#! # This is statement is required by the build system to query build info if __name__ == '__build__': raise Exception import string __version__ = string.split('$Revision: 1.8 $')[1] __date__ = string.join(string.split('$Date: 2002/12/31 04:13:56 $')[1:3], ' ') __author__ = 'Tarn Weisner Burton ' # # Ported to PyOpenGL 2.0 by Tarn Weisner Burton 10May2001 # # This code was created by Richard Campbell '99 (ported to Python/PyOpenGL by John Ferguson and Tony Colston 2000) # To be honst I stole all of John Ferguson's code and just added the changed stuff for lesson 5. So he did most # of the hard work. # # The port was based on the PyOpenGL tutorial module: dots.py # # If you've found this code useful, please let me know (email John Ferguson at hakuin@voicenet.com). # or Tony Colston (tonetheman@hotmail.com) # # See original source and C based tutorial at http:#nehe.gamedev.net # # Note: # ----- # This code is not a good example of Python and using OO techniques. It is a simple and direct # exposition of how to use the Open GL API in Python via the PyOpenGL package. It also uses GLUT, # which in my opinion is a high quality library in that it makes my work simpler. Due to using # these APIs, this code is more like a C program using function based programming (which Python # is in fact based upon, note the use of closures and lambda) than a "good" OO program. # # To run this code get and install OpenGL, GLUT, PyOpenGL (see http:#www.python.org), and NumPy. # Installing PyNumeric means having a C compiler that is configured properly, or so I found. For # Win32 this assumes VC++, I poked through the setup.py for Numeric, and chased through disutils code # and noticed what seemed to be hard coded preferences for VC++ in the case of a Win32 OS. However, # I am new to Python and know little about disutils, so I may just be not using it right. # # NumPy is not a hard requirement, as I am led to believe (based on skimming PyOpenGL sources) that # PyOpenGL could run without it. However preformance may be impacted since NumPy provides an efficient # multi-dimensional array type and a linear algebra library. # # BTW, since this is Python make sure you use tabs or spaces to indent, I had numerous problems since I # was using editors that were not sensitive to Python. # from OpenGL.GL import * from OpenGL.GLUT import * from OpenGL.GLU import * import sys # Some api in the chain is translating the keystrokes to this octal string # so instead of saying: ESCAPE = 27, we use the following. ESCAPE = '\033' # Number of the glut window. window = 0 # Rotation angle for the triangle. rtri = 0.0 # Rotation angle for the quadrilateral. rquad = 0.0 # A general OpenGL initialization function. Sets all of the initial parameters. def InitGL(Width, Height): # We call this right after our OpenGL window is created. glClearColor(0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0) # This Will Clear The Background Color To Black glClearDepth(1.0) # Enables Clearing Of The Depth Buffer glDepthFunc(GL_LESS) # The Type Of Depth Test To Do glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST) # Enables Depth Testing glShadeModel(GL_SMOOTH) # Enables Smooth Color Shading glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION) glLoadIdentity() # Reset The Projection Matrix # Calculate The Aspect Ratio Of The Window gluPerspective(45.0, float(Width)/float(Height), 0.1, 100.0) glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW) # The function called when our window is resized (which shouldn't happen if you enable fullscreen, below) def ReSizeGLScene(Width, Height): if Height == 0: # Prevent A Divide By Zero If The Window Is Too Small Height = 1 glViewport(0, 0, Width, Height) # Reset The Current Viewport And Perspective Transformation glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION) glLoadIdentity() gluPerspective(45.0, float(Width)/float(Height), 0.1, 100.0) glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW) # The main drawing function. def DrawGLScene(): global rtri, rquad glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT); # Clear The Screen And The Depth Buffer glLoadIdentity(); # Reset The View glTranslatef(-1.5,0.0,-6.0); # Move Left And Into The Screen glRotatef(rtri,0.0,1.0,0.0); # Rotate The Pyramid On It's Y Axis glBegin(GL_TRIANGLES); # Start Drawing The Pyramid glColor3f(1.0,0.0,0.0); # Red glVertex3f( 0.0, 1.0, 0.0); # Top Of Triangle (Front) glColor3f(0.0,1.0,0.0); # Green glVertex3f(-1.0,-1.0, 1.0); # Left Of Triangle (Front) glColor3f(0.0,0.0,1.0); # Blue glVertex3f( 1.0,-1.0, 1.0); glColor3f(1.0,0.0,0.0); # Red glVertex3f( 0.0, 1.0, 0.0); # Top Of Triangle (Right) glColor3f(0.0,0.0,1.0); # Blue glVertex3f( 1.0,-1.0, 1.0); # Left Of Triangle (Right) glColor3f(0.0,1.0,0.0); # Green glVertex3f( 1.0,-1.0, -1.0); # Right glColor3f(1.0,0.0,0.0); # Red glVertex3f( 0.0, 1.0, 0.0); # Top Of Triangle (Back) glColor3f(0.0,1.0,0.0); # Green glVertex3f( 1.0,-1.0, -1.0); # Left Of Triangle (Back) glColor3f(0.0,0.0,1.0); # Blue glVertex3f(-1.0,-1.0, -1.0); # Right Of glColor3f(1.0,0.0,0.0); # Red glVertex3f( 0.0, 1.0, 0.0); # Top Of Triangle (Left) glColor3f(0.0,0.0,1.0); # Blue glVertex3f(-1.0,-1.0,-1.0); # Left Of Triangle (Left) glColor3f(0.0,1.0,0.0); # Green glVertex3f(-1.0,-1.0, 1.0); # Right Of Triangle (Left) glEnd(); glLoadIdentity(); glTranslatef(1.5,0.0,-7.0); # Move Right And Into The Screen glRotatef(rquad,1.0,1.0,1.0); # Rotate The Cube On X, Y & Z glBegin(GL_QUADS); # Start Drawing The Cube glColor3f(0.0,1.0,0.0); # Set The Color To Blue glVertex3f( 1.0, 1.0,-1.0); # Top Right Of The Quad (Top) glVertex3f(-1.0, 1.0,-1.0); # Top Left Of The Quad (Top) glVertex3f(-1.0, 1.0, 1.0); # Bottom Left Of The Quad (Top) glVertex3f( 1.0, 1.0, 1.0); # Bottom Right Of The Quad (Top) glColor3f(1.0,0.5,0.0); # Set The Color To Orange glVertex3f( 1.0,-1.0, 1.0); # Top Right Of The Quad (Bottom) glVertex3f(-1.0,-1.0, 1.0); # Top Left Of The Quad (Bottom) glVertex3f(-1.0,-1.0,-1.0); # Bottom Left Of The Quad (Bottom) glVertex3f( 1.0,-1.0,-1.0); # Bottom Right Of The Quad (Bottom) glColor3f(1.0,0.0,0.0); # Set The Color To Red glVertex3f( 1.0, 1.0, 1.0); # Top Right Of The Quad (Front) glVertex3f(-1.0, 1.0, 1.0); # Top Left Of The Quad (Front) glVertex3f(-1.0,-1.0, 1.0); # Bottom Left Of The Quad (Front) glVertex3f( 1.0,-1.0, 1.0); # Bottom Right Of The Quad (Front) glColor3f(1.0,1.0,0.0); # Set The Color To Yellow glVertex3f( 1.0,-1.0,-1.0); # Bottom Left Of The Quad (Back) glVertex3f(-1.0,-1.0,-1.0); # Bottom Right Of The Quad (Back) glVertex3f(-1.0, 1.0,-1.0); # Top Right Of The Quad (Back) glVertex3f( 1.0, 1.0,-1.0); # Top Left Of The Quad (Back) glColor3f(0.0,0.0,1.0); # Set The Color To Blue glVertex3f(-1.0, 1.0, 1.0); # Top Right Of The Quad (Left) glVertex3f(-1.0, 1.0,-1.0); # Top Left Of The Quad (Left) glVertex3f(-1.0,-1.0,-1.0); # Bottom Left Of The Quad (Left) glVertex3f(-1.0,-1.0, 1.0); # Bottom Right Of The Quad (Left) glColor3f(1.0,0.0,1.0); # Set The Color To Violet glVertex3f( 1.0, 1.0,-1.0); # Top Right Of The Quad (Right) glVertex3f( 1.0, 1.0, 1.0); # Top Left Of The Quad (Right) glVertex3f( 1.0,-1.0, 1.0); # Bottom Left Of The Quad (Right) glVertex3f( 1.0,-1.0,-1.0); # Bottom Right Of The Quad (Right) glEnd(); # Done Drawing The Quad # What values to use? Well, if you have a FAST machine and a FAST 3D Card, then # large values make an unpleasant display with flickering and tearing. I found that # smaller values work better, but this was based on my experience. rtri = rtri + 0.2 # Increase The Rotation Variable For The Triangle rquad = rquad - 0.15 # Decrease The Rotation Variable For The Quad # since this is double buffered, swap the buffers to display what just got drawn. glutSwapBuffers() # The function called whenever a key is pressed. Note the use of Python tuples to pass in: (key, x, y) def keyPressed(*args): # If escape is pressed, kill everything. if args[0] == ESCAPE: sys.exit() def main(): global window glutInit(sys.argv) # Select type of Display mode: # Double buffer # RGBA color # Alpha components supported # Depth buffer glutInitDisplayMode(GLUT_RGBA | GLUT_DOUBLE | GLUT_DEPTH) # get a 640 x 480 window glutInitWindowSize(640, 480) # the window starts at the upper left corner of the screen glutInitWindowPosition(0, 0) # Okay, like the C version we retain the window id to use when closing, but for those of you new # to Python (like myself), remember this assignment would make the variable local and not global # if it weren't for the global declaration at the start of main. window = glutCreateWindow("Jeff Molofee's GL Code Tutorial ... NeHe '99") # Register the drawing function with glut, BUT in Python land, at least using PyOpenGL, we need to # set the function pointer and invoke a function to actually register the callback, otherwise it # would be very much like the C version of the code. glutDisplayFunc(DrawGLScene) # Uncomment this line to get full screen. # glutFullScreen() # When we are doing nothing, redraw the scene. glutIdleFunc(DrawGLScene) # Register the function called when our window is resized. glutReshapeFunc(ReSizeGLScene) # Register the function called when the keyboard is pressed. glutKeyboardFunc(keyPressed) # Initialize our window. InitGL(640, 480) # Start Event Processing Engine glutMainLoop() # Print message to console, and kick off the main to get it rolling. print "Hit ESC key to quit." main()