#!/usr/bin/python import math import numpy from scipy.ndimage import map_coordinates #functions for multilateration. #this library is more or less based around the so-called "GPS equation", the canonical #iterative method for getting position from GPS satellite time difference of arrival data. #here, instead of multiple orbiting satellites with known time reference and position, #we have multiple fixed stations with known time references (GPSDO, hopefully) and known #locations (again, GPSDO). #NB: because of the way this solver works, at least 3 stations and timestamps #are required. this function will not return hyperbolae for underconstrained systems. #TODO: get HDOP out of this so we can draw circles of likely position and indicate constraint ########################END NOTES####################################### #this is a 10x10-degree WGS84 geoid datum, in meters relative to the WGS84 reference ellipsoid. given the maximum slope, you should probably interpolate. #NIMA suggests a 2x2 interpolation using four neighbors. we'll go cubic spline JUST BECAUSE WE CAN wgs84_geoid = numpy.array([[13,13,13,13,13,13,13,13,13,13,13,13,13,13,13,13,13,13,13,13,13,13,13,13,13,13,13,13,13,13,13,13,13,13,13,13], #90N [3,1,-2,-3,-3,-3,-1,3,1,5,9,11,19,27,31,34,33,34,33,34,28,23,17,13,9,4,4,1,-2,-2,0,2,3,2,1,1], #80N [2,2,1,-1,-3,-7,-14,-24,-27,-25,-19,3,24,37,47,60,61,58,51,43,29,20,12,5,-2,-10,-14,-12,-10,-14,-12,-6,-2,3,6,4], #70N [2,9,17,10,13,1,-14,-30,-39,-46,-42,-21,6,29,49,65,60,57,47,41,21,18,14,7,-3,-22,-29,-32,-32,-26,-15,-2,13,17,19,6], #60N [-8,8,8,1,-11,-19,-16,-18,-22,-35,-40,-26,-12,24,45,63,62,59,47,48,42,28,12,-10,-19,-33,-43,-42,-43,-29,-2,17,23,22,6,2], #50N [-12,-10,-13,-20,-31,-34,-21,-16,-26,-34,-33,-35,-26,2,33,59,52,51,52,48,35,40,33,-9,-28,-39,-48,-59,-50,-28,3,23,37,18,-1,-11], #40N [-7,-5,-8,-15,-28,-40,-42,-29,-22,-26,-32,-51,-40,-17,17,31,34,44,36,28,29,17,12,-20,-15,-40,-33,-34,-34,-28,7,29,43,20,4,-6], #30N [5,10,7,-7,-23,-39,-47,-34,-9,-10,-20,-45,-48,-32,-9,17,25,31,31,26,15,6,1,-29,-44,-61,-67,-59,-36,-11,21,39,49,39,22,10], #20N [13,12,11,2,-11,-28,-38,-29,-10,3,1,-11,-41,-42,-16,3,17,33,22,23,2,-3,-7,-36,-59,-90,-95,-63,-24,12,53,60,58,46,36,26], #10N [22,16,17,13,1,-12,-23,-20,-14,-3,14,10,-15,-27,-18,3,12,20,18,12,-13,-9,-28,-49,-62,-89,-102,-63,-9,33,58,73,74,63,50,32], #0 [36,22,11,6,-1,-8,-10,-8,-11,-9,1,32,4,-18,-13,-9,4,14,12,13,-2,-14,-25,-32,-38,-60,-75,-63,-26,0,35,52,68,76,64,52], #10S [51,27,10,0,-9,-11,-5,-2,-3,-1,9,35,20,-5,-6,-5,0,13,17,23,21,8,-9,-10,-11,-20,-40,-47,-45,-25,5,23,45,58,57,63], #20S [46,22,5,-2,-8,-13,-10,-7,-4,1,9,32,16,4,-8,4,12,15,22,27,34,29,14,15,15,7,-9,-25,-37,-39,-23,-14,15,33,34,45], #30S [21,6,1,-7,-12,-12,-12,-10,-7,-1,8,23,15,-2,-6,6,21,24,18,26,31,33,39,41,30,24,13,-2,-20,-32,-33,-27,-14,-2,5,20], #40S [-15,-18,-18,-16,-17,-15,-10,-10,-8,-2,6,14,13,3,3,10,20,27,25,26,34,39,45,45,38,39,28,13,-1,-15,-22,-22,-18,-15,-14,-10], #50S [-45,-43,-37,-32,-30,-26,-23,-22,-16,-10,-2,10,20,20,21,24,22,17,16,19,25,30,35,35,33,30,27,10,-2,-14,-23,-30,-33,-29,-35,-43], #60S [-61,-60,-61,-55,-49,-44,-38,-31,-25,-16,-6,1,4,5,4,2,6,12,16,16,17,21,20,26,26,22,16,10,-1,-16,-29,-36,-46,-55,-54,-59], #70S [-53,-54,-55,-52,-48,-42,-38,-38,-29,-26,-26,-24,-23,-21,-19,-16,-12,-8,-4,-1,1,4,4,6,5,4,2,-6,-15,-24,-33,-40,-48,-50,-53,-52], #80S [-30,-30,-30,-30,-30,-30,-30,-30,-30,-30,-30,-30,-30,-30,-30,-30,-30,-30,-30,-30,-30,-30,-30,-30,-30,-30,-30,-30,-30,-30,-30,-30,-30,-30,-30,-30]], #90S dtype=numpy.float) #ok this calculates the geoid offset from the reference ellipsoid #combined with LLH->ECEF this gets you XYZ for a ground-referenced point def wgs84_height(lat, lon): yi = numpy.array([9-lat/10.0]) xi = numpy.array([18+lon/10.0]) return float(map_coordinates(wgs84_geoid, [yi, xi])) #WGS84 reference ellipsoid constants wgs84_a = 6378137.0 wgs84_b = 6356752.314245 wgs84_e2 = 0.0066943799901975848 wgs84_a2 = wgs84_a**2 #to speed things up a bit wgs84_b2 = wgs84_b**2 #convert ECEF to lat/lon/alt without geoid correction #returns alt in meters def ecef2llh((x,y,z)): ep = math.sqrt((wgs84_a2 - wgs84_b2) / wgs84_b2) p = math.sqrt(x**2+y**2) th = math.atan2(wgs84_a*z, wgs84_b*p) lon = math.atan2(y, x) lat = math.atan2(z+ep**2*wgs84_b*math.sin(th)**3, p-wgs84_e2*wgs84_a*math.cos(th)**3) N = wgs84_a / math.sqrt(1-wgs84_e2*math.sin(lat)**2) alt = p / math.cos(lat) - N lon *= (180. / math.pi) lat *= (180. / math.pi) return [lat, lon, alt] #convert lat/lon/alt coords to ECEF without geoid correction, WGS84 model #remember that alt is in meters def llh2ecef((lat, lon, alt)): lat *= (math.pi / 180.0) lon *= (math.pi / 180.0) n = lambda x: wgs84_a / math.sqrt(1 - wgs84_e2*(math.sin(x)**2)) x = (n(lat) + alt)*math.cos(lat)*math.cos(lon) y = (n(lat) + alt)*math.cos(lat)*math.sin(lon) z = (n(lat)*(1-wgs84_e2)+alt)*math.sin(lat) return [x,y,z] #do both of the above to get a geoid-corrected x,y,z position def llh2geoid((lat, lon, alt)): (x,y,z) = llh2ecef((lat, lon, alt + wgs84_height(lat, lon))) return [x,y,z] c = 299792458 / 1.0003 #modified for refractive index of air, why not #this function is the iterative solver core of the mlat function below #we use limit as a goal to stop solving when we get "close enough" (error magnitude in meters for that iteration) #basically 20 meters is way less than the anticipated error of the system so it doesn't make sense to continue #it's possible this could fail in situations where the solution converges slowly #TODO: this fails to converge for some seriously advantageous geometry def mlat_iter(rel_stations, prange_obs, xguess = [0,0,0], limit = 20, maxrounds = 100): xerr = [1e9, 1e9, 1e9] rounds = 0 while numpy.linalg.norm(xerr) > limit: prange_est = [[numpy.linalg.norm(station - xguess)] for station in rel_stations] dphat = prange_obs - prange_est H = numpy.array([(numpy.array(-rel_stations[row,:])+xguess) / prange_est[row] for row in range(0,len(rel_stations))]) #now we have H, the Jacobian, and can solve for residual error xerr = numpy.linalg.lstsq(H, dphat)[0].flatten() xguess += xerr #print xguess, xerr rounds += 1 if rounds > maxrounds: raise Exception("Failed to converge!") break return xguess #func mlat: #uses a modified GPS pseudorange solver to locate aircraft by multilateration. #replies is a list of reports, in ([lat, lon, alt], timestamp) format #altitude is the barometric altitude of the aircraft as returned by the aircraft #returns the estimated position of the aircraft in (lat, lon, alt) geoid-corrected WGS84. #let's make it take a list of tuples so we can sort by them def mlat(replies, altitude): sorted_replies = sorted(replies, key=lambda time: time[1]) stations = [sorted_reply[0] for sorted_reply in sorted_replies] timestamps = [sorted_reply[1] for sorted_reply in sorted_replies] me_llh = stations[0] me = llh2geoid(stations[0]) #list of stations in XYZ relative to me rel_stations = [numpy.array(llh2geoid(station)) - numpy.array(me) for station in stations[1:]] rel_stations.append([0,0,0] - numpy.array(me)) rel_stations = numpy.array(rel_stations) #convert list of arrays to 2d array #differentiate the timestamps to get TDOA, multiply by c to get pseudorange prange_obs = [[c*(stamp-timestamps[0])] for stamp in timestamps[1:]] #so here we calc the estimated pseudorange to the center of the earth, using station[0] as a reference point for the geoid #in other words, we say "if the aircraft were directly overhead of station[0], this is the prange to the center of the earth" #this is a necessary approximation since we don't know the location of the aircraft yet #if the dang earth were actually round this wouldn't be an issue prange_obs.append( [numpy.linalg.norm(llh2ecef((me_llh[0], me_llh[1], altitude)))] ) #use ECEF not geoid since alt is MSL not GPS prange_obs = numpy.array(prange_obs) #xguess = llh2ecef([37.617175,-122.400843, 8000])-numpy.array(me) #xguess = [0,0,0] #start our guess directly overhead, who cares xguess = numpy.array(llh2ecef([me_llh[0], me_llh[1], altitude])) - numpy.array(me) xyzpos = mlat_iter(rel_stations, prange_obs, xguess) llhpos = ecef2llh(xyzpos+me) #now, we could return llhpos right now and be done with it. #but the assumption we made above, namely that the aircraft is directly above the #nearest station, results in significant error due to the oblateness of the Earth's geometry. #so now we solve AGAIN, but this time with the corrected pseudorange of the aircraft altitude #this might not be really useful in practice but the sim shows >50m errors without it #and <4cm errors with it, not that we'll get that close in reality but hey let's do it right prange_obs[-1] = [numpy.linalg.norm(llh2ecef((llhpos[0], llhpos[1], altitude)))] xyzpos_corr = mlat_iter(rel_stations, prange_obs, xyzpos) #start off with a really close guess llhpos = ecef2llh(xyzpos_corr+me) #and now, what the hell, let's try to get dilution of precision data #avec is the unit vector of relative ranges to the aircraft from each of the stations # for i in range(len(avec)): # avec[i] = numpy.array(avec[i]) / numpy.linalg.norm(numpy.array(avec[i])) # numpy.append(avec, [[-1],[-1],[-1],[-1]], 1) #must be # of stations # doparray = numpy.linalg.inv(avec.T*avec) #the diagonal elements of doparray will be the x, y, z DOPs. return llhpos if __name__ == '__main__': #here's some test data to validate the algorithm teststations = [[37.76225, -122.44254, 100], [37.680016,-121.772461, 100], [37.385844,-122.083082, 100], [37.701207,-122.309418, 100]] testalt = 8000 testplane = numpy.array(llh2ecef([37.617175,-122.400843, testalt])) testme = llh2geoid(teststations[0]) teststamps = [10, 10 + numpy.linalg.norm(testplane-numpy.array(llh2geoid(teststations[1]))) / c, 10 + numpy.linalg.norm(testplane-numpy.array(llh2geoid(teststations[2]))) / c, 10 + numpy.linalg.norm(testplane-numpy.array(llh2geoid(teststations[3]))) / c, ] print teststamps replies = [] for i in range(0, len(teststations)): replies.append((teststations[i], teststamps[i])) ans = mlat(replies, testalt) error = numpy.linalg.norm(numpy.array(llh2ecef(ans))-numpy.array(testplane)) range = numpy.linalg.norm(llh2geoid(ans)-numpy.array(testme)) print testplane-testme print ans print "Error: %.2fm" % (error) print "Range: %.2fkm (from first station in list)" % (range/1000)