package RDF::aREF::Decoder;
use strict;
use warnings;
use v5.10;

our $VERSION = '0.27';

use RDF::NS;
use Carp qw(croak carp);
use Scalar::Util qw(refaddr reftype blessed);

use parent 'Exporter'; 
our @EXPORT_OK = qw(prefix localName qName blankNode blankNodeIdentifier
                    IRIlike languageString languageTag datatypeString);

our ($PREFIX, $NAME);
BEGIN {
    my $nameStartChar = 'A-Z_a-z\N{U+00C0}-\N{U+00D6}\N{U+00D8}-\N{U+00F6}\N{U+00F8}-\N{U+02FF}\N{U+0370}-\N{U+037D}\N{U+037F}-\N{U+1FFF}\N{U+200C}-\N{U+200D}\N{U+2070}-\N{U+218F}\N{U+2C00}-\N{U+2FEF}\N{U+3001}-\N{U+D7FF}\N{U+F900}-\N{U+FDCF}\N{U+FDF0}-\N{U+FFFD}\N{U+10000}-\N{U+EFFFF}';
    my $nameChar = $nameStartChar.'0-9\-\.\N{U+00B7}\N{U+0300}-\N{U+036F}\N{U+203F}-\N{U+2040}';
    our $PREFIX = '[a-z][a-z0-9]*';
    our $NAME   = "[$nameStartChar][$nameChar]*";
}

use constant localName      => qr/^$NAME$/;
use constant prefix         => qr/^$PREFIX$/;
use constant qName          => qr/^($PREFIX)_($NAME)$/;
use constant blankNodeIdentifier => qr/^([a-zA-Z0-9]+)$/;
use constant blankNode      => qr/^_:([a-zA-Z0-9]+)$/;
use constant IRIlike        => qr/^[a-z][a-z0-9+.-]*:/;
use constant languageString => qr/^(.*)@([a-z]{2,8}(-[a-z0-9]{1,8})*)$/i;
use constant languageTag    => qr/^[a-z]{2,8}(-[a-z0-9]{1,8})*$/i;
use constant datatypeString => qr/^(.*?)[\^]
                                  ((($PREFIX)?_($NAME))|<([a-z][a-z0-9+.-]*:.*)>)$/x;

use constant explicitIRIlike => qr/^<(.+)>$/;
use constant xsd_string => 'http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string';

sub new {
    my ($class, %options) = @_;

    my $self = bless {
        ns           => $options{ns},
        complain     => $options{complain} // 1,
        strict       => $options{strict} // 0,
        null         => $options{null}, # undef by default
        bnode_prefix => $options{bnode_prefix} || 'b',
        bnode_count  => $options{bnode_count} || 0,
        bnode_map    => { },
    }, $class;

    # facilitate use of this module together with RDF::Trine
    my $callback = $options{callback} // sub { };
    if (blessed $callback and $callback->isa('RDF::Trine::Model')) {
        require RDF::Trine::Statement;
        my $model = $callback;
        $callback = sub {
            eval {
                $model->add_statement( trine_statement(@_) )
            };
            $self->error($@) if $@;
        };
    }
    $self->{callback} = $callback;

    return $self;
}

sub namespace_map { # sets the local namespace map
    my ($self, $map) = @_;

    # TODO: copy on write because this is expensive!
    
    # copy default namespace map
    # TODO: respect '_' and default map!
    my $ns = ref $self->{ns} 
        ? bless { %{$self->{ns}} }, 'RDF::NS'
        : RDF::NS->new($self->{ns});

    if (ref $map) {
        if (ref $map eq 'HASH') {
            while (my ($prefix,$namespace) = each %$map) {
                $prefix = '' if $prefix eq '_';
                if ($prefix !~ prefix) {
                    $self->error("invalid prefix: $prefix");
                } elsif ($namespace !~ IRIlike) {
                    $self->error("invalid namespace: $namespace");
                } else { 
                    $ns->{$prefix} = $namespace;
                }
            }
        } else {
            $self->error("namespace map must be map or string");
        }
    }

    $self->{ns} = $ns;
}

sub decode {
    my ($self, $map, %options) = @_;

    unless ($options{keep_bnode_map}) {
        $self->{bnode_map} = { };
    }
    $self->{visited} = { };

    $self->namespace_map( $map->{"_ns"} );

    if (exists $map->{_id}) { 
        # predicate map    

        my $id = $map->{_id};
        return if $self->is_null($id,'_id');

        my $subject = $id ne '' ? $self->expect_resource($id,'subject') : undef;
        if (defined $subject and $subject ne '') {
            $self->predicate_map( $subject, $map );
        } elsif ($self->{strict}) { 
            $self->error("invalid subject", $id);
        }

    } else {
        # 3.4.1 subject maps
        foreach my $key (grep { $_ ne '_' and $_ !~ /^_[^:]/ } keys %$map) {
            next if $self->is_null($key,'subject');

            my $subject = $self->subject($key);
            if (!$subject) {
                $self->error("invalid subject", $key);
                next;
            }

            my $predicates = $map->{$key};
            if (exists $predicates->{_id} and ($self->resource($predicates->{_id}) // '') ne $subject) {
                $self->error("subject _id must be <$subject>");
            } else {
                $self->predicate_map( $subject, $predicates );
            }
        }
    }
}

sub predicate_map {
    my ($self, $subject, $map) = @_;

    $self->{visited}{refaddr $map} = 1;

    for (keys %$map) {
        next if $_ eq '_id' or $_ eq '_ns';

        my $predicate = do {
            if ($_ eq 'a') {
                'http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type';
            } elsif ( $_ =~ /^<(.+)>$/ ) {
                $self->iri($1);
            } elsif ( $_ =~ qName ) { 
                $self->prefixed_name($1,$2);
            } elsif ( $_ =~ IRIlike ) {
                $self->iri($_);
            } else {
                $self->error("invalid predicate IRI $_")
                    if $_ ne '' or $self->{strict};
                next;
            }
        } or next;

        my $value = $map->{$_};

        # encoded_object
        foreach my $o (ref $value eq 'ARRAY' ? @$value : $value) {
            if ($self->is_null($o,'object')) {
                next;
            } elsif (!ref $o) {
                if (my $object = $self->object($o)) {
                    $self->triple( $subject, $predicate, $object );
                }
                next;
            } elsif (ref $o eq 'HASH') {
                my $object = exists $o->{_id}
                    ? ($self->expect_resource($o->{_id},'object _id') // next)
                    : $self->blank_identifier();

                $self->triple( $subject, $predicate, [$object] );

                unless( ref $object and $self->{visited}{refaddr $object} ) {
                    $self->predicate_map( $object, $o );
                }
            } else {
                $self->error('object must not be reference to '.ref $o);
            }
        }
    }
}

sub is_null {
    my ($self, $value, $check) = @_;

    if ( !defined $value or (defined $self->{null} and $value eq $self->{null} ) ) {
        if ($check and $self->{strict}) {
            $self->error("$check must not be null")
        }
        1;
    } else {    
        0;
    }
}

sub expect_resource {
    my ($self, $r, $expect) = @_;
    if (my $resource = $self->resource($r)) {
        return $resource;
    } else {
        if (!$self->is_null($r, $expect)) {
            $expect .= ": " . (ref $r ? reftype $r : $r);
            $self->error("invalid $expect");
        }
        return;
    }
}

sub resource {
    my ($self, $r) = @_;
    
    return unless defined $r;

    if ( $r =~ explicitIRIlike ) {
        $self->iri($1);
    } elsif ( $r =~ blankNode ) {
        $self->blank_identifier($1);
    } elsif ( $r =~ qName ) {
        $self->prefixed_name($1,$2);
    } elsif ( $r =~ IRIlike )  {
        $self->iri($r);
    } else {
        undef
    }
}

sub subject { # plain IRI, qName, or blank node
    my ($self, $s) = @_;

    return unless defined $s;

    if ( $s =~ IRIlike )  {
       $self->iri($s);
    } elsif ( $s =~ qName ) {
       $self->prefixed_name($1,$2);
    } elsif ( $s =~ blankNode ) {
       $self->blank_identifier($1);
    } else {
        undef
    }
}

sub object {
    my ($self, $o) = @_;

    if (!defined $o) {
        undef;
    } elsif ( $o =~ explicitIRIlike ) {
        [$self->iri($1)];
    } elsif ( $o =~ blankNode ) {
        [$self->blank_identifier($1)];
    } elsif ( $o =~ qName ) {
        [$self->prefixed_name($1,$2)];
    } elsif ( $o =~ languageString ) {
        [$1, lc($2)];
    } elsif ( $o =~ /^(.*)[@]$/ ) {
        [$1, undef];
    } elsif ( $o =~ datatypeString ) {
        if ($6) {
            my $datatype = $self->iri($6) // return;
            if ($datatype eq xsd_string) {
                [$1,undef];
            } else {
                [$1,undef,$datatype];
            }
        } else {
            my $datatype = $self->prefixed_name($4,$5) // return;
            if ($datatype eq xsd_string) {
                [$1,undef];
            } else {
                [$1,undef,$datatype];
            }
        }
    } elsif ( $o =~ IRIlike ) {
        [$self->iri($o)];
    } else {
        [$o, undef];
    }
}

sub plain_literal {
    my ($self, $object) = @_;
    my $obj = $self->object($object);
    return if @$obj == 1; # resource or blank
    return $obj->[0];
}

sub iri {
    my ($self, $iri) = @_;
    # TODO: check full RFC form of IRIs
    if ( $iri !~ IRIlike ) {
        return $self->error("invalid IRI $iri");
    } else {
        return $iri;
    }
}

sub prefixed_name {
    my ($self, $prefix, $name) = @_;
    my $base = $self->{ns}{$prefix // ''}
        // return $self->error(
            $prefix // '' ne '' 
            ? "unknown prefix: $prefix" : "not an URI: $name");
    $self->iri($base.$name);
}

sub triple {
    my $self = shift;
    my $subject   = ref $_[0] ? '_:'.${$_[0]} : $_[0];
    my $predicate = $_[1];
    my @object    = @{$_[2]};
    $object[0] = '_:'.${$object[0]} if ref $object[0];
    $self->{callback}->($subject, $predicate, @object);
}

sub error {
    my ($self, $message, $value, $context) = @_;

    # TODO: include $context (bless $message, 'RDF::aREF::Error')

    if (defined $value) {
        $message .= ': ' . (ref $value ? reftype $value : $value);
    }
    
    if (!$self->{complain}) {
        return;
    } elsif ($self->{complain} == 1) {
        carp $message;
    } else {
        croak $message;
    }
}

sub bnode_count {
    $_[0]->{bnode_count} = $_[1] if @_ > 1;
    $_[0]->{bnode_count};
}

# TODO: test this
sub blank_identifier {
    my ($self, $id) = @_;

    my $bnode;
    if ( defined $id ) {
        $bnode = ($self->{bnode_map}{$id} //= $self->{bnode_prefix} . ++$self->{bnode_count});
    } else {
        $bnode = $self->{bnode_prefix} . ++$self->{bnode_count};
    }

    return \$bnode;
}

sub clean_bnodes {
    my ($self) = @_;
    $self->{bnode_count} = 0;
    $self->{bnode_map} = {};
}

# TODO: test this
sub trine_statement {
    RDF::Trine::Statement->new(
        # subject
        (substr($_[0],0,2) eq '_:' ? RDF::Trine::Node::Blank->new(substr $_[0], 2)
                                   : RDF::Trine::Node::Resource->new($_[0])),
        # predicate
        RDF::Trine::Node::Resource->new($_[1]),
        # object
        do {
            if (@_ == 3) {
                if (substr($_[2],0,2) eq '_:') {
                    RDF::Trine::Node::Blank->new(substr $_[2], 2);
                } else {
                    RDF::Trine::Node::Resource->new($_[2]);
                }
            } else {
                RDF::Trine::Node::Literal->new($_[2],$_[3],$_[4]);
            } 
        }
    );
}


1;
__END__

=head1 NAME

RDF::aREF::Decoder - decode another RDF Encoding Form (to RDF triples)

=head1 SYNOPSIS

    use RDF::aREF::Decoder;

    RDF::aREF::Decoder->new( %options )->decode( $aref );

=head1 DESCRIPTION

This module implements a decoder from another RDF Encoding Form (aREF), given
as in form of Perl arrays, hashes, and Unicode strings, to RDF triples.

=head1 OPTIONS

=head2 ns

A default namespace map, given either as hash reference or as version string of
module L<RDF::NS>. Set to the most recent version of RDF::NS by default, but relying
on a default value is not recommended!

=head2 callback

A code reference that is called for each triple with a list of three to five
elements:

=over

=item subject

The subject IRI or subject blank node as string. Blank nodes always start with
C<_:>.

=item predicate

The predicate IRI.

=item object

The object IRI or object blank node or literal object as string. Blank nodes
always start with C<_:> and literal objects can be detected by existence of the
(possibly empty) language or datatype element.

=item language

The language tag (possible the empty string) for literal objects.

=item datatype

The object's datatype if object is a literal and datatype is not
C<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string>.

=back

For convenience an instance of L<RDF::Trine::Model> can also be used as
callback.

=head2 complain

What to do on errors. Set to 1 be default (warn). Set to 0 to ignore. Other
values will die on errors.

=head2 strict

Enables errors on undefined subjects, predicates, and objects. By default
the Perl value C<undef> in any part of an encoded RDF triple will silently
ignore the triple, so aREF structures can easily be used as templates with
optional values.

=head2 null

A null object that is treated equivalent to C<undef> if found as object.  For
instance setting this to the empty string will ignore all triples with the
empty string as literal value. 

=head2 bnode_prefix

A prefix for blank node identifiers. Defaults to "b", so blank node identifiers
will be "b1", "b2", "b3" etc.

=head2 bnode_count

An integer to start creating blank node identifiers with. The default value "0"
results in blank node identifiers starting from "b1". This option can be useful
to avoid collision of blank node identifiers when merging multiple aREF
instances. The current counter value is accessible as accessor.

=head1 METHODS

=head2 decode( $aref [, keep_bnode_map => 1 ] )

Encode RDF data given in aREF. Resets all blank node identifier mappings unless
option c<keep_bnode_map> is set.

=head2 clean_bnodes

Delete blank node identifier mapping and reset bnode_count.

=head1 EXPORTABLE CONSTANTS

On request this module exports the following regular expressions, as defined in the 
L<aREF specification|http://gbv.github.io/aREF/aREF.html>:

=over

=item qName

=item blankNode

=item IRIlike

=item languageString

=item languageTag

=item datatypeString

=back

=head1 SEE ALSO

L<RDF::aREF::Encoder>

=cut