Description: new elements added, link update Author: Thorsten Alteholz Last-Update: 2011-12-08 Index: dict-elements/elements =================================================================== --- dict-elements.orig/elements 2011-12-08 17:57:37.000000000 +0100 +++ dict-elements/elements 2011-12-08 17:59:36.000000000 +0100 @@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ keep both pieces. It'd be nice if you kept the fact that I compiled the information in here, but is not needed. Up to date copies can probably be found on the web at: -http://ucsub.colorado.edu/~kominek/elements/ +Texts of the superheavy elements are copied from the Wikipedia. %h hydrogen %d @@ -154,6 +155,10 @@ a good number of industrial uses. Makes up 8.1% of the Earth's crust, by weight. Isolated in 1825 by H.C. Oersted. +%h aluminium +%d +Same as {aluminum}, chiefly British in usage. [1913 Webster] + %h silicon %d Symbol: Si @@ -1220,6 +1225,170 @@ Half-life of approximately 10ms. Reported in 1994 by German researchers at Darmstadt, Germany. +%h darmstadtium +%d +Symbol: Ds +Atomic number: 110 +Atmic weight: 281 +Darmstadtium, formerly known as ununnilium, is placed as the heaviest +member of group 10 but a sufficiently stable isotope is not known which +would allow chemical experiments to confirm its place. This synthetic +element is one of the so-called super-heavy atoms and was first synthesized +in 1994. The longest-lived and heaviest isotope known is 281Ds with +a half-life of ~10 s although a possible isomer, 281bDs has an unconfirmed +half-life of about 4 minutes. +Element 110 was first given the temporary name ununnilium (symbol Uun). +Once recognized as discoverers, the team at GSI considered the names +darmstadtium (Ds) and wixhausium (Wi) for element 110. They decided on +the former and named the element after the city near the place of its +discovery, Darmstadt and not the suburb Wixhausen itself. The new name +was officially recommended by IUPAC on August 16, 2003. + +%h roentgenium +%d +Symbol: Rg +Atomic number: 111 +Atmic weight: 280 +Roentgenium is placed as the heaviest member of the group 11 (IB) elements, +although a sufficiently stable isotope is not known at this time that would +allow its position as a heavier homologue of gold to be confirmed. +Roentgenium was first observed in 1994 and several isotopes have been +synthesized since its first discovery. The most stable known isotope is +280Rg with a half-life of ~4 seconds. +Roentgenium was officially discovered by Peter Armbruster, +Gottfried Münzenberg, and their team working at the Gesellschaft für +Schwerionenforschung (GSI) in Darmstadt, Germany on December 8, 1994. +Only three atoms of it were observed (all 272Rg), by the cold fusion between +nickel ions and a bismuth target in a linear accelerator. +In 2001, the IUPAC/IUPAP Joint Working Party (JWP) concluded that there +was insufficient evidence for the discovery at that moment in time. +The GSI team repeated their experiment in 2000 and detected a further +3 atoms. In their 2003 report, the JWP decided that the GSI team should be +acknowledged as the discoverers. +The name roentgenium (Rg) was proposed by the GSI team in honor of the +German physicist Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, and was accepted as a permanent +name on November 1, 2004. Previously the element was known under the +temporary IUPAC systematic element name unununium, Uuu. + +%h ununbium +%d +Symbol: Uub +Atomic number: 112 +Atmic weight: 285 +Ununbium is a IUPAC systematic element name, used until the element +receives an accepted name. +Ununbium was first created by the GSI in 1996, who have now proposed +the permanent name copernicium and the symbol Cn. This name is expected +to be officially endorsed by IUPAC in January 2010, after six months for +discussion. Element 112 is currently the highest-numbered element to be +officially recognised by IUPAC. +The most stable isotope discovered to date is 285Uub with a half-life +of ~30 s. In total, about 75 atoms of ununbium have been detected using +various nuclear reactions. An unconfirmed isotope, 285bUub, has a possible +half-life of ~9 minutes, and would be one of the longest-lived superheavy +isotopes known to date. +Recent experiments strongly suggest that ununbium behaves as a typical +member of group 12, demonstrating properties consistent with a volatile +metal. + +%h ununtrium +%d +Symbol: Uut +Atomic number: 113 +Atmic weight: 284 +Ununtrium is the temporary name of a synthetic element with the temporary +symbol Uut and atomic number 113. It is placed as the heaviest member of +the group 13 (IIIA) elements although a sufficiently stable isotope is not +known at this time that would allow chemical experiments to confirm its +position. It was first detected in 2003 in the decay of element 115 and +was synthesized directly in 2004. Only eight atoms of ununtrium have been +observed to date. The longest-lived isotope known is 284113 with a +half-life of ~500 ms. + +%h ununquadium +%d +Symbol: Uuq +Atomic number: 114 +Atmic weight: 289 +Ununquadium is the temporary name of a radioactive chemical element with +the temporary symbol Uuq and atomic number 114. +About 80 decays of atoms of ununquadium have been observed to date, +50 directly and 30 from the decay of the heavier elements ununhexium +and ununoctium. All decays have been assigned to the four neighbouring +isotopes with mass numbers 286-289. The longest-lived isotope currently +known is 289114 with a half-life of ~2.6 s, although there is evidence +for an isomer, 289b114, with a half-life of ~66 s, that would be one of +the longest-lived nuclei in the superheavy element region. +Recent chemistry experiments have strongly indicated that element 114 +possesses non-'eka'-lead properties and appears to behave as the first +superheavy element that portrays noble-gas-like properties due to +relativistic effects. + +%h ununpentium +%d +Symbol: Uup +Atomic number: 115 +Atmic weight: 288 +Ununpentium is the temporary name of a synthetic superheavy element in +the periodic table that has the temporary symbol Uup and has the atomic +number 115. +It is placed as the heaviest member of group 15 (VA) although a +sufficiently stable isotope is not known at this time that would allow +chemical experiments to confirm its position. It was first observed in +2003 and only about 30 atoms of ununpentium have been synthesized to date, +with just 4 direct decays of the parent element having been detected. Two +isotopes are currently known, Uup-287 and Uup-288, with 288Uup having the +longer half-life of ~100 ms. + +%h ununhexium +%d +Symbol: Uuh +Atomic number: 116 +Atmic weight: 293 +Ununhexium is the temporary name of a synthetic superheavy element with +the temporary symbol Uuh and atomic number 116. +It is placed as the heaviest member of group 16 (VIA) although a +sufficiently stable isotope is not known at this time to allow chemical +experiments to confirm its position as the heavier homologue to polonium. +It was first detected in 2000 and since the discovery about 30 atoms of +ununhexium have been produced, either directly or as a decay product of +ununoctium, and are associated with decays from the four neighbouring +isotopes with masses 290.293. The most stable isotope to date is Uuh-293 +with a half-life of ~60 ms. + +%h ununseptium +%d +Symbol: Uus +Atomic number: 117 +Atmic weight: ??? +Ununseptium is the temporary name of an undiscovered chemical element +with the temporary symbol Uus and atomic number 117. It is the only +missing element in period 7 of the periodic table. Since it is placed +below the halogens it may share qualities similar to astatine or iodine. +The first attempt to synthesize this element is currently underway at +the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions in Dubna, Russia. + +%h ununoctium +%d +Symbol: Uuo +Atomic number: 118 +Atmic weight: 294 +Ununoctium , also known as eka-radon or element 118, is the temporary +IUPAC name for the transactinide element having the atomic number 118 +and temporary element symbol Uuo. On the periodic table of the elements, +it is a p-block element and the last one of the 7th period. Ununoctium +is currently the only synthetic member of Group 18. It has the highest +atomic number and highest atomic mass of all discovered elements. +The radioactive ununoctium atom is very unstable, and since 2002, only +three atoms (possibly four) of the isotope 294Uuo have been detected. +While this allowed for very little experimental characterization of its +properties and possible compounds, theoretical calculations have allowed +for many predictions, including some very unexpected ones. For example, +although ununoctium is a member of Group 18, it is probably not a noble +gas, as are all the other Group 18 elements. It was formerly thought to +be a gas but is now predicted to be a solid under normal conditions. + + %h wolfram %d Original name for {tungsten}. @@ -1254,13 +1423,16 @@ %d Symbol: Db Competing name for {unnilquadium}, the 104th element, proposed by the -IUPAC. +IUPAC. Finally in 1997 the IUPAC decided to use Dubnium as the official name +of the 105th element. %h rutherfordium %d Symbol: Rf Competing name for {unnilquadium}, the 104th element, proposed by the -American Chemical Society. +American Chemical Society. Also competing name for {unnilhexium} +the 106th element, proposed by the IUPAC. Finally in 1997 the IUPAC +decided to use Rutherfordium as the official name of the 104th element. %h hahnium %d @@ -1285,17 +1457,21 @@ %h nielsbohrium Competing name for {unnilseptium}, the 107th element, proposed by its West German discoverers and supported by the American Chemical Society. The -name was chosen in honor of physicist, Niels Bohr. +name was chosen in honor of physicist, Niels Bohr. Also a competing name +for {unnilpentium}, the 105th element, proposed by Russian scientists. %h bohrium Competing name for {unnilseptium}, the 107th element, proposed by the IUPAC in response to the discoverers of the element wanting to name it -{nielsbohrium}. +{nielsbohrium}. Finally in 1997 the IUPAC decided to use Bohrium as the +official name of the 107th element. %h hassium %d Competing name for {unniloctium}, the 108th element, proposed by its German discoverers and supported by the American Chemical Society. +Finally in 1997 the IUPAC decided to use Hassium as the official name of +the 108th element. %h neutron %d