">HAL</ulink> and <ulink url="&dbus;">D-bus</ulink>, for its configuration than that from "<literal>/etc/X11/xorg.conf</literal>".  So contents in "<literal>/etc/X11/xorg.conf</literal>" are getting less.  You may need to <ulink url="&workaroundtransiroblemsofxserver;">work around transitional problems of X server</ulink>.
it: Il server X (post-<literal>lenny</literal>) è stato riscritto per usare, per la sua configurazione, più informazioni da servizi standard del sistema operativo, come <ulink url="&hal;">HAL</ulink> e <ulink url="&dbus;">D-bus</ulink>, piuttosto che dal file "<literal>/etc/X11/xorg.conf</literal>". Perciò i contenuti del file "<literal>/etc/X11/xorg.conf</literal>" si sono ridotti. Potrebbe essere necessario <ulink url="&workaroundtransiroblemsofxserver;">aggirare alcuni problemi di transizione del server X</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The following (re)configures an X server by generating a new "<literal>/etc/X11/xorg.conf</literal>" file using <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dexconf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
it: I comandi seguenti (ri)configurano un server X generando un nuovo file "<literal>/etc/X11/xorg.conf</literal>" usando <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dexconf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you have manually edited this "<literal>/etc/X11/xorg.conf</literal>" file but would like it to be automatically updated again, run the following command.
it: Se il file "<literal>/etc/X11/xorg.conf</literal>" è stato modificato manualmente ma si desidera che venga aggiornato automaticamente, eseguire il comando seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Please check your X configuration with respect to the specification of your monitor carefully.  For the large high resolution CRT monitor, it is a good idea to set the refresh rate as high as your monitor can handle (85 Hz is great, 75 Hz is OK) to reduce flicker.  For the LCD monitor, slower standard refresh rate (60Hz) is usually fine due to its slow response.
it: Controllare attentamente la propria configurazione di X in relazione alle specifiche del proprio monitor. Per alte risoluzioni di monitor CRT, è una buona idea impostare la frequenza di aggiornamento al valore più alto gestito dal monitor (85 Hz è un valore ottimo, 75 Hz è OK) per ridurre lo sfarfallio. Per i monitor LCD frequenze di aggiornamento standard più basse (60Hz) vanno solitamente bene a causa della risposta più lenta.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: Be careful not to use too high refresh rate which may cause fatal hardware failure of your monitor system.
it: Fare attenzione a non usare una frequenza di aggiornamento troppo alta che potrebbe causare danni hardware critici al monitor.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The connection methods to the X server
it: I metodi di connessione al server X

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There are several ways of getting the "X server" (<emphasis role="strong">display</emphasis> side) to accept connections from an "X client" (<emphasis role="strong">application</emphasis> side).
it: Ci sono diversi modi per far sì che il "server X" (lato <emphasis role="strong">display</emphasis>) accetti connessioni da un "client X" (lato <emphasis role="strong">applicazione</emphasis>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of connection methods to the X server
it: Elenco di metodi di connessione al server X

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: encryption
it: cifratura

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: method
it: metodo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: pertinent use
it: uso collegato

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: unchecked
it: non controllato

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>xhost</literal> command
it: comando <literal>xhost</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: deprecated
it: deprecato

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: checked
it: controllato

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>xauth</literal> command
it: comando <literal>xauth</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: local connection via pipe
it: connessione locale attraverso una pipe

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: yes
it: sì

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>ssh -X</literal> command
it: comando <literal>ssh -X</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: remote network connection
it: connessione di rete remota

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: no(XDMCP)
it: no (XDMCP)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: X display manager
it: gestore dello schermo di X

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: remote SSH network connection (thin client)
it: connessione SSH di rete remota (thin client)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
en: Do not use remote <ulink url="&tcp;">TCP</ulink>/<ulink url="&ip;">IP</ulink> connection over <emphasis role="strong">unsecured</emphasis> network for X connection unless you have very good reason such as use of encryption.  A remote TCP/IP socket connection without encryption is prone to the <emphasis role="strong">eavesdropping attack</emphasis> and is disabled by default on the Debian system.  Use "<literal>ssh -X</literal>".
it: Non usare connessioni remote <ulink url="&tcp;">TCP</ulink>/<ulink url="&ip;">IP</ulink> su reti <emphasis role="strong">non sicure</emphasis> per la connessione X a meno che non esistano ragioni molto buone per farlo, come l'uso di cifratura. Una connessione remota via socket TCP/IP senza cifratura è esposta ad <emphasis role="strong">attacchi di spionaggio</emphasis> ed è disabilitata in modo predefinito nel sistema Debian. Usare "<literal>ssh -X</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
en: Do not use <ulink url="&xdmcpconnection;">XDMCP connection</ulink> over <emphasis role="strong">unsecured</emphasis> network either.  It sends data via <ulink url="&udp;">UDP</ulink>/<ulink url="&ip;">IP</ulink> without encryption and is prone to the <emphasis role="strong">eavesdropping attack</emphasis>.
it: Non usare nemmeno <ulink url="&xdmcpconnection;">connessioni XDMCP</ulink> su reti <emphasis role="strong">non sicure</emphasis>. Inviano dati attraverso <ulink url="&udp;">UDP</ulink>/ <ulink url="&ip;">IP</ulink> senza cifratura e sono esposte ad <emphasis role="strong">attacchi di spionaggio</emphasis>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: LTSP stands for <ulink url="&linuxterminalserverproject;">Linux Terminal Server Project</ulink>.
it: LTSP sta per <ulink url="&linuxterminalserverproject;">Linux Terminal Server Project (progetto per server terminale Linux)</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Starting the X Window System
it: Avviare il sistema X Window

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The X Window System is usually started as an <ulink url="&xsession;">X session</ulink> which is the combination of an X server and connecting X clients.  For the normal desktop system, both of them are executed on a workstation.
it: Il sistema X Window è solitamente avviato come una <ulink url="&xsession;">sessione X</ulink>, che è la combinazione di un server X e di client X connessi. Per un normale sistema desktop entrambe le componenti sono eseguite su una macchina.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The <ulink url="&xsession;">X session</ulink> is started by the following.
it: La <ulink url="&xsession;">sessione X</ulink> viene avviata in uno dei modi seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>startx</literal> command started from the command line
it: Il comando <literal>startx</literal> avviato dalla riga di comando

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: One of the <ulink url="&xdisplaymanager;">X display manager</ulink> daemon programs <literal>*dm</literal> started from the end of the start up script in "<literal>/etc/rc?.d/</literal>" ("<literal>?</literal>" corresponding to the runlevel) directory
it: Uno dei programmi demone <ulink url="&xdisplaymanager;">display manager per X</ulink>, <literal>*dm</literal> avviati al termine dello script di avvio nella directory "<literal>/etc/rc?.d/</literal>" (dove "<literal>?</literal>" corrisponde al runlevel)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
en: The start up script for the display manager daemons checks the content of the "<literal>/etc/X11/default-display-manager</literal>" file before actually executing themselves.  This ensures to have only one <ulink url="&xdisplaymanager;">X display manager</ulink> daemon program activated.
it: Lo script di avvio dei demoni display manager controlla il contenuto del file "<literal>/etc/X11/default-display-manager</literal>" prima dell'effettivo avvio del demone. ciò assicura che venga attivato un solo programma demone per <ulink url="&xdisplaymanager;">display manager di X</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
en: See <xref linkend="_specific_locale_only_under_x_window"/> for initial environment variables of the X display manager.
it: Vedere <xref linkend="_specific_locale_only_under_x_window"/> per le variabili d'ambiente iniziali del display manager per X.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Essentially, all these programs execute the "<literal>/etc/X11/Xsession</literal>" script.  Then the "<literal>/etc/X11/Xsession</literal>" script performs <citerefentry><refentrytitle>run-parts</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> like action to execute scripts in the "<literal>/etc/X11/Xsession.d/</literal>" directory. This is essentially an execution of a first program which is found in the following order with the <literal>exec</literal> builtin command.
it: Essenzialmente tutti questi programmi eseguono lo script "<literal>/etc/X11/Xsession</literal>"; poi questo script effettua un'azione simile a <citerefentry><refentrytitle>run-parts</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> per eseguire tutti gli script nella directory "<literal>/etc/X11/Xsession.d/</literal>". Ciò è fondamentalmente l'esecuzione, con il comando interno <literal>exec</literal>, del primo  programma trovato cercando nell'ordine seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: The script specified as the argument of "<literal>/etc/X11/Xsession</literal>" by the X display manager, if it is defined.
it: Lo script specificato come argomento di "<literal>/etc/X11/Xsession</literal>" dal display manager di X, se definito.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: The "<literal>~/.xsession</literal>" or "<literal>~/.Xsession</literal>" script, if it is defined.
it: Lo script "<literal>~/.xsession</literal>" o "<literal>~/.Xsession</literal>", se definito.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: The "<literal>/usr/bin/x-session-manager</literal>" command, if it is defined.
it: Il comando "<literal>/usr/bin/x-session-manager</literal>", se definito.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: The "<literal>/usr/bin/x-window-manager</literal>" command, if it is defined.
it: Il comando "<literal>/usr/bin/x-window-manager</literal>", se definito.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: The "<literal>/usr/bin/x-terminal-emulator</literal>" command, if it is defined.
it: Il comando "<literal>/usr/bin/x-terminal-emulator</literal>", se definito.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: This process is affected by the content of "<literal>/etc/X11/Xsession.options</literal>".  The exact programs to which these "<literal>/usr/bin/x-*</literal>" commands point, are determined by the Debian alternative system and changed by "<literal>update-alternatives --config x-session-manager</literal>", etc.
it: Questo processo è influenzato dal contenuto di "<literal>/etc/X11/Xsession.options</literal>". I programmi effettivi a cui puntano questi comandi "<literal>/usr/bin/x-*</literal>" sono determinati dal sistema di alternative di Debian e possono essere modificati con "<literal>update-alternatives --config x-session-manager</literal>", ecc.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Starting X session with gdm3
it: Avviare la sessione X con gdm3

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gdm3</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> lets you select the session type (or desktop environment: <xref linkend="_setting_up_desktop_environment"/>), and language (or locale: <xref linkend="_the_locale"/>) of the X session from its menu.  It keeps the selected default value in "<literal>~/.dmrc</literal>" as the following.
it: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gdm3</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> permette di selezionare dal suo menu il tipo di sessione (o l'ambiente desktop: <xref linkend="_setting_up_desktop_environment"/>) e la lingua (o la localizzazione: <xref linkend="_the_locale"/>) della sessione X. Archivia il valore selezionato predefinito in "<literal>~/.dmrc</literal>" nel formato seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Customizing the X session (classic method)
it: Personalizzare la sessione X (metodo classico)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: On a system where "<literal>/etc/X11/Xsession.options</literal>" contains a line "<literal>allow-user-xsession</literal>" without preceding "<literal>#</literal>" characters, any user who defines "<literal>~/.xsession</literal>" or "<literal>~/.Xsession</literal>" is able to customize the action of "<literal>/etc/X11/Xsession</literal>" by completely overriding the system code. The last command in the "<literal>~/.xsession</literal>" file should use form of "<literal>exec some-window/session-manager</literal>" to start your favorite X window/session managers.
it: In un sistema in cui "<literal>/etc/X11/Xsession.options</literal>" contiene una riga "<literal>allow-user-xsession</literal>" non preceduta da nessun carattere "<literal>#</literal>, qualsiasi utente che configuri "<literal>~/.xsession</literal>" o "<literal>~/.Xsession</literal>" è in grado di personalizzare il comportamento di "<literal>/etc/X11/Xsession</literal>" sovrascrivendo completamente il codice del sistema. L'ultimo comando nel file "<literal>~/.xsession</literal> dovrebbe essere nella forma "<literal>exec un-qualche-gestore-di-finestre/sessione</literal>" per avviare il proprio gestore di finestre/sessione di X preferito.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Customizing the X session (new method)
it: Personalizzare la sessione X (metodo nuovo)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here are new methods to customize the X session without completely overriding the system code as above.
it: Quelli che seguono sono metodi nuovi per personalizzare la sessione X senza sovrascrivere completamente le impostazioni di sistema come nell'esempio precedente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The display manager <literal>gdm3</literal> can select a specific session and set it as the argument of "<literal>/etc/X11/Xsession</literal>".
it: Il display manager <literal>gdm3</literal> può selezionare una specifica sessione ed impostarla come argomento di "<literal>/etc/X11/Xsession</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The "<literal>~/.xsessionrc</literal>" file is executed as a part of start up process. (desktop independent)
it: Il file "<literal>~/.xsessionrc</literal>" è eseguito come parte del processo di avvio. (indipendente dal desktop)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The "<literal>~/.gnomerc</literal>" file is executed as a part of start up process. (GNOME desktop only)
it: Il file "<literal>~/.gnomerc</literal>" è eseguito come parte del processo di avvio (solo desktop GNOME)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The GUI program based session management software may use the "<literal>~/.gnome2/session</literal>" file etc.
it: Il software di gestione della sessione basata su programma con interfaccia grafica può usare il file "<literal>~/.gnome2/session</literal>", ecc.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Connecting a remote X client via SSH
it: Connettersi ad un client X remoto via SSH

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The use of "<literal>ssh -X</literal>" enables a secure connection from a local X server to a remote application server.
it: L'uso di "<literal>ssh -X</literal>" permette una connessione sicura da un server X locale ad un application server remoto.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Set "<literal>X11Forwarding</literal>" entries to "<literal>yes</literal>" in "<literal>/etc/ssh/sshd_config</literal>" of the remote host, if you want to avoid "<literal>-X</literal>" command-line option.
it: Impostare le voci "<literal>X11Forwarding</literal>" a "<literal>yes</literal>" nel file "<literal>/etc/ssh/sshd_config</literal>" dell'host remoto, se si vuole evitare l'opzione "<literal>-X</literal>" nella riga di comando.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Start the X server on the local host.
it: Avviare il server X sull'host locale

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Open an <literal>xterm</literal> in the local host.
it: Aprire un <literal>xterm</literal> sull'host locale.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Run <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ssh</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> to establish a connection with the remote site as the following.
it: Eseguire <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ssh</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> per stabilire una connessione con il sito remoto nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: localname @ localhost $ ssh -q -X loginname@remotehost.domain
    Password:
it: nomelocale @ hostlocale $ ssh -q -X nomelogin@hostremoto.dominio
    Password:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Run an X application command, e.g. "<literal>gimp</literal>", on the remote site as the following.
it: Eseguire un comando applicativo X, ad esempio "<literal>gimp</literal>", sul sito remoto nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: loginname @ remotehost $ gimp &amp;
it: nomelogin @ hostremoto $ gimp &amp;

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This method can display the output from a remote X client as if it were locally connected through a local UNIX domain socket.
it: Questo metodo può mostrare l'output da un client X remoto come se fosse connesso localmente attraverso un socket UNIX locale.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Secure X terminal via the Internet
it: Terminale X sicuro via Internet

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Secure X terminal via the Internet, which displays remotely run entire X desktop environment, can easily achieved by using specialized package such as <literal>ldm</literal>. Your local machine becomes a secure thin client to the remote application server connected via SSH.
it: Un terminale X sicuro via Internet, che mostri in remoto l'intero ambiente desktop X, può essere ottenuto facilmente usando pacchetti specializzati, come <literal>ldm</literal>. La macchina locale diventa un thin client sicuro per l'application server remoto connesso via SSH.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Fonts in the X Window
it: Tipi di carattere in X Window

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: <ulink url="&fontconfigca;">Fontconfig 2.0</ulink> was created to provide a distribution independent library for configuring and customizing font access in 2002.  Debian after <literal>squeeze</literal> uses <ulink url="&fontconfigca;">Fontconfig 2.0</ulink> for its font configuration.
it: <ulink url="&fontconfigca;">Fontconfig 2.0</ulink> è stato creato nel 2002 per fornire una libreria indipendente dalla distribuzione per configurare e personalizzare l'accesso ai tipi di carattere. Debian a partire da <literal>squeeze</literal> usa <ulink url="&fontconfigca;">Fontconfig 2.0</ulink> per la sua configurazione.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Font supports on X Window System can be summarized as follows.
it: Il supporto dei tipi di carattere nel sistema X Window può essere riassunto nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Legacy X server side font support system
it: Sistema datato di supporto dei tipi di carattere dal lato server X

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The original core X11 font system provides backward compatibility for older version of X client applications.
it: Il sistema originale base di X per i caratteri fornisce la compatibilità all'indietro per le versioni più vecchie dei client X.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The original core X11 fonts are installed on the X server.
it: I tipi di carattere originali base di X11 sono installati nel server X.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Modern X client side font support system
it: Sistema moderno di supporto dei tipi di carattere dal lato client X

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Modern X system supports all fonts listed below (<xref linkend="_basic_fonts"/>, <xref linkend="_additional_fonts"/>, and <xref linkend="_cjk_fonts"/>) with advanced features such as anti-aliasing.
it: Il sistema X moderno supporta tutti i tipi di carattere elencati in seguito (<xref linkend="_basic_fonts"/>, <xref linkend="_additional_fonts"/> e <xref linkend="_cjk_fonts"/>) con funzionalità avanzate come l'anti-aliasing.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&xft;">Xft</ulink> 2.0 connects modern X applications such as ones from <ulink url="&gnome;">GNOME</ulink>, <ulink url="&kde;">KDE</ulink>, and <ulink url="&libreoffice;">LibreOffice</ulink> with <ulink url="&freetype;">FreeType</ulink> 2.0 library.
it: <ulink url="&xft;">Xft</ulink> 2.0 connette applicazioni X moderne come quelle di <ulink url="&gnome;">GNOME</ulink>, <ulink url="&kde;">KDE</ulink> e <ulink url="&libreoffice;">LibreOffice</ulink> con la libreria <ulink url="&freetype;">FreeType</ulink> 2.0.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&freetype;">FreeType</ulink> 2.0 provides font rasterization library.
it: <ulink url="&freetype;">FreeType</ulink> 2.0 fornisce la libreria per la rasterizzazione dei tipi di carattere.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&fontconfig;">Fontconfig</ulink> provides resolution of the font specification for <ulink url="&xft;">Xft</ulink> 2.0.  See <citerefentry><refentrytitle>fonts.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> for its configuration.
it: <ulink url="&fontconfig;">Fontconfig</ulink> fornisce la risoluzione delle specifiche per i tipi di carattere per <ulink url="&xft;">Xft</ulink> 2.0. Per la sua configurazione vedere <citerefentry><refentrytitle>fonts.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: All modern X applications using <ulink url="&xft;">Xft</ulink> 2.0 can talk to modern X server using the <ulink url="&xrenderingextension;">X Rendering Extension</ulink>.
it: tutte le moderne applicazioni che usano <ulink url="&xft;">Xft</ulink> 2.0 possono comunicare con i server X moderni usando l'estensione <ulink url="&xrenderingextension;">X Rendering Extension</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The <ulink url="&xrenderingextension;">X Rendering Extension</ulink> moves font access and glyph image generation from the X server to the X client.
it: La <ulink url="&xrenderingextension;">X Rendering Extension</ulink> sposta l'accesso ai tipi di carattere e la generazione delle immagini per i glifi dal server X al client X.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: Table of packages to support X Window font systems
it: Tabella dei pacchetti che supportano i sistemi dei tipi di carattere in X Window

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: X Window System font utility programs
it: programmi di utilità del sistema X Window per i tipi di carattere

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Xft, a library that connects X applications with the FreeType font rasterization library
it: Xft, una libreria che connette le applicazioni X con la libreria di rasterizzazione dei caratteri FreeType

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&freetype;">FreeType</ulink> 2.0 font rasterization library
it: libreria di rasterizzazione dei tipi di carattere <ulink url="&freetype;">FreeType</ulink> 2.0

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&fontconfig;">Fontconfig</ulink>, a generic font configuration library — support binaries
it: <ulink url="&fontconfig;">Fontconfig</ulink>, una libreria generica per la configurazione dei tipi di caratteri - binari di supporto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&fontconfig;">Fontconfig</ulink>, a generic font configuration library — configuration data
it: <ulink url="&fontconfig;">Fontconfig</ulink>, una libreria generica per la configurazione dei tipi di caratteri - dati di configurazione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: You can check font configuration information by the following.
it: È possibile controllare le informazioni sulla configurazione dei tipi di carattere nei modi seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>xset q</literal>" for core X11 font path
it: "<literal>xset q</literal>" per il percorso dei tipi di carattere base di X11

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>fc-match</literal>" for fontconfig font default
it: "<literal>fc-match</literal>" per le impostazioni predefinite per i tipi di carattere di fontconfig

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>fc-list</literal>" for available fontconfig fonts
it: "<literal>fc-list</literal>" per l'elenco dei tipi di carattere di fontconfig disponibili

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
en: "<ulink url="&thepenguinandunicode;">The Penguin and Unicode</ulink>" is a good overview of modern X Window System. Other documentations at <ulink url="&httpunifontorg;">http://unifont.org/</ulink> should provide good information on Unicode fonts, Unicode-enabled software, internationalization, and Unicode usability issues on <ulink url="&freelibreopensourcefloss;">free/libre/open source (FLOSS)</ulink> operating systems.
it: "<ulink url="&thepenguinandunicode;">The Penguin and Unicode</ulink>" è una buona panoramica sul sistema X Window moderno. Altra documentazione all'indirizzo <ulink url="&httpunifontorg;">http://unifont.org/</ulink> dovrebbe fornire buone informazioni su tipi di carattere Unicode, software che gestisce Unicode, internazionalizzazione e problematiche correlate all'uso di Unicode su sistemi operativi <ulink url="&freelibreopensourcefloss;">free/libre/liberi/open source (FLOSS)</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Basic fonts
it: Tipi di carattere base

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There are 2 major types of <ulink url="&computerfonts;">computer fonts</ulink>.
it: Ci sono due tipi principali di <ulink url="&computerfonts;">caratteri per computer</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Bitmap fonts (good for low resolution rasterization)
it: I tipi di carattere bitmap (buoni per rasterizzazione a basse risoluzioni)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Outline/stroke fonts (good for high resolution rasterization)
it: Tipi di carattere outline/stroke (buoni per rasterizzazione ad alte risoluzioni)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: While scaling of bitmap fonts causes jugged image, scaling of outline/stroke fonts produces smooth image.
it: Mentre il ridimensionamento dei caratteri bitmap causa immagini dentellate, il ridimensionamento dei caratteri outline/stroke produce un'immagine pulita.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Bitmap fonts on the Debian system are usually provided by compressed <ulink url="&xbbpcfbitmapfontfiles;">X11 pcf bitmap font files</ulink> having their file extension "<literal>.pcf.gz</literal>".
it: I caratteri bitmap nel sistema Debian sono di solito forniti da <ulink url="&xbbpcfbitmapfontfiles;">file di caratteri bitmap pcf per X11</ulink> compressi, la cui estensione è "<literal>.pcf.gz</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Outline fonts on the Debian system are provided by the following.
it: I caratteri outline nel sistema Debian sono forniti dai tipi seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&postscript;">PostScript</ulink> Type 1 font files having their file extension "<literal>.pfb</literal>" (binary font file) and "<literal>.afm</literal>" (font metrics file).
it: File di caratteri <ulink url="&postscript;">PostScript</ulink> Type 1, la cui estensione è "<literal>.pfb</literal>" (file di caratteri binario) e "<literal>.afm</literal>" (file della metrica dei caratteri).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&truetype;">TrueType</ulink> (or <ulink url="&opentype;">OpenType</ulink>) font files usually having their file extension "<literal>.ttf</literal>".
it: File di caratteri <ulink url="&truetype;">TrueType</ulink> (o <ulink url="&opentype;">OpenType</ulink>), la cui estensione è normalmente "<literal>.ttf</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: <ulink url="&opentype;">OpenType</ulink> is intended to supersede both <ulink url="&truetype;">TrueType</ulink> and <ulink url="&postscript;">PostScript</ulink> Type 1.
it: <ulink url="&opentype;">OpenType</ulink> è pensato per rendere superati sia <ulink url="&truetype;">TrueType</ulink> sia <ulink url="&postscript;">PostScript</ulink> Type 1.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: Table of corresponding <ulink url="&postscript;">PostScript</ulink> Type 1 fonts
it: Tabella dei tipi di carattere <ulink url="&postscript;">PostScript</ulink> Type 1

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: font package
it: pacchetto con i caratteri

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: sans-serif font
it: carattere sans serif

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: serif font
it: carattere serif

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: monospace font
it: carattere monospace

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: source of font
it: origine del carattere

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&urw;">URW</ulink> (Adobe compatible size)
it: <ulink url="&urw;">URW</ulink> (dimensione Adobe-compatibile)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: X font support with PostScript Type 1 fonts.
it: supporto per i caratteri per X con caratteri PostScript Type 1

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: URW extended (Adobe compatible size)
it: URW esteso (dimensione Adobe-compatibile)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: scalable PostScript and OpenType fonts based on Computer Modern (from TeX)
it: caratteri PostScript e OpenType scalabili basati su Computer Modern (da TeX)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: Table of corresponding <ulink url="&truetype;">TrueType</ulink> fonts
it: Tabella dei tipi di carattere <ulink url="&truetype;">TrueType</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Microsoft (Adobe compatible size) (This installs non-free data)
it: Microsoft (dimensione Adobe-compatibile) (Installa dati non liberi)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&liberationfontsproject;">Liberation Fonts project</ulink> (Microsoft compatible size)
it: <ulink url="&liberationfontsproject;">Progetto Liberation Fonts</ulink> (dimensione Microsoft-compatibile)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&gnufreefont;">GNU freefont</ulink> (Microsoft compatible size)
it: <ulink url="&gnufreefont;">GNU freefont</ulink> (dimensione Microsoft-compatibile)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&dejavu;">DejaVu</ulink>, <ulink url="&bitstreamvera;">Bitstream Vera</ulink> with Unicode coverage
it: <ulink url="&dejavu;">DejaVu</ulink>, <ulink url="&bitstreamvera;">Bitstream Vera</ulink> con copertura di Unicode

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&dejavu;">DejaVu</ulink>, <ulink url="&bitstreamvera;">Bitstream Vera</ulink> with Unicode coverage (sans, sans-bold, serif, serif-bold, mono, mono-bold)
it: <ulink url="&dejavu;">DejaVu</ulink>, <ulink url="&bitstreamvera;">Bitstream Vera</ulink> con copertura di Unicode (sans, sans-bold, serif, serif-bold, mono, mono-bold)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&gnuunifont;">GNU Unifont</ulink>, with all printable character code in Unicode 5.1 Basic Multilingual Plane (BMP)
it: <ulink url="&gnuunifont;">GNU Unifont</ulink>, con tutti i codici di carattere stampabili in Unicode 5.1 BMP (Basic Multilingual Plane)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: <ulink url="&dejavu;">DejaVu</ulink> fonts are based on and superset of <ulink url="&bitstreamvera;">Bitstream Vera</ulink> fonts.
it: I tipi di carattere <ulink url="&dejavu;">DejaVu</ulink> sono basati sui caratteri <ulink url="&bitstreamvera;">Bitstream Vera</ulink> di cui sono un sovrainsieme.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Additional fonts
it: Tipi di carattere aggiuntivi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>aptitude</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> helps you find additional fonts easily.
it: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>aptitude</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> aiuta a trovare facilmente caratteri aggiuntivi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The short package list under "Tasks" → "Localization"
it: Il corto elenco di pacchetti in "Task" → "Localizzazione"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The filtered flat package list of font data with regex on debtag: "<literal>~Gmade-of::data:font</literal>"
it: L'elenco unico dei pacchetti filtrato per i dati dei tipi di carattere usando un'espressione regolare sui debtag: "<literal>~Gmade-of::data:font</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The filtered flat package list of the BDF (bitmap) font packages with regex on package name: "<literal>~nxfonts-</literal>"
it: L'elenco unico dei pacchetti filtrato per i pacchetti con caratteri BDF (bitmap) usando un'espressione regolare sui nomi di pacchetto: "<literal>~nxfonts-</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The filtered flat package list of the TrueType (outline) font packages with regex on package name: "<literal>~nttf-</literal>"
it: L'elenco unico dei pacchetti filtrato per i pacchetti con caratteri TrueType (outline) usando un'espressione regolare sui nomi di pacchetto: "<literal>~nttf-</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Since <emphasis role="strong">Free</emphasis> fonts are sometimes limited, installing or sharing some commercial TrueType fonts is an option for a Debian users.  In order to make this process easy for the user, some convenience packages have been created.
it: Dato che i tipi di carattere <emphasis role="strong">Liberi</emphasis> sono a volte limitati, l'installazione o la condivisione di caratteri TrueType commerciali è un'opzione da considerare per un utente Debian. Per facilitare ciò sono stati creati alcuni pacchetti di comodo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You'll have a really good selection of TrueType fonts at the expense of contaminating your <emphasis role="strong">Free</emphasis> system with non-Free fonts.
it: Si avrà un'ottima selezione di caratteri TrueType al prezzo della contaminazione del proprio sistema <emphasis role="strong">Libero</emphasis> con tipi di carattere non-Liberi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: CJK fonts
it: Tipi di carattere CJK

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here are some key points focused on fonts of <ulink url="&cjkcharacters;">CJK characters</ulink>.
it: In questa sezione ci sono alcune nozioni fondamentali centrate sull'uso di tipi di carattere con <ulink url="&cjkcharacters;">caratteri CJK</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: Table of key words used in CJK font names to indicate font types
it: Tabella delle parole chiave usate nei nomi dei tipi di carattere CJK per indicarne il tipo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: font type
it: tipologia del carattere

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: Japanese font name
it: nome del tipo di carattere in giapponese

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: Chinese font name
it: nome del tipo di carattere in cinese

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: Korean font name
it: nome del tipo di carattere in coreano

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Font name such as "VL PGothic" with "P" is a proportional font which corresponds to the fixed width "VL Gothic" font.
it: I tipi di carattere con nomi come "VL PGothic", dove la "P" sta per carattere proporzionale, sono la versione proporzionale dei corrispondenti caratteri a spaziatura fissa, come "VL Gothic".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For example, <ulink url="&shift_jis;">Shift_JIS</ulink> code table comprises 7070 characters.  They can be grouped as the following.
it: Per esempio la tabella dei codici <ulink url="&shift_jis;">Shift_JIS</ulink> comprende 7070 caratteri che possono essere raggruppati nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: JIS X 0201 single-byte characters (191 characters, a.k.a. half-width characters)
it: Caratteri a byte-singolo JIS X 0201 (191 caratteri, alias caratteri a mezza larghezza)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: JIS X 0208 double-byte characters (6879 characters, a.k.a. full-width characters)
it: Caratteri a doppio-byte JIS X 0208 (6879 caratteri, alias caratteri a piena larghezza)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Double-byte characters occupy double width on console terminals which uses CJK fixed width fonts.  In order to cope with such situation, <ulink url="&hanzibitmapfonthbffile;">Hanzi Bitmap Font (HBF) File</ulink> with file extension "<literal>.hbf</literal>" may be deployed for fonts containing single-byte and double-byte characters.
it: I caratteri a doppio-byte occupano, nei terminali console che usano tipi di carattere CJK a spaziatura fissa, una larghezza doppia. Per gestire tale situazione, possono essere usati i file <ulink url="&hanzibitmapfonthbffile;">HBF (Hanzi Bitmap Font)</ulink>, con estensione "<literal>.hbf</literal>", per avere tipi di carattere contententi caratteri a byte-singolo e doppio-byte.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: In order to save space for <ulink url="&truetype;">TrueType</ulink> font files, <ulink url="&truetype;">TrueType</ulink> font collection file with file extension "<literal>.ttc</literal>" may be used.
it: Per risparmiare spazio, per i file di caratteri <ulink url="&truetype;">TrueType</ulink>, si possono usare file con raccolte di tipi di carattere <ulink url="&truetype;">TrueType</ulink> con estensione "<literal>.ttc</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: In order to cover complicated code space of characters, CID keyed <ulink url="&postscript;">PostScript</ulink> Type 1 font is used with CMap files starting themselves with "<literal>%!PS-Adobe-3.0 Resource-CMap</literal>".  This is rarely used for normal X display but used for PDF rendering etc. (see <xref linkend="_x_utility_applications"/>).
it: Per gestire complesse spaziature dei caratteri, i tipi di carattere <ulink url="&postscript;">PostScript</ulink> CID Type 1 sono usati con file CMap che iniziano con "<literal>%!PS-Adobe-3.0 Resource-CMap</literal>".  Ciò viene raramente usato per il normale display X, ma è usato per la resa in file PDF, ecc. (vedere <xref linkend="_x_utility_applications"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: The multiple <ulink url="&glyphs;">glyphs</ulink> are expected for some <ulink url="&unicode;">Unicode</ulink> code points due to <ulink url="&hanunification;">Han unification</ulink>.  One of the most annoying ones are "U+3001 IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA" and "U+3002 IDEOGRAPHIC FULL STOP" whose character positions differ among CJK countries.  Configuring priority of Japanese centric fonts over Chinese ones using "<literal>~/.fonts.conf</literal>" should give peace of minds to Japanese.
it: Per alcuni punti della codifica <ulink url="&unicode;">Unicode</ulink> sono presenti <ulink url="&glyphs;">glifi</ulink> multipli, a causa della <ulink url="&hanunification;">unificazione Han</ulink>. Un esmpio di glifi più problematici sono "U+3001 IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA" e "U+3002 IDEOGRAPHIC FULL STOP" la cui posizione è diversa tra le nazioni CJK. La configurazione della priorità dei caratteri pensati per il giapponese, rispetto a quelli cinesi, usando " <literal>~/.fonts.conf</literal>" dovrebbe dare un po' di pace agli utenti giapponesi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: X applications
it: Applicazioni per X

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: X office applications
it: Applicazioni da ufficio per X

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here is a list of basic office applications (LO is LibreOffice).
it: Ecco un elenco di applicazioni base per l'ufficio (LO è LibreOffice).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of basic X office applications
it: Elenco di applicazioni base da ufficio per X

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: package size
it: dimensione del pacchetto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: word processor
it: elaboratore di testi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: spreadsheet
it: foglio di calcolo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: presentation
it: presentazioni

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: database management
it: gestione di database

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: vector graphics editor (draw)
it: editor di grafica vettoriale (draw)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: mathematical equation/formula editor
it: editor di equazioni matematiche e formule

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: bitmap graphics editor (paint)
it: editor di grafica bitmap (paint)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: flowchart and diagram editor
it: editor di grafi e diagrammi di flusso

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: project management
it: gestione progetti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: X utility applications
it: Applicazioni di utilità per X

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here is a list of basic utility applications which caught my eyes.
it: Ecco un elenco di utilità base che hanno attirato la mia attenzione.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of basic X utility applications
it: Elenco di applicazioni base di utilità per X

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: document(pdf) viewer
it: visualizzatore di documenti (pdf)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Personal information Management (groupware and email)
it: gestione di informazioni personali (groupware e posta elettronica)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: desktop page layout editor
it: editor di impaginazione per il desktop

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: label editor
it: editor di etichette

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: personal accounting
it: contabilità personale

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: scanner frontend
it: frontend per lo scanner

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: The <literal>poppler-data</literal> package (previously non-free, see <xref linkend="_ghostscript"/>) needs to be installed for <literal>evince</literal> and <literal>okular</literal> to display CJK PDF documents using Cmap data (<xref linkend="_cjk_fonts"/>).
it: Per far sì che <literal>evince</literal> e <literal>okular</literal> visualizzino documenti PDF CJK usando dati Cmap (<xref linkend="_cjk_fonts"/>), deve essere installato il pacchetto <literal>poppler-data</literal> (precedentemente non libero, vedere <xref linkend="_ghostscript"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: Installing softwares such as <literal>scribus</literal> (KDE) on GNOME desktop environment are quite acceptable since corresponding functionality is not available under GNOME desktop environment.  But installing too many packages with duplicated functionalities clutter your menu.
it: L'installazione di software come <literal>scribus</literal> (KDE) nell'ambiente desktop GNOME è piuttosto accettabile dato che le funzionalità corrispondenti non sono disponibili in GNOME. Tuttavia l'installazione di troppi pacchetti con le stesse funzionalità ingombra il menu.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: The X trivia
it: Informazioni varie su X

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Keymaps and pointer button mappings in X
it: Mappatura della tastiera e dei pulsanti del dispositivo di puntamento in X

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>xmodmap</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> is a utility for modifying keymaps and pointer button mappings in the X Window System.  To get the <emphasis role="strong">keycode</emphasis>, run <citerefentry><refentrytitle>xev</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> in the X and press keys.  To get the meaning of <emphasis role="strong">keysym</emphasis>, look into the MACRO definition in "<literal>/usr/include/X11/keysymdef.h</literal>" file (<literal>x11proto-core-dev</literal> package).  All "<literal>#define</literal>" statements in this file are named as "<literal>XK_</literal>" prepended to <emphasis role="strong">keysym</emphasis> names.
it: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>xmodmap</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> è un'utilità per modificare mappature di tastiera e dei pulsanti del dispositivo di puntamento nel sistema X Window. Per ottenere il <emphasis role="strong">codice dei tasti</emphasis>, eseguire <citerefentry><refentrytitle>xev</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> in X e premere i tasti. Per capire il significato di <emphasis role="strong">keysym</emphasis>, guardare la definizione di MACRO nel file "<literal>/usr/include/X11/keysymdef.h</literal>" (pacchetto <literal>x11proto-core-dev</literal>). Tutte le dichiarazioni "<literal>#define</literal>" in questo file hanno un nome che inizia con "<literal>XK_</literal>" che è seguito da i nomi <emphasis role="strong">keysym</emphasis>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Classic X clients
it: Client X classici

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Most traditional X client programs, such as <citerefentry><refentrytitle>xterm</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, can be started with a set of standard command line options to specify geometry, font, and display.
it: La maggior parte dei programmi client X tradizionali, come <citerefentry><refentrytitle>xterm</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, può essere avviata con un insieme di opzioni a riga di comando standard per specificare la geometria, il tipo di carattere e il display.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: They also use the X resource database to configure their appearance.  The system-wide defaults of X resources are stored in "<literal>/etc/X11/Xresources/*</literal>" and application defaults of them are stored in "<literal>/etc/X11/app-defaults/*</literal>".  Use these settings as the starting points.
it: Usano anche il database delle risorse X per configurare il loro aspetto. I valori predefiniti a livello di sistema delle risorse X sono memorizzati in "<literal>/etc/X11/Xresources/*</literal>" e i valori predefiniti per le singole applicazioni sono memorizzati in "<literal>/etc/X11/app-defaults/*</literal>". Usare queste impostazioni come punto di partenza.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The "<literal>~/.Xresources</literal>" file is used to store user resource specifications.  This file is automatically merged into the default X resources upon login.  To make changes to these settings and make them effective immediately, merge them into the database using the following command.
it: Il file "<literal>~/.Xresources</literal>" viene usato per memorizzare valori specifici dell'utente per le risorse. Questo file viene automaticamente unito ai valori predefiniti delle risorse X al momento del login. Per fare cambiamenti a queste impostazioni e rendere attivo immediatamente il loro effetto, unire le loro impostazioni al database usando il comando seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See <citerefentry><refentrytitle>x</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry> and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>xrdb</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
it: Vedere <citerefentry><refentrytitle>x</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry> e <citerefentry><refentrytitle>xrdb</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The X terminal emulator — xterm
it: L'emulatore di terminale per X - xterm

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Learn everything about <citerefentry><refentrytitle>xterm</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> at <ulink url="&httpdickeyhiscomtermxtermfaqhtml;">http://dickey.his.com/xterm/xterm.faq.html</ulink>.
it: Si può imparare tutto ciò che c'è da sapere su <citerefentry><refentrytitle>xterm</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> all'indirizzo <ulink url="&httpdickeyhiscomtermxtermfaqhtml;">http://dickey.his.com/xterm/xterm.faq.html</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Running X clients as root
it: Eseguire client X come root

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
en: Never start the X display/session manager under the root account by typing in <literal>root</literal> to the prompt of the display manager such as <literal>gdm3</literal> because it is considered unsafe (insecure), even when you plan to perform administrative activities.  The entire X architecture is considered insecure if run as root.  You must always use the lowest privilege level possible, like a regular user account.
it: Non avviare mai il gestore di display/sessione X dall'account root digitando "<literal>root</literal> al prompt di un  display manager come <literal>gdm3</literal>, perché è considerato rischioso (non sicuro), anche quando si ha in mente di eseguire attività di amministrazione del sistema. L'intera architettura X è considerata non sicura se eseguita come utente root. Bisogna sempre utilizzare il livello di privilegi più basso possibile, come un account di un utente regolare.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Easy ways to run a particular X client, e.g. "<literal>foo</literal>" as root is to use <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sudo</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> etc. as the following.
it: Un modo facile di eseguire un particolare client X, ad esempio "<literal>pippo</literal>", come root è l'uso di <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sudo</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> ecc., nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: $ sudo foo &amp;
it: $ sudo pippo &amp;

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: $ sudo -s
    # foo &amp;
it: $ sudo -s
    # pippo &amp;

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: $ gksu foo &amp;
it: $ gksu pippo &amp;

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: $ ssh -X root@localhost
    # foo &amp;
it: $ ssh -X root@localhost
    # pippo &amp;

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: Use of <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ssh</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> just for this purpose as above is waste of resource.
it: L'uso di <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ssh</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> solo per questo scopo, come nell'esempio precedente, è uno spreco di risorse.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: In order for the X client to connect to the X server, please note the following.
it: Per fare sì che il client X si connetta al server X, tenere a mente quanto segue.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Values of the old user's "<literal>$XAUTHORITY</literal>" and "<literal>$DISPLAY</literal>" environment variables must be copied to the new user's ones.
it: I valori delle variabili d'ambiente "<literal>$XAUTHORITY</literal>" e "<literal>$DISPLAY</literal>" del vecchio utente devono essere copiati nelle variabili del nuovo utente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The file pointed by value of the "<literal>$XAUTHORITY</literal>" environment variable must be readable by the new user.
it: Il nuovo utente deve avere i permessi di lettura per il file a cui punta la variabile d'ambiente "<literal>$XAUTHORITY</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <literal>gksu</literal> package (popcon: &pop-gksu;) is a specialized GTK+ GUI package for gaining the root privileges.  It can be configured to use <citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> or <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sudo</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> as its backend depending on the "<literal>/apps/gksu/sudo-mode</literal>" gconf key.  You can edit gconf key using <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gconf-editor</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> (menu: "Applications" → "System Tools" → "Configuration Editor").
it: Il pacchetto <literal>gksu</literal> (popcon: &pop-gksu;) è un pacchetto specializzato, con interfaccia utente grafica GTK+, per ottenere i privilegi di root. Può essere configurato per usare <citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> o <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sudo</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> come backend, a seconda della chiave di gconf "<literal>/apps/gksu/sudo-mode</literal>". Si può modificare la chiave di gconf usando <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gconf-editor</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> (menu: "Applicazioni" → "Strumenti di sistema" → "Editor della configurazione").

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
en: I18N and L10N
it: I18N e L10N

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
en: <ulink url="&multilingualizatelanguagesupport;">Multilingualization (M17N) or Native Language Support</ulink> for an application software is done in 2 steps.
it: Il <ulink url="&multilingualizatelanguagesupport;">supporto per le lingue native o M17N (Multilingualization)</ulink> per un software applicativo è ottenuto in 2 passi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Internationalization (I18N): To make a software potentially handle multiple locales.
it: L'internazionalizzazione (I18N): per rendere un software capace di gestire potenzialmente localizzazioni multiple.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Localization (L10N): To make a software handle an specific locale.
it: Localizzazione (L10N): per fare gestire dal software una localizzazione specifica.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><tip><para>
en: There are 17, 18, or 10 letters between "m" and "n", "i" and "n", or "l" and "n" in multilingualization, internationalization, and localization which correspond to M17N, I18N, and L10N.
it: Ci sono 17, 18 o 10 lettere tra le lettere "m" e "n", "i" e "n" o "l" e "n" in, rispettivamente, "multilingualization", "internazionalization" e "localization" che sono i termini inglesi corrispondenti a M17N, I18N e L10N.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
en: The modern software such as GNOME and KDE are multilingualized.  They are internationalized by making them handle <ulink url="&utfi;">UTF-8</ulink> data and localized by providing their translated messages through the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gettext</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> infrastructure.  Translated messages may be provided as separate localization packages.  They can be selected simply by setting pertinent environment variables to the appropriate locale.
it: Il software moderno, come GNOME e KDE ha il supporto per le lingue native. È internazionalizzato rendendolo capace di gestire dati <ulink url="&utfi;">UTF-8</ulink> e localizzato fornendo i messaggi tradotti attraverso l'infrastruttura <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gettext</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>. I messaggi tradotti possono essere forniti in pacchetti separati di localizzazione e possono essere selezionati semplicemente impostando al valore di localizzazione appropriato le variabili d'ambiente pertinenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
en: The simplest representation of the text data is <emphasis role="strong">ASCII</emphasis> which is sufficient for English and uses less than 127 characters (representable with 7 bits).  In order to support much more characters for the international support, many character encoding systems have been invented.  The modern and sensible encoding system is <emphasis role="strong">UTF-8</emphasis> which can handle practically all the characters known to the human (see <xref linkend="_basics_of_encoding"/>).
it: La più semplice rappresentazione di dati testuali è <emphasis role="strong">ASCII</emphasis> che è sufficiente per l'inglese ed usa meno di 127 caratteri (rappresentabili con 7 bit). Al fine di supportare molti più caratteri per il supporto internazionale, sono stati inventati molti sistemi di codifica dei caratteri. Il sistema di codifica moderno e intelligente è <emphasis role="strong">UTF-8</emphasis> che può in pratica gestire tutti i caratteri conosciuti (vedere <xref linkend="_basics_of_encoding"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
en: See <ulink url="&introductiontoibin;">Introduction to i18n</ulink> for details.
it: Vedere <ulink url="&introductiontoibin;">Introduzione all'i18n</ulink> per i dettagli.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
en: The international hardware support is enabled with localized hardware configuration data.
it: Il supporto internazionale per l'hardware viene abilitato con dati di configurazione dell'hardware localizzati.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: The keyboard input
it: L'input da tastiera

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The Debian system can be configured to work with many international keyboard arrangements.
it: Il sistema Debian può essere configurato per funzionare con molte disposizioni di tastiera internazionali.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of keyboard reconfiguration methods
it: Elenco di metodi di riconfigurazione della tastiera

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Linux console
it: Console Linux

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: This supports keyboard input for accented characters of many European languages with its dead-key function. For Asian languages, you need more complicated <ulink url="&inputmethod;">input method</ulink> support such as <ulink url="&ibus;">IBus</ulink> discussed next.
it: Ciò supporta l'input da tastiera per i caratteri accentati di molte lingue Europee tramite la funzione dead-key. Per le lingue asiatiche, è necessario il supporto per <ulink url="&inputmethod;">metodi di input</ulink> più complessi, come <ulink url="&ibus;">IBus</ulink> che sarà trattato in seguito.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The input method support with IBus
it: Il supporto per metodo di input con IBus

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Setup of multilingual input for the Debian system is simplified by using the <ulink url="&ibus;">IBus</ulink> family of packages with the <literal>im-config</literal> package. The list of IBus packages are the following.
it: La configurazione dell'input per più lingue per il sistema Debian è semplificato dall'uso della famiglia di pacchetti <ulink url="&ibus;">IBus</ulink> con il pacchetto <literal>im-config</literal>. Quello che segue è un elenco dei pacchetti IBus.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of input method supports with IBus
it: Elenco dei metodi di input supportati da IBus

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: supported locale
it: localizzazioni supportate

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: input method framework using dbus
it: infrastruttura per metodo di input che usa dbus

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Japanese
it: giapponese

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Chinese (for zh_CN)
it: cinese (per zh_CN)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: , , (for zh_TW)
it: " " (per zh_TW)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Korean
it: coreano

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: table engine for IBus
it: motore di tabelle per IBus

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Thai
it: thailandese

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Vietnamese
it: vietnamita

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Multilingual: Indic, Arabic and others
it: multilingue: indico, arabico e altri

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The kinput2 method and other locale dependent Asian classic <ulink url="&inputmethods;">input methods</ulink> still exist but are not recommended for the modern UTF-8 X environment.  The <ulink url="&scim;">SCIM</ulink> and <ulink url="&uim;">uim</ulink> tool chains are an slightly older approach for the international input method for the modern UTF-8 X environment.
it: Il metodo kinput2 e altri classici <ulink url="&inputmethods;">metodi di input</ulink> dipendenti dalla localizzazione per le lingue asiatiche esistono sempre, ma non sono raccomandati per i moderni ambienti X UTF-8. Gli insiemi di strumenti <ulink url="&scim;">SCIM</ulink> e <ulink url="&uim;">uim</ulink> costituiscono un approccio un po' più datato al metodo di input internazionale per gli ambienti X UTF-8 moderni.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: An example for Japanese
it: Un esempio per il giapponese

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: I find the Japanese input method started under English environment ("<literal>en_US.UTF-8</literal>") very useful.  Here is how I did this with IBus.
it: Trovo che il metodo di input per il giapponese avviato dall'ambiente inglese ("<literal>en_US.UTF-8</literal>") sia molto utile. Ecco come farlo con Ibus.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Install the Japanese input tool package <literal>ibus-mozc</literal> with its recommended packages such as <literal>im-config</literal>.
it: Installare il pacchetto con gli strumenti di input per il giapponese <literal>ibus-mozc</literal> insieme ai pacchetti che raccomanda, come <literal>im-config</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Execute "<literal>im-config</literal>" from user's shell and select "<literal>ibus</literal>".
it: Eseguire "<literal>im-config</literal>" da una shell utente e selezionare "<literal>ibus</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Select "System" → "Preferences" → "IBus Preferences" → "Input Method" → "Select an input method" → "Japanese" → "MOZC" and click "Add".
it: Selezionare "Sistema" → "Preferenze" → "Preferenze di IBus" → "Input Method" → "Selezione di un metodo di input" → "Giapponese" → "MOZC" e fare clic su "Aggiungi".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Relogin to user's account.
it: Rieseguire il login nell'account utente

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Verify setting by "<literal>im-config</literal>".
it: Verificare le impostazioni con "<literal>im-config</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Setup input method and mode by right clicking GUI toolbar. (You can reduce menu choice of input method.)
it: Impostare il metodo di input e la modalità cliccando con il pulsante destro sulla barra degli strumenti GUI. (Si può ridurre la scelta di menu dei metodi di input.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Start IBus input method by CTRL-SPACE.
it: Avviare il metodo di input IBus con CTRL-SPAZIO.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>im-config</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> behaves differently if command is executed from root or not.
it: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>im-config</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> si comporta in modo diverso a seconda se è eseguito da root o no.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>im-config</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> enables the best input method on the system as default without any user actions.
it: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>im-config</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> abilita il miglior metodo di input sul sistema come impostazione predefinita senza alcuna azione dell'utente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The GUI menu entry for <citerefentry><refentrytitle>im-config</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> is disabled as default to prevent cluttering.
it: La voce di menu GUI per <citerefentry><refentrytitle>im-config</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> è disabilitata in modo predefinito per evitare sovraffollamenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Disabling the input method
it: disabilitare il metodo di input

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you wish to input without going through XIM, set "<literal>$XMODIFIERS</literal>" value to "none" while starting a program. This may be the case if you use Japanese input infrastructure <literal>egg</literal> on <citerefentry><refentrytitle>emacs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>. From shell, execute as the following.
it: Se si desidera inserire dell'input senza passare da XIM, impostare il valore di "<literal>$XMODIFIERS</literal>" a "none" quando si avvia un programma. Una situazione di questo tipo potrebbe verificarsi quando si usa l'infrastruttura di input in giapponese <literal>egg</literal> in <citerefentry><refentrytitle>emacs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>. Dalla shell usare il comando seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: In order to adjust the command executed by the Debian menu, place customized configuration in "<literal>/etc/menu/</literal>" following method described in "<literal>/usr/share/doc/menu/html</literal>".
it: Per modificare il comando eseguito dal menu Debian, posizionare una configurazione personalizzata in "<literal>/etc/menu/</literal>" seguendo il metodo descritto in "<literal>/usr/share/doc/menu/html</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: The display output
it: L'output sul display

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Linux console can only display limited characters.  (You need to use special terminal program such as <citerefentry><refentrytitle>jfbterm</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> to display non-European languages on the non-X console.)
it: La console Linux può mostrare solamente un numero limitato di caratteri. (È necessario usare speciali programmi per terminale come <citerefentry><refentrytitle>jfbterm</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> per mostrare lingue non Europee nella console non-X.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: X Window can display any characters in the UTF-8 as long as required font data exists. (The encoding of the original font data is taken care by the X Window System and transparent to the user.)
it: X Window può mostrare qualsiasi carattere in UTF-8 purché esistano i tipi di carattere richiesti. (La codifica dei dati dei tipi di carattere originali viene gestita dal sistema X Window in modo trasparente per l'utente.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: The locale
it: La localizzazione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The following focuses on the locale for applications run under X Window environment started from <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gdm3</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
it: Questa sezione si concentra sulla localizzazione per applicazioni eseguite nell'ambiente X Window avviato da <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gdm3</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Basics of encoding
it: Nozioni base sulla codifica

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The environment variable "<literal>LANG=xx_YY.ZZZZ</literal>" sets the locale to language code "<literal>xx</literal>", country code "<literal>yy</literal>", and encoding "<literal>ZZZZ</literal>" (see <xref linkend="_literal_lang_literal_variable"/>).
it: La variabile d'ambiente "<literal>LANG=xx_YY.ZZZZ</literal>" imposta la localizzazione al codice di lingua "<literal>xx</literal>", alla codice di nazione "<literal>yy</literal>" e alla codifica "<literal>ZZZZ</literal>" (vedere <xref linkend="_literal_lang_literal_variable"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Current Debian system normally sets the locale as "<literal>LANG=xx_YY.UTF-8</literal>".  This uses the <ulink url="&utfi;">UTF-8</ulink> encoding with the <ulink url="&unicode;">Unicode</ulink> character set. This <ulink url="&utfi;">UTF-8</ulink> encoding system is a multibyte code system and uses code points smartly. The <ulink url="&ascii;">ASCII</ulink> data, which consist only with 7-bit range codes, are always valid UTF-8 data consisting only with 1 byte per character.
it: Il sistema Debian attuale normalmente imposta la localizzazione come "<literal>LANG=xx_YY.UTF-8</literal>" che fa uso della codifica <ulink url="&utfi;">UTF-8</ulink> con l'insieme di caratteri <ulink url="&unicode;">Unicode</ulink>. Il sistema di codifica <ulink url="&utfi;">UTF-8</ulink> è un sistema multibyte e usa i punti del codice in modo intelligente. I dati <ulink url="&ascii;">ASCII</ulink>, che consistono solamente di codici a 7 bit, sono comunque dati UTF-8 validi che usano 1 solo byte per carattere.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Previous Debian system used to set the locale as "<literal>LANG=C</literal>" or "<literal>LANG=xx_YY</literal>" (without "<literal>.UTF-8</literal>").
it: I sistemi Debian precedenti impostavano la localizzazione come "<literal>LANG=C</literal>" o "<literal>LANG=xx_YY</literal>" (senza "<literal>.UTF-8</literal>").

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The <ulink url="&ascii;">ASCII</ulink> character set is used for "<literal>LANG=C</literal>" or "<literal>LANG=POSIX</literal>".
it: Per "<literal>LANG=C</literal>" o "<literal>LANG=POSIX</literal>" viene usato l'insieme di carattteri <ulink url="&ascii;">ASCII</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The traditional encoding system in Unix is used for "<literal>LANG=xx_YY</literal>".
it: Il sistema di codifica tradizionale in Unix è usato per "<literal>LANG=xx_YY</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Actual traditional encoding system used for "<literal>LANG=xx_YY</literal>" can be identified by checking "<literal>/usr/share/i18n/SUPPORTED</literal>".  For example, "<literal>en_US</literal>" uses "<literal>ISO-8859-1</literal>" encoding and "<literal>fr_FR@euro</literal>" uses "<literal>ISO-8859-15</literal>" encoding.
it: I sistemi di codifica tradizionale di fatto usati per "<literal>LANG=xx_YY</literal>" possono essere identificati controllando "<literal>/usr/share/i18n/SUPPORTED</literal>". Per esempio, "<literal>en_US</literal>" usa la codifica <literal>ISO-8859-1</literal>" e "<literal>it_IT@euro</literal>" usa la codifica "<literal>ISO-8859-15</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: For meaning of encoding values, see <xref linkend="list-of-encoding-values"/>.
it: Per il significato dei valori delle codifiche vedere <xref linkend="list-of-encoding-values"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Rationale for UTF-8 locale
it: Logica alla base dell'uso della localizzazione UTF-8

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <ulink url="&utfi;">UTF-8</ulink> encoding is the modern and sensible text encoding system for I18N and enables to represent <ulink url="&unicode;">Unicode</ulink> characters, i.e., practically all characters known to human. <emphasis role="strong">UTF</emphasis> stands for Unicode Transformation Format (UTF) schemes.
it: La codifica <ulink url="&utfi;">UTF-8</ulink> è il sistema di codifica moderno e razionale per l'internazionalizzazione e permette di rappresentare i caratteri <ulink url="&unicode;">Unicode</ulink>, cioè praticamente tutti i caratteri conosciuti. <emphasis role="strong">UTF</emphasis> sta per schemi Unicode Transformation Format (formato di trasformazione di Unicode).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: I recommend to use <ulink url="&utfi;">UTF-8</ulink> locale for your desktop, e.g., "<literal>LANG=en_US.UTF-8</literal>".  The first part of the locale determines messages presented by applications.  For example, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gedit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> (text editor for the GNOME Desktop) under "<literal>LANG=fr_FR.UTF-8</literal>" locale can display and edit Chinese character text data while presenting menus in French, as long as required fonts and input methods are installed.
it: È raccomandato l'uso della localizzazione <ulink url="&utfi;">UTF-8</ulink> per il desktop, per esempio "<literal>LANG=en_US.UTF-8</literal>". La prima parte della localizzazione determina i messaggi presentati dalle applicazioni. Per esempio, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gedit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> (un editor di testi per il desktop GNOME) nella localizzazione "<literal>LANG=it_IT.UTF-8</literal>" può mostrare e modificare testi in caratteri cinesi e allo stesso tempo presentare i menu in italiano, a patto che siano installati i necessari tipi di carattere e metodi di input.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: I also recommend to set the locale only using the "<literal>$LANG</literal>" environment variable. I do not see much benefit of setting a complicated combination of "<literal>LC_*</literal>" variables (see <citerefentry><refentrytitle>locale</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>) under UTF-8 locale.
it: È raccomandabile anche impostare la localizzazione usando solamente la variabile d'ambiente "<literal>$LANG</literal>". Non vedo la convenienza nell'impostare nella localizzazione UTF-8 una complessa combinazione di variabili "<literal>LC_*</literal>" (vedere <citerefentry><refentrytitle>locale</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Even plain English text may contain non-ASCII characters, e.g. left and right quotation marks are not available in ASCII.
it: Anche un testo in semplice inglese può contenere caratteri non ASCII; le virgolette singole destra e sinistra per esempio non sono disponibili in ASCII.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: “double quoted text”
    ‘single quoted text’
it: “citazione tra virgolette doppie”
    ‘citazione tra virgolette singole’

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: When <ulink url="&ascii;">ASCII</ulink> plain text data is converted to <ulink url="&utfi;">UTF-8</ulink> one, it has exactly the same content and size as the original ASCII one.  So you loose nothing by deploying UTF-8 locale.
it: Quando dati di testo in puro <ulink url="&ascii;">ASCII</ulink> sono convertiti in <ulink url="&utfi;">UTF-8</ulink> hanno contenuto e dimensioni esattamente identici a quelli dei dati ASCII originali. Perciò non si può perdere nulla usando la localizzazione UTF-8.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Some programs consume more memory after supporting I18N.  This is because they are coded to use <ulink url="&utfdcucse;">UTF-32(UCS4)</ulink> internally to support Unicode for speed optimization and consume 4 bytes per each ASCII character data independent of locale selected.  Again, you loose nothing by deploying UTF-8 locale.
it: Alcuni programmi usano più memoria dopo l'inclusione del supporto per l'internazionalizzazione. Questo avviene perché il loro codice è programmato per usare internamente <ulink url="&utfdcucse;">UTF-32(UCS4)</ulink> per supportare Unicode al fine di ottimizzare la velocità e consumano 4 byte per ogni dato di carattere ASCII, indipendentemente dalla localizzazione selezionata. Ancora una volta usando la localizzazione UTF-8 non si perde nulla.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The vendor specific old non-UTF-8 encoding systems tend to have minor but annoying differences on some characters such as graphic ones for many countries.  The deployment of the UTF-8 system by the modern OSs practically solved these conflicting encoding issues.
it: I vecchi sistemi di codifica non UTF-8 specifici di produttori, tendono ad avere piccolissime, ma noiose, differenze per molte nazioni in alcuni caratteri come quelli grafici. L'uso del sistema UTF-8 da parte dei sistemi operativi moderni ha praticamente risolto questi problemi di conflitti tra le codifiche.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The reconfiguration of the locale
it: La (ri)configurazione della localizzazione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: In order for the system to access a particular locale, the locale data must be compiled from the locale database. (The Debian system does <emphasis role="strong">not</emphasis> come with all available locales pre-compiled unless you installed the <literal>locales-all</literal> package.) The full list of supported locales available for compiling are listed in "<literal>/usr/share/i18n/SUPPORTED</literal>". This lists all the proper locale names.  The following lists all the available UTF-8 locales already compiled to the binary form.
it: Per far sì che un sistema abbia accesso ad una localizzazione particolare, è necessario che i dati della localizzazione siano stati compilati a partire dal database della localizzazione. (Il sistema Debian <emphasis role="strong">non</emphasis> viene fornito con tutte le localizzazioni disponibili già compilate a meno che non si sia installato il pachetto <literal>locales-all</literal>.) L'elenco completo delle localizzazioni supportate disponibili per la compilazione è contenuto in "<literal>/usr/share/i18n/SUPPORTED</literal>" che elenca tutti i nomi esatti delle localizzazioni. Il comando seguente elenca tutte le localizzazioni UTF-8 già compilate in forma binaria.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The following command execution reconfigures the <literal>locales</literal> package.
it: Si può riconfigurare il pacchetto <literal>locales</literal> eseguendo il comando seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This process involves 3 steps.
it: Questo processo comprende 3 passi successivi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Update the list of available locales
it: Aggiornare l'elenco delle localizzazioni disponibili

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Compile them into the binary form
it: Compilarle in forma binaria

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Set the system wide default locale value in the "<literal>/etc/defaults/locale</literal>" for use by PAM (see <xref linkend="_pam_and_nss"/>)
it: Impostare, per l'uso da parte di PAM (vedere <xref linkend="_pam_and_nss"/>) il valore della localizzazione di sistema nel file "<literal>/etc/defaults/locale</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The list of available locale should include "<literal>en_US.UTF-8</literal>" and all the interesting languages with "<literal>UTF-8</literal>".
it: L'elenco delle localizzazioni disponibili dovrebbe includere "<literal>en_US.UTF-8</literal>" e tutte le lingue desiderate con "<literal>UTF-8</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The recommended default locale is "<literal>en_US.UTF-8</literal>" for US English.  For other languages, please make sure to chose locale with "<literal>UTF-8</literal>".  Any one of these settings can handle any international characters.
it: La localizzazione predefinita raccomandata è "<literal>en_US.UTF-8</literal>" per l'inglese statunitense. Per le altre lingue, assicurasi di scegliere la localizzazione con "<literal>UTF-8</literal>"; ognuna di queste può gestire qualsiasi carattere internazionale.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: Although setting locale to "<literal>C</literal>" uses US English message, it handles only ASCII characters.
it: Benché l'impostazione della localizzazione a "<literal>C</literal>" usi i messaggi in inglese statunitense, gestisce solo i caratteri ASCII.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The value of the "<literal>$LANG</literal>" environment variable
it: Il valore della variabile di ambiente "<literal>$LANG</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The value of the "<literal>$LANG</literal>" environment variable is set and changed by many applications.
it: Il valore della variabile d'ambiente "<literal>$LANG</literal>" viene impostato e modificato da molte applicazioni.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Set initially by the PAM mechanism of <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> for the local Linux console programs
it: È impostato inizialmente dal meccanismo PAM di <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> per i programmi nelle console Linux locali

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Set initially by the PAM mechanism of the display manager for all X programs
it: È impostato inizialmente dal meccanismo PAM del display manager per tutti i programmi X

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Set initially by the PAM mechanism of <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ssh</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> for the remote console programs
it: È impostato inizialmente dal meccanismo PAM per <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ssh</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> per i programmi nelle console remote

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Changed by some display manager such as <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gdm3</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> for all X programs
it: È modificato da alcuni display manager come <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gdm3</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> per tutti i programmi X

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Changed by the X session startup code via "<literal>~/.xsessionrc</literal>" for all X programs (<literal>lenny</literal> feature)
it: È modificato dal codice di avvio della sessione X tramite "<literal>~/.xsessionrc</literal>" per tutti i programmi X (funzionalità di <literal>lenny</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Changed by the shell startup code, e.g. "<literal>~/.bashrc</literal>", for all console programs
it: È modificato dal codice di avvio della shell, ad esempio "<literal>~/.bashrc</literal>" per tutti i programmi in console

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: It is good idea to install system wide default locale as "<literal>en_US.UTF-8</literal>" for maximum compatibility.
it: È una buona idea installare la localizzazione predefinita per tutto il sistema come "<literal>en_US.UTF-8</literal>" per avere la massima compatibilità.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Specific locale only under X Window
it: Localizzazione specifica solamente in X Window

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can chose specific locale only under X Window irrespective of your system wide default locale using PAM customization (see <xref linkend="_pam_and_nss"/>) as follows.
it: Si può scegliere una localizzazione specifica solo sotto X Window, indipendentemente dalla localizzazione predefinita di sistema, usando la personalizzazione di PAM (vedere <xref linkend="_pam_and_nss"/>) nel modo descritto in seguito.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This environment should provide you with your best desktop experience with stability.  You have access to the functioning character terminal with readable messages even when the X Window System is not working.  This becomes essential for languages which use non-roman characters such as Chinese, Japanese, and Korean.
it: Questo ambiente dovrebbe fornire la migliore esperienza desktop possibile mantenendo la stabilità. Si ha accesso ad un terminale a caratteri funzionante con messaggi leggibili, anche quando il sistema X Window non funziona. Ciò diventa essenziale per le lingue che usano caratteri non romani, come cinese, giapponese e coreano.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: There may be another way available as the improvement of X session manager package but please read following as the generic and basic method of setting the locale.  For <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gdm3</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, I know you can select the locale of X session via its memu.
it: Potrebbe essere disponibile un modo alternativo per ottenere lo stesso risulato, visti i miglioramenti che avvengono nei pacchetti dei gestori delle sessioni X, ma la lettura di quanto segue fornisce un metodo generico di base per l'impostazione della localizzazione. Per <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gdm3</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, è possibile selezionare la localizzazione della sessione X dal suo menu.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The following line defines file location of the language environment in the PAM configuration file, such as "<literal>/etc/pam.d/gdm3</literal>.
it: La riga seguente definisce la posizione del file dell'ambiente della lingua, nel file di configurazione di PAM, come "<literal>/etc/pam.d/gdm3</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Change this to the following.
it: Cambiare tale riga nel modo seguente

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For Japanese, create a "<literal>/etc/defaults/locale-x</literal>" file with "<literal>-rw-r--r-- 1 root root</literal>" permission containing the following.
it: Per il giapponese, creare un file "<literal>/etc/defaults/locale-x</literal>" permessi "<literal>-rw-r--r-- 1 root root</literal>" contenente quanto segue.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Keep the default "<literal>/etc/defaults/locale</literal>" file for other programs as the the following.
it: Mantenere il file predefinito "<literal>/etc/defaults/locale</literal>" per l'uso da parte di altri programmi nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This is the most generic technique to customize locale and makes the menu selection dialog of <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gdm3</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> itself to be localized.
it: Questa è la tecnica più generica per personalizzare la localizzazione e rende localizzato il dialogo di selezione stesso del menu di <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gdm3</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Alternatively for this case, you may simply change locale using the "<literal>~/.xsessionrc</literal>" file.
it: In alternativa in questo caso, si può semplicemente cambiare la localizzazione usando il file "<literal>~/.xsessionrc</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Filename encoding
it: Codifica per i nomi di file

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For cross platform data exchanges (see <xref linkend="_removable_storage_device"/>), you may need to mount some filesystem with particular encodings.  For example, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mount</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> for <ulink url="&vfatfilesystem;">vfat filesystem</ulink> assumes <ulink url="&cpedh;">CP437</ulink> if used without option.  You need to provide explicit mount option to use <ulink url="&utfi;">UTF-8</ulink> or <ulink url="&cpjdc;">CP932</ulink> for filenames.
it: Per lo scambia di dati interpiattaforma (vedere <xref linkend="_removable_storage_device"/>), può essere necessario montare alcuni file system con codifiche particolari. Per esempio, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mount</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, se usato senza opzioni, assume che venga usata la codifica <ulink url="&cpedh;">CP437</ulink> per il <ulink url="&vfatfilesystem;">file system vfat</ulink>. È necessario fornire esplicitamente opzioni di montaggio per usare nomi di file <ulink url="&utfi;">UTF-8</ulink> o <ulink url="&cpjdc;">CP932</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: When auto-mounting a hot-pluggable USB memory stick under modern desktop environment such as GNOME, you may provide such mount option by right clicking the icon on the desktop, click "Drive" tab, click to expand "Setting", and entering "utf8" to "Mount options:".  The next time this memory stick is mounted, mount with UTF-8 is enabled.
it: Quando una chiavetta USB inseribile a caldo viene automaticamente montata in un ambiente desktop moderno come GNOME, si può fornire una informazione di montaggio di questo tipo cliccando con il tasto destro sull'icona del dispositivo sul desktop, cliccare sulla scheda "Drive", cliccare per espandere "Impostazioni" ed inserire "utf8" in "Opzioni di mount:". La prossima volta che questa chiavetta di memoria verrà montata, sarà abilitato il montaggio con UTF-8.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: If you are upgrading system or moving disk drives from older non-UTF-8 system, file names with non-ASCII characters may be encoded in the historic and deprecated encodings such as <ulink url="&isoiifjb;">ISO-8859-1</ulink> or <ulink url="&eucjp;">eucJP</ulink>.  Please seek help of text conversion tools to convert them to <ulink url="&utfi;">UTF-8</ulink>. See <xref linkend="_text_data_conversion_tools"/>.
it: Se si sta facendo l'aggiornamento di un sistema o spostando dischi da un sistema non UTF-8, i nomi di file con caratteri non ASCII potranno essere codificati con codifiche usate una volta e ora deprecate, come <ulink url="&isoiifjb;">ISO-8859-1</ulink> o <ulink url="&eucjp;">eucJP</ulink>. Cercare aiuto sugli strumenti di conversione dei testi per convrtirli in <ulink url="&utfi;">UTF-8</ulink>. Vedere <xref linkend="_text_data_conversion_tools"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <ulink url="&samba;">Samba</ulink> uses Unicode for newer clients (Windows NT, 200x, XP) but uses <ulink url="&cpifa;">CP850</ulink> for older clients (DOS and Windows 9x/Me) as default.  This default for older clients can be changed using "<literal>dos charset</literal>" in the "<literal>/etc/samba/smb.conf</literal>" file, e.g., to <ulink url="&cpjdc;">CP932</ulink> for Japanese.
it: <ulink url="&samba;">Samba</ulink> usa in modo predefinito Unicode per i client più moderni (Windows NT, 200x, XP), ma usa <ulink url="&cpifa;">CP850</ulink> per client più vecchi (DOS e Windows 9x/Me). Questo comportamento predefinito per i client più vecchi può essere modificato usando "<literal>dos charset</literal>" nel file "<literal>/etc/samba/smb.conf</literal>", per esempio usando "<ulink url="&cpjdc;">CP932</ulink>" per il giapponese.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Localized messages and translated documentation
it: Messaggi localizzati e documentazione tradotta

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Translations exist for many of the text messages and documents that are displayed in the Debian system, such as error messages, standard program output, menus, and manual pages.  <ulink url="&gnugettextbcommandtoolchain;">GNU gettext(1) command tool chain</ulink> is used as the backend tool for most translation activities.
it: Esistono le traduzioni di molti dei messaggi di testo e dei documenti che sono mostrati nel sistema Debian, come messaggi di errore, output standard dei programmi, menu e pagine di manuale. L'insieme di strumenti <ulink url="&gnugettextbcommandtoolchain;">GNU gettext(1)</ulink> è usato come strumento di backend per la maggior parte delle attività di traduzione.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>aptitude</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> lists under "Tasks" → "Localization" provide extensive list of useful binary packages which add localized messages to applications and provide translated documentation.
it: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>aptitude</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> fornisce in "Task" → "Localizzazione" un ampio elenco di utili pacchetti binari che aggiungono alle applicazioni messaggi localizzati e che forniscono documentazione nella versione tradotta.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For example, you can obtain the localized message for manpage by installing the <literal>manpages-&lt;LANG&gt;</literal> package. To read the Italian-language manpage for &lt;programname&gt; from "<literal>/usr/share/man/it/</literal>", execute as the following.
it: Per esempio, si possono ottenere i messaggi localizzati per le pagine man installando il pacchetto <literal>manpages-&lt;LINGUA&gt;</literal>. Per leggere le pagine man di &lt;nomeprogramma&gt; in italiano contenute in "<literal>/usr/share/man/it/</literal>", eseguire il comando seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: LANG=it_IT.UTF-8 man &lt;programname&gt;
it: LANG=it_IT.UTF-8 man &lt;nomeprogramma&gt;

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Effects of the locale
it: Effetti della localizzazione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The sort order of characters with <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sort</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> is affected by the language choice of the locale. Spanish and English locale sort differently.
it: La disposizione dell'ordinamento dei caratteri con <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sort</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> è influenzata dalla lingua scelta dalla localizzazione. Le localizzazioni spagnola e inglese ordinano in modo diverso.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The date format of <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ls</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> is affected by the locale.  The date format of "<literal>LANG=C ls -l</literal>" and "<literal>LANG=en_US.UTF-8</literal>" are different (see <xref linkend="_customized_display_of_time_and_date"/>).
it: Il formato della data mostrato da <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ls</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> è influenzato dalla localizzazione. Il formato della data di "<literal>LANG=C ls -l</literal>" è differente da quello con "<literal>LANG=en_US.UTF-8</literal>" (vedere <xref linkend="_customized_display_of_time_and_date"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Number punctuation are different for locales.  For example, in English locale, one thousand one point one is displayed as "<literal>1,000.1</literal>" while in German locale, it is displayed as "<literal>1.000,1</literal>".  You may see this difference in spreadsheet program.
it: I caratteri di punteggiatura usati per i numeri sono diversi nelle varie localizzazioni. Per esempio, nella localizzazione inglese mille virgola uno è rappresentato come "<literal>1,000.1</literal>", mentre nella localizzazione in tedesco è mostrato come "<literal>1.000,1</literal>". Si può vedere questa differenza nei programmi per fogli di calcolo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
en: System tips
it: Suggerimenti per il sistema

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
en: Here, I describe basic tips to configure and manage systems, mostly from the console.
it: In questa sezione vengono descritti suggerimenti base per configurare e gestire il sistema, per lo più dalla console.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: The screen program
it: Il programma screen

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>screen</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> is a very useful tool for people to access remote sites via unreliable or intermittent connections since it support interrupted network connections.
it: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>screen</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> è uno strumento molto utile per permettere alle persone di accedere a siti remoti attraverso una connessione non affidabile o intermittente, dato che supporta connessioni interrotte.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of programs to support interrupted network connections
it: Elenco di programmi che supportano connessioni di rete interrotte

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: terminal multiplexer with VT100/ANSI terminal emulation
it: multiplexer per terminale con emulazione di terminale VT100/ANSI

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The use scenario for screen(1)
it: Scenario di uso per screen(1)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>screen</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> not only allows one terminal window to work with multiple processes, but also allows <emphasis role="strong">remote shell process to survive interrupted connections</emphasis>.  Here is a typical use scenario of <citerefentry><refentrytitle>screen</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
it: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>screen</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> non permette solamente il funzionamento di una finestra di terminale con processi multipli, ma permette anche ai <emphasis role="strong">processi in shell remote di sopravvivere a connessioni interrotte</emphasis>. Quello che segue è un tipico scenario di uso di <citerefentry><refentrytitle>screen</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: You login to a remote machine.
it: Si fa il login in una macchina remota.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: You start <literal>screen</literal> on a single console.
it: Si avvia <literal>screen</literal> in una console singola.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: You execute multiple programs in <literal>screen</literal> windows created with <literal>^A c</literal> ("Control-A" followed by "c").
it: Si eseguono svariati programmi in finestre <literal>screen</literal> create con <literal>^A c</literal> ("Control-A" seguito da "c").

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: You switch among the multiple <literal>screen</literal> windows by <literal>^A n</literal> ("Control-A" followed by "n").
it: Ci si sposta tra le svariate finestre <literal>screen</literal> create con <literal>^A n</literal> ("Control-A" seguito da "n").

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Suddenly you need to leave your terminal, but you don't want to lose your active work by keeping the connection.
it: All'improvviso si ha la necessità di lasciare il terminale, ma non si vuole perdere il lavoro attivo e si vuole mantenere la connessione.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: You may <emphasis role="strong">detach</emphasis> the <literal>screen</literal> session by any methods.
it: Si può <emphasis role="strong">scollegare</emphasis> la sessione <literal>screen</literal> in uno qualsiasi dei metodi seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Brutally unplug your network connection
it: Scollegare brutalmente la connessione di rete

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Type <literal>^A d</literal> ("Control-A" followed by "d") and manually logging out from the remote connection
it: Digitare <literal>^A d</literal> ("Control-A" seguito da "d") e fare manualmente il log out dalla connessione remota.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Type <literal>^A DD</literal> ("Control-A" followed by "DD") to have <literal>screen</literal> detach and log you out
it: Digitare <literal>^A DD</literal> ("Control-A" seguito da "DD") per far si che <literal>screen</literal> si scolleghi e faccia il log out.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: You log in again to the same remote machine (even from a different terminal).
it: Ci si ricollega alla stessa macchina remota (anche da un terminale diverso).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: You start <literal>screen</literal> as "<literal>screen -r</literal>".
it: Si avvia <literal>screen</literal> con "<literal>screen -r</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>screen</literal> magically <emphasis role="strong">reattaches</emphasis> all previous <literal>screen</literal> windows with all actively running programs.
it: <literal>screen</literal> magicamente <emphasis role="strong">ricollega</emphasis> tutte le finestre <literal>screen</literal> precedente con tutti i programmi in esecuzione attivi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: You can save connection fees with <literal>screen</literal> for metered network connections such as dial-up and packet ones, because you can leave a process active while disconnected, and then re-attach it later when you connect again.
it: Con <literal>screen</literal> si può risparmiare sui costi di connessione per connessioni a tempo, come dial-up o conteggiate a pacchetti, perché si può lasciare un processo attivo mentre si è disconnessi e poi ricollegarvisi successivamente quando è possibile connettersi di nuovo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Key bindings for the screen command
it: Associazioni dei tasti per il comando screen

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: In a <literal>screen</literal> session, all keyboard inputs are sent to your current window except for the command keystroke.  All <literal>screen</literal> command keystrokes are entered by typing <literal>^A</literal> ("Control-A") plus a single key [plus any parameters].  Here are important ones to remember.
it: In una sessione <literal>screen</literal> tutto l'input da tastiera viene inviato alla finestra attuale, tranne per le combinazioni di tasti per i comandi. Tutte le combinazioni di tasti per i comandi di <literal>screen</literal> vengono inserite digitando <literal>^A</literal> ("Control-A") più un singolo tasto [più eventuali parametri]. Ecco alcune combinazioni di tasti importanti da ricordare.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of key bindings for screen
it: Elenco di associazioni di tasti per screen

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: show a help screen (display key bindings)
it: mostra una schermata di aiuto (visualizza le associazioni di tasti)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: create a new window and switch to it
it: crea una nuova finestra e si sposta in essa

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: go to next window
it: va alla finestra successiva

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: go to previous window
it: va alla finestra precedente

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: go to window number 0
it: va alla finestra numero 0

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: go to window number 1
it: va alla finestra numero 1

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: show a list of windows
it: mostra l'elenco delle finestre

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: send a Ctrl-A to current window as keyboard input
it: invia Ctrl-A alla finestra attuale come input da tastiera

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: write a hardcopy of current window to file
it: scrive una copia della schermata della finestra attuale in un file

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: begin/end logging current window to file
it: inizia/termina la registrazione dell'attività della finestra attuale in un file

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: lock the terminal (password protected)
it: blocca il terminale (protetto da password)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: detach screen session from the terminal
it: scollega la sessione screen dal terminale

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: detach screen session and log out
it: scollega la sessione di screen e fa il log out

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See <citerefentry><refentrytitle>screen</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> for details.
it: Vedere <citerefentry><refentrytitle>screen</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> per i dettagli.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Data recording and presentation
it: Registrazione e presentazione di dati

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The log daemon
it: Demoni di registro

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Many programs record their activities under the "<literal>/var/log/</literal>" directory.
it: Molti programmi registrano le proprie attività nella directory "<literal>/var/log/</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The kernel log daemon: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>klogd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>
it: Il demone del registro del kernel: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>klogd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The system log daemon: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>rsyslogd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>
it: Il demone del registro di sistema: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>rsyslogd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See <xref linkend="_the_system_message"/> and <xref linkend="_the_kernel_message"/>.
it: Vedere <xref linkend="_the_system_message"/> e <xref linkend="_the_kernel_message"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Log analyzer
it: Analizzatori di registro

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here are notable log analyzers ("<literal>~Gsecurity::log-analyzer</literal>" in <citerefentry><refentrytitle>aptitude</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>).
it: Quelli che seguono sono alcuni analizzatori di registro degni di nota ("<literal>~Gsecurity::log-analyzer</literal>" in <citerefentry><refentrytitle>aptitude</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of system log analyzers
it: Elenco di analizzatori del registro di sistema

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: log analyzer with nice output written in Perl
it: analizzatore di registro scritto in Perl con un bell'output

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: web server log analyzer
it: analizzatore del registro di server web

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: powerful and featureful web server log analyzer
it: analizzatore potente e ricco di funzionalità per registro di server web

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: squid analysis report generator
it: generatore di rapporti sull'analisi di squid

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Postfix log entry summarizer
it: strumento per riassunti delle voci di registro di Postfix

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: summarize the contents of a syslog log file
it: riassume i contenuti di un file di registro di sistema

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: full-featured log analyzer and report generator
it: analizzatore di file di registro e generatore di rapporti ricco di funzionalità

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: firewall log analyzer
it: analizzatore del registro del firewall

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: monitor and analyze squid access.log files
it: monitora e analizza i file access.log di squid

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: fast web server log analyzer
it: analizzatore veloce del registro di server web

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: log file viewer with regexp matching, highlighting, and hooks
it: visualizzatore di file di registro con corrispondenze con espressioni regolari, evidenziazione ed eventi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Controllable Regex Mutilator and Spam Filter (CRM114)
it: Controllable Regex Mutilator e filtro per spam (CRM114)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: interpret ICMP messages
it: interpreta i messaggi ICMP

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: <ulink url="&crmbbe;">CRM114</ulink> provides language infrastructure to write <emphasis role="strong">fuzzy</emphasis> filters with the <ulink url="&treregexlibrary;">TRE regex library</ulink>.  Its popular use is spam mail filter but it can be used as log analyzer.
it: <ulink url="&crmbbe;">CRM114</ulink> fornisce un'infrastruttura basata su un linguaggio per scrivere filtri <emphasis role="strong">fuzzy</emphasis> con la <ulink url="&treregexlibrary;">libreria per espressioni regolari TRE</ulink>. Il suo utilizzo più comune è come filtro per la posta spazzatura, ma può anche essere usato come analizzatore di registro.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Recording the shell activities cleanly
it: Registrare le attività della shell in modo pulito

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The simple use of <citerefentry><refentrytitle>script</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> (see <xref linkend="_recording_the_shell_activities"/>) to record shell activity produces a file with control characters.  This can be avoided by using <citerefentry><refentrytitle>col</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> as the following.
it: Il semplice uso di <citerefentry><refentrytitle>script</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> (vedere <xref linkend="_recording_the_shell_activities"/>) per registrare l'attività della shell produce un file con caratteri di controllo. Ciò può essere evitato usando <citerefentry><refentrytitle>col</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Do whatever … and press <literal>Ctrl-D</literal> to exit <literal>script</literal>.
it: Fare tutto quello che si vuole … e poi premere <literal>Ctrl-D</literal> per uscire da <literal>script</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: $ col -bx &lt;typescript &gt;cleanedfile
    $ vim cleanedfile
it: $ col -bx &lt;typescript &gt;filepulito
    $ vim filepulito

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you don't have <literal>script</literal> (for example, during the boot process in the initramfs), you can use following instead.
it: Se <literal>script</literal> non è disponibile (per esempio, durante il processo di avvio in initramfs), si può usare invece il comando seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Some <literal>x-terminal-emulator</literal> such as <literal>gnome-terminal</literal> can record.  You may wish to extend line buffer for scrollback.
it: Alcuni <literal>x-terminal-emulator</literal> (emulatori di terminale in X), come <literal>Terminale di GNOME</literal> hanno la funzione di registrazione. Si potrebbe voler ampliare il buffer delle righe per scorrerle all'indietro.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: You may use <citerefentry><refentrytitle>screen</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> with "<literal>^A H</literal>" (see <xref linkend="_key_bindings_for_the_screen_command"/>) to perform recording of console.
it: Si può usare <citerefentry><refentrytitle>screen</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> con "<literal>^A H</literal>" (vedere <xref linkend="_key_bindings_for_the_screen_command"/>) per registrare la console.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: You may use <citerefentry><refentrytitle>emacs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> with "<literal>M-x shell</literal>", "<literal>M-x eshell</literal>", or "<literal>M-x term</literal>" to perform recording of console.  You may later use "<literal>C-x C-w</literal>" to write the buffer to a file.
it: È possibile usare <citerefentry><refentrytitle>emacs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> con "<literal>M-x shell</literal>", "<literal>M-x eshell</literal>" o "<literal>M-x term</literal>" per registrare la console. Si può successivamente usare "<literal>C-x C-w</literal>" per scrivere il buffer in un file.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Customized display of text data
it: Visualizzazione personalizzata di dati di testo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Although pager tools such as <citerefentry><refentrytitle>more</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>less</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> (see <xref linkend="_the_pager"/>) and custom tools for highlighting and formatting (see <xref linkend="_highlighting_and_formatting_plain_text_data"/>) can display text data nicely, general purpose editors (see <xref linkend="_the_text_editor"/>) are most versatile and customizable.
it: Sebbene gli strumenti di paginazione, come <citerefentry><refentrytitle>more</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> e <citerefentry><refentrytitle>less</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> (vedere <xref linkend="_the_pager"/>) e gli strumenti personalizzati per l'evidenziazione e la formattazione (vedere <xref linkend="_highlighting_and_formatting_plain_text_data"/>) possano mostrare il testo in un modo piacevole, gli editor generici (vedere <xref linkend="_the_text_editor"/>) sono più versatili e personalizzabili.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: For <citerefentry><refentrytitle>vim</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> and its pager mode alias <citerefentry><refentrytitle>view</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "<literal>:set hls</literal>" enables highlighted search.
it: Per <citerefentry><refentrytitle>vim</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> e la sua modalità per paginatore, ossia <citerefentry><refentrytitle>view</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "<literal>:set hls</literal>" abilita la ricerca con evidenziazione.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Customized display of time and date
it: Visualizzazione personalizzata di date e orari

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The default display format of time and date by the "<literal>ls -l</literal>" command depends on the <emphasis role="strong">locale</emphasis> (see <xref linkend="_timestamps"/> for value).  The "<literal>$LANG</literal>" variable is referred first and it can be overridden by the "<literal>$LC_TIME</literal>" variable.
it: Il formato predefinito per la visualizzazione delle date e degli orari per il comando "<literal>ls -l</literal>" dipende dalla <emphasis role="strong">localizzazione</emphasis> (vedere <xref linkend="_timestamps"/> per il valore). Si fa dapprima riferimento alla variabile "<literal>$LANG</literal>" che può essere scavalcata dalla variabile "<literal>$LC_TIME</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The actual default display format for each locale depends on the version of the standard C library (the <literal>libc6</literal> package) used.  I.e., different releases of Debian had different defaults.
it: Il formato effettivo di visualizzazione predefinito per ciascuna localizzazione dipende dalla versione della libreria C (il pacchetto <literal>libc6</literal>) usata. Differenti rilasci di Debian hanno cioè valori predefiniti diversi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you really wish to customize this display format of time and date beyond the <emphasis role="strong">locale</emphasis>, you should set the <emphasis role="strong">time style value</emphasis> by the "<literal>--time-style</literal>" argument or by the "<literal>$TIME_STYLE</literal>" value (see <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ls</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>date</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "<literal>info coreutils 'ls invocation'</literal>").
it: Se si desidera veramente personalizzare questo formato di visualizzazione delle date e degli orari, oltre a ciò che è fatto con la <emphasis role="strong">localizzazione</emphasis>, si deve impostare il <emphasis role="strong">valore dello stile degli orari</emphasis> con l'opzione "<literal>--time-style</literal>" o con il valore di "<literal>$TIME_STYLE</literal>" (vedere <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ls</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>date</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "<literal>info coreutils 'ls invocation'</literal>").

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: Display examples of time and date for the "<literal>ls -l</literal>" command for <literal>wheezy</literal>
it: Esempi di visualizzazione di date e orari per il comando "<literal>ls -l</literal>" per <literal>wheezy</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: time style value
it: valore dello stile per gli orari

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: locale
it: localizzazione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: display of time and date
it: visualizzazione di data e ora

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: any
it: qualsiasi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>C</literal> or <literal>en_US.UTF-8</literal>
it: <literal>C</literal> o <literal>en_US.UTF-8</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: You can eliminate typing long option on commandline using command alias, e.g. "<literal>alias ls='ls --time-style=+%d.%m.%y\ %H:%M'</literal>" (see <xref linkend="_command_alias"/>).
it: Si può evitare di digitare lunghe opzioni nella riga di comando usando alias, per esempio "<literal>alias ls='ls --time-style=+%d.%m.%y\ %H:%M'</literal>" (vedere <xref linkend="_command_alias"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: <ulink url="&isoigab;">ISO 8601</ulink> is followed for these iso-formats.
it: Per i formati iso viene seguito lo standard <ulink url="&isoigab;">ISO 8601</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Colorized shell echo
it: Output colorato per la shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Shell echo to most modern terminals can be colorized using <ulink url="&ansiescapecode;">ANSI escape code</ulink> (see "<literal>/usr/share/doc/xterm/ctlseqs.txt.gz</literal>").
it: L'output inviato a schermo dalla shell nella maggior parte dei terminali moderni può essere colorato usando <ulink url="&ansiescapecode;">codici di escape ANSI</ulink> (vedere "<literal>/usr/share/doc/xterm/ctlseqs.txt.gz</literal>").

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: $ RED=$(printf "\x1b[31m")
    $ NORMAL=$(printf "\x1b[0m")
    $ REVERSE=$(printf "\x1b[7m")
    $ echo "${RED}RED-TEXT${NORMAL} ${REVERSE}REVERSE-TEXT${NORMAL}"
it: $ RED=$(printf "\x1b[31m")
    $ NORMAL=$(printf "\x1b[0m")
    $ REVERSE=$(printf "\x1b[7m")
    $ echo "${RED}TESTO-ROSSO${NORMAL} ${REVERSE}TESTO-IN-NEGATIVO${NORMAL}"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Colorized commands
it: Comandi colorati

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Colorized commands are handy for inspecting their output in the interactive environment.  I include the following in my "<literal>~/.bashrc</literal>".
it: I comandi colorati sono comodi per ispezionare il loro output in modo interattivo. Nel mio file "<literal>~/.bashrc</literal>" io includo quanto segue.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The use of alias limits color effects to the interactive command usage.  It has advantage over exporting environment variable "<literal>export GREP_OPTIONS='--color=auto'</literal>" since color can be seen under pager programs such as <citerefentry><refentrytitle>less</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.  If you wish to suppress color when piping to other programs, use "<literal>--color=auto</literal>" instead in the above example for "<literal>~/.bashrc</literal>".
it: Questo uso degli alias limita gli effetti colorati all'uso interattivo dei comandi. Ha il vantaggio, rispetto all'esportazione della variabile d'ambiente "<literal>export GREP_OPTIONS='--color=auto'</literal>", che i colori possono essere visti in programmi di paginazione come <citerefentry><refentrytitle>less</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>. Se si desidera eliminare i colori quando si invia l'output con una pipe ad altri comandi, usare nell'esempio precedente per "<literal>~/.bashrc</literal>" "<literal>--color=auto</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: You can turn off these colorizing aliases in the interactive environment by invoking shell with "<literal>TERM=dumb bash</literal>".
it: Questi alias di colorazione possono essere disattivati nell'ambiente interattivo invocando la shell con il comando "<literal>TERM=dumb bash</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Recording the editor activities for complex repeats
it: Registrare le attività dell'editor per ripetizioni complesse

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can record the editor activities for complex repeats.
it: È possibile registrare le attività dell'editor per ripetere azioni complesse.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For <ulink url="&vim;">Vim</ulink>, as follows.
it: Per <ulink url="&vim;">vim</ulink> fare nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>qa</literal>": start recording typed characters into named register "<literal>a</literal>".
it: "<literal>qa</literal>": avviare la registrazione dei caratteri digitati in un registro chiamato "<literal>a</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: … editor activities
it: … attività nell'editor

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>q</literal>": end recording typed characters.
it: "<literal>q</literal>": terminare la registrazione dei caratteri digitati.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>@a</literal>": execute the contents of register "<literal>a</literal>".
it: "<literal>@a</literal>": eseguire il contenuto del registro "<literal>a</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For <ulink url="&emacs;">Emacs</ulink>, as follows.
it: Per <ulink url="&emacs;">Emacs</ulink> fare nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>C-x (</literal>": start defining a keyboard macro.
it: "<literal>C-x (</literal>": iniziare la definizione di una macro da tastiera.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>C-x )</literal>": end defining a keyboard macro.
it: "<literal>C-x )</literal>": terminare la definizione di una macro da tastiera.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>C-x e</literal>": execute a keyboard macro.
it: "<literal>C-x e</literal>": eseguire la definizione di una macro da tastiera.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Recording the graphic image of an X application
it: Registrare l'immagine grafica di un'applicazione X

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There are few ways to record the graphic image of an X application, including an <literal>xterm</literal> display.
it: Ci sono alcuni modi per registrare l'immagine grafica di un'applicazione X, incluso il display di un <literal>xterm</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of graphic image manipulation tools
it: Elenco di strumenti di manipolazione di immagini grafiche

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: GUI menu
it: menu della GUI

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Recording changes in configuration files
it: Registrare i cambiamenti a file di configurazione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There are specialized tools to record changes in configuration files with help of DVCS system.
it: Esistono strumenti specializzati per registrare i cambiamenti nei file di configurazione con l'aiuto del sistema DVCS.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of packages to record configuration history in VCS
it: Elenco di pacchetti per registrare la cronologia della configurazione in VCS

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: store configuration files and their metadata with <ulink url="&git;">Git</ulink> (default), <ulink url="&mercurial;">Mercurial</ulink>, or <ulink url="&bazaar;">Bazaar</ulink> (new)
it: archivia i file di configurazione ed i loro metadati con <ulink url="&git;">Git</ulink> (predefinito), <ulink url="&mercurial;">Mercurial</ulink> o <ulink url="&bazaar;">Bazaar</ulink> (nuovo)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: store configuration files with <ulink url="&rcs;">RCS</ulink> (old)
it: archivia i file di configurazione con <ulink url="&rcs;">RCS</ulink> (vecchio)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: I recommend to use the <literal>etckeeper</literal> package with <citerefentry><refentrytitle>git</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> which put entire "<literal>/etc</literal>" under VCS control.  Its installation guide and tutorial are found in "<literal>/usr/share/doc/etckeeper/README.gz</literal>".
it: Io raccomando l'uso del pacchetto <literal>etckeeper</literal> con <citerefentry><refentrytitle>git</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> che mette l'intera directory "<literal>/etc</literal>" sotto il controllo di VCS. La sua guida di installazione ed il suo tutorial si trovano in "<literal>/usr/share/doc/etckeeper/README.gz</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Essentially, running "<literal>sudo etckeeper init</literal>" initializes the git repository for "<literal>/etc</literal>" just like the process explained in <xref linkend="_git_for_recording_configuration_history"/> but with special hook scripts for more thorough setups.
it: Fondamentalmente, l'esecuzione di "<literal>sudo etckeeper init</literal>" inizializza il repository git per "<literal>/etc</literal>", esattamente come nel procedimento spiegato in <xref linkend="_git_for_recording_configuration_history"/> ma con speciali script attivati da eventi per impostazioni più accurate.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: As you change your configuration, you can use <citerefentry><refentrytitle>git</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> normally to record them.  It automatically records changes nicely every time you run package management commands, too.
it: Quando si cambia la configurazione, si può usare normalmente <citerefentry><refentrytitle>git</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> per registrare i cambiamenti. Esso registra automaticamente i cambiamenti in modo comodo anche ogni volta che vengono eseguiti i comandi di gestione dei pacchetti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: You can browse the change history of "<literal>/etc</literal>" by executing "<literal>sudo GIT_DIR=/etc/.git gitk</literal>" with clear view for new installed packages, removed packages, and version changes of packages.
it: Si può sfogliare la cronologia dei cambiamenti di "<literal>/etc</literal>" eseguendo "<literal>sudo GIT_DIR=/etc/.git</literal>" ottenendo una chiara visualizzazione dei nuovi pacchetti installati, di quelli rimossi e dei cambiamenti di versione dei pacchetti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Data storage tips
it: Suggerimenti per l'archiviazione dei dati

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Booting your system with Linux <ulink url="&livecds;">live CDs</ulink> or <ulink url="&debianinstallercds;">debian-installer CDs</ulink> in rescue mode make it easy for you to reconfigure data storage on your boot device.  See also <xref linkend="_the_binary_data"/>.
it: L'avvio del sistema con un <ulink url="&livecds;">CD live</ulink> Linux o un <ulink url="&debianinstallercds;">CD del debian-installer</ulink> in modalità ripristino rende semplice la riconfigurazione dell'archiviazione dei dati sul dispositivo di avvio. Vedere anche <xref linkend="_the_binary_data"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Disk space usage
it: Uso dello spazio su disco

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The disk space usage can be evaluated by programs provided by the <literal>mount</literal>, <literal>coreutils</literal>, and <literal>xdu</literal> packages:
it: L'uso dello spazio su disco può essere valutato con i programmi forniti dai pacchetti <literal>mount</literal>, <literal>coreutils</literal> e <literal>xdu</literal>:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mount</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> reports all mounted filesystems (= disks).
it: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mount</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> mostra tutti i file system (= dischi) montati.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>df</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> reports the disk space usage for the file system.
it: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>df</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> mostra l'uso dello spazio su disco da parte dei file system.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>du</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> reports the disk space usage for the directory tree.
it: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>du</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> mostra l'uso dello spazio su disco da parte dell'albero di directory.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: You can feed the output of <citerefentry><refentrytitle>du</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> to <citerefentry><refentrytitle>xdu</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1x</manvolnum></citerefentry> to produce its graphical and interactive presentation with "<literal>du -k . |xdu</literal>", "<literal>sudo du -k -x / |xdu</literal>", etc.
it: Si può indirizzare l'output di <citerefentry><refentrytitle>du</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> a <citerefentry><refentrytitle>xdu</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1x</manvolnum></citerefentry> per far sì che che produca la sua rappresentazione grafica e interattiva, usando "<literal>du -k . |xdu</literal>", "<literal>sudo du -k -x / |xdu</literal>", ecc.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Disk partition configuration
it: Configurazione del partizionamento dei dischi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For <ulink url="&diskpartition;">disk partition</ulink> configuration, although <citerefentry><refentrytitle>fdisk</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> has been considered standard, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>parted</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> deserves some attention.  "Disk partitioning data", "partition table", "partition map", and "disk label" are all synonyms.
it: Per la configurazione del <ulink url="&diskpartition;">partizionamento dei dischi</ulink>, benché <citerefentry><refentrytitle>fdisk</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> sia considerato lo strumento standard, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>parted</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> merita un po' di attenzione. "Dati di partizionamento del disco", "tabella delle partizioni", "mappa delle partizioni" e "etichetta del disco" sono tutti sinonimi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Most PCs use the classic <ulink url="&masterbootrecordmbr;">Master Boot Record (MBR)</ulink> scheme to hold <ulink url="&diskpartitioning;">disk partitioning</ulink> data in the first sector, i.e., <ulink url="&lba;">LBA</ulink> sector 0 (512 bytes).
it: La maggior parte dei PC usa il classico schema basato su <ulink url="&masterbootrecordmbr;">MBR (Master Boot Record)</ulink> per contenere i dati sul <ulink url="&diskpartitioning;">partizionamento del disco</ulink> nel primo settore, cioè il settore <ulink url="&lba;">LBA</ulink> 0 (512 byte).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: Some new PCs with <ulink url="&extensiblefirmwareinterfaceefi;">Extensible Firmware Interface (EFI)</ulink>, including Intel-based Macs, use <ulink url="&guidpartitiontablegpt;">GUID Partition Table (GPT)</ulink> scheme to hold <ulink url="&diskpartitioning;">disk partitioning</ulink> data not in the first sector.
it: Alcuni PC più recenti con <ulink url="&extensiblefirmwareinterfaceefi;">EFI (Extensible Firmware Interface)</ulink>, compresi i Mac basati su Intel, usano lo schema <ulink url="&guidpartitiontablegpt;">GPT (GUID Partition Table)</ulink> per contenere i dati sul <ulink url="&diskpartitioning;">partizionamento del disco</ulink> non nel primo settore.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Although <citerefentry><refentrytitle>fdisk</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> has been standard for the disk partitioning tool, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>parted</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> is replacing it.
it: Sebbene <citerefentry><refentrytitle>fdisk</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> sia stato lo strumento standard per il partizionamento dei dischi, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>parted</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> lo sta sostituendo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of disk partition management packages
it: Elenco di pacchetti di gestione delle partizioni dei dischi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: miscellaneous system utilities including <citerefentry><refentrytitle>fdisk</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>cfdisk</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>
it: utilità di sistema varie inclusi <citerefentry><refentrytitle>fdisk</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> e <citerefentry><refentrytitle>cfdisk</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: GNU Parted disk partition resizing program
it: programma GNU Parted per il ridimensionamento delle partizioni dei dischi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: GNOME partition editor based on <literal>libparted</literal>
it: editor delle partizioni di GNOME basato su <literal>libparted</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: GNU replacements of console <citerefentry><refentrytitle>fdisk</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>cfdisk</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, etc.
it: sostituti GNU in console di <citerefentry><refentrytitle>fdisk</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>cfdisk</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, ecc.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: partition editor for the GPT disk
it: editor delle partizioni per i dischi GPT

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: synchronize classic MBR partition table with the GPT one
it: sincronizza una tabella delle partizioni MBR classica con una GPT

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: program to create device mappings for partitions
it: programma per creare la mappatura a device per le partizioni

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: Although <citerefentry><refentrytitle>parted</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> claims to create and to resize filesystem too, it is safer to do such things using best maintained specialized tools such as <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mkfs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> (<citerefentry><refentrytitle>mkfs.msdos</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mkfs.ext2</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mkfs.ext3</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, …) and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>resize2fs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
it: Sebbene <citerefentry><refentrytitle>parted</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> sostenga di creare e ridimensionare anche i file system, è più sicuro fare queste cose usando gli strumenti specializzati meglio mantenuti, come <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mkfs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> (<citerefentry><refentrytitle>mkfs.msdos</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mkfs.ext2</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mkfs.ext3</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, …) e <citerefentry><refentrytitle>resize2fs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: In order to switch between <ulink url="&gpt;">GPT</ulink> and <ulink url="&mbr;">MBR</ulink>, you need to erase first few blocks of disk contents directly (see <xref linkend="_clearing_file_contents"/>) and use "<literal>parted /dev/sdx mklabel gpt</literal>" or "<literal>parted /dev/sdx mklabel msdos</literal>" to set it.  Please note "<literal>msdos</literal>" is use here for <ulink url="&mbr;">MBR</ulink>.
it: Per poter commutare tra <ulink url="&gpt;">GPT</ulink> e <ulink url="&mbr;">MBR</ulink>, è necessario cancellare direttamente i primi pochi blocchi del contenuto del disco (vedere <xref linkend="_clearing_file_contents"/>) e usare "<literal>parted /dev/sdx mklabel gpt</literal>" o "<literal>parted /dev/sdx mklabel msdos</literal>", per fare il cambiamento. Notare che in questo contesto è usato "<literal>msdos</literal>" per <ulink url="&mbr;">MBR</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Accessing partition using UUID
it: Accedere alle partizioni usando UUID

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Although reconfiguration of your partition or activation order of removable storage media may yield different names for partitions, you can access them consistently. This is also helpful if you have multiple disks and your BIOS doesn't give them consistent device names.
it: Anche se la riconfigurazione delle partizioni o l'ordine di attivazione di supporti di archiviazione removibili può portare ad avere nomi diversi per le partizioni, è possibili accedere ad esse in modo coerente. Ciò è utile anche se si hanno più dischi ed il BIOS non assegna loro un nome di dispositivo costante.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mount</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> with "<literal>-U</literal>" option can mount a block device using <ulink url="&uuid;">UUID</ulink>, instead of using its file name such as "<literal>/dev/sda3</literal>".
it: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mount</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> con l'opzione "<literal>-U</literal>" può montare un device a blocchi usando l'<ulink url="&uuid;">UUID</ulink> invece di usare il suo nome di file come "<literal>/dev/sda3</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/etc/fstab</literal>" (see <citerefentry><refentrytitle>fstab</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>) can use <ulink url="&uuid;">UUID</ulink>.
it: Il file "<literal>/etc/fstab</literal>" (vedere <citerefentry><refentrytitle>fstab</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>) può usare gli <ulink url="&uuid;">UUID</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Boot loaders (<xref linkend="_stage_2_the_boot_loader"/>) may use <ulink url="&uuid;">UUID</ulink> too.
it: Anche i bootloader (<xref linkend="_stage_2_the_boot_loader"/>) possono usare gli <ulink url="&uuid;">UUID</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: You can probe <ulink url="&uuid;">UUID</ulink> of a block special device with <citerefentry><refentrytitle>blkid</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
it: Si può scoprire l'<ulink url="&uuid;">UUID</ulink> di un device a blocchi speciale con <citerefentry><refentrytitle>blkid</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Device nodes of devices such as removable storage media can be made static by using <ulink url="&udevrules;">udev rules</ulink>, if needed.  See <xref linkend="_the_udev_system"/>.
it: I nodi di device dei dispositivi come i supporti di archiviazione rimovibili possono essere resi statici usando <ulink url="&udevrules;">regole udev</ulink>, se necessario. Vedere <xref linkend="_the_udev_system"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Filesystem configuration
it: Configurazione del file system

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For <ulink url="&extd;">ext3</ulink> filesystem, the <literal>e2fsprogs</literal> package provides the following.
it: Per il file system <ulink url="&extd;">ext3</ulink>, il pacchetto <literal>e2fsprogs</literal> fornisce gli strumenti seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mkfs.ext3</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> to create new <ulink url="&extd;">ext3</ulink> filesystem
it: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mkfs.ext3</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> per creare nuovi file system <ulink url="&extd;">ext3</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>fsck.ext3</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> to check and to repair existing <ulink url="&extd;">ext3</ulink> filesystem
it: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>fsck.ext3</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> per controllare e riparare file system <ulink url="&extd;">ext3</ulink> esistenti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tune2fs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> to configure superblock of <ulink url="&extd;">ext3</ulink> filesystem
it: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tune2fs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> per configurare i superblocchi di un file system <ulink url="&extd;">ext3</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mkfs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>fsck</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> commands are provided by the <literal>e2fsprogs</literal> package as front-ends to various filesystem dependent programs (<literal>mkfs.fstype</literal> and <literal>fsck.fstype</literal>). For <ulink url="&extd;">ext3</ulink> filesystem, they are <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mkfs.ext3</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>fsck.ext3</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> (they are hardlinked to <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mke2fs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>e2fsck</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>).
it: I comandi <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mkfs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> e <citerefentry><refentrytitle>fsck</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> sono forniti dal pacchetto <literal>e2fsprogs</literal> come front-end per vari programmi dipendenti dal file syste (<literal>mkfs.tipofs</literal> e <literal>fsck.tipofs</literal>). Per il file system <ulink url="&extd;">ext3</ulink> , sono <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mkfs.ext3</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> e <citerefentry><refentrytitle>fsck.ext3</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> (sono un collegamento fisico a <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mke2fs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> e <citerefentry><refentrytitle>e2fsck</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Similar commands are available for each filesystem supported by Linux.
it: Sono disponibili comandi simili per ciascun file system supportato da Linux.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of filesystem management packages
it: Elenco di pacchetti di gestione dei file system

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: utilities for the <ulink url="&extc;">ext2</ulink>/<ulink url="&extd;">ext3</ulink>/<ulink url="&exte;">ext4</ulink> filesystems
it: utilità per i file system <ulink url="&extc;">ext2</ulink>/<ulink url="&extd;">ext3</ulink>/<ulink url="&exte;">ext4</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: utilities for the <ulink url="&reiserfs;">Reiserfs</ulink> filesystem
it: utilità per i file system <ulink url="&reiserfs;">Reiserfs</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: utilities for the <ulink url="&fat;">FAT</ulink> filesystem. (Microsoft: MS-DOS, Windows)
it: utilità per i file system <ulink url="&fat;">FAT</ulink> (Microsoft: MS-DOS, Windows)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: utilities for the <ulink url="&xfs;">XFS</ulink> filesystem. (SGI: IRIX)
it: utilità per i file system <ulink url="&xfs;">XFS</ulink> (SGI: IRIX)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: utilities for the <ulink url="&ntfs;">NTFS</ulink> filesystem. (Microsoft: Windows NT, …)
it: utilità per i file system <ulink url="&ntfs;">NTFS</ulink> (Microsoft: Windows NT, …)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: utilities for the <ulink url="&jfs;">JFS</ulink> filesystem. (IBM: AIX, OS/2)
it: utilità per i file system <ulink url="&jfs;">JFS</ulink> (IBM: AIX, OS/2)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: utilities for the <ulink url="&reisere;">Reiser4</ulink> filesystem
it: utilità per i file system <ulink url="&reisere;">Reiser4</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: utilities for <ulink url="&hfs;">HFS</ulink> and <ulink url="&hfsplus;">HFS Plus</ulink> filesystem. (Apple: Mac OS)
it: utilità per i file system <ulink url="&hfs;">HFS</ulink> e <ulink url="&hfsplus;">HFS Plus</ulink> (Apple: Mac OS)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: utilities for the <ulink url="&btrfs;">Btrfs</ulink> filesystem
it: utilità per i file system <ulink url="&btrfs;">Btrfs</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: program to zero free blocks from ext2/3 filesystems
it: programma per impostare a 0 i blocchi liberi in file system ext2/3

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: <ulink url="&exte;">Ext4</ulink> filesystem is the default filesystem for the Linux system and strongly recommended to use it unless you have some specific reasons not to.
it: Il file system <ulink url="&exte;">Ext4</ulink> è il predefinito per il sistema Linux e il suo uso è caldamente raccomandato a meno che non sia abbiano specifiche ragioni per non farlo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: <ulink url="&btrfs;">Btrfs</ulink> filesystem is available in Linux kernel 3.2 (Debian <literal>wheezy</literal>).  It is expected to be the next default filesystem after the ext4 filesystem.
it: Il file system <ulink url="&btrfs;">Btrfs</ulink> è disponibile nel kernel Linux 3.2 (Debian <literal>wheezy</literal>). Dovrebbe diventare il prossimo file system predefinito dopo quello ext4.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
en: You should not use the Btrfs filesystem for your critical data yet before it aquires the live kernel space <citerefentry><refentrytitle>fsck</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> feature and the boot loader support.
it: Non si dovrebbe ancora usare il file system Btrfs per i propri dati importanti prima che abbia la funzionalità <citerefentry><refentrytitle>fsck</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> live in spazio kernel e il supporto nel boot loader.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Some tools allow access to filesystem without Linux kernel support (see <xref linkend="_manipulating_files_without_mounting_disk"/>).
it: Alcuni strumenti permettono l'accesso a file system non supportati del kernel Linux (vedere <xref linkend="_manipulating_files_without_mounting_disk"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Filesystem creation and integrity check
it: Creare file system e verificarne l'integrità

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mkfs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> command creates the filesystem on a Linux system. The <citerefentry><refentrytitle>fsck</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> command provides the filesystem integrity check and repair on a Linux system.
it: In un sistema Linux, il comando <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mkfs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> crea i file system ed il comando <citerefentry><refentrytitle>fsck</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> fornisce funzioni di controllo dell'integrità e di riparazione dei file system.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: It is generally not safe to run <literal>fsck</literal> on <emphasis role="strong">mounted filesystems</emphasis>.
it: In generale l'esecuzione di <literal>fsck</literal> su <emphasis role="strong">file system montati</emphasis> non è sicura.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Check files in "<literal>/var/log/fsck/</literal>" for the result of the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>fsck</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> command run from the boot script.
it: Per vedere i risultati del comando <citerefentry><refentrytitle>fsck</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> avviato dallo script di avvio, controllare i file in "<literal>/var/log/fsck/</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Use "<literal>shutdown -F -r now</literal>" to force to run the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>fsck</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> command safely on all filesystems including root filesystem on reboot. See the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>shutdown</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> manpage for more.
it: Per forzare l'esecuzione del comando <citerefentry><refentrytitle>fsck</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> in modo sicuro su tutti i file system, compreso il file system root, al prossimo avvio usare "<literal>shutdown -F -r now</literal>. Vedere la pagina man di <citerefentry><refentrytitle>shutdown</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> per ulteriori dettagli.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Optimization of filesystem by mount options
it: Ottimizzare il file system con opzioni di mount

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The basic static filesystem configuration is given by "<literal>/etc/fstab</literal>".  For example,
it: La configurazione statica di base del file system è fornita da «<literal>/etc/fstab</literal>». Ad esempio,

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: # &lt;file system&gt; &lt;mount point&gt;   &lt;type&gt;  &lt;options&gt;       &lt;dump&gt;  &lt;pass&gt;
    proc            /proc           proc    defaults        0       0
    UUID=709cbe4c-80c1-56db-8ab1-dbce3146d2f7 / ext4 noatime,errors=remount-ro 0 1
    UUID=817bae6b-45d2-5aca-4d2a-1267ab46ac23 none swap sw  0       0
    /dev/scd0       /media/cdrom0   udf,iso9660 user,noauto 0       0
it: # &lt;file system&gt; &lt;punto di mount&gt;   &lt;tipo&gt;  &lt;opzioni&gt;       &lt;dump&gt;  &lt;pass&gt;
    proc            /proc           proc    defaults        0       0
    UUID=709cbe4c-80c1-56db-8ab1-dbce3146d2f7 / ext4 noatime,errors=remount-ro 0 1
    UUID=817bae6b-45d2-5aca-4d2a-1267ab46ac23 none swap sw  0       0
    /dev/scd0       /media/cdrom0   udf,iso9660 user,noauto 0       0

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: <ulink url="&uuid;">UUID</ulink> (see <xref linkend="_accessing_partition_using_uuid"/>) may be used to identify a block device instead of normal block device names such as "<literal>/dev/sda1</literal>", "<literal>/dev/sda2</literal>", …
it: Per identificare un dispositivo a blocchi si può usare il suo <ulink url="&uuid;">UUID</ulink> (vedere <xref linkend="_accessing_partition_using_uuid"/>) invece del normale nome di device a blocchi quale «<literal>/dev/sda1</literal>», «<literal>/dev/sda2</literal>», …

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Performance and characteristics of a filesystem can be optimized by mount options used on it (see <citerefentry><refentrytitle>fstab</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mount</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>).  Notable ones are the following.
it: Le prestazioni e le caratteristiche di un file system possono essere ottimizzate usando per esso opzioni per il montaggio (vedere <citerefentry><refentrytitle>fstab</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> e <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mount</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>).Alcune opzioni importanti sono le seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>defaults</literal>" option implies default options: "<literal>rw,suid,dev,exec,auto,nouser,async</literal>". (general)
it: L'opzione "<literal>defaults</literal>" implica le opzioni predefinite: "<literal>rw,suid,dev,exec,auto,nouser,async</literal>". (Uso generico)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>noatime</literal>" or "<literal>relatime</literal>" option is very effective for speeding up the read access. (general)
it: L'opzione "<literal>noatime</literal>" o "<literal>relatime</literal>" è molto efficace nel velocizzare l'accesso in lettura. (Uso generico)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>user</literal>" option allows an ordinary user to mount the filesystem. This option implies "<literal>noexec,nosuid,nodev</literal>" option combination. (general, used for CD and floppy)
it: L'opzione "<literal>user</literal>" permette ad un normale utente di montare il file system. Questa opzione implica la combinazione di opzioni "<literal>noexec,nosuid,nodev</literal>". (Uso generico, usato per CD e floppy)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>noexec,nodev,nosuid</literal>" option combination is used to enhance security. (general)
it: La combinazione di opzioni "<literal>noexec,nodev,nosuid</literal>" è usata per migliorare la sicurezza. (Uso generico)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>noauto</literal>" option limits mounting by explicit operation only. (general)
it: L'opzione "<literal>noauto</literal>" limita il montaggio solamente a quando esplicitamente richiesto. (Uso generico)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>data=journal</literal>" option for ext3fs can enhance data integrity against power failure with some loss of write speed.
it: L'opzione "<literal>data=journal</literal>" per ext3fs può migliorare la salvaguardia dell'integrità dei dati contro interruzioni dell'alimentazione a prezzo della perdita di un po' di velocità in scrittura.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: You need to provide kernel boot parameter (see <xref linkend="_stage_2_the_boot_loader"/>), e.g. "<literal>rootflags=data=journal</literal>" to deploy a non-default journaling mode for the root filesystem.  For <literal>lenny</literal>, the default jounaling mode is "<literal>rootflags=data=ordered</literal>".  For <literal>squeeze</literal>, it is "<literal>rootflags=data=writeback</literal>".
it: Per utilizzare una modalità di journaling non predefinita per il file system root, è necessario fornire i parametri di avvio del kernel (vedere <xref linkend="_stage_2_the_boot_loader"/>), ad esempio "<literal>rootflags=data=journal</literal>". Per <literal>lenny</literal> la modalità di journaling predefinita è "<literal>rootflags=data=ordered</literal>"; per <literal>squeeze</literal> è "<literal>rootflags=data=writeback</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Optimization of filesystem via superblock
it: Ottimizzare il file system tramite il superblocco

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Characteristics of a filesystem can be optimized via its superblock using the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tune2fs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> command.
it: Le caratteristiche di un file system possono essere ottimizzate attraverso il suo superblocco usando il comando <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tune2fs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Execution of "<literal>sudo tune2fs -l /dev/hda1</literal>" displays the contents of the filesystem superblock on "<literal>/dev/hda1</literal>".
it: L'esecuzione di "<literal>sudo tune2fs -l /dev/hda1</literal>" mostra il contenuto del superblocco del file system in "<literal>/dev/hda1</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Execution of "<literal>sudo tune2fs -c 50 /dev/hda1</literal>" changes frequency of filesystem checks (<literal>fsck</literal> execution during boot-up) to every 50 boots on "<literal>/dev/hda1</literal>".
it: L'esecuzione di "<literal>sudo tune2fs -c 50 /dev/hda1</literal>" cambia per "<literal>/dev/hda1</literal>" la frequenza dei controlli dei file system (l'esecuzione di <literal>fsck</literal> all'avvio) a 50 avvii.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Execution of "<literal>sudo tune2fs -j /dev/hda1</literal>" adds journaling capability to the filesystem, i.e. filesystem conversion from <ulink url="&extc;">ext2</ulink> to <ulink url="&extd;">ext3</ulink> on "<literal>/dev/hda1</literal>".  (Do this on the unmounted filesystem.)
it: L'esecuzione di "<literal>sudo tune2fs -j /dev/hda1</literal>" aggiunge la funzionalità di journaling al file system in "<literal>/dev/hda1</literal>", cioè converte il file system da <ulink url="&extc;">ext2</ulink> a <ulink url="&extd;">ext3</ulink>. (Eseguire questo comando su file system non montati.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Execution of "<literal>sudo tune2fs -O extents,uninit_bg,dir_index /dev/hda1 &amp;&amp; fsck -pf /dev/hda1</literal>" converts it from <ulink url="&extd;">ext3</ulink> to <ulink url="&exte;">ext4</ulink> on "<literal>/dev/hda1</literal>".  (Do this on the unmounted filesystem.)
it: L'esecuzione di "<literal>sudo tune2fs -O extents,uninit_bg,dir_index /dev/hda1 &amp;&amp; fsck -pf /dev/hda1</literal>" converte il filesystem in "<literal>/dev/hda1</literal>" da <ulink url="&extd;">ext3</ulink> a <ulink url="&exte;">ext4</ulink>. (Eseguire questo comando su file system non montati.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
en: Filesystem conversion for the boot device to the <ulink url="&exte;">ext4</ulink> filesystem should be avoided until <ulink url="&grubbootloadersutefilesystemwell;">GRUB boot loader supports the ext4 filesystem well</ulink> and installed Linux Kernel version is newer than 2.6.30.
it: La conversione del file system del dispositivo di avvio al file system <ulink url="&exte;">ext4</ulink> dovrebbe essere evitato fino a che <ulink url="&grubbootloadersutefilesystemwell;">il boot loader GRUB non supporti bene il file system ext4</ulink> e non sia stata installata la versione 2.6.30, o una più recente, del kernel Linux.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Despite its name, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tune2fs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> works not only on the <ulink url="&extc;">ext2</ulink> filesystem but also on the <ulink url="&extd;">ext3</ulink> and <ulink url="&exte;">ext4</ulink> filesystems.
it: Nonostante il suo nome, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tune2fs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> non funziona soltanto sui file system <ulink url="&extc;">ext2</ulink>, ma anche sui file system <ulink url="&extd;">ext3</ulink> e <ulink url="&exte;">ext4</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Optimization of hard disk
it: Ottimizzare il disco rigido

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
en: Please check your hardware and read manpage of <citerefentry><refentrytitle>hdparam</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> before playing with hard disk configuration because this may be quite dangerous for the data integrity.
it: Prima di giocare con la configurazione dei dischi controllare il proprio hardware e leggere la pagina man di <citerefentry><refentrytitle>hdparam</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, perché è una cosa piuttosto pericolosa per l'integrità dei dati.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can test disk access speed of a hard disk, e.g. "<literal>/dev/hda</literal>", by "<literal>hdparm -tT /dev/hda</literal>". For some hard disk connected with (E)IDE, you can speed it up with "<literal>hdparm -q -c3 -d1 -u1 -m16 /dev/hda</literal>" by enabling the "(E)IDE 32-bit I/O support", enabling the "using_dma flag", setting "interrupt-unmask flag", and setting the "multiple 16 sector I/O" (dangerous!).
it: Si può testare la velocità di accesso ai dischi di un disco rigido, ad esempio "<literal>/dev/hda</literal>" con "<literal>hdparm -tT /dev/hda</literal>". È possibile velocizzare alcuni dischi fissi connessi con (E)IDE con "<literal>hdparm -q -c3 -d1 -u1 -m16 /dev/hda</literal>" che abilita il "supporto (E)IDE per I/O a 32 bit", l'uso dell'opzione "using_dma", imposta l'opzione "interrupt-unmask" e imposta l'"I/O di settori multipli a 16" (pericoloso!).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can test write cache feature of a hard disk, e.g. "<literal>/dev/sda</literal>", by "<literal>hdparm -W /dev/sda</literal>". You can disable its write cache feature with "<literal>hdparm -W 0 /dev/sda</literal>".
it: Si possono testare le capacità della cache in scrittura di un disco fisso, ad esempio "<literal>/dev/sda</literal>", con "<literal>hdparm -W /dev/sda</literal>". Si può disabilitare la funzionalità di cache in scrittura con "<literal>hdparm -W 0 /dev/sda</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You may be able to read badly pressed CDROMs on modern high speed CD-ROM drive by slowing it down with "<literal>setcd -x 2</literal>".
it: Potrebbe essere possibile leggere CDROM masterizzati male in unità CD-ROM moderne ad alta velocità rallentandole con "<literal>setcd -x 2</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Optimization of solid state drive
it: Ottimizzare le unità a stato solido

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Performance and disk wear of the <ulink url="&solidstatedrivessd;">solid state drive (SSD)</ulink> can be optimized as follows.
it: Le prestazioni e l'usura dei dischi delle <ulink url="&solidstatedrivessd;">unità a stato solido (SSD)</ulink> possono essere ottimizzate nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Use the latest Linux kernel. (&gt;= 3.2)
it: Usare il kernel Linux più recente (&gt;= 3.2).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Reduce disk writes for read disk accesses.
it: Ridurre le scritture su disco per gli accessi in lettura.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Set "<literal>noatime</literal>" or "<literal>relatime</literal>" mount option in <literal>/etc/fstab</literal>.
it: Impostare l'opzione di montaggio "<literal>noatime</literal>" o "<literal>relatime</literal>" in <literal>/etc/fstab</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Enable the <ulink url="&trim;">TRIM</ulink> command.
it: Abilitare il comando <ulink url="&trim;">TRIM</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Set "<literal>discard</literal>" mount option in <literal>/etc/fstab</literal> for the ext4 filesystem, swap partition, Btrfs, etc. See <citerefentry><refentrytitle>fstab</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
it: Impostare l'opzione di montaggio "<literal>discard</literal>" in <literal>/etc/fstab</literal> per il file system ext4, le partizioni di swap, Btrfs, ecc. Vedere <citerefentry><refentrytitle>fstab</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Set "<literal>discard</literal>" option in <literal>/etc/lvm/lvm.conf</literal> for <ulink url="&lvm;">LVM</ulink>. See <citerefentry><refentrytitle>lvm.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
it: Impostare l'opzione "<literal>discard</literal>" in <literal>/etc/lvm/lvm.conf</literal> per <ulink url="&lvm;">LVM</ulink>. Vedere <citerefentry><refentrytitle>lvm.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Set "<literal>discard</literal>" option in <literal>/etc/crypttab</literal> for <ulink url="&dmcrypt;">dm-crypt</ulink>. See <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypttab</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
it: Impostare l'opzione "<literal>discard</literal>" in <literal>/etc/crypttab</literal> per <ulink url="&dmcrypt;">dm-crypt</ulink>. Vedere <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypttab</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Enable the SSD optimized disk space allocation scheme.
it: Abilitare lo schema di allocazione dello spazio su disco ottimizzato SSD.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Set "<literal>ssd</literal>" mount option in <literal>/etc/fstab</literal> for the Btrfs.
it: Impostare l'opzione di mountaggio "<literal>ssd</literal>" in <literal>/etc/fstab</literal> per Btrfs.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Make system flush data to the disk every 10 minutes for laptop PCs.
it: Fare sì che il sistema muova tutti i dati su disco ogni 10 minuti sui PC portatili.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Set "<literal>commit=600</literal>" mount option in <literal>/etc/fstab</literal>. See <citerefentry><refentrytitle>fstab</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
it: Impostare l'opzione di montaggio "<literal>commit=600</literal>" in <literal>/etc/fstab</literal>. Vedere <citerefentry><refentrytitle>fstab</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Set pm-utils to use laptop-mode even under AC operation. See <ulink url="&debianbtsgfjcga;">Debian BTS #659260</ulink>.
it: Impostare pm-utils in modo che usi la modalità laptop-mode anche quando collegato alla rete elettrica. Vedere <ulink url="&debianbtsgfjcga;">Debian BTS #659260</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
en: Changing flushing interval from normal 5 seconds to 10 minutes makes your data venerable to the power failure.
it: Modificare l'intervallo di scrittura dei dati dai normali 5 secondi a 10 minuti rende i dati vulnerabili in caso di mancanza di corrente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Using SMART to predict hard disk failure
it: Usare SMART per prevedere danni ai dischi fissi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can monitor and log your hard disk which is compliant to <ulink url="&smart;">SMART</ulink> with the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>smartd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> daemon.
it: Con il demone <citerefentry><refentrytitle>smartd </refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> è possibile monitorare e registrare i dischi fissi che sono conformi a <ulink url="&smart;">SMART</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Enable <ulink url="&smart;">SMART</ulink> feature in <ulink url="&bios;">BIOS</ulink>.
it: Abilitare la funzionalità <ulink url="&smart;">SMART</ulink> nel <ulink url="&bios;">BIOS</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Install the <literal>smartmontools</literal> package.
it: Installare il pacchetto <literal>smartmontools</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Identify your hard disk drives by listing them with <citerefentry><refentrytitle>df</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
it: Identificare i dispositivi dei dischi fissi usando <citerefentry><refentrytitle>df</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Let's assume a hard disk drive to be monitored as "<literal>/dev/hda</literal>".
it: Si supponga che uno dei dispositivi dei dischi fissi da monitorare sia "<literal>/dev/hda</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Check the output of "<literal>smartctl -a /dev/hda</literal>" to see if <ulink url="&smart;">SMART</ulink> feature is actually enabled.
it: Controllare l'output di "<literal>smartctl -a /dev/hda</literal>" per vedere se la funzionalità <ulink url="&smart;">SMART</ulink> è veramente abilitata.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: If not, enable it by "<literal>smartctl -s on -a /dev/hda</literal>".
it: Se non la è, abilitarla con "<literal>smartctl -s on -a /dev/hda</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Enable <citerefentry><refentrytitle>smartd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> daemon to run by the following.
it: Abilitare l'esecuzione del demone <citerefentry><refentrytitle>smartd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: uncomment "<literal>start_smartd=yes</literal>" in the "<literal>/etc/default/smartmontools</literal>" file.
it: Rimuovere il carattere iniziale di commento dalla riga "<literal>start_smartd=yes</literal>" nel file "<literal>/etc/default/smartmontools</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: restart the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>smartd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> daemon by "<literal>sudo /etc/init.d/smartmontools restart</literal>".
it: Riavviare il demone <citerefentry><refentrytitle>smartd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> con il comando "<literal>sudo /etc/init.d/smartmontools restart</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: The <citerefentry><refentrytitle>smartd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> daemon can be customized with the <literal>/etc/smartd.conf</literal> file including how to be notified of warnings.
it: Il demone <citerefentry><refentrytitle>smartd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> può essere personalizzato con il file <literal>/etc/smartd.conf</literal>, incluso per ciò che riguarda le notifiche dei messaggi di avvertimento.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Specify temporary storage directory via $TMPDIR
it: Specificare una directory per l'archiviazione di dati temporanei usando $TMPDIR

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Applications create temporary files normally under the temporary storage directory "<literal>/tmp</literal>".  If "<literal>/tmp</literal>" does not provide enough space, you can specify such temporary storage directory via the <literal>$TMPDIR</literal> variable for well-behaving programs.
it: Le applicazioni creano file temporanei normalmente nella directory di memorizzazione temporanea «<literal>/tmp</literal>». Se «<literal>/tmp</literal>» non contiene abbastanza spazio, si può specificare una directory di memorizzazione temporanea usando la variabile <literal>$TMPDIR</literal> per i programmi che si comportano in modo corretto.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Expansion of usable storage space via LVM
it: Espandere lo spazio di archiviazione utilizzabile con LVM

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For partitions created on <ulink url="&logicalvolumemanagerlvm;">Logical Volume Manager (LVM)</ulink> (Linux feature) at install time, they can be resized easily by concatenating extents onto them or truncating extents from them over multiple storage devices without major system reconfiguration.
it: Le partizioni create al momento dell'installazione su <ulink url="&logicalvolumemanagerlvm;">LVM (Logical Volume Manager</ulink> (funzionalità di Linux) possono essere facilmente ridimensionate concatenando ad esse delle estensioni o suddividendo le loro estensioni su dispositivi di archiviazione multipli senza riconfigurazioni importanti del sistema.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: Deployment of the current LVM system may degrade guarantee against filesystem corruption offered by journaled filesystems such as ext3fs unless their system performance is sacrificed by disabling write cache of hard disk.
it: L'uso del sistema LVM attuale può diminuire le garanzie contro la corruzione del file system offerte dai file system con journaling, come ext3fs, a meno di sacrificare le prestazioni di sistema disabilitando la cache in scrittura dei dischi fissi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Expansion of usable storage space by mounting another partition
it: Espandere lo spazio di archiviazione utilizzabile montando un'altra partizione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you have an empty partition (e.g., "<literal>/dev/sdx</literal>"), you can format it with <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mkfs.ext3</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mount</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> it to a directory where you need more space. (You need to copy original data contents.)
it: Se è disponibile una nuova partizione vuota (per esempio "<literal>/dev/sdx</literal>"), la si può formattare con <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mkfs.ext3</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> e montarla con <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mount</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> in una directory in cui è necessario avere più spazio. (È necessario copiare il contenuto originale della directory.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: $ sudo mv work-dir old-dir
    $ sudo mkfs.ext3 /dev/sdx
    $ sudo mount -t ext3 /dev/sdx work-dir
    $ sudo cp -a old-dir/* work-dir
    $ sudo rm -rf old-dir
it: $ sudo mv dir-da-usare vecchia-dir
    $ sudo mkfs.ext3 /dev/sdx
    $ sudo mount -t ext3 /dev/sdx dir-da-usare
    $ sudo cp -a vecchia-dir/* dir-da-usare
    $ sudo rm -rf vecchia-dir

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: You may alternatively mount an empty disk image file (see <xref linkend="_making_the_empty_disk_image_file"/>) as a loop device (see <xref linkend="_mounting_the_disk_image_file"/>).  The actual disk usage grows with the actual data stored.
it: In alternativa si può montare un file immagine vuoto del disco (vedere <xref linkend="_making_the_empty_disk_image_file"/>) come device loop (vedere <xref linkend="_mounting_the_disk_image_file"/>). Il reale uso del disco cresce mano a mano che vengono archiviati i dati.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Expansion of usable storage space by bind-mounting another directory
it: Espandere lo spazio di archiviazione utilizzabile montando un collegamento ad un'altra directory

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you have an empty directory (e.g., "<literal>/path/to/emp-dir</literal>") on another partition with usable space, you can mount(8) it with "<literal>--bind</literal>" option to a directory (e.g., "<literal>work-dir</literal>") where you need more space.
it: Se è disponibile una directory vuota (ad esempio "<literal>/percorso/della/dir-vuota</literal>") in un'altra partizione con spazio disponibile, si può, usando mount(8) con l'opzione "<literal>--bind</literal>", montarla in una directory (ad esempio "<literal>dir-di-lavoro</literal>") dove è necessario più spazio.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: $ sudo mount --bind /path/to/emp-dir work-dir
it: $ sudo mount --bind /percorso/della/dir-vuota dir-di-lavoro

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Expansion of usable storage space using symlink
it: Espandere lo spazio di archiviazione utilizzabile usando collegamenti simbolici

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: This is a deprecated method.  Use <xref linkend="_expansion_of_usable_storage_space_by_bind_mounting_another_directory"/> instead, if possible.
it: Questo è un metodo deprecato. Usare invece <xref linkend="_expansion_of_usable_storage_space_by_bind_mounting_another_directory"/>, se possibile.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you have an empty directory (e.g., "<literal>/path/to/emp-dir</literal>") in another partition with usable space, you can create a symlink to the directory with <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ln</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
it: Se è disponibile una directory vuota (ad esempio "<literal>/percorso/della/dir-vuota</literal>" in un'altra partizione con spazio disponibile, si può creare un collegamento simbolico alla directory con <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ln</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: $ sudo mv work-dir old-dir
    $ sudo mkdir -p /path/to/emp-dir
    $ sudo ln -sf /path/to/emp-dir work-dir
    $ sudo cp -a old-dir/* work-dir
    $ sudo rm -rf old-dir
it: $ sudo mv dir-da-usare vecchia-dir
    $ sudo mkdir -p /percorso/della/dir-vuota
    $ sudo ln -sf /percorso/della/dir-vuota dir-da-usare
    $ sudo cp -a vecchia-dir/* dir-da-usare
    $ sudo rm -rf vecchia-dir

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
en: Do not use "symlink to a directory" for directories managed by the system such as "<literal>/opt</literal>".  Such a symlink may be overwritten when the system is upgraded.
it: Non usare un "collegamento simbolico ad una directory" per le directory gestite dal sistema, come "<literal>/opt</literal>". Un collegamento simbolico simile potrebbe essere sovrascritto quando il sistema viene aggiornato.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: Some software may not function well with "symlink to a directory".
it: Certo software può non funzionare bene con un "collegamento simbolico ad una directory".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Expansion of usable storage space using aufs
it: Espandere lo spazio di archiviazione utilizzabile usando aufs

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you have usable space in another partition (e.g., "<literal>/path/to/</literal>"), you can create a directory in it and stack that on to a directory where you need space with <ulink url="&aufs;">aufs</ulink>.
it: Se è disponibile dello spazio utilizzabile in un'altra partizione (ad esempio "<literal>/percorso/della/</literal>"), si può creare in essa una directory e impilarla nella directory in cui si ha bisogno di spazio usando <ulink url="&aufs;">aufs</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: $ sudo mv work-dir old-dir
    $ sudo mkdir work-dir
    $ sudo mkdir -p /path/to/emp-dir
    $ sudo mount -t aufs -o br:/path/to/emp-dir:old-dir none work-dir
it: $ sudo mv dir-da-usare vecchia-dir
    $ sudo mkdir dir-da-usare
    $ sudo mkdir -p /percorso/della/dir-vuota
    $ sudo mount -t aufs -o br:/percorso/della/dir-vuota:vecchia-dir none dir-da-usare

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: Use of <ulink url="&aufs;">aufs</ulink> for long term data storage is not good idea since it is under development and its design change may introduce issues.
it: Non è una buona idea usare <ulink url="&aufs;">aufs</ulink> per archiviazione di dati a lungo termine, dato che è uno strumento in fase di sviluppo e cambiamenti nella sua struttura potrebbero causare problemi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: In order to use <ulink url="&aufs;">aufs</ulink>, its utility package <literal>aufs-tools</literal> and kernel module package for <ulink url="&aufs;">aufs</ulink> such as <literal>aufs-modules-2.6-amd64</literal> need to be installed.
it: Per poter usare <ulink url="&aufs;">aufs</ulink>, devono essere installati il suo pacchetto di utilità <literal>aufs-tools</literal> e un pacchetto con il modulo del kernel per <ulink url="&aufs;">aufs</ulink>, come <literal>aufs-modules-2.6-amd64</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: <ulink url="&aufs;">aufs</ulink> is used to provide writable root filesystem by many modern <ulink url="&livecd;">live CD</ulink> projects.
it: <ulink url="&aufs;">aufs</ulink> è usato da molti progetti moderni per <ulink url="&livecd;">CD live</ulink> per fornire un file system root scrivibile.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Data encryption tips
it: Suggerimenti per la cifratura dei dati

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: With physical access to your PC, anyone can easily gain root privilege and access all the files on your PC (see <xref linkend="_securing_the_root_password"/>).  This means that login password system can not secure your private and sensitive data against possible theft of your PC.  You must deploy data encryption technology to do it.  Although <ulink url="&gnuprivacyguard;">GNU privacy guard</ulink> (see <xref linkend="_data_security_infrastructure"/>) can encrypt files, it takes some user efforts.
it: Avendo l'accesso fisico alla macchina, chiunque può facilmente ottenere privilegi di root e accedere a tutti i file nel PC (vedere <xref linkend="_securing_the_root_password"/>). Ciò significa che il sistema delle password di login non può mettere al sicuro i dati privati e sensibili contro un possibile furto del PC. Per farlo deve essere usata una tecnologia di cifratura dei dati. Sebbene <ulink url="&gnuprivacyguard;">GNU Privacy Guard</ulink> (vedere <xref linkend="_data_security_infrastructure"/>) possa cifrare file, richiede un po' di lavoro da parte dell'utente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: <ulink url="&dmcrypt;">dm-crypt</ulink> and <ulink url="&ecryptfs;">eCryptfs</ulink> facilitates automatic data encryption natively via Linux kernel modules with minimal user efforts.
it: <ulink url="&dmcrypt;">dm-crypt</ulink> e <ulink url="&ecryptfs;">eCryptfs</ulink> facilitano la cifratura automatica dei dati in modo nativo attraverso moduli del kernel Linux con un minimo lavoro da parte dell'utente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of data encryption utilities
it: Elenco di utilità per la cifratura dei dati

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: utilities for encrypted block device (<ulink url="&dmcrypt;">dm-crypt</ulink> / <ulink url="&luks;">LUKS</ulink>)
it: utilità per device a blocchi cifrati (<ulink url="&dmcrypt;">dm-crypt</ulink> / <ulink url="&luks;">LUKS</ulink>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: utilities for encrypted block device (<ulink url="&dmcrypt;">dm-crypt</ulink> / <ulink url="&luks;">LUKS</ulink>) with focus on mount/unmount by normal users
it: utilità per device a blocchi cifrati (<ulink url="&dmcrypt;">dm-crypt</ulink> / <ulink url="&luks;">LUKS</ulink>) con particolare attenzione al montaggio/smontaggio da parte di utenti normali

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: utilities for encrypted stacked filesystem (<ulink url="&ecryptfs;">eCryptfs</ulink>)
it: utilità per file system stack cifrati (<ulink url="&ecryptfs;">eCryptfs</ulink>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: <ulink url="&dmcrypt;">Dm-crypt</ulink> is a cryptographic filesystem using <ulink url="&devicemapper;">device-mapper</ulink>. <ulink url="&devicemapper;">Device-mapper</ulink> maps one block device to another.
it: <ulink url="&dmcrypt;">Dm-crypt</ulink> è un file system crittografico che usa <ulink url="&devicemapper;">device-mapper</ulink>. <ulink url="&devicemapper;">Device mapper</ulink> mappa un blocco di un device ad un altro.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: <ulink url="&ecryptfs;">eCryptfs</ulink> is another cryptographic filesystem using stacked filesystem.  Stacked filesystem stacks itself on top of an existing directory of a mounted filesystem.
it: <ulink url="&ecryptfs;">eCryptfs</ulink> è un altro file system crittografico che usa un file system stack; quest'ultimo si sovrappone ad una directory esistente in un file system montato.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><caution><para>
en: Data encryption costs CPU time etc.  Please weigh its benefits and costs.
it: La cifratura dei dati consuma tempo CPU, ecc. Valutare bene i suoi costi e i benefici.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><note><para>
en: Entire Debian system can be installed on a encrypted disk by the <ulink url="&debianinstaller;">debian-installer</ulink> (lenny or newer) using <ulink url="&dmcrypt;">dm-crypt</ulink>/<ulink url="&luks;">LUKS</ulink> and initramfs.
it: È possibile installare un intero file system Debian in un disco cifrato con l'<ulink url="&debianinstaller;">Installatore Debian</ulink> (lenny o successivo) usando <ulink url="&dmcrypt;">dm-crypt</ulink>/<ulink url="&luks;">LUKS</ulink> e initramfs.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
en: See <xref linkend="_data_security_infrastructure"/> for user space encryption utility: <ulink url="&gnuprivacyguard;">GNU Privacy Guard</ulink>.
it: Per lo strumento di cifratura in spazio utente <ulink url="&gnuprivacyguard;">GNU Privacy Guard</ulink> vedere <xref linkend="_data_security_infrastructure"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Removable disk encryption with dm-crypt/LUKS
it: Cifratura di dischi removibili con dm-crypt/LUKS

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can encrypt contents of removable mass devices, e.g. USB memory stick on "<literal>/dev/sdx</literal>", using <ulink url="&dmcrypt;">dm-crypt</ulink>/<ulink url="&luks;">LUKS</ulink>.  You simply formatting it as the following.
it: Si può cifrare il contenuto di device di memorizzazione di massa removibili, ad esempio una chiavetta USB in "<literal>/dev/sdx</literal>", usando <ulink url="&dmcrypt;">dm-crypt</ulink>/<ulink url="&luks;">LUKS</ulink>. Formattarla semplicemente nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Then, it can be mounted just like normal one on to "<literal>/media/&lt;disk_label&gt;</literal>", except for asking password (see <xref linkend="_removable_storage_device"/>) under modern desktop environment, such as GNOME using <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gnome-mount</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.  The difference is that every data written to it is encrypted.  You may alternatively format media in different file format, e.g., ext3 with "<literal>mkfs.ext3 /dev/sdx1</literal>".
it: Si può poi montarla come una chiavetta qualunque in "<literal>/media/&lt;etichetta_disco&gt;</literal>", tranne per il fatto che verrà chiesta la password (vedere <xref linkend="_removable_storage_device"/>) nei moderni ambienti desktop, come GNOME che usa <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gnome-mount</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>. La differenza è che ogni dato scritto in essa è cifrato. In alternativa è possibile formattare il supporto in un formato diverso, ad esempio ext3 usando "<literal>mkfs.ext3 /dev/sdx1</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: If you are really paranoid for the security of data, you may need to overwrite multiple times in the above example.  This operation is very time consuming though.
it: Se si è veramente paranoici per ciò che riguarda la sicurezza dei propri dati, potrebbe essere necessario sovrascrivere diverse volte nell'esempio precedente. Questa operazione richiede però parecchio tempo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Encrypted swap partition with dm-crypt
it: Cifratura della partizione di swap con dm-crypt

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Let's assume that your original "<literal>/etc/fstab</literal>" contains the following.
it: In questo esempio si suppone che il file "<literal>/etc/fstab</literal>" originale contenga quanto segue.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can enable encrypted swap partition using <ulink url="&dmcrypt;">dm-crypt</ulink> by as the following.
it: Si può abilitare la cifratura della partizione di swap usando <ulink url="&dmcrypt;">dm-crypt</ulink> nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Automatically encrypting files with eCryptfs
it: Cifratura automatica di file con eCryptfs

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can encrypt files written under "<literal>~/Private/</literal>" automatically using <ulink url="&ecryptfs;">eCryptfs</ulink> and the <literal>ecryptfs-utils</literal> package.
it: È possibile cifrare automaticamente i file scritti in "<literal>~/Private/</literal>" usando <ulink url="&ecryptfs;">eCryptfs</ulink> e il pacchetto <literal>ecryptfs-utils</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Run <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ecryptfs-setup-private</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> and set up "<literal>~/Private/</literal>" by following prompts.
it: Eseguire <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ecryptfs-setup-private</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> e impostare "<literal>~/Private/</literal>" nei prompt mostrati.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Activate "<literal>~/Private/</literal>" by running <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ecryptfs-mount-private</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
it: Attivare "<literal>~/Private/</literal>" eseguendo <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ecryptfs-mount-private</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Move sensitive data files to "<literal>~/Private/</literal>" and make symlinks as needed.
it: Spostare i file con dati sensibili in "<literal>~/Private/</literal>" e creare i collegamenti simbolici necessari.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Candidates: "<literal>~/.fetchmailrc</literal>", "<literal>~/.ssh/identity</literal>", "<literal>~/.ssh/id_rsa</literal>", "<literal>~/.ssh/id_dsa</literal>" and other files with "<literal>go-rwx</literal>"
it: File candidati sono:"<literal>~/.fetchmailrc</literal>", "<literal>~/.ssh/identity</literal>", "<literal>~/.ssh/id_rsa</literal>", "<literal>~/.ssh/id_dsa</literal>" e altri file con permessi "<literal>go-rwx</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Move sensitive data directories to a subdirectory in "<literal>~/Private/</literal>" and make symlinks as needed.
it: Spostare le directory con dati sensibili in una sottodirectory in "<literal>~/Private/</literal>" e creare i collegamenti simbolici necessari.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Candidates: "<literal>~/.gnupg</literal>" and other directories with "<literal>go-rwx</literal>"
it: Directory candidate sono: "<literal>~/.gnupg</literal>" e altre directory con permessi "<literal>go-rwx</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Create symlink from "<literal>~/Desktop/Private/</literal>" to "<literal>~/Private/</literal>" for easier desktop operations.
it: Creare un collegamento simbolico da "<literal>~/Desktop/Private/</literal>" a "<literal>~/Private/</literal>" per facilitare le operazioni dal desktop.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Deactivate "<literal>~/Private/</literal>" by running <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ecryptfs-umount-private</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
it: Disattivare "<literal>~/Private/</literal>" eseguendo <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ecryptfs-umount-private</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Activate "<literal>~/Private/</literal>" by issuing "<literal>ecryptfs-mount-private</literal>" as you need encrypted data.
it: Attivare "<literal>~/Private/</literal>" eseguendo <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ecryptfs-mount-private</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> quando sono necessari dati cifrati..

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Since <ulink url="&ecryptfs;">eCryptfs</ulink> selectively encrypt only the sensitive files, its system cost is much less than using <ulink url="&dmcrypt;">dm-crypt</ulink> on the entire root or "<literal>/home</literal>" device.  It does not require any special on-disk storage allocation effort but cannot keep all filesystem metadata confidential.
it: Dato che <ulink url="&ecryptfs;">eCryptfs</ulink> cifra selettivamente solo i file sensibili, il suo costo in termini di risorse di sistema è molto minore dell'uso di <ulink url="&dmcrypt;">dm-crypt</ulink> sull'intero device root o "<literal>/home</literal>". Non richiede nessun lavoro speciale di archiviazione su disco, ma non può mantenere confidenziali tutti i metadati del file system.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Automatically mounting eCryptfs
it: Montare automaticamente eCryptfs

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you use your login password for wrapping encryption keys, you can automate mounting eCryptfs via <ulink url="&pampluggableauthnticationmodules;">PAM (Pluggable Authentication Modules)</ulink>.
it: Se si usa la propria password di login come wrapper per le chiavi di cifratura, si può automatizzare il montaggio di eCryptfs tramite <ulink url="&pampluggableauthnticationmodules;">PAM (Pluggable Authentication Modules)</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Insert the following line just before "<literal>pam_permit.so</literal>" in "<literal>/etc/pam.d/common-auth</literal>".
it: Inserire la riga seguente immediatamente prima di "<literal>pam_permit.so</literal>" in "<literal>/etc/pam.d/common-auth</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Insert the following line just at the last line in "<literal>/etc/pam.d/common-session</literal>".
it: Inserire la riga seguente come ultima riga in "<literal>/etc/pam.d/common-session</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Insert the following line at first active line in "<literal>/etc/pam.d/common-password</literal>".
it: Insrire la riga seguente come prima riga attiva in "<literal>/etc/pam.d/common-password</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This is quite convenient.
it: Ciò risulta molto comodo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
en: Configuration errors of <ulink url="&pam;">PAM</ulink> may lock you out of your own system. See <xref linkend="_authentication"/>.
it: Errori di configurazione di <ulink url="&pam;">PAM</ulink> possono lasciare l'utente chiuso fuori dal proprio sistema. Vedere <xref linkend="_authentication"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: If you use your login password for wrapping encryption keys, your encrypted data are as secure as your user login password (see <xref linkend="_good_password"/>).  Unless you are careful to set up a <ulink url="&strongpassword;">strong password</ulink>, your data is at risk when someone runs <ulink url="&passwordcracking;">password cracking</ulink> software after stealing your laptop (see <xref linkend="_securing_the_root_password"/>).
it: Se si usa la propria password di login per fare da wrapper alle chiavi di cifratura, i dati cifrati sono sicuri tanto quanto la password di login dell'utente (vedere <xref linkend="_good_password"/>). A meno che non si scelga prudentemente una <ulink url="&strongpassword;">password forte</ulink>, i propri dati saranno a rischio se qualcuno esegue software di <ulink url="&passwordcracking;">forzatura della password</ulink> dopo aver rubato il portatile (vedere <xref linkend="_securing_the_root_password"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Monitoring, controlling, and starting program activities
it: Monitorare, controllare ed avviare l'attività dei programmi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Program activities can be monitored and controlled using specialized tools.
it: Le attività dei programmi possono essere monitorare e controllate usando strumenti specializzati.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of tools for monitoring and controlling program activities
it: Elenco di strumenti per monitorare e controllare l'attività dei programmi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>nice</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>: run a program with modified scheduling priority
it: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>nice</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>: esegue un programma con priorità di schedulazione modificata

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>renice</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>: modify the scheduling priority of a running process
it: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>renice</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>: modifica la priorità di schedulazione di un processo in esecuzione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: "<literal>/proc</literal>" filesystem utilities: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ps</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>top</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>kill</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>watch</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, …
it: utilità per il file system "<literal>/proc</literal>": <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ps</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>top</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>kill</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>watch</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, …

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: "<literal>/proc</literal>" filesystem utilities: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>killall</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>fuser</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>peekfd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pstree</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
it: utilità per il file system "<literal>/proc</literal>": <citerefentry><refentrytitle>killall</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>fuser</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>peekfd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pstree</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>time</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>: run a program to report system resource usages with respect to time
it: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>time</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>: esegue un programma per riportare l'uso delle risorse di sistema in funzione del tempo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sar</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>iostat</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mpstat</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, …: system performance tools for Linux
it: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sar</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>iostat</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mpstat</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, …: strumenti per le prestazioni di sistema per Linux

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Interactive System Activity Grapher for sysstat
it: Interactive System Activity Grapher (tracciamento interattivo dell'attivita) per sysstat

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>lsof</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>: list open files by a running process using "<literal>-p</literal>" option
it: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>lsof</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>: elenca, usando l'opzione "<literal>-p</literal>", i file aperti da un processo in esecuzione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>strace</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>: trace system calls and signals
it: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>strace</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>: traccia le chiamate e i segnali di sistema

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ltrace</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>: trace library calls
it: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ltrace</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>: traccia le chiamate di libreria

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>xtrace</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>: trace communication between X11 client and server
it: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>xtrace</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>: traccia la comunicazione tra client e server X11

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>powertop</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>: information about system power use on Intel-based laptops
it: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>powertop</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>: informazioni sull'uso dell'alimentazione in portatili basati su Intel

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: run processes according to a schedule in background from <citerefentry><refentrytitle>cron</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> daemon
it: esegue processi dal demone <citerefentry><refentrytitle>cron</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> sullo sfondo in base ad una pianificazione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: cron-like command scheduler for systems that don't run 24 hours a day
it: pianificatore di comandi in stile cron, per i sistemi che non sono in esecuzione 24 ore al giorno

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>at</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> or <citerefentry><refentrytitle>batch</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>: run a job at a specified time or below certain load level
it: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>at</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> o <citerefentry><refentrytitle>batch</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>: esegue un compito ad un orario specificato o quando il carico di sistema scende sotto un certo livello

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
en: The <literal>procps</literal> packages provide very basics of monitoring, controlling, and starting program activities.  You should learn all of them.
it: Il pacchetto <literal>procps</literal> fornisce strumenti estremamente di base per monitorare, controllare ed avviare le attività dei programmi. È consigliabile imparare ad usarli tutti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Timing a process
it: Cronometrare un processo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Display time used by the process invoked by the command.
it: Mostrare il tempo usato dal processo invocato da un comando.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: # time some_command &gt;/dev/null
    real    0m0.035s       # time on wall clock (elapsed real time)
    user    0m0.000s       # time in user mode
    sys     0m0.020s       # time in kernel mode
it: # time un_qualche_comando &gt;/dev/null
    real    0m0.035s       # tempo di orologio (tempo reale trascorso)
    user    0m0.000s       # tempo in modalità utente
    sys     0m0.020s       # tempo in modalità kernel

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The scheduling priority
it: Priorità di schedulazione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: A nice value is used to control the scheduling priority for the process.
it: Per controllare la priorità di schedulazione di un processo è usato il valore di nice.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of nice values for the scheduling priority
it: Elenco di valori di nice per la priorità di schedulazione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: nice value
it: valore di nice

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: scheduling priority
it: priorità di schedulazione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: lowest priority process (nice)
it: processo dalla priorità più bassa possibile (nice - gentile)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: very high priority process for user
it: processo a priorità molto alta per l'utente

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: very high priority process for root (not-nice)
it: processo a priorità molto alta per root (not-nice - non gentile)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: # nice  -19 top                                      # very nice
    # nice --20 wodim -v -eject speed=2 dev=0,0 disk.img # very fast
it: # nice  -19 top                                      # molto gentile
    # nice --20 wodim -v -eject speed=2 dev=0,0 disk.img # molto veloce

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Sometimes an extreme nice value does more harm than good to the system.  Use this command carefully.
it: A volte un valore molto alto di nice fa più male che bene al sistema; usare quindi questo comando con molta cautela.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The ps command
it: Il comando ps

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ps</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> command on the Debian support both BSD and SystemV features and helps to identify the process activity statically.
it: Il comando <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ps</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> in Debian supporta sia le funzionalità BSD sia quelle SystemV ed aiuta ad identificare l'attività dei processi in modo statico.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of ps command styles
it: Elenco degli stili per il comando ps

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: style
it: stile

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: typical command
it: comando tipico

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: feature
it: funzione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display %CPU %MEM
it: mostra %CPU %MEM

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display PPID
it: mostra PPID

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For the zombie (defunct) children process, you can kill them by the parent process ID identified in the "<literal>PPID</literal>" field.
it: È possibile uccidere i processi figli zombie (defunti) tramite l'ID di processo del genitore identificato dal campo "<literal>PPID</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pstree</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> command display a tree of processes.
it: Il comando <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pstree</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> mostra un albero dei processi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The top command
it: Il comando top

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>top</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> on the Debian has rich features and helps to identify what process is acting funny dynamically.
it: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>top</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> in Debian ha molte funzionalità e aiuta ad indentificare in modo dinamico i processi che si stanno comportando in modo strano.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of commands for top
it: Elenco dei comandi per top

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: command key
it: tasto del comando

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>h</literal> or <literal>?</literal>
it: <literal>h</literal> o <literal>?</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: show help
it: mostra l'aiuto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: set/reset display field
it: imposta/reimposta i campi mostrati

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: reorder display field
it: riordina i campi mostrati

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: set sort key field
it: imposta il campo da usare come chiave di ordinamento

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: kill a process
it: uccide un processo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: renice a process
it: modifica il valore di nice di un processo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: quit the <literal>top</literal> command
it: esce dal comando <literal>top</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Listing files opened by a process
it: Elencare i file aperti da un processo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can list all files opened by a process with a process ID (PID), e.g. 1, by the following.
it: È possibile elencare tutti i file aperti da un processo attraverso il suo PID (Identificativo di processo), ad esempio 1, con il comando seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: PID=1 is usually <literal>init</literal> program.
it: Di solito il processo con PID=1 è il programma <literal>init</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Tracing program activities
it: Tenere traccia delle attività di un programma

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can trace program activity with <citerefentry><refentrytitle>strace</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ltrace</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, or <citerefentry><refentrytitle>xtrace</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> for system calls and signals, library calls, or communication between X11 client and server.
it: Si può tenere traccia dell'attività di un programma con <citerefentry><refentrytitle>strace</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ltrace</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> o <citerefentry><refentrytitle>xtrace</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> rispettivamente per quello che riguarda chiamate e segnali di sistema, chiamate di libreria o comunicazioni tra client e server X11.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can trace system calls of the <literal>ls</literal> command as the following.
it: Si può tenere traccia delle chiamate di sistema del comando <literal>ls</literal> nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Identification of processes using files or sockets
it: Identificazione di processi in base a file o socket

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can also identify processes using files by <citerefentry><refentrytitle>fuser</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, e.g. for "<literal>/var/log/mail.log</literal>" by the following.
it: Usando <citerefentry><refentrytitle>fuser</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> è anche possibile identificare i processi in base ai file usando, ad esempio per "<literal>/var/log/mail.log</literal>" con il comando seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You see that file "<literal>/var/log/mail.log</literal>" is open for writing by the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>rsyslogd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> command.
it: Come si vede il file "<literal>/var/log/mail.log</literal>" è aperto in scrittura dal comando <citerefentry><refentrytitle>rsyslogd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can also identify processes using sockets by <citerefentry><refentrytitle>fuser</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, e.g. for "<literal>smtp/tcp</literal>" by the following.
it: Usando <citerefentry><refentrytitle>fuser</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> si può anche identificare i processi in base ai socket, ad esempio per "<literal>smtp/tcp</literal>" con il comando seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Now you know your system runs <citerefentry><refentrytitle>exim4</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> to handle <ulink url="&tcp;">TCP</ulink> connections to <ulink url="&smtp;">SMTP</ulink> port (25).
it: Ora si può vedere che sul sistema è in esecuzione <citerefentry><refentrytitle>exim4</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> per gestire le connessioni <ulink url="&tcp;">TCP</ulink> alla porta <ulink url="&smtp;">SMTP</ulink> (25).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Repeating a command with a constant interval
it: Ripetere un comando ad intervalli costanti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>watch</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> executes a program repeatedly with a constant interval while showing its output in fullscreen.
it: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>watch</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> esegue un programma in modo ripetitivo ad intervalli regolari mostrando il suo output sullo schermo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This displays who is logged on to the system updated every 2 seconds.
it: Questo comando mostra chi è attualmente connesso al sistema in modo aggiornato ogni 2 secondi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Repeating a command looping over files
it: Ripetere un comando su diversi file

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There are several ways to repeat a command looping over files matching some condition, e.g. matching glob pattern "<literal>*.ext</literal>".
it: Ci sono svariati modi di ripetere uno stesso comando su diversi file che rispondono ad una qualche condizione, ad esempio che corrispondono al modello glob "<literal>*.ext</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Shell for-loop method (see <xref linkend="_shell_loops"/>):
it: Metodo del ciclo for nella shell (vedere <xref linkend="_shell_loops"/>):

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: for x in *.ext; do if [ -f "$x"]; then command "$x" ; fi; done
it: for x in *.ext; do if [ -f "$x"]; then comando "$x" ; fi; done

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>find</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>xargs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> combination:
it: Combinazione di <citerefentry><refentrytitle>find</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> e <citerefentry><refentrytitle>xargs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: find . -type f -maxdepth 1 -name '*.ext' -print0 | xargs -0 -n 1 command
it: find . -type f -maxdepth 1 -name '*.ext' -print0 | xargs -0 -n 1 comando

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>find</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> with "<literal>-exec</literal>" option with a command:
it: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>find</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> con l'opzione "<literal>-exec</literal>" con un comando:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: find . -type f -maxdepth 1 -name '*.ext' -exec command '{}' \;
it: find . -type f -maxdepth 1 -name '*.ext' -exec comando '{}' \;

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>find</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> with "<literal>-exec</literal>" option with a short shell script:
it: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>find</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> con l'opzione "<literal>-exec</literal>" con un breve script di shell:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: find . -type f -maxdepth 1 -name '*.ext' -exec sh -c "command '{}' &amp;&amp; echo 'successful'" \;
it: find . -type f -maxdepth 1 -name '*.ext' -exec sh -c "comando '{}' &amp;&amp; echo 'esecuzione con successo'" \;

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The above examples are written to ensure proper handling of funny file names such as ones containing spaces.  See <xref linkend="_idioms_for_the_selection_of_files"/> for more advance uses of <citerefentry><refentrytitle>find</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
it: Gli esempi precedenti sono stati scritti per assicurare la gestione appropriata di nomi di file particolari come quelli contenenti spazi. Per usi più avanzati di <citerefentry><refentrytitle>find</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, vedere <xref linkend="_idioms_for_the_selection_of_files"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Starting a program from GUI
it: Avviare un programma dalla GUI

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can set up to start a process from <ulink url="&graphicaluserinterfacegui;">graphical user interface (GUI)</ulink>.
it: È possibile avviare un processo dalla <ulink url="&graphicaluserinterfacegui;">interfaccia utente grafica (GUI)</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Under GNOME desktop environment, a program can be started with proper argument by <emphasis role="strong">double-clicking</emphasis> the launcher icon, by <emphasis role="strong">drag-and-drop</emphasis> of a file icon to the launcher icon, or by "<emphasis role="strong">Open with …</emphasis>" menu via right clicking a file icon.  KDE can do the equivalent, too.
it: Nell'ambiente desktop GNOME, un programma può essere avviato con le opzioni appropriate facendo <emphasis role="strong">doppio clic</emphasis> sulla icona del lanciatore, <emphasis role="strong">trascinando e rilasciando</emphasis> un'icona di file sull'icona del lanciatore o usando la voce di menu"<emphasis role="strong">Apri con …</emphasis>" che si ottiene cliccando con il pulsante destro sull'icona di un file. Anche in KDE si possono fare le azioni equivalenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here is an example under GNOME to create a launcher icon for <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mc</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> started in <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gnome-terminal</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
it: Quello che segue è un esempio per GNOME di creazione di un'icona di lanciatore per <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mc</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> avviato in <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gnome-terminal</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Create an executable program "<literal>mc-term</literal>" by the following.
it: Creare un programma "<literal>mc-term</literal>" eseguibile nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Create a desktop launcher as the following.
it: Creare un lanciatore sul desktop nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Right click desktop space to select "<literal>Create Launcher …</literal>".
it: Cliccare col pulsante destro in uno spazio libero sul desktop e selezionare "<literal>Crea lanciatore…</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Set "Type" to "<literal>Application</literal>".
it: Impostare "Tipo" ad "<literal>Applicazione</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Set "Name" to "<literal>mc</literal>".
it: Impostare "Nome" a "<literal>mc</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Set "Command" to "<literal>mc-term %f</literal>".
it: Impostare "Comando" a "<literal>mc-term %f</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Click "OK".
it: Fare clic su "OK".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Create an open-with association as as the following.
it: Creare un'associazione Apri-con nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Right click folder to select "<literal>Open with Other Application …</literal>".
it: Fare clic con il tasto destro su una cartella per selezionare "<literal>Apri con altra applicazione…</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Click open "Use a custom command" dialog and enter "<literal>mc-term %f</literal>".
it: Cliccare ed aprire il dialogo "Usare un comando personalizzato" e inserire "<literal>mc-term %f</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Click "Open".
it: Fare clic su "Apri".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Launcher is a file at "<literal>~/Desktop</literal>" with "<literal>.desktop</literal>" as its extension.
it: Un lanciatore è un file in "<literal>~/Desktop</literal>" con estensione "<literal>.desktop</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Customizing program to be started
it: Personalizzare i programmi da avviare

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Some programs start another program automatically.  Here are check points for customizing this process.
it: Alcuni programmi avviano automaticamente altri programmi. Quelli che seguono sono alcuni punti fondamentali per la personalizzazione di questo processo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Application configuration menu:
it: Menu di configurazione delle applicazioni:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: GNOME desktop: "System" → "Preferences" → "Preferred Application"
it: Desktop GNOME: "Sistema"  → "Preferenze" → "Applicazioni preferite"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: KDE desktop: "K" → "Control Center" → "KDE Components" → "Component Chooser"
it: Desktop KDE: "K" → "Centro di controllo" → "Componenti di KDE" → "Scelta componenti"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Iceweasle browser: "Edit" → "Preferences" → "Applications"
it: Browser Iceweasel: "Modifica" → "Preferenze" → "Applicazioni"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Environment variables such as "<literal>$BROWSER</literal>", "<literal>$EDITOR</literal>", "<literal>$VISUAL</literal>", and "<literal>$PAGER</literal>" (see <citerefentry><refentrytitle>eviron</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>)
it: Variabili d'ambiente quali "<literal>$BROWSER</literal>", "<literal>$EDITOR</literal>", "<literal>$VISUAL</literal>" e "<literal>$PAGER</literal>" (vedere <citerefentry><refentrytitle>eviron</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The <citerefentry><refentrytitle>update-alternatives</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> system for programs such as "<literal>editor</literal>", "<literal>view</literal>", "<literal>x-www-browser</literal>", "<literal>gnome-www-browser</literal>", and "<literal>www-browser</literal>" (see <xref linkend="_setting_a_default_text_editor"/>)
it: Il sistema <citerefentry><refentrytitle>update-alternatives</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> per i programmi come "<literal>editor</literal>", "<literal>view</literal>", "<literal>x-www-browser</literal>", "<literal>gnome-www-browser</literal>" e "<literal>www-browser</literal>" (vedere <xref linkend="_setting_a_default_text_editor"/>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: the "<literal>~/.mailcap</literal>" and "<literal>/etc/mailcap</literal>" file contents which associate <ulink url="&mime;">MIME</ulink> type with program (see <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mailcap</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>)
it: Il contenuto dei file "<literal>~/.mailcap</literal>" e "<literal>/etc/mailcap</literal>" che associano i tipi <ulink url="&mime;">MIME</ulink> con programmi (vedere <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mailcap</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The "<literal>~/.mime.types</literal>" and "<literal>/etc/mime.types</literal>" file contents which associate file name extension with <ulink url="&mime;">MIME</ulink> type (see <citerefentry><refentrytitle>run-mailcap</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>)
it: Il contenuto dei file "<literal>~/.mime.types</literal>" e "<literal>/etc/mime.types</literal>" che associano le estensioni dei nomi di file con tipi <ulink url="&mime;">MIME</ulink> (vedere <citerefentry><refentrytitle>run-mailcap</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>update-mime</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> updates the "<literal>/etc/mailcap</literal>" file using "<literal>/etc/mailcap.order</literal>" file (see <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mailcap.order</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>).
it: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>update-mime</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> aggiorna il file "<literal>/etc/mailcap</literal>" usando il file "<literal>/etc/mailcap.order</literal>" (vedere <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mailcap.order</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: The <literal>debianutils</literal> package provides <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sensible-browser</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sensible-editor</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sensible-pager</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> which make sensible decisions on which editor, pager, and web browser to call, respectively.  I recommend you to read these shell scripts.
it: Il pacchetto <literal>debianutils</literal> fornisce <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sensible-browser</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sensible-editor</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> e <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sensible-pager</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> che prendono decisioni sensate riguardo, rispettivamente, a quale browser web, editor e paginatore invocare. La lettura di questi script di shell è raccomandata.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: In order to run a console application such as <literal>mutt</literal> under X as your preferred application, you should create an X application as following and set "<literal>/usr/local/bin/mutt-term</literal>" as your preferred application to be started as described.
it: Per eseguire un'applicazione per console, come <literal>mutt</literal>, come applicazione preferita in X si dovrebbe creare un'applicazione X nel modo seguente ed impostare "<literal>/usr/local/bin/mutt-term</literal>" come applicazione preferite da avviare come descritto in precedenza.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Killing a process
it: Uccidere un processo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Use <citerefentry><refentrytitle>kill</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> to kill (or send a signal to) a process by the process ID.
it: Per uccidere un processo (o inviare ad esso un segnale) in base al suo ID (identificativo) usare <citerefentry><refentrytitle>kill</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Use <citerefentry><refentrytitle>killall</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> or <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pkill</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> to do the same by the process command name and other attributes.
it: Per fare la stessa cosa ma in base al nome del comando del processo o ad altri attributi, usare <citerefentry><refentrytitle>killall</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> o <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pkill</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of frequently used signals for kill command
it: Elenco dei segnali usati comunemente con il comando kill

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: signal value
it: valore del segnale

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: signal name
it: nome del segnale

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: restart daemon
it: riavvia il demone

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: normal kill
it: normale uccisione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: kill hard
it: uccisione forzata

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Scheduling tasks once
it: Pianificare compiti da eseguire una volta sola

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Run the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>at</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> command to schedule a one-time job by the following.
it: Per pianificare un compito da eseguire una volta soltanto eseguire il comando <citerefentry><refentrytitle>at</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: $ echo 'command -args'| at 3:40 monday
it: $ echo 'comando -argomenti'| at 3:40 monday

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Scheduling tasks regularly
it: Pianificare compiti in modo regolare

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Use <citerefentry><refentrytitle>cron</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> to schedule tasks regularly.  See <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crontab</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crontab</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
it: Per pianificare compiti in modo regolare usare <citerefentry><refentrytitle>cron</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>. Vedere <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crontab</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> e <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crontab</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can schedule to run processes as a normal user, e.g. <literal>foo</literal> by creating a <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crontab</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> file as "<literal>/var/spool/cron/crontabs/foo</literal>" with "<literal>crontab -e</literal>" command.
it: Si può pianificare l'esecuzione di processi come utente normale, ad esempio l'utente <literal>pippo</literal>, creando un file <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crontab</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> come "<literal>/var/spool/cron/crontabs/pippo</literal>" con il comando "<literal>crontab -e</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here is an example of a <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crontab</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> file.
it: Quello seguente è un esempio di file <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crontab</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: # use /bin/sh to run commands, no matter what /etc/passwd says
    SHELL=/bin/sh
    # mail any output to paul, no matter whose crontab this is
    MAILTO=paul
    # Min Hour DayOfMonth Month DayOfWeek command (Day... are OR'ed)
    # run at 00:05, every day
    5  0  *  * *   $HOME/bin/daily.job &gt;&gt; $HOME/tmp/out 2&gt;&amp;1
    # run at 14:15 on the first of every month -- output mailed to paul
    15 14 1  * *   $HOME/bin/monthly
    # run at 22:00 on weekdays(1-5), annoy Joe. % for newline, last % for cc:
    0 22 *   * 1-5 mail -s "It's 10pm" joe%Joe,%%Where are your kids?%.%%
    23 */2 1 2 *   echo "run 23 minutes after 0am, 2am, 4am ..., on Feb 1"
    5  4 *   * sun echo "run at 04:05 every Sunday"
    # run at 03:40 on the first Monday of each month
    40 3 1-7 * *   [ "$(date +%a)" == "Mon" ] &amp;&amp; command -args
it: # usare /bin/sh per eseguire i comandi, qualsiasi cosa dica /etc/passwd
    SHELL=/bin/sh
    # inviare per posta l'output a paolo, chiunque sia il proprietario di questo crontab
    MAILTO=paolo
    # Min Ora GiornoMese Mese GiornoSett comando (Giorni... sono combinati con OR)
    # eseguito alle 00:05, ogni giorno
    5  0  *  * *   $HOME/bin/compito.quotidiano &gt;&gt; $HOME/tmp/output 2&gt;&amp;1
    # eseguito alle 14:15 il primo giorno di ogni mese -- output inviato a paolo
    15 14 1  * *   $HOME/bin/mensile
    # eseguito alle 22:00 nei giorni infrasettimanali(1-5), disturbare Gianni. % per a capo, ultimo % per cc:
    0 22 *   * 1-5 mail -s "Sono le 10pm" giannie%Gianni,%%dove sono i tuoi ragazzi?%.%%
    23 */2  2 *   echo "eseguito 23 minuti dopo le 0am, 2am, 4am ..., il giorno 1 Feb "
    5  4 *   * sun echo "eseguito alle 04:05 ogni domenica"
    # eseguito alle 03:40 il primo lunedi' di ogni mese
    40 3 1-7 * *   [ "$(date +%a)" == "Mon" ] &amp;&amp; comando -opzioni

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: For the system not running continuously, install the <literal>anacron</literal> package to schedule periodic commands at the specified intervals as closely as machine-uptime permits.  See <citerefentry><refentrytitle>anacron</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>anacrontab</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
it: Per i sistemi non in esecuzione in maniera continuata, installare il pacchetto <literal>anacron</literal> per pianificare l'esecuzione di comandi periodici, in maniera il più possibile vicina agli intervalli specificati, in base a quanto permesso dal tempo di attività della macchina. Vedere <citerefentry><refentrytitle>anacron</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> e <citerefentry><refentrytitle>anacrontab</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: For scheduled system maintenance scripts, you can run them periodically from root account by placing such scripts in "<literal>/etc/cron.hourly/</literal>", "<literal>/etc/cron.daily/</literal>", "<literal>/etc/cron.weekly/</literal>", or "<literal>/etc/cron.monthly/</literal>".  Execution timings of these scripts can be customized by "<literal>/etc/crontab</literal>" and "<literal>/etc/anacrontab</literal>".
it: Gli script con compiti pianificati di amministrazione del sistema possono essere eseguiti periodicamente dall'account di root, ponendoli in "<literal>/etc/cron.hourly/</literal>", "<literal>/etc/cron.daily/</literal>", "<literal>/etc/cron.weekly/</literal>" o "<literal>/etc/cron.monthly/</literal>". L'orario di esecuzione di questi script può essere personalizzato con "<literal>/etc/crontab</literal>" e "<literal>/etc/anacrontab</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Alt-SysRq key
it: Tasto Alt-SysRq

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Insurance against system malfunction is provided by the kernel compile option "Magic SysRq key" (<ulink url="&sak;">SAK</ulink> key) which is now the default for the Debian kernel.  Pressing Alt-SysRq followed by one of the following keys does the magic of rescuing control of the system.
it: L'opzione "Magic SysRq key" (<ulink url="&sak;">tasto R Sist</ulink>), di compilazione del kernel, che è ora lo standard per i kernel Debian, fornisce una garanzia contro i malfunzionamenti del sistema. Premendo Alt-R Sist seguito da uno dei tasti seguenti, si ottiene magicamente di recuperare il controllo del sistema.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of SAK command keys
it: Elenco di tasti per il comando SAK

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: key following Alt-SysRq
it: tasto premuto dopo Alt-R_Sist

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: description of action
it: descrizione dell'azione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: restore the keyboard from <emphasis role="strong">r</emphasis>aw mode after X crashes
it: ripristina la tastiera dalla modalità <emphasis role="strong">r</emphasis>aw dopo un crash di X

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: change the console loglevel to <emphasis role="strong">0</emphasis> to reduce error messages
it: cambia il livello di visualizzazione del registro sulla console a <emphasis role="strong">0</emphasis> per ridurre i messaggi di errore

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <emphasis role="strong">k</emphasis>ill all processes on the <emphasis role="strong">current virtual console</emphasis>
it: uccide (<emphasis role="strong">k</emphasis>ill) tutti i processi nella <emphasis role="strong">console virtuale attuale</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: send a SIGT<emphasis role="strong">E</emphasis>RM to all processes, except for <citerefentry><refentrytitle>init</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>
it: invia un segnale SIGT<emphasis role="strong">E</emphasis>RM a tutti i processi, tranne <citerefentry><refentrytitle>init</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: send a SIGK<emphasis role="strong">I</emphasis>LL to all processes, except for <citerefentry><refentrytitle>init</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>
it: invia un segnale SIGK<emphasis role="strong">I</emphasis>LL a tutti i processi, tranne <citerefentry><refentrytitle>init</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <emphasis role="strong">s</emphasis>ync all mounted filesystems
it: <emphasis role="strong">s</emphasis>incronizza tutti i file system montati

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: remount all mounted filesystems read-only (<emphasis role="strong">u</emphasis>mount)
it: monta nuovamente tutti i file system in sola letturra (<emphasis role="strong">u</emphasis>mount)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: re<emphasis role="strong">b</emphasis>oot the system without syncing or unmounting
it: riavvia (re<emphasis role="strong">b</emphasis>oot) il sistema senza sincronizzare o smontare i file system

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The combination of "Alt-SysRq s", "Alt-SysRq u", and "Alt-SysRq r" is good for getting out of really bad situations.
it: La combinazione di "Alt-R_Sist s", "Alt-R_Sist u" e "Alt-R_Sist r" è buona per uscire da situazioni veramente brutte.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See "<literal>/usr/share/doc/linux-doc-2.6.*/Documentation/sysrq.txt.gz</literal>".
it: Vedere "<literal>/usr/share/doc/linux-doc-2.6.*/Documentation/sysrq.txt.gz</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: The Alt-SysRq feature may be considered a security risk by allowing users access to root-privileged functions.  Placing "<literal>echo 0 &gt;/proc/sys/kernel/sysrq</literal>" in "<literal>/etc/rc.local</literal>" or "<literal>kernel.sysrq = 0</literal>" in "<literal>/etc/sysctl.conf</literal>" disables the Alt-SysRq feature.
it: La funzione Alt-R_Sist può essere considerata un rischio per la sicurezza dato che permette agli utenti l'accesso a funzioni con privilegi di root. Per disabilitale la funzione Alt-R_Sist mettere "<literal>echo 0 &gt;/proc/sys/kernel/sysrq</literal>" in "<literal>/etc/rc.local</literal>" o "<literal>kernel.sysrq = 0</literal>" in "<literal>/etc/sysctl.conf</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: From SSH terminal etc., you can use the Alt-SysRq feature by writing to the "<literal>/proc/sysrq-trigger</literal>". For example, "<literal>echo s &gt; /proc/sysrq-trigger; echo u &gt; /proc/sysrq-trigger</literal>" from the root shell prompt <emphasis role="strong">s</emphasis>yncs and <emphasis role="strong">u</emphasis>mounts all mounted filesystems.
it: Si può usare la funzione Alt-R_Sist da un terminale SSH, ecc. scrivendo su "<literal>/proc/sysrq-trigger</literal>". Per esempio, "<literal>echo s &gt; /proc/sysrq-trigger; echo u &gt; /proc/sysrq-trigger</literal>" dal prompt di shell di root <emphasis role="strong">s</emphasis>incronizza ed esegue <emphasis role="strong">u</emphasis>mount per tutti i file system montati.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: System maintenance tips
it: Suggerimenti per l'amministrazione del sistema

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Who is on the system?
it: Chi è nel sistema?

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can check who is on the system by the following.
it: Si può controllare chi è connesso al sistema nei modi seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>who</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> shows who is logged on.
it: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>who</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>  mostra chi ha fatto il login ed è connesso.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>w</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> shows who is logged on and what they are doing.
it: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>w</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>  mostra l'elenco di chi ha fatto il login ed è connesso e cosa sta facendo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>last</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> shows listing of last logged in user.
it: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>last</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>  mostra l'elenco degli utenti che hanno fatto il login più recentemente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>lastb</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> shows listing of last bad logged in users.
it: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>lastb</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>  mostra l'elenco degli utenti che hanno tentato il login non riuscendovi più recentemente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: "<literal>/var/run/utmp</literal>", "<literal>/var/log/wtmp</literal>", and "<literal>/var/run/utmp</literal>" hold such user information.  See <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>utmp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
it: Queste informazioni sugli utenti sono contenute in "<literal>/var/run/utmp</literal>", "<literal>/var/log/wtmp</literal>" e "<literal>/var/run/utmp</literal>". Vedere <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> e <citerefentry><refentrytitle>utmp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Warning everyone
it: Avvertire tutti gli utenti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can send message to everyone who is logged on to the system with <citerefentry><refentrytitle>wall</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> by the following.
it: Si può mandare un messaggio a tutti gli utenti che sono connessi al sistema con <citerefentry><refentrytitle>wall</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: $ echo "We are shutting down in 1 hour" | wall
it: $ echo "Arresto pianificato del sistema tra 1 ora" | wall

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Hardware identification
it: Identificazione dell'hardware

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For the <ulink url="&pci;">PCI</ulink>-like devices (<ulink url="&agp;">AGP</ulink>, <ulink url="&pciexpress;">PCI-Express</ulink>, <ulink url="&cardbus;">CardBus</ulink>, <ulink url="&expresscard;">ExpressCard</ulink>, etc.), <citerefentry><refentrytitle>lspci</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> (probably with "<literal>-nn</literal>" option) is a good start for the hardware identification
it: Per i dispositivi di tipo simile <ulink url="&pci;">PCI</ulink> (<ulink url="&agp;">AGP</ulink>, <ulink url="&pciexpress;">PCI-Express</ulink>, <ulink url="&cardbus;">CardBus</ulink>, <ulink url="&expresscard;">ExpressCard</ulink>, ecc.), <citerefentry><refentrytitle>lspci</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> (probabilmente con l'opzione "<literal>-nn</literal>") è un buon punto di partenza per l'identificazione dell'hardware.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Alternatively, you can identify the hardware by reading contents of "<literal>/proc/bus/pci/devices</literal>" or browsing directory tree under "<literal>/sys/bus/pci</literal>" (see <xref linkend="_procfs_and_sysfs"/>).
it: In alternativa, si può identificare l'hardware leggendo il contenuto di "<literal>/proc/bus/pci/devices</literal>" o sfogliando l'albero di directory in "<literal>/sys/bus/pci</literal>" (vedere <xref linkend="_procfs_and_sysfs"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of hardware identification tools
it: Elenco di strumenti per l'identificazione dell'hardware

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Linux PCI Utilities: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>lspci</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>
it: utilità PCI Linux: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>lspci</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Linux USB utilities: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>lsusb</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>
it: utilità Linux USB: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>lsusb</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: PCMCIA utilities for Linux 2.6: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pccardctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>
it: utilità PCMCIA per Linux 2.6: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pccardctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: collection of tools for SCSI hardware management: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>lsscsi</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>
it: raccosta di strumenti per la gestione dell'hardware SCSI:<citerefentry><refentrytitle>lsscsi</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: system information obtained from "<literal>/proc</literal>": <citerefentry><refentrytitle>lsdev</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>
it: informazioni sul sistema ottenute da "<literal>/proc</literal>": <citerefentry><refentrytitle>lsdev</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: information about hardware configuration: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>lshw</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
it: informazioni sulla configurazione hardware: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>lshw</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: hardware identification system: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>discover</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>
it: sistema di identificazione dell'hardware: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>discover</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Hardware configuration
it: Configurazione dell'hardware

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Although most of the hardware configuration on modern GUI desktop systems such as GNOME and KDE can be managed through accompanying GUI configuration tools, it is a good idea to know some basics methods to configure them.
it: Sebbene nei moderni sistemi desktop con interfaccia grafica, come GNOME e KDE, la maggior parte della configurazione dell'hardware possa essere gestita attraverso strumenti di configurazione con interfaccia grafica da essi forniti, è bene conoscere alcuni metodi di base di configurazione.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of hardware configuration tools
it: Elenco di strumenti di configurazione dell'hardware

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Hardware Abstraction Layer: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>lshal</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
it: HAL (Hardware Abstraction Layer): <citerefentry><refentrytitle>lshal</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Linux console font and keytable utilities
it: utilità Linux per i tipi di carattere e la mappa di tastiera in console

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: X server utilities: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>xset</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>xmodmap</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
it: utilità del server X: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>xset</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>xmodmap</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: daemon to manage events delivered by the Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI)
it: demone per gestire eventi inviati dall'ACPI (Advanced Configuration and Power Interface, interfaccia avanzata per configurazione ed energia)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: utility to display information on ACPI devices
it: utilità per mostrare informazioni sui device ACPI

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: daemon to manage events delivered by the Advanced Power Management (APM)
it: demone per gestire eventi inviati dall'APM (Advanced Power Management, gestione avanzata dell'energia)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: daemon to allow idle hard disks to spin down
it: demone per permettere di fermare la rotazione dei dischi fissi inattivi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: daemon to put a laptop to sleep during inactivity
it: demone per sospendere un portatile durante l'inattività

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: hard disk access optimization (see <xref linkend="_optimization_of_hard_disk"/>)
it: ottimizzazione degli accessi al disco fisso (vedere <xref linkend="_optimization_of_hard_disk"/>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: control and monitor storage systems using <ulink url="&smart;">S.M.A.R.T.</ulink>
it: controllo e monitoraggio dei sistemi di archiviazione usando <ulink url="&smart;">S.M.A.R.T.</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: collection of tools for serial port management
it: raccolta di strumenti per la gestione delle porte seriali

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: collection of tools for memory hardware management
it: raccolta di strumenti per la gestione di hardware di memoria

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: collection of tools for <ulink url="&scsi;">SCSI</ulink> hardware management
it: raccolta di strumenti per la gestione di hardware <ulink url="&scsi;">SCSI</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: utility to configure touchpad devices
it: utilità per configurare i dispositivi touchpad

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: compact disc drive access optimization
it: ottimizzazione dell'accesso alle unità CD

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: larger mouse cursors for X
it: puntatori del mouse più grandi per X

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here, <ulink url="&acpi;">ACPI</ulink> is a newer framework for the power management system than <ulink url="&apm;">APM</ulink>.
it: <ulink url="&acpi;">ACPI</ulink> è un'infrastruttura per il sistema di gestione dell'energia più nuovo di <ulink url="&apm;">APM</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: CPU frequency scaling on modern system is governed by kernel modules such as <literal>acpi_cpufreq</literal>.
it: La modifica della frequenza della CPU nei sistemi moderni è controllata da moduli del kernel come <literal>acpi_cpufreq</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: System and hardware time
it: Orario di sistema e hardware

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The following sets system and hardware time to MM/DD hh:mm, CCYY.
it: I comandi seguenti impostano l'ora di sistema e hardware a MM/GG hh:mm, AAAA.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: # date MMDDhhmmCCYY
    # hwclock --utc --systohc
    # hwclock --show
it: # date MMGGhhmmAAAA
    # hwclock --utc --systohc
    # hwclock --show

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Times are normally displayed in the local time on the Debian system but the hardware and system time usually use <ulink url="&utgmt;">UT(GMT)</ulink>.
it: Nei sistemi Debian, gli orari sono mostrati normalmente come ora locale, ma l'ora di sistema e quella hardware usano di solito l'ora <ulink url="&utgmt;">UT(GMT)</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If the hardware (BIOS) time is set to UT, change the setting to "<literal>UTC=yes</literal>" in the "<literal>/etc/default/rcS</literal>".
it: Se l'ora hardware (BIOS) è impostata ad UT, modificare l'impostazione nel file "<literal>/etc/default/rcS</literal>" ad "<literal>UTC=yes</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you wish to update system time via network, consider to use the <ulink url="&ntp;">NTP</ulink> service with the packages such as <literal>ntp</literal>, <literal>ntpdate</literal>, and <literal>chrony</literal>.
it: Se si desidera tenere aggiornata l'ora di sistema attraverso la rete, si consideri l'uso del servizion <ulink url="&ntp;">NTP</ulink> con pacchetti come <literal>ntp</literal>, <literal>ntpdate</literal> e <literal>chrony</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See the following.
it: Vedere la documentazione seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&ntppublicservicesproject;">NTP Public Services Project</ulink>
it: <ulink url="&ntppublicservicesproject;">Progetto servizi NTP pubblici</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The <literal>ntp-doc</literal> package
it: Il pacchetto <literal>ntp-doc</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ntptrace</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> in the <literal>ntp</literal> package can trace a chain of NTP servers back to the primary source.
it: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ntptrace</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, nel pacchetto <literal>ntp</literal> può tracciare una catena di server NTP all'indietro fino alla fonte originaria.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The terminal configuration
it: Configurazione del terminale

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There are several components to configure character console and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ncurses</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry> system features.
it: Ci sono diversi componenti per configurare le funzionalità della console a caratteri e il sistema <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ncurses</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The "<literal>/etc/terminfo/*/*</literal>" file (<citerefentry><refentrytitle>terminfo</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>)
it: Il file "<literal>/etc/terminfo/*/*</literal>" (<citerefentry><refentrytitle>terminfo</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The "<literal>$TERM</literal>" environment variable (<citerefentry><refentrytitle>term</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>)
it: La variabile d'ambiente "<literal>$TERM</literal>" (<citerefentry><refentrytitle>term</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>setterm</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>stty</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tic</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>toe</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
it: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>setterm</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>stty</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tic</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> e <citerefentry><refentrytitle>toe</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If the <literal>terminfo</literal> entry for <literal>xterm</literal> doesn't work with a non-Debian <literal>xterm</literal>, change your terminal type, "<literal>$TERM</literal>", from "<literal>xterm</literal>" to one of the feature-limited versions such as "<literal>xterm-r6</literal>" when you log in to a Debian system remotely.  See "<literal>/usr/share/doc/libncurses5/FAQ</literal>" for more.  "<literal>dumb</literal>" is the lowest common denominator for "<literal>$TERM</literal>".
it: :(Se, con un <literal>xterm</literal> non Debian,  la voce <literal>terminfo</literal> per <literal>xterm</literal> non funziona, cambiare il tipo di terminale "<literal>$TERM</literal>" da "<literal>xterm</literal>" ad una delle versioni con funzionalità limitate come "<literal>xterm-r6</literal>" quando si fa il login ad un sistema Debian da remoto. Per ulteriori iedere "<literal>/usr/share/doc/libncurses5/FAQ</literal>" .

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The sound infrastructure
it: L'infrastruttura audio

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Device drivers for sound cards for current Linux 2.6 are provided by <ulink url="&advancedlinuxsouarchitecturealsa;">Advanced Linux Sound Architecture (ALSA)</ulink>.  ALSA provides emulation mode for previous <ulink url="&opensoundsystemoss;">Open Sound System (OSS)</ulink> for compatibility.
it: I driver di dispositivo per le schede audio per l'attuale Linux 2.6 sono forniti da <ulink url="&advancedlinuxsouarchitecturealsa;">ALSA (Advanced Linux Sound Architecture)</ulink>. ALSA fornisce una modalità di emulazione per la compatibilità con il precedente sistema <ulink url="&opensoundsystemoss;">OSS (Open Sound System)</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Run "<literal>dpkg-reconfigure linux-sound-base</literal>" to select the sound system to use ALSA via blacklisting of kernel modules. Unless you have very new sound hardware, udev infrastructure should configure your sound system.
it: Eseguire "<literal>dpkg-reconfigure linux-sound-base</literal>" per selezionare l'uso di ALSA per il sistema audio attraverso l'inserimento in una lista nera di moduli del kernel. A meno di avere hardware audio estremamente recente, l'infrastruttura udev dovrebbe configurare il sistema audio.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Use "<literal>cat /dev/urandom &gt; /dev/audio</literal>" or <citerefentry><refentrytitle>speaker-test</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> to test speaker. (^C to stop)
it: Per testare l'altoparlante usare "<literal>cat /dev/urandom &gt; /dev/audio</literal>" oppure <citerefentry><refentrytitle>speaker-test</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>. (^C per interrompere)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: If you can not get sound, your speaker may be connected to a muted output.  Modern sound system has many outputs.  <citerefentry><refentrytitle>alsamixer</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> in the <literal>alsa-utils</literal> package is useful to configure volume and mute settings.
it: Se non si ottiene l'audio, è possibile che l'altroparlante sia connesso ad un output impostato come muto. I moderni sistemi sonori hanno svariati output. <citerefentry><refentrytitle>alsamixer</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> nel pacchetto <literal>alsa-utils</literal> è utile per configurare le impostazioni del volume e di muto.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Application softwares may be configured not only to access sound devices directly but also to access them via some standardized sound server system.
it: I software applicativi possono essere configurati non solo per accedere direttamente a device audio, ma anche per accedervi attraverso un qualche sistema server sonoro standardizzato.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of sound packages
it: Elenco di pacchetti relativi all'audio

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: base package for ALSA and OSS sound systems
it: pacchetto base per i sistemi audio ALSA e OSS

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: ALSA driver configuration files
it: file di configurazione del driver ALSA

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: utilities for configuring and using ALSA
it: utilità per configurare ed usare ALSA

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: OSS compatibility under ALSA preventing "<literal>/dev/dsp not found</literal>" errors
it: compatibilità OSS in ALSA per prevenire errori "<literal>/dev/dsp not found</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&jackaudioconnectionkitjack;">JACK Audio Connection Kit. (JACK)</ulink> server (low latency)
it: server <ulink url="&jackaudioconnectionkitjack;">JACK (JACK Audio Connection Kit)</ulink> (bassa latenza)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&jackaudioconnectionkitjack;">JACK Audio Connection Kit. (JACK)</ulink> library (low latency)
it: libreria <ulink url="&jackaudioconnectionkitjack;">JACK (JACK Audio Connection Kit)</ulink> (bassa latenza)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&networkaudiosystemnas;">Network Audio System (NAS)</ulink> server
it: server <ulink url="&networkaudiosystemnas;">NAS (Network Audio System)</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&networkaudiosystemnas;">Network Audio System (NAS)</ulink> library
it: libreria <ulink url="&networkaudiosystemnas;">NAS (Network Audio System)</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&pulseaudio;">PulseAudio</ulink> server, replacement for ESD
it: server <ulink url="&pulseaudio;">PulseAudio</ulink>, sostituto per ESD

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&pulseaudio;">PulseAudio</ulink> client library, replacement for ESD
it: libreria client <ulink url="&pulseaudio;">PulseAudio</ulink>, sostituto per ESD

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&gstreamer;">GStreamer</ulink>: GNOME sound engine
it: <ulink url="&gstreamer;">GStreamer</ulink>: motore audio di GNOME

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&xine;">xine</ulink>: KDE older sound engine
it: <ulink url="&xine;">xine</ulink>: vecchio motore audio di KDE

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&phonon;">Phonon</ulink>: KDE sound engine
it: <ulink url="&phonon;">Phonon</ulink>: motore audio di KDE

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There is usually a common sound engine for each popular desktop environment. Each sound engine used by the application can choose to connect to different sound servers.
it: Normalmente esiste un motore audio comune per ciascun ambiente desktop. Ciascun motore audio usato dalle applicazioni può scegliere di connettersi a diversi server audio.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Disabling the screen saver
it: Disabilitare il salvaschermo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For disabling the screen saver, use following commands.
it: Per disabilitare il salvaschermo usare i comandi seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of commands for disabling the screen saver
it: Elenco di comandi per disabilitare il salvaschermo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: The Linux console
it: Console Linux

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: The X Window (turning off screensaver)
it: X Window (disabilitare il salvaschermo)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: The X Window (disabling dpms)
it: X Window (disabilitare DPMS)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: The X Window (GUI configuration of screen saver)
it: X Window (configurazione tramite GUI del salvaschermo)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Disabling beep sounds
it: Disabilitare i bip sonori

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: One can always unplug the PC speaker to disable beep sounds.  Removing <literal>pcspkr</literal> kernel module does this for you.
it: Per disabilitare i bip sonori è sempre possibile disconnettere l'altoparlante del PC; la rimozione del modulo <literal>pcspkr</literal> del kernel fa stessa cosa per conto dell'utente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The following prevents the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>readline</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry> program used by <citerefentry><refentrytitle>bash</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> to beep when encountering "<literal>\a</literal>" (ASCII=7).
it: Il comando seguente evita che il programma <citerefentry><refentrytitle>readline</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry> usato da <citerefentry><refentrytitle>bash</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> emetta suoni bip quando incontra "<literal>\a</literal>" (ASCII=7).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Memory usage
it: Uso della memoria

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The kernel boot message in the "<literal>/var/log/dmesg</literal>" contains the total exact size of available memory.
it: I messaggi di avvio del kernel nel file "<literal>/var/log/dmesg</literal>" contengono la dimensione esatta della memoria disponibile.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>free</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>top</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> display information on memory resources on the running system.
it: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>free</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> e <citerefentry><refentrytitle>top</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> mostrano informazioni sulle risorse di memoria nel sistema mentre è in funzione.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Do not worry about the large size of "<literal>used</literal>" and the small size of "<literal>free</literal>" in the "<literal>Mem:</literal>" line, but read the one under them (675404 and 321780 in the example below) and relax.
it: Non ci si deve preoccupare della grande dimensione del valore "<literal>used</literal>" (usata) e della piccolo valore di "<literal>free</literal>" (libera) nella riga "<literal>Mem:</literal>", ma si può invece leggere la riga sottostante (con 675404 e 321780 nell'esempio precedente) e rilassarsi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For my MacBook with 1GB=1048576k DRAM (video system steals some of this), I see the following.
it: Per il mio MacBook con 1GB=1048576k DRAM (il sistema video ne ruba un po'), vedo le informazioni seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of memory sizes reported
it: Elenco di dimensioni della memoria riportate

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: report
it: fonte

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Total size in dmesg
it: Dimensione totale in dmesg

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Free in dmesg
it: Libera in dmesg

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Total under shell
it: Dimensione totale nella shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Free under shell
it: Libera nella shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: 20256k (but effectively 321780k)
it: 20256k (ma in effetti 321780k)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: System security and integrity check
it: Verifica della sicurezza e dell'integrità del sistema

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Poor system maintenance may expose your system to external exploitation.
it: Una cattiva manutenzione del sistema può esporlo ad attacchi esterni.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For system security and integrity check, you should start with the following.
it: Per verificare la sicurezza e l'integrità del sistema, si dovrebbe iniziare dai punti seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The <literal>debsums</literal> package, See <citerefentry><refentrytitle>debsums</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> and <xref linkend="_top_level_release_file_and_authenticity"/>.
it: Il pacchetto <literal>debsums</literal>. Vedere <citerefentry><refentrytitle>debsums</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> e <xref linkend="_top_level_release_file_and_authenticity"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The <literal>chkrootkit</literal> package, See <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chkrootkit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
it: Il pacchetto <literal>chkrootkit</literal>. Vedere <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chkrootkit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The <literal>clamav</literal> package family, See <citerefentry><refentrytitle>clamscan</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>freahclam</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
it: La famiglia di pacchetti <literal>clamav</literal>. Vedere <citerefentry><refentrytitle>clamscan</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> e <citerefentry><refentrytitle>freahclam</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&debiansecurityfaq;">Debian security FAQ</ulink>.
it: <ulink url="&debiansecurityfaq;">FAQ Debian Security</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&securingdebianmanual;">Securing Debian Manual</ulink>.
it: <ulink url="&securingdebianmanual;">Manuale Securing Debian</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of tools for system security and integrity check
it: Elenco di strumenti per verificare la sicurezza e l'integrità del sistema

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: daemon to mail anomalies in the system logfiles to the administrator
it: demone per inviare via posta anomalie nei file di registro di sistema all'amministratore

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: utility to verify installed package files against MD5 checksums
it: utilità per controllare i file dei pacchetti installati con le somme di controllo MD5

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&rootkit;">rootkit</ulink> detector
it: rilevatore di <ulink url="&rootkit;">rootkit</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: anti-virus utility for Unix - command-line interface
it: utilità anti-virus per Unix - interfaccia a riga di comando

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: report system security vulnerabilities
it: riporta vulnerabilità nella sicurezza di sistema

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: file and directory integrity checker
it: strumento di controllo dell'integrità di file e directory

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: active password cracking tool
it: strumento di violazione delle password attive

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Advanced Intrusion Detection Environment - static binary
it: AIDE - ambiente avanzato di rilevamento delle intrusioni - binario statico

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: security hardening tool
it: strumento di rafforzamento della sicurezza

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: file integrity verification program
it: programma di controllo dell'integrità di file

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: password guessing program
it: programma per indovinare password

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here is a simple script to check for typical world writable incorrect file permissions.
it: Con il piccolo script seguente è possibile controllare la presenza di tipici errori con permessi di scrittura per tutti per i file sbagliati.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: Since the <literal>debsums</literal> package uses <ulink url="&mdf;">MD5</ulink> checksums stored locally, it can not be fully trusted as the system security audit tool against malicious attacks.
it: Data che il pacchetto <literal>debsums</literal> usa le somme di controllo <ulink url="&mdf;">MD5</ulink> salvate localmente, non può essere completamente affidabile come strumento di controllo della sicurezza del sistema contro attacchi malevoli.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: The kernel
it: Il kernel

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Debian distributes modularized <ulink url="&linuxkernel;">Linux kernel</ulink> as packages for supported architectures.
it: Debian distribuisce, per le architetture supportate, kernel Linux modulari contenuti in pacchetti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Linux kernel 2.6
it: Kernel Linux 2.6

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There are few notable features on Linux kernel 2.6 compared to 2.4.
it: Nel kernel Linux 2.6 ci sono alcune funzionalità degne di nota rispetto alla versione 2.4.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Devices are created by the udev system (see <xref linkend="_the_udev_system"/>).
it: I device vengono creati dal sistema udev (vedere <xref linkend="_the_udev_system"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Read/write accesses to IDE CD/DVD devices do not use the <literal>ide-scsi</literal> module.
it: L'accesso in lettura/scrittura ai dispositivi CD/DVD IDE non usa il modulo <literal>ide-scsi</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Network packet filtering functions use <literal>iptable</literal> kernel modules.
it: Le funzioni di filtraggio dei pacchetti di rete usando i moduli <literal>iptable</literal> del kernel.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Kernel parameters
it: Parametri del kernel

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Many Linux features are configurable via kernel parameters as follows.
it: Molte caratteristiche di Linux possono essere configurate tramite parametri del kernel, nei modi seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Kernel parameters initialized by the bootloader (see <xref linkend="_stage_2_the_boot_loader"/>)
it: Parametri del kernel inizializzati dal bootloader (vedere <xref linkend="_stage_2_the_boot_loader"/>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Kernel parameters changed by <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sysctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> at runtime for ones accessible via sysfs (see <xref linkend="_procfs_and_sysfs"/>)
it: Se accessibili attraverso sysfs (vedere <xref linkend="_procfs_and_sysfs"/>), parametri del kernel modificati da <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sysctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> durante l'esecuzione del sistema.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Module parameters set by arguments of <citerefentry><refentrytitle>modprobe</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> when a module is activated (see <xref linkend="_mounting_the_disk_image_file"/>)
it: Parametri di moduli impostati dagli argomenti di <citerefentry><refentrytitle>modprobe</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> al momento dell'attivazione di un modulo (vedere <xref linkend="_mounting_the_disk_image_file"/>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See "<literal>kernel-parameters.txt(.gz)</literal>" and other related documents in the Linux kernel documentation ("<literal>/usr/share/doc/linux-doc-2.6.*/Documentation/filesystems/*</literal>") provided by the <literal>linux-doc-2.6.*</literal> package.
it: Vedere "<literal>kernel-parameters.txt(.gz)</literal>" e altri documenti correlati nella documentazione del kernel Linux ("<literal>/usr/share/doc/linux-doc-2.6.*/Documentation/filesystems/*</literal>") fornita dai pacchetti <literal>linux-doc-2.6.*</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Kernel headers
it: Header del kernel

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Most <emphasis role="strong">normal programs</emphasis> don't need kernel headers and in fact may break if you use them directly for compiling. They should be compiled against the headers in "<literal>/usr/include/linux</literal>" and "<literal>/usr/include/asm</literal>" provided by the <literal>libc6-dev</literal> package (created from the <literal>glibc</literal> source package) on the Debian system.
it: La maggior parte dei <emphasis role="strong">normali programmi</emphasis> non ha bisogno degli header del kernel per essere compilata, anzi di fatto può corrompersi se si usano direttamente gli header. Questi programmi dovrebbero essere compilati nel sistema Debian usando gli header in "<literal>/usr/include/linux</literal>" e "<literal>/usr/include/asm</literal>" forniti dal pacchetto <literal>libc6-dev</literal> (creato dal pacchetto sorgente <literal>glibc</literal>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: For compiling some kernel-specific programs such as the kernel modules from the external source and the automounter daemon (<literal>amd</literal>), you must include path to the corresponding kernel headers, e.g. "<literal>-I/usr/src/linux-particular-version/include/</literal>", to your command line. <citerefentry><refentrytitle>module-assistant</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> (or its short form <literal>m-a</literal>) helps users to build and install module package(s) easily for one or more custom kernels.
it: Per compilare alcuni programmi specifici per il kernel, come moduli per il kernel da fonti esterne e il demone automounter (<literal>amd</literal>), è necessario includere nella propria riga di comando il percorso ai corrispondenti header del kernel, ad esempio "<literal>-I/usr/src/linux-particular-version/include/</literal>". <citerefentry><refentrytitle>module-assistant</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> (o la suo forma abbbreviata <literal>m-a</literal>) aiuta l'utente a compilare ed installare pacchetti di moduli in modo semplice per uno o più kernel personalizzati.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Compiling the kernel and related modules
it: Compilare il kernel ed i moduli relativi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Debian has its own method of compiling the kernel and related modules.
it: Debian ha un proprio metodo di compilazione del kernel e dei moduli relativi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of key packages to be installed for the kernel recompilation on the Debian system
it: Elenco di pacchetti chiave da installare per la ricompilazione del kernel in un sistema Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: essential packages for building Debian packages: <literal>make</literal>, <literal>gcc</literal>, …
it: pacchetti essenziali per compilare pacchetti Debian: <literal>make</literal>, <literal>gcc</literal>, …

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: compress and decompress utilities for bz2 files
it: utilità di compressione e decompressione per file bz2

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: developer's libraries and docs for ncurses
it: librerie di sviluppo e documentazione per ncurses

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: git: distributed revision control system used by the Linux kernel
it: git: sistema distribuito di controllo delle revisioni usato dal kernel Linux

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: provide fakeroot environment for building package as non-root
it: fornisce un ambiente fakeroot per compilare pacchetti da utente non root

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: tool to build an initramfs (Debian specific)
it: strumento per compilare un initramfs (specifico di Debian)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&dynamickernelmodulesupportdkms;">dynamic kernel module support (DKMS)</ulink> (generic)
it: <ulink url="&dynamickernelmodulesupportdkms;">DKMS (Dynamic Kernel Module Support, supporto dinamico per i noduli del kernel)</ulink> (generico)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: helper scripts for a Debian Package maintainer (Debian specific)
it: script di aiuto per i manutentori di pacchetti Debian (specifico di Debian)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you use <literal>initrd</literal> in <xref linkend="_stage_2_the_boot_loader"/>, make sure to read the related information in <citerefentry><refentrytitle>initramfs-tools</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>update-initramfs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mkinitramfs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>initramfs.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
it: Se si usa <literal>initrd</literal> nello <xref linkend="_stage_2_the_boot_loader"/>, ci si assicuri di leggere le informazioni relative in <citerefentry><refentrytitle>initramfs-tools</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>update-initramfs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mkinitramfs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> e <citerefentry><refentrytitle>initramfs.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
en: Do not put symlinks to the directories in the source tree (e.g. "<literal>/usr/src/linux*</literal>") from "<literal>/usr/include/linux</literal>" and "<literal>/usr/include/asm</literal>" when compiling the Linux kernel source. (Some outdated documents suggest this.)
it: Quando si compilano i sorgenti del kernel Linux, non mettere collegamenti simbolici alle directory nell'albero dei sorgenti (ad esempio, "<literal>/usr/src/linux*</literal>") in "<literal>/usr/include/linux</literal>" e "<literal>/usr/include/asm</literal>". (Alcuni documenti ormai datati suggeriscono di farlo.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: When compiling the latest Linux kernel on the Debian <literal>stable</literal> system, the use of backported latest tools from the Debian <literal>unstable</literal> may be needed.
it: Quando si compila il kernel Linux più recente nel sistema Debian <literal>stable</literal>, potrebbe essere necessario l'uso delle versioni backport degli strumenti piu recenti da Debian <literal>unstable</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: The <ulink url="&dynamickernelmodulesupportdkms;">dynamic kernel module support (DKMS)</ulink> is a new distribution independent framework designed to allow individual kernel modules to be upgraded without changing the whole kernel. This will be endorsed for the maintenance of out-of-tree modules for <literal>squeeze</literal>.  This also makes it very easy to rebuild modules as you upgrade kernels.
it: Il <ulink url="&dynamickernelmodulesupportdkms;">DKMS (Dynamic Kernel Module Support, supporto dinamico per i moduli del kernel)</ulink> è un nuova infrastruttura indipendente dalla distribuzione progettata per permettere l'aggiornamento di singoli moduli del kernel senza cambiare tutto il kernel. Verrà utilizzata per <literal>squeeze</literal> per il mantenimento dei moduli esterni all'albero dei sorgenti. Rende anche molto facile la ricompilazione dei moduli quando si aggiornano i kernel.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Compiling the kernel source: Debian Kernel Team recommendation
it: Compilare i sorgenti del kernel: il metodo raccomandato dal Team del Kernel di Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For building custom kernel binary packages from the upstream kernel source, you should use the "<literal>deb-pkg</literal>" target provided by it.
it: Per compilare pacchetti binari del kernel personalizzati a partire dai sorgenti originali del kernel, si deve usare il target "<literal>deb-pkg</literal> fornito.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: $ sudo apt-get build-dep linux-2.6
    $ cd /usr/src
    $ wget http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v3.2/linux-&lt;version&gt;.tar.bz2
    $ tar -xjvf linux-&lt;version&gt;.tar.bz2
    $ cd linux-&lt;version&gt;
    $ cp /boot/config-&lt;version&gt; .config
    $ make menuconfig
     ...
    $ make deb-pkg
it: $ sudo apt-get build-dep linux-2.6
    $ cd /usr/src
    $ wget http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v3.2/linux-&lt;versione&gt;.tar.bz2
    $ tar -xjvf linux-&lt;versione&gt;.tar.bz2
    $ cd linux-&lt;versione&gt;
    $ cp /boot/config-&lt;versione&gt; .config
    $ make menuconfig
     ...
    $ make deb-pkg

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: The linux-source-&lt;version&gt; package provides the Linux kernel source with Debian patches as "<literal>/usr/src/linux-&lt;version&gt;.tar.bz2</literal>".
it: Il pacchetto linux-source-&lt;versione&gt; fornisce i sorgenti del kernel Linux con le patch Debian come "<literal>/usr/src/linux-&lt;versione&gt;.tar.bz2</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For building specific binary packages from the Debian kernel source package, you should use the "<literal>binary-arch_&lt;architecture&gt;_&lt;featureset&gt;_&lt;flavour&gt;</literal>" targets in "<literal>debian/rules.gen</literal>".
it: Per compilare pacchetti binari specifici a partire dal pacchetto Debian dei sorgenti del kernel, si devono usare i target "<literal>binary-arch_&lt;architettura&gt;_&lt;featureset&gt;_&lt;flavour&gt;</literal>" in "<literal>debian/rules.gen</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See further information:
it: Ulteriori informazioni:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Debian Wiki: <ulink url="&kernelfaq;">KernelFAQ</ulink>
it: Wiki Debian: <ulink url="&kernelfaq;">FAQ del Kernel</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Debian Wiki: <ulink url="&debiankernel;">DebianKernel</ulink>
it: Wiki Debian: <ulink url="&debiankernel;">Kernel Debian</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Hardware drivers and firmware
it: Driver per hardware e firmware

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The hardware driver is the code running on the target system. Most hardware drivers are available as free software now and are included in the normal Debian kernel packages in the <literal>main</literal> area.
it: Un driver hardware è il codice eseguito nel sistema target. La maggior parte dei driver hardware sono ora disponibili come software libero e sono inclusi nei normali pacchetti Debian dei kernel nell'area <literal>main</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&gpu;">GPU</ulink> driver
it: driver <ulink url="&gpu;">GPU</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Intel GPU driver (<literal>main</literal>)
it: driver GPU Intel (<literal>main</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: AMD/ATI GPU driver (<literal>main</literal>)
it: driver GPU AMD/ATI (<literal>main</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: NVIDIA GPU driver (<literal>main</literal> for <ulink url="&nouveau;">nouveau</ulink> driver, and <literal>non-free</literal> for binary-only drivers supported by the vendor.)
it: driver GPU NVIDIA (<literal>main</literal> per il driver <ulink url="&nouveau;">nouveau</ulink> e <literal>non-free</literal> per i driver solo binari supportati dal produttore.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&softmodem;">Softmodem</ulink> driver
it: driver <ulink url="&softmodem;">Softmodem</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: martian-modem and sl-modem-dkms packages (<literal>non-free</literal>)
it: pacchetti martian-modem e sl-modem-dkms (<literal>non-free</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The firmware is the code or data loaded on the device (e.g., CPU <ulink url="&microcode;">microcode</ulink>, rendering code running on GPU, or <ulink url="&fpga;">FPGA</ulink> / <ulink url="&cpld;">CPLD</ulink> data, …).  Some firmware packages are available as free software but many firmware packages are not available as free software since they contain sourceless binary data.
it: Il firmware è il codice o i dati caricati sul dispositivo (ad esempio <ulink url="&microcode;">microcodice</ulink> della CPU, codice di rendering eseguito nella GPU oppure dati <ulink url="&fpga;">FPGA</ulink>/<ulink url="&cpld;">CPLD</ulink>, …). Alcuni pacchetti firmware sono disponibili come software libero, ma molti pacchetti firmware non lo sono dato che contengono dati binari senza sorgenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Please note that <literal>non-free</literal> and <literal>contrib</literal> packages are not part of the Debian system.  The access configuration to enable and to disable the <literal>non-free</literal> and <literal>contrib</literal> areas is described in <xref linkend="_debian_archive_basics"/>.  You should be aware of negatives associated with the use of the <literal>non-free</literal> and <literal>contrib</literal> packages as described in <xref linkend="_debian_is_100_free_software"/>.
it: Notare che i pacchetti <literal>non-free</literal> e <literal>contrib</literal> non fanno parte del sistema Debian. La configurazione per abilitare e disabilitare le aree <literal>non-free</literal> e <literal>contrib</literal> è descritta in <xref linkend="_debian_archive_basics"/>. Si dovrebbe essere consapevoli degli aspetti negativi legati all'uso dei pacchetti <literal>non-free</literal> e <literal>contrib</literal> come descritto in <xref linkend="_debian_is_100_free_software"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Virtualized system
it: Sistema virtualizzato

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Use of virtualized system enables us to run multiple instances of system simultaneously on a single hardware.
it: L'uso di sistemi virtualizzati permette di eseguire più istanze di un sistema simultaneamente su un singolo hardware.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
en: See <ulink url="&httpwikidebianoremvirtualization;">http://wiki.debian.org/SystemVirtualization</ulink> .
it: Vedere <ulink url="&httpwikidebianoremvirtualization;">http://wiki.debian.org/SystemVirtualization</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Virtualization tools
it: Strumenti per la virtualizzazione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There are several system <ulink url="&virtualization;">virtualization</ulink> and <ulink url="&emulation;">emulation</ulink> related packages in Debian beyond simple <ulink url="&chroot;">chroot</ulink>.  Some packages also help you to setup such system.
it: Ci sono diversi pacchetti in Debian relativi alla <ulink url="&virtualization;">virtualizzazione</ulink> ed <ulink url="&emulation;">emulazione</ulink> di sistema che vanno oltre il semplice <ulink url="&chroot;">chroot</ulink>. Alcuni pacchetti aiutano anche nell'impostazione di tali sistemi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of virtualization tools
it: Elenco di strumenti di virtualizzazione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: specialized tool for executing Debian binary packages in chroot
it: strumento specializzato per eseguire pacchetti Debian binari in chroot

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: tool for building Debian binary packages from Debian sources
it: strumento per compilare pacchetti Debian binari da sorgenti Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: personal package builder for Debian packages
it: creatore di pacchetti personali per pacchetti Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: bootstrap a basic Debian system (written in sh)
it: avviare un sistema Debian base (scritto in sh)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: bootstrap a Debian system (written in C)
it: avviare un sistema Debian (scritto in C)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: tool for building complete Linux filesystem images
it: strumento per creare immagini complete di un file system Linux

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&virtualmachinemanager;">Virtual Machine Manager</ulink>: desktop application for managing virtual machines
it: <ulink url="&virtualmachinemanager;">Virtual Machine Manager</ulink>: applicazione desktop per gestire macchine virtuali

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: programs for the <ulink url="&libvirt;">libvirt</ulink> library
it: programmi per la libreria <ulink url="&libvirt;">libvirt</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&usermodelinux;">User-mode Linux</ulink> (kernel)
it: <ulink url="&usermodelinux;">Linux User-mode</ulink> (kernel)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&bochs;">Bochs</ulink>: IA-32 PC emulator
it: <ulink url="&bochs;">Bochs</ulink>: emulatore PC IA-32

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&qemu;">QEMU</ulink>: fast generic processor emulator
it: <ulink url="&qemu;">QEMU</ulink>: veloce emulatore generico di processore

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&qemu;">QEMU</ulink>: full system emulation binaries
it: <ulink url="&qemu;">QEMU</ulink>: binari per emulazione completa del sistema

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&qemu;">QEMU</ulink>: user mode emulation binaries
it: <ulink url="&qemu;">QEMU</ulink>: binari per emulazione in spazio utente

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&qemu;">QEMU</ulink>: utilities
it: <ulink url="&qemu;">QEMU</ulink>: utilità

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&kvm;">KVM</ulink>: full virtualization on x86 hardware with the <ulink url="&hardwareassistedvirtualization;">hardware-assisted virtualization</ulink>
it: <ulink url="&kvm;">KVM</ulink>: virtualizzazione completa su hardware x86 con<ulink url="&hardwareassistedvirtualization;">virtualizzazione assistita da hardware</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&virtualbox;">VirtualBox</ulink>: x86 virtualization solution on i386 and amd64
it: <ulink url="&virtualbox;">VirtualBox</ulink>: soluzione per virtualizzazione i dx86 su i386 e amd64

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: tools to manage debian <ulink url="&xen;">XEN</ulink> virtual server
it: strumenti per gestire server virtuali <ulink url="&xen;">XEN</ulink> Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&wine;">Wine</ulink>: Windows API Implementation (standard suite)
it: <ulink url="&wine;">Wine</ulink>: implementazione della API Windows (suite standard)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&dosbox;">DOSBox</ulink>: x86 emulator with Tandy/Herc/CGA/EGA/VGA/SVGA graphics, sound and DOS
it: <ulink url="&dosbox;">DOSBox</ulink>: emulatore x86 con grafica Tandy/Herc/CGA/EGA/VGA/SVGA, suono e DOS

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&dosemu;">DOSEMU</ulink>: The Linux DOS Emulator
it: <ulink url="&dosemu;">DOSEMU</ulink>: emulatore DOS di Linux

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&openvz;">OpenVZ</ulink> server virtualization solution - control tools
it: <ulink url="&openvz;">OpenVZ</ulink>, soluzione per virtualizzazione server - strumenti di controllo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&openvz;">OpenVZ</ulink> server virtualization solution - quota tools
it: <ulink url="&openvz;">OpenVZ</ulink>, soluzione per virtualizzazione server - strumenti per quote

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&linuxcontainers;">Linux containers</ulink> user space tools
it: strumenti in spazio utente per <ulink url="&linuxcontainers;">contenitori Linux containers</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See Wikipedia article <ulink url="&comparisonofplatmvirtualmachines;">Comparison of platform virtual machines</ulink> for detail comparison of different platform virtualization solutions.
it: Vedere l'articolo di Wikipedia <ulink url="&comparisonofplatmvirtualmachines;">Comparison of platform virtual machines</ulink> per una comparazione dettagliata di diverse soluzioni per la virtualizzazione di piattaforme.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Virtualization work flow
it: Fasi del processo di virtualizzazione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: Some functionalities described here are only available in <literal>squeeze</literal>.
it: Alcune funzionalità descritte in seguito sono disponibili solamente in <literal>squeeze</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: Default Debian kernels support <ulink url="&kvm;">KVM</ulink> since <literal>lenny</literal>.
it: I kernel Debian predefiniti hanno il supporto per <ulink url="&kvm;">KVM</ulink> a partire da <literal>lenny</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Typical work flow for <ulink url="&virtualization;">virtualization</ulink> involves several steps.
it: Il tipico processo di <ulink url="&virtualization;">virtualizzazione</ulink> comporta diverse fasi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Create an empty filesystem (a file tree or a disk image).
it: Creare un file system vuoto (un albero di file o un'immagine di disco).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The file tree can be created by "<literal>mkdir -p /path/to/chroot</literal>".
it: L'albero di file può essere creato con "<literal>mkdir -p /percorso/di/chroot</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The raw disk image file can be created with <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> (see <xref linkend="_making_the_disk_image_file"/> and <xref linkend="_making_the_empty_disk_image_file"/>).
it: Il file immagine raw del disco può essere creato con <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> (vedere <xref linkend="_making_the_disk_image_file"/> e <xref linkend="_making_the_empty_disk_image_file"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>qemu-img</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> can be used to create and convert disk image files supported by <ulink url="&qemu;">QEMU</ulink>.
it: Si può usare <citerefentry><refentrytitle>qemu-img</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> per creare e convertire file immagine di dischi supportati da <ulink url="&qemu;">QEMU</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The raw and <ulink url="&vmdk;">VMDK</ulink> file format can be used as common format among virtualization tools.
it: I formati di file raw e <ulink url="&vmdk;">VMDK</ulink> possono essere usati come formati comuni tra i vari strumenti di virtualizzazione.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Mount the disk image with <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mount</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> to the filesystem (optional).
it: Montare l'immagine del disco con <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mount</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> nel file system (opzionale).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: For the raw disk image file, mount it as <ulink url="&loopdevice;">loop device</ulink> or <ulink url="&devicemapper;">device mapper</ulink> devices (see <xref linkend="_mounting_the_disk_image_file"/>).
it: Per il file immagine raw sel disco, montarlo come <ulink url="&loopdevice;">device loop</ulink> o <ulink url="&devicemapper;">device mapper</ulink> (vedere <xref linkend="_mounting_the_disk_image_file"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: For disk images supported by <ulink url="&qemu;">QEMU</ulink>, mount them as <ulink url="&networkblockdevice;">network block device</ulink> (see <xref linkend="_mounting_the_virtual_disk_image_file"/>).
it: Per le immagini disco supportate da <ulink url="&qemu;">QEMU</ulink>, montarle come <ulink url="&networkblockdevice;">device a blocchi di rete</ulink> (vedere <xref linkend="_mounting_the_virtual_disk_image_file"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Populate the target filesystem with required system data.
it: Popolare il file system obiettivo con i dati di sistema necessari.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Use programs such as <literal>debootstrap</literal> and <literal>cdebootstrap</literal> help this process (see <xref linkend="_chroot_system"/>).
it: L'uso di programmi come <literal>debootstrap</literal> e <literal>cdebootstrap</literal> aiuta questo processo (vedere <xref linkend="_chroot_system"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Use installers of OSs under the full system emulation.
it: Usare gli installatori di sistemi operativi nell'emulazione di sistemi completi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Run a program under a virtualized environment.
it: Eseguire un programma in un ambiente virtualizzato.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&chroot;">chroot</ulink> provides basic virtualized environment enough to compile programs, run console applications, and run daemons in it.
it: <ulink url="&chroot;">chroot</ulink> fornisce un ambiente di virtualizzazione base sufficiente a compilare programmi, eseguire applicazioni in console ed eseguire demoni al suo interno.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&qemu;">QEMU</ulink> provides cross-platform CPU emulation.
it: <ulink url="&qemu;">QEMU</ulink> fornisce emulazione di CPU inter-piattaforma.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&qemu;">QEMU</ulink> with <ulink url="&kvm;">KVM</ulink> provides full system emulation by the <ulink url="&hardwareassistedvirtualization;">hardware-assisted virtualization</ulink>.
it: <ulink url="&qemu;">QEMU</ulink> con <ulink url="&kvm;">KVM</ulink> fornisce una completa emulazione di sistema con <ulink url="&hardwareassistedvirtualization;">virtualizzazione assistita da hardware</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&virtualbox;">VirtualBox</ulink> provides full system emulation on i386 and amd64 with or without the <ulink url="&hardwareassistedvirtualization;">hardware-assisted virtualization</ulink>.
it: <ulink url="&virtualbox;">VirtualBox</ulink> fornisce una completa emulazione del sistema in i386 e amd64 con o senza <ulink url="&hardwareassistedvirtualization;">virtualizzazione assistita da hardware</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Mounting the virtual disk image file
it: Montare il file immagine di disco virtuale

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For the raw disk image file, see <xref linkend="_the_disk_image"/>.
it: Per i file immagine raw di disco, vedere <xref linkend="_the_disk_image"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For other virtual disk image files, you can use <citerefentry><refentrytitle>qemu-nbd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> to export them using <ulink url="&networkblockdevice;">network block device</ulink> protocol and mount them using the <literal>nbd</literal> kernel module.
it: Per altri file immagine di dischi virtuali, si può usare <citerefentry><refentrytitle>qemu-nbd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> per esportarli usando il protocollo per <ulink url="&networkblockdevice;">device a blocchi di rete</ulink> e montarli usando il modulo <literal>nbd</literal> del kernel.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>qemu-nbd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> supports disk formats supported by <ulink url="&qemu;">QEMU</ulink>: <ulink url="&qemu;">QEMU</ulink> supports following disk formats: raw, <ulink url="&qcowcqcow;">qcow2, qcow</ulink>, <ulink url="&vmdk;">vmdk</ulink>, <ulink url="&vdi;">vdi</ulink>, <ulink url="&bochs;">bochs</ulink>, cow (user-mode Linux copy-on-write), <ulink url="&parallels;">parallels</ulink>, <ulink url="&dmg;">dmg</ulink>, <ulink url="&cloop;">cloop</ulink>, <ulink url="&vpc;">vpc</ulink>, vvfat (virtual VFAT), and host_device.
it: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>qemu-nbd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> supporta i formati di disco supportati da <ulink url="&qemu;">QEMU</ulink>; <ulink url="&qemu;">QEMU</ulink> supporta i seguenti formati di dischi: raw, <ulink url="&qcowcqcow;">qcow2, qcow</ulink>, <ulink url="&vmdk;">vmdk</ulink>, <ulink url="&vdi;">vdi</ulink>, <ulink url="&bochs;">bochs</ulink>, cow (copy-on-write di user-mode Linux), <ulink url="&parallels;">parallels</ulink>, <ulink url="&dmg;">dmg</ulink>, <ulink url="&cloop;">cloop</ulink>, <ulink url="&vpc;">vpc</ulink>, vvfat (VFAT virtuale) e host_device.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <ulink url="&networkblockdevice;">network block device</ulink> can support partitions in the same way as the <ulink url="&loopdevice;">loop device</ulink> (see <xref linkend="_mounting_the_disk_image_file"/>).  You can mount the first partition of "<literal>disk.img</literal>" as follows.
it: I <ulink url="&networkblockdevice;">device a blocchi di rete</ulink> possono supportare partizioni nello stesso modo dei  <ulink url="&loopdevice;">device loop</ulink> (vedere <xref linkend="_mounting_the_disk_image_file"/>). Si può montare la prima partizione di "<literal>disk.img</literal>" nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: You may export only the first partition of "<literal>disk.img</literal>" using "<literal>-P 1</literal>" option to <citerefentry><refentrytitle>qemu-nbd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
it: È possibile esportare solamente la prima partizione di "<literal>disk.img</literal>" usando l'opzione "<literal>-P 1</literal>"per <citerefentry><refentrytitle>qemu-nbd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Chroot system
it: Sistema chroot

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chroot</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> offers most basic way to run different instances of the GNU/Linux environment on a single system simultaneously without rebooting.
it: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chroot</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> offre il metodo più basilare per eseguire diverse istanze dell'ambiente GNU/Linux simultaneamente in un singolo sistema senza riavviare.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: Examples below assumes both parent system and chroot system share the same CPU architecture.
it: Gli esempi seguenti presuppongono che entrambi i sistemi, quello genitore e quello chroot, condividano la stessa architettura.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can learn how to setup and use <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chroot</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> by running <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pbuilder</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> program under <citerefentry><refentrytitle>script</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> as follows.
it: Si può imparare a impostare ed usare <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chroot</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> eseguendo il programma <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pbuilder</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> in <citerefentry><refentrytitle>script</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You see how <citerefentry><refentrytitle>debootstrap</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> or <citerefentry><refentrytitle>cdebootstrap</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> populate system data for <literal>sid</literal> environment under "<literal>/sid-root</literal>".
it: Si può vedere come <citerefentry><refentrytitle>debootstrap</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> o <citerefentry><refentrytitle>cdebootstrap</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> popoli i dati di sistema per l'ambiente <literal>sid</literal> in "<literal>/sid-root</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: These <citerefentry><refentrytitle>debootstrap</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> or <citerefentry><refentrytitle>cdebootstrap</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> are used to <ulink url="&installdebian;">install Debian</ulink> by the Debian Installer.  These can also be used to install Debian to a system without using a Debian install disk, but instead from another GNU/Linux distribution.
it: L'installatore Debian usa <citerefentry><refentrytitle>debootstrap</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> o <citerefentry><refentrytitle>cdebootstrap</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> per l'<ulink url="&installdebian;">installazione Debian</ulink>. Possono anche essere usati per installare Debian in un sistema senza usare un disco di installazione Debian, ma invece uno di un'altra distribuzione GNU/Linux.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You see how a system shell running under <literal>sid</literal> environment is created as the following.
it: Si può vedere come venga creata una shell di sistema in esecuzione nell'ambiente <literal>sid</literal>, nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Copy local configuration (<literal>"/etc/hosts</literal>", <literal>"/etc/hostname</literal>", <literal>"/etc/resolv.conf</literal>")
it: Copiare la configurazione locale (<literal>"/etc/hosts</literal>", <literal>"/etc/hostname</literal>", <literal>"/etc/resolv.conf</literal>")

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Mount "<literal>/proc</literal>" filesystem
it: Montare il file system "<literal>/proc</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Mount "<literal>/dev/pts</literal>" filesystem
it: Montare il file system "<literal>/dev/pts</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Create "<literal>/usr/sbin/policy-rc.d</literal>" which always exits with 101
it: Creare "<literal>/usr/sbin/policy-rc.d</literal>" che restituisca sempre il codice 101

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Run "<literal>chroot /sid-root bin/bash -c 'exec -a -bash bin/bash'</literal>"
it: Esegiore "<literal>chroot /sid-root bin/bash -c 'exec -a -bash bin/bash'</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: Some programs under chroot may require access to more files from the parent system to function than <literal>pbuilder</literal> provides.  For example, "<literal>/sys</literal>", "<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>", "<literal>/etc/group</literal>", "<literal>/var/run/utmp</literal>", "<literal>/var/log/wtmp</literal>", etc. may need to be bind-mounted or copied.
it: Alcuni programmi in chroot per funzionare possono aver bisogno dell'accesso ad più file nel sistema genitore di quanti ne fornisca <literal>pbuilder</literal>. Per esempio, per essere montati con bind o copiati, possono essere necessari "<literal>/sys</literal>", "<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>", "<literal>/etc/group</literal>", "<literal>/var/run/utmp</literal>", "<literal>/var/log/wtmp</literal>", ecc.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: The "<literal>/usr/sbin/policy-rc.d</literal>" file prevents daemon programs to be started automatically on Debian system.  See "<literal>/usr/share/doc/sysv-rc/README.policy-rc.d.gz</literal>".
it: Il file "<literal>/usr/sbin/policy-rc.d</literal>" evita che, in un sistema Debian, i programmi demone vengano avviati automaticamente. Vedere "<literal>/usr/share/doc/sysv-rc/README.policy-rc.d.gz</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: The original purpose of the specialized chroot package, <literal>pbuilder</literal> is to construct a chroot system and builds a package inside the chroot.  It is an ideal system to use to check that a package's build-dependencies are correct, and to be sure that unnecessary and wrong build dependencies do not exist in the resulting package.
it: Lo scopo originale del pacchetto specializzato chroot, <literal>pbuilder</literal> è di costruire un sistema chroot e di compilare un pacchetto all'interno del chroot. È un sistema ideale per controllare che le dipendenze di compilazione di un pacchetto siano corrette e per assicurare che, nel pacchetto risultante, non ci siano dipendenze sbagliate o superflue.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Similar <literal>schroot</literal> package may give you an idea to run <literal>i386</literal> chroot system under <literal>amd64</literal> parent system.
it: Il pacchetto simile <literal>schroot</literal> può dare un'idea di come eseguire un sistema chroot <literal>i386</literal> in un sistema genitore <literal>amd64</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Multiple desktop systems
it: Sistemi desktop multipli

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: I recommend you to use <ulink url="&qemu;">QEMU</ulink> or <ulink url="&virtualbox;">VirtualBox</ulink> on a Debian <literal>stable</literal> system to run multiple desktop systems safely using <ulink url="&virtualization;">virtualization</ulink>.  These enable you to run desktop applications of Debian <literal>unstable</literal> and <literal>testing</literal> without usual risks associated with them.
it: Io raccomando l'uso di <ulink url="&qemu;">QEMU</ulink> o <ulink url="&virtualbox;">VirtualBox</ulink> per eseguire, in un sistema Debian <literal>stable</literal>, sistemi desktop multipli in maniera sicura usando la <ulink url="&virtualization;">virtualizzazione</ulink>. Permettono di eseguire applicazioni desktop di Debian <literal>unstable</literal> e <literal>testing</literal> senza i comuni rischi ad essi associati.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Since pure <ulink url="&qemu;">QEMU</ulink> is very slow, it is recommended to accelerate it with <ulink url="&kvm;">KVM</ulink> when the host system support it.
it: Dato che <ulink url="&qemu;">QEMU</ulink> puro è molto lento, è raccomandata la sua velocizzazione con <ulink url="&kvm;">KVM</ulink> quando il sistema host lo permette.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The virtual disk image "<literal>virtdisk.qcow2</literal>" containing Debian system for <ulink url="&qemu;">QEMU</ulink> can be created using <ulink url="&debianinstallersmallcds;">debian-installer: Small CDs</ulink> as follows.
it: L'immagine disco virtuale "<literal>virtdisk.qcow2</literal>" contenente il sistema Debian per <ulink url="&qemu;">QEMU</ulink> si può creare con i<ulink url="&debianinstallersmallcds;">piccoli CD dell'installatore Debian</ulink> nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See more tips at <ulink url="&debianwikiqemu;">Debian wiki: QEMU</ulink>.
it: Vedere altri suggerimenti su <ulink url="&debianwikiqemu;">Debian Wiki: QEMU</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <ulink url="&virtualbox;">VirtualBox</ulink> comes with <ulink url="&qt;">Qt</ulink> GUI tools and quite intuitive.  Its GUI and command line tools are explained in <ulink url="&virtualboxusermanual;">VirtualBox User Manual</ulink> and <ulink url="&virtualboxusermanualpdf;">VirtualBox User Manual (PDF)</ulink>.
it: <ulink url="&virtualbox;">VirtualBox</ulink> è fornito con strumenti con interfaccia utente grafica <ulink url="&qt;">Qt</ulink> piuttosto intuitivi. I suoi strumenti grafici e a riga di comando sono spiegati nel <ulink url="&virtualboxusermanual;">Manuale utente di VirtualBox</ulink> e <ulink url="&virtualboxusermanualpdf;">Manuale utente di VirtualBox (PDF)</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Running other GNU/Linux distributions such as <ulink url="&ubuntu;">Ubuntu</ulink> and <ulink url="&fedra;">Fedra</ulink> under <ulink url="&virtualization;">virtualization</ulink> is a great way to learn configuration tips.  Other proprietary OSs may be run nicely under this GNU/Linux <ulink url="&virtualization;">virtualization</ulink>, too.
it: Eseguire altre distribuzioni GNU/Linux come <ulink url="&ubuntu;">Ubuntu</ulink> e <ulink url="&fedra;">Fedora</ulink> in una <ulink url="&virtualization;">virtualizzazione</ulink> è un ottimo metodo per imparare trucchetti di configurazione. Anche altri sistemi operativi proprietari possono essere eseguiti tranquillamente in queste <ulink url="&virtualization;">virtualizzazioni</ulink> GNU/Linux.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
en: Data management
it: Gestione dei dati

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
en: Tools and tips for managing binary and text data on the Debian system are described.
it: In questo capitolo sono descritti strumenti e trucchi per gestire dati binari e di testo in un sistema Debian.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><warning><para>
en: The uncoordinated write access to actively accessed devices and files from multiple processes must not be done to avoid the <ulink url="&racecondition;">race condition</ulink>.  <ulink url="&filelocking;">File locking</ulink> mechanisms using <citerefentry><refentrytitle>flock</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> may be used to avoid it.
it: L'accesso in scrittura non coordinato a device a cui si sta attivamente accedendo e a file da parte di processi diversi deve essere evitato per prevenire le <ulink url="&racecondition;">race condition</ulink>. Per evitare ciò devono essere usati i meccanismi di <ulink url="&filelocking;">lock dei file</ulink> utilizzando <citerefentry><refentrytitle>flock</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Sharing, copying, and archiving
it: Condividere, copiare ed archiviare

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The security of the data and its controlled sharing have several aspects.
it: La sicurezza dei dati e la loro condivisione controllata hanno diversi aspetti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The creation of data archive
it: La creazione di archivi di dati

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The remote storage access
it: L'accesso ad archivi remoti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The duplication
it: La duplicazione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The tracking of the modification history
it: Il tenere traccia della cronologia delle modifiche

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The facilitation of data sharing
it: La facilitazione della condivisione dei dati

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The prevention of unauthorized file access
it: Il prevenire l'accesso non autorizzato ai file

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The detection of unauthorized file modification
it: La rilevazione di modifiche non autorizzate ai file

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: These can be realized by using some combination of tools.
it: Queste azioni possono essere realizzate usando una combinazione di strumenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Archive and compression tools
it: Strumenti di archiviazione e compressione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Copy and synchronization tools
it: Strumenti di copia e sincronizzazione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Network filesystems
it: file system di rete

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Removable storage media
it: Supporti di archiviazione removibili

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The secure shell
it: Secure Shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The authentication system
it: Il sistema di autenticazione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Version control system tools
it: Strumenti per sistemi di controllo delle versioni

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Hash and cryptographic encryption tools
it: Strumenti crittografici per hash e cifratura

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here is a summary of archive and compression tools available on the Debian system.
it: Ecco una tabella riassuntiva degli strumenti di archiviazione e compressione disponibili per il sistema Debian.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of archive and compression tools
it: Elenco di strumenti di archiviazione e compressione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: extension
it: estensione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: comment
it: commento

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: the standard archiver (de facto standard)
it: strumento di archiviazione standard (standard de facto)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Unix System V style archiver, use with <citerefentry><refentrytitle>find</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
it: strumento di archiviazione Unix in stile System V, da usare con <citerefentry><refentrytitle>find</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: archiver for the creation of static libraries
it: strumento di archiviazione per la creazione di librerie statiche

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: archiver for Java (zip like)
it: strumento di archiviazione per Java (simile a zip)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: new POSIX standard archiver, compromise between <literal>tar</literal> and <literal>cpio</literal>
it: nuovo strumento POSIX di archiviazione, compromesso tra <literal>tar</literal> e <literal>cpio</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: GNU <ulink url="&lzhh;">LZ77</ulink> compression utility (de facto standard)
it: utilità GNU di compressione <ulink url="&lzhh;">LZ77</ulink> (standard de facto)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&burrowswheelerblrtingcompression;">Burrows-Wheeler block-sorting compression</ulink> utility with higher compression ratio than <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gzip</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> (slower than <literal>gzip</literal> with similar syntax)
it: utilità per <ulink url="&burrowswheelerblrtingcompression;">compressione con ordinamento dei blocchi Burrows-Wheeler</ulink> con maggiore rapporto di compressione di <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gzip</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> (più lenta di <literal>gzip</literal> con sintassi simile)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&lzma;">LZMA</ulink> compression utility with higher compression ratio than <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gzip</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> (deprecated)
it: utilità di compressione <ulink url="&lzma;">LZMA</ulink> con maggiore rapporto di compressione di <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gzip</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> (deprecata)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&xz;">XZ</ulink> compression utility with higher compression ratio than <citerefentry><refentrytitle>bzip2</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> (slower than <literal>gzip</literal> but faster than <literal>bzip2</literal>; replacement for <ulink url="&lzma;">LZMA</ulink> compression utility)
it: utilità di compressione <ulink url="&xz;">XZ</ulink> con maggiore rapporto di compressione di <citerefentry><refentrytitle>bzip2</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> (più lenta di <literal>gzip</literal>, ma più veloce di <literal>bzip2</literal>; sostituto dell'utilità di compressione <ulink url="&lzma;">LZMA</ulink>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&hzip;">7-Zip</ulink> file archiver with high compression ratio (<ulink url="&lzma;">LZMA</ulink> compression)
it: strumento di archiviazione file <ulink url="&hzip;">7-Zip</ulink> con alto rapporto di compressione (compressione <ulink url="&lzma;">LZMA</ulink>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&hzip;">7-Zip</ulink> file archiver with high compression ratio (<ulink url="&lzma;">LZMA</ulink> compression and others)
it: strumento di archiviazione file <ulink url="&hzip;">7-Zip</ulink> con alto rapporto di compressione (compressione <ulink url="&lzma;">LZMA</ulink> e altre)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&lzo;">LZO</ulink> compression utility with higher compression and decompression speed than <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gzip</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> (lower compression ratio than <literal>gzip</literal> with similar syntax)
it: utilità di compressione <ulink url="&lzo;">LZO</ulink> con velocità di compressione e decompressione più alta di quella di <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gzip</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> (più basso rapporto di compressione di <literal>gzip</literal> con sintassi simile)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&infozip;">InfoZIP</ulink>: DOS archive and compression tool
it: <ulink url="&infozip;">InfoZIP</ulink>: strumento di archiviazione e compressione per DOS

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&infozip;">InfoZIP</ulink>: DOS unarchive and decompression tool
it: <ulink url="&infozip;">InfoZIP</ulink>: strumento di estrazione di archivi e decompressione per DOS

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
en: Do not set the "<literal>$TAPE</literal>" variable unless you know what to expect.  It changes <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tar</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> behavior.
it: Non impostare la variabile "<literal>$TAPE</literal>" a meno che non si sappia esattamente cosa aspettarsi. Cambia il comportamento di <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tar</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: The gzipped <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tar</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> archive uses the file extension "<literal>.tgz</literal>" or "<literal>.tar.gz</literal>".
it: Gli archivi <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tar</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> compressi con gzip usano l'estensione di file "<literal>.tgz</literal>" o "<literal>.tar.gz</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: The xz-compressed <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tar</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> archive uses the file extension "<literal>.txz</literal>" or "<literal>.tar.xz</literal>".
it: Gli archivi <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tar</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> compressi con xz usano l'estensione di file "<literal>.txz</literal>" o "<literal>.tar.xz</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: Popular compression method in <ulink url="&foss;">FOSS</ulink> tools such as <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tar</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> has been moving as follows: <literal>gzip</literal> → <literal>bzip2</literal> → <literal>xz</literal>
it: La popolarità dei metodi di compressione negli strumenti <ulink url="&foss;">FOSS</ulink> come <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tar</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> è cambiata nel tempo nel modo seguente <literal>gzip</literal> → <literal>bzip2</literal> → <literal>xz</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>cp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>scp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tar</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> may have some limitation for special files.  <citerefentry><refentrytitle>cpio</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> is most versatile.
it: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>cp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>scp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> e <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tar</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> possono avere alcune limitazioni per file speciali. <citerefentry><refentrytitle>cpio</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> è più versatile.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>cpio</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> is designed to be used with <citerefentry><refentrytitle>find</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> and other commands and suitable for creating backup scripts since the file selection part of the script can be tested independently.
it: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>cpio</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> è progettato per essere usato con <citerefentry><refentrytitle>find</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> ed altri comandi adatti per creare script di backup, dato che la porzione di selezione dei file dello script può essere testata in modo autonomo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: Internal structure of OpenOffice data files are "<literal>.jar</literal>" file.
it: La struttura interna dei file di dati di OpenOffice è quella dei file "<literal>.jar</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here is a summary of simple copy and backup tools available on the Debian system.
it: Ecco una tabella riassuntiva dei semplici strumenti di copia e backup disponibili in un sistema Debian.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of copy and synchronization tools
it: Elenco di strumenti di copia e sincronizzazione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: locally copy files and directories ("-a" for recursive)
it: copia file e directory localmente ("-a" per modalità ricorsiva)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: remotely copy files and directories (client, "<literal>-r</literal>" for recursive)
it: copia file e directory da remoto (client, "<literal>-r</literal>" per modalità ricorsiva)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: remotely copy files and directories (remote server)
it: copia file e directory da remoto (server remoto)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: 1-way remote synchronization and backup
it: sincronizzazione e backup in remoto unidirezionale

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: 2-way remote synchronization and backup
it: sincronizzazione e backup in remoto bidirezionale

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Copying files with <citerefentry><refentrytitle>rsync</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> offers richer features than others.
it: La copia dei file con <citerefentry><refentrytitle>rsync</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> offre un insieme di funzionalità più ricco di altri strumenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: delta-transfer algorithm that sends only the differences between the source files and the existing files in the destination
it: l'algoritmo delta-transfer, che invia solamente le differenze tra il file sorgente ed il file esistente nella destinazione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: quick check algorithm (by default) that looks for files that have changed in size or in last-modified time
it: algoritmo veloce di verifica (predefinito) che cerca i file la cui dimensione o il cui orario di ultima modifica sono cambiati

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>--exclude</literal>" and "<literal>--exclude-from</literal>" options similar to <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tar</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
it: opzioni "<literal>--exclude</literal>" e "<literal>--exclude-from</literal>" simili a quelle di <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tar</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "a trailing slash on the source directory" syntax that avoids creating an additional directory level at the destination.
it: sintassi con "una barra / alla fine della directory sorgente" che evita di dover creare un livello aggiuntivo di directory nella destinazione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Execution of the <literal>bkup</literal> script mentioned in <xref linkend="_a_copy_script_for_the_data_backup"/> with the "<literal>-gl</literal>" option under <citerefentry><refentrytitle>cron</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> should provide very similar functionality as Plan9's <literal>dumpfs</literal> for the static data archive.
it: L'esecuzione, tramite <citerefentry><refentrytitle>cron</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, dello script <literal>bkup</literal> citato in <xref linkend="_a_copy_script_for_the_data_backup"/> con l'opzione "<literal>-gl</literal>", dovrebbe fornire funzionalità moltio simili a <literal>dumpfs</literal> di Plan9 per un archivio di dati statici.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Version control system (VCS) tools in <xref linkend="list-of-vcs"/> can function as the multi-way copy and synchronization tools.
it: Gli strumenti di controllo delle versioni VCS (Version control system) in <xref linkend="list-of-vcs"/> possono essere usati come strumenti di copia e sincronizzazione multidirezionali.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Idioms for the archive
it: Esempi di invocazione per archivi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here are several ways to archive and unarchive the entire content of the directory "<literal>./source</literal>" using different tools.
it: Ecco diversi modi di archiviare ed estrarre archivi con l'intero contenuto della directory "<literal>./sorgente</literal>", usando diversi strumenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: $ tar cvzf archive.tar.gz ./source
    $ tar xvzf archive.tar.gz
it: $ tar cvzf archivio.tar.gz ./sorgente
    $ tar xvzf archivio.tar.gz

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: $ find ./source -xdev -print0 | cpio -ov --null &gt; archive.cpio; gzip archive.cpio
    $ zcat archive.cpio.gz | cpio -i
it: $ find ./sorgente -xdev -print0 | cpio -ov --null &gt; archivio.cpio; gzip archivio.cpio
    $ zcat archivio.cpio.gz | cpio -i

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Idioms for the copy
it: Esempi di invocazione per la copia

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here are several ways to copy the entire content of the directory "<literal>./source</literal>" using different tools.
it: Ecco diversi modi di copiare l'intero contenuto della directory "<literal>./sorgente</literal>", usando diversi strumenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Local copy: "<literal>./source</literal>" directory → "<literal>/dest</literal>" directory
it: Copia locale: directory "<literal>./sorgente</literal>" → directory "<literal>/dest</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Remote copy: "<literal>./source</literal>" directory at local host → "<literal>/dest</literal>" directory at "<literal>user@host.dom</literal>" host
it: Copia remota: directory "<literal>./sourgente</literal>" sull'host locale → directory "<literal>/dest</literal>" sull'host "<literal>utente@host.dom</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: # cd ./source; rsync -av . /dest
    # cd ./source; rsync -av . user@host.dom:/dest
it: # cd ./sorgente; rsync -av . /dest
    # cd ./sorgente; rsync -av . utente@host.dom:/dest

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can alternatively use "a trailing slash on the source directory" syntax.
it: In alternativa si può usare la sintassi con "una barra / alla fine della directory sorgente".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: # rsync -av ./source/ /dest
    # rsync -av ./source/ user@host.dom:/dest
it: # rsync -av ./sorgente/ /dest
    # rsync -av ./sourgente/ utente@host.dom:/dest

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: GNU <citerefentry><refentrytitle>cp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> and openSSH <citerefentry><refentrytitle>scp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>:
it: GNU <citerefentry><refentrytitle>cp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> e openSSH <citerefentry><refentrytitle>scp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: # cd ./source; cp -a . /dest
    # cd ./source; scp -pr . user@host.dom:/dest
it: # cd ./sorgente; cp -a . /dest
    # cd ./sorgente; scp -pr . utente@host.dom:/dest

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: # (cd ./source &amp;&amp; tar cf - . ) | (cd /dest &amp;&amp; tar xvfp - )
    # (cd ./source &amp;&amp; tar cf - . ) | ssh user@host.dom '(cd /dest &amp;&amp; tar xvfp - )'
it: # (cd ./sorgente &amp;&amp; tar cf - . ) | (cd /dest &amp;&amp; tar xvfp - )
    # (cd ./sorgente &amp;&amp; tar cf - . ) | ssh utente@host.dom '(cd /dest &amp;&amp; tar xvfp - )'

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: # cd ./source; find . -print0 | cpio -pvdm --null --sparse /dest
it: # cd ./sorgente; find . -print0 | cpio -pvdm --null --sparse /dest

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can substitute "<literal>.</literal>" with "<literal>foo</literal>" for all examples containing "<literal>.</literal>" to copy files from "<literal>./source/foo</literal>" directory to "<literal>/dest/foo</literal>" directory.
it: In tutti gli esempi contenenti "<literal>.</literal>", si può sostituire "<literal>.</literal>" con "<literal>pippo</literal>" per copiare i file dalla directory "<literal>./sorgente/pippo</literal>" alla directory "<literal>/dest/pippo</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can substitute "<literal>.</literal>" with the absolute path "<literal>/path/to/source/foo</literal>" for all examples containing "<literal>.</literal>" to drop "<literal>cd ./source;</literal>".  These copy files to different locations depending on tools used as follows.
it: In tutti gli esempi contenenti "<literal>.</literal>", si può sostituire "<literal>.</literal>" con il percorso assoluto "<literal>/percorso/di/sorgente/pippo</literal>" per evitare di fare "<literal>cd ./sorgente;</literal>". I file verranno copiati in posizioni diverse a seconda dello strumento utilizzato, come descritto qui di seguito.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/dest/foo</literal>": <citerefentry><refentrytitle>rsync</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, GNU <citerefentry><refentrytitle>cp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>scp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
it: in "<literal>/dest/pippo</literal>": <citerefentry><refentrytitle>rsync</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, GNU <citerefentry><refentrytitle>cp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> e <citerefentry><refentrytitle>scp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>/path/to/source/foo</literal>": GNU <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tar</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>cpio</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
it: "<literal>/percorso/di/sorgente/pippo</literal>": GNU <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tar</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> e <citerefentry><refentrytitle>cpio</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>rsync</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> and GNU <citerefentry><refentrytitle>cp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> have option "<literal>-u</literal>" to skip files that are newer on the receiver.
it: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>rsync</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> e GNU <citerefentry><refentrytitle>cp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> hanno l'opzione "<literal>-u</literal>" per saltare i file che sono più recenti nella destinazione.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Idioms for the selection of files
it: Esempi di invocazione per la selezione di file

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>find</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> is used to select files for archive and copy commands (see <xref linkend="_idioms_for_the_archive"/> and <xref linkend="_idioms_for_the_copy"/>) or for <citerefentry><refentrytitle>xargs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> (see <xref linkend="_repeating_a_command_looping_over_files"/>).  This can be enhanced by using its command arguments.
it: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>find</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> viene usato per selezionare i  file per i comandi di archiviazione e copia (vedere <xref linkend="_idioms_for_the_archive"/> e <xref linkend="_idioms_for_the_copy"/>) o per <citerefentry><refentrytitle>xargs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> (vedere <xref linkend="_repeating_a_command_looping_over_files"/>).  Questo funzionamento può essere migliorato usando le sue opzioni di comando.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Basic syntax of <citerefentry><refentrytitle>find</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> can be summarized as the following.
it: La sintassi base di <citerefentry><refentrytitle>find</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> può essere riassunta nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Its conditional arguments are evaluated from left to right.
it: Gli argomenti condizionali sono valutati da sinistra a destra.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: This evaluation stops once its outcome is determined.
it: Questa valutazione si ferma una volta che il risultato è determinato.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "Logical <emphasis role="strong">OR</emphasis>" (specified by "<literal>-o</literal>" between conditionals) has lower precedence than "logical <emphasis role="strong">AND</emphasis>" (specified by "<literal>-a</literal>" or nothing between conditionals).
it: L'operatore "<emphasis role="strong">OR</emphasis> logico" (specificato con "<literal>-o</literal>" tra condizioni) ha una precedenza più bassa dell'operatore "<emphasis role="strong">AND</emphasis> logico" (specificato da "<literal>-a</literal>" o dall'assenza di un operatore tra condizioni).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "Logical <emphasis role="strong">NOT</emphasis>" (specified by "<literal>!</literal>" before a conditional) has higher precedence than "logical <emphasis role="strong">AND</emphasis>".
it: L'operatore "<emphasis role="strong">NOT</emphasis> logico" (specificato da "<literal>!</literal>" prima di una condizione) ha una precedenza più alta di un operatore "<emphasis role="strong">AND</emphasis> logico".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>-prune</literal>" always returns logical <emphasis role="strong">TRUE</emphasis> and, if it is a directory, searching of file is stopped beyond this point.
it: L'opzione "<literal>-prune</literal>" restituisce sempre una condizione di <emphasis role="strong">VERO</emphasis> logico e, se si tratta di una directory, la ricerca si ferma a questo punto.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>-name</literal>" matches the base of the filename with shell glob (see <xref linkend="_shell_glob"/>) but it also matches its initial "<literal>.</literal>" with metacharacters such as "<literal>*</literal>" and "<literal>?</literal>". (New <ulink url="&posix;">POSIX</ulink> feature)
it: L'opzione "<literal>-name</literal> trova corrispondenze con il nome base del file tramite espressioni glob di shell (vedere <xref linkend="_shell_glob"/>), ma fa corrispondenza anche con il carattere iniziale "<literal>.</literal>" con l'uso di metacaratteri come "<literal>*</literal>" e "<literal>?</literal>". (Nuova funzionalità <ulink url="&posix;">POSIX</ulink>.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>-regex</literal>" matches the full path with emacs style <emphasis role="strong">BRE</emphasis> (see <xref linkend="_regular_expressions"/>) as default.
it: L'opzione "<literal>-regex</literal>" trova corrispondenze con il percorso completo usando, in modo predefinito, <emphasis role="strong">BRE</emphasis> in stile emacs (vedere <xref linkend="_regular_expressions"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>-size</literal>" matches the file based on the file size (value precedented with "<literal>+</literal>" for larger, precedented with "<literal>-</literal>" for smaller)
it: L'opzione "<literal>-size</literal>" trova corrispondenze con file in base alla loro dimensione (valori preceduti da "<literal>+</literal>" o "<literal>-</literal>" per cercare dimensioni, rispettivamente, più grandi o piccole del valore).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>-newer</literal>" matches the file newer than the one specified in its argument.
it: L'opzione "<literal>-newer</literal>" trova corrispondenze con file più recenti di quello specificato come argomento dell'opzione.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>-print0</literal>" always returns logical <emphasis role="strong">TRUE</emphasis> and print the full filename (<ulink url="&nullterminated;">null terminated</ulink>) on the standard output.
it: L'opzione "<literal>-print0</literal>" restituisce sempre il valore logico <emphasis role="strong">VERO</emphasis> e stampa il nome file completo (<ulink url="&nullterminated;">terminato dal carattere null</ulink>) sullo standard output.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>find</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> is often used with an idiomatic style as the following.
it: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>find</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> è spesso usato con uno stile di invocazione come il seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This means to do following actions.
it: Il comando precedente si traduce nelle azioni seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Search all files starting from "<literal>/path/to</literal>"
it: Cercare tutti i file a partire da "<literal>/percorso/di</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Globally limit its search within its starting filesystem and uses <emphasis role="strong">ERE</emphasis> (see <xref linkend="_regular_expressions"/>) instead
it: Limitare globalmente la ricerca al file system da cui è richiamato e usare espressioni regolari <emphasis role="strong">ERE</emphasis> (vedere <xref linkend="_regular_expressions"/>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Exclude files matching regex of "<literal>.*\.cpio</literal>" or "<literal>.*~</literal>" from search by stop processing
it: Escludere i file che corrispondono all'espressione regolare "<literal>.*\.cpio</literal>" o "<literal>.*~</literal>" dalla ricerca fermando la loro elaborazione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Exclude directories matching regex of "<literal>.*/\.git</literal>" from search by stop processing
it: Escludere le directory che corrispondono all'espressione regolare "<literal>.*/\.git</literal>" dalla ricerca fermando la loro elaborazione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Exclude files larger than 99 Megabytes (units of 1048576 bytes) from search by stop processing
it: Escludere i file più grandi di 99 Megabyte (unità di 1048576 byte) dalla ricerca fermando la loro elaborazione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Print filenames which satisfy above search conditions and newer than "<literal>/path/to/timestamp</literal>"
it: Stampare i nomi di file che soddisfano le condizioni di ricerca precedenti e che siano più recenti di "<literal>/percorso/di/marcaturaorario</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Please note the idiomatic use of "<literal>-prune -o</literal>" to exclude files in the above example.
it: Notare nell'esempio precedente l'uso della parte di comando "<literal>-prune -o</literal> per escludere file.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: For non-Debian <ulink url="&unixlike;">Unix-like</ulink> system, some options may not be supported by <citerefentry><refentrytitle>find</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>. In such a case, please consider to adjust matching methods and replace "<literal>-print0</literal>" with "<literal>-print</literal>".  You may need to adjust related commands too.
it: Alcune opzioni per <citerefentry><refentrytitle>find</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> potrebbero non essere supportate per i sistemi <ulink url="&unixlike;">*nix</ulink> non Debian. In questi casi, cambiare le invocazioni in quelle adatte corrispondenti e sostituire "<literal>-print0</literal>" con "<literal>-print</literal>". Potrebbe essere necessario modificare anche comandi correlati.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Backup and recovery
it: Backup e ripristino

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: We all know that computers fail sometime or human errors cause system and data damages.  Backup and recovery operations are the essential part of successful system administration.  All possible failure modes hit you some day.
it: Tutti sanno che i computer a volte si danneggiano oppure errori umani causano danni al sistema e ai dati. Le operazioni di backup e ripristino sono una parte essenziale di un'amministrazione di sistema di successo. Tutte i possibili modi in cui si possono creare danni si verificano prima o poi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Keep your backup system simple and backup your system often.  Having backup data is more important than how technically good your backup method is.
it: Mantenere il proprio sistema di backup semplice e fare il backup di sistema spesso. Avere dati di backup è più importante della qualità tecnica del metodo di backup.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There are 3 key factors which determine actual backup and recovery policy.
it: Ci sono 3 fattori chiave che determinano la reale politica di backup e ripristino.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Knowing what to backup and recover.
it: Sapere di cosa fare il backup ed il ripristino

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Data files directly created by you: data in "<literal>~/</literal>"
it: I file dati direttamente creati dall'utente: in "<literal>~/</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Data files created by applications used by you: data in "<literal>/var/</literal>" (except "<literal>/var/cache/</literal>", "<literal>/var/run/</literal>", and "<literal>/var/tmp/</literal>")
it: I file dati creati da applicazioni usate dall'utente: dati in "<literal>/var/</literal>" (tranne "<literal>/var/cache/</literal>", "<literal>/var/run/</literal>" e "<literal>/var/tmp/</literal>")

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: System configuration files: data in "<literal>/etc/</literal>"
it: File di configurazione del sistema: dati in "<literal>/etc/</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Local softwares: data in "<literal>/usr/local/</literal>" or "<literal>/opt/</literal>"
it: Software locali: dati in "<literal>/usr/local/</literal>" o "<literal>/opt/</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: System installation information: a memo in plain text on key steps (partition, …)
it: Informazioni di installazione del sistema: un memorandum in puro testo sui passi chiave (partizioni, …)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Proven set of data: confirmed by experimental recovery operations in advance
it: Insiemi di dati comprovati: confermati da operazioni preventive sperimentali di ripristino

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Knowing how to backup and recover.
it: Sapere come fare il backup ed il ripristino

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Secure storage of data: protection from overwrite and system failure
it: Rendere sicura l'archiviazione dei dati: protezione da sovrascritture e fallimenti del sistema

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Frequent backup: scheduled backup
it: Backup frequenti: backup pianificati

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Redundant backup: data mirroring
it: Backup ridondanti: mirror di dati

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Fool proof process: easy single command backup
it: Procedura a prova di idioti: singolo facile comando di backup

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
en: Assessing risks and costs involved.
it: Valutazione dei rischi e dei costi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Value of data when lost
it: Valore dei dati se persi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Required resources for backup: human, hardware, software, …
it: Risorse necessarie per il backup: umane, hardware, software, …

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Failure mode and their possibility
it: Modi in cui le cose possono andare storte e loro probabilità

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: As for secure storage of data, data should be at least on different disk partitions preferably on different disks and machines to withstand the filesystem corruption.  Important data are best stored on a write-once media such as CD/DVD-R to prevent overwrite accidents.  (See <xref linkend="_the_binary_data"/> for how to write to the storage media from the shell commandline.  GNOME desktop GUI environment gives you easy access via menu: "Places→CD/DVD Creator".)
it: Per quanto riguarda il rendere sicura l'archiviazione dei dati, questi dovrebbero essere come minimo in una partizione diversa del disco e preferibilmente su dischi e macchine diversi per sopravvivere alla corruzione del file system. È preferibile archiviare i dati importanti su supporti scrivibili una sola volta, come CD/DVD-R per prevenire incidenti di sovrascrittura. (Vedere <xref linkend="_the_binary_data"/> per come scrivere sul supporto di archiviazione dalla riga di comando. L'ambiente desktop GNOME con interfaccia grafica fornisce un facile accesso tramite menu: "Risorse→Creazione CD/DVD".)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: You may wish to stop some application daemons such as MTA (see <xref linkend="_mail_transport_agent_mta"/>) while backing up data.
it: Durante il backup dei dati può essere preferibile fermare alcuni demoni applicativi come l'MTA (vedere <xref linkend="_mail_transport_agent_mta"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: You should pay extra care to the backup and restoration of identity related data files such as "<literal>/etc/ssh/ssh_host_dsa_key</literal>", "<literal>/etc/ssh/ssh_host_rsa_key</literal>", "<literal>~/.gnupg/*</literal>", "<literal>~/.ssh/*</literal>", "<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>", "<literal>/etc/shadow</literal>", "<literal>/etc/fetchmailrc</literal>", "<literal>popularity-contest.conf</literal>", "<literal>/etc/ppp/pap-secrets</literal>", and "<literal>/etc/exim4/passwd.client</literal>".  Some of these data can not be regenerated by entering the same input string to the system.
it: Si dovrebbe dare un'attenzione particolare al backup ed al ripristino di file con dati relativi all'identità dell'utente, come "<literal>/etc/ssh/ssh_host_dsa_key</literal>", "<literal>/etc/ssh/ssh_host_rsa_key</literal>", "<literal>~/.gnupg/*</literal>", "<literal>~/.ssh/*</literal>", "<literal>/etc/passwd</literal>", "<literal>/etc/shadow</literal>", "<literal>/etc/fetchmailrc</literal>", "<literal>popularity-contest.conf</literal>", "<literal>/etc/ppp/pap-secrets</literal>" e "<literal>/etc/exim4/passwd.client</literal>". Alcuni di questi dati non possono essere ricreati inserendo la stessa stringa di input nel sistema.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: If you run a cron job as a user process, you must restore files in "<literal>/var/spool/cron/crontabs</literal>" directory and restart <citerefentry><refentrytitle>cron</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>.  See <xref linkend="_scheduling_tasks_regularly"/> for <citerefentry><refentrytitle>cron</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crontab</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
it: Se si esegue un compito di cron come processo di un utente, si deve ripristinare i file nella directory "<literal>/var/spool/cron/crontabs</literal>" e riavviare <citerefentry><refentrytitle>cron</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>. Vedere <xref linkend="_scheduling_tasks_regularly"/> per informazioni su <citerefentry><refentrytitle>cron</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> e <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crontab</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Backup utility suites
it: Suite con utilità di backup

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here is a select list of notable backup utility suites available on the Debian system.
it: Quello che segue è un elenco di importanti suite di utilità di backup disponibili in un sistema Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of backup suite utilities
it: Elenco di suite con utilità di backup

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: (remote) incremental backup
it: backup incrementali (remoti)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: 4.4 <ulink url="&bsd;">BSD</ulink> <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dump</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>restore</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> for <ulink url="&extc;">ext2</ulink>/<ulink url="&extd;">ext3</ulink> filesystems
it: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dump</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> e <citerefentry><refentrytitle>restore</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> di <ulink url="&bsd;">BSD</ulink> 4.4 per file system <ulink url="&extc;">ext2</ulink>/<ulink url="&extd;">ext3</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: dump and restore with <citerefentry><refentrytitle>xfsdump</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>xfsrestore</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> for <ulink url="&xfs;">XFS</ulink> filesystem on GNU/Linux and <ulink url="&irix;">IRIX</ulink>
it: dump e ripristino con <citerefentry><refentrytitle>xfsdump</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> e <citerefentry><refentrytitle>xfsrestore</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> per file system <ulink url="&xfs;">XFS</ulink> in GNU/Linux e <ulink url="&irix;">IRIX</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: lightweight, extensible <emphasis role="strong">meta-backup</emphasis> system
it: sistema di <emphasis role="strong">meta-backup</emphasis> leggero ed estensibile

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: simple backup suite for GNOME desktop
it: semplice suite di backup per il desktop GNOME

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&bacula;">Bacula</ulink>: network backup, recovery and verification - common support files
it: <ulink url="&bacula;">Bacula</ulink>: backup, ripristino e controllo in rete - file comuni di supporto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&bacula;">Bacula</ulink>: network backup, recovery and verification - client meta-package
it: <ulink url="&bacula;">Bacula</ulink>: backup, ripristino e controllo in rete - metapacchetto client

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&bacula;">Bacula</ulink>: network backup, recovery and verification - text console
it: <ulink url="&bacula;">Bacula</ulink>: backup, ripristino e controllo in rete - console testuale

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&bacula;">Bacula</ulink>: network backup, recovery and verification - server meta-package
it: <ulink url="&bacula;">Bacula</ulink>: backup, ripristino e controllo in rete - metapacchetto server

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&amanda;">Amanda</ulink>: Advanced Maryland Automatic Network Disk Archiver (Libs)
it: <ulink url="&amanda;">Amanda</ulink>: Advanced Maryland Automatic Network Disk Archiver (Librerie)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&backuppc;">BackupPC</ulink> is a high-performance, enterprise-grade system for backing up PCs (disk based)
it: <ulink url="&backuppc;">BackupPC</ulink> è un sistema ad altre prestazioni di qualità professionale per il backup di PC (basato su dischi)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: command-line backup tool
it: strumento di backup a riga di comando

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: low-maintenance backup/restore tool for mountable media (disk based)
it: strumento di backup/ripristino per supporti montabile (basato su dischi) che richiede bassa manutenzione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Backup tools have their specialized focuses.
it: Gli strumenti di backup hanno una propria specializzazione.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&mondorescue;">Mondo Rescue</ulink> is a backup system to facilitate restoration of complete system quickly from backup CD/DVD etc. without going through normal system installation processes.
it: <ulink url="&mondorescue;">Mondo Rescue</ulink> è un sistema di backup per facilitare il ripristino veloce di un sistema completo a partire da backup su CD/DVD ecc., senza dover affrontare il normale processo di installazione del sistema.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>sbackup</literal> and <literal>keep</literal> packages provide easy GUI frontend for desktop users to make regular backups of user data. An equivalent function can be realized by a simple script (<xref linkend="_an_example_script_for_the_system_backup"/>) and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>cron</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
it: I pacchetti <literal>sbackup</literal> e <literal>keep</literal> forniscono agli utenti desktop un semplice frontend con interfaccia grafica per fare backup regolari dei loro dati. Una funzione equivalente può essere svolta da un semplice script (<xref linkend="_an_example_script_for_the_system_backup"/>) e <citerefentry><refentrytitle>cron</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&bacula;">Bacula</ulink>, <ulink url="&amanda;">Amanda</ulink>, and <ulink url="&backuppc;">BackupPC</ulink> are full featured backup suite utilities which are focused on regular backups over network.
it: <ulink url="&bacula;">Bacula</ulink>, <ulink url="&amanda;">Amanda</ulink> e <ulink url="&backuppc;">BackupPC</ulink> sono suite di utilità di backup complete che sono pensate per backup regolari in rete.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Basic tools described in <xref linkend="_archive_and_compression_tools"/> and <xref linkend="_copy_and_synchronization_tools"/> can be used to facilitate system backup via custom scripts.  Such script can be enhanced by the following.
it: Gli strumenti base descritti in <xref linkend="_archive_and_compression_tools"/> e <xref linkend="_copy_and_synchronization_tools"/> possono essere usati per facilitare il backup di sistema attraverso script personalizzati. Tali script possono essere migliorati con gli strumenti seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The <literal>rdiff-backup</literal> package enables incremental (remote) backups.
it: Il pacchetto <literal>rdiff-backup</literal> permette backup incrementali (remoti).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The <literal>dump</literal> package helps to archive and restore the whole filesystem incrementally and efficiently.
it: Il pacchetto <literal>dump</literal> aiuta ad archiviare e ripristinare tutto il file system in maniera incrementale ed efficiente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: See files in "<literal>/usr/share/doc/dump/</literal>" and <ulink url="&isdumpreallydeprecated;">"Is dump really deprecated?"</ulink> to lean about the <literal>dump</literal> package.
it: Per imparare ulteriori informazioni sul pacchetto <literal>dump</literal>, vedere i file in "<literal>/usr/share/doc/dump/</literal>" e <ulink url="&isdumpreallydeprecated;">"Is dump really deprecated? (dump è davvero deprecato?)</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: An example script for the system backup
it: Uno script di esempio per il backup di sistema

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For a personal Debian desktop system running <literal>unstable</literal> suite, I only need to protect personal and critical data.  I reinstall system once a year anyway.  Thus I see no reason to backup the whole system or to install a full featured backup utility.
it: Per un sistema desktop Debian personale con la suite <literal>unstable</literal>, devo proteggere solo i dati personali e quelli critici; tanto reinstallo comunque il sistema una volta all'anno. Perciò non ho ragione di fare il backup dell'intero sistema o di installare un'utilità completa di backup.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: I use a simple script to make a backup archive and burn it into CD/DVD using GUI.  Here is an example script for this.
it: Uso un semplice script per fare un archivio di backup e masterizzarlo su CD/DVD usando una GUI. Ecco uno script di esempio che fa proprio questo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This is meant to be a script example executed from root.
it: Questo è pensato come esempio di script che deve essere eseguito da root.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: I expect you to change and execute this as follows.
it: Modificarlo ed eseguirlo nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Edit this script to cover all your important data (see <xref linkend="_idioms_for_the_selection_of_files"/> and <xref linkend="_backup_and_recovery"/>).
it: Modificare lo script per includere tutti i propri dati importanti (vedere <xref linkend="_idioms_for_the_selection_of_files"/> e <xref linkend="_backup_and_recovery"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Replace "<literal>find … -print0</literal>" with "<literal>find … -newer $BUDIR/backup.stamp -print0</literal>" to make a incremental backup.
it: Sostituire "<literal>find … -print0</literal>" con "<literal>find … -newer $BUDIR/backup.stamp -print0</literal>" per fare backup incrementali.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Transfer backup files to the remote host using <citerefentry><refentrytitle>scp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> or <citerefentry><refentrytitle>rsync</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> or burn them to CD/DVD for extra data security.  (I use GNOME desktop GUI for burning CD/DVD. See <xref linkend="_shell_script_example_with_zenity"/> for extra redundancy.)
it: Trasferire i file di backup su un host remoto usando <citerefentry><refentrytitle>scp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> o <citerefentry><refentrytitle>rsync</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> o masterizzarli su CD/DVD per una maggiore sicurezza dei dati. (Io uso la GUI del desktop GNOME per masterizzare i CD/DVD.. Vedere <xref linkend="_shell_script_example_with_zenity"/> per l'inserimento di dati di ridondanza.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Keep it simple!
it: Mantenere le cose semplici!

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: You can recover debconf configuration data with "<literal>debconf-set-selections debconf-selections</literal>" and dpkg selection data with "<literal>dpkg --set-selection &lt;dpkg-selections.list</literal>".
it: Si possono ripristinare i dati di configurazione di debconf con "<literal>debconf-set-selections debconf-selections</literal>" ed i dati delle selezioni di dpkg con "<literal>dpkg --set-selection &lt;dpkg-selections.list</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: A copy script for the data backup
it: Uno script di copia per backup di dati

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For the set of data under a directory tree, the copy with "<literal>cp -a</literal>" provides the normal backup.
it: Per l'insieme dei dati in un albero di directory, la copia con "<literal>cp -a</literal>" fornisce normali backup.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For the set of large non-overwritten static data under a directory tree such as the one under the "<literal>/var/cache/apt/packages/</literal>" directory, hardlinks with "<literal>cp -al</literal>" provide an alternative to the normal backup with efficient use of the disk space.
it: Per un grande insieme di dati statici non sovrascritti in un albero di directory, come quello nella directory "<literal>/var/cache/apt/packages/</literal>", i collegamenti fisici creati con "<literal>cp -al</literal>" forniscono un'alternativa ai normali backup con un uso efficiente dello spazio su disco.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here is a copy script, which I named as <literal>bkup</literal>, for the data backup. This script copies all (non-VCS) files under the current directory to the dated directory on the parent directory or on a remote host.
it: Ecco uno script di copia, che ho chiamato <literal>bkup</literal>, per il backup di dati. Questo script copia tutti i file (non-VCS) contenuti nella directory attuale in una directory datata nella directory genitore o in un host remoto.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This is meant to be command examples.  Please read script and edit it by yourself before using it.
it: Questo script è pensato per essere un esempio per i comandi; leggerlo e modificarlo prima di usarlo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: I keep this <literal>bkup</literal> in my "<literal>/usr/local/bin/</literal>" directory.  I issue this <literal>bkup</literal> command without any option in the working directory whenever I need a temporary snapshot backup.
it: Io tengo questo script <literal>bkup</literal> nella mia directory "<literal>/usr/local/bin/</literal>" ed eseguo il comando <literal>bkup</literal> senza opzioni nella directory di lavoro ogni volta che ho bisogno di un backup istantaneo temporaneo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: For making snapshot history of a source file tree or a configuration file tree, it is easier and space efficient to use <citerefentry><refentrytitle>git</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry> (see <xref linkend="_git_for_recording_configuration_history"/>).
it: Per creare uno storico delle istantanee di un albero di file sorgenti o di un albero di file di configurazione, l'uso di <citerefentry><refentrytitle>git</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry> è più semplice e più efficiente in termini di spazio (vedere <xref linkend="_git_for_recording_configuration_history"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Removable storage device
it: Supporti di archiviazione removibili

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Removable storage devices may be any one of the following.
it: Un support di archiviazione removibile può essere uno dei seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&usbflashdrive;">USB flash drive</ulink>
it: <ulink url="&usbflashdrive;">Unità flash USB</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&harddiskdrive;">Hard disk drive</ulink>
it: <ulink url="&harddiskdrive;">Unità a disco fisso</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&opticaldiscdrive;">Optical disc drive</ulink>
it: <ulink url="&opticaldiscdrive;">Unità a dischi ottici</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Digital camera
it: Fotocamera digitale

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Digital music player
it: Lettore audio digitale

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: They may be connected via any one of the following.
it: Possono essere connessi in uno dei modi seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&pccard;">PC Card</ulink>
it: <ulink url="&pccard;">Scheda PC</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Modern desktop environments such as GNOME and KDE can mount these removable devices automatically without a matching "<literal>/etc/fstab</literal>" entry.
it: Gli ambienti desktop moderni, come GNOME e KDE, possono montare questi dispositivi removibili automaticamente senza una voce corrispondente in "<literal>/etc/fstab</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>udisks</literal> package provides a daemon and associated utilities to mount and unmount these devices.
it: Il pacchetto <literal>udisks</literal> fornisce un demone e le utilità associate per montare e smontare questi dispositivi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&dbus;">D-bus</ulink> creates events to initiate automatic processes.
it: <ulink url="&dbus;">D-bus</ulink> crea eventi per dare inizio ai processi automatici.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&policykit;">PolicyKit</ulink> provides required privileges.
it: <ulink url="&policykit;">PolicyKit</ulink> fornisce i privilegi necessari.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Automounted devices may have the "<literal>uhelper=</literal>" mount option which is used by <citerefentry><refentrytitle>umount</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
it: I dispositivi montati automaticamente hanno l'opzione di mount "<literal>uhelper=</literal>" che viene usata da <citerefentry><refentrytitle>umount</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Automounting under modern desktop environment happens only when those removable media devices are not listed in "<literal>/etc/fstab</literal>".
it: Nei moderni ambienti desktop il montaggio automatico avviene solo quando i device dei supporti removibili non sono elencati in "<literal>/etc/fstab</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Mount point under modern desktop environment is chosen as "<literal>/media/&lt;disk_label&gt;</literal>" which can be customized by the following.
it: Il punto di mount negli ambienti desktop moderni viene scelto come "<literal>/media/&lt;etichetta_disco&gt;</literal>" che può essere personalizzata nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mlabel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> for FAT filesystem
it: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mlabel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> per file system FAT

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>genisoimage</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> with "<literal>-V</literal>" option for ISO9660 filesystem
it: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>genisoimage</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> con l'opzione "<literal>-V</literal>" per file system ISO9660

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tune2fs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> with "<literal>-L</literal>" option for ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem
it: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tune2fs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> con l'opzione "<literal>-L</literal>" per file system ext2/ext3/ext4

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: The choice of encoding may need to be provided as mount option (see <xref linkend="_filename_encoding"/>).
it: Può essere necessario fornire come opzione di montaggio la scelta della codifica (vedere <xref linkend="_filename_encoding"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Filesystem choice for sharing data
it: Scelta del file system per la condivisione di dati

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: When sharing data with other system via removable storage device, you should format it with common <ulink url="&filesystem;">filesystem</ulink> supported by both systems. Here is a list of filesystem choices.
it: Quando si condividono dati con un altro sistema attraverso dispositivi di archiviazione removibili, quest'ultimi andrebbero formattati con un <ulink url="&filesystem;">filesystem</ulink> comune supportato da entrambi i sistemi. Quello che segue è un elenco delle scelte possibili per il file system.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of filesystem choices for removable storage devices with typical usage scenarios
it: Elenco di possibili scelte per il file system di dispositivi di archiviazione removibili con scenari di uso tipici

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: filesystem
it: file system

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: description of typical usage scenario
it: descrizione dello scenario di uso tipico

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: cross platform sharing of data on the floppy disk (&lt;32MiB)
it: condivisione interpiattaforma di dati su dischetti floppy (&lt;32MiB)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: cross platform sharing of data on the small hard disk like device (&lt;2GiB)
it: condivisione interpiattaforma di dati su dispositivi come piccoli dischi fissi (&lt;2GiB)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: cross platform sharing of data on the large hard disk like device (&lt;8TiB, supported by newer than MS Windows95 OSR2)
it: condivisione interpiattaforma di dati su dispositivi come grandi dischi fissi (&lt;8TiB, supportato da sistemi più recenti di MS Windows95 OSR2)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: cross platform sharing of data on the large hard disk like device (supported natively on <ulink url="&mswindowsnt;">MS Windows NT</ulink> and later version, and supported by <ulink url="&ntfsdg;">NTFS-3G</ulink> via <ulink url="&fuse;">FUSE</ulink> on Linux)
it: condivisione interpiattaforma di dati su dispositivi come grandi dischi fissi (supportato nativamente su <ulink url="&mswindowsnt;">MS Windows NT</ulink> e versioni successive e supportato da <ulink url="&ntfsdg;">NTFS-3G</ulink> attraverso <ulink url="&fuse;">FUSE</ulink> in Linux)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: cross platform sharing of static data on CD-R and DVD+/-R
it: condivisione interpiattaforma di dati statici su CD-R e DVD+/-R

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: incremental data writing on CD-R and DVD+/-R (new)
it: scrittura incrementale di dati su CD-R e DVD+/-R (nuovo)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&minixfilesystem;">MINIX filesystem</ulink>
it: <ulink url="&minixfilesystem;">file system MINIX</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: space efficient unix file data storage on the floppy disk
it: archiviazione, efficiente in termini di spazio, di file dati unix su dischetti floppy

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&extcfilesystem;">ext2 filesystem</ulink>
it: <ulink url="&extcfilesystem;">file system ext2</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: sharing of data on the hard disk like device with older Linux systems
it: condivisione di dati su dispositivi come dischi fissi con sistemi Linux più vecchi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&extdfilesystem;">ext3 filesystem</ulink>
it: <ulink url="&extdfilesystem;">file system ext3</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&extefilesystem;">ext4 filesystem</ulink>
it: <ulink url="&extefilesystem;">file system ext4</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: sharing of data on the hard disk like device with current Linux systems
it: condivisione di dati su dispositivi come dischi fissi con sistemi Linux recenti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: See <xref linkend="_removable_disk_encryption_with_dm_crypt_luks"/> for cross platform sharing of data using device level encryption.
it: Vedere <xref linkend="_removable_disk_encryption_with_dm_crypt_luks"/> per la condivisione interpiattaforma di dati usando cifratura a livello di dispositivo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The FAT filesystem is supported by almost all modern operating systems and is quite useful for the data exchange purpose via removable hard disk like media.
it: Il file system FAT è supportato da quasi tutti i sistemi operativi moderni ed è piuttosto utile per scopi di scambio di dati attraverso supporti come dischi fissi removibili.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: When formatting removable hard disk like devices for cross platform sharing of data with the FAT filesystem, the following should be safe choices.
it: Quando si formatta un dispositivo come un disco fisso removibile con il file system FAT per la condivisione interpiattaforma di dati, le scelte seguenti dovrebbero essere quelle più sicure.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Partitioning them with <citerefentry><refentrytitle>fdisk</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>cfdisk</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> or <citerefentry><refentrytitle>parted</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> (see <xref linkend="_disk_partition_configuration"/>) into a single primary partition and to mark it as the following.
it: Partizionare con <citerefentry><refentrytitle>fdisk</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>cfdisk</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> o <citerefentry><refentrytitle>parted</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> (vedere <xref linkend="_disk_partition_configuration"/>) creando un'unica partizione primaria e marcarla nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Type "6" for FAT16 for media smaller than 2GB.
it: Tipo "6", cioè FAT16, per supporti più piccoli di 2GB.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Type "c" for FAT32 (LBA) for larger media.
it: Tipo "c", cioè FAT32 (LBA), per supporti più grandi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Formatting the primary partition with <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mkfs.vfat</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> with the following.
it: Formattare la partizione primaria con <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mkfs.vfat</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Just its device name, e.g. "<literal>/dev/sda1</literal>" for FAT16
it: Per FAT16, semplicemente con il suo nome di device, ad esempio "<literal>/dev/sda1</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The explicit option and its device name, e.g. "<literal>-F 32 /dev/sda1</literal>" for FAT32
it: Per FAT32, con il suo nome di device e l'opzione esplicita, ad esempio "<literal>-F 32 /dev/sda1</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: When using the FAT or ISO9660 filesystems for sharing data, the following should be the safe considerations.
it: Quando si usano i file system FAT o ISO9660 per la condivisione dei dati, per essere sicuri dei risultati, si dovrebbero considerare i seguenti aspetti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Archiving files into an archive file first using <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tar</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, or <citerefentry><refentrytitle>cpio</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> to retain the long filename, the symbolic link, the original Unix file permission and the owner information.
it: Archiviare prima i file in un file di archivio usando <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tar</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> o <citerefentry><refentrytitle>cpio</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> per mantenere i nomi di file lunghi, i collegamenti simbolici, i permessi Unix sui file originali e le informazioni sui proprietari.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Splitting the archive file into less than 2 GiB chunks with the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>split</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> command to protect it from the file size limitation.
it: Suddividere il file di archivio in pezzi più piccoli di 2 GiB con il comando <citerefentry><refentrytitle>split</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> per proteggerli da limitazioni sulla dimensione dei file.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Encrypting the archive file to secure its contents from the unauthorized access.
it: Cifrare il file archivio per proteggere i suoi contenuti da accesso non autorizzato.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: For FAT filesystems by its design, the maximum file size is <literal>(2^32 - 1) bytes = (4GiB - 1 byte)</literal>. For some applications on the older 32 bit OS, the maximum file size was even smaller <literal>(2^31 - 1) bytes = (2GiB - 1 byte)</literal>.  Debian does not suffer the latter problem.
it: Il file system FAT, per sua stessa natura, permette una dimensione massima per i file di <literal>(2^32 - 1) byte = (4GiB - 1 byte)</literal>. Per alcune applicazioni su sistemi operativi a 32 bit più vecchi, la dimensione massima per i file era ancora più piccola: <literal>(2^31 - 1) byte = (2GiB - 1 byte)</literal>. Debian non soffre di quest'ultima limitazione.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: Microsoft itself does not recommend to use FAT for drives or partitions of over 200 MB.  Microsoft highlights its short comings such as inefficient disk space usage in their "<ulink url="&overviewoffathpfdntfsfilesystems;">Overview of FAT, HPFS, and NTFS File Systems</ulink>".  Of course, we should normally use the ext4 filesystem for Linux.
it: La stessa Microsoft non raccomanda l'uso di FAT per le unità o le partizioni più grandi di 200 MB. Microsoft evidenzia le sue limitazioni, quali un uso inefficiente dello spazio su disco, nel documento "<ulink url="&overviewoffathpfdntfsfilesystems;">Overview of FAT, HPFS, and NTFS File Systems</ulink>". Naturalmente per Linux si dovrebbe normalmente usare il file system ext4.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: For more on filesystems and accessing filesystems, please read "<ulink url="&filesystemshowto;">Filesystems HOWTO</ulink>".
it: Per maggiori informazioni sui file system e sull'accesso ad essi, leggere il "<ulink url="&filesystemshowto;">Filesystems HOWTO</ulink>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Sharing data via network
it: Condividere dati attraverso una rete

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: When sharing data with other system via network, you should use common service. Here are some hints.
it: Quando si condividono dati con un altro sistema attraverso una rete, si dovrebbero tenere a mente i servizi comuni. Ecco alcuni suggerimenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of the network service to chose with the typical usage scenario
it: Elenco dei servizi di rete da scegliere in base allo scenario di uso tipico

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: network service
it: servizio di rete

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&smbcifs;">SMB/CIFS</ulink> network mounted filesystem with <ulink url="&samba;">Samba</ulink>
it: file system montato di rete <ulink url="&smbcifs;">SMB/CIFS</ulink> con <ulink url="&samba;">Samba</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: sharing files via "Microsoft Windows Network", see <citerefentry><refentrytitle>smb.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> and <ulink url="&theofficialsambandreferenceguide;">The Official Samba 3.2.x HOWTO and Reference Guide</ulink> or the <literal>samba-doc</literal> package
it: condivisione di file attraverso "rete Microsoft Windows", vedere <citerefentry><refentrytitle>smb.conf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> e <ulink url="&theofficialsambandreferenceguide;">The Official Samba 3.2.x HOWTO and Reference Guide</ulink> o il pacchetto <literal>samba-doc</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&nfs;">NFS</ulink> network mounted filesystem with the Linux kernel
it: file system montato di rete <ulink url="&nfs;">NFS</ulink> con il kernel Linux

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: sharing files via "Unix/Linux Network", see <citerefentry><refentrytitle>exports</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> and <ulink url="&linuxnfshowto;">Linux NFS-HOWTO</ulink>
it: condivisione di file attraverso "rete Unix/Linux", vedere <citerefentry><refentrytitle>exports</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> e <ulink url="&linuxnfshowto;">Linux NFS-HOWTO</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: sharing file between the web server/client
it: condivisione di file tra client/server web

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&https;">HTTPS</ulink> service
it: servizio <ulink url="&https;">HTTPS</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: sharing file between the web server/client with encrypted Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) or <ulink url="&transportlayersecurity;">Transport Layer Security</ulink> (TLS)
it: condivisione di file tra client/server web con SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) cifrato o <ulink url="&transportlayersecurity;">TLS (Transport Layer Security)</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&ftp;">FTP</ulink> service
it: servizio <ulink url="&ftp;">FTP</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: sharing file between the FTP server/client
it: condivisione di file tra client/server FTP

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Although these filesystems mounted over network and file transfer methods over network are quite convenient for sharing data, these may be insecure.  Their network connection must be secured by the following.
it: Sebbene questi file system montati in rete e metodi di trasferimento di file attraverso la rete siano piuttosto comodi per la condivisione dei dati, possono essere non sicuri. La loro connessione di rete deve essere resa sicura nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Encrypt it with <ulink url="&ssltls;">SSL/TLS</ulink>
it: Cifrarli con <ulink url="&ssltls;">SSL/TLS</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Tunnel it via <ulink url="&ssh;">SSH</ulink>
it: Usarli in tunnel <ulink url="&ssh;">SSH</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Tunnel it via <ulink url="&vpn;">VPN</ulink>
it: Usarli in tunnel <ulink url="&vpn;">VPN</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Limit it behind the secure firewall
it: Limitarli dietro ad un firewall sicuro

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See also <xref linkend="_other_network_application_servers"/> and <xref linkend="_other_network_application_clients"/>.
it: Vedere anche <xref linkend="_other_network_application_servers"/> e <xref linkend="_other_network_application_clients"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Archive media
it: Supporti di archiviazione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: When choosing <ulink url="&computerdatastoragemedia;">computer data storage media</ulink> for important data archive, you should be careful about their limitations.  For small personal data backup, I use CD-R and DVD-R by the brand name company and store in a cool, shaded, dry, clean environment.  (Tape archive media seem to be popular for professional use.)
it: Quando si deve scegliere il <ulink url="&computerdatastoragemedia;">supporto di archiviazione di dati informatici</ulink> per un importante archivio di dati, si dovrebbe porre attenzione alle limitazioni dei supporti. Per piccoli backup di dati personali, io uso CD-R e DVD-R scegliendoli in base alla marca del produtttore e conservandoli in un ambiente fresco, all'ombra, asciutto e pulito. (I supporti di archiviazione a nastro sembrano molto popolari per gli usi professionali.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: <ulink url="&afireresistantsafe;">A fire-resistant safe</ulink> are meant for paper documents.  Most of the computer data storage media have less temperature tolerance than paper. I usually rely on multiple secure encrypted copies stored in multiple secure locations.
it: Le <ulink url="&afireresistantsafe;">casseforti a prova di fuoco</ulink> sono pensate per i documenti cartacei. La maggior parte dei supporti di archiviazione di dati informatici ha una tolleranza più bassa alle alte temperature rispetto alla carta. Di solito mi affido a copie multiple cifrate sicure conservate in diverse posizioni sicure.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Optimistic storage life of archive media seen on the net (mostly from vendor info).
it: Durata di vita ottimistica di diversi supporti di archiviazione da dati raccolti in rete (per lo più dalle informazioni dei produttori).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: 100+ years : Acid free paper with ink
it: 100+ anni: carta senza acidi con inchiostro

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: 100 years : Optical storage (CD/DVD, CD/DVD-R)
it: 100 anni: supporti ottici (CD/DVD, CD/DVD-R)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: 30 years : Magnetic storage (tape, floppy)
it: 30 anni: supporti magnetici (nastri, dischetti floppy)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: 20 years : Phase change optical storage (CD-RW)
it: 20 anni: supporti ottici a cambio di fase (CD-RW)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: These do not count on the mechanical failures due to handling etc.
it: Questi tempi non tengono conto dei danni meccanici causati dal maneggiamento, ecc.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Optimistic write cycle of archive media seen on the net (mostly from vendor info).
it: Cicli di scrittura ottimistici di diversi supporti di archiviazione da dati raccolti in rete (per lo più dalle informazioni dei produttori).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: 250,000+ cycles : Harddisk drive
it: 250,000+ cicli: unità a disco fisso

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: 10,000+ cycles : Flash memory
it: 10,000+ cicli: memoria flash

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: 1,000 cycles : CD/DVD-RW
it: 1,000 cicli: CD/DVD-RW

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: 1 cycles : CD/DVD-R, paper
it: 1 ciclo: CD/DVD-R, carta

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: Figures of storage life and write cycle here should not be used for decisions on any critical data storage.  Please consult the specific product information provided by the manufacture.
it: I valori di durata di vita e dei cicli di scrittura riportati non dovrebbero essere usati per prendere decisioni riguardo all'archiviazione di dati critici. Consultare le informazioni specifiche per ciascun prodotto forniti dal produttore.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Since CD/DVD-R and paper have only 1 write cycle, they inherently prevent accidental data loss by overwriting.  This is advantage!
it: Dato che i CD/DVD-R e la carta hanno un solo ciclo di scrittura, prevengono per loro stessa natura le perdite accidentali di dati per sovrascrittura. Questo è un vantaggio!

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: If you need fast and frequent backup of large amount of data, a hard disk on a remote host linked by a fast network connection, may be the only realistic option.
it: Se è necessario fare backup frequenti e veloci di una grande quantità di dati, un disco fisso su un host remoto connesso con una connessione veloce, potrebbe essere l'unica soluzione realistica.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: The disk image
it: Immagine del disco

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Here, we discuss manipulations of the disk image.  See <xref linkend="_data_storage_tips"/>, too.
it: Questa sezione tratta della manipolazione di immagini di dischi. Vedere anche <xref linkend="_data_storage_tips"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Making the disk image file
it: Creare un file con un'immagine di disco

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The disk image file, "<literal>disk.img</literal>", of an unmounted device, e.g., the second SCSI drive "<literal>/dev/sdb</literal>", can be made using <citerefentry><refentrytitle>cp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> or <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> by the following.
it: Si può creare un file di immagine del disco, "<literal>disco.img</literal>", di un dispositivo non montato, ad esempio la seconda unità SCSI "<literal>/dev/sdb</literal>" usando <citerefentry><refentrytitle>cp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> o <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: # cp /dev/sdb disk.img
    # dd if=/dev/sdb of=disk.img
it: # cp /dev/sdb disco.img
    # dd if=/dev/sdb of=disco.img

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The disk image of the traditional PC's <ulink url="&masterbootrecordmbr;">master boot record (MBR)</ulink> (see <xref linkend="_disk_partition_configuration"/>) which reside on the first sector on the primary IDE disk can be made by using <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> by the following.
it: Si può creare l'immagine del disco del <ulink url="&masterbootrecordmbr;">MBR (master boot record)</ulink> dei PC tradizionali (vedere <xref linkend="_disk_partition_configuration"/>), che risiede nel primo settore del disco IDE primario usando <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>mbr.img</literal>": The MBR with the partition table
it: "<literal>mbr.img</literal>": MBR con tabella delle partizioni

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>mbr-nopart.img</literal>": The MBR without the partition table
it: "<literal>mbr-nopart.img</literal>": MBR senza tabella delle partizioni

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>part.img</literal>": The partition table of the MBR only
it: "<literal>part.img</literal>": solamente la tabella delle partizioni nell'MBR

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you have a SCSI device (including the new serial ATA drive) as the boot disk, substitute "<literal>/dev/hda</literal>" with "<literal>/dev/sda</literal>".
it: Se il disco di avvio è un un dispositivo SCSI (incluse le nuove unità Serial ATA), sostituire "<literal>/dev/hda</literal>" con "<literal>/dev/sda</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you are making an image of a disk partition of the original disk, substitute "<literal>/dev/hda</literal>" with "<literal>/dev/hda1</literal>" etc.
it: Se si sta creando l'immagine di una partizione del disco originale, sostituire "<literal>/dev/hda</literal>" con "<literal>/dev/hda1</literal>", ecc.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Writing directly to the disk
it: Scrivere direttamente sul disco

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The disk image file, "<literal>disk.img</literal>" can be written to an unmounted device, e.g., the second SCSI drive "<literal>/dev/sdb</literal>" with matching size, by the following.
it: Il file immagine del disco, "<literal>disco.img</literal>" può essere scritto in un dispositivo non montato, ad esempio la seconda unità SCSI "<literal>/dev/sdb</literal>" di dimensione corrispondente nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: # dd if=disk.img of=/dev/sdb
it: # dd if=disco.img of=/dev/sdb

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Similarly, the disk partition image file, "<literal>partition.img</literal>" can be written to an unmounted partition, e.g., the first partition of the second SCSI drive "<literal>/dev/sdb1</literal>" with matching size, by the following.
it: Analogamente il file immagine di una partizione del disco, "<literal>partizione.img</literal>" può essere scritto in una partizione non montata, ad esempio la prima partizione della seconda unità SCSI "<literal>/dev/sdb1</literal>" di dimensione corrispondente nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: # dd if=partition.img of=/dev/sdb1
it: # dd if=partizione.img of=/dev/sdb1

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Mounting the disk image file
it: Montare un file con un'immagine di disco

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The disk image "<literal>partition.img</literal>" containing a single partition image can be mounted and unmounted by using the <ulink url="&loopdevice;">loop device</ulink> as follows.
it: Un'immagine di disco "<literal>partizione.img</literal>" contenente l'immagine di un'unica partizione, può essere montata e smontata usando il <ulink url="&loopdevice;">device loop</ulink> nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: # losetup -v -f partition.img
    Loop device is /dev/loop0
    # mkdir -p /mnt/loop0
    # mount -t auto /dev/loop0 /mnt/loop0
    ...hack...hack...hack
    # umount /dev/loop0
    # losetup -d /dev/loop0
it: # losetup -v -f partizione.img
    Loop device is /dev/loop0
    # mkdir -p /mnt/loop0
    # mount -t auto /dev/loop0 /mnt/loop0
    ...bla...bla...bla
    # umount /dev/loop0
    # losetup -d /dev/loop0

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This can be simplified as follows.
it: Questo può essere semplificato nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: # mkdir -p /mnt/loop0
    # mount -t auto -o loop partition.img /mnt/loop0
    ...hack...hack...hack
    # umount partition.img
it: # mkdir -p /mnt/loop0
    # mount -t auto -o loop partizione.img /mnt/loop0
    ...bla...bla...bla
    # umount partizione.img

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Each partition of the disk image "<literal>disk.img</literal>" containing multiple partitions can be mounted by using the <ulink url="&loopdevice;">loop device</ulink>.  Since the loop device does not manage partitions by default, we need to reset it as follows.
it: Ogni partizione di un'immagine di disco "<literal>disco.img</literal>" contentente più partizioni, può essere montata usando il <ulink url="&loopdevice;">device loop</ulink>. Dato che quest'ultimo non gestisce in modo predefinito le partizioni, è necessario riconfigurarlo nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: # modinfo -p loop # verify kernel capability
    max_part:Maximum number of partitions per loop device
    max_loop:Maximum number of loop devices
    # losetup -a # verify nothing using the loop device
    # rmmod loop
    # modprobe loop max_part=16
it: # modinfo -p loop # verifica la capacita del kernel
    max_part:Maximum number of partitions per loop device
    max_loop:Maximum number of loop devices
    # losetup -a # verifica che nulla stia usando il device loop
    # rmmod loop
    # modprobe loop max_part=16

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Now, the loop device can manage up to 16 partitions.
it: Ora il device loop può gestire fino a 16 partizioni.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: # losetup -v -f disk.img
    Loop device is /dev/loop0
    # fdisk -l /dev/loop0
    
    Disk /dev/loop0: 5368 MB, 5368709120 bytes
    255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 652 cylinders
    Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
    Disk identifier: 0x452b6464
    
          Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
    /dev/loop0p1               1         600     4819468+  83  Linux
    /dev/loop0p2             601         652      417690   83  Linux
    # mkdir -p /mnt/loop0p1
    # mount -t ext3 /dev/loop0p1 /mnt/loop0p1
    # mkdir -p /mnt/loop0p2
    # mount -t ext3 /dev/loop0p2 /mnt/loop0p2
    ...hack...hack...hack
    # umount /dev/loop0p1
    # umount /dev/loop0p2
    # losetup -d /dev/loop0
it: # losetup -v -f disco.img
    Loop device is /dev/loop0
    # fdisk -l /dev/loop0
    
    Disk /dev/loop0: 5368 MB, 5368709120 bytes
    255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 652 cylinders
    Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
    Disk identifier: 0x452b6464
    
          Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
    /dev/loop0p1               1         600     4819468+  83  Linux
    /dev/loop0p2             601         652      417690   83  Linux
    # mkdir -p /mnt/loop0p1
    # mount -t ext3 /dev/loop0p1 /mnt/loop0p1
    # mkdir -p /mnt/loop0p2
    # mount -t ext3 /dev/loop0p2 /mnt/loop0p2
    ...bla...bla...bla
    # umount /dev/loop0p1
    # umount /dev/loop0p2
    # losetup -d /dev/loop0

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Alternatively, similar effects can be done by using the <ulink url="&devicemapper;">device mapper</ulink> devices created by <citerefentry><refentrytitle>kpartx</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> from the <literal>kpartx</literal> package as follows.
it: In alternativa, un risultato simile può essere ottenuto utilizzando i <ulink url="&devicemapper;">device mapper</ulink> creati da <citerefentry><refentrytitle>kpartx</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, contenuto nel pacchetto <literal>kpartx</literal>, nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: # kpartx -a -v disk.img
    ...
    # mkdir -p /mnt/loop0p2
    # mount -t ext3 /dev/mapper/loop0p2 /mnt/loop0p2
    ...
    ...hack...hack...hack
    # umount /dev/mapper/loop0p2
    ...
    # kpartx -d /mnt/loop0
it: # kpartx -a -v disco.img
    ...
    # mkdir -p /mnt/loop0p2
    # mount -t ext3 /dev/mapper/loop0p2 /mnt/loop0p2
    ...
    ...bla...bla...bla
    # umount /dev/mapper/loop0p2
    ...
    # kpartx -d /mnt/loop0

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: You can mount a single partition of such disk image with <ulink url="&loopdevice;">loop device</ulink> using offset to skip <ulink url="&mbr;">MBR</ulink> etc., too.  But this is more error prone.
it: È anche possibile montare una singola partizione di una tale immagine di disco con un <ulink url="&loopdevice;">device loop</ulink> indicando un offset per saltare l'<ulink url="&mbr;">MBR</ulink>, ecc., ma questo metodo è più esposto agli errori.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Cleaning a disk image file
it: Pulire un file con un'immagine di disco

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: A disk image file, "<literal>disk.img</literal>" can be cleaned of all removed files into clean sparse image "<literal>new.img</literal>" by the following.
it: Si può pulire un file con immagine di disco "<literal>disco.img</literal>" da tutti i file cancellati creando un'immagine pulita "<literal>nuova.img</literal>" nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: # mkdir old; mkdir new
    # mount -t auto -o loop disk.img old
    # dd bs=1 count=0 if=/dev/zero of=new.img seek=5G
    # mount -t auto -o loop new.img new
    # cd old
    # cp -a --sparse=always ./ ../new/
    # cd ..
    # umount new.img
    # umount disk.img
it: # mkdir vecchia; mkdir nuova
    # mount -t auto -o loop disco.img vecchia
    # dd bs=1 count=0 if=/dev/zero of=nuova.img seek=5G
    # mount -t auto -o loop nuova.img nuova
    # cd vecchia
    # cp -a --sparse=always ./ ../nuova/
    # cd ..
    # umount nuova.img
    # umount disco.img

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If "<literal>disk.img</literal>" is in ext2 or ext3, you can also use <citerefentry><refentrytitle>zerofree</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> from the <literal>zerofree</literal> package as follows.
it: Se "<literal>disco.img</literal>" è in ext2 o ext3, si può anche usare <citerefentry><refentrytitle>zerofree</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, contenuto nel pacchetto <literal>zerofree</literal>, nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: # losetup -f -v disk.img
    Loop device is /dev/loop3
    # zerofree /dev/loop3
    # cp --sparse=always disk.img new.img
it: # losetup -f -v disco.img
    Loop device is /dev/loop3
    # zerofree /dev/loop3
    # cp --sparse=always disco.img nuovo.img

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Making the empty disk image file
it: Creare un file con immagine di disco vuoto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The empty disk image "<literal>disk.img</literal>" which can grow up to 5GiB can be made using <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> as follows.
it: Si può creare un'immagine di disco vuota "<literal>disco.img</literal>", che può crescere fino a 5GiB, usando <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: $ dd bs=1 count=0 if=/dev/zero of=disk.img seek=5G
it: $ dd bs=1 count=0 if=/dev/zero of=disco.img seek=5G

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can create an ext3 filesystem on this disk image "<literal>disk.img</literal>" using the <ulink url="&loopdevice;">loop device</ulink> as follows.
it: È possibile creare un file system ext3 in questa immagine di disco, "<literal>disco.img</literal>" usando il <ulink url="&loopdevice;">device loop</ulink> nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: # losetup -f -v disk.img
    Loop device is /dev/loop1
    # mkfs.ext3 /dev/loop1
    ...hack...hack...hack
    # losetup -d /dev/loop1
    $ du  --apparent-size -h disk.img
    5.0G  disk.img
    $ du -h disk.img
    83M disk.img
it: # losetup -f -v disco.img
    Loop device is /dev/loop1
    # mkfs.ext3 /dev/loop1
    ...bla...bla...bla
    # losetup -d /dev/loop1
    $ du  --apparent-size -h disco.img
    5.0G  disco.img
    $ du -h disco.img
    83M disco.img

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For "<literal>disk.img</literal>", its file size is 5.0 GiB and its actual disk usage is mere 83MiB.  This discrepancy is possible since <ulink url="&extcfs;">ext2fs</ulink> can hold <ulink url="&sparsefile;">sparse file</ulink>.
it: La dimensione del file "<literal>disco.img</literal>" è di 5.0GiB e il suo effettivo uso del disco è di soli 83MiB. Questa discrepanza è resa possibile dal fatto che <ulink url="&extcfs;">il file system ext2</ulink> può contentere <ulink url="&sparsefile;">file sparsi</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: The actual disk usage of <ulink url="&sparsefile;">sparse file</ulink> grows with data which are written to it.
it: L'uso effettivo del disco dei <ulink url="&sparsefile;">file sparsi</ulink> cresce insieme ai dati che in essi sono scritti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Using similar operation on devices created by the <ulink url="&loopdevice;">loop device</ulink> or the <ulink url="&devicemapper;">device mapper</ulink> devices as <xref linkend="_mounting_the_disk_image_file"/>, you can partition this disk image "<literal>disk.img</literal>" using <citerefentry><refentrytitle>parted</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> or <citerefentry><refentrytitle>fdisk</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, and can create filesystem on it using <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mkfs.ext3</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mkswap</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, etc.
it: Usando operazioni simili su device creati dal <ulink url="&loopdevice;">device loop</ulink> o dal <ulink url="&devicemapper;">device mapper</ulink>, come in <xref linkend="_mounting_the_disk_image_file"/>, si può partizionare tale immagine di disco "<literal>disco.img</literal>" usando <citerefentry><refentrytitle>parted</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> o <citerefentry><refentrytitle>fdisk</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> e si può creare in essa file system usando <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mkfs.ext3</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mkswap</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, ecc.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Making the ISO9660 image file
it: Creare un file con un'immagine ISO9660

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <ulink url="&isojgga;">ISO9660</ulink> image file, "<literal>cd.iso</literal>", from the source directory tree at "<literal>source_directory</literal>" can be made using <citerefentry><refentrytitle>genisoimage</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> provided by <ulink url="&cdrkit;">cdrkit</ulink> by the following.
it: Si può creare un file immagine <ulink url="&isojgga;">ISO9660</ulink> "<literal>cd.iso</literal>" dell'albero di directory originale in "<literal>directory_sorgente</literal>" usando <citerefentry><refentrytitle>genisoimage</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> fornito da <ulink url="&cdrkit;">cdrkit</ulink> nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: #  genisoimage -r -J -T -V volume_id -o cd.iso source_directory
it: #  genisoimage -r -J -T -V ID_volume -o cd.iso directory_sorgente

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Similarly, the bootable ISO9660 image file, "<literal>cdboot.iso</literal>", can be made from <literal>debian-installer</literal> like directory tree at "<literal>source_directory</literal>" by the following.
it: Analogamente, si può creare un file immagine ISO9660 avviabile, "<literal>cdboot.iso</literal>", da un albero di directory simile a quello del <literal>debian-installer</literal> in "<literal>directory_sorgente</literal>" nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: #  genisoimage -r -o cdboot.iso -V volume_id \
       -b isolinux/isolinux.bin -c isolinux/boot.cat \
       -no-emul-boot -boot-load-size 4 -boot-info-table source_directory
it: #  genisoimage -r -o cdboot.iso -V ID_volume \
       -b isolinux/isolinux.bin -c isolinux/boot.cat \
       -no-emul-boot -boot-load-size 4 -boot-info-table directory_sorgente

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here <ulink url="&isolinuxbootloader;">Isolinux boot loader</ulink> (see <xref linkend="_stage_2_the_boot_loader"/>) is used for booting.
it: In questo esempio viene usato per l'avvio il <ulink url="&isolinuxbootloader;">bootloader Isolinux</ulink> (vedere <xref linkend="_stage_2_the_boot_loader"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can calculate the md5sum value and make the ISO9660 image directly from the CD-ROM device as follows.
it: Si può calcolare il valore md5sum e creare l'immagine ISO9660 direttamente dal device CD-ROM nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
en: You must carefully avoid ISO9660 filesystem read ahead bug of Linux as above to get the right result.
it: Per ottenere un risultato corretto, si deve accuratamente evitare il bug di Linux riguardante il read ahead del file system ISO9660, come nell'esempio precedente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Writing directly to the CD/DVD-R/RW
it: Scrivere direttamente sul CD/DVD-R/RW

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: DVD is only a large CD to <citerefentry><refentrytitle>wodim</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> provided by <ulink url="&cdrkit;">cdrkit</ulink>.
it: Per <citerefentry><refentrytitle>wodim</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, fornito da <ulink url="&cdrkit;">cdrkit</ulink>, un DVD è semplicemente un grande CD.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can find a usable device by the following.
it: Si può trovare un device utilizzabile usando il comando seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Then the blank CD-R is inserted to the CD drive, and the ISO9660 image file, "<literal>cd.iso</literal>" is written to this device, e.g., "<literal>/dev/hda</literal>", using <citerefentry><refentrytitle>wodim</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> by the following.
it: Poi si inserisce un CD-R vergine nell'unità CD e si scrive il file immagine ISO9660 "<literal>cd.iso</literal>" su questo device, ad esempio "<literal>/dev/hda</literal>", usando <citerefentry><refentrytitle>wodim</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If CD-RW is used instead of CD-R, do this instead by the following.
it: Se viene usato un CD-RW invece di un CD-R, usare quest'altro comando.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: If your desktop system mounts CD automatically, unmount it by "<literal>sudo unmount /dev/hda</literal>" before using <citerefentry><refentrytitle>wodim</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
it: Se il sistema desktop usato monta automaticamente i CD, prima di usare <citerefentry><refentrytitle>wodim</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> smontarlo usando "<literal>sudo umount /dev/hda</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Mounting the ISO9660 image file
it: Montare un file con un'immagine ISO9660

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If "<literal>cd.iso</literal>" contains an ISO9660 image, then the following manually mounts it to "<literal>/cdrom</literal>".
it: Se "<literal>cd.iso</literal>" contiene un'immagine ISO9660, lo si può montare manualmente in "<literal>/cdrom</literal>" usando il comando seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Modern desktop system mounts removable media automatically (see <xref linkend="_removable_storage_device"/>).
it: I sistemi desktop moderni montano automaticamente i supporti removibili (vedere <xref linkend="_removable_storage_device"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: The binary data
it: I dati binari

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Here, we discuss direct manipulations of the binary data on storage media.  See <xref linkend="_data_storage_tips"/>, too.
it: Questa sezione tratta della manipolazione diretta dei dati binari su supporti di archiviazione. Vedere anche <xref linkend="_data_storage_tips"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Viewing and editing binary data
it: Visualizzare e modificare dati binari

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The most basic viewing method of binary data is to use "<literal>od -t x1</literal>" command.
it: Il metodo di visualizzazione dei dati binai più basilare è l'uso del comando "<literal>od -t x1</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of packages which view and edit binary data
it: Elenco di pacchetti che visualizzano e modificano dati binari

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: basic package which has <citerefentry><refentrytitle>od</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> to dump files (HEX, ASCII, OCTAL, …)
it: pacchetto base che contiene <citerefentry><refentrytitle>od</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> per fare il dump di file (HEX, ASCII, OCTAL, …)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: utility package which has <citerefentry><refentrytitle>hd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> to dump files (HEX, ASCII, OCTAL, …)
it: pacchetto di utilità che contiene <citerefentry><refentrytitle>hd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> per fare il dump di file (HEX, ASCII, OCTAL, …)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: binary editor and viewer (HEX, ASCII)
it: visualizzatore ed editor binario (HEX, ASCII)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: full featured hexadecimal editor (GNOME)
it: editor esadecimale completo (GNOME)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: full featured hexadecimal editor (KDE4)
it: editor esadecimale completo (KDE4)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: binary editor and viewer (HEX, ASCII, EBCDIC)
it: visualizzatore ed editor binario (HEX, ASCII, EBCDIC)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: binary editor and viewer (HEX, ASCII, EBCDIC, OCTAL, …)
it: visualizzatore ed editor binario (HEX, ASCII, EBCDIC, OCTAL, …)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: HEX is used as an acronym for <ulink url="&hexadecimal;">hexadecimal</ulink> format with <ulink url="&radix;">radix</ulink> 16.  OCTAL is for <ulink url="&octal;">octal</ulink> format with <ulink url="&radix;">radix</ulink> 8.  ASCII is for <ulink url="&americanstandardationinterchange;">American Standard Code for Information Interchange</ulink>, i.e., normal English text code.  EBCDIC is for <ulink url="&extendedbinarycolinterchangecode;">Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code</ulink> used on <ulink url="&ibmmainframe;">IBM mainframe</ulink> operating systems.
it: HEX è usato come acronimo per il formato <ulink url="&hexadecimal;">esadecimale</ulink> con <ulink url="&radix;">base</ulink> 16. OCTAL è usato per il formato <ulink url="&octal;">ottale</ulink> con <ulink url="&radix;">base</ulink> 8. ASCII è usato per <ulink url="&americanstandardationinterchange;">American Standard Code for Information Interchange</ulink>, cioè la normale codifica per testi in inglese. EBCDIC è usato per <ulink url="&extendedbinarycolinterchangecode;">Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code</ulink> usato nei sistemi operativi dei<ulink url="&ibmmainframe;">mainframe IBM</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Manipulating files without mounting disk
it: Manipolare file senza montare i dischi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There are tools to read and write files without mounting disk.
it: Esistono strumenti per leggere e scrivere file senza montare i dischi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of packages to manipulate files without mounting disk
it: Elenco di pacchetti per manipolare file senza montare i dischi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: utilities for MSDOS files without mounting them
it: utilità per file MSDOS senza montarli

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: utilities for HFS and HFS+ files without mounting them
it: utilità per file HFS e HFS+ senza montarli

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Data redundancy
it: Dati ridondanti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Software <ulink url="&raid;">RAID</ulink> systems offered by the Linux kernel provide data redundancy in the kernel filesystem level to achieve high levels of storage reliability.
it: I sistemi software <ulink url="&raid;">RAID</ulink> offerti dal kernel Linux forniscono un livello di ridondanza dei dati nel file system a livello del kernel, allo scopo di ottenere una più alta affidabilità dell'archiviazione.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There are tools to add data redundancy to files in application program level to achieve high levels of storage reliability, too.
it: Esistono strumenti per aggiungere dati ridondanti a file a livello di programmi applicativi per ottenere anche in questo modo una più alta affidabilità dell'archiviazione.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of tools to add data redundancy to files
it: Elenco di strumenti per aggiungere dati ridondanti a file

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Parity Archive Volume Set, for checking and repair of files
it: insiemi di volumi di archivi di parità, per controllare e riparare file

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: data loss/scratch/aging protection for CD/DVD media
it: protezione contro perdita di dati/graffi/invecchiamento di supporti CD/DVD

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: backup tool using MiniDV camcorders (providing <citerefentry><refentrytitle>rsbep</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>)
it: strumento di backup che usa camcorder MiniDV (fornisce <citerefentry><refentrytitle>rsbep</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: recover lost blocks using Forward Error Correction
it: recupera blocchi perduti usando Forward Error Correction

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Data file recovery and forensic analysis
it: recupero di file dati ed analisi forensi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There are tools for data file recovery and forensic analysis.
it: Esistono strumenti per recuperare file dati e fare analisi forensi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of packages for data file recovery and forensic analysis
it: Elenco di pacchetti per recupero di file dati ed analisi forensi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: utilities for partition scan and disk recovery
it: utilità per scansione delle partizione e ripristino di dischi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: utility to recover files by looking for magic bytes
it: utilità per ripristinare file cercando byte magici

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: frugal, high performance file carver
it: strumento di escavazione di file frugale e ad alte prestazioni

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: rescue data from damaged harddisks
it: recupera dati da dischi fissi danneggiati

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: utility to undelete files on the ext2 filesystem
it: utilità per decancellare file da file system ext2

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: tool to help recover deleted files on the ext3 filesystem
it: strumento per aiutare a recuperare file cancellati da file system ext3

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: data recovery program for NTFS filesystems
it: programma di recupero di dati da file system NTFS

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: gzip recovery toolkit
it: insieme di strumenti di recupero di gzip

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: tools for forensics analysis. (Sleuthkit)
it: strumenti per analisi forensi (Sleuthkit)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: graphical interface to SleuthKit
it: interfaccia grafica per SleuthKit

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: forensics application to recover data
it: applicazione forense per il recupero dei dati

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: forensic imaging tool based on Qt
it: strumento forense per immagini basato su Qt

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: enhanced version of <literal>dd</literal> for forensics and security
it: versione migliorata di <literal>dd</literal> per analisi forensi e sicurezza

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: forensic copy program
it: programma di copia per uso forense

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Splitting a large file into small files
it: Suddividere un file grande in file più piccoli

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: When a data is too big to backup as a single file, you can backup its content after splitting it into, e.g. 2000MiB chunks and merge those chunks back into the original file later.
it: Quando dei dati sono troppo grandi affinché ne venga fatto il backup in un file singolo, si può fare il backup dei suoi contenuti dopo averlo suddiviso in pezzi di, ad esempio 2000MiB, che saranno successivamente riuniti a formare il file originale.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: $ split -b 2000m large_file
    $ cat x* &gt;large_file
it: $ split -b 2000m file_grande
    $ cat x* &gt;file_grande

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: Please make sure you do not have any files starting with "<literal>x</literal>" to avoid name crashes.
it: Assicurarsi di non avere altri file che iniziano con "<literal>x</literal>" per evitare conflitti nei nomi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Clearing file contents
it: Pulire il contenuto di file

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: In order to clear the contents of a file such as a log file, do not use <citerefentry><refentrytitle>rm</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> to delete the file and then create a new empty file, because the file may still be accessed in the interval between commands.  The following is the safe way to clear the contents of the file.
it: Per ripulire i contenuti di un file, come un file di registro, non usare <citerefentry><refentrytitle>rm</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> per cancellarlo e poi crearne un altro, perché nell'intervallo tra i due comandi potrebbe essere ancora possibile accedere al file. Quello che segue è il metodo sicuro per pulire il contenuto di un file.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: $ :&gt;file_to_be_cleared
it: $ :&gt;file_da_pulire

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Dummy files
it: File fittizi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The following commands create dummy or empty files.
it: I comandi seguenti creano file fittizi o vuoti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: $ dd if=/dev/zero    of=5kb.file bs=1k count=5
    $ dd if=/dev/urandom of=7mb.file bs=1M count=7
    $ touch zero.file
    $ : &gt; alwayszero.file
it: $ dd if=/dev/zero    of=5kb.file bs=1k count=5
    $ dd if=/dev/urandom of=7mb.file bs=1M count=7
    $ touch zero.file
    $ : &gt; semprezero.file

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You should find following files.
it: Dovrebbero essere ora presenti i seguenti file.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>5kb.file</literal>" is 5KB of zeros.
it: "<literal>5kb.file</literal>" è costituito da 5KB di zero.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>7mb.file</literal>" is 7MB of random data.
it: "<literal>7mb.file</literal>" è costituito da 7MB di dati casuali.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>zero.file</literal>" may be a 0 byte file.  If it existed, its <literal>mtime</literal> is updated while its content and its length are kept.
it: "<literal>zero.file</literal>" potrebbe essere un file di 0 byte. Se fosse stato preesistente, il suo orario <literal>mtime</literal> sarebbe stato aggiornato mentre sarebbero stati mantenuti i suoi contenuti e la sua grandezza.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>alwayszero.file</literal>" is always a 0 byte file.  If it existed, its <literal>mtime</literal> is updated and its content is reset.
it: "<literal>semprezero.file</literal>" è sempre un file di 0 byte. Se fosse stato preesistente, il suo orario <literal>mtime</literal> sarebbe stato aggiornato e il suo contenuto azzerato.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Erasing an entire hard disk
it: Cancellare un intero disco fisso

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There are several ways to completely erase data from an entire hard disk like device, e.g., USB memory stick at "<literal>/dev/sda</literal>".
it: Esistono diversi modi di cancellare completamente i dati da un intero device simile ad un disco fisso, ad esempio una chiavetta USB in "<literal>/dev/sda</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: Check your USB memory stick location with <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mount</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> first before executing commands here.  The device pointed by "<literal>/dev/sda</literal>" may be SCSI hard disk or serial-ATA hard disk where your entire system resides.
it: Prima di eseguire i comandi indicati in seguito controllare la posizione della chiavetta USB con <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mount</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>. Il device a cui punta "<literal>/dev/sda</literal>" potrebbe essere il disco fisso SCSI o Serial-ATA che contiene l'intero sistema.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Erase all the disk content by resetting data to 0 with the following.
it: Cancellare tutti i contenuti del disco reimpostando tutti i dati a 0 con il comando seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Erase all by overwriting random data with the following.
it: Cancellare tutto sovrascrivendo dati casuali con il comando seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Erase all by overwriting random data very efficiently with the following.
it: Cancellare tutto sovrascrivendo dati casuali in modo molto efficiente con il comando seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Since <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> is available from the shell of many bootable Linux CDs such as Debian installer CD, you can erase your installed system completely by running an erase command from such media on the system hard disk, e.g., "<literal>/dev/hda</literal>", "<literal>/dev/sda</literal>", etc.
it: Dato che <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> è disponibile dalla shell di molti CD Linux avviabili, come il CD dell'installatore Debian, si può cancellare completamente il sistema installato su un disco fisso, ad esemio "<literal>/dev/hda</literal>", "<literal>/dev/sda</literal>", ecc., eseguendo un comando di cancellazione da un supporto CD simile.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Erasing unused area of an hard disk
it: Cancellare area inutilizzate di un disco fisso

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Unused area on an hard disk (or USB memory stick), e.g. "<literal>/dev/sdb1</literal>" may still contain erased data themselves since they are only unlinked from the filesystem.  These can be cleaned by overwriting them.
it: Area inutilizzate di un disco fisso (o di una chiavetta USB), ad esempio "<literal>/dev/sdb1</literal>", potrebbero contenere ancora i dati cancellati stessi, dato che questi sono semplicemente scollegati dal file system. È possibile pulire queste aree sovrascrivendole.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: # mount -t auto /dev/sdb1 /mnt/foo
    # cd /mnt/foo
    # dd if=/dev/zero of=junk
    dd: writing to `junk': No space left on device
    ...
    # sync
    # umount /dev/sdb1
it: # mount -t auto /dev/sdb1 /mnt/pippo
    # cd /mnt/pippo
    # dd if=/dev/zero of=spazzatura
    dd: writing to `spazzatura': No space left on device
    ...
    # sync
    # umount /dev/sdb1

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
en: This is usually a good enough for your USB memory stick.  But this is not perfect.  Most parts of erased filenames and their attributes may be hidden and remain in the filesystem.
it: Solitamente questo procedimento è sufficientemente buono per le chiavette USB. Ma non è perfetto. La maggior parte dei nomi di file cancellati e dei loro attributi potrebbe ancora essere nascosta e rimanere nel file system.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Undeleting deleted but still open files
it: De-cancellare file cancellati ma ancora aperti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Even if you have accidentally deleted a file, as long as that file is still being used by some application (read or write mode), it is possible to recover such a file.
it: Anche se un file è stato cancellato per errore, fintanto che è usato da un'applicazione (in lettura o scrittura), è possibile recuperarlo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: $ echo foo &gt; bar
    $ less bar
    $ ps aux | grep ' less[ ]'
    bozo    4775  0.0  0.0  92200   884 pts/8    S+   00:18   0:00 less bar
    $ rm bar
    $ ls -l /proc/4775/fd | grep bar
    lr-x------ 1 bozo bozo 64 2008-05-09 00:19 4 -&gt; /home/bozo/bar (deleted)
    $ cat /proc/4775/fd/4 &gt;bar
    $ ls -l
    -rw-r--r-- 1 bozo bozo 4 2008-05-09 00:25 bar
    $ cat bar
    foo
it: $ echo pippo &gt; pluto
    $ less pluto
    $ ps aux | grep ' less[ ]'
    bozo    4775  0.0  0.0  92200   884 pts/8    S+   00:18   0:00 less pluto
    $ rm pluto
    $ ls -l /proc/4775/fd | grep bar
    lr-x------ 1 bozo bozo 64 2008-05-09 00:19 4 -&gt; /home/bozo/pluto (deleted)
    $ cat /proc/4775/fd/4 &gt;pluto
    $ ls -l
    -rw-r--r-- 1 bozo bozo 4 2008-05-09 00:25 pluto
    $ cat pluto
    pippo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Execute on another terminal (when you have the <literal>lsof</literal> package installed) as follows.
it: Quando si ha il pacchetto <literal>lsof</literal> installato, eseguire in un altro terminale quanto segue.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: $ ls -li bar
    2228329 -rw-r--r-- 1 bozo bozo 4 2008-05-11 11:02 bar
    $ lsof |grep bar|grep less
    less 4775 bozo 4r REG 8,3 4 2228329 /home/bozo/bar
    $ rm bar
    $ lsof |grep bar|grep less
    less 4775 bozo 4r REG 8,3 4 2228329 /home/bozo/bar (deleted)
    $ cat /proc/4775/fd/4 &gt;bar
    $ ls -li bar
    2228302 -rw-r--r-- 1 bozo bozo 4 2008-05-11 11:05 bar
    $ cat bar
    foo
it: $ ls -li pluto
    2228329 -rw-r--r-- 1 bozo bozo 4 2008-05-11 11:02 pluto
    $ lsof |grep pluto|grep less
    less 4775 bozo 4r REG 8,3 4 2228329 /home/bozo/pluto
    $ rm pluto
    $ lsof |grep pluto|grep less
    less 4775 bozo 4r REG 8,3 4 2228329 /home/bozo/pluto (deleted)
    $ cat /proc/4775/fd/4 &gt;pluto
    $ ls -li pluto
    2228302 -rw-r--r-- 1 bozo bozo 4 2008-05-11 11:05 pluto
    $ cat pluto
    pippo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Searching all hardlinks
it: Cercare tutti i collegamenti fisici

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Files with hardlinks can be identified by "<literal>ls -li</literal>".
it: I file con collegamenti fisici possono essere identificati usando "<literal>ls -li</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: $ ls -li
    total 0
    2738405 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 2008-09-15 20:21 bar
    2738404 -rw-r--r-- 2 root root 0 2008-09-15 20:21 baz
    2738404 -rw-r--r-- 2 root root 0 2008-09-15 20:21 foo
it: $ ls -li
    total 0
    2738405 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 2008-09-15 20:21 paperino
    2738404 -rw-r--r-- 2 root root 0 2008-09-15 20:21 pippo
    2738404 -rw-r--r-- 2 root root 0 2008-09-15 20:21 pluto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Both "<literal>baz</literal>" and "<literal>foo</literal>" have link counts of "2" (&gt;1) showing them to have hardlinks.  Their <ulink url="&inode;">inode</ulink> numbers are common "2738404".  This means they are the same hardlinked file.  If you do not happen to find all hardlinked files by chance, you can search it by the <ulink url="&inode;">inode</ulink>, e.g., "2738404" as the following.
it: Entrambi "<literal>pippo</literal>" e "<literal>pluto</literal>" hanno il numero di collegamenti uguale a "2" (&gt;1), il che mostra che hanno collegamenti fisici. Hanno il numero di <ulink url="&inode;">inode</ulink>, "2738404", in comune. Ciò significa che sono lo stesso file con un collegamento fisico. Nell'eventualità che non si trovino tutti i file con collegamento fisico, li si possono cercare in base all'<ulink url="&inode;">inode</ulink>, ad esempio "2738404", nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: # find /path/to/mount/point -xdev -inum 2738404
it: # find /percorso/del/punto/di/mount -xdev -inum 2738404

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Invisible disk space consumption
it: Consumo invisibile dello spazio su disco

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: All deleted but open files consumes disk space although they are not visible from normal <citerefentry><refentrytitle>du</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.  They can be listed with their size by the following.
it: Tutti i file cancellati ma aperti consumano spazio su disco, anche se non sono visibili con il normale comando <citerefentry><refentrytitle>du</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>. Possono essere elencati, insieme alla loro dimensione, nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Data security infrastructure
it: Infrastruttura di sicurezza dei dati

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The data security infrastructure is provided by the combination of data encryption tool, message digest tool, and signature tool.
it: L'infrastruttura di sicurezza dei dati viene fornita dalla combinazione di strumenti di cifratura dei dati, strumenti message digest e strumenti di firma.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of data security infrastructure tools
it: Elenco di strumenti per l'infrastruttura di sicurezza dei dati

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&gnuprivacyguard;">GNU Privacy Guard</ulink> - OpenPGP encryption and signing tool
it: <ulink url="&gnuprivacyguard;">GNU Privacy Guard</ulink> - strumento OpenPGP di cifratura e firma

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: GNU Privacy Guard documentation
it: documentazione di GNU Privacy Guard

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: GNU Privacy Guard - signature verification tool
it: GNU Privacy Guard - strumento di verifica delle firme

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: extract just the secret information out of OpenPGP secret keys
it: estrae solamente le informazioni segrete da chiavi OpenPGP segrete

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: utilities for <ulink url="&dmcrypto;">dm-crypto</ulink> block device encryption supporting <ulink url="&luks;">LUKS</ulink>
it: utilità per la cifratura <ulink url="&dmcrypto;">dm-crypto</ulink> per i device a blocchi con supporto <ulink url="&luks;">LUKS</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: utilities for <ulink url="&ecryptfs;">ecryptfs</ulink> stacked filesystem encryption
it: utilità per cifratura di file system stack <ulink url="&ecryptfs;">ecryptfs</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: compute and check MD5 message digest
it: calcola e controlla message digest MD5

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: compute and checks SHA1 message digest
it: calcola e controlla message digest SHA1

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: compute message digest with "<literal>openssl dgst</literal>" (OpenSSL)
it: calcola message digest con "<literal>openssl dgst</literal>" (OpenSSL)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: See <xref linkend="_data_encryption_tips"/> on <ulink url="&dmcrypto;">dm-crypto</ulink> and <ulink url="&ecryptfs;">ecryptfs</ulink> which implement automatic data encryption infrastructure via Linux kernel modules.
it: Per <ulink url="&dmcrypto;">dm-crypto</ulink> e <ulink url="&ecryptfs;">ecryptfs</ulink> che implementano infrastrutture di cifratura automatica dei dati attraverso moduli del kernel Linux, vedere <xref linkend="_data_encryption_tips"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Key management for GnuPG
it: Gestione delle chiavi per GnuPG

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here are <ulink url="&gnuprivacyguard;">GNU Privacy Guard</ulink> commands for the basic key management.
it: Quelli che seguono sono alcuni comandi per <ulink url="&gnuprivacyguard;">GNU Privacy Guard</ulink> per la gestione base delle chiavi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of GNU Privacy Guard commands for the key management
it: Elenco di comandi per GNU Privacy Guard per la gestione delle chiavi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: generate a new key
it: Genera una nuova chiave

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>gpg --gen-revoke my_user_ID</literal>
it: <literal>gpg --gen-revoke mio_ID_utente</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: generate revoke key for my_user_ID
it: genera una chiave di revoca per mio_ID_utente

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: edit key interactively, "help" for help
it: modifica la chiave in modo interattivo, "help" per l'aiuto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: export all keys to file
it: esporta tutte le chiavi in un file

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: import all keys from file
it: importa tutte le chiavi da un file

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>gpg --send-keys user_ID</literal>
it: <literal>gpg --send-keys ID_utente</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: send key of user_ID to keyserver
it: invia la chiave di ID_utente al server di chiavi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>gpg --recv-keys user_ID</literal>
it: <literal>gpg --recv-keys ID_utente</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: recv. key of user_ID from keyserver
it: riceve la chiave di ID_utente dal server di chiavi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>gpg --list-keys user_ID</literal>
it: <literal>gpg --list-keys ID_utente</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: list keys of user_ID
it: elenca le chiavi di ID_utente

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>gpg --list-sigs user_ID</literal>
it: <literal>gpg --list-sigs ID_utente</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: list sig. of user_ID
it: elenca le firme di ID_utente

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>gpg --check-sigs user_ID</literal>
it: <literal>gpg --check-sigs ID_utente</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: check sig. of user_ID
it: controlla le firme di ID_utente

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>gpg --fingerprint user_ID</literal>
it: <literal>gpg --fingerprint ID_utente</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: check fingerprint of user_ID
it: controlla le impronte digitali di ID_utente

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: update local keyring
it: aggiorna il portachiavi locale

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here is the meaning of the trust code.
it: Quelli seguenti sono i significati dei codici di fiducia.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of the meaning of the trust code
it: Elenco dei significati dei codici di fiducia

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: code
it: codice

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: description of trust
it: descrizione della fiducia

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: no owner trust assigned / not yet calculated
it: nessuna fiducia assegnata dal proprietario / ancora non calcolata

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: trust calculation failed
it: calcolo della fiducia fallito

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: not enough information for calculation
it: informazioni insufficienti per il calcolo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: never trust this key
it: non fidarsi mai di questa chiave

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: marginally trusted
it: marginalmente affidabile

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: fully trusted
it: completamente fidata

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: ultimately trusted
it: definitivamente fidata

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The following uploads my key "<literal>1DD8D791</literal>" to the popular keyserver "<literal>hkp://keys.gnupg.net</literal>".
it: Il comando seguente carica la mia chiave "<literal>1DD8D791</literal>" sul popolare server di chiavi "<literal>hkp://keys.gnupg.net</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: A good default keyserver set up in "<literal>~/.gnupg/gpg.conf</literal>" (or old location "<literal>~/.gnupg/options</literal>") contains the following.
it: Un buon server di chiavi predefinito impostato in "<literal>~/.gnupg/gpg.conf</literal>" (o nella vecchia posizione "<literal>~/.gnupg/options</literal>") si ottiene la voce seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The following obtains unknown keys from the keyserver.
it: Il comando seguente recupera le chiavi sconosciute dal server di chiavi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There was a bug in <ulink url="&openpgppublickeyserver;">OpenPGP Public Key Server</ulink> (pre version 0.9.6) which corrupted key with more than 2 sub-keys.  The newer <literal>gnupg</literal> (&gt;1.2.1-2) package can handle these corrupted subkeys.  See <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpg</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> under "<literal>--repair-pks-subkey-bug</literal>" option.
it: In <ulink url="&openpgppublickeyserver;">OpenPGP Public Key Server</ulink> (versioni pre-0.9.6) esisteva un bug che corrompeva le chiavi con più di 2 sottochiavi. I pacchetti <literal>GnuPG</literal> più recenti (&gt;1.2.1-2) possono gestire queste sottochiavi corrotte. Vedere l'opzione "<literal>--repair-pks-subkey-bug</literal> in <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpg</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Using GnuPG on files
it: Usare GnuPG su file

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here are examples for using <ulink url="&gnuprivacyguard;">GNU Privacy Guard</ulink> commands on files.
it: Quelli seguenti sono esempi di comandi per usare <ulink url="&gnuprivacyguard;">GNU Privacy Guard</ulink> su file.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of GNU Privacy Guard commands on files
it: Elenco di comandi GNU Privacy Guard per file

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: sign file into <ulink url="&ascii;">ASCII</ulink> armored file.asc
it: firma un file in file.asc con corazza <ulink url="&ascii;">ASCII</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: clear-sign message
it: inserisce una firma leggibile nel messaggio

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>gpg --clearsign file|mail foo@example.org</literal>
it: <literal>gpg --clearsign file|mail pippo@example.org</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: mail a clear-signed message to <literal>foo@example.org</literal>
it: invia un messaggio di posta firmato leggibile a <literal>pippo@example.org</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: clear-sign patchfile
it: inserisce una firma leggibile in patchfile

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: verify clear-signed file
it: verifica un file con firma leggibile

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: create detached signature
it: crea una firma staccata

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: verify file with file.sig
it: verifica file con file.sig

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>gpg -o crypt_file.gpg -r name -e file</literal>
it: <literal>gpg -o cifr_file.gpg -r nome -e file</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: public-key encryption intended for name from file to binary crypt_file.gpg
it: cifratura di file nel file binario cifr_file.gpg usando la chiave pubblica indirizzata a nome

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>gpg -o crypt_file.gpg --recipient name --encrypt file</literal>
it: <literal>gpg -o cifr_file.gpg --recipient nome --encrypt file</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>gpg -o crypt_file.asc -a -r name -e file</literal>
it: <literal>gpg -o cifr_file.asc -a -r nome -e file</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: public-key encryption intended for name from file to <ulink url="&ascii;">ASCII</ulink> armored crypt_file.asc
it: cifratura di file nel file con cifratura corazzata <ulink url="&ascii;">ASCII</ulink> cifr_file.asc usando la chiave pubblica indirizzata a nome

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>gpg -o crypt_file.gpg -c file</literal>
it: <literal>gpg -o cifr_file.gpg -c file</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: symmetric encryption from file to crypt_file.gpg
it: cifratura simmetrica da file a cifr_file.gpg

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>gpg -o crypt_file.gpg --symmetric file</literal>
it: <literal>gpg -o cifr_file.gpg --symmetric file</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>gpg -o crypt_file.asc -a -c file</literal>
it: <literal>gpg -o cifr_file.asc -a -c file</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: symmetric encryption intended for name from file to <ulink url="&ascii;">ASCII</ulink> armored crypt_file.asc
it: cifratura simmetrica pensata per nome di file nel file con cifratura corazzata <ulink url="&ascii;">ASCII</ulink> cifr_file.asc

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>gpg -o file -d crypt_file.gpg -r name</literal>
it: <literal>gpg -o file -d cifr_file.gpg -r nome</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: decryption
it: decifratura

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>gpg -o file --decrypt crypt_file.gpg</literal>
it: <literal>gpg -o file --decrypt cifr_file.gpg</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Using GnuPG with Mutt
it: Usare GnuPG con Mutt

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Add the following to "<literal>~/.muttrc</literal>" to keep a slow GnuPG from automatically starting, while allowing it to be used by typing "<literal>S</literal>" at the index menu.
it: Aggiungere quanto seguie al file "<literal>~/.muttrc</literal>" per evitare che il lento GnuPG venga avviato automaticamente, permettendo allo stesso tempo di richiamarlo digitando "<literal>S</literal>" nel menu della vista indice.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Using GnuPG with Vim
it: Usare GnuPG con Vim

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <literal>gnupg</literal> plugin let you run GnuPG transparently for files with extension "<literal>.gpg</literal>", "<literal>.asc</literal>", and "<literal>.ppg</literal>".
it: Il plugin <literal>gnupg</literal> permette di eseguire GnuPG in modo trasparente per i file con estensione "<literal>.gpg</literal>", "<literal>.asc</literal>" e "<literal>.pgp</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The MD5 sum
it: Somme di controllo MD5

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>md5sum</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> provides utility to make a digest file using the method in <ulink url="&rfcbdcb;">rfc1321</ulink> and verifying each file with it.
it: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>md5sum</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> fornisce un'utilità per creare un file digest usando il metodo descritto nella <ulink url="&rfcbdcb;">rfc1321</ulink> e per verificare i file con esso.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: $ md5sum foo bar &gt;baz.md5
    $ cat baz.md5
    d3b07384d113edec49eaa6238ad5ff00  foo
    c157a79031e1c40f85931829bc5fc552  bar
    $ md5sum -c baz.md5
    foo: OK
    bar: OK
it: $ md5sum pippo pluto &gt;paperino.md5
    $ cat paperino.md5
    d3b07384d113edec49eaa6238ad5ff00  pippo
    c157a79031e1c40f85931829bc5fc552  pluto
    $ md5sum -c paperino.md5
    pippo: OK
    pluto: OK

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: The computation for the <ulink url="&mdf;">MD5</ulink> sum is less CPU intensive than the one for the cryptographic signature by <ulink url="&gnuprivacyguardgnupg;">GNU Privacy Guard (GnuPG)</ulink>. Usually, only the top level digest file is cryptographically signed to ensure data integrity.
it: Il calcolo delle somme di controllo <ulink url="&mdf;">MD5</ulink> è meno dispendioso in termini di CPU di quello delle firme crittografiche di <ulink url="&gnuprivacyguardgnupg;">GNU Privacy Guard (GnuPG)</ulink>. Di solito solamente il file digest di più alto livello è firmato crittograficamente per assicurare l'integrità dei dati.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Source code merge tools
it: Strumenti per la fusione di codice sorgente

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: There are many merge tools for the source code.  Following commands caught my eyes.
it: Esistono molti strumenti per la fusione di codice sorgente. Quello che segue è un elenco di strumenti che hanno catturato la mia attenzione.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of source code merge tools
it: Elenco di strumenti per la fusione di codice sorgente

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: compare files line by line
it: confronta i file riga per riga

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: compare and merges three files line by line
it: confronta e fonde tre file riga per riga

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: compare 2 files side by side in vim
it: confronta 2 file uno di fianco all'altro in vim

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: apply a diff file to an original
it: applica un file diff ad un originale

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: manage series of patches for Debian package
it: gestisce serie di patch per pacchetti Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: produce a histogram of changes by the diff
it: produce un istogramma delle modifiche apportate da un diff

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: create a cumulative patch from two incremental patches
it: crea una patch cumulativa da due patch incrementali

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: extract a diff from an HTML page
it: estrae un diff da una pagina HTML

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: extract or excludes diffs from a diff file
it: estrae o esclude diff da un file diff

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: fix diff files created by CVS that <citerefentry><refentrytitle>patch</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> mis-interprets
it: aggiusta file diff creati da CVS che sono male interpretati da <citerefentry><refentrytitle>patch</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: exchange the order of two patches
it: scambia l'ordine di due patch

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: show which files are modified by a patch matching a regex
it: mostra quali file siano modificati da una patch che fa corrispondenza con un'espressione regolare

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: show differences between two unified diff files
it: mostra le differenze tra due file diff unificati

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: show which files are modified by a patch
it: mostra quali file vengano modificati da una patch

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: recompute counts and offsets in unified context diffs
it: ricalcola conteggi e offset in diff unificati

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: fix offsets and counts of a hand-edited diff
it: aggiusta conteggi ed offset di un diff modificato a mano

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: separate out incremental patches
it: separa due patch incrementali

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: demangle patches that have been word-wrapped
it: ripristina patch il cui contenuto è stato mandato a capo automaticamente

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: apply rejected patches
it: applica le patch respinte

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: manage series of patches
it: gestisce serie di patch

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: compare and merge files (GTK)
it: confronta e fonde file (GTK)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display differences and merge changes between directory trees
it: mostra le differenze ed apporta i cambiamenti tra alberi di directory

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: compare two files word by word / char by char
it: confronta due file parola per parola / carattere per carattere

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: interactive full screen 2-way merge tool
it: strumento interattivo a tutto schermo di applicazione di modifiche bidirezionale

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: generate extended patch files
it: genera file patch estesi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: apply extended patch files
it: applica file patch estesi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display word differences between text files
it: mostra le differenze di parole tra file di testo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Extracting differences for source files
it: Estrarre differenze da file sorgenti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: One of following procedures extract differences between two source files and create unified diff files "<literal>file.patch0</literal>" or "<literal>file.patch1</literal>" depending on the file location.
it: Si possono estrarre le differenze tra due file sorgenti e creare file diff unificati "<literal>file.patch0</literal>" o "<literal>file.patch1</literal>", a seconda della posizione del file, con una delle procedure seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: $ diff -u file.old file.new &gt; file.patch0
    $ diff -u old/file new/file &gt; file.patch1
it: $ diff -u file.vecchio file.nuovo &gt; file.patch0
    $ diff -u vecchio/file nuovo/file &gt; file.patch1

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Merging updates for source files
it: Fondere aggiornamenti per file sorgenti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The diff file (alternatively called patch file) is used to send a program update.  The receiving party applies this update to another file by the following.
it: I file diff (chiamati anche file patch) sono usati per inviare aggiornamenti per un programma. Chi li riceve applica questo aggiornamento ad un altro file nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Updating via 3-way-merge
it: Aggiornare con fusioni a 3 vie

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you have three versions of a source code, you can perform 3-way-merge effectively using <citerefentry><refentrytitle>diff3</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> by the following.
it: Se si hanno tre versioni di un codice sorgente, è possibile effettuare una fusione a 3 vie in maniera efficace usando <citerefentry><refentrytitle>diff3</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: $ diff3 -m file.mine file.old file.yours &gt; file
it: $ diff3 -m file.mio file.vecchio file.tuo &gt; file

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Version control systems
it: Sistemi di controllo delle versioni

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Here is a summary of the <ulink url="&versioncontrolsystemsvcs;">version control systems (VCS)</ulink> on the Debian system.
it: Ecco un riassunto dei <ulink url="&versioncontrolsystemsvcs;">sistemi di controllo delle versioni (VCS)</ulink> nel sistema Debian.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><note><para>
en: If you are new to VCS systems, you should start learning with <emphasis role="strong">Git</emphasis>, which is growing fast in popularity.
it: Se non si ha esperienza di sistemi VCS, si dovrebbe iniziare ad imparare con <emphasis role="strong">Git</emphasis> che sta acquistando sempre più popolarità.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of version control system tools
it: Elenco di strumenti per sistemi di controllo delle versioni

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: VCS type
it: tipo di VCS

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: local
it: locale

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: clone of the <ulink url="&unixsccs;">Unix SCCS</ulink> (deprecated)
it: clone di <ulink url="&unixsccs;">SCCS Unix</ulink> (deprecato)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: "<ulink url="&unixsccs;">Unix SCCS</ulink> done right"
it: "<ulink url="&unixsccs;">SCCS Unix</ulink> fatto bene"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: remote
it: remoto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: previous standard remote VCS
it: precedente standard per VCS remoto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: "CVS done right", the new de facto standard remote VCS
it: "CVS fatto bene", il nuovo standard di fatto per VCS remoto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: distributed
it: distribuito

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: fast DVCS in C (used by the Linux kernel and others)
it: veloce DVCS in C (usato dal kernel Linux ed altri)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: DVCS in Python and some C
it: DVCS in Python e un po' di C

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: DVCS influenced by <literal>tla</literal> written in Python (used by <ulink url="&ubuntu;">Ubuntu</ulink>)
it: DVCS influenzato da <literal>tla</literal>, scritto in Python (usato da <ulink url="&ubuntu;">Ubuntu</ulink>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: DVCS with smart algebra of patches (slow)
it: DVCS con algebra intelligente per le patch (lento)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: DVCS mainly by Tom Lord (Historic)
it: DVCS principalmente di Tom Lord (storico)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: GUI display of VCS (CVS, Subversion, RCS) repository tree
it: visualizzazione GUI di alberi di archivi VCS (CVS, Subversion, RCS)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: GUI display of VCS (Git) repository tree
it: visualizzazione GUI di alberi di repository VCS (Git)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: VCS is sometimes known as revision control system (RCS), or software configuration management (SCM).
it: Un VCS viene a volte chiamato sistema di controllo delle revisioni (RCS) o gestione della configurazione software (SCM).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Distributed VCS such as Git is the tool of choice these days.  CVS and Subversion may still be useful to join some existing open source program activities.
it: Al giorno d'oggi i VCS distribuiti come Git sono gli strumenti preferiti. CVS e Subversion possono essere ancora utili per aggregarsi ad alcune realtà di programmi open source esistenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Debian provides free VCS services via <ulink url="&debianaliothservice;">Debian Alioth service</ulink>.  It supports practically all VCSs. Its documentation can be found at <ulink url="&httpwikidebianorgalioth;">http://wiki.debian.org/Alioth</ulink> .
it: Debian fornisce servizi VCS liberi attraverso il <ulink url="&debianaliothservice;">servizio Debian Alioth</ulink> che supporta praticamente tutti i VCS. La sua documentazione è reperibile su <ulink url="&httpwikidebianorgalioth;">http://wiki.debian.org/Alioth</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: There are few basics for creating a shared access VCS archive.
it: Ci sono alcune nozioni base da ricordare per creare un accesso condiviso ad un archivio VCS.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Use "<literal>umask 002</literal>" (see <xref linkend="_control_of_permissions_for_newly_created_files_umask"/>)
it: Usare "<literal>umask 002</literal>" (vedere <xref linkend="_control_of_permissions_for_newly_created_files_umask"/>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Make all VCS archive files belonging to a pertinent group
it: Far sì che tutti i file dell'archivio VCS appartengano ad un gruppo pertinente

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Enable set group ID on all VCS archive directories (BSD-like file creation scheme, see <xref linkend="_filesystem_permissions"/>)
it: Abilitare l'impostazione dell'ID di gruppo per tutte le directory dell'archivio VCS (schema di creazione di file in stile BSD, vedere <xref linkend="_filesystem_permissions"/>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Make user sharing the VCS archive belonging to the group
it: Far sì che gli utenti che condividano l'archivio VCS appartengano al gruppo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Comparison of VCS commands
it: Comparazione di comandi VCS

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here is an oversimplified comparison of native VCS commands to provide the big picture. The typical command sequence may require options and arguments.
it: Quella che segue è una comparazione ipersemplificata, per dare un'idea generale dei comandi VCS nativi. La sequenza di comandi usata tipicamente può richiedere opzioni ed argomenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: Comparison of native VCS commands
it: Comparazione di comandi VCS nativi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: create the (local) repository
it: creazione dell'archivio (locale)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: login to the remote repository
it: login all'archivio remoto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: check out the remote repository as the working tree
it: fare il check out dell'archivio remoto come albero di directory di lavoro

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: update the working tree by merging the remote repository
it: aggiornare l'albero di lavoro fondendovi l'archivio remoto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: add file(s) in the working tree to the VCS
it: aggiungere il/i file nell'albero di lavoro al VCS

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: remove file(s) in working tree from the VCS
it: rimuovere il/i file nell'albero di lavoro dal VCS

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: commit changes to the remote repository
it: fare il commit dei cambiamenti all'archivio remoto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: commit changes to the local repository
it: fare il commit dei cambiamenti all'archivio locale

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: update the remote repository by the local repository
it: aggiornare l'archivio remoto con l'archivio locale

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display the working tree status from the VCS
it: visualizza lo stato dell'albero di lavoro dal VCS

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: diff &lt;reference_repository&gt; &lt;working_tree&gt;
it: diff &lt;archivio_diriferimento&gt; &lt;albero_di_lavoro&gt;

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: repack the local repository into single pack
it: reimpacchetta l'archivio locale in un singolo pacchetto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: GUI display of VCS repository tree
it: visualizzazione GUI dell'albero dell'archivio VCS

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: Invoking a <literal>git</literal> subcommand directly as "<literal>git-xyz</literal>" from the command line has been deprecated since early 2006.
it: A partire dall'inizio del 2006, l'invocazione diretta, dalla riga di comando, di un sottocomando di <literal>git</literal> come "<literal>git-xyz</literal>" è diventata deprecata.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: GUI tools such as <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tkcvs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gitk</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> really help you with tracking revision history of files.  The web interface provided by many public archives for browsing their repositories is also quite useful, too.
it: Gli strumenti con interfaccia utente grafica, come <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tkcvs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> e <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gitk</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, aiutano realmente a tenere traccia della cronologia delle revisioni dei file. L'interfaccia web fornita da molti archivi pubblici per la navigazione dei loro repository è anch'essa piuttosto utile.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Git can work directly with different VCS repositories such as ones provided by CVS and Subversion, and provides the local repository for local changes with <literal>git-cvs</literal> and <literal>git-svn</literal> packages.  See <ulink url="&gitforcvsusers;">git for CVS users</ulink>, and <xref linkend="_git_for_the_subversion_repository"/>.
it: Git può lavorare direttamente con diversi archivi VCS, come quelli forniti da CVS e Subversion, e fornisce archivi locali per modifiche locali tramite i pacchetti <literal>git-cvs</literal> e <literal>git-svn</literal>. Vedere <ulink url="&gitforcvsusers;">Git per utenti CVS</ulink> e la <xref linkend="_git_for_the_subversion_repository"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Git has commands which have no equivalents in CVS and Subversion: "fetch", "rebase", "cherry-pick", …
it: Git ha comandi che non hanno equivalenti in CVS e Subversion: "fetch", "rebase", "cherry-pick", …

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Configuration of CVS repository
it: Configurazione di archivi CVS

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The following configuration allows commits to the CVS repository only by a member of the "<literal>src</literal>" group, and administration of CVS only by a member of the "<literal>staff</literal>" group, thus reducing the chance of shooting oneself.
it: La configurazione seguente permette solo ai membri del gruppo "<literal>src</literal>" di fare commit nell'archivio CVS e solo ai membri del gruppo "<literal>staff</literal>" di amministrare il CVS, riducendo perciò le possibilità di autodanneggiarsi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: # cd /var/lib; umask 002; mkdir cvs
    # export CVSROOT=/srv/cvs/project
    # cd $CVSROOT
    # chown root:src .
    # chmod 2775 .
    # cvs -d $CVSROOT init
    # cd CVSROOT
    # chown -R root:staff .
    # chmod 2775 .
    # touch val-tags
    # chmod 664 history val-tags
    # chown root:src history val-tags
it: # cd /var/lib; umask 002; mkdir cvs
    # export CVSROOT=/srv/cvs/progetto
    # cd $CVSROOT
    # chown root:src .
    # chmod 2775 .
    # cvs -d $CVSROOT init
    # cd CVSROOT
    # chown -R root:staff .
    # chmod 2775 .
    # touch val-tags
    # chmod 664 history val-tags
    # chown root:src history val-tags

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: You may restrict creation of new project by changing the owner of "<literal>$CVSROOT</literal>" directory to "<literal>root:staff</literal>" and its permission to "<literal>3775</literal>".
it: Si può limitare la creazione di nuovi progetti modificando il proprietario della directory "<literal>$CVSROOT</literal>" in "<literal>root:staff</literal>" e i suoi permessi in "<literal>3775</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Local access to CVS
it: Accesso locale al CVS

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The default CVS repository is pointed by "<literal>$CVSROOT</literal>".  The following sets up "<literal>$CVSROOT</literal>" for the local access.
it: L'archivio CVS predefinito è indicato da "<literal>$CVSROOT</literal>". Il comando seguente imposta "<literal>$CVSROOT</literal>" per l'accesso locale.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: $ export CVSROOT=/srv/cvs/project
it: $ export CVSROOT=/srv/cvs/progetto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Remote access to CVS with pserver
it: Accesso remoto a CVS con pserver

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Many public CVS servers provide read-only remote access to them with account name "<literal>anonymous</literal>" via pserver service.  For example, Debian web site contents are maintained by <ulink url="&webwmlproject;">webwml project</ulink> via CVS at Debian alioth service.  The following sets up "<literal>$CVSROOT</literal>" for the remote access to this CVS repository.
it: Molti server CVS pubblici forniscono accesso remoto solo in lettura all'account "<literal>anonymous</literal>" tramite il servizio pserver. I contenuti del sito Debian, per esempio, sono mantenuti dal <ulink url="&webwmlproject;">progetto webwml</ulink> attraverso CVS sul servizio Debian Alioth. Il comando seguente imposta "<literal>$CVSROOT</literal>" per l'accesso remoto al suo archivio CVS.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: Since pserver is prone to eavesdropping attack and insecure, write access is usually disable by server administrators.
it: Dato che pserver è esposto ad attacchi di spionaggio ed è insicuro, l'accesso in scrittura è solitamente disabilitato dagli amministratori del server.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Remote access to CVS with ssh
it: Accesso remoto a CVS con ssh

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The following sets up "<literal>$CVS_RSH</literal>" and "<literal>$CVSROOT</literal>" for the remote access to the CVS repository by <ulink url="&webwmlproject;">webwml project</ulink> with SSH.
it: Il comando seguente imposta "<literal>$CVS_RSH</literal>" e "<literal>$CVSROOT</literal>" per l'accesso remoto con SSH all'archivio CVS del <ulink url="&webwmlproject;">progetto webwml</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can also use public key authentication for SSH which eliminates the remote password prompt.
it: Si può anche usare l'autenticazione con chiave pubblica per SSH che elimina la richiesta di inserimento della password remota.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Importing a new source to CVS
it: Importare un nuovo sorgente in CVS

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Create a new local source tree location at "<literal>~/path/to/module1</literal>" by the following.
it: Creare un nuovo albero di sorgenti locale in "<literal>~/percorso/di/modulo1</literal>" con il comando seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: $ mkdir -p ~/path/to/module1; cd ~/path/to/module1
it: $ mkdir -p ~/percorso/di/modulo1; cd ~/percorso/di/modulo1

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Populate a new local source tree under "<literal>~/path/to/module1</literal>" with files.
it: Popolare il nuovo albero di sorgenti locale in "<literal>~/percorso/di/modulo1</literal>" con i file.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Import it to CVS with the following parameters.
it: Importarlo nel CVS con i parametri seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Module name: "<literal>module1</literal>"
it: Nome modulo: "<literal>modulo1</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Vendor tag: "<literal>Main-branch</literal>" (tag for the entire branch)
it: Etichetta fornitore: "<literal>Ramo-principale</literal>" (etichetta per l'intero ramo)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Release tag: "<literal>Release-initial</literal>" (tag for a specific release)
it: Etichetta rilascio: "<literal>Rilascio-iniziale</literal>" (etichetta per un rilascio specifico)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: $ cd ~/path/to/module1
    $ cvs import -m "Start module1" module1 Main-branch Release-initial
    $ rm -Rf . # optional
it: $ cd ~/percorso/di/modulo1
    $ cvs import -m "Inizio di modulo1" Ramo-principale Rilascio-iniziale
    $ rm -Rf . # opzionale

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: File permissions in CVS repository
it: Permessi dei file negli archivi CVS

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: CVS does not overwrite the current repository file but replaces it with another one.  Thus, write permission to the repository directory is critical.  For every new module for "<literal>module1</literal>" in repository at "<literal>/srv/cvs/project</literal>", run the following to ensure this condition if needed.
it: CVS non sovrascrive i file attuali nell'archivio, ma li sostituisce con altri. Perciò i permessi di scrittura della directory dell'archivio sono fondamentali. Per ogni nuovo modulo di <literal>modulo1</literal>" nell'archivio in "<literal>/srv/cvs/progetto</literal>", eseguire i comandi seguenti per assicurare che i permessi siano corretti, se necessario.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: # cd /srv/cvs/project
    # chown -R root:src module1
    # chmod -R ug+rwX   module1
    # chmod    2775     module1
it: # cd /srv/cvs/progetto
    # chown -R root:src modulo1
    # chmod -R ug+rwX   modulo1
    # chmod    2775     modulo1

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Work flow of CVS
it: Sequenza di azioni tipiche nell'uso di CVS

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here is an example of typical work flow using CVS.
it: Ecco un esempio di una sequenza tipica di azioni svolte nell'uso di CVS.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Check all available modules from CVS project pointed by "<literal>$CVSROOT</literal>" by the following.
it: Controllare tutti i moduli disponibili dal progetto CVS a cui punta "<literal>$CVSROOT</literal>" con il comando seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: $ cvs rls
    CVSROOT
    module1
    module2
    ...
it: $ cvs rls
    CVSROOT
    modulo1
    modulo2
    ...

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Checkout "<literal>module1</literal>" to its default directory "<literal>./module1</literal>" by the following.
it: Fare il checkout di "<literal>modulo1</literal>" nella sua directory predefinita "<literal>./modulo1</literal>" con il comando seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: $ cd ~/path/to
    $ cvs co module1
    $ cd module1
it: $ cd ~/percorso/di
    $ cvs co modulo1
    $ cd modulo1

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Make changes to the content as needed.
it: Fare i cambiamenti desiderati necessari ai contenuti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Check changes by making "<literal>diff -u [repository] [local]</literal>" equivalent by the following.
it: Controllare i cambiamenti facendo l'equivalente di "<literal>diff -u [archivio] [locale]</literal>" con il comando seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You find that you broke some file "<literal>file_to_undo</literal>" severely but other files are fine.
it: Si scopre, ad esempio, di aver corrotto gravemente un file "<literal>file_da_ripristinare</literal>", ma gli altri file sono a posto.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Overwrite "<literal>file_to_undo</literal>" file with the clean copy from CVS by the following.
it: Sovrascrivere "<literal>file_da_ripristinare</literal>" con una copia pulita dal CVS con il comando seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: $ cvs up -C file_to_undo
it: $ cvs up -C file_da_ripristinare

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Save the updated local source tree to CVS by the following.
it: Salvare l'albero dei sorgenti locale aggiornato sul CVS con il comando seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: $ cvs ci -m "Describe change"
it: $ cvs ci -m "Descrivere qui i cambiamenti"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Create and add "<literal>file_to_add</literal>" file to CVS by the following.
it: Creare ed aggiungere il file "<literal>file_da_aggiungere</literal>" al CVS con il comando seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: $ vi file_to_add
    $ cvs add file_to_add
    $ cvs ci -m "Added file_to_add"
it: $ vi file_da_aggiungere
    $ cvs add file_da_aggiungere
    $ cvs ci -m "Aggiunto file_da_aggiungere"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Merge the latest version from CVS by the following.
it: Fondere la versione più recente dal CVS con il comando seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Watch out for lines starting with "<literal>C filename</literal>" which indicates conflicting changes.
it: Prestare attenzione alle righe che iniziano con "<literal>C nomefile</literal>" che indicano le modifiche che creano conflitti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Look for unmodified code in "<literal>.#filename.version</literal>".
it: Cercare il codice non modificato in "<literal>.#nomefile.versione</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Search for "<literal>&lt;&lt;&lt;&lt;&lt;&lt;&lt;</literal>" and "<literal>&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;</literal>" in files for conflicting changes.
it: Per trovare le modifiche che creano conflitti cercare "<literal>&lt;&lt;&lt;&lt;&lt;&lt;&lt;</literal>" e "<literal>&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;&gt;</literal>" nei file.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Edit files to fix conflicts as needed.
it: Modificare i file in modo da risolvere i conflitti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Add a release tag "<literal>Release-1</literal>" by the following.
it: Aggiungere un'etichetta di rilascio "<literal>Rilascio-1</literal>" nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: $ cvs ci -m "last commit for Release-1"
    $ cvs tag Release-1
it: $ cvs ci -m "ultimo commit per Rilascio-1"
    $ cvs tag Rilascio-1

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Edit further.
it: Modificare ulteriormente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Remove the release tag "<literal>Release-1</literal>" by the following.
it: Rimuovere l'etichetta di rilascio "<literal>Rilascio-1</literal>" con il comando seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: $ cvs tag -d Release-1
it: $ cvs tag -d Rilascio-1

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Check in changes to CVS by the following.
it: Fare il commit delle modifiche sul CVS con il comando seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: $ cvs ci -m "real last commit for Release-1"
it: $ cvs ci -m "ultimissimo commit per Rilascio-1"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Re-add the release tag "<literal>Release-1</literal>" to updated CVS HEAD of main by the following.
it: Riaggiungere l'etichetta di rilascio "<literal>Rilascio-1</literal>" all'HEAD CVS aggiornato principale con il comando seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: $ cvs tag Release-1
it: $ cvs tag Rilascio-1

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Create a branch with a sticky branch tag "<literal>Release-initial-bugfixes</literal>" from the original version pointed by the tag "<literal>Release-initial</literal>" and check it out to "<literal>~/path/to/old</literal>" directory by the following.
it: Creare un ramo con un'etichetta permanente "<literal>Rilascio-iniziale-risoluzionebug</literal>" dalla versione originale a cui punta l'etichetta "<literal>Rilascio-iniziale</literal>" e farne il checkout nella directory "<literal>~/percorso/di/vecchio</literal>" nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: $ cvs rtag -b -r Release-initial Release-initial-bugfixes module1
    $ cd ~/path/to
    $ cvs co -r Release-initial-bugfixes -d old module1
    $ cd old
it: $ cvs rtag -b -r Rilascio-iniziale Rilascio-iniziale-risoluzionebug modulo1
    $ cd ~/percorso/di
    $ cvs co -r Rilascio-iniziale-risoluzionebug -d vecchio modulo1
    $ cd vecchio

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Use "<literal>-D 2005-12-20</literal>" (<ulink url="&isoigab;">ISO 8601</ulink> date format) instead of "<literal>-r Release-initial</literal>" to specify particular date as the branch point.
it: Per specificare una particolare data come punto di ramificazione, usare "<literal>-D 2005-12-20</literal>" (formato <ulink url="&isoigab;">ISO 8601</ulink> per le date) invece di "<literal>-r Rilascio-iniziale</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Work on this local source tree having the sticky tag "<literal>Release-initial-bugfixes</literal>" which is based on the original version.
it: Lavorare in questo albero locale di sorgenti che ha l'etichetta permanente "<literal>Rilascio-iniziale-risoluzionebug</literal>" e che è basato sulla versione originale.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Work on this branch by yourself … until someone else joins to this "<literal>Release-initial-bugfixes</literal>" branch.
it: Lavorare in questo ramo da soli … fino a che qualcun altro non si aggiunge al ramo "<literal>Rilascio-iniziale-risoluzionebug</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Sync with files modified by others on this branch while creating new directories as needed by the following.
it: Fare la sincronizzazione dei file modificati da altri in questo ramo, creando contemporaneamente nuove directory se necessario, con il comando seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: $ cvs ci -m "checked into this branch"
it: $ cvs ci -m "fatto il commit in questo ramo"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Update the local tree by HEAD of main while removing sticky tag ("<literal>-A</literal>") and without keyword expansion ("<literal>-kk</literal>") by the following.
it: Aggiornare l'albero locale con l'HEAD del principale, rimuovendo allo stesso tempo l'etichetta permanente ("<literal>-A</literal>") e senza espansione delle parole chiave ("<literal>-kk</literal>"), con il comando seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Update the local tree (content = HEAD of main) by merging from the "<literal>Release-initial-bugfixes</literal>" branch and without keyword expansion by the following.
it: Aggiornare l'albero locale (contenuto = HEAD del principale) fondendo dal ramo "<literal>Rilascio-iniziale-risoluzionebug</literal>" e senza espansione delle parole chiave con il comando seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: $ cvs up -d -kk -j Release-initial-bugfixes
it: $ cvs up -d -kk -j Rilascio-iniziale-risoluzionebug

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Fix conflicts with editor.
it: Correggere i conflitti con l'editor.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: $ cvs ci -m "merged Release-initial-bugfixes"
it: $ cvs ci -m "fusione con Rilascio-iniziale-risoluzionebug"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Make archive by the following.
it: Creare un file archivio nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: $ cd ..
    $ mv old old-module1-bugfixes
    $ tar -cvzf old-module1-bugfixes.tar.gz old-module1-bugfixes
    $ rm -rf old-module1-bugfixes
it: $ cd ..
    $ mv vecchio vecchio-modulo1-risoluzionebug
    $ tar -cvzf vecchio-modulo1-risoluzionebug.tar.gz vecchio-modulo1-risoluzionebug
    $ rm -rf vecchio-modulo1-risoluzionebug

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: "<literal>cvs up</literal>" command can take "<literal>-d</literal>" option to create new directories and "<literal>-P</literal>" option to prune empty directories.
it: Il comando "<literal>cvs up</literal>" accetta l'opzione "<literal>-d</literal>" per creare nuove directory e l'opzione "<literal>-P</literal>" per eliminare le directory vuote.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: You can checkout only a sub directory of "<literal>module1</literal>" by providing its name as "<literal>cvs co module1/subdir</literal>".
it: Si può fare il checkout solamente di una sottodirectory di "<literal>modulo1</literal>" fornendo il suo nome come in "<literal>cvs co modulo1/sottodir</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: Notable options for CVS commands (use as first argument(s) to <citerefentry><refentrytitle>cvs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>)
it: Opzioni importanti per comandi CVS (da usare come primi argomenti di <citerefentry><refentrytitle>cvs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: option
it: opzione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: dry run, no effect
it: esecuzione di prova, nessun effetto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display messages showing steps of cvs activity
it: visualizza i messaggi che mostrano i passi dell'attività di cvs

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Latest files from CVS
it: File più recenti dal CVS

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: To get the latest files from CVS, use "<literal>tomorrow</literal>" by the following.
it: Per ottenere i file più recenti dal CVS usare "<literal>tomorrow</literal>" nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: $ cvs ex -D tomorrow module_name
it: $ cvs ex -D tomorrow nome_modulo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Administration of CVS
it: Amministrazione del CVS

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Add module alias "<literal>mx</literal>" to a CVS project (local server) by the following.
it: Aggiungere l'alias "<literal>mx</literal>" per un modulo ad un progetto CVS (server locale) usando il comando seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: $ export CVSROOT=/srv/cvs/project
    $ cvs co CVSROOT/modules
    $ cd CVSROOT
    $ echo "mx -a module1" &gt;&gt;modules
    $ cvs ci -m "Now mx is an alias for module1"
    $ cvs release -d .
it: $ export CVSROOT=/srv/cvs/progetto
    $ cvs co CVSROOT/moduli
    $ cd CVSROOT
    $ echo "mx -a modulo1" &gt;&gt;moduli
    $ cvs ci -m "Ora mx e' un alias per modulo1"
    $ cvs release -d .

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Now, you can check out "<literal>module1</literal>" (alias: "<literal>mx</literal>") from CVS to "<literal>new</literal>" directory by the following.
it: Ora si può fare il checkout di "<literal>modulo1</literal>" (alias: "<literal>mx</literal>") dal CVS alla directory "<literal>nuova</literal>" nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: $ cvs co -d new mx
    $ cd new
it: $ cvs co -d nuova mx
    $ cd nuova

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: In order to perform above procedure, you should have appropriate file permissions.
it: Per seguire la procedura precedente sono necessari gli adeguati permessi sui file.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Execution bit for CVS checkout
it: Bit di esecuzione per il checkout CVS

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: When you checkout files from CVS, their execution permission bit is retained.
it: Quando si fa il checkout di file dal CVS viene mantenuto il loro bit del permesso di esecuzione.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Whenever you see execution permission problems in a checked out file, e.g. "<literal>filename</literal>", change its permission in the corresponding CVS repository by the following to fix it.
it: Ogni volta si incontrano problemi con i permessi di esecuzione di un file di cui si è fatto il checkout, ad esempio "<literal>nomefile</literal>", per risolverli cambiare i suoi permessi nell'archivio CVS corrispondente nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: # chmod ugo-x filename
it: # chmod ugo-x nomefile

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Subversion is a <emphasis role="strong">recent-generation</emphasis> version control system replacing older CVS.  It has most of CVS's features except tags and branches.
it: Subversion è un sistema di controllo delle versioni di <emphasis role="strong">recente generazione</emphasis> che rimpiazza il più vecchio CVS. Ha la maggior parte delle funzionalità di CVS, tranne le etichette ed i rami.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: You need to install <literal>subversion</literal>, <literal>libapache2-svn</literal> and <literal>subversion-tools</literal> packages to set up a Subversion server.
it: Per impostare un server Subversion è necessario installare i pacchetti <literal>subversion</literal>, <literal>libapache2-svn</literal> e <literal>subversion-tools</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Configuration of Subversion repository
it: Configurazione di archivi Subversion

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Currently, the <literal>subversion</literal> package does not set up a repository, so one must set it up manually.  One possible location for a repository is in "<literal>/srv/svn/project</literal>".
it: Attualmente il pacchetto <literal>subversion</literal> non imposta un archivio, perciò è necessario farlo manualmente. Una possibile collocazione per un archivio è in "<literal>/srv/svn/progetto</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Create a directory by the following.
it: Creare una directory con il comando seguente

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: # mkdir -p        /srv/svn/project
it: # mkdir -p        /srv/svn/progetto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Create the repository database by the following.
it: Creare il database dell'archivio con il comando seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: # svnadmin create /srv/svn/project
it: # svnadmin create /srv/svn/progetto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Access to Subversion via Apache2 server
it: Accedere a Subversion tramite il server Apache2

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you only access Subversion repository via Apache2 server, you just need to make the repository only writable by the WWW server by the following.
it: Se si accede all'archivio Subversion solamente attraverso il server Apache2, è necessario soltanto rendere l'archivio scrivibile dal server WWW, nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: # chown -R www-data:www-data /srv/svn/project
it: # chown -R www-data:www-data /srv/svn/progetto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Add (or uncomment) the following in "<literal>/etc/apache2/mods-available/dav_svn.conf</literal>" to allow access to the repository via user authentication.
it: Per permettere l'accesso all'archivio tramite autenticazione dell'utente aggiungere (o decommentare) quanto segue in "<literal>/etc/apache2/mods-available/dav_svn.conf</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: &lt;Location /project&gt;
      DAV svn
      SVNPath /srv/svn/project
      AuthType Basic
      AuthName "Subversion repository"
      AuthUserFile /etc/subversion/passwd
    &lt;LimitExcept GET PROPFIND OPTIONS REPORT&gt;
        Require valid-user
    &lt;/LimitExcept&gt;
    &lt;/Location&gt;
it: &lt;Location /progetto&gt;
      DAV svn
      SVNPath /srv/svn/progetto
      AuthType Basic
      AuthName "Subversion repository"
      AuthUserFile /etc/subversion/passwd
    &lt;LimitExcept GET PROPFIND OPTIONS REPORT&gt;
        Require valid-user
    &lt;/LimitExcept&gt;
    &lt;/Location&gt;

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Create a user authentication file with the command by the following.
it: Creare un file di autenticazione dell'utente con il comando seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: # htpasswd2 -c /etc/subversion/passwd some-username
it: # htpasswd2 -c /etc/subversion/passwd un-qualche-nomeutente

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Restart Apache2.
it: Riavviare Apache2.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Your new Subversion repository is accessible at URL "<literal>http://localhost/project</literal>" and "<literal>http://example.com/project</literal>" from <citerefentry><refentrytitle>svn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> (assuming your URL of web server is "<literal>http://example.com/</literal>").
it: Il nuovo archivio Subversion è accessibile da <citerefentry><refentrytitle>svn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> agli URL "<literal>http://localhost/progetto</literal>" e "<literal>http://esempio.com/progetto</literal>" (assumendo che l'URL del proprio server web sia "<literal>http://esempio.com/</literal>").

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Local access to Subversion by group
it: Accesso locale a Subversion da parte di un gruppo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The following sets up Subversion repository for the local access by a group, e.g. <literal>project</literal>.
it: I comandi seguenti impostano l'archivio Subversion per l'accesso locale da parte di un gruppo, ad esempio <literal>progetto</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: # chmod  2775     /srv/svn/project
    # chown -R root:src /srv/svn/project
    # chmod -R ug+rwX   /srv/svn/project
it: # chmod  2775     /srv/svn/progetto
    # chown -R root:src /srv/svn/progetto
    # chmod -R ug+rwX   /srv/svn/progetto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Your new Subversion repository is group accessible at URL "<literal>file:///localhost/srv/svn/project</literal>" or "<literal>file:///srv/svn/project</literal>" from <citerefentry><refentrytitle>svn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> for local users belonging to <literal>project</literal> group.  You must run commands, such as <literal>svn</literal>, <literal>svnserve</literal>, <literal>svnlook</literal>, and <literal>svnadmin</literal> under "<literal>umask 002</literal>" to ensure group access.
it: Il nuovo archivio Subversion è accessibile con <citerefentry><refentrytitle>svn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> per gli utenti locali che appartengono al gruppo <literal>progetto</literal>, all'URL "<literal>file:///localhost/srv/svn/progetto</literal>" o "<literal>file:///srv/svn/progetto</literal>". Per assicurare l'accesso al gruppo è necessario usare i programmi come <literal>svn</literal>, <literal>svnserve</literal>, <literal>svnlook</literal> e <literal>svnadmin</literal> con "<literal>umask 002</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Remote access to Subversion via SSH
it: Accesso remoto a Subversion con SSH

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: A group accessible Subversion repository is at URL "<literal>example.com:/srv/svn/project</literal>" for SSH, you can access it from <citerefentry><refentrytitle>svn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> at URL "<literal>svn+ssh://example.com:/srv/svn/project</literal>".
it: Se esiste un archivio Subversion accessibile da un gruppo all'URL "<literal>esempio.com:/srv/svn/progetto</literal>", si può accedere ad esso con <citerefentry><refentrytitle>svn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> e SSH all'URL "<literal>svn+ssh://esempio.com:/srv/svn/progetto</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Subversion directory structure
it: Struttura delle directory di Subversion

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Many projects uses directory tree similar to the following for Subversion to compensate its lack of branches and tags.
it: Per compensare la mancanza di rami ed etichette in Subversion, molti progetti usano con esso un albero di directory simile al seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en:   ----- module1
        |   |-- branches
        |   |-- tags
        |   |   |-- release-1.0
        |   |   `-- release-2.0
        |   |
        |   `-- trunk
        |       |-- file1
        |       |-- file2
        |       `-- file3
        |
        `-- module2
it:   ----- modulo1
        |   |-- branches
        |   |-- tags
        |   |   |-- rilascio-1.0
        |   |   `-- rilascio-2.0
        |   |
        |   `-- trunk
        |       |-- file1
        |       |-- file2
        |       `-- file3
        |
        `-- modulo2

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: You must use "<literal>svn copy …</literal>" command to mark branches and tags.  This ensures Subversion to record modification history of files properly and saves storage spaces.
it: Per marcare i rami e le etichette è necessario usare il comando "<literal>svn copy …</literal>". Ciò assicura che Subversion regisstri la cronologia dei cambiamenti dei file in maniera corretta e risparma spazio.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Importing a new source to Subversion
it: Importare un nuovo sorgente in Subversion

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Import it to Subversion with the following parameters.
it: Importarlo In Subversion con i parametri seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Subversion site URL: "<literal>file:///srv/svn/project</literal>"
it: URL sito Subversion: "<literal>file:///srv/svn/progetto</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Subversion directory: "<literal>module1/trunk</literal>"
it: Directory Subversion: "<literal>modulo1/trunk</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Subversion tag: "<literal>module1/tags/Release-initial</literal>"
it: Etichetta Subversion: "<literal>modulo1/tags/Rilascio-iniziale</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: $ cd ~/path/to/module1
    $ svn import file:///srv/svn/project/module1/trunk -m "Start module1"
    $ svn cp file:///srv/svn/project/module1/trunk file:///srv/svn/project/module1/tags/Release-initial
it: $ cd ~/percorso/di/modulo1
    $ svn import file:///srv/svn/progetto/modulo1/trunk -m "Inizo di modulo1"
    $ svn cp file:///srv/svn/progetto/modulo1/trunk file:///srv/svn/progetto/modulo1/tags/Rilascio-iniziale

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Alternatively, by the following.
it: In alternativa usare i comandi seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: $ svn import ~/path/to/module1 file:///srv/svn/project/module1/trunk -m "Start module1"
    $ svn cp file:///srv/svn/project/module1/trunk file:///srv/svn/project/module1/tags/Release-initial
it: $ svn import ~/percorso/di/modulo1 file:///srv/svn/progetto/modulo1/trunk -m "Inizo di modulo1"
    $ svn cp file:///srv/svn/progetto/modulo1/trunk file:///srv/svn/progetto/modulo1/tags/Rilascio-iniziale

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: You can replace URLs such as "<literal>file:///…</literal>" by any other URL formats such as "<literal>http://…</literal>" and "<literal>svn+ssh://…</literal>".
it: Si possono sostituire gli URL come "<literal>file:///…</literal>" con URL in qualsiasi altro formato, come "<literal>http://…</literal>" e "<literal>svn+ssh://…</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Work flow of Subversion
it: Sequenza di azioni tipiche nell'uso di Subversion

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here is an example of typical work flow using Subversion with its native client.
it: Ecco un esempio di una sequenza tipica di azioni svolte nell'uso di Subversion con il suo client nativo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Client commands offered by the <literal>git-svn</literal> package may offer alternative work flow of Subversion using the <literal>git</literal> command.  See <xref linkend="_git_for_the_subversion_repository"/>.
it: I comandi client forniti dal pacchetto <literal>git-svn</literal> possono offrire un metodo alternativo di lavoro con Subversion con l'uso del comando <literal>git</literal>. Vedere <xref linkend="_git_for_the_subversion_repository"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Check all available modules from Subversion project pointed by URL "<literal>file:///srv/svn/project</literal>" by the following.
it: Controllare tutti i moduli disponibili dal progetto Subversion a cui punta l'URL "<literal>file:///srv/svn/progetto</literal>" con il comando seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: $ svn list file:///srv/svn/project
    module1
    module2
    ...
it: $ svn list file:///srv/svn/progetto
    modulo1
    modulo2
    ...

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Checkout "<literal>module1/trunk</literal>" to a directory "<literal>module1</literal>" by the following.
it: Fare il checkout di "<literal>modulo1/trunk</literal>" in una directory "<literal>./modulo1</literal>" con il comando seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: $ cd ~/path/to
    $ svn co file:///srv/svn/project/module1/trunk module1
    $ cd module1
it: $ cd ~/percorso/di
    $ svn co file:///srv/svn/progetto/modulo1/trunk modulo1
    $ cd modulo1

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Overwrite "<literal>file_to_undo</literal>" file with the clean copy from Subversion by the following.
it: Sovrascrivere "<literal>file_da_ripristinare</literal>" con una copia pulita da Subversion con il comando seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: $ svn revert file_to_undo
it: $ svn revert file_da_ripristinare

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Save the updated local source tree to Subversion by the following.
it: Salvare l'albero dei sorgenti locale aggiornato su Subversion con il comando seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: $ svn ci -m "Describe change"
it: $ svn ci -m "Descrivere qui i cambiamenti"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Create and add "<literal>file_to_add</literal>" file to Subversion by the following.
it: Creare ed aggiungere il file "<literal>file_da_aggiungere</literal>" a Subversion con il comando seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: $ vi file_to_add
    $ svn add file_to_add
    $ svn ci -m "Added file_to_add"
it: $ vi file_da_aggiungere
    $ svn add file_da_aggiungere
    $ svn ci -m "Aggiunto file_da_aggiungere"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Merge the latest version from Subversion by the following.
it: Fondere la versione più recente da Subversion con il comando seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Look for unmodified code in, e.g., "<literal>filename.r6</literal>", "<literal>filename.r9</literal>", and "<literal>filename.mine</literal>".
it: Cercare codice non modificato in, ad esempio "<literal>nomefile.r6</literal>", "<literal>nomefile.r9</literal>" e "<literal>nomefile.mio</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: $ svn ci -m "last commit for Release-1"
    $ svn cp file:///srv/svn/project/module1/trunk file:///srv/svn/project/module1/tags/Release-1
it: $ svn ci -m "ultimo commit per Rilascio-1"
    $ svn cp file:///srv/svn/progetto/modulo1/trunk file:///srv/svn/progetto/modulo1/tags/Rilascio-1

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: $ svn rm file:///srv/svn/project/module1/tags/Release-1
it: $ svn rm file:///srv/svn/progetto/modulo1/tags/Rilascio-1

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Check in changes to Subversion by the following.
it: Fare il commit delle modifiche su Subversion con il comando seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: $ svn ci -m "real last commit for Release-1"
it: $ svn ci -m "ultimissimo commit per Rilascio-1"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Re-add the release tag "<literal>Release-1</literal>" from updated Subversion HEAD of trunk by the following.
it: Riaggiungere l'etichetta di rilascio "<literal>Rilascio-1</literal>" all'HEAD CVS aggiornato di trunk con il comando seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: $ svn cp file:///srv/svn/project/module1/trunk file:///srv/svn/project/module1/tags/Release-1
it: $ svn cp file:///srv/svn/progetto/modulo1/trunk file:///srv/svn/progetto/modulo1/tags/Rilascio-1

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Create a branch with a path "<literal>module1/branches/Release-initial-bugfixes</literal>" from the original version pointed by the path "<literal>module1/tags/Release-initial</literal>" and check it out to "<literal>~/path/to/old</literal>" directory by the following.
it: Creare un ramo con percorso "<literal>modulo1/branches/Rilascio-iniziale-risoluzionebug</literal>" dalla versione originale a cui punta il percorso "<literal>modulo1/tags/Rilascio-iniziale</literal>" e farne il checkout nella directory "<literal>~/percorso/di/vecchio</literal>" nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: $ svn cp file:///srv/svn/project/module1/tags/Release-initial file:///srv/svn/project/module1/branches/Release-initial-bugfixes
    $ cd ~/path/to
    $ svn co file:///srv/svn/project/module1/branches/Release-initial-bugfixes old
    $ cd old
it: $ svn cp file:///srv/svn/progetto/modulo1/tags/Rilascio-initzale file:///srv/svn/progetto/modulo1/branches/Rilascio-iniziale-risoluzionebug
    $ cd ~/percorso/di
    $ svn co file:///srv/svn/progetto/modulo1/branches/Rilascio-iniziale-risoluzionebug vecchio
    $ cd vecchio

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Use "<literal>module1/trunk@{2005-12-20}</literal>" (<ulink url="&isoigab;">ISO 8601</ulink> date format) instead of "<literal>module1/tags/Release-initial</literal>" to specify particular date as the branch point.
it: Per specificare una particolare data come punto di ramificazione, usare "<literal>modulo1/trunk@{2005-12-20}</literal>" (formato <ulink url="&isoigab;">ISO 8601</ulink> per le date) invece di "<literal>modulo1/tags/Rilascio-iniziale</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Work on this local source tree pointing to branch "<literal>Release-initial-bugfixes</literal>" which is based on the original version.
it: Lavorare in questo albero locale di sorgenti che punta al ramo "<literal>Rilascio-iniziale-risoluzionebug</literal>" e che è basato sulla versione originale.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Sync with files modified by others on this branch by the following.
it: Fare la sincronizzazione con i file in questo ramo modificati da altri, con il comando seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: $ svn ci -m "checked into this branch"
it: $ svn ci -m "fatto il commit in questo ramo"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Update the local tree with HEAD of trunk by the following.
it: Aggiornare l'albero locae con HEAD di trunk nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: $ svn switch file:///srv/svn/project/module1/trunk
it: $ svn switch file:///srv/svn/progetto/modulo1/trunk

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Update the local tree (content = HEAD of trunk) by merging from the "<literal>Release-initial-bugfixes</literal>" branch by the following.
it: Aggiornare l'albero locale (contenuto = HEAD di trunk) fondendo dal ramo "<literal>Rilascio-iniziale-risoluzionebug</literal>" con il comando seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: $ svn merge file:///srv/svn/project/module1/branches/Release-initial-bugfixes
it: $ svn merge file:///srv/svn/progetto/modulo1/branches/Rilascio-iniziale-risoluzionebug

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: $ svn ci -m "merged Release-initial-bugfixes"
it: $ svn ci -m "fusione con Rilascio-iniziale-risoluzionebug"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: You can checkout only a sub directory of "<literal>module1</literal>" by providing its name as "<literal>svn co file:///srv/svn/project/module1/trunk/subdir module1/subdir</literal>", etc.
it: Si può fare il checkout solamente di una sottodirectory di "<literal>modulo1</literal>" fornendo il suo nome come in "<literal>svn co file:///srv/svn/progetto/modulo1/trunk/sottodir modulo1/sottodir</literal>", ecc.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: Notable options for Subversion commands (use as first argument(s) to <citerefentry><refentrytitle>svn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>)
it: Opzioni importanti per comandi Subversion (da usare come primi argomenti di <citerefentry><refentrytitle>svn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display detail messages of svn activity
it: visualizza messaggi dettagliati sull'attività di svn

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Git can do everything for both local and remote source code management.  This means that you can record the source code changes without needing network connectivity to the remote repository.
it: Git può fare tutto ciò che riguarda la gestione di codice sorgente, sia in locale sia in remoto. Ciò significa che è possibile registrare i cambiamenti al codice sorgente senza bisogno di connessione di rete all'archivio remoto.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Configuration of Git client
it: Configurazione del client Git

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You may wish to set several global configuration in "<literal>~/.gitconfig</literal>" such as your name and email address used by Git by the following.
it: È possibile che si desideri impostare diverse configurazioni globali, come il nome e l'indirizzo di posta elettronica usati da Git, in "<literal>~/.gitconfig</literal>" nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: $ git config --global user.name "Name Surname"
    $ git config --global user.email yourname@example.com
it: $ git config --global user.name "Nome Cognome"
    $ git config --global user.email proprionome@esempio.com

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you are too used to CVS or Subversion commands, you may wish to set several command aliases by the following.
it: Se si è abituati ai comandi di CVS o Subversion, si potrebbe volere impostare alcuni alias per i comandi nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can check your global configuration by the following.
it: La configurazione globale può essere controllata con il comando seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Git references
it: Documenti di consultazione per Git

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&manpagegitb;">manpage: git(1)</ulink> (<literal>/usr/share/doc/git-doc/git.html</literal>)
it: <ulink url="&manpagegitb;">pagina man: git(1)</ulink> (<literal>/usr/share/doc/git-doc/git.html</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&gitusersmanual;">Git User's Manual</ulink> (<literal>/usr/share/doc/git-doc/user-manual.html</literal>)
it: <ulink url="&gitusersmanual;">Manuale utente di Git</ulink> (<literal>/usr/share/doc/git-doc/user-manual.html</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&atutorialintroductiontogit;">A tutorial introduction to git</ulink> (<literal>/usr/share/doc/git-doc/gittutorial.html</literal>)
it: <ulink url="&atutorialintroductiontogit;">Un tutorial introduttivo su git</ulink> (<literal>/usr/share/doc/git-doc/gittutorial.html</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&atutorialintrodutiontogitparttwo;">A tutorial introduction to git: part two</ulink> (<literal>/usr/share/doc/git-doc/gittutorial-2.html</literal>)
it: <ulink url="&atutorialintrodutiontogitparttwo;">Un tutorial introduttivo su git: parte seconda</ulink> (<literal>/usr/share/doc/git-doc/gittutorial-2.html</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&everydaygitwithcacommandsorso;">Everyday GIT With 20 Commands Or So</ulink> (<literal>/usr/share/doc/git-doc/everyday.html</literal>)
it: <ulink url="&everydaygitwithcacommandsorso;">Uso quotidiano di GIT con 20 comandi o poco più</ulink> (<literal>/usr/share/doc/git-doc/everyday.html</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&gitforcvsusers;">git for CVS users</ulink> (<literal>/usr/share/doc/git-doc/gitcvs-migration.html</literal>)
it: <ulink url="&gitforcvsusers;">git per gli utenti CVS</ulink> (<literal>/usr/share/doc/git-doc/gitcvs-migration.html</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: This also describes how to set up server like CVS and extract old data from CVS into Git.
it: Questo descrive anche come impostare server come CVS ed estrarre vecchi dati da CVS portandoli in Git.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&othergitresourcevailableontheweb;">Other git resources available on the web</ulink>
it: <ulink url="&othergitresourcevailableontheweb;">Altre risorse git disponibili in rete</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&gitsvncrashcourse;">Git - SVN Crash Course</ulink>
it: <ulink url="&gitsvncrashcourse;">Corso veloce per Git - SVN</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>git-gui</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gitk</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> commands make using Git very easy.
it: I comandi <citerefentry><refentrytitle>git-gui</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> e <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gitk</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> rendono l'uso di Git molto semplice.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
en: Do not use the tag string with spaces in it even if some tools such as <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gitk</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> allow you to use it.  It may choke some other <literal>git</literal> commands.
it: Non usare stringhe per etichette contenenti spazi, anche se alcuni strumenti come <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gitk</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> lo permettono. Altri comandi <literal>git</literal> potrebbero avere problemi con esse.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Git commands
it: Comandi Git

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Even if your upstream uses different VCS, it may be good idea to use <citerefentry><refentrytitle>git</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> for local activity since you can manage your local copy of source tree without the network connection to the upstream.  Here are some packages and commands used with <citerefentry><refentrytitle>git</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
it: Anche se l'archivio a monte usa un diverso VCS, potrebbe essere una buona idea usare <citerefentry><refentrytitle>git</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> per l'attività locale, dato che si può gestire la propria copia locale dell'albero dei sorgenti senza una connessione di rete con l'archivio a monte. Ecco alcuni pacchetti e comandi usati con <citerefentry><refentrytitle>git</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of git related packages and commands
it: Elenco di pacchetti e comandi relativi a Git

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: official documentation for Git
it: documentazione ufficiale per Git

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: "Git Magic", easier to understand guide for Git
it: "Git Magic", una guida per Git più semplice da capire

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Git, the fast, scalable, distributed revision control system
it: Git, il sistema di controllo delle revisioni veloce, scalabile e distribuito

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: GUI Git repository browser with history
it: browser degli archivi Git con interfaccia utente grafica e cronologia

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: GUI for Git (No history)
it: interfaccia utente grafica per Git (senza cronologia)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: import the data out of Subversion into Git
it: importa i dati da Subversion in Git

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: provide bidirectional operation between the Subversion and Git
it: fornisce operazioni bidirezionali tra Subversion e Git

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: import the data out of CVS into Git
it: importa i dati da CVS in Git

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: export a commit to a CVS checkout from Git
it: esporta un commit a un checkout CVS da Git

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: CVS server emulator for Git
it: emulatore di server CVS per Git

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: send a collection of patches as email from the Git
it: invia una raccolta di patch come messaggio di posta da Git

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: quilt on top of git (Python)
it: quilt sopra a git (Python)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: automate the Debian packaging with the Git
it: automatizza la creazione di pacchetti Debian con Git

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: quilt on top of git (SH/AWK/SED/…)
it: quilt sopra a git (SH/AWK/SED/…)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: With <citerefentry><refentrytitle>git</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, you work on a local branch with many commits and use something like "<literal>git rebase -i master</literal>" to reorganize change history later. This enables you to make clean change history.  See <citerefentry><refentrytitle>git-rebase</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>git-cherry-pick</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
it: Con <citerefentry><refentrytitle>git</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> si lavora su un ramo locale con molti commit e si usa successivamente un comando simile a "<literal>git rebase -i master</literal>" per riorganizzare la cronologia dei cambiamenti. Ciò permette di avere cronologie dei cambiamenti pulite. Vedere <citerefentry><refentrytitle>git-rebase</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> e <citerefentry><refentrytitle>git-cherry-pick</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: When you want to go back to a clean working directory without loosing the current state of the working directory, you can use "<literal>git stash</literal>".  See <citerefentry><refentrytitle>git-stash</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
it: Quando si vuole tornare ad una directory di lavoro pulita senza perdere lo stato attuale della directory di lavoro, si può usare "<literal>git stash</literal>".  Vedere <citerefentry><refentrytitle>git-stash</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Git for the Subversion repository
it: Git per repository Subversion

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can check out a Subversion repository at "<literal>svn+ssh://svn.example.org/project/module/trunk</literal>" to a local Git repository at "<literal>./dest</literal>" and commit back to the Subversion repository.  E.g.:
it: Si può fare il check out di un repository Subversion su "<literal>svn+ssh://svn.example.org/project/module/trunk</literal>" in un repository Git locale in "<literal>./dest</literal>" fare poi nuovamente il commit sul repository Subversion.
    Ad esempio:

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: $ git svn clone -s -rHEAD svn+ssh://svn.example.org/project dest
    $ cd dest
    ... make changes
    $ git commit -a
    ... keep working locally with git
    $ git svn dcommit
it: $ git svn clone -s -rHEAD svn+ssh://svn.esempio.org/progetto dest
    $ cd dest
    ... fare i cambiamenti
    $ git commit -a
    ... continuare a lavorare localmente con git
    $ git svn dcommit

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: The use of "<literal>-rHEAD</literal>" enables us to avoid cloning entire historical contents from the Subversion repository.
it: L'uso di "<literal>-rHEAD</literal>" permette di evitare di dover clonare tutti i contenuti della cronologia del repository Subversion.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Git for recording configuration history
it: Git per registrare la cronologia della configurazione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can manually record chronological history of configuration using <ulink url="&git;">Git</ulink> tools.  Here is a simple example for your practice to record "<literal>/etc/apt/</literal>" contents.
it: Si può registrare manualmente la cronologia della configurazione usando strumenti <ulink url="&git;">Git</ulink>. Quello che segue è un semplice esempio che insegna a registrare il contenuto di "<literal>/etc/apt/</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Commit configuration with description.
it: Fare il commit della configurazione con una descrizione.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Make modification to the configuration files.
it: Modificare i file di configurazione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Commit configuration with description and continue your life.
it: Fare il commit della configurazione con una descrizione e andare avanti con la propria vita.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You have full configuration history with you.
it: Si avrà una completa cronologia della configurazione.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sudo</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> is needed to work with any file permissions of configuration data.  For user configuration data, you may skip <literal>sudo</literal>.
it: Per lavorare con tutti i tipi di permessi dei dati di configurazione è necessario <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sudo</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>. Per i dati di configurazione dell'utente, si può saltare l'uso di <literal>sudo</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: The "<literal>chmod 700 .git</literal>" command in the above example is needed to protect archive data from unauthorized read access.
it: Il comando "<literal>chmod 700 .git</literal>" nell'esempio precedente è necessario per proteggere i dati dell'archivio da accessi non autorizzati.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: For more complete setup for recording configuration history, please look for the <literal>etckeeper</literal> package: <xref linkend="_recording_changes_in_configuration_files"/>.
it: Per l'impostazione di un sistema di registrazione della configurazione più completo, guardare il pacchetto <literal>etckeeper</literal>: <xref linkend="_recording_changes_in_configuration_files"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
en: Data conversion
it: Conversione di dati

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
en: Tools and tips for converting data formats on the Debian system are described.
it: In questo capitolo sono descritti strumenti e trucchi per convertire tra diversi formati di dati in un sistema Debian.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
en: Standard based tools are in very good shape but support for proprietary data formats are limited.
it: Gli strumenti standard sono eccellenti, ma il supporto per i formati proprietari per i dati è limitato.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Text data conversion tools
it: Strumenti di conversione di dati testuali

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Following packages for the text data conversion caught my eyes.
it: Quelli che seguono sono pacchetti per la conversione dei dati testuali che hanno attirato la mia attenzione.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of text data conversion tools
it: Elenco di strumenti di conversione di dati testuali

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: keyword
it: parola chiave

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: charset
it: set di caratteri

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: text encoding converter between locales by <citerefentry><refentrytitle>iconv</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> (fundamental)
it: convertitore della codifica del testo tra localizzazioni usando <citerefentry><refentrytitle>iconv</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> (fondamentale)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: charset+eol
it: set caratteri+carattere fine riga

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: text encoding converter between locales (versatile, more aliases and features)
it: convertitore della codifica del testo tra localizzazioni (versatile, maggior numero di alias e funzionalità)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: text encoding converter between locales (fancy)
it: convertitore della codifica tra localizzazioni (elegante)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: character set translator for Japanese
it: traduttore del set di caratteri per il giapponese

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: character set translator
it: traduttore del set di caratteri

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: replace accented letters by their unaccented equivalent
it: sostituisce le lettere accentate con le equivalenti senza accento

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: eol
it: carattere fine riga

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: text format converter between DOS and Unix: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>fromdos</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>todos</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
it: convertitore del formato di testo tra DOS e Unix: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>fromdos</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> e <citerefentry><refentrytitle>todos</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: text format converter between Macintosh and Unix: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>frommac</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tomac</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
it: convertitore del formato di testo tra Macintosh e Unix: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>frommac</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> e <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tomac</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Converting a text file with iconv
it: Convertire un file di testo con iconv

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>iconv</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> is provided as a part of the <literal>libc6</literal> package and it is always available on practically all systems to convert the encoding of characters.
it: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>iconv</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> viene fornito come parte del pacchetto <literal>libc6</literal> ed è sempre disponibile praticamente su tutti i sistemi, per fare la conversione della codifica dei caratteri.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can convert encodings of a text file with <citerefentry><refentrytitle>iconv</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> by the following.
it: Si può convertire la codifica di un file di testo con <citerefentry><refentrytitle>iconv</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: $ iconv -f encoding1 -t encoding2 input.txt &gt;output.txt
it: $ iconv -f codifica1 -t codifica2 input.txt &gt;output.txt

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Encoding values are case insensitive and ignore "<literal>-</literal>" and "<literal>_</literal>" for matching.  Supported encodings can be checked by the "<literal>iconv -l</literal>" command.
it: Nel trovare corrispondenze con i valori delle codifiche non viene tenuto conto delle lettere maiuscole o minuscole e vengono ignorati i caratteri "<literal>-</literal>" e "<literal>_</literal>". Si possono controllare le codifiche supportate con il comando "<literal>iconv -l</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of encoding values and their usage
it: Elenco dei valori delle codifiche e loro uso

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: encoding value
it: valore della codifica

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&americanstandardationinterchange;">American Standard Code for Information Interchange</ulink>, 7 bit code w/o accented characters
it: <ulink url="&americanstandardationinterchange;">American Standard Code for Information Interchange</ulink>, codifica americana standard per lo scambio di informazioni, codice a 7 bit senza caratteri accentati

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: current multilingual standard for all modern OSs
it: attuale standard multilingua per tutti i sistemi operativi moderni

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: old standard for western European languages, ASCII + accented characters
it: vecchio standard per le lingue europee occidentali, ASCII + caratteri accentati

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: old standard for eastern European languages, ASCII + accented characters
it: vecchio standard per le lingue europee orientali, ASCII + caratteri accentati

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: old standard for western European languages, <ulink url="&isoiifjb;">ISO-8859-1</ulink> with euro sign
it: vecchio standard per le lingue europee occidentali, <ulink url="&isoiifjb;">ISO-8859-1</ulink> con simbolo dell'euro

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: code page 850, Microsoft DOS characters with graphics for western European languages, <ulink url="&isoiifjb;">ISO-8859-1</ulink> variant
it: code page 850, caratteri Microsoft DOS con caratteri grafici per le lingue europee occidentali, variante di <ulink url="&isoiifjb;">ISO-8859-1</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: code page 932, Microsoft Windows style <ulink url="&shiftjis;">Shift-JIS</ulink> variant for Japanese
it: code page 932, variante in stile Microsoft Windows di <ulink url="&shiftjis;">Shift-JIS</ulink> per il giapponese

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: code page 936, Microsoft Windows style <ulink url="&gbcdbc;">GB2312</ulink>, <ulink url="&gbk;">GBK</ulink> or <ulink url="&gbbiada;">GB18030</ulink> variant for Simplified Chinese
it: code page 936, variante in stile Microsoft Windows di <ulink url="&gbcdbc;">GB2312</ulink>, <ulink url="&gbk;">GBK</ulink> o <ulink url="&gbbiada;">GB18030</ulink> per il cinese semplificato

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: code page 949, Microsoft Windows style <ulink url="&euckr;">EUC-KR</ulink> or Unified Hangul Code variant for Korean
it: code page 949, variante in stile Microsoft Windows di <ulink url="&euckr;">EUC-KR</ulink> o Unified Hangul Code per il coreano

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: code page 950, Microsoft Windows style <ulink url="&bigf;">Big5</ulink> variant for Traditional Chinese
it: code page 950, variante in stile Microsoft Windows di <ulink url="&bigf;">Big5</ulink> per il cinese tradizionale

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: code page 1251, Microsoft Windows style encoding for the Cyrillic alphabet
it: code page 1251, codifica in stile Microsoft Windows per l'alfabeto cirillico

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: code page 1252, Microsoft Windows style <ulink url="&isoiifjbf;">ISO-8859-15</ulink> variant for western European languages
it: code page 1252, variante in stile Microsoft Windows di <ulink url="&isoiifjbf;">ISO-8859-15</ulink> per le lingue europee occidentali

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: old Russian UNIX standard for the Cyrillic alphabet
it: vecchio standard UNIX russo per l'alfabeto cirillico

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: standard encoding for Japanese email which uses only 7 bit codes
it: codifica standard per la posta elettronica in giapponese che usa solo codici a 7 bit

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: old Japanese UNIX standard 8 bit code and completely different from <ulink url="&shiftjis;">Shift-JIS</ulink>
it: vecchio standard UNIX giapponese con codici a 8 bit completamente diverso da <ulink url="&shiftjis;">Shift-JIS</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: JIS X 0208 Appendix 1 standard for Japanese (see <ulink url="&cpjdc;">CP932</ulink>)
it: standard JIS X 0208 Appendix 1 per il giapponese (vedere <ulink url="&cpjdc;">CP932</ulink>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: Some encodings are only supported for the data conversion and are not used as locale values (<xref linkend="_basics_of_encoding"/>).
it: Alcune codifiche non sono gestite in fase di conversione dei dati e non sono utilizzate come valori di localizzazione (<xref linkend="_basics_of_encoding"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For character sets which fit in single byte such as <ulink url="&ascii;">ASCII</ulink> and <ulink url="&isoiifj;">ISO-8859</ulink> character sets, the <ulink url="&characterencoding;">character encoding</ulink> means almost the same thing as the character set.
it: Per i set di caratteri contenuti in un singolo byte, come i set di caratteri <ulink url="&ascii;">ASCII</ulink> e <ulink url="&isoiifj;">ISO-8859</ulink>, la <ulink url="&characterencoding;">codifica di carattere</ulink> è quasi la stessa cosa del set di caratteri.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For character sets with many characters such as <ulink url="&jisxacbd;">JIS X 0213</ulink> for Japanese or <ulink url="&universalcharactunicodeisobagegb;">Universal Character Set (UCS, Unicode, ISO-10646-1)</ulink> for practically all languages, there are many encoding schemes to fit them into the sequence of the byte data.
it: Per i set di caratteri con molti caratteri, come <ulink url="&jisxacbd;">JIS X 0213</ulink> per il giapponese o <ulink url="&universalcharactunicodeisobagegb;">Universal Character Set (UCS, Unicode, ISO-10646-1)</ulink> per praticamente tutte le lingue, esistono molti schemi di codifica per inserirli nella sequenza dei byte dati.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&euc;">EUC</ulink> and <ulink url="&isoieccaccalsoknownasjisxacac;">ISO/IEC 2022 (also known as JIS X 0202)</ulink> for Japanese
it: <ulink url="&euc;">EUC</ulink> e <ulink url="&isoieccaccalsoknownasjisxacac;">ISO/IEC 2022 (chiamato anche JIS X 0202)</ulink> per il giapponese

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&utfi;">UTF-8</ulink>, <ulink url="&utfbgucsc;">UTF-16/UCS-2</ulink> and <ulink url="&utfdcucse;">UTF-32/UCS-4</ulink> for Unicode
it: <ulink url="&utfi;">UTF-8</ulink>, <ulink url="&utfbgucsc;">UTF-16/UCS-2</ulink> e <ulink url="&utfdcucse;">UTF-32/UCS-4</ulink> per Unicode

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For these, there are clear differentiations between the character set and the character encoding.
it: In questi casi c'è una netta differenza tra il set di caratteri e la codifica di caratteri.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <ulink url="&codepage;">code page</ulink> is used as the synonym to the character encoding tables for some vendor specific ones.
it: Il termine <ulink url="&codepage;">code page</ulink> è usato come sinonimo di tabella di codifica dei caratteri per alcune tabelle specifiche di produttori.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: Please note most encoding systems share the same code with ASCII for the 7 bit characters.  But there are some exceptions. If you are converting old Japanese C programs and URLs data from the casually-called shift-JIS encoding format to UTF-8 format, use "<literal>CP932</literal>" as the encoding name instead of "<literal>shift-JIS</literal>" to get the expected results: <literal>0x5C</literal> → "<literal>\</literal>" and <literal>0x7E</literal> → "<literal>~</literal>" .  Otherwise, these are converted to wrong characters.
it: Notare che la maggior parte dei sistemi di codifica condividono con ASCII gli stessi codici per i caratteri a 7 bit. Ci sono però alcune eccezioni. Se si stanno convertendo dati di vecchi programmi C o URL in giapponese dal formato di codifica volgarmente chiamato Shift-JIS in formato UTF-8, usare "<literal>CP932</literal>" come nome di codifica invece di "<literal>shift-JIS</literal>" per ottenere i risultati attesi: <literal>0x5C</literal> → "<literal>\</literal>" e <literal>0x7E</literal> → "<literal>~</literal>". Altrimenti questi vengono convertiti nei caratteri sbagliati.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>recode</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> may be used too and offers more than the combined functionality of <citerefentry><refentrytitle>iconv</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>fromdos</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>todos</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>frommac</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tomac</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.  For more, see "<literal>info recode</literal>".
it: Si può anche usare <citerefentry><refentrytitle>recode</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> che offre più della semplice combinazione delle funzionalità di <citerefentry><refentrytitle>iconv</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>fromdos</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>todos</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>frommac</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> e <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tomac</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>. Per maggiori informazioni vedere "<literal>info recode</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Checking file to be UTF-8 with iconv
it: Controllare se un file è in UTF-8 con iconv

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can check if a text file is encoded in UTF-8 with <citerefentry><refentrytitle>iconv</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> by the following.
it: Si può controllare se un file di testo è nella codifica UTF-8 usando <citerefentry><refentrytitle>iconv</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: $ iconv -f utf8 -t utf8 input.txt &gt;/dev/null || echo "non-UTF-8 found"
it: $ iconv -f utf8 -t utf8 input.txt &gt;/dev/null || echo "trovato non-UTF-8"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Use "<literal>--verbose</literal>" option in the above example to find the first non-UTF-8 character.
it: Usare l'opzione "<literal>--verbose</literal>" nell'esempio precedente per trovare il primo carattere non UTF-8.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Converting file names with iconv
it: Convertire nomi di file con iconv

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here is an example script to convert encoding of file names from ones created under older OS to modern UTF-8 ones in a single directory.
it: Ecco uno script d'esempio per convertire in una directory la codifica dei nomi di file dai nomi creati in un vecchio sistema operativo a quelli UTF-8 moderni.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The "<literal>$ENCDN</literal>" variable should be set by the encoding value in <xref linkend="list-of-encoding-values"/>.
it: La variabile "<literal>$ENCDN</literal>" deve essere impostata al valore della codifica appropriato <xref linkend="list-of-encoding-values"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For more complicated case, please mount a filesystem (e.g. a partition on a disk drive) containing such file names with proper encoding as the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mount</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> option (see <xref linkend="_filename_encoding"/>) and copy its entire contents to another filesystem mounted as UTF-8 with "<literal>cp -a</literal>" command.
it: Per scenari più complessi, montare, usando come opzione di <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mount</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> la codifica appropriata (vedere <xref linkend="_filename_encoding"/>), il file system (ad esempio una partizione in un disco fisso) contenente tali nomi di file e copiare usando il comando "<literal>cp-a</literal>" il suo intero contenuto in un altro file system montato come UTF-8.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: EOL conversion
it: Conversione del carattere di fine riga

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The text file format, specifically the end-of-line (EOL) code, is dependent on the platform.
it: Il formato dei file di testo e specificatamente il codice EOL (End of line, fine riga) è dipendente dalla piattaforma.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of EOL styles for different platforms
it: Elenco di stili per EOL per differenti piattaforme

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: platform
it: piattaforma

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: EOL code
it: codice EOL

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: control
it: carattere di controllo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: decimal
it: decimale

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: hexadecimal
it: esadecimale

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: MSDOS and Windows
it: MSDOS e Windows

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Apple's Macintosh
it: Macintosh di Apple

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The EOL format conversion programs, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>fromdos</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>todos</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>frommac</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tomac</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, are quite handy.  <citerefentry><refentrytitle>recode</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> is also useful.
it: I programmi di conversione del formato di EOL, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>fromdos</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>todos</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>frommac</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> e <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tomac</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, sono piuttosto comodi. Anche <citerefentry><refentrytitle>recode</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> è utile.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: Some data on the Debian system, such as the wiki page data for the <literal>python-moinmoin</literal> package, use MSDOS style CR-LF as the EOL code.  So the above rule is just a general rule.
it: Alcuni dati nel sistema Debian, come i dati della pagina wiki per il pacchetto <literal>python-moinmoin</literal>, usano CR-LF in stile MSDOS come codice EOL. Perciò la regola sopra descritta è solamente una regola generale.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: Most editors (eg. <literal>vim</literal>, <literal>emacs</literal>, <literal>gedit</literal>, …) can handle files in MSDOS style EOL transparently.
it: La maggior parte degli editor (es. <literal>vim</literal>, <literal>emacs</literal>, <literal>gedit</literal>, …) può gestire file con EOL in stile MSDOS in modo trasparente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: The use of "<literal>sed -e '/\r$/!s/$/\r/'</literal>" instead of <citerefentry><refentrytitle>todos</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> is better when you want to unify the EOL style to the MSDOS style from the mixed MSDOS and Unix style.  (e.g., after merging 2 MSDOS style files with <citerefentry><refentrytitle>diff3</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.)  This is because <literal>todos</literal> adds CR to all lines.
it: È meglio usare "<literal>sed -e '/\r$/!s/$/\r/'</literal>" invece di <citerefentry><refentrytitle>todos</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> quando si desidere unificare lo stile EOL allo stile MSDOS da uno stile misto MSDOS e Unix (ad esempio dopo la fusione di 2 file in stile MSDOS con <citerefentry><refentrytitle>diff3</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>). Questo perché <literal>todos</literal> aggiunge CR a tutte le righe.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: TAB conversion
it: Conversione di tabulazioni

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There are few popular specialized programs to convert the tab codes.
it: Esistono alcuni programmi popolari specializzati nella conversione dei codici di tabulazione.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of TAB conversion commands from <literal>bsdmainutils</literal> and <literal>coreutils</literal> packages
it: Elenco di comandi di conversione di TAB dai pacchetti <literal>bsdmainutils</literal> e <literal>coreutils</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: expand tab to spaces
it: espande le tabulazioni in spazi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: unexpand tab from spaces
it: de-espande gli spazi in tabulazioni

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>indent</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> from the <literal>indent</literal> package completely reformats whitespaces in the C program.
it: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>indent</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> nel pacchetto <literal>indent</literal> riformatta completamente gli spazi bianchi nei programmi C.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Editor programs such as <literal>vim</literal> and <literal>emacs</literal> can be used for TAB conversion, too.  For example with <literal>vim</literal>, you can expand TAB with "<literal>:set expandtab</literal>" and "<literal>:%retab</literal>" command sequence.  You can revert this with "<literal>:set noexpandtab</literal>" and "<literal>:%retab!</literal>" command sequence.
it: Anche programmi editor come <literal>vim</literal> ed <literal>emacs</literal> possono essere usati per la conversione di TAB. Per esempio con <literal>vim</literal>, è possibile espandere i TAB con la sequenza di comandi "<literal>:set expandtab</literal>" e "<literal>:%retab</literal>". Si può annullare questa azione con la sequenza di comandi "<literal>:set noexpandtab</literal>" e "<literal>:%retab!</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Editors with auto-conversion
it: Editor con auto-conversione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Intelligent modern editors such as the <literal>vim</literal> program are quite smart and copes well with any encoding systems and any file formats.  You should use these editors under the UTF-8 locale in the UTF-8 capable console for the best compatibility.
it: Gli editor moderni intelligenti come il programma<literal>vim</literal> sono piuttosto bravi e gestiscono bene qualsiasi sistema di codifica e formato di file. Per una migliore compatibilità questi editor andrebbero usati con la localizzazione UTF-8 in console con capacità UTF-8.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: An old western European Unix text file, "<literal>u-file.txt</literal>", stored in the latin1 (iso-8859-1) encoding can be edited simply with <literal>vim</literal> by the following.
it: Un vecchio file di testo Unix in lingua europea occidentale, "<literal>u-file.txt</literal>" salvato nella codifica latin1 (iso-8859-1) può essere modificato con <literal>vim</literal> semplicemente con il comando seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This is possible since the auto detection mechanism of the file encoding in <literal>vim</literal> assumes the UTF-8 encoding first and, if it fails, assumes it to be latin1.
it: Ciò è reso possibile dal fatto che il meccanismo di rivelazione automatica della codifica dei file di <literal>vim</literal> presuppone come prima cosa che la codifica sia UTF-8 e, se ciò fallisce, presuppone che sia latin1.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: An old Polish Unix text file, "<literal>pu-file.txt</literal>", stored in the latin2 (iso-8859-2) encoding can be edited with <literal>vim</literal> by the following.
it: Un vecchio file di testo Unix in lingua polacca, "<literal>pu-file.txt</literal>" salvato nella codifica latin1 (iso-8859-1) può essere modificato con <literal>vim</literal> con il comando seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: An old Japanese unix text file, "<literal>ju-file.txt</literal>", stored in the eucJP encoding can be edited with <literal>vim</literal> by the following.
it: Un vecchio file di testo Unix in giapponese, "<literal>ju-file.txt</literal>" salvato nella codifica eucJP può essere modificato con <literal>vim</literal> con il comando seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: An old Japanese MS-Windows text file, "<literal>jw-file.txt</literal>", stored in the so called shift-JIS encoding (more precisely: CP932) can be edited with <literal>vim</literal> by the following.
it: Un vecchio file di testo MS-Windows in giapponese, "<literal>jw-file.txt</literal>" salvato nella cosiddetta codifica shift-JIS (più precisamente CP932) può essere modificato con <literal>vim</literal> con il comando seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: When a file is opened with "<literal>++enc</literal>" and "<literal>++ff</literal>" options, "<literal>:w</literal>" in the Vim command line stores it in the original format and overwrite the original file.  You can also specify the saving format and the file name in the Vim command line, e.g., "<literal>:w ++enc=utf8 new.txt</literal>".
it: Quando un file viene aperto con le opzioni "<literal>++enc</literal>" e "<literal>++ff</literal>", l'uso di "<literal>:w</literal>" nella riga di comando di Vim lo salva nel formato originale sovrascrivendo il file originale. Si può anche specificare nella riga di comando di Vim il formato e il nome con cui salvare il file, ad esempio "<literal>:w ++enc=utf8 nuovo.txt</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Please refer to the mbyte.txt "multi-byte text support" in <literal>vim</literal> on-line help and <xref linkend="list-of-encoding-values"/> for locale values used with "<literal>++enc</literal>".
it: Fare riferimento a mbyte.txt per il "supporto di testi multi-byte" nell'aiuto in linea di <literal>vim</literal> e a <xref linkend="list-of-encoding-values"/> per i valori delle localizzazione usati con "<literal>++enc</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <literal>emacs</literal> family of programs can perform the equivalent functions.
it: La famiglia di programmi <literal>emacs</literal> può svolgere funzioni equivalenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Plain text extraction
it: Estrazione del testo puro

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The following reads a web page into a text file.  This is very useful when copying configurations off the Web or applying basic Unix text tools such as <citerefentry><refentrytitle>grep</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> on the web page.
it: Il comando seguente legge una pagina web mettendola in un file di testo. È molto utile quando si copiano configurazioni dal Web o per applicare strumenti di testo base Unix come <citerefentry><refentrytitle>grep</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> sulla pagina web.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: $ w3m -dump http://www.remote-site.com/help-info.html &gt;textfile
it: $ w3m -dump http://www.sito-remoto.com/help-info.html &gt;filetesto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Similarly, you can extract plain text data from other formats using the following.
it: In modo analogo, si possono estrarre dati in testo puro da altri formati con gli strumenti seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of tools to extract plain text data
it: Elenco di strumenti per estrarre dati in testo puro

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: html→text
it: html→testo puro

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: HTML to text converter with the "<literal>w3m -dump</literal>" command
it: conversione da HTML a testo semplice con il comando "<literal>w3m -dump</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: advanced HTML to text converter (ISO 8859-1)
it: convertitore avanzato da HTML a testo semplice (ISO 8859-1)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: HTML to text converter with the "<literal>lynx -dump</literal>" command
it: conversione da HTML a testo semplice con il comando "<literal>lynx -dump</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: HTML to text converter with the "<literal>elinks -dump</literal>" command
it: conversione da HTML a testo semplice con il comando "<literal>elinks -dump</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: HTML to text converter with the "<literal>links -dump</literal>" command
it: conversione da HTML a testo semplice con il comando "<literal>links -dump</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: HTML to text converter with the "<literal>links2 -dump</literal>" command
it: conversione da HTML a testo semplice con il comando "<literal>links2 -dump</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: MSWord→text,ps
it: MSWord→testo puro, ps

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: convert MSWord files to plain text or ps
it: converte file MSWord in testo puro o ps

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: MSWord→text,TeX
it: MSWord→testo puro, TeX

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: convert MSWord files to plain text or TeX
it: converte file MSWord in testo puro o TeX

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: ps/pdf→text
it: ps/pdf→testo puro

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: extract text from PostScript and PDF files
it: estrae testo da file PostScript e PDF

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: remove the markup tags from an HTML file
it: rimuove i tag marcatori da file HTML

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: odt→text
it: odt→testo puro

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: converter from OpenDocument Text to text
it: converte da OpenDocument Text in testo puro

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Highlighting and formatting plain text data
it: Evidenziare e formattare dati in puro testo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can highlight and format plain text data by the following.
it: È possibile evidenziare e formattare dati in testo puro usando gli strumenti seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of tools to highlight plain text data
it: Elenco di strumenti per evidenziare dati in testo puro

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: highlight
it: evidenziare

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Vim MACRO to convert source code to HTML with "<literal>:source $VIMRUNTIME/syntax/html.vim</literal>"
it: MACRO Vim per convertire codice sorgente in HTML con "<literal>:source $VIMRUNTIME/syntax/html.vim</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: converter for the C program to latex and HTML (C language)
it: convertitore per programmi C in latex e HTML (linguaggio C)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: convert many source codes to TeX (C language)
it: converte molti codici sorgenti in TeX (linguaggio C)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: convert many source codes to HTML, XHTML, LaTeX, Texinfo, ANSI color escape sequences and DocBook files with highlight (C++)
it: converte molti codici sorgenti in file HTML, XHTML, LaTeX, Texinfo, sequenze di escape per colori ANSI e DocBook con evidenziazione (C++)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: convert many source codes to HTML, XHTML, RTF, LaTeX, TeX or XSL-FO files with highlight (C++)
it: converte molti codici sorgenti in file HTML, XHTML, RTF, LaTeX, TeX o XSL-FO con evidenziazione (C++)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: text→color
it: testo→colori

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: generic colouriser for everything (Python)
it: colorazione generica per tutto (Python)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: text→html
it: testo→html

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: text to HTML converter (Perl)
it: convertitore da testo semplice in HTML (Perl)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: markdown text document formatter to (X)HTML (Perl)
it: formattatore markdown di documenti di testo in (X)HTML (Perl)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: text→any
it: testo→tutto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: AsciiDoc text document formatter to XML/HTML (Python)
it: formattatore AsciiDoc di documenti di testo in XML/HTML (Python)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: ReStructured Text document formatter to XML (Python)
it: formattatore di documenti ReStructured Text in XML (Python)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: document conversion from text to HTML, SGML, LaTeX, man page, MoinMoin, Magic Point and PageMaker (Python)
it: conversione di documenti da testo semplice a HTML, SGML, LaTeX, pagine man, MoinMoin, Magic Point e PageMaker (Python)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: universal document - text processing utility (C language)
it: utilità universale di elaborazione di documenti - testo (linguaggio C)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: document converter from structured plain text to other formats (m4)
it: convertitore di documenti da testo semplice strutturato in altri formati (m4)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: document converter from ReStructured Text to html (Python)
it: convertitore di documenti da ReStructured Text in HTML (Python)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: "free form" document preparation system (Perl)
it: sistema di preparazione di documenti a "modello libero" (Perl)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: pre-document language and tools to process it (C language)
it: pre-linguaggio per documenti e strumenti per elaborarlo (linguaggio C)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: simple document parser (Perl)
it: semplice analizzatore di documenti (Perl)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: document structuring, publishing and search framework (Ruby)
it: infrastruttura per strutturazione, pubblicazione e ricerca di documenti (Ruby)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: XML data
it: dati XML

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: <ulink url="&theextensiblemarkuplanguagexml;">The Extensible Markup Language (XML)</ulink> is a markup language for documents containing structured information.
it: <ulink url="&theextensiblemarkuplanguagexml;">XML (Extensible Markup Language)</ulink> è un linguaggio a marcatori per documenti contenenti informazioni strutturate.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: See introductory information at <ulink url="&xmlcom;">XML.COM</ulink>.
it: Vedere informazioni introduttive su <ulink url="&xmlcom;">XML.COM</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&whatisxml;">"What is XML?"</ulink>
it: <ulink url="&whatisxml;">"Cosa è XML?"</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&whatisxslt;">"What Is XSLT?"</ulink>
it: <ulink url="&whatisxslt;">"Cosa è XSLT?"</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&whatisxslfo;">"What Is XSL-FO?"</ulink>
it: <ulink url="&whatisxslfo;">"Cosa è XSL-FO?"</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&whatisxlink;">"What Is XLink?"</ulink>
it: <ulink url="&whatisxlink;">"Cosa è XLink?"</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Basic hints for XML
it: Suggerimenti base per XML

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: XML text looks somewhat like <ulink url="&html;">HTML</ulink>.  It enables us to manage multiple formats of output for a document.  One easy XML system is the <literal>docbook-xsl</literal> package, which is used here.
it: I testi XML hanno un aspetto simile all'<ulink url="&html;">HTML</ulink>. Permettono di gestire formati di output multipli per un documento. Un facile sistema per XML è il pacchetto <literal>docbook-xsl</literal> che è stato usato per questo documento.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Each XML file starts with standard XML declaration as the following.
it: Ogni file XML inizia con una dichiarazione XML standard come la seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The basic syntax for one XML element is marked up as the following.
it: La sintassi di base per un elemento XML usa un marcatore come il seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: &lt;name attribute="value"&gt;content&lt;/name&gt;
it: &lt;nome attributo="valore"&gt;contenuto&lt;/nome&gt;

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: XML element with empty content is marked up in the following short form.
it: Gli elementi XML senza contenuto sono indicati nella seguente forma breve.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: &lt;name attribute="value"/&gt;
it: &lt;nome attributo="valore"/&gt;

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The "<literal>attribute="value"</literal>" in the above examples are optional.
it: La parte "<literal>attributo="valore"</literal>" negli esempi precedenti è opzionale.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The comment section in XML is marked up as the following.
it: In XML una sezione di commento è marcata nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: &lt;!-- comment --&gt;
it: &lt;!-- commento --&gt;

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Other than adding markups, XML requires minor conversion to the content using predefined entities for following characters.
it: A parte l'aggiunta dei marcatori, XML richiede solo una minima conversione dei contenuti usando entità predefinite per i caratteri seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of predefined entities for XML
it: Elenco di entità predefinite per XML

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: predefined entity
it: entità predefinita

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: character to be converted from
it: carattere da convertire

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>"</literal> : quote
it: <literal>"</literal> : virgolette

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>'</literal> : apostrophe
it: <literal>'</literal> : apostrofo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>&lt;</literal> : less-than
it: <literal>&lt;</literal> : minore-di

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>&gt;</literal> : greater-than
it: <literal>&gt;</literal> : maggiore-di

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>&amp;</literal> : ampersand
it: <literal>&amp;</literal> : e-commerciale

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><caution><para>
en: "<literal>&lt;</literal>" or "<literal>&amp;</literal>" can not be used in attributes or elements.
it: "<literal>&lt;</literal>" e "<literal>&amp;</literal>"  non possono essere usati in attributi o elementi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: When SGML style user defined entities, e.g. "<literal>&amp;some-tag:</literal>", are used, the first definition wins over others.  The entity definition is expressed in "<literal>&lt;!ENTITY some-tag "entity value"&gt;</literal>".
it: Quando vengono usate entità definite in stile SGML, ad esempio "<literal>&amp;qualche-tag:</literal>", la prima definizione prevale su tutte le altre. La definizione di entità è espressa nella forma "<literal>&lt;!ENTITY qualche-tag "valore entità"&gt;</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: As long as the XML markup are done consistently with certain set of the tag name (either some data as content or attribute value), conversion to another XML is trivial task using <ulink url="&extensiblestylesnsformationsxslt;">Extensible Stylesheet Language Transformations (XSLT)</ulink>.
it: Fintanto che i marcatori XML sono usati in modo coerente con un certo set dei nomi di tag (qualche dato usato come contenuto o valore di attributo), la conversione in un altro XML è un compito banale usando <ulink url="&extensiblestylesnsformationsxslt;">XSLT (Extensible Stylesheet Language Trasformations</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: XML processing
it: Elaborazione XML

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There are many tools available to process XML files such as <ulink url="&theextensiblestysheetlanguagexsl;">the Extensible Stylesheet Language (XSL)</ulink>.
it: Sono disponibili molti strumenti per elaborare file XML, come l'<ulink url="&theextensiblestysheetlanguagexsl;">XSL (Extensible Stylesheet Language)</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Basically, once you create well formed XML file, you can convert it to any format using <ulink url="&extensiblestylesnsformationsxslt;">Extensible Stylesheet Language Transformations (XSLT)</ulink>.
it: Fondamentalmente, una volta creato un file XML ben formato, lo si può convertire in qualsiasi formato usando <ulink url="&extensiblestylesnsformationsxslt;">XSLT (Extensible Stylesheet Language Transformation)</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <ulink url="&extensiblestylesttingobjectxslfo;">Extensible Stylesheet Language for Formatting Object (XSL-FO)</ulink> is supposed to be solution for formatting. The <literal>fop</literal> package is in the Debian <literal>contrib</literal> (not <literal>main</literal>) archive still. So the LaTeX code is usually generated from XML using XSLT and the LaTeX system is used to create printable file such as DVI, PostScript, and PDF.
it: <ulink url="&extensiblestylesttingobjectxslfo;">XSL-FO (Extensible Stylesheet Language for Formatting Object)</ulink>, linguaggio per fogli di stile estensibile per la formattazione di oggetti, è pensato per essere una soluzione per la formattazione. Il pacchetto <literal>fop</literal> è ancora nell'archivio Debian <literal>contrib</literal> (non in <literal>main</literal>). Perciò il codice LaTeX è solitamente generato dall'XML usando XSLT ed il sistema LaTeX viene usato per creare file adatti alla stampa come DVI, PostScript e PDF.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of XML tools
it: Elenco di strumenti XML

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: XML document type definition (DTD) for DocBook
it: DTD (Document Type Definition) XML per DocBook

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: XSLT command line processor (XML→ XML, HTML, plain text, etc.)
it: elaboratore a riga di comando XSLT (XML→ XML, HTML, testo semplice, ecc.)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: XSL stylesheets for processing DocBook XML to various output formats with XSLT
it: fogli di stile XSL per elaborare XML DocBook con XSLT in vari formati di output

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: XML-to-any converter with XSLT
it: convertitore da-XML-a-tutto con XSLT

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: convert Docbook files to DVI, PostScript, PDF documents with XSLT
it: converte file DocBook con XSLT in documenti DVI, PostScript, PDF

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: convert Docbook XML files to PDF
it: converte file XML DocBook in PDF

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Since XML is subset of <ulink url="&standardgeneralirkuplanguagesgml;">Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML)</ulink>, it can be processed by the extensive tools available for SGML, such as <ulink url="&documentstylesemionlanguagedsssl;">Document Style Semantics and Specification Language (DSSSL)</ulink>.
it: Dato che XML è un sottoinsieme di <ulink url="&standardgeneralirkuplanguagesgml;">SGML (Standard Generalized Markup Language)</ulink>, può essere elaborato dagli strumenti completi disponibili per SGML, come <ulink url="&documentstylesemionlanguagedsssl;">DSSSL (Document Style Semantics and Specification Language)</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of DSSL tools
it: Elenco di strumenti DSSSL

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: ISO/IEC 10179:1996 standard DSSSL processor (latest)
it: elaboratore standard DSSSL ISO/IEC 10179:1996 (più recente)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: ISO/IEC 10179:1996 standard DSSSL processor (1.3.x series)
it: elaboratore standard DSSSL ISO/IEC 10179:1996 (serie 1.3.x)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: James Clark's original DSSSL processor (1.2.x series)
it: elaboratore DSSSL originale di James Clark (serie 1.2.x)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: DSSSL stylesheets for processing DocBook XML to various output formats with DSSSL
it: fogli di stile DSSSL per elaborare XML DocBook con DSSSL in vari formati di output

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: utilities for DocBook files including conversion to other formats (HTML, RTF, PS, man, PDF) with <literal>docbook2*</literal> commands with DSSSL
it: utilità per file DocBook, inclusa la conversione in altri formati (HTML, RTF, PS, man, PDF) con comandi <literal>docbook2*</literal> con DSSSL

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: converter from SGML and XML using DSSSL stylesheets
it: convertitore da SGML e XML che usa fogli di stile DSSSL

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: <ulink url="&gnome;">GNOME</ulink>'s <literal>yelp</literal> is sometimes handy to read <ulink url="&docbook;">DocBook</ulink> XML files directly since it renders decently on X.
it: A volte <literal>yelp</literal> di <ulink url="&gnome;">GNOME</ulink> è utile per leggere file XML <ulink url="&docbook;">DocBook</ulink> direttamente dato che li visualizza in modo decente in X.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The XML data extraction
it: Estrazione di dati XML

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can extract HTML or XML data from other formats using followings.
it: Si possono esstrarre dati HTML o XML da altri formati usando gli strumenti seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of XML data extraction tools
it: Elenco di strumenti di estrazione di dati XML

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: MSWord→any
it: MSWord→tutto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: document converter from Microsoft Word to HTML, LaTeX, etc.
it: convertitore di documenti da Microsoft Word a HTML, LaTeX, ecc.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: converter from Texinfo to HTML
it: convertitore da texinfo a HTML

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: manpage→html
it: pagine man→html

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: converter from manpage to HTML (CGI support)
it: convertitore da pagine man a HTML (supporto CGI)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: converter between (La)TeX and HTML
it: convertitore tra (La)TeX e HTML

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: converter from MSExcel .xls to HTML
it: convertitore da .xls di MSExcel in HTML

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: converter from MSPowerPoint to HTML
it: convertitore da MSPowerPoint a HTML

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: document converter from RTF to HTML, etc
it: convertitore di documenti da RTF a HTML, ecc.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: converter from GNU info to HTML (CGI support)
it: convertitore da GNU info a HTML (supporto CGI)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: converter from OpenOffice.org SXW documents to DocBook XML
it: convertitore da documenti SXW OpenOffice.org in XML DocBook

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: WordPerfect→any
it: WordPerfect→tutto

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: WordPerfect 5.0 and 5.1 files to TeX, LaTeX, troff, GML and HTML
it: da file WordPerfect 5.0 e 5.1 a TeX, LaTeX, troff, GML e HTML

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: converter from troff to DocBook XML
it: convertitore da troff a XML DocBook

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For non-XML HTML files, you can convert them to XHTML which is an instance of well formed XML.  XHTML can be processed by XML tools.
it: I file HTML non-XML possono essere convertiti in XHTML che è un'istanza di XML ben strutturato. XHTML può essere elaborato con strumenti XML.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of XML pretty print tools
it: Elenco di strumenti per belle stampe XML

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: command line XML tool with <citerefentry><refentrytitle>xmllint</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> (syntax check, reformat, lint, …)
it: strumento XML a riga di comando con <citerefentry><refentrytitle>xmllint</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> (controllo di sintassi, riformattazione, eliminazione sporcizia, …)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: HTML syntax checker and reformatter
it: controllore della sintassi e riformattatore per HTML

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Once proper XML is generated, you can use XSLT technology to extract data based on the mark-up context etc.
it: Una volta che è stato generato codice XML corretto, si può usare la tecnologia XSLT per estrarre dati in base al contesto dei marcatori

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Printable data
it: Dati stampabili

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Printable data is expressed in the <ulink url="&postscript;">PostScript</ulink> format on the Debian system.  <ulink url="&commonunixprintingsystemcups;">Common Unix Printing System (CUPS)</ulink> uses Ghostscript as its rasterizer backend program for non-PostScript printers.
it: In un sistema Debian i dati stampabili sono presentati in formato <ulink url="&postscript;">PostScript</ulink>. <ulink url="&commonunixprintingsystemcups;">CUPS (Common Unix Printing System)</ulink> usa Ghostscript come suo programma backend per la rasterizzazione per le stampanti non-PostScript.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The core of printable data manipulation is the <ulink url="&ghostscript;">Ghostscript</ulink> <ulink url="&postscriptps;">PostScript (PS)</ulink> interpreter which generates raster image.
it: Il cuore centrale della manipolazione dei dati da stampare è l'interprete <ulink url="&postscriptps;">PostScript (PS)</ulink> <ulink url="&ghostscript;">Ghostscript</ulink> che genera immagini raster.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The latest upstream Ghostscript from Artifex was re-licensed from AFPL to GPL and merged all the latest ESP version changes such as CUPS related ones at 8.60 release as unified release.
it: La licenza dell'ultima versione a monte di Ghostscript di Artifex è passata da AFPL a GPL e sono state fuse in un rilascio unificato tutte le più recenti modifiche alle versioni ESP, come quelle relative a CUPS nel rilascio 8.60.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of Ghostscript PostScript interpreters
it: Elenco di interpreti PostScript Ghostscript

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&thegplghostscripptpdfinterpreter;">The GPL Ghostscript PostScript/PDF interpreter</ulink>
it: <ulink url="&thegplghostscripptpdfinterpreter;">interprete PostScript/PDF GPL Ghostscript</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: GPL Ghostscript PostScript/PDF interpreter - X display support
it: interprete PostScript/PDF GPL Ghostscript - supporto per display X

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: PDF rendering library based on xpdf PDF viewer
it: libreria di rendering per PDF basata sul visualizzatore di PDF xpdf

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: PDF rendering library (GLib-based shared library)
it: libreria di rendering per PDF (libreria condivisa basata su GLib)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: CMaps for PDF rendering library (for <ulink url="&cjk;">CJK</ulink> support: Adobe-*)
it: CMaps per la libreria di rendering per PDF (per supporto <ulink url="&cjk;">CJK</ulink>: Adobe-*)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: "<literal>gs -h</literal>" can display the configuration of Ghostscript.
it: La configurazione di Ghostscript può essere visualizzata con "<literal>gs -h</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Merge two PS or PDF files
it: Unire due file PS o PDF

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can merge two <ulink url="&postscriptps;">PostScript (PS)</ulink> or <ulink url="&portabledocumentformatpdf;">Portable Document Format (PDF)</ulink> files using <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> of Ghostscript.
it: È possibile unire due file <ulink url="&postscriptps;">PostScript (PS)</ulink> o <ulink url="&portabledocumentformatpdf;">PDF (Portable Document Format)</ulink> usando <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> di Ghostscript.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: $ gs -q -dNOPAUSE -dBATCH -sDEVICE=pswrite -sOutputFile=bla.ps -f foo1.ps foo2.ps
    $ gs -q -dNOPAUSE -dBATCH -sDEVICE=pdfwrite -sOutputFile=bla.pdf -f foo1.pdf foo2.pdf
it: $ gs -q -dNOPAUSE -dBATCH -sDEVICE=pswrite -sOutputFile=bla.ps -f pippo1.ps pippo2.ps
    $ gs -q -dNOPAUSE -dBATCH -sDEVICE=pdfwrite -sOutputFile=bla.pdf -f pippo1.pdf pippo2.pdf

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: The <ulink url="&pdf;">PDF</ulink>, which is widely used cross-platform printable data format, is essentially the compressed <ulink url="&ps;">PS</ulink> format with few additional features and extensions.
it: Il formato <ulink url="&pdf;">PDF</ulink> che è ampiamente usato per dati stampabili multipiattaforma, è essenzialmente il formato  <ulink url="&ps;">PS</ulink> compresso con alcune funzionalità ed estensioni aggiuntive.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: For command line, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>psmerge</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> and other commands from the <literal>psutils</literal> package are useful for manipulating PostScript documents.  Commands in the <literal>pdfjam</literal> package work similarly for manipulating PDF documents. <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pdftk</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> from the <literal>pdftk</literal> package is useful for manipulating PDF documents, too.
it: Per manipolare dalla riga di comando documenti PostScript sono utili <citerefentry><refentrytitle>psmerge</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> e altri comandi nel pacchetto <literal>psutils</literal>. I comandi nel pacchetto <literal>pdfjam</literal> lavorano in modo simile per manipolare documenti PDF. Anche <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pdftk</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, nel pacchetto <literal>pdftk</literal>, è utile per manipolare documenti PDF.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Printable data utilities
it: Utilità per dati stampabili

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The following packages for the printable data utilities caught my eyes.
it: Quello che segue è un elenco di pacchetti con utilità per dati stampabili che hanno attirato la mia attenzione.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of printable data utilities
it: Elenco di utilità per dati stampabili

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: pdf→ps,text,…
it: pdf→ps,testo,…

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: PDF utilities: <literal>pdftops</literal>, <literal>pdfinfo</literal>, <literal>pdfimages</literal>, <literal>pdftotext</literal>, <literal>pdffonts</literal>
it: utilità PDF: <literal>pdftops</literal>, <literal>pdfinfo</literal>, <literal>pdfimages</literal>, <literal>pdftotext</literal>, <literal>pdffonts</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: PostScript document conversion tools
it: strumenti di conversione di documenti PostScript

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: create large posters out of PostScript pages
it: crea grandi poster da pagine PostScript

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: text→ps, html, rtf
it: testo→ps, html, rtf

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: convert ASCII text to PostScript, HTML, RTF or Pretty-Print
it: converte testo ASCII in PostScript, HTML, RTF o Pretty-Print

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: text→ps
it: testo→ps

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: 'Anything to PostScript' converter and pretty-printer
it: convertitore e creatore di belle stampe "Da tutto a PostScript"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: PDF document conversion tool: <literal>pdftk</literal>
it: strumento di conversione di documenti PDF: <literal>pdftk</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: text,ps→ps
it: testo,ps→ps

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: print multiple pages per sheet
it: stampa più pagine in un foglio

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: converter from HTML to PostScript
it: converte da HTML aPostScript

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: PDF document conversion tools: <literal>pdf90</literal>, <literal>pdfjoin</literal>, and <literal>pdfnup</literal>
it: strumenti di conversione di documenti PDF: <literal>pdf90</literal>, <literal>pdfjoin</literal> e <literal>pdfnup</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: converter from html to latex
it: convertitore da HTML a latex

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: convert documents from LaTeX to RTF which can be read by MS Word
it: converte documenti da LaTeX a RTF leggibili da MS Word

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: converter from PostScript to EPS (Encapsulated PostScript)
it: converte da PostScript a EPS (Encapsulated PostScript)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Text to PostScript converter with Japanese encoding support
it: convertitore da testo a PostScript con supporto per la codifica giapponese

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: PostScript utilities
it: Utilità PostScript

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: pretty print many source codes (C, C++, Java, Pascal, Perl, Pike, Sh, and Verilog) to PostScript. (C language)
it: belle stampe di molti tipi di codice sorgente (C, C++, Java, Pascal, Perl, Pike, Sh e Verilog) in PostScript. (linguaggio C)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: converter from PDF to <ulink url="&scalablevectorgraphics;">Scalable vector graphics</ulink> format
it: convertitore da PDF al formato <ulink url="&scalablevectorgraphics;">SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics)</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: converter from PDF to IPE's XML format
it: convertitore da PDF al formato XML di IPE

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Printing with CUPS
it: Stampare con CUPS

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Both <citerefentry><refentrytitle>lp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>lpr</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> commands offered by <ulink url="&commonunixprintingsystemcups;">Common Unix Printing System (CUPS)</ulink> provides options for customized printing the printable data.
it: Entrambi i comandi <citerefentry><refentrytitle>lp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> e <citerefentry><refentrytitle>lpr</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> forniti da <ulink url="&commonunixprintingsystemcups;">CUPS (Common Unix Printing System)</ulink> forniscono opzioni per stampe personalizzate dei dati stampabili.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can print 3 copies of a file collated using one of the following commands.
it: Si possono stampare 3 copie fascicolate di un file usando uno dei comandi seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: $ lp -n 3 -o Collate=True filename
it: $ lp -n 3 -o Collate=True nomefile

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: $ lpr -#3 -o Collate=True filename
it: $ lpr -#3 -o Collate=True nomefile

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can further customize printer operation by using printer option such as "<literal>-o number-up=2</literal>", "<literal>-o page-set=even</literal>", "<literal>-o page-set=odd</literal>", "<literal>-o scaling=200</literal>", "<literal>-o natural-scaling=200</literal>", etc., documented at <ulink url="&commandlineprintingandoptions;">Command-Line Printing and Options</ulink>.
it: Si può personalizzare ulteriormente l'operazione di stampa usando opzioni come "<literal>-o number-up=2</literal>", "<literal>-o page-set=even</literal>", "<literal>-o page-set=odd</literal>", "<literal>-o scaling=200</literal>", "<literal>-o natural-scaling=200</literal>", ecc., documentate in <ulink url="&commandlineprintingandoptions;">Stampa dalla riga di comando ed opzioni relative</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Type setting
it: Impaginazione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The Unix <ulink url="&troff;">troff</ulink> program originally developed by AT&amp;T can be used for simple typesetting.  It is usually used to create manpages.
it: Per semplici impaginazioni si può usare il programma Unix <ulink url="&troff;">troff</ulink> sviluppato da AT&amp;T. Viene di solito usato per creare pagine man.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: <ulink url="&tex;">TeX</ulink> created by Donald Knuth is very powerful type setting tool and is the de facto standard. <ulink url="&latex;">LaTeX</ulink> originally written by Leslie Lamport enables a high-level access to the power of TeX.
it: <ulink url="&tex;">TeX</ulink>, creato da Donald Knuth è uno strumento di impaginazione molto potente ed è lo standard di fatto. <ulink url="&latex;">LaTeX</ulink>, scritto originariamente da Leslie Lamport, permette un accesso alla potenza di TeX a più alto livello.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of type setting tools
it: Elenco di strumenti per impaginazione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: TeX system for typesetting, previewing and printing
it: sistema TeX per impaginazione, anteprima e stampa

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: GNU troff text-formatting system
it: sistema di formattazione di testi GNU troff

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: roff typesetting
it: impaginazione roff

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Traditionally, <ulink url="&roff;">roff</ulink> is the main Unix text processing system.  See <citerefentry><refentrytitle>roff</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groff</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groff</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>grotty</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>troff</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groff_mdoc</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groff_man</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groff_ms</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groff_me</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groff_mm</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>, and "<literal>info groff</literal>".
it: Tradizionalmente il sistema di elaborazione di testi Unix principale è <ulink url="&roff;">roff</ulink>. Vedere <citerefentry><refentrytitle>roff</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groff</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groff</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>grotty</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>troff</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groff_mdoc</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groff_man</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groff_ms</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groff_me</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groff_mm</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry> e "<literal>info groff</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can read or print a good tutorial and reference on "<literal>-me</literal>" <ulink url="&macro;">macro</ulink> in "<literal>/usr/share/doc/groff/</literal>" by installing the <literal>groff</literal> package.
it: Si può leggere o stampare un buon tutorial e documento di consultazione sulla <ulink url="&macro;">macro</ulink> "<literal>-me</literal>" in "<literal>/usr/share/doc/groff/</literal>", dopo aver installato il  pacchetto <literal>groff</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: "<literal>groff -Tascii -me -</literal>" produces plain text output with <ulink url="&ansiescapecode;">ANSI escape code</ulink>.  If you wish to get manpage like output with many "^H" and "_", use "<literal>GROFF_NO_SGR=1 groff -Tascii -me -</literal>" instead.
it: "<literal>groff -Tascii -me -</literal>" produce output in puro testo con <ulink url="&ansiescapecode;">codici di escape ANSI</ulink>.  Se si desidera produrre un output in stile pagine man con molti "^H" e "_", usare invece "<literal>GROFF_NO_SGR=1 groff -Tascii -me -</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: To remove "^H" and "_" from a text file generated by <literal>groff</literal>, filter it by "<literal>col -b -x</literal>".
it: Per rimuovere i "^H" e "_" da un file di testo generato con <literal>groff</literal>, filtrarlo con "<literal>col -b -x</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The <ulink url="&texlive;">TeX Live</ulink> software distribution offers a complete TeX system.  The <literal>texlive</literal> metapackage provides a decent selection of the <ulink url="&texlive;">TeX Live</ulink> packages which should suffice for the most common tasks.
it: La distribuzione software <ulink url="&texlive;">TeX Live</ulink> offre un sistema TeX completo. Il metapacchetto <literal>texlive</literal> fornisce una buona selezione dei pacchetti <ulink url="&texlive;">TeX Live</ulink> che dovrebbe essere sufficiente per la maggior parte dei compiti più comuni.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There are many references available for <ulink url="&tex;">TeX</ulink> and <ulink url="&latex;">LaTeX</ulink>.
it: Ci sono molti documenti consultabili disponibili per <ulink url="&tex;">TeX</ulink> e <ulink url="&latex;">LaTeX</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&thetetexhowtothextetexlocalguide;">The teTeX HOWTO: The Linux-teTeX Local Guide</ulink>
it: <ulink url="&thetetexhowtothextetexlocalguide;">teTeX HOWTO: The Linux-teTeX Local Guide</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "The TeXbook", by Donald E. Knuth, (Addison-Wesley)
it: "The TeXbook", di Donald E. Knuth, (Addison-Wesley)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "LaTeX - A Document Preparation System", by Leslie Lamport, (Addison-Wesley)
it: "LaTeX - A Document Preparation System", di Leslie Lamport, (Addison-Wesley)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "The LaTeX Companion", by Goossens, Mittelbach, Samarin, (Addison-Wesley)
it: "The LaTeX Companion", di Goossens, Mittelbach, Samarin, (Addison-Wesley)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This is the most powerful typesetting environment.  Many <ulink url="&sgml;">SGML</ulink> processors use this as their back end text processor.  <ulink url="&lyx;">Lyx</ulink> provided by the <literal>lyx</literal> package and <ulink url="&gnutexmacs;">GNU TeXmacs</ulink> provided by the <literal>texmacs</literal> package offer nice <ulink url="&wysiwyg;">WYSIWYG</ulink> editing environment for <ulink url="&latex;">LaTeX</ulink> while many use <ulink url="&emacs;">Emacs</ulink> and <ulink url="&vim;">Vim</ulink> as the choice for the source editor.
it: Questo è l'ambiente di impaginazione più potente. Molti elaboratori <ulink url="&sgml;">SGML</ulink> lo usano come backend per l'elaborazione del testo. <ulink url="&lyx;">Lyx</ulink>, fornito dal pacchetto <literal>lyx</literal>, e <ulink url="&gnutexmacs;">GNUTeXmacs</ulink>, fornito dal pacchetto <literal>texmacs</literal>, offrono un bell'ambiente <ulink url="&wysiwyg;">WYSIWYG</ulink> per <ulink url="&latex;">LaTeX</ulink>; inoltre molti usano <ulink url="&emacs;">Emacs</ulink> e <ulink url="&vim;">Vim</ulink> come scelta di editor per i sorgenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There are many online resources available.
it: Sono disponibili molte risorse in rete.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The TEX Live Guide - TEX Live 2007 ("<literal>/usr/share/doc/texlive-doc-base/english/texlive-en/live.html</literal>") (<literal>texlive-doc-base</literal> package)
it: The TEX Live Guide - TEX Live 2007 ("<literal>/usr/share/doc/texlive-doc-base/english/texlive-en/live.html</literal>") (pacchetto <literal>texlive-doc-base</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: When documents become bigger, sometimes TeX may cause errors.  You must increase pool size in "<literal>/etc/texmf/texmf.cnf</literal>" (or more appropriately edit "<literal>/etc/texmf/texmf.d/95NonPath</literal>" and run <citerefentry><refentrytitle>update-texmf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>) to fix this.
it: Quando i documenti crescono di dimensioni, a volte TeX può generare errori. Per risolvere queto problema si deve aumentare la dimensione di pool in "<literal>/etc/texmf/texmf.cnf</literal>" (o in modo più corretto, modificare "<literal>/etc/texmf/texmf.d/95NonPath</literal>" ed eseguire <citerefentry><refentrytitle>update-texmf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: The TeX source of "The TeXbook" is available at <ulink url="&httptugctanorgteisttextexbooktex;">http://tug.ctan.org/tex-archive/systems/knuth/dist/tex/texbook.tex</ulink>.
it: Il sorgenti TeX di "The TeXbook" sono disponibili all'indirizzo <ulink url="&httptugctanorgteisttextexbooktex;">http://tug.ctan.org/tex-archive/systems/knuth/dist/tex/texbook.tex</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: This file contains most of the required macros.  I heard that you can process this document with <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tex</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> after commenting lines 7 to 10 and adding "<literal>\input manmac \proofmodefalse</literal>". It's strongly recommended to buy this book (and all other books from Donald E. Knuth) instead of using the online version but the source is a great example of TeX input!
it: Questo file contiene la maggior parte delle macro necessarie. Mi è stato detto che si può elaborare questo documento con <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tex</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> dopo aver commentato le righe da 7 a 10 ed aggiungendo "<literal>\input manmac \proofmodefalse</literal>". È caldamente raccomandabile comprare questo libro (e tutti gli altri libri di Donald E. Knuth) invece di usare le versioni in rete, ma il sorgente è un meraviglioso esempio di input TeX!

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Pretty print a manual page
it: Fare una bella stampa di una pagina di manuale

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can print a manual page in PostScript nicely by one of the following commands.
it: Si può stampare una pagina di manuale in PostScript in un bel modo usando uno dei comandi seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: $ man -Tps some_manpage | lpr
it: $ man -Tps una_qualche_paginaman | lpr

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: $ man -Tps some_manpage | mpage -2 | lpr
it: $ man -Tps una_qualche_paginaman | mpage -2 | lpr

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The second example prints 2 pages on one sheet.
it: Il secondo esempio stampa 2 pagine in un foglio.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Creating a manual page
it: Creare una pagina di manuale

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Although writing a manual page (manpage) in the plain <ulink url="&troff;">troff</ulink> format is possible, there are few helper packages to create it.
it: Benché sia possibile scrivere una pagina di manuale (pagina man) in formato <ulink url="&troff;">troff</ulink> semplice, ci sono alcuni pacchetti di aiuto per farlo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of packages to help creating the manpage
it: Elenco di pacchetti che aiutano a creare una pagina man

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: SGML→manpage
it: SGML→paginaman

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: converter from DocBook SGML into roff man macros
it: convertitore da SGML DocDook in macro roff man

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: text→manpage
it: testo→paginaman

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: automatic manpage generator from --help
it: generatore automatico di pagine man da --help

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: info→manpage
it: info→paginaman

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: converter from GNU info to POD or man pages
it: convertitore da GNU info a POD o pagine man

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: convert flat ASCII text to man page format
it: converte testo in puro ASCII nel formato delle pagine man

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: The mail data conversion
it: Conversione dei dati di posta

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The following packages for the mail data conversion caught my eyes.
it: Quelli che seguono sono pacchetti per la conversione dei dati di posta che hanno attirato la mia attenzione.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of packages to help mail data conversion
it: Elenco di pacchetto che aiutano a convertire dati di posta

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: mail
it: posta

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: encoder and decoder <ulink url="&mime;">MIME</ulink> messages: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mpack</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>munpack</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
it: codificatore e decodificatore di messaggi<ulink url="&mime;">MIME</ulink>: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mpack</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> e <citerefentry><refentrytitle>munpack</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: unpacking <ulink url="&mime;">MIME</ulink> attachments of type "application/ms-tnef" which is a Microsoft only format
it: spacchettamento di allegati <ulink url="&mime;">MIME</ulink> di tipo "application/ms-tnef" che è un formato esclusivo di Microsoft

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: encoder and decoder for the following formats: <ulink url="&uuencode;">uuencode</ulink>, <ulink url="&xxencode;">xxencode</ulink>, <ulink url="&basege;">BASE64</ulink>, <ulink url="&quotedprintable;">quoted printable</ulink>, and <ulink url="&binhex;">BinHex</ulink>
it: codificatore e decodificatore per i seguenti formati: <ulink url="&uuencode;">uuencode</ulink>, <ulink url="&xxencode;">xxencode</ulink>, <ulink url="&basege;">BASE64</ulink>, <ulink url="&quotedprintable;">quoted printable</ulink> e <ulink url="&binhex;">BinHex</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: convert Microsoft <ulink url="&outlookpstfiles;">Outlook PST files</ulink> to <ulink url="&mbox;">mbox</ulink> format
it: converte <ulink url="&outlookpstfiles;">file PST di Outlook</ulink> di Microsoft nel formato <ulink url="&mbox;">mbox</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
en: The <ulink url="&internetmessageaccessprotocol;">Internet Message Access Protocol</ulink> version 4 (IMAP4) server (see <xref linkend="_pop3_imap4_server"/>) may be used to move mails out from proprietary mail systems if the mail client software can be configured to use IMAP4 server too.
it: Se il software del programma di posta può essere configurato per usarlo, anche il server <ulink url="&internetmessageaccessprotocol;">IMAP</ulink>4  (Internet Message Access Protocol, versione 4) (vedere <xref linkend="_pop3_imap4_server"/>) può essere usato per spostare la posta da sistemi proprietari.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Mail data basics
it: Nozioni di base sui dati di posta

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Mail (<ulink url="&smtp;">SMTP</ulink>) data should be limited to 7 bit.  So binary data and 8 bit text data are encoded into 7 bit format with the <ulink url="&multipurposeinteilextensionsmime;">Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME)</ulink> and the selection of the charset (see <xref linkend="_basics_of_encoding"/>).
it: I dati di posta (<ulink url="&smtp;">SMTP</ulink>) dovrebbero essere limitati ai dati a 7 bit. Perciò dati binari e testi a 8 bit sono codificati in un formato a 7 bit con <ulink url="&multipurposeinteilextensionsmime;">MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions)</ulink> e la selezione del set di caratteri (vedere <xref linkend="_basics_of_encoding"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The standard mail storage format is mbox formatted according to <ulink url="&rfcciccupdatedrfcicc;">RFC2822 (updated RFC822)</ulink>.  See <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mbox</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> (provided by the <literal>mutt</literal> package).
it: Il formato standard per l'archiviazione della posta è mbox strutturato seguendo la <ulink url="&rfcciccupdatedrfcicc;">RFC2822 (che aggiorna RFC822)</ulink>. Vedere <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mbox</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> (fornito dal pacchetto <literal>mutt</literal>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For European languages, "<literal>Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable</literal>" with the ISO-8859-1 charset is usually used for mail since there are not much 8 bit characters. If European text is encoded in UTF-8, "<literal>Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable</literal>" is likely to be used since it is mostly 7 bit data.
it: Per le lingue europee, per la posta viene di solito usato "<literal>Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable</literal>" con il set di caratteri ISO-8859-1 dato che non ci sono molti caratteri a 8 bit. Se il testo europeo è codificato in UTF-8, è probabile venga usato "<literal>Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable</literal>" dato che sono per la maggior parte dati a 7 bit.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For Japanese, traditionally "<literal>Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-2022-JP</literal>" is usually used for mail to keep text in 7 bits.  But older Microsoft systems may send mail data in Shift-JIS without proper declaration.  If Japanese text is encoded in UTF-8, <ulink url="&basege;">Base64</ulink> is likely to be used since it contains many 8 bit data.  The situation of other Asian languages is similar.
it: Per il giapponese, per la posta viene tradizionalmente usato "<literal>Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-2022-JP</literal>" per mantenere il testo a 7 bit. Ma sistemi Microsoft più vecchi possono inviare dati di posta in Shift-JIS senza una dichiarazione appropriata. Se il testo giapponese è codificato in UTF-8, è probabile venga usato <ulink url="&basege;">Base64</ulink> dato che contiene molti dati a 8 bit. La situazione delle altre lingue asiatiche è simile.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: If your non-Unix mail data is accessible by a non-Debian client software which can talk to the IMAP4 server, you may be able to move them out by running your own IMAP4 server (see <xref linkend="_pop3_imap4_server"/>).
it: Se i dati di posta non-Unix sono accessibili da un software di posta non-Debian che può comunicare con il server IMAP4, potrebbe essere possibile spostarli eseguendo un proprio server IMAP4 (vedere <xref linkend="_pop3_imap4_server"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: If you use other mail storage formats, moving them to mbox format is the good first step.  The versatile client program such as <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mutt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> may be handy for this.
it: Se si usano altri formati di archiviazione, spostarli nel formato mbox è un buon primo passo. Un versatile programma client come <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mutt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> può essere di aiuto in questo caso.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can split mailbox contents to each message using <citerefentry><refentrytitle>procmail</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>formail</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
it: Si può suddividere il contenuto di una casella di posta nei singoli messaggi usando <citerefentry><refentrytitle>procmail</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> e <citerefentry><refentrytitle>formail</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Each mail message can be unpacked using <citerefentry><refentrytitle>munpack</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> from the <literal>mpack</literal> package (or other specialized tools) to obtain the MIME encoded contents.
it: Ciascun messaggio di posta può essere spachettato usando <citerefentry><refentrytitle>munpack</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, dal pacchetto <literal>mpack</literal>, (o con altri strumenti specializzati) per ottenere i contenuti codificati MIME.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Graphic data tools
it: Strumenti per dati grafici

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The following packages for the graphic data conversion, editing, and organization tools caught my eyes.
it: Quelli che seguono sono pacchetti per la conversione, la modifica e l'organizzazione di dati grafici che hanno attirato la mia attenzione.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of graphic data tools
it: Elenco di strumenti per dati grafici

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: image(bitmap)
it: immagine(bitmap)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: GNU Image Manipulation Program
it: GNU Image Manipulation Program, programma GNU di manipolazione di immagini

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: image manipulation programs
it: programmi di manipolazione immagini

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: image manipulation programs (folk of <literal>imagemagick</literal>)
it: programmi di manipolazione di immagini (fork di <literal>imagemagick</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: GTK+-based X11 frontend for SANE (Scanner Access Now Easy)
it: frontend X11 basato su GTK+ per SANE (Scanner Access Now Easy)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: graphics conversion tools
it: strumenti di conversione di dati grafici

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: convert <ulink url="&mswindowsiconsanndfrompngformats;">MS Windows icons and cursors to and from PNG formats</ulink> (<ulink url="&faviconico;">favicon.ico</ulink>)
it: converte <ulink url="&mswindowsiconsanndfrompngformats;">icone e puntatori MS Windows da e verso il formato PNG</ulink> (<ulink url="&faviconico;">favicon.ico</ulink>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&scribus;">Scribus</ulink> DTP editor
it: editor DTP <ulink url="&scribus;">Scribus</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: image(vector)
it: immagine(vettoriale)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: LibreOffice office suite - drawing
it: suite per ufficio LibreOffice - disegno

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&svgscalablevectorgraphics;">SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics)</ulink> editor
it: editor <ulink url="&svgscalablevectorgraphics;">SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics)</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: diagram editor (GNOME)
it: editor di diagrammi (GNOME)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: diagram editor (Gtk)
it: editor di diagrammi (Gtk)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: facility for Interactive Generation of figures under X11
it: strumento per la generazione interattiva di figure in X11

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: ps/pdf→image(vector)
it: ps/pdf→immagine(vettoriale)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: PostScript and PDF files to editable vector graphics converter (SVG)
it: convertitore di file PostScript e PDF in grafica vettoriale modificabile (SVG)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Windows/image(vector)
it: Windows/immagine(vettoriale)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Windows metafile (vector graphic data) conversion tools
it: strumenti di conversione di metafile windows (dati di grafica vettoriale)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: fig→sxd(vector)
it: fig→sxd(vettoriale)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: convert XFig files to OpenOffice.org Draw format
it: converte file XFig nel formato di Draw di OpenOffice.org

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: image→image
it: immagine→immagine

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: post-processing tool for scanned pages for <ulink url="&ocr;">OCR</ulink>
it: strumento di post-elaborazione per pagine scansionate per <ulink url="&ocr;">OCR</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: image→text
it: immagine→testo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: free <ulink url="&ocr;">OCR</ulink> software based on the HP's commercial OCR engine
it: software <ulink url="&ocr;">OCR</ulink> libero basato sul motore OCR commerciale di HP

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: OCR engine data: tesseract-ocr language files for English text
it: dati per motore OCR: file di lingua tesseract-ocr per testi in inglese

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: free OCR software
it: software OCR libero

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: image(Exif)
it: immagine(Exif)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: manipulate digital camera photo files (GNOME) - GUI
it: manipola file da fotocamere digitali (GNOME) - interfaccia utente grafica

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: manipulate digital camera photo files (GNOME) - command line
it: manipola file da fotocamere digitali (GNOME) - interfaccia a riga di comando

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: manipulate digital camera photo files (KDE)
it: manipola file da fotocamere digitali (KDE)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: manipulate the non-image part of Exif compliant JPEG (digital camera photo) files
it: manipola la parte non-immagine di file JPEG (fotografie digitali) aderenti conformi ad Exif

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: command-line utility to show EXIF information in JPEG files
it: utilità a riga di comando per mostrare informazioni EXIF in file JPEG

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: utility to read Exif tags from a digital camera JPEG file
it: utilità per leggere i tag EXIF da un file JPEG di una fotocamera digitale

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: transform digital camera jpeg images
it: trasforma immagini JPEG di fotocamere digitali

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: read metadata from digital pictures
it: legge metadati da immagini digitali

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: image(Raw)→ppm
it: immagine(Raw)→ppm

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: decode raw digital camera images
it: decodifica immagini raw di fotocamere digitali

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: image→fingerprint
it: immagine→fingerprint

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: find visually similar or duplicate images
it: trova immagini simili visivamente o duplicati

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: merge images to increase fidelity or create mosaics
it: fonde immagini per migliorarne la fedeltà o creare mosaici

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: image(Exif)→html
it: immagine(Exif)→html

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: generate static HTML galleries from images
it: genera gallerie HTML statiche da immagini

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: personal photo management application (GNOME)
it: applicazione per la gestione di fotografie personali (GNOME)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: generate static HTML photo albums using XML and EXIF tags
it: genera album fotografici HTML statici usando XML e i tag EXIF

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: generate browsable HTML photo albums with thumbnails
it: genera album fotografici HTML navigabili con miniature

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: universal <ulink url="&steganographic;">Steganographic</ulink> tool
it: strumento <ulink url="&steganographic;">steganografico</ulink> universale

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: CAD data editor (KDE)
it: editor di dati CAD (KDE)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: 3D content editor for animation etc
it: editor di contenuti 3D per animazioni, ecc.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: OpenGL based 3D model editor
it: editor di modelli 3D basato su OpenGL

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: metapackage for open font design
it: metapacchetto per creazione di tipi di caratteri open

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: font editor for PS, TrueType and OpenType fonts
it: editor di tipi di carattere per caratteri PS, TrueType e OpenType

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: program for <emphasis role="strong">gridfitting</emphasis> and <emphasis role="strong">hinting</emphasis> TrueType fonts
it: programa per il <emphasis role="strong">gridfitting</emphasis> e l'<emphasis role="strong">hinting</emphasis> di tipi di carattere TrueType

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
en: Search more image tools using regex "<literal>~Gworks-with::image</literal>" in <citerefentry><refentrytitle>aptitude</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> (see <xref linkend="_search_method_options_with_aptitude"/>).
it: Cercare ulteriori strumenti per le immagini usando l'espressione regolare "<literal>~Gworks-with::image</literal>" in <citerefentry><refentrytitle>aptitude</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> (vedere <xref linkend="_search_method_options_with_aptitude"/>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Although GUI programs such as <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gimp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> are very powerful, command line tools such as <citerefentry><refentrytitle>imagemagick</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> are quite useful for automating image manipulation with the script.
it: Sebbene programmi con interfaccia utente grafica come <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gimp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> siano molto potenti, strumenti a riga di comando come <citerefentry><refentrytitle>imagemagick</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> sono piuttosto utili per manipolare in modo automatico immagini con script.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The de facto image file format of the digital camera is the <ulink url="&exchangeableimagefileformat;">Exchangeable Image File Format</ulink> (EXIF) which is the <ulink url="&jpeg;">JPEG</ulink> image file format with additional metadata tags.  It can hold information such as date, time, and camera settings.
it: Il formato standard di fatto per i file immagini delle fotocamere digitali è <ulink url="&exchangeableimagefileformat;">EXIF (Exchangeable Image File Format) </ulink> che è il formato per file immagine <ulink url="&jpeg;">JPEG</ulink> con tag aggiuntivi con metadati. Può contenere informazioni come la data, l'orario e le impostazioni della fotocamera.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: <ulink url="&thelempelzivwelcsdatacompression;">The Lempel-Ziv-Welch (LZW) lossless data compression</ulink> patent has been expired.  <ulink url="&graphicsinterchangeformatgif;">Graphics Interchange Format (GIF)</ulink> utilities which use the LZW compression method are now freely available on the Debian system.
it: I diritti sulla <ulink url="&thelempelzivwelcsdatacompression;">compressione senza perdita di dati Lempel-Ziv-Welch (LZW) </ulink> sono scaduti. Le utilità <ulink url="&graphicsinterchangeformatgif;">GIF (Graphics Interchange Format)</ulink> che usano il metodo di compressione LZW sono ora disponibili liberamente sul sistema Debian.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><tip><para>
en: Any digital camera or scanner with removable recording media works with Linux through <ulink url="&usbstorage;">USB storage</ulink> readers since it follows the <ulink url="&designruleforcamerafilesystem;">Design rule for Camera Filesystem</ulink> and uses <ulink url="&fat;">FAT</ulink> filesystem. See <xref linkend="_removable_storage_device"/>.
it: Qualsiasi fotocamera digitale o scanner con un supporto di archiviazione removibile funziona in Linux attraverso i lettori di <ulink url="&usbstorage;">archiviazione USB</ulink> dato che segue le <ulink url="&designruleforcamerafilesystem;">regole progettuali per i file system delle fotocamere</ulink> e usa il file system <ulink url="&fat;">FAT</ulink>. Vedere <xref linkend="_removable_storage_device"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Miscellaneous data conversion
it: Conversioni di dati vari

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: There are many other programs for converting data. Following packages caught my eyes using regex "<literal>~Guse::converting</literal>" in <citerefentry><refentrytitle>aptitude</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> (see <xref linkend="_search_method_options_with_aptitude"/>).
it: Ci sono molti altri programmi per convertire dati. I pacchetti seguenti, trovati usando l'espressione regolare "<literal>~Guse::converting</literal>" in <citerefentry><refentrytitle>aptitude</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> (vedere <xref linkend="_search_method_options_with_aptitude"/>), hanno catturato la mia attenzione.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of miscellaneous data conversion tools
it: Elenco di strumenti di conversione di dati vari

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: converter for the foreign package into the Debian package
it: convertitore di pacchetti estranei in pacchetti Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: converter from "Electric Book" (popular in Japan) to a single <ulink url="&jisxeaib;">JIS X 4081</ulink> format (a subset of the <ulink url="&epwing;">EPWING</ulink> V1)
it: convertitore da "Electric Book" (popolare in Giappone) in un singolo formato <ulink url="&jisxeaib;">JIS X 4081</ulink> (un sottoinsieme di <ulink url="&epwing;">EPWING</ulink> V1)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: You can also extract data from RPM format with the following.
it: Si possono estrarre i dati dal formato RPM anche nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
en: Programming
it: Programmazione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
en: I provide some pointers for people to learn programming on the Debian system enough to trace the packaged source code.  Here are notable packages and corresponding documentation packages for programing.
it: Vengono forniti in questo capitolo alcune informazioni base da cui partire per imparare a programmare su un sistema Debian abbastanza da seguire il codice sorgente impacchettato. Quello che segue è un elenco dei pacchetti importanti per la programmazione e dei corrispettivi pacchetti di documentazione.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><title>
en: List of packages to help programing
it: Elenco di pacchetti di aiuto per la programmazione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: documentation
it: documentazione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: "<literal>info autoconf</literal>" provided by <literal>autoconf-doc</literal>
it: "<literal>info autoconf</literal>" fornito da <literal>autoconf-doc</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: "<literal>info automake</literal>" provided by <literal>automake1.10-doc</literal>
it: "<literal>info automake</literal>" fornito da <literal>automake1.10-doc</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: "<literal>info bash</literal>" provided by <literal>bash-doc</literal>
it: "<literal>info bash</literal>" fornito da <literal>bash-doc</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: "<literal>info bison</literal>" provided by <literal>bison-doc</literal>
it: "<literal>info bison</literal>" fornito da <literal>bison-doc</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: "<literal>info cpp</literal>" provided by <literal>cpp-doc</literal>
it: "<literal>info cpp</literal>" fornito da <literal>cpp-doc</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: "<literal>info ddd</literal>" provided by <literal>ddd-doc</literal>
it: "<literal>info ddd</literal>" fornito da <literal>ddd-doc</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: "<literal>info flex</literal>" provided by <literal>flex-doc</literal>
it: "<literal>info flex</literal>" fornito da <literal>flex-doc</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: "<literal>info gawk</literal>" provided by <literal>gawk-doc</literal>
it: "<literal>info gawk</literal>" fornito da <literal>gawk-doc</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: "<literal>info gcc</literal>" provided by <literal>gcc-doc</literal>
it: "<literal>info gcc</literal>" fornito da <literal>gcc-doc</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: "<literal>info gdb</literal>" provided by <literal>gdb-doc</literal>
it: "<literal>info gdb</literal>" fornito da <literal>gdb-doc</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: "<literal>info gettext</literal>" provided by <literal>gettext-doc</literal>
it: "<literal>info gettext</literal>" fornito da <literal>gettext-doc</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: "<literal>info gfortran</literal>" provided by <literal>gfortran-doc</literal> (Fortran 95)
it: "<literal>info gfortran</literal>" fornito da <literal>gfortran-doc</literal> (Fortran 95)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>fpc</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> and html by <literal>fp-docs</literal> (Pascal)
it: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>fpc</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> e html forniti da <literal>fp-docs</literal> (Pascal)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: help provided via menu (UI Builder)
it: aiuto fornito attraverso menu (compilatore UI)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: "<literal>info libc</literal>" provided by <literal>glibc-doc</literal> and <literal>glibc-doc-reference</literal>
it: "<literal>info libc</literal>" fornito da  <literal>glibc-doc</literal> e <literal>glibc-doc-reference</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: "<literal>info make</literal>" provided by <literal>make-doc</literal>
it: "<literal>info make</literal>" fornito da <literal>make-doc</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>imake</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>xmkmf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, etc.
it: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>imake</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>xmkmf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, ecc.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>perl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> and html pages provided by <literal>perl-doc</literal> and <literal>perl-doc-html</literal>
it: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>perl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> e pagine html forniti da <literal>perl-doc</literal> e <literal>perl-doc-html</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>python</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> and html pages provided by <literal>python-doc</literal>
it: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>python</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> e pagine html forniti da <literal>python-doc</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tcl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry> and detail manual pages provided by <literal>tcl8.4-doc</literal>
it: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tcl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry> e pagine dettagliate del manuale forniti da <literal>tcl8.4-doc</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tk</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry> and detail manual pages provided by <literal>tk8.4-doc</literal>
it: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tk</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry> e pagine dettagliate di manuale forniti da <literal>tk8.4-doc</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ruby</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> and interactive reference provided by <literal>ri</literal>
it: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ruby</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> e guida interattiva di riferimento forniti da <literal>ri</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: help(F1) menu provided by <literal>vim-doc</literal>
it: menu di aiuto(F1) fornito da <literal>vim-doc</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: fetch "<ulink url="&thesingleunixspecificationsvc;">The Single Unix Specifications v2</ulink>"
it: scarica le specifiche "<ulink url="&thesingleunixspecificationsvc;">The Single Unix Specifications v2</ulink>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: fetch "<ulink url="&thesingleunixspecificationsvd;">The Single Unix Specifications v3</ulink>"
it: scarica le specifiche "<ulink url="&thesingleunixspecificationsvd;">The Single Unix Specifications v3</ulink>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
en: Online references are available by typing "<literal>man name</literal>" after installing <literal>manpages</literal> and <literal>manpages-dev</literal> packages. Online references for the GNU tools are available by typing "<literal>info program_name</literal>" after installing the pertinent documentation packages.  You may need to include the <literal>contrib</literal> and <literal>non-free</literal> archives in addition to the <literal>main</literal> archive since some GFDL documentations are not considered to be DFSG compliant.
it: Guide di riferimento in linea sono disponibili digitando "<literal>man nome</literal>" dopo aver installato i pacchetti <literal>manpages</literal> e <literal>manpages-dev</literal>. Le guide di riferimento in linea per gli strumenti GNU sono disponibili digitando "<literal>info nome_programma</literal>", dopo aver installato i pertinenti pacchetti di documentazione. Può essere necessario includere gli archivi "<literal>contrib</literal> e <literal>non-free</literal>, oltre all'archivio <literal>main</literal>, dato che alcune documentazioni GFDL non sono considerate conformi alle DFSG.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><warning><para>
en: Do not use "<literal>test</literal>" as the name of an executable test file.  "<literal>test</literal>" is a shell builtin.
it: Non usare "<literal>test</literal>" come nome di un file di prova eseguibile. "<literal>test</literal>" è un comando interno della shell.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><caution><para>
en: You should install software programs directly compiled from source into "<literal>/usr/local</literal>" or "<literal>/opt</literal>" to avoid collision with system programs.
it: I programmi software compilati direttamente dai sorgenti andrebbero installati in "<literal>/usr/local</literal>" o "<literal>/opt</literal>" per evitare conflitti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><tip><para>
en: <ulink url="&codeexamplesofcrgjjbottlesofbeer;">Code examples of creating "Song 99 Bottles of Beer"</ulink> should give you good idea of practically all the programming languages.
it: <ulink url="&codeexamplesofcrgjjbottlesofbeer;">Esempi di codice per creare la "Canzone 99 bottiglie di birra"</ulink> dovrebbe dare una buona idea di praticamente tutti i linguaggi di programmazione.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: The shell script
it: Script shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The <ulink url="&shellscript;">shell script</ulink> is a text file with the execution bit set and contains the commands in the following format.
it: Uno <ulink url="&shellscript;">script di shell</ulink> è un file di testo con il bit di esecuzione impostato e contiene i comandi nel formato seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><screen>
en: #!/bin/sh
     ... command lines
it: #!/bin/sh
     ... righe di comando

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The first line specifies the shell interpreter which read and execute this file contents.
it: La prima riga specifica l'interprete di shell che legge ed esegue il contenuto di questo file.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Reading shell scripts is the <emphasis role="strong">best</emphasis> way to understand how a Unix-like system works.  Here, I give some pointers and reminders for shell programming. See "Shell Mistakes" (<ulink url="&httpwwwgreenendokcaabaeshellhtml;">http://www.greenend.org.uk/rjk/2001/04/shell.html</ulink>) to learn from mistakes.
it: Leggere script di shell è il modo <emphasis role="strong">migliore</emphasis> per capire come funzioni un sistema *nix. In questa sezione vengono forniti alcune nozioni di riferimento e promemoria per la programmazione di shell. Vedere "Errori in shell" (<ulink url="&httpwwwgreenendokcaabaeshellhtml;">http://www.greenend.org.uk/rjk/2001/04/shell.html</ulink>) per imparare dagli errori.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Unlike shell interactive mode (see <xref linkend="_the_simple_shell_command"/> and <xref linkend="_unix_like_text_processing"/>), shell scripts frequently use parameters, conditionals, and loops.
it: A differenza della modalità interattiva della shell (vedere <xref linkend="_the_simple_shell_command"/> e <xref linkend="_unix_like_text_processing"/>), gli script di shell usano spesso parametri, costrutti condizionali e cicli.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: POSIX shell compatibility
it: Compatibilità con la shell POSIX

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Many system scripts may be interpreted by any one of <ulink url="&posix;">POSIX</ulink> shells (see <xref linkend="list-of-shell-programs"/>).  The default shell for the system is "<literal>/bin/sh</literal>" which is a symlink pointing to the actual program.
it: Molti script di sistema possono essere interpretati da una qualsiasi delle shell <ulink url="&posix;">POSIX</ulink> (vedere <xref linkend="list-of-shell-programs"/>). La shell predefinita per il sistema è "<literal>/bin/sh</literal>" che è un collegamento simbolico che punta al programma reale.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>bash</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> for <literal>lenny</literal> or older
it: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>bash</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> per <literal>lenny</literal> o precedenti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dash</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> for <literal>squeeze</literal> or newer
it: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dash</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> per <literal>squeeze</literal> o successivi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Avoid writing a shell script with <emphasis role="strong">bashisms</emphasis> or <emphasis role="strong">zshisms</emphasis> to make it portable among all POSIX shells.  You can check it using <citerefentry><refentrytitle>checkbashisms</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
it: Evitare di scrivere uno script di shell con <emphasis role="strong">bashismi</emphasis> o <emphasis role="strong">zshismi</emphasis> per renderlo portabile tra tutte le shell POSIX. Si può controllare uno script con <citerefentry><refentrytitle>checkbashisms</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of typical bashisms
it: Elenco di bashismi tipici

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: Good: POSIX
it: Buono: POSIX

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: Avoid: bashism
it: Da evitare: bashismo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>if [ "$foo" = "$bar" ] ; then …</literal>
it: <literal>if [ "$pippo" = "$pluto" ] ; then …</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>if [ "$foo" == "$bar" ] ; then …</literal>
it: <literal>if [ "$pippo" == "$pluto" ] ; then …</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>mkdir /foobar /foobaz</literal>
it: <literal>mkdir /pippopluto /pippopaperino</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>mkdir /foo{bar,baz}</literal>
it: <literal>mkdir /pippo{pluto,paperino}</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>funcname() { … }</literal>
it: <literal>nomefunzione() { … }</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>function funcname() { … }</literal>
it: <literal>function nomefunzione() { … }</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: octal format: "<literal>\377</literal>"
it: formato ottale: "<literal>\377</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: hexadecimal format: "<literal>\xff</literal>"
it: formato esadecimale: "<literal>\xff</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The "<literal>echo</literal>" command must be used with following cares since its implementation differs among shell builtin and external commands.
it: Il comando "<literal>echo</literal>" deve essere usato con le precauzioni seguenti dato che la sua implementazione è diversa negli svariati comandi interni della shell ed esterni.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Avoid using command option "<literal>-e</literal>" and "<literal>-E</literal>".
it: Evitare l'uso delle opzioni di comando "<literal>-e</literal>" e "<literal>-E</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Avoid using any command options except "<literal>-n</literal>".
it: Evitare l'uso di qualsiasi opzione di comando tranne "<literal>-n</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Avoid using escape sequences in the string since their handling varies.
it: Evitare l'uso di sequenze di escape nelle stringhe dato che la loro gestione è variabile.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: Although "<literal>-n</literal>" option is <emphasis role="strong">not</emphasis> really POSIX syntax, it is generally accepted.
it: Sebbene l'opzione "<literal>-n</literal>" <emphasis role="strong">non</emphasis> faccia veramente parte della sintassi POSIX, è generalmente accettata.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Use the "<literal>printf</literal>" command instead of the "<literal>echo</literal>" command if you need to embed escape sequences in the output string.
it: Se è necessario inserire sequenze di escape nella stringa in output, usare il comando "<literal>printf</literal>" al posto del comando "<literal>echo</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Shell parameters
it: Parametri di shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Special shell parameters are frequently used in the shell script.
it: Negli script di shell vengono spesso usati parametri speciali.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of shell parameters
it: Elenco di parametri di shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: shell parameter
it: parametro di shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: value
it: valore

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: name of the shell or shell script
it: nome della shell o dello script di shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: first(1) shell argument
it: primo (1) argomento di shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: ninth(9) shell argument
it: nono (9) argomento di shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: number of positional parameters
it: numero di parametri posizionali

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: exit status of the most recent command
it: stato d'uscita del comando più recente

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: PID of this shell script
it: PID dello script di shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: PID of most recently started background job
it: PID del compito sullo sfondo avviato più recentemente

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Basic <emphasis role="strong">parameter expansions</emphasis> to remember are followings.
it: Le nozioni base da ricordare riguardanti la <emphasis role="strong">espansione dei parametri</emphasis> sono le seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of shell parameter expansions
it: Elenco di espansioni di parametri di shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: parameter expression form
it: forma della espressione con parametri

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: value if <literal>var</literal> is set
it: valore se <literal>var</literal> è impostata

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: value if <literal>var</literal> is not set
it: valore se <literal>var</literal> non è impostata

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>${var:-string}</literal>
it: <literal>${var:-stringa}</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: "<literal>string</literal>"
it: "<literal>stringa</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>${var:+string}</literal>
it: <literal>${var:+stringa}</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>${var:=string}</literal>
it: <literal>${var:=stringa}</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: "<literal>string</literal>" (and run "<literal>var=string</literal>")
it: "<literal>stringa</literal>" (ed esegue "<literal>var=stringa</literal>")

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: echo "<literal>string</literal>" to <emphasis role="strong">stderr</emphasis> (and exit with error)
it: invia con echo "<literal>stringa</literal>" allo <emphasis role="strong">stderr</emphasis> (ed esce con stato di errore)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here, the colon "<literal>:</literal>" in all of these operators is actually optional.
it: I due punti "<literal>:</literal>" in tutti gli operatori nell'elenco precedente sono di fatto opzionali.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">with</emphasis> "<literal>:</literal>" = operator test for <emphasis role="strong">exist</emphasis> and <emphasis role="strong">not null</emphasis>
it: <emphasis role="strong">con</emphasis> "<literal>:</literal>" l'operatore = controlla che il suo operando <emphasis role="strong">esista</emphasis> e sia <emphasis role="strong">non nullo</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">without</emphasis> "<literal>:</literal>" = operator test for <emphasis role="strong">exist</emphasis> only
it: <emphasis role="strong">senza</emphasis> "<literal>:</literal>" l'operatore = controlla solo che il suo operando <emphasis role="strong">esista</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of key shell parameter substitutions
it: Elenco di sostituzioni chiave di parametri di shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: parameter substitution form
it: forma della sostituzione di parametri

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: result
it: risultato

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>${var%suffix}</literal>
it: <literal>${var%suffisso}</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: remove smallest suffix pattern
it: rimuove il più piccolo modello di suffisso

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>${var%%suffix}</literal>
it: <literal>${var%%suffisso}</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: remove largest suffix pattern
it: rimuove il più grande modello di suffisso

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>${var#prefix}</literal>
it: <literal>${var#prefisso}</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: remove smallest prefix pattern
it: rimuove il più piccolo modello di prefisso

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>${var##prefix}</literal>
it: <literal>${var##prefisso}</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: remove largest prefix pattern
it: rimuove il più grande modello di prefisso

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Shell conditionals
it: Costrutti condizionali della shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Each command returns an <emphasis role="strong">exit status</emphasis> which can be used for conditional expressions.
it: Ogni comando restituisce uno <emphasis role="strong">stato di uscita</emphasis> che può essere usato in costrutti condizionali.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Success: 0 ("True")
it: Successo: 0 ("Vero")

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Error: non 0 ("False")
it: Errore: non 0 ("Falso")

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: "0" in the shell conditional context means "True", while "0" in the C conditional context means "False".
it: "0" nel contesto condizionale della shell significa "Vero", mentre "0" nel contesto condizionale in C significa "Falso".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: "<literal>[</literal>" is the equivalent of the <literal>test</literal> command, which evaluates its arguments up to "<literal>]</literal>" as a conditional expression.
it: "<literal>[</literal>" è l'equivalente del comando "<literal>test</literal> che valuta i propri argomenti sino a "<literal>]</literal>" come un'espressione condizionale.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Basic <emphasis role="strong">conditional idioms</emphasis> to remember are followings.
it: Le <emphasis role="strong">espressioni condizionali</emphasis> di base che è bene ricordare sono le seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>&lt;command&gt; &amp;&amp; &lt;if_success_run_this_command_too&gt; || true</literal>"
it: "<literal>&lt;comando&gt; &amp;&amp; &lt;se_successo_esegue_anche_questo_comando&gt; || true</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>&lt;command&gt; || &lt;if_not_success_run_this_command_too&gt; || true</literal>"
it: "<literal>&lt;comando&gt; || &lt;se_non_successo_esegue_anche_questo_comando&gt; || true</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: A multi-line script snippet as the following
it: Una porzione su più righe di script come la seguente

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: if [ &lt;conditional_expression&gt; ]; then
     &lt;if_success_run_this_command&gt;
    else
     &lt;if_not_success_run_this_command&gt;
    fi
it: if [ &lt;espressione_condizionale&gt; ]; then
     &lt;se_successo_esegue_questo_comando&gt;
    else
     &lt;se_non_successo_esegue_questo_comando&gt;
    fi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here trailing "<literal>|| true</literal>" was needed to ensure this shell script does not exit at this line accidentally when shell is invoked with "<literal>-e</literal>" flag.
it: In questo caso il "<literal>|| true</literal>" finale era necessario per assicurare che lo script non termini accidentalmente a tale riga quando la shell è invocata con l'opzione "<literal>-e</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of file comparison operators in the conditional expression
it: Elenco di operatori per paragonare file in espressioni condizionali

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: equation
it: equazione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: condition to return logical true
it: condizione perché venga restituito il valore logico "vero"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: &lt;file&gt; exists
it: &lt;file&gt; esiste

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: &lt;file&gt; exists and is a directory
it: &lt;file&gt; esiste ed è una directory

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: &lt;file&gt; exists and is a regular file
it: &lt;file&gt; esiste ed è un file regolare

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: &lt;file&gt; exists and is writable
it: &lt;file&gt; esiste ed è scrivibile

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: &lt;file&gt; exists and is executable
it: &lt;file&gt; esiste ed è eseguibile

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: &lt;file1&gt; is newer than &lt;file2&gt; (modification)
it: &lt;file1&gt; è più recente di &lt;file2&gt; (data di modifica)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: &lt;file1&gt; is older than &lt;file2&gt; (modification)
it: &lt;file1&gt; è più vecchio di &lt;file2&gt; (data di modifica)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: &lt;file1&gt; and &lt;file2&gt; are on the same device and the same inode number
it: &lt;file1&gt; e &lt;file2&gt; sono sullo stesso device e stesso numero inode

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of string comparison operators in the conditional expression
it: Elenco di operatori per paragonare stringhe in espressioni condizionali

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: the length of &lt;str&gt; is zero
it: la lunghezza di &lt;str&gt; è zero

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: the length of &lt;str&gt; is non-zero
it: la lunghezza di &lt;str&gt; è diversa da zero

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: &lt;str1&gt; and &lt;str2&gt; are equal
it: &lt;str1&gt; e &lt;str2&gt; sono uguali

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: &lt;str1&gt; and &lt;str2&gt; are not equal
it: &lt;str1&gt; e &lt;str2&gt; non sono uguali

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: &lt;str1&gt; sorts before &lt;str2&gt; (locale dependent)
it: se ordinate, &lt;str1&gt; viene prima di &lt;str2&gt; (dipendente dalla localizzazione)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: &lt;str1&gt; sorts after &lt;str2&gt; (locale dependent)
it: se ordinate, &lt;str1&gt; viene dopo di &lt;str2&gt; (dipendente dalla localizzazione)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">Arithmetic</emphasis> integer comparison operators in the conditional expression are "<literal>-eq</literal>", "<literal>-ne</literal>", "<literal>-lt</literal>", "<literal>-le</literal>", "<literal>-gt</literal>", and "<literal>-ge</literal>".
it: Gli operatori <emphasis role="strong">aritmetici</emphasis> di comparazione di interi nelle espressioni condizionali sono "<literal>-eq</literal>", "<literal>-ne</literal>", "<literal>-lt</literal>", "<literal>-le</literal>", "<literal>-gt</literal>" e "<literal>-ge</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Shell loops
it: Cicli di shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There are several loop idioms to use in POSIX shell.
it: Ci sono diverse espressioni per cicli usabili nella shell POSIX.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>for x in foo1 foo2 … ; do command ; done</literal>" loops by assigning items from the list "<literal>foo1 foo2 …</literal>" to variable "<literal>x</literal>" and executing "<literal>command</literal>".
it: "<literal>for x in pippo1 pippo2 … ; do comando ; done</literal>" ripete il ciclo assegnando gli elementi nell'elenco "<literal>pippo1 pippo2 …</literal>" alla variabile "<literal>x</literal>" ed eseguendo "<literal>comando</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>while condition ; do command ; done</literal>" repeats "<literal>command</literal>" while "<literal>condition</literal>" is true.
it: "<literal>while condizione ; do comando ; done</literal>" ripete "<literal>comando</literal>" fintanto che "<literal>condizione</literal>" è vera.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>until condition ; do command ; done</literal>" repeats "<literal>command</literal>" while "<literal>condition</literal>" is not true.
it: "<literal>until condizione ; do comando ; done</literal>" ripete "<literal>comando</literal>" fintanto che "<literal>condition</literal>" è non vera.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>break</literal>" enables to exit from the loop.
it: "<literal>break</literal>" permette di uscire dal ciclo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>continue</literal>" enables to resume the next iteration of the loop.
it: "<literal>continue</literal>" permette di riprendere dalla successiva iterazione del ciclo.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: The <ulink url="&c;">C</ulink>-language like numeric iteration can be realized by using <citerefentry><refentrytitle>seq</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> as the "<literal>foo1 foo2 …</literal>" generator.
it: L'iterazione numerica in stile linguaggio <ulink url="&c;">C</ulink> può essere realizzata usando <citerefentry><refentrytitle>seq</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> come "<literal>pippo1 pippo2 …</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: See <xref linkend="_repeating_a_command_looping_over_files"/>.
it: Vedere <xref linkend="_repeating_a_command_looping_over_files"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: The shell command-line processing sequence
it: La sequenza di elaborazione della riga di comando di shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The shell processes a script roughly as the following sequence.
it: A grandi linee la shell elabora uno script nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The shell reads a line.
it: La shell legge una riga.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The shell groups a part of the line as <emphasis role="strong">one token</emphasis> if it is within <literal>"…"</literal> or <literal>'…'</literal>.
it: La shell raggruppa parte della riga come <emphasis role="strong">un unico elemento</emphasis> se è racchiusa in <literal>"…"</literal> o <literal>'…'</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The shell splits other part of a line into <emphasis role="strong">tokens</emphasis> by the following.
it: La shell spezza le altre parti della riga in <emphasis role="strong">elementi</emphasis> in base ai caratteri seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Whitespaces: <literal>&lt;space&gt; &lt;tab&gt; &lt;newline&gt;</literal>
it: Spazi bianchi: <literal>&lt;spazio&gt; &lt;tabulazione&gt; &lt;a capo&gt;</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Metacharacters: <literal>&lt; &gt; | ; &amp; ( )</literal>
it: Metacaratteri: <literal>&lt; &gt; | ; &amp; ( )</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The shell checks the <emphasis role="strong">reserved word</emphasis> for each token to adjust its behavior if not within <literal>"…"</literal> or <literal>'…'</literal>.
it: La shell controlla, per ciascun elemento non racchiuso tra <literal>"…"</literal> o <literal>'…'</literal>, la presenza di <emphasis role="strong">parole riservate</emphasis> per regolare il proprio comportamento.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">reserved word</emphasis>: <literal>if then elif else fi for in while unless do done case esac</literal>
it: <emphasis role="strong">Parole riservate</emphasis>: <literal>if then elif else fi for in while unless do done case esac</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The shell expands <emphasis role="strong">alias</emphasis> if not within <literal>"…"</literal> or <literal>'…'</literal>.
it: La shell espande gli <emphasis role="strong">alias</emphasis> se non sono racchiusi in <literal>"…"</literal> o <literal>'…'</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The shell expands <emphasis role="strong">tilde</emphasis> if not within <literal>"…"</literal> or <literal>'…'</literal>.
it: La shell espande il carattere <emphasis role="strong">tilde</emphasis> se non è racchiuso in <literal>"…"</literal> o <literal>'…'</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>~</literal>" → current user's home directory
it: "<literal>~</literal>" → directory home dell'utente attuale

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>~&lt;user&gt;</literal>" → <literal>&lt;user&gt;</literal>'s home directory
it: "<literal>~&lt;utente&gt;</literal>" → directory home di <literal>&lt;utente&gt;</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The shell expands <emphasis role="strong">parameter</emphasis> to its value if not within <literal>'…'</literal>.
it: La shell espande <emphasis role="strong">parametri</emphasis> nei loro valori, se non sono racchiusi in <literal>'…'</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">parameter</emphasis>: "<literal>$PARAMETER</literal>" or "<literal>${PARAMETER}</literal>"
it: <emphasis role="strong">Parametro</emphasis>: "<literal>$PARAMETRO</literal>" o "<literal>${PARAMETRO}</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The shell expands <emphasis role="strong">command substitution</emphasis> if not within <literal>'…'</literal>.
it: La shell espande <emphasis role="strong">sostituzioni di comandi</emphasis>, se non sono racchiuse in <literal>'…'</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>$( command )</literal>" → the output of "<literal>command</literal>"
it: "<literal>$( comando )</literal>" → output di "<literal>comando</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>` command `</literal>" → the output of "<literal>command</literal>"
it: "<literal>` command `</literal>" → output di "<literal>comando</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The shell expands <emphasis role="strong">pathname glob</emphasis> to matching file names if not within <literal>"…"</literal> or <literal>'…'</literal>.
it: La shell espande <emphasis role="strong">glob di nomi percorso</emphasis> nei nomi di file corrispondenti, se non sono racchiusi in <literal>"…"</literal> o <literal>'…'</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>*</literal> → any characters
it: <literal>*</literal> → qualsiasi carattere

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>?</literal> → one character
it: <literal>?</literal> → un carattere

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>[…]</literal> → any one of the characters in "<literal>…</literal>"
it: <literal>[…]</literal> → uno qualunque dei caratteri in "<literal>…</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The shell looks up <emphasis role="strong">command</emphasis> from the following and execute it.
it: La shell cerca <emphasis role="strong">comando</emphasis> tra le cose seguenti e lo esegue.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">function</emphasis> definition
it: Definizione di <emphasis role="strong">funzione</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">builtin</emphasis> command
it: comando <emphasis role="strong">interno</emphasis>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <emphasis role="strong">executable file</emphasis> in "<literal>$PATH</literal>"
it: <emphasis role="strong">file eseguibile</emphasis> in "<literal>$PATH</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The shell goes to the next line and repeats this process again from the top of this sequence.
it: La shell si sposta alla riga seguente e ripete nuovamente questo processo dall'inizio di questa sequenza.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Single quotes within double quotes have no effect.
it: Virgolette singole all'interno di virgolette doppie non hanno alcun effetto.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Executing "<literal>set -x</literal>" in the shell or invoking the shell with "<literal>-x</literal>" option make the shell to print all of commands executed.  This is quite handy for debugging.
it: L'esecuzione di "<literal>set -x</literal>" nella shell o l'invocazione della shell con l'opzione "<literal>-x</literal>" fanno sì che la shell stampi tutti i comandi eseguiti. Ciò è piuttosto utile per il debug.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Utility programs for shell script
it: Programmi di utilità per script di shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: In order to make your shell program as portable as possible across Debian system, it is good idea to limit utility programs to ones provided by <emphasis role="strong">essential</emphasis> packages.
it: Per far sì che il proprio programma di shell sia il più portabile possibile tra i sistemi Debian, è una buona idea limitare i programmi di utilità a quelli forniti dai pacchetti <emphasis role="strong">essenziali</emphasis>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>aptitude search ~E</literal>" lists <emphasis role="strong">essential</emphasis> packages.
it: "<literal>aptitude search ~E</literal>" elenca i pacchetti <emphasis role="strong">essenziali</emphasis>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>dpkg -L &lt;package_name&gt; |grep '/man/man.*/'</literal>" lists manpages for commands offered by <literal>&lt;package_name&gt;</literal> package.
it: "<literal>dpkg -L &lt;nome_pacchetto&gt; |grep '/man/man.*/'</literal>" elenca le pagine man per i comandi forniti dal pacchetto <literal>&lt;nome_pacchetto&gt;</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of packages containing small utility programs for shell scripts
it: Elenco di pacchetti contenenti piccoli programmi di utilità per script di shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: GNU core utilities
it: Utilità GNU di base

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: miscellaneous utilities specific to Debian
it: utilità varie specifiche di Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: collection of more utilities from FreeBSD
it: raccolte di ulteriori utilità da FreeBSD

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: basic utilities from 4.4BSD-Lite
it: utilità di base per 4.4BSD-Lite

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: additional Unix utilities
it: utilità Unix aggiuntive

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Although <literal>moreutils</literal> may not exist ouside of Debian, it offers interesting small programs.  Most notable one is <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sponge</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> which is quite useful when you wish to overwrite original file.
it: Sebbene <literal>moreutils</literal> possa non esistere al di fuori di Debian, offre piccoli programmi interessanti. Quello più degno di nota è <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sponge</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> che piuttosto utile quando si desidera sovrascrivere il file originale.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Shell script dialog
it: Dialogo di script di shell

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The user interface of a simple shell program can be improved from dull interaction by <literal>echo</literal> and <literal>read</literal> commands to more interactive one by using one of the so-called dialog program etc.
it: L'interfaccia utente di un semplice programma shell può essere migliorata dalla banale interazione con i comandi <literal>echo</literal> e <literal>read</literal> ad una più interattiva con l'uso dei cosiddetti programmi di dialogo ecc.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of user interface programs
it: Elenco di programmi per interfaccia utente

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>xmessage</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>: display a message or query in a window (X)
it: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>xmessage</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>: mostra un messaggio o richiesta in una finestra (X)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: displays user-friendly dialog boxes from shell scripts (newt)
it: mostra riquadri di dialogo amichevoli da script di shell (newt)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: displays user-friendly dialog boxes from shell scripts (ncurses)
it: mostra riquadri di dialogo amichevoli da script di shell (ncurses)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: display graphical dialog boxes from shell scripts (gtk2.0)
it: mostra riquadri di dialogo grafici da script di shell (gtk2.0)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Shell Scripts Frontend Tool (wrapper for zenity, kdialog, and dialog with gettext)
it: Shell Scripts Frontend Tool, strumento per frontend per script di shell (contenitore per zenity, kdialog, e dialog con gettext)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: "<literal>/usr/bin/gettext.sh</literal>": translate message
it: "<literal>/usr/bin/gettext.sh</literal>": traduce messaggi

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Shell script example with zenity
it: Esempio di script di shell con zenity

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here is a simple script which creates ISO image with RS02 data supplemented by <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dvdisaster</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
it: Questo è un semplice script che crea un'immagine ISO con dati RS02 forniti da <citerefentry><refentrytitle>dvdisaster</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: #!/bin/sh -e
    # gmkrs02 : Copyright (C) 2007 Osamu Aoki &lt;osamu@debian.org&gt;, Public Domain
    #set -x
    error_exit()
    {
      echo "$1" &gt;&amp;2
      exit 1
    }
    # Initialize variables
    DATA_ISO="$HOME/Desktop/iso-$$.img"
    LABEL=$(date +%Y%m%d-%H%M%S-%Z)
    if [ $# != 0 ] &amp;&amp; [ -d "$1" ]; then
      DATA_SRC="$1"
    else
      # Select directory for creating ISO image from folder on desktop
      DATA_SRC=$(zenity --file-selection --directory  \
        --title="Select the directory tree root to create ISO image") \
        || error_exit "Exit on directory selection"
    fi
    # Check size of archive
    xterm -T "Check size $DATA_SRC" -e du -s $DATA_SRC/*
    SIZE=$(($(du -s $DATA_SRC | awk '{print $1}')/1024))
    if [ $SIZE -le 520 ] ; then
      zenity --info --title="Dvdisaster RS02" --width 640  --height 400 \
        --text="The data size is good for CD backup:\\n $SIZE MB"
    elif [ $SIZE -le 3500 ]; then
      zenity --info --title="Dvdisaster RS02" --width 640  --height 400 \
        --text="The data size is good for DVD backup :\\n $SIZE MB"
    else
      zenity --info --title="Dvdisaster RS02" --width 640  --height 400 \
        --text="The data size is too big to backup : $SIZE MB"
      error_exit "The data size is too big to backup :\\n $SIZE MB"
    fi
    # only xterm is sure to have working -e option
    # Create raw ISO image
    rm -f "$DATA_ISO" || true
    xterm -T "genisoimage $DATA_ISO" \
      -e genisoimage -r -J -V "$LABEL" -o "$DATA_ISO" "$DATA_SRC"
    # Create RS02 supplemental redundancy
    xterm -T "dvdisaster $DATA_ISO" -e  dvdisaster -i "$DATA_ISO" -mRS02 -c
    zenity --info --title="Dvdisaster RS02" --width 640  --height 400 \
      --text="ISO/RS02 data ($SIZE MB) \\n created at: $DATA_ISO"
    # EOF
it: #!/bin/sh -e
    # gmkrs02 : Copyright (C) 2007 Osamu Aoki &lt;osamu@debian.org&gt;, Public Domain
    #set -x
    error_exit()
    {
      echo "$1" &gt;&amp;2
      exit 1
    }
    # Inizializza le variabili
    DATA_ISO="$HOME/Desktop/iso-$$.img"
    LABEL=$(date +%Y%m%d-%H%M%S-%Z)
    if [ $# != 0 ] &amp;&amp; [ -d "$1" ]; then
      DATA_SRC="$1"
    else
      # Seleziona la directory per creare l'immagine ISO dalla cartella sul desktop
      DATA_SRC=$(zenity --file-selection --directory  \
        --title="Seleziona la radice dell'albero di directory per creare l'immagine ISO") \
        || error_exit "Uscita durante la selezione della directory"
    fi
    # Controlla la dimensione dell'archivio
    xterm -T "Controllo dimensione $DATA_SRC" -e du -s $DATA_SRC/*
    SIZE=$(($(du -s $DATA_SRC | awk '{print $1}')/1024))
    if [ $SIZE -le 520 ] ; then
      zenity --info --title="Dvdisaster RS02" --width 640  --height 400 \
        --text="La dimensione dei dati va bene per un CD di backup:\\n $SIZE MB"
    elif [ $SIZE -le 3500 ]; then
      zenity --info --title="Dvdisaster RS02" --width 640  --height 400 \
        --text="La dimensione dei dati va bene per un DVD di backup:\\n $SIZE MB"
    else
      zenity --info --title="Dvdisaster RS02" --width 640  --height 400 \
        --text="Dimensione dei dati troppo grande per farne il backup: $SIZE MB"
      error_exit "Dimensione dei dati troppo grande per farne il backup :\\n $SIZE MB"
    fi
    # solo xterm sicuramente ha un'opzione -e funzionante
    # Crea immagine raw ISO
    rm -f "$DATA_ISO" || true
    xterm -T "genisoimage $DATA_ISO" \
      -e genisoimage -r -J -V "$LABEL" -o "$DATA_ISO" "$DATA_SRC"
    # Crea dati ridondanti RS02 supplementari
    xterm -T "dvdisaster $DATA_ISO" -e  dvdisaster -i "$DATA_ISO" -mRS02 -c
    zenity --info --title="Dvdisaster RS02" --width 640  --height 400 \
      --text="dati ISO/RS02 ($SIZE MB) \\n creati per: $DATA_ISO"
    # EOF

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You may wish to create launcher on the desktop with command set something like "<literal>/usr/local/bin/gmkrs02 %d</literal>".
it: Si potrebbe voler creare un lanciatore sul desktop con un comando definito in modo simile a "<literal>/usr/local/bin/gmkrs02 %d</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: <ulink url="&make;">Make</ulink> is a utility to maintain groups of programs. Upon execution of <citerefentry><refentrytitle>make</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <literal>make</literal> read the rule file, "<literal>Makefile</literal>", and updates a target if it depends on prerequisite files that have been modified since the target was last modified, or if the target does not exist.  The execution of these updates may occur concurrently.
it: <ulink url="&make;">Make</ulink> è un'utilità per mantenere gruppi di programmi. Quando <citerefentry><refentrytitle>make</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> viene eseguito legge il file di regole, "<literal>Makefile</literal>" e aggiorna il file target se dipende da file prerequisiti che sono stati modificati dall'ultima volta che esso stesso è stato modificato oppure se il file target non esiste. L'esecuzione di questi aggiornamenti può avvenire in modo concorrente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The rule file syntax is the following.
it: La sintassi del file di regole è la seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><screen>
en: target: [ prerequisites ... ]
     [TAB]  command1
     [TAB]  -command2 # ignore errors
     [TAB]  @command3 # suppress echoing
it: target: [ prerequisiti ... ]
     [TAB]  comaando1
     [TAB]  -comando2 # ignora errori
     [TAB]  @comando3 # sopprime echo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Here "<literal> [TAB] </literal>" is a TAB code.  Each line is interpreted by the shell after make variable substitution.  Use "<literal>\</literal>" at the end of a line to continue the script.  Use "<literal>$$</literal>" to enter "<literal>$</literal>" for environment values for a shell script.
it: Qui "<literal> [TAB] </literal> è il codice di TAB. Ciascuna riga è interpretata dalla shell dopo la sostituzione delle variabili di make. Usare "<literal>\</literal>" alla fine di una riga per continuare lo script. Usare "<literal>$$</literal>" per inserire "<literal>$</literal>" per valori di ambiente per uno script di shell.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Implicit rules for the target and prerequisites can be written, for example, by the following.
it: Regole implicite per il target ed i prerequisiti possono essere scritte, per esempio, nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Here, the target contains the character "<literal>%</literal>" (exactly one of them). The "<literal>%</literal>" can match any nonempty substring in the actual target filenames. The prerequisites likewise use "<literal>%</literal>" to show how their names relate to the actual target name.
it: In questo caso il target contiene il carattere "<literal>%</literal>" (esattamente un carattere). Il "<literal>%</literal>" fa corrispondenza con qualsiasi sottostringa non vuota nei nomi di file dei target effettivi. Similmente i prerequisiti usano "<literal>%</literal>" per mostrare come i loro nomi trovino corrispondenza nei nomi dei target effettivi.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of make automatic variables
it: Elenco di variabili automatiche di make

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: automatic variable
it: variabile automatica

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: first prerequisite
it: primo prerequisito

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: all newer prerequisites
it: tutti i prerequisiti più recenti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: all prerequisites
it: tutti i prerequisiti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: "<literal>%</literal>" matched stem in the target pattern
it: "<literal>%</literal>" nome base con corrispondenza con il modello target

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of make variable expansions
it: Elenco di espansioni delle variabili di make

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: variable expansion
it: espansione di variabile

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>foo1 := bar</literal>
it: <literal>pippo1 := pluto</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: one-time expansion
it: espansione valida una volta sola

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>foo2 = bar</literal>
it: <literal>pippo2 = pluto</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: recursive expansion
it: espansione ricorsiva

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <literal>foo3 += bar</literal>
it: <literal>pippo3 += pluto</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: append
it: accoda

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Run "<literal>make -p -f/dev/null</literal>" to see automatic internal rules.
it: Eseguire "<literal>make -p -f/dev/null</literal>" per vedere le regole interne automatiche.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: You can set up proper environment to compile programs written in the <ulink url="&cprogramminglanguage;">C programming language</ulink> by the following.
it: Si può impostare l'ambiente appropriato per compilare programmi scritti nel <ulink url="&cprogramminglanguage;">linguaggio di programmazione C</ulink> nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The <literal>libc6-dev</literal> package, i.e., GNU C Library, provides <ulink url="&cstandardlibrary;">C standard library</ulink> which is collection of header files and library routines used by the C programming language.
it: Il pacchetto <literal>libc6-dev</literal>, cioè la libreria GNU C, fornisce la <ulink url="&cstandardlibrary;">libreria standard C</ulink> che è una raccolta di file header e routine di libreria usati dal linguaggio di programmazione C.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: See references for C as the following.
it: Vedere come documenti di riferimento per C i seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>info libc</literal>" (C library function reference)
it: "<literal>info libc</literal>" (documento di riferimento per le funzioni della libreria C)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gcc</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> and "<literal>info gcc</literal>"
it: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gcc</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> e "<literal>info gcc</literal>"

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>each_C_library_function_name</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>
it: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ogni_nome_di_funzione_della_libreria_C</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Simple C program (gcc)
it: semplice programma in C (gcc)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: A simple example "<literal>example.c</literal>" can compiled with a library "<literal>libm</literal>" into an executable "<literal>run_example</literal>" by the following.
it: Un semplice esempio "<literal>esempio.c</literal>" può essere compilato con una libreria "<literal>libm</literal>" in un eseguibile "<literal>eseg_esempio</literal>" nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: $ cat &gt; example.c &lt;&lt; EOF
    #include &lt;stdio.h&gt;
    #include &lt;math.h&gt;
    #include &lt;string.h&gt;
    
    int main(int argc, char **argv, char **envp){
            double x;
            char y[11];
            x=sqrt(argc+7.5);
            strncpy(y, argv[0], 10); /* prevent buffer overflow */
            y[10] = '\0'; /* fill to make sure string ends with '\0' */
            printf("%5i, %5.3f, %10s, %10s\n", argc, x, y, argv[1]);
            return 0;
    }
    EOF
    $ gcc -Wall -g -o run_example example.c -lm
    $ ./run_example
            1, 2.915, ./run_exam,     (null)
    $ ./run_example 1234567890qwerty
            2, 3.082, ./run_exam, 1234567890qwerty
it: $ cat &gt; esempio.c &lt;&lt; EOF
    #include &lt;stdio.h&gt;
    #include &lt;math.h&gt;
    #include &lt;string.h&gt;
    
    int main(int argc, char **argv, char **envp){
            double x;
            char y[11];
            x=sqrt(argc+7.5);
            strncpy(y, argv[0], 10); /* previeni buffer overflow */
            y[10] = '\0'; /* riempi per assicurare che la stringa finisca con '\0' */
            printf("%5i, %5.3f, %10s, %10s\n", argc, x, y, argv[1]);
            return 0;
    }
    EOF
    $ gcc -Wall -g -o eseg_esempio esempio.c -lm
    $ ./eseg_esempio
            1, 2.915, ./run_exam,     (null)
    $ ./eseg_esempio 1234567890qwerty
            2, 3.082, ./run_exam, 1234567890qwerty

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Here, "<literal>-lm</literal>" is needed to link library "<literal>/usr/lib/libm.so</literal>" from the <literal>libc6</literal> package for <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sqrt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>.  The actual library is in "<literal>/lib/</literal>" with filename "<literal>libm.so.6</literal>", which is a symlink to "<literal>libm-2.7.so</literal>".
it: In questo esempio, l'uso di "<literal>-lm</literal>" è necessario per fare il link alla libreria "<literal>/usr/lib/libm.so</literal>" nel pacchetto <literal>libc6</literal> per <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sqrt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>. La libreria reale è in "<literal>/lib/</literal>" con nome file "<literal>libm.so.6</literal>", che è un collegamento simbolico a "<literal>libm-2.7.so</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Look at the last parameter in the output text.  There are more than 10 characters even though "<literal>%10s</literal>" is specified.
it: Si guardi l'ultimo elemento nel testo di output: ci sono più di 10 caratteri anche se è stato specificato "<literal>%10s</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The use of pointer memory operation functions without boundary checks, such as <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sprintf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry> and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>strcpy</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>, is deprecated to prevent buffer overflow exploits that leverage the above overrun effects.  Instead, use <citerefentry><refentrytitle>snprintf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry> and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>strncpy</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
it: L'uso di funzioni che operano su puntatori di memoria senza controlli sui limiti, come <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sprintf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry> e <citerefentry><refentrytitle>strcpy</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry> è deprecato per prevenire exploit di tipo buffer overflow che sfruttano gli effetti di superamento dei limiti di grandezza dei dati.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Debug is important part of programing activities.  Knowing how to debug programs makes you a good Debian user who can produce meaningful bug reports.
it: Il debug è un'importante fase del processo di programmazione. Sapere come fare il debug dei programmi rende buoni utenti Debian in grado di creare segnalazioni di bug significative.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Basic gdb execution
it: Esecuzione base di gdb

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Primary <ulink url="&debugger;">debugger</ulink> on Debian is <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gdb</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> which enables you to inspect a program while it executes.
it: Lo <ulink url="&debugger;">strumento di debug</ulink> principale in Debian è <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gdb</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> che permette di ispezionare un programma mentre viene eseguito.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Let's install <literal>gdb</literal> and related programs by the following.
it: Installare <literal>gdb</literal> e i programmi correlati nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Good tutorial of <literal>gdb</literal> is provided by "<literal>info gdb</literal>" or found <ulink url="&elsewhereontheweb;">elsewhere on the web</ulink>.  Here is a simple example of using <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gdb</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> on a "<literal>program</literal>" compiled with the "<literal>-g</literal>" option to produce debugging information.
it: Un buon tutorial su <literal>gdb</literal> viene fornito da "<literal>info gdb</literal>" o lo si può trovare <ulink url="&elsewhereontheweb;">altrove in rete</ulink>. Quello che segue è un piccolo esempio d'uso di <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gdb</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> su di un "<literal>programma</literal>" compilato con l'opzione "<literal>-g</literal>" per produrre informazioni di debug.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: $ gdb program
    (gdb) b 1                # set break point at line 1
    (gdb) run args           # run program with args
    (gdb) next               # next line
    ...
    (gdb) step               # step forward
    ...
    (gdb) p parm             # print parm
    ...
    (gdb) p parm=12          # set value to 12
    ...
    (gdb) quit
it: $ gdb program
    (gdb) b 1                # imposta un punto di interruzione alla riga 1
    (gdb) run argomenti      # esegue programma con argomenti
    (gdb) next               # riga successiva
    ...
    (gdb) step               # passo successivo
    ...
    (gdb) p param             # stampa parametro
    ...
    (gdb) p param=12          # imposta il valore a 12
    ...
    (gdb) quit

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Many <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gdb</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> commands can be abbreviated.  Tab expansion works as in the shell.
it: Molti comandi <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gdb</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> possono essere abbreviati. L'espansione del tasto di tabulazione funziona come nella shell.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Debugging the Debian package
it: Fare il debug di pacchetti Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Since all installed binaries should be stripped on the Debian system by default, most debugging symbols are removed in the normal package.  In order to debug Debian packages with <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gdb</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, corresponding <literal>*-dbg</literal> packages need to be installed (e.g. <literal>libc6-dbg</literal> in the case of <literal>libc6</literal>).
it: Dato che tutti i binari installati in un sistema Debian dovrebbero essere, in modo predefinito, snelliti con strip, la maggior parte dei simboli di debug non è presente nei normali pacchetti. Per poter fare il debug di pacchetti Debian con <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gdb</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> devono essere installati i corrispondenti pacchetti <literal>*-dbg</literal> (ad esempio <literal>libc6-dbg</literal> per <literal>libc6</literal>).

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If a package to be debugged does not provide its <literal>*-dbg</literal> package, you need to install it after rebuilding it by the following.
it: Se un pacchetto di cui si deve fare il debug non fornisce il proprio pacchetto <literal>*-dbg</literal> corrispondente, è necessario installarlo dopo averlo ricompilato nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: $ mkdir /path/new ; cd /path/new
    $ sudo apt-get update
    $ sudo apt-get dist-upgrade
    $ sudo apt-get install fakeroot devscripts build-essential
    $ sudo apt-get build-dep source_package_name
    $ apt-get source package_name
    $ cd package_name*
it: $ mkdir /percorso/nuovo ; cd /percorso/nuovo
    $ sudo apt-get update
    $ sudo apt-get dist-upgrade
    $ sudo apt-get install fakeroot devscripts build-essential
    $ sudo apt-get build-dep nome_pacchetto_sorgente
    $ apt-get source nome_pacchetto
    $ cd nome_pacchetto*

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Fix bugs if needed.
it: Correggere i bug se necessario.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Bump package version to one which does not collide with official Debian versions, e.g. one appended with "<literal>+debug1</literal>" when recompiling existing package version, or one appended with "<literal>~pre1</literal>" when compiling unreleased package version by the following.
it: Spostare la versione del pacchetto ad una che non crei conflitti con le versioni ufficiali di Debian, ad esempio una che termini con "<literal>+debug1</literal>" quando si ricompilano versioni di cui esiste un pacchetto, o una che termini con "<literal>~pre1</literal>" quando si ricompilano versioni non ancora rilasciate in pacchetti nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Compile and install packages with debug symbols by the following.
it: Compilare ed installare i pacchetti con i simboli di debug nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: $ export DEB_BUILD_OPTIONS=nostrip,noopt
    $ debuild
    $ cd ..
    $ sudo debi package_name*.changes
it: $ export DEB_BUILD_OPTIONS=nostrip,noopt
    $ debuild
    $ cd ..
    $ sudo debi nome_pacchetto*.changes

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You need to check build scripts of the package and ensure to use "<literal>CFLAGS=-g -Wall</literal>" for compiling binaries.
it: È necessario controllare gli script di compilazione del pacchetto ed assicurarsi di usare "<literal>CFLAGS=-g -Wall</literal>" per la compilazione di binari.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Obtaining backtrace
it: Ottenere un backtrace

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: When you encounter program crash, reporting bug report with cut-and-pasted backtrace information is a good idea.
it: Quando un programma va in crash, è una buona idea inviare un segnalazione di bug riportando le informazioni di backtrace.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: The backtrace can be obtained by the following steps.
it: Il backtrace può essere ottenuto eseguendo le azioni seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Run the program under <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gdb</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
it: Eseguire il programma in <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gdb</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Reproduce crash.
it: Riprodurre il crash.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: It causes you to be dropped back to the <literal>gdb</literal> prompt.
it: Ciò causa il ritorno al prompt di <literal>gdb</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Type "<literal>bt</literal>" at the <literal>gdb</literal> prompt.
it: Digitare "<literal>bt</literal>" al prompt di <literal>gdb</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: In case of program freeze, you can crash the program by pressing <literal>Ctrl-C</literal> in the terminal running <literal>gdb</literal> to obtain <literal>gdb</literal> prompt.
it: Nel caso in cui in programma si blocca, si può farlo andare in crash premendo <literal>Ctrl-C</literal> nel terminale in cui è in esecuzione <literal>gdb</literal>, ottenendo così il prompt di <literal>gdb</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><tip><para>
en: Often, you see a backtrace where one or more of the top lines are in "<literal>malloc()</literal>" or "<literal>g_malloc()</literal>". When this happens, chances are your backtrace isn't very useful. The easiest way to find some useful information is to set the environment variable "<literal>$MALLOC_CHECK_</literal>" to a value of 2 (<citerefentry><refentrytitle>malloc</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>). You can do this while running <literal>gdb</literal> by doing the following.
it: Spesso si vede un backtrace in cui una o più delle prime righe sono in "<literal>malloc()</literal>" o "<literal>g_malloc()</literal>". Quando ciò accade è probabile che il backtrace non sia molto utile. Il metodo più semplice per trovare informazioni utili è di impostare la variabile d'ambiente "<literal>$MALLOC_CHECK_</literal>" al valore 2 (<citerefentry><refentrytitle>malloc</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>). Lo si può fare mentre si esegue <literal>gdb</literal> nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Advanced gdb commands
it: Comandi gdb avanzati

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of advanced gdb commands
it: Elenco di comandi gdb avanzati

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
en: description for command objectives
it: descrizione degli scopi del comando

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: get a backtrace for all threads for multi-threaded program
it: ottenere un backtrace per tutti i thread di un programma multi-thread

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: get parameters came on the stack of function calls
it: ottenere i parametri nello stack delle chiamate di funzione

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: get a backtrace and parameters as the combination of the preceding options
it: ottenere un backtrace e parametri: combinazione delle due opzioni precedenti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: get a backtrace and parameters for top 10 calls to cut off irrelevant output
it: ottenere un backtrace e i parametri per le prime dieci chiamate nello stack per eliminare l'output irrilevante

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: write log of <literal>gdb</literal> output to a file (the default is "<literal>gdb.txt</literal>")
it: scrivere un registro dell'output di <literal>gdb</literal> in un file (il file predefinito è "<literal>gdb.txt</literal>")

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Debugging X Errors
it: Fare il debug di errori X

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If a GNOME program <literal>preview1</literal> has received an X error, you should see a message as follows.
it: Se un programma gnome <literal>preview1</literal> ha ricevuto un errore X, si dovrebbe leggere un messaggio del tipo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If this is the case, you can try running the program with "<literal>--sync</literal>", and break on the "<literal>gdk_x_error</literal>" function in order to obtain a backtrace.
it: Se ciò avviene, si può provare ad eseguire il programma con "<literal>--sync</literal>" ed interrompere alla funzione "<literal>gdk_x_error</literal>" per ottenere un backtrace.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Check dependency on libraries
it: Controllare le dipendenze dalle librerie

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Use <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ldd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> to find out a program's dependency on libraries by the followings.
it: Per scoprire le dipendenze di un programma da librerie, usare <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ldd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: For <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ls</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> to work in a `chroot`ed environment, the above libraries must be available in your `chroot`ed environment.
it: Affinché <citerefentry><refentrytitle>ls</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> funzioni in un ambiente "chroot", le librerie in questione devono essere disponibili nell'ambiente "chroot".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: See <xref linkend="_tracing_program_activities"/>.
it: Vedere <xref linkend="_tracing_program_activities"/>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Memory leak detection tools
it: Strumenti per rilevazione di memory leak

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There are several memory leak detection tools available in Debian.
it: In Debian sono disponibili svariati strumenti di rilevazione di memory leak.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of memory leak detection tools
it: Elenco di strumenti per rilevazione di memory leak

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mtrace</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>: malloc debugging functionality in glibc
it: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mtrace</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>: funzionalità di debug malloc in glibc

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: memory debugger and profiler
it: strumento di debug e profilazione per la memoria

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: KDE memory leak tracer using glibc's <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mtrace</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
it: tracciatore per memory leak di KDE che usa <citerefentry><refentrytitle>mtrace</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> di glibc

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: GNOME front-end to the Valgrind memory checker
it: frontend per Valgrind, programma di controllo della memoria

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>malloc</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry> debugger
it: strumento di debug <citerefentry><refentrytitle>malloc</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: memory-leak tracer for C++ programs
it: tracciatore di memory leak per programmi C++

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: debug memory allocation library
it: libreria per il debug dell'allocazione di memoria

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Static code analysis tools
it: Strumenti di analisi statica del codice

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: There are <ulink url="&lint;">lint</ulink> like tools for <ulink url="&staticcodeanalysis;">static code analysis</ulink>.
it: Esistono strumenti simili a <ulink url="&lint;">lint</ulink> per l'<ulink url="&staticcodeanalysis;">analisi statica del codice</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><title>
en: List of tools for static code analysis
it: Elenco di strumenti per l'analisi statica del codice

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: tool for statically checking C programs for bugs
it: strumento per controllare staticamente la presenza di bug in programmi C

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: rough Auditing Tool for Security (C, C++, PHP, Perl, and Python code)
it: Rough Auditing Tool for Security, strumento di controllo grezzo per la sicurezza (codice C, C++, PHP, Perl e Python)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: tool to examine C/C++ source code and looks for security weaknesses
it: strumento per esaminare codice sorgente C/C++ e per cercare punti deboli per la sicurezza

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: interpreter with internal static code checker: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>B::Lint</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3perl</manvolnum></citerefentry>
it: interprete con controllore interno statico del codice: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>B::Lint</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3perl</manvolnum></citerefentry>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Python code static checker
it: strumento di controllo statico del codice Python

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Java program checker
it: strumento di controllo per programmi Java

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: syntax and minimal style checker for HTML
it: strumento di controllo della sintassi e dello stile di base per HTML

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: fast link checker and web site maintenance tool
it: controllore veloce di collegamenti e strumento per manutenzione di siti web

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: utilities with <citerefentry><refentrytitle>xmllint</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> to validate XML files
it: utilità con <citerefentry><refentrytitle>xmllint</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> per convalidare file XML

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Disassemble binary
it: Disassemblatore di binari

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: You can disassemble binary code with <citerefentry><refentrytitle>objdump</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> by the following.
it: Si può disassemblare codice binario con <citerefentry><refentrytitle>objdump</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><note><para>
en: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gdb</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> may be used to disassemble code interactively.
it: Per disassemblare codice in modo interattivo si può usare <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gdb</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Flex — a better Lex
it: Flex - un Lex migliorato

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: <ulink url="&flex;">Flex</ulink> is a <ulink url="&lex;">Lex</ulink>-compatible fast <ulink url="&lexicalanalyzer;">lexical analyzer</ulink> generator.
it: <ulink url="&flex;">Flex</ulink> è un veloce generatore di <ulink url="&lexicalanalyzer;">analizzatori lessicali</ulink> compatibile con <ulink url="&lex;">Lex</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Tutorial for <citerefentry><refentrytitle>flex</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> can be found in "<literal>info flex</literal>".
it: Un tutorial per <citerefentry><refentrytitle>flex</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> viene fornito da "<literal>info flex</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: You need to provide your own "<literal>main()</literal>" and "<literal>yywrap()</literal>".  Otherwise, your flex program should look like this to compile without a library.  This is because that "<literal>yywrap</literal>" is a macro and "<literal>%option main</literal>" turns on "<literal>%option noyywrap</literal>" implicitly.
it: È necessario fornire i propri "<literal>main()</literal>" e "<literal>yywrap()</literal>". Altrimenti il proprio programma flex dovrebbe apparire così per compilare senza una libreria. Questo è dovuto al fatto che "<literal>yywrap</literal>" è una macro e "<literal>%option main</literal>" abilita implicitamente "<literal>%option noyywrap</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><screen>
en: %option main
    %%
    .|\n    ECHO ;
    %%
it: %o
    Fabbrica componente Echo

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Alternatively, you may compile with the "<literal>-lfl</literal>" linker option at the end of your <citerefentry><refentrytitle>cc</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> command line (like AT&amp;T-Lex with "<literal>-ll</literal>").  No "<literal>%option</literal>" is needed in this case.
it: In alternativa si può compilare con l'opzione per linker "<literal> -lfl</literal>" alla fine della propria riga di comando <citerefentry><refentrytitle>cc</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> (come "<literal>-ll</literal>" per AT&amp;T-Lex). In questo caso non è necessario usare "<literal>%option</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Bison — a better Yacc
it: Bison - Yacc migliorato

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Several packages provide a <ulink url="&yacc;">Yacc</ulink>-compatible lookahead <ulink url="&lrparser;">LR parser</ulink> or <ulink url="&lalrparser;">LALR parser</ulink> generator in Debian.
it: Svariati pacchetti Debian forniscono un generatore di <ulink url="&lrparser;">parser LR</ulink> lookahead o <ulink url="&lalrparser;">parser LALR</ulink> combatibile con <ulink url="&yacc;">Yacc</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of Yacc-compatible LALR parser generators
it: Elenco di generatori di parser LALR compatibili con Yacc

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: <ulink url="&gnulalrparsergenerator;">GNU LALR parser generator</ulink>
it: <ulink url="&gnulalrparsergenerator;">generatore GNU di parser LALR</ulink>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: Berkeley LALR parser generator
it: generatore Berkeley di parser LALR

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: backtracking parser generator based on <literal>byacc</literal>
it: generatore di parser backtracking basato su <literal>byacc</literal>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Tutorial for <citerefentry><refentrytitle>bison</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> can be found in "<literal>info bison</literal>".
it: Un tutorial per <citerefentry><refentrytitle>bison</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> viene fornito da "<literal>info bison</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: You need to provide your own "<literal>main()</literal>" and "<literal>yyerror()</literal>".  "<literal>main()</literal>" calls "<literal>yyparse()</literal>" which calls "<literal>yylex()</literal>", usually created with Flex.
it: È necessario fornire i propri "<literal>main()</literal>" e "<literal>yyerror()</literal>". "<literal>main()</literal>" chiama "<literal>yyparse()</literal>" che a sua volta chiama "<literal>yylex()</literal>", solitamente creato con Flex.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: <ulink url="&autoconf;">Autoconf</ulink> is a tool for producing shell scripts that automatically configure software source code packages to adapt to many kinds of Unix-like systems using the entire GNU build system.
it: <ulink url="&autoconf;">Autoconf</ulink> è uno strumento per produrre script shell che configurano automaticamente pacchetti software di codice sorgente, in modo da adattarsi a molti tipi di sistemi *nix usando l'intero sistema di compilazione GNU.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>autoconf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> produces the configuration script "<literal>configure</literal>". "<literal>configure</literal>" automatically creates a customized "<literal>Makefile</literal>" using the "<literal>Makefile.in</literal>" template.
it: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>autoconf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> produce lo script di configurazione "<literal>configure</literal>". "<literal>configure</literal>" crea automaticamente un "<literal>Makefile</literal>" personalizzato usando il modello "<literal>Makefile.in</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Compile and install a program
it: Compilare ed installare un programma

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><warning><para>
en: Do not overwrite system files with your compiled programs when installing them.
it: Non sovrascrivere mai file di sistema quando si installano programmi compilati in proprio.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Debian does not touch files in "<literal>/usr/local/</literal>" or "<literal>/opt</literal>".  So if you compile a program from source, install it into "<literal>/usr/local/</literal>" so it does not interfere with Debian.
it: Debian non tocca i file in "<literal>/usr/local/</literal>" o "<literal>/opt</literal>". Perciò se si compila un programma dai sorgenti, installarlo in "<literal>/usr/local/</literal>" in modo che non interferisca con Debian.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: $ cd src
    $ ./configure --prefix=/usr/local
    $ make
    $ make install # this puts the files in the system
it: $ cd src
    $ ./configure --prefix=/usr/local
    $ make
    $ make install # questo mette i file nel sistema

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title>
en: Uninstall program
it: Disinstallare un programma

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you have the original source and if it uses <citerefentry><refentrytitle>autoconf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>/<citerefentry><refentrytitle>automake</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> and if you can remember how you configured it, execute as follows to uninstall the program.
it: Se si hanno i sorgenti originali e questi usano <citerefentry><refentrytitle>autoconf</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>/<citerefentry><refentrytitle>automake</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, e se ci si ricorda la configurazione usata, eseguire quanto segue per disinstallare un programma.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><screen>
en: $ ./configure "all-of-the-options-you-gave-it"
    # make uninstall
it: $ ./configure "tutte-le-opzioni-che-erano-state-usate"
    # make uninstall

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: Alternatively, if you are absolutely sure that the install process puts files only under "<literal>/usr/local/</literal>" and there is nothing important there, you can erase all its contents by the following.
it: In alternativa, se si è assolutamente certi che il processo di installazione mette i file solo in "<literal>/usr/local/</literal>" e lì non c'è nulla di importante, si può cancellare tutto ciò che contiene con la riga di comando seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para>
en: If you are not sure where files are installed, you should consider using <citerefentry><refentrytitle>checkinstall</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> from the <literal>checkinstall</literal> package, which provides a clean path for the uninstall.  It now supports to create a Debian package with "<literal>-D</literal>" option.
it: Se non si è sicuri di dove siano installati i file, si dovrebbe prendere in considerazione l'uso di <citerefentry><refentrytitle>checkinstall</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> dal pacchetto <literal>checkinstall</literal>, che fornisce un percorso di disinstallazione pulita. Ora permette di creare un pacchetto Debian con l'opzione "<literal>-D</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Perl short script madness
it: Pazzie con corti script Perl

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Although any <ulink url="&awk;">AWK</ulink> scripts can be automatically rewritten in <ulink url="&perl;">Perl</ulink> using <citerefentry><refentrytitle>a2p</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, one-liner AWK scripts are best converted to one-liner Perl scripts manually.
it: Benché qualsiasi script <ulink url="&awk;">AWK</ulink> possa essere riscritto automaticamente in <ulink url="&perl;">Perl</ulink> usando <citerefentry><refentrytitle>a2p</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, gli script AWK di una sola riga si convertono meglio manualmente in script Perl di una riga.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Let's think following AWK script snippet.
it: Si consideri il seguente pezzetto di script AWK.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: This is equivalent to any one of the following lines.
it: Ciò equivale ad una qualsiasi delle righe seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: The last one is a riddle.  It took advantage of following Perl features.
it: L'ultima è una sorta di indovinello; sfrutta le seguenti caratteristiche di Perl.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The whitespace is optional.
it: Gli spazi bianchi sono opzionali.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The automatic conversion exists from number to the string.
it: Esiste una conversione automatica da numero a stringa.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: See <citerefentry><refentrytitle>perlrun</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> for the command-line options.  For more crazy Perl scripts, <ulink url="&perlgolf;">Perl Golf</ulink> may be interesting.
it: Per le opzioni per la riga di comando vedere <citerefentry><refentrytitle>perlrun</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>. Per altri script Perl pazzi può essere interessante guardare <ulink url="&perlgolf;">Perl Golf</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Basic interactive dynamic web pages can be made as follows.
it: Pagine web dinamiche interattive di base possono essere create nel modo seguente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Queries are presented to the browser user using <ulink url="&html;">HTML</ulink> forms.
it: Le interrogazioni vengono presentate all'utente del browser usando moduli <ulink url="&html;">HTML</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: Filling and clicking on the form entries sends one of the following <ulink url="&url;">URL</ulink> string with encoded parameters from the browser to the web server.
it: La compilazione e il cliccare sulle voci nel modulo invia una delle stringhe <ulink url="&url;">URL</ulink> seguenti con i parametri codificati dal browser al web server.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<literal>%nn</literal>" in URL is replaced with a character with hexadecimal <literal>nn</literal> value.
it: "<literal>%nn</literal>" nell'URL viene sostituito dal carattere con valore esadecimale <literal>nn</literal>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: The environment variable is set as: "<literal>QUERY_STRING="VAR1=VAL1 VAR2=VAL2 VAR3=VAL3"</literal>".
it: Viene impostata la variabile d'ambiente: "<literal>QUERY_STRING="VAR1=VAL1 VAR2=VAL2 VAR3=VAL3"</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&cgi;">CGI</ulink> program (any one of "<literal>program.*</literal>") on the web server executes itself with the environment variable "<literal>$QUERY_STRING</literal>".
it: Il programma <ulink url="&cgi;">CGI</ulink> (uno qualsiasi dei "<literal>program.*</literal>") sul server web è eseguito con la variabile d'ambiente "<literal>$QUERY_STRING</literal>".

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <literal>stdout</literal> of CGI program is sent to the web browser and is presented as an interactive dynamic web page.
it: Lo <literal>stdout</literal> del programma CGI viene inviato al browser web ed è presentato come pagina web dinamica interattiva.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: For security reasons it is better not to hand craft new hacks for parsing CGI parameters.  There are established modules for them in Perl and Python.  <ulink url="&php;">PHP</ulink> comes with these functionalities.  When client data storage is needed, <ulink url="&httpcookies;">HTTP cookies</ulink> are used.  When client side data processing is needed, <ulink url="&javascript;">Javascript</ulink> is frequently used.
it: Per ragioni di sicurezza è bene non creare a mano nuovi metodi per analizzare i parametri CGI. Per loro esistono moduli Perl e Python comprovati. <ulink url="&php;">PHP</ulink> è fornito con queste funzionalità. Quando è necessaria l'archiviazione dei dati client vengono usati i <ulink url="&httpcookies;">cookie HTTP</ulink>. Quando è necessaria l'elaborazione dei dati lato client, viene spesso usato <ulink url="&javascript;">Javascript</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: For more, see the <ulink url="&commongatewayinterface;">Common Gateway Interface</ulink>, <ulink url="&theapachesoftwarefoundation;">The Apache Software Foundation</ulink>, and <ulink url="&javascript;">JavaScript</ulink>.
it: Per maggiori informazioni vedere <ulink url="&commongatewayinterface;">CGI (Common Gateway Interface)</ulink>, <ulink url="&theapachesoftwarefoundation;">Apache Software Foundation</ulink> e <ulink url="&javascript;">JavaScript</ulink>.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: Searching "CGI tutorial" on Google by typing encoded URL <ulink url="&httpwwwgooglecomutfiqcgitutorial;">http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&amp;ie=UTF-8&amp;q=CGI+tutorial</ulink> directly to the browser address is a good way to see the CGI script in action on the Google server.
it: Cercare "CGI tutorial" su Google digitando l'URL codificato <ulink url="&httpwwwgooglecomutfiqcgitutorial;">http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&amp;ie=UTF-8&amp;q=CGI+tutorial</ulink> direttamente nell'indirizzo del browser è un buon modo per vedere lo script CGI in azione sul server di Google.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: The source code translation
it: Traduzione di codice sorgente

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: There are programs to convert source codes.
it: Esistono programmi per convertire codice sorgente.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><title>
en: List of source code translation tools
it: Elenco di strumenti per la traduzione di codice sorgente

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: convert source codes from AWK to PERL: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>a2p</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
it: converte codice sorgente da AWK a PERL:<citerefentry><refentrytitle>a2p</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: convert source codes from FORTRAN 77 to C/C++: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>f2c</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
it: converte codice sorgente da FORTRAN 77 a C/C++: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>f2c</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: create/remove ANSI prototypes from C code
it: crea/rimuove prototipi ANSI da codice C

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
en: converter from NASM (Intel format) to the GNU Assembler (GAS)
it: convertitore da NASM (formato Intel) a GAS (GNU Assembler)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title>
en: Making Debian package
it: Creare pacchetti Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: If you want to make a Debian package, read followings.
it: Se si desidera creare un pacchetto Debian, leggere i documenti seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <xref linkend="_debian_package_management"/> to understand the basic package system
it: <xref linkend="_debian_package_management"/> per capire le basi del sistema dei pacchetti

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <xref linkend="_porting_a_package_to_the_stable_system"/> to understand basic porting process
it: <xref linkend="_porting_a_package_to_the_stable_system"/> per capire le basi del processo di port

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <xref linkend="_chroot_system"/> to understand basic chroot techniques
it: <xref linkend="_chroot_system"/> per capire le basi delle tecniche chroot

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>debuild</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pbuilder</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pdebuild</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
it: <citerefentry><refentrytitle>debuild</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pbuilder</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> e <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pdebuild</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <xref linkend="_debugging_the_debian_package"/> for recompiling for debugging
it: <xref linkend="_debugging_the_debian_package"/> per la ricompilazione per il debug

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&debiannewmaintainersguide;">Debian New Maintainers' Guide</ulink> as tutorial (the <literal>maint-guide</literal> package)
it: <ulink url="&debiannewmaintainersguide;">Guida Debian per il nuovo manutentore</ulink> come tutorial (pacchetto  <literal>maint-guide</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&debiandevelopersreference;">Debian Developer's Reference</ulink> (the <literal>developers-reference</literal> package)
it: <ulink url="&debiandevelopersreference;">Debian Developer's Reference</ulink> (pacchetto <literal>developers-reference</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: <ulink url="&debianpolicymanual;">Debian Policy Manual</ulink> (the <literal>debian-policy</literal> package)
it: <ulink url="&debianpolicymanual;">Manuale Debian Policyl</ulink> (pacchetto <literal>debian-policy</literal>)

note: type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para>
en: There are packages such as <literal>dh-make</literal>, <literal>dh-make-perl</literal>, etc., which help packaging.
it: Ci sono pacchetti come <literal>dh-make</literal>, <literal>dh-make-perl</literal>, ecc., che aiutano nella creazione dei pacchetti.

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><title>
en: Appendix
it: Appendice

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><para>
en: Here are backgrounds of this document.
it: Ecco il dietro le quinte di questo documento.

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><title>
en: The Debian maze
it: Il labirinto Debian

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><para>
en: The Linux system is a very powerful computing platform for a networked computer.  However, learning how to use all its capabilities is not easy. Setting up the LPR printer with non-PostScript printer was a good example of stumble points. (There are no issues anymore since newer installations use new CUPS system.)
it: Il sistema Linux è una piattaforma informatica molto potente per un computer in rete. Tuttavia imparare come usare tutte le sue funzionalità non è semplice. Impostare la stampa LPR con una stampante non PostScript è stato un buon esempio di problema su cui si può inciampare. (Ora non ci sono più problemi dato che le installazioni più recenti usano il nuovo sistema CUPS.)

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><para>
en: There is a complete, detailed map called the "SOURCE CODE".  This is very accurate but very hard to understand.  There are also references called HOWTO and mini-HOWTO.  They are easier to understand but tend to give too much detail and lose the big picture.  I sometimes have a problem finding the right section in a long HOWTO when I need a few commands to invoke.
it: Esiste una mappa dettagliata completa chiamata "CODICE SORGENTE". È molto accurata, ma estremamente difficile da capire. Esistono anche documenti di consultazione chiamati HOWTO e mini-HOWTO; sono più facili da comprendere ma tendono a dare troppi dettagli e a perdere di vista il quadro generale. Io ho a volte dei problemi a trovare la giusta sezione in un lungo HOWTO quando ho bisogno di trovare un paio di comandi da eseguire.

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><para>
en: I hope this "Debian Reference (version 2)" provides a good starting direction for people in the Debian maze.
it: Spero che questa "Debian Reference (versione 2)" possa fornire un buon punto di partenza per le persone nel labirinto Debian.

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><title>
en: Copyright history
it: Storia del copyright

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><para>
en: Debian Reference was initiated by Osamu Aoki &lt;osamu at debian dot org&gt; as a personal system administration memo. Many contents came from the knowledge I gained from <ulink url="&thedebianusermailinglist;">the debian-user mailing list</ulink> and other Debian resources.
it: La Debian Reference è stata iniziata da Osamu Aoki &lt;osamu at debian dot org&gt; come promemoria personale per l'amministrazione di sistema. Molti dei contenuti derivano dalle conoscenze ottenute dalla <ulink url="&thedebianusermailinglist;">mailing-list debian-user</ulink> e da altre risorse Debian.

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><para>
en: Following a suggestion from Josip Rodin, who was very active with the <ulink url="&debiandocumentationprojectddp;">Debian Documentation Project (DDP)</ulink>, "Debian Reference (version 1, 2001-2007)" was created as a part of DDP documents.
it: Seguendo un suggerimento di Josip Rodin, che è stato molto attivo nel <ulink url="&debiandocumentationprojectddp;">DDP (Debian Documentation Project)</ulink>, è stata creata la "Debian Reference (versione 1, 2001-2007) come parte della documentazione del DDP.

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><para>
en: After 6 years, Osamu realized that the original "Debian Reference (version 1)" was outdated and started to rewrite many contents.  New "Debian Reference (version 2)" is released in 2008.
it: Dopo 6 anni, Osamu ha realizzato che la "Debian Reference (versione 1)" era sorpassata ed ha iniziato a riscrivere molti dei suoi contenuti. La nuova "Debian Reference (versione 2)" è stata rilasciata nel 2008.

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><para>
en: The tutorial contents can trace its origin and its inspiration in followings.
it: Si può rintracciare l'origine e l'ispirazione del tutorial nelle fonti seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<ulink url="&linuxusersguide;">Linux User's Guide</ulink>" by Larry Greenfield (December 1996)
it: "<ulink url="&linuxusersguide;">Linux User's Guide</ulink>" di Larry Greenfield (dicembre 1996)

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: obsoleted by "Debian Tutorial"
it: reso obsoleto dal "Debian Tutorial"

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<ulink url="&debiantutorial;">Debian Tutorial</ulink>" by Havoc Pennington. (11 December, 1998)
it: "<ulink url="&debiantutorial;">Debian Tutorial</ulink>" di Havoc Pennington. (11 dicembre, 1998)

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: partially written by Oliver Elphick, Ole Tetlie, James Treacy, Craig Sawyer, and Ivan E. Moore II
it: scritto in parte da Oliver Elphick, Ole Tetlie, James Treacy, Craig Sawyer e Ivan E. Moore II

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: obsoleted by "Debian GNU/Linux: Guide to Installation and Usage"
it: reso obsoleto da "Debian GNU/Linux: Guide to Installation and Usage"

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<ulink url="&debiangnulinuxguallationandusage;">Debian GNU/Linux: Guide to Installation and Usage</ulink>" by John Goerzen and Ossama Othman (1999)
it: "<ulink url="&debiangnulinuxguallationandusage;">Debian GNU/Linux: Guide to Installation and Usage</ulink>" di John Goerzen ed Ossama Othman (1999)

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: obsoleted by "Debian Reference (version 1)"
it: reso obsoleto dalla "Debian Reference (versione 1)"

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><para>
en: The package and archive description can trace some of their origin and their inspiration in following.
it: Si può rintracciare parte dell'origine e dell'ispirazione per la descrizione dei pacchetti e degli archivi nei documenti seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<ulink url="&debianfaq;">Debian FAQ</ulink>" (March 2002 version, when this was maintained by Josip Rodin)
it: "<ulink url="&debianfaq;">Debian FAQ</ulink>" (versione marzo 2002, quando era mantenuta da Josip Rodin)

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><para>
en: The other contents can trace some of their origin and their inspiration in following.
it: Si può rintracciare parte dell'origine e dell'ispirazione per gli altri contenuti nei documenti seguenti.

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: "<ulink url="&debianreference;">Debian Reference</ulink> (version 1)" by Osamu Aoki (2001–2007)
it: "<ulink url="&debianreference;">Debian Reference</ulink> (versione 1)" di Osamu Aoki (2001–2007)

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><itemizedlist><listitem><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: obsoleted by this new "Debian Reference (version 2)"
it: resa obsoleta da questa nuova"Debian Reference (versione 2)"

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><para>
en: The previous "Debian Reference (version 1)" was created with many contributors.
it: La precedente "Debian Reference (versione 1)" è stata creata con il contributo di molti.

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: the major contents contribution on network configuration topics by Thomas Hood
it: l'enorme contributo di Thomas Hood sugli argomenti di configurazione della rete

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: significant contents contribution on X and VCS related topics by Brian Nelson
it: il significativo contributo di Brian Nelson sugli argomenti relativi ad X ed a VCS

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: the help on the build scripts and many content corrections by Jens Seidel
it: l'aiuto sugli script build e molte correzioni nei contenuti da parte di Jens Seidel

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: extensive proofreading by David Sewell
it: l'accurata revisione di David Sewell

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
en: many contributions by the translators, contributors, and bug reporters
it: molti aiuti da parte di chi ha tradotto, contribuito e segnalato bug

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><para>
en: Many manual pages and info pages on the Debian system were used as the primary references to write this document.  To the extent Osamu Aoki considered within the <ulink url="&fairuse;">fair use</ulink>, many parts of them, especially command definitions, were used as phrase pieces after careful editorial efforts to fit them into the style and the objective of this document.
it: Molte pagine di manuale e info del sistema Debian sono state usate come riferimento principale per la stesura di questo documento. Tanto che Osamu Aoki ha ritenuto nei limiti del <ulink url="&fairuse;">fair use</ulink> molte parti de esse, specialmente le definizioni dei comandi, che sono state riprese letteralmente dopo attenti sforzi editoriali per inserirle nello stile e nello scopo di questo documento.

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><para>
en: The gdb debugger description was expanded using <ulink url="&debianwikicontentsonbacktrace;">Debian wiki contents on backtrace</ulink> with consent by Ari Pollak, Loïc Minier, and Dafydd Harries.
it: La descrizione dello strumento di debug gdb è stata estesa usando i <ulink url="&debianwikicontentsonbacktrace;">contenuti del Debian wiki sul backtrace</ulink> con il consenso di Ari Pollak, Loïc Minier e Dafydd Harries.

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><para>
en: Contents of "Debian Reference (version 2)" are mostly my own work except as mentioned above.  These has been updated by the contributors too.
it: I contenuti della "Debian Reference (versione 2)" sono per la maggior parte miei tranne per quanto specificato in precedenza. Anche questi sono stati aggiornati grazie a contributi.

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><para>
en: The author, Osamu Aoki, thanks all those who helped make this document possible.
it: L'autore, Osamu Aoki, ringrazia tutti coloro che con il loro aiuto hanno reso questo documento possibile.

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><title>
en: Document format
it: Formato del documento

note: type: Content of: <book><appendix><section><para>
en: The source of the English original document is currently written in <ulink url="&asciidoc;">AsciiDoc</ulink> text files.  <ulink url="&asciidoc;">AsciiDoc</ulink> is used as convenience only since it is less typing than straight XML and supports table in the very intuitive format.  You should think XML and PO files as real source files.  Via build script, it is converted to DocBook XML format and automatically generated data are inserted to form a final Docbook XML source. This final Docbook XML source can be converted to HTML, plain text, PostScript, and PDF. Currently, only HTML and plain text conversions are enabled.
it: I sorgenti del documento originale in inglese sono attualmente scritti usando file di testo <ulink url="&asciidoc;">AsciiDoc</ulink>; quest'ultimo è usato per motivi di comodità dato che richiede meno scrittura del puro XML e supporta le tabelle in un formato molto intuitivo. Si dovrebbero considerare i file XML e PO come i veri file sorgenti. Attraverso script di compilazione è convertito nel formato XML DocBook e i dati generati automaticamente sono inseriti a formare il sorgente XML Docbook finale. Questo sorgente finale può essere convertito in HTML, testo semplice, PostScript e PDF. Attualmente sono abilitate solamente le conversioni in HTML e testo semplice.
