/*
	Format - printf style formatting for Java
	Copyright (C) 1995...2002 Cay S. Horstmann (http://horstmann.com)

	This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
	modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
	License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
	version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.

	This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
	but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
	MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
	Lesser General Public License for more details.

	You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
	License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
	Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA  02111-1307  USA
*/

package corejava;

import java.io.*;

/**
   A class for formatting numbers that follows <tt>printf</tt> conventions.

   Also implements C-like <tt>atoi</tt> and <tt>atof</tt> functions

   @version 1.22 2002-11-16
   @author Cay Horstmann

   1998-09-14: Fixed a number of bugs.
		1.Formatting the most extreme negative number (-9223372036854775808L) printed with 2 leading minus signs.
		2.Printing 0 with a %e or %g format did not work.
		3.Printing numbers that were closer to 1 than the number of requested decimal places rounded down rather than up, e.g. formatting 1.999 with %.2f printed 1.00. (This one is pretty serious, of course.)
		4.Printing with precision 0 (e.g %10.0f) didn't work.
		5.Printing a string with a precision that exceeded the string length (e.g. print "Hello" with %20.10s) caused a StringIndexOutOfBounds error.
   1998-10-21: Changed method names from print to printf
   2000-06-09: Moved to package com.horstmann; no longer part of
   Core Java
   2000-06-09: Fixed a number of bugs.
		1.Printing 100.0 with %e printed 10.0e1, not 1.0e2
		2.Printing Inf and NaN didn't work.
   2000-06-09: Coding guideline cleanup
   2002-11-16: Move to package com.horstmann.format; licensed under LGPL
*/
public class Format
{
   /**
	  Formats the number following <tt>printf</tt> conventions.
	  Main limitation: Can only handle one format parameter at a time
	  Use multiple Format objects to format more than one number
	  @param s the format string following printf conventions
	  The string has a prefix, a format code and a suffix. The prefix and suffix
	  become part of the formatted output. The format code directs the
	  formatting of the (single) parameter to be formatted. The code has the
	  following structure
	  <ul>
	  <li> a % (required)
	  <li> a modifier (optional)
	  <dl>
	  <dt> + <dd> forces display of + for positive numbers
	  <dt> 0 <dd> show leading zeroes
	  <dt> - <dd> align left in the field
	  <dt> space <dd> prepend a space in front of positive numbers
	  <dt> # <dd> use "alternate" format. Add 0 or 0x for octal or hexadecimal numbers. Don't suppress trailing zeroes in general floating point format.
	  </dl>
	  <li> an integer denoting field width (optional)
	  <li> a period followed by an integer denoting precision (optional)
	  <li> a format descriptor (required)
	  <dl>
	  <dt>f <dd> floating point number in fixed format
	  <dt>e, E <dd> floating point number in exponential notation (scientific format). The E format results in an uppercase E for the exponent (1.14130E+003), the e format in a lowercase e.
	  <dt>g, G <dd> floating point number in general format (fixed format for small numbers, exponential format for large numbers). Trailing zeroes are suppressed. The G format results in an uppercase E for the exponent (if any), the g format in a lowercase e.
	  <dt>d, i <dd> integer in decimal
	  <dt>x <dd> integer in hexadecimal
	  <dt>o <dd> integer in octal
	  <dt>s <dd> string
	  <dt>c <dd> character
	  </dl>
	  </ul>
	  @exception IllegalArgumentException if bad format
   */
   public Format(String s)
   {
	  width = 0;
	  precision = -1;
	  pre = "";
	  post = "";
	  leadingZeroes = false;
	  showPlus = false;
	  alternate = false;
	  showSpace = false;
	  leftAlign = false;
	  fmt = ' ';

	  int state = 0;
	  int length = s.length();
	  int parseState = 0;
	  // 0 = prefix, 1 = flags, 2 = width, 3 = precision,
	  // 4 = format, 5 = end
	  int i = 0;

	  while (parseState == 0)
	  {
		 if (i >= length) parseState = 5;
		 else if (s.charAt(i) == '%')
		 {
			if (i < length - 1)
			{
			   if (s.charAt(i + 1) == '%')
			   {
				  pre = pre + '%';
				  i++;
			   }
			   else
				  parseState = 1;
			}
			else throw new java.lang.IllegalArgumentException();
		 }
		 else
			pre = pre + s.charAt(i);
		 i++;
	  }
	  while (parseState == 1)
	  {
		 if (i >= length) parseState = 5;
		 else if (s.charAt(i) == ' ') showSpace = true;
		 else if (s.charAt(i) == '-') leftAlign = true;
		 else if (s.charAt(i) == '+') showPlus = true;
		 else if (s.charAt(i) == '0') leadingZeroes = true;
		 else if (s.charAt(i) == '#') alternate = true;
		 else { parseState = 2; i--; }
		 i++;
	  }
	  while (parseState == 2)
	  {
		 if (i >= length) parseState = 5;
		 else if ('0' <= s.charAt(i) && s.charAt(i) <= '9')
		 {
			width = width * 10 + s.charAt(i) - '0';
			i++;
		 }
		 else if (s.charAt(i) == '.')
		 {
			parseState = 3;
			precision = 0;
			i++;
		 }
		 else
			parseState = 4;
	  }
	  while (parseState == 3)
	  {
		 if (i >= length) parseState = 5;
		 else if ('0' <= s.charAt(i) && s.charAt(i) <= '9')
		 {
			precision = precision * 10 + s.charAt(i) - '0';
			i++;
		 }
		 else
			parseState = 4;
	  }
	  if (parseState == 4)
	  {
		 if (i >= length) parseState = 5;
		 else fmt = s.charAt(i);
		 i++;
	  }
	  if (i < length)
		 post = s.substring(i, length);
   }

  /**
	 prints a formatted number following printf conventions
	 @param fmt the format string
	 @param x the double to print
   */
   public static void printf(String fmt, double x)
   {
	  System.out.print(new Format(fmt).format(x));
   }

   /**
	  prints a formatted number following printf conventions
	  @param fmt the format string
	  @param x the int to print
   */
   public static void printf(String fmt, int x)
   {
	  System.out.print(new Format(fmt).format(x));
   }

   /**
	  prints a formatted number following printf conventions
	  @param fmt the format string
	  @param x the long to print
   */
   public static void printf(String fmt, long x)
   {
	  System.out.print(new Format(fmt).format(x));
   }

   /**
	  prints a formatted number following printf conventions
	  @param fmt the format string
	  @param x the character to print
   */
   public static void printf(String fmt, char x)
   {
	  System.out.print(new Format(fmt).format(x));
   }

   /**
	  prints a formatted number following printf conventions
	  @param fmt the format string
	  @param x a string to print
   */
   public static void printf(String fmt, String x)
   {
	  System.out.print(new Format(fmt).format(x));
   }

   /**
	  Converts a string of digits (decimal, octal or hex) to an integer
	  @param s a string
	  @return the numeric value of the prefix of s representing a base 10 integer
   */
   public static int atoi(String s)
   {
	  return (int)atol(s);
   }

  /**
	 Converts a string of digits (decimal, octal or hex) to a long integer
	 @param s a string
	 @return the numeric value of the prefix of s representing a base 10 integer
  */
   public static long atol(String s)
   {
	  int i = 0;

	  while (i < s.length() && Character.isWhitespace(s.charAt(i))) i++;
	  if (i < s.length() && s.charAt(i) == '0')
	  {
		 if (i + 1 < s.length() && (s.charAt(i + 1) == 'x' || s.charAt(i + 1) == 'X'))
			return parseLong(s.substring(i + 2), 16);
		 else return parseLong(s, 8);
	  }
	  else return parseLong(s, 10);
   }

   private static long parseLong(String s, int base)
   {
	  int i = 0;
	  int sign = 1;
	  long r = 0;

	  while (i < s.length() && Character.isWhitespace(s.charAt(i))) i++;
	  if (i < s.length() && s.charAt(i) == '-') { sign = -1; i++; }
	  else if (i < s.length() && s.charAt(i) == '+') { i++; }
	  while (i < s.length())
	  {
		 char ch = s.charAt(i);
		 if ('0' <= ch && ch < '0' + base)
			r = r * base + ch - '0';
		 else if ('A' <= ch && ch < 'A' + base - 10)
			r = r * base + ch - 'A' + 10 ;
		 else if ('a' <= ch && ch < 'a' + base - 10)
			r = r * base + ch - 'a' + 10 ;
		 else
			return r * sign;
		 i++;
	  }
	  return r * sign;
   }

   /**
	  Converts a string of digits to a <tt>double</tt>
	  @param s a string
   */
   public static double atof(String s)
   {
	  int i = 0;
	  int sign = 1;
	  double r = 0; // integer part
	  double f = 0; // fractional part
	  double p = 1; // exponent of fractional part
	  int state = 0; // 0 = int part, 1 = frac part

	  while (i < s.length() && Character.isWhitespace(s.charAt(i))) i++;
	  if (i < s.length() && s.charAt(i) == '-') { sign = -1; i++; }
	  else if (i < s.length() && s.charAt(i) == '+') { i++; }
	  while (i < s.length())
	  {
		 char ch = s.charAt(i);
		 if ('0' <= ch && ch <= '9')
		 {
			if (state == 0)
			   r = r * 10 + ch - '0';
			else if (state == 1)
			{
			   p = p / 10;
			   r = r + p * (ch - '0');
			}
		 }
		 else if (ch == '.')
		 {
			if (state == 0) state = 1;
			else return sign * r;
		 }
		 else if (ch == 'e' || ch == 'E')
		 {
			long e = (int)parseLong(s.substring(i + 1), 10);
			return sign * r * Math.pow(10, e);
		 }
		 else return sign * r;
		 i++;
	  }
	  return sign * r;
   }

   /**
	  Formats a <tt>double</tt> into a string (like sprintf in C)
	  @param x the number to format
	  @return the formatted string
	  @exception IllegalArgumentException if bad argument
   */
   public String format(double x)
   {
	  String r;
	  if (precision < 0) precision = 6;
	  int s = 1;
	  if (x < 0) { x = -x; s = -1; }
	  if (Double.isNaN(x)) r = "NaN";
	  else if (x == Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY) r = "Inf";
	  else if (fmt == 'f')
		 r = fixedFormat(x);
	  else if (fmt == 'e' || fmt == 'E' || fmt == 'g' || fmt == 'G')
		 r = expFormat(x);
	  else throw new java.lang.IllegalArgumentException();

	  return pad(sign(s, r));
   }

   /**
	  Formats an integer into a string (like sprintf in C)
	  @param x the number to format
	  @return the formatted string
   */
   public String format(int x)
   {
	  long lx = x;
	  if (fmt == 'o' || fmt == 'x' || fmt == 'X')
		 lx &= 0xFFFFFFFFL;
	  return format(lx);
   }

   /**
	  Formats a long integer into a string (like sprintf in C)
	  @param x the number to format
	  @return the formatted string
   */
   public String format(long x)
   {
	  String r;
	  int s = 0;
	  if (fmt == 'd' || fmt == 'i')
	  {
		 if (x < 0)
		 {
			r = ("" + x).substring(1);
			s = -1;
		 }
		 else
		 {
			r = "" + x;
			s = 1;
		 }
	  }
	  else if (fmt == 'o')
		 r = convert(x, 3, 7, "01234567");
	  else if (fmt == 'x')
		 r = convert(x, 4, 15, "0123456789abcdef");
	  else if (fmt == 'X')
		 r = convert(x, 4, 15, "0123456789ABCDEF");
	  else throw new java.lang.IllegalArgumentException();

	  return pad(sign(s, r));
   }

   /**
	  Formats a character into a string (like sprintf in C)
	  @param x the value to format
	  @return the formatted string
   */
   public String format(char c)
   {
	  if (fmt != 'c')
		 throw new java.lang.IllegalArgumentException();

	  String r = "" + c;
	  return pad(r);
   }

   /**
	  Formats a string into a larger string (like sprintf in C)
	  @param x the value to format
	  @return the formatted string
   */
   public String format(String s)
   {
	  if (fmt != 's')
		 throw new java.lang.IllegalArgumentException();
	  if (precision >= 0 && precision < s.length())
		 s = s.substring(0, precision);
	  return pad(s);
   }


   /**
	  a test stub for the format class
   */
   public static void main(String[] a)
   {
	  double x = 1.23456789012;
	  double y = 123;
	  double z = 1.2345e30;
	  double w = 1.02;
	  double u = 1.234e-5;
	  double v = 10.0;
	  int d = 0xCAFE;
	  Format.printf("x = |%f|\n", x);
	  Format.printf("u = |%20f|\n", u);
	  Format.printf("x = |% .5f|\n", x);
	  Format.printf("w = |%20.5f|\n", w);
	  Format.printf("x = |%020.5f|\n", x);
	  Format.printf("x = |%+20.5f|\n", x);
	  Format.printf("x = |%+020.5f|\n", x);
	  Format.printf("x = |% 020.5f|\n", x);
	  Format.printf("y = |%#+20.5f|\n", y);
	  Format.printf("y = |%-+20.5f|\n", y);
	  Format.printf("z = |%20.5f|\n", z);

	  Format.printf("x = |%e|\n", x);
	  Format.printf("u = |%20e|\n", u);
	  Format.printf("x = |% .5e|\n", x);
	  Format.printf("w = |%20.5e|\n", w);
	  Format.printf("x = |%020.5e|\n", x);
	  Format.printf("x = |%+20.5e|\n", x);
	  Format.printf("x = |%+020.5e|\n", x);
	  Format.printf("x = |% 020.5e|\n", x);
	  Format.printf("y = |%#+20.5e|\n", y);
	  Format.printf("y = |%-+20.5e|\n", y);
	  Format.printf("v = |%12.5e|\n", v);

	  Format.printf("x = |%g|\n", x);
	  Format.printf("z = |%g|\n", z);
	  Format.printf("w = |%g|\n", w);
	  Format.printf("u = |%g|\n", u);
	  Format.printf("y = |%.2g|\n", y);
	  Format.printf("y = |%#.2g|\n", y);

	  Format.printf("d = |%d|\n", d);
	  Format.printf("d = |%20d|\n", d);
	  Format.printf("d = |%020d|\n", d);
	  Format.printf("d = |%+20d|\n", d);
	  Format.printf("d = |% 020d|\n", d);
	  Format.printf("d = |%-20d|\n", d);
	  Format.printf("d = |%20.8d|\n", d);
	  Format.printf("d = |%x|\n", d);
	  Format.printf("d = |%20X|\n", d);
	  Format.printf("d = |%#20x|\n", d);
	  Format.printf("d = |%020X|\n", d);
	  Format.printf("d = |%20.8x|\n", d);
	  Format.printf("d = |%o|\n", d);
	  Format.printf("d = |%020o|\n", d);
	  Format.printf("d = |%#20o|\n", d);
	  Format.printf("d = |%#020o|\n", d);
	  Format.printf("d = |%20.12o|\n", d);

	  Format.printf("s = |%-20s|\n", "Hello");
	  Format.printf("s = |%-20c|\n", '!');

	  // regression test to confirm fix of reported bugs

	  Format.printf("|%i|\n", Long.MIN_VALUE);

	  Format.printf("|%6.2e|\n", 0.0);
	  Format.printf("|%6.2g|\n", 0.0);

	  Format.printf("|%6.2f|\n", 9.99);
	  Format.printf("|%6.2f|\n", 9.999);
	  Format.printf("|%.2f|\n", 1.999);

	  Format.printf("|%6.0f|\n", 9.999);
	  Format.printf("|%20.10s|\n", "Hello");
	  d = -1;
	  Format.printf("-1 = |%X|\n", d);

	  Format.printf("100 = |%e|\n", 100.0); // 2000-06-09
	  Format.printf("1/0 = |%f|\n", 1.0 / 0.0);
	  Format.printf("-1/0 = |%e|\n", -1.0 / 0.0);
	  Format.printf("0/0 = |%g|\n", 0.0 / 0.0);
   }

   private static String repeat(char c, int n)
   {
	  if (n <= 0) return "";
	  StringBuffer s = new StringBuffer(n);
	  for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) s.append(c);
	  return s.toString();
   }

   private static String convert(long x, int n, int m, String d)
   {
	  if (x == 0) return "0";
	  String r = "";
	  while (x != 0)
	  {
		 r = d.charAt((int)(x & m)) + r;
		 x = x >>> n;
	  }
	  return r;
   }

   private String pad(String r)
   {
	  String p = repeat(' ', width - r.length());
	  if (leftAlign) return pre + r + p + post;
	  else return pre + p + r + post;
   }

   private String sign(int s, String r)
   {
	  String p = "";
	  if (s < 0) p = "-";
	  else if (s > 0)
	  {
		 if (showPlus) p = "+";
		 else if (showSpace) p = " ";
	  }
	  else
	  {
		 if (fmt == 'o' && alternate && r.length() > 0 && r.charAt(0) != '0') p = "0";
		 else if (fmt == 'x' && alternate) p = "0x";
		 else if (fmt == 'X' && alternate) p = "0X";
	  }
	  int w = 0;
	  if (leadingZeroes)
		 w = width;
	  else if ((fmt == 'd' || fmt == 'i' || fmt == 'x' || fmt == 'X' || fmt == 'o')
		 && precision > 0) w = precision;

	  return p + repeat('0', w - p.length() - r.length()) + r;
   }

   private String fixedFormat(double d)
   {
	  boolean removeTrailing
		 = (fmt == 'G' || fmt == 'g') && !alternate;
		 // remove trailing zeroes and decimal point

	  if (d > 0x7FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFL) return expFormat(d);
	  if (precision == 0)
		 return (long)(d + 0.5) + (removeTrailing ? "" : ".");

	  long whole = (long)d;
	  double fr = d - whole; // fractional part
	  if (fr >= 1 || fr < 0) return expFormat(d);

	  double factor = 1;
	  String leadingZeroes = "";
	  for (int i = 1; i <= precision && factor <= 0x7FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFL; i++)
	  {
		 factor *= 10;
		 leadingZeroes = leadingZeroes + "0";
	  }
	  long l = (long) (factor * fr + 0.5);
	  if (l >= factor) { l = 0; whole++; } // CSH 10-25-97

	  String z = leadingZeroes + l;
	  z = "." + z.substring(z.length() - precision, z.length());

	  if (removeTrailing)
	  {
		 int t = z.length() - 1;
		 while (t >= 0 && z.charAt(t) == '0') t--;
		 if (t >= 0 && z.charAt(t) == '.') t--;
		 z = z.substring(0, t + 1);
	  }

	  return whole + z;
   }

   private String expFormat(double d)
   {
	  String f = "";
	  int e = 0;
	  double dd = d;
	  double factor = 1;
	  if (d != 0)
	  {
		 while (dd >= 10) { e++; factor /= 10; dd = dd / 10; } // 2000-06-09
		 while (dd < 1) { e--; factor *= 10; dd = dd * 10; }
	  }
	  if ((fmt == 'g' || fmt == 'G') && e >= -4 && e < precision)
		 return fixedFormat(d);

	  d = d * factor;
	  f = f + fixedFormat(d);

	  if (fmt == 'e' || fmt == 'g')
		 f = f + "e";
	  else
		 f = f + "E";

	  String p = "000";
	  if (e >= 0)
	  {
		 f = f + "+";
		 p = p + e;
	  }
	  else
	  {
		 f = f + "-";
		 p = p + (-e);
	  }

	  return f + p.substring(p.length() - 3, p.length());
   }

   private int width;
   private int precision;
   private String pre;
   private String post;
   private boolean leadingZeroes;
   private boolean showPlus;
   private boolean alternate;
   private boolean showSpace;
   private boolean leftAlign;
   private char fmt; // one of cdeEfgGiosxXos
}