License
*******

Like much of the software that makes a working Linux system, including the Linux kernel itself, the text of this book is copylefted. That is, its copyright holder published it in its source form with a special kind of copyright license that has come to be known as a ``copyleft'' license. That does not mean that it has been put in the public domain; rather, the copyleft is a special set of terms and conditions, given by the copyright holder, that permit anyone to copy, distribute, and modify the work while all subsequent copies and derivatives retain equally open and free to anyone else. For this book those terms are described by the Design Science License, which follows.

Design Science License
======================

TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION

Copyright © 1999--2001 Michael Stutz <stutz@dsl.org> Verbatim copying of this document is permitted, in any medium.

0. PREAMBLE.

Copyright law gives certain exclusive rights to the author of a work, including the rights to copy, modify, and distribute the work (the ``reproductive,'' ``adaptative,'' and ``distribution'' rights).

The idea of ``copyleft'' is to willfully revoke the exclusivity of those rights under certain terms and conditions, so that anyone can copy and distribute the work or properly attributed derivative works, while all copies remain under the same terms and conditions as the original.

The intent of this license is to be a general ``copyleft'' that can be applied to any kind of work that has protection under copyright. This license states those certain conditions under which a work published under its terms may be copied, distributed and modified.

Whereas ``design science'' is a strategy for the development of artifacts as a way to reform the environment (not people) and subsequently improve the universal standard of living, this Design Science License was written and deployed as a strategy for promoting the progress of science and art through reform of the environment.

1. DEFINITIONS.

``License'' shall mean this Design Science License. The License applies to any work which contains a notice placed by the work's copyright holder stating that it is published under the terms of this Design Science License.

``Work'' shall mean such an aforementioned work. The License also applies to the output of the Work, only if said output constitutes a ``derivative work'' of the licensed Work as defined by copyright law.

``Object Form'' shall mean an executable or performable form of the Work, being an embodiment of the Work in some tangible medium.

``Source Data'' shall mean the origin of the Object Form, being the entire, machine-readable, preferred form of the Work for copying and for human modification (usually the language, encoding or format in which composed or recorded by the Author); plus any accompanying files, scripts or other data necessary for installation, configuration or compilation of the Work.

(Examples of ``Source Data'' include, but are not limited to, the following: if the Work is an image file composed and edited in PNG format, then the original PNG source file is the Source Data; if the Work is an MPEG 1.0 layer 3 digital audio recording made from a WAV format audio file recording of an analog source, then the original WAV file is the Source Data; if the Work was composed as an unformatted plaintext file, then that file is the Source Data; if the Work was composed in LaTeX, the LaTeX file(s) and any image files and/or custom macros necessary for compilation constitute the Source Data.)

``Author'' shall mean the copyright holder(s) of the Work.

The individual licensees are referred to as ``you.''

2. RIGHTS AND COPYRIGHT.

The Work is copyright the Author.  All rights to the Work are reserved by the Author, except as specifically described below. This License describes the terms and conditions under which the Author permits you to copy, distribute and modify copies of the Work.

In addition, you may refer to the Work, talk about it, and (as dictated by ``fair use'') quote from it, just as you would any copyrighted material under copyright law.

Your right to operate, perform, read or otherwise interpret and/or execute the Work is unrestricted; however, you do so at your own risk, because the Work comes WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY---see Section 7 (``NO WARRANTY'') below.

3. COPYING AND DISTRIBUTION.

Permission is granted to distribute, publish or otherwise present verbatim copies of the entire Source Data of the Work, in any medium, provided that full copyright notice and disclaimer of warranty, where applicable, is conspicuously published on all copies, and a copy of this License is distributed along with the Work.

Permission is granted to distribute, publish or otherwise present copies of the Object Form of the Work, in any medium, under the terms for distribution of Source Data above and also provided that one of the following additional conditions are met:

(a) The Source Data is included in the same distribution, distributed under the terms of this License; or

(b) A written offer is included with the distribution, valid for at least three years or for as long as the distribution is in print (whichever is longer), with a publicly-accessible address (such as a URL on the Internet) where, for a charge not greater than transportation and media costs, anyone may receive a copy of the Source Data of the Work distributed according to the section above; or

(c) A third party's written offer for obtaining the Source Data at no cost, as described in paragraph (b) above, is included with the distribution. This option is valid only if you are a non-commercial party, and only if you received the Object Form of the Work along with such an offer.

You may copy and distribute the Work either gratis or for a fee, and if desired, you may offer warranty protection for the Work.

The aggregation of the Work with other works that are not based on the Work---such as but not limited to inclusion in a publication, broadcast, compilation, or other media---does not bring the other works in the scope of the License; nor does such aggregation void the terms of the License for the Work.

4. MODIFICATION.

Permission is granted to modify or sample from a copy of the Work, producing a derivative work, and to distribute the derivative work under the terms described in the section for distribution above, provided that the following terms are met:

(a) The new, derivative work is published under the terms of this License.

(b) The derivative work is given a new name, so that its name or title cannot be confused with the Work, or with a version of the Work, in any way.

(c) Appropriate authorship credit is given: for the differences between the Work and the new derivative work, authorship is attributed to you, while the material sampled or used from the Work remains attributed to the original Author; appropriate notice must be included with the new work indicating the nature and the dates of any modifications of the Work made by you.

5. NO RESTRICTIONS.

You may not impose any further restrictions on the Work or any of its derivative works beyond those restrictions described in this License.

6. ACCEPTANCE.

Copying, distributing or modifying the Work (including but not limited to sampling from the Work in a new work) indicates acceptance of these terms. If you do not follow the terms of this License, any rights granted to you by the License are null and void. The copying, distribution or modification of the Work outside of the terms described in this License is expressly prohibited by law.

If for any reason, conditions are imposed on you that forbid you to fulfill the conditions of this License, you may not copy, distribute or modify the Work at all.

If any part of this License is found to be in conflict with the law, that part shall be interpreted in its broadest meaning consistent with the law, and no other parts of the License shall be affected.

7. NO WARRANTY.

THE WORK IS PROVIDED ``AS IS,'' AND COMES WITH ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.

8. DISCLAIMER OF LIABILITY.

IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS WORK, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS

Applying Copyleft to Your Work
==============================

The underlying idea of free software is to help create a society where people are free, where we have freedom, and where we can share our work with others; but software is just one part of the digital information we work with and share in our lives.

The Design Science License is a generalized ``copyleft'' license that can be applied to any kind of work that is recognized by copyright law. You can use it to copyleft (make ``Open Source'') any kind of work, not just a computer software program.

In order to copyleft a work, it must exist in machine-readable form (where identical copies can be made without harm to the original), and you must be its copyright holder.  If you are the author of a work, then you automatically hold its copyright; you don't need to register your work with the copyright office (http://www.loc.gov/copyright/faq.html).

To apply the DSL to your work, do the following:

  * Use the following text for the work's copyright notice, substituting YEAR and AUTHOR for their appropriate values:

          Copyright © YEAR YOUR NAME; this information may be copied,
          distributed or modified under certain terms and conditions, but it
          comes WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; see the Design Science License for more
          details.

  * Include a copy of the DSL with the distribution of the work.

  * Include the source data of the work (see the license text itself for the precise definition) with the distribution, or make it available through postal mail for a cost not greater than storage media and postage.

     In many cases, the source data and the object form of a work will be the same---this is the case for software programs written in the Perl language, for example.  But often, the source data will differ from a given object form.  For example, when the object form is an MP3 format file made from a WAV format sample of an analog source, the WAV sample is the source data. For a cropped and manipulated JPEG file of a photograph obtained from a Kodak PhotoCD, the original PhotoCD file is the source data.

By copylefting your work in this manner, you can make it available for the benefit of everyone---all copies and modifications of your work remain as equally free as the original---while attribution and artistic integrity is guaranteed.

If you are interested in applying copyleft to your works, you might be interested in the following sites:

  * ``Copyleft and the Information Renaissance'' (http://dsl.org/copyleft/), a general copyleft primer and collection of resources, written and maintained by the author.

  * Free Music Philosophy (http://ram.org/ramblings/philosophy/fmp.html), on the free music movement, by Dr. Ram Samudrala.

  * ``What is Copyleft?'' (http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/), an explanation of copyleft as it applies to computer software programs, by the GNU Project.