IPRoute module¶

Classes¶

The RTNL API is provided by the class RTNL_API. It is a mixin class that works on top of any RTNL-compatible socket, so several classes with almost the same API are available:

IPRoute – simple RTNL API

NetNS – RTNL API in a network namespace

IPBatch – RTNL packet compiler

ShellIPR – run RTNL in a (remote) shell

Responses as lists¶

The netlink socket implementation in the pyroute2 is agnostic to particular netlink protocols, and always returns a list of messages as the response to a request sent to the kernel:

with IPRoute() as ipr:

    # this request returns one match
    eth0 = ipr.link_lookup(ifname='eth0')
    len(eth0)  # -> 1, if exists, else 0

    # but that one returns a set of
    up = ipr.link_lookup(operstate='UP')
    len(up)  # -> k, where 0 <= k <= [interface count]

Thus, always expect a list in the response, running any IPRoute() netlink request.

NLMSG_ERROR responses¶

Some kernel subsystems return NLMSG_ERROR in response to any request. It is OK as long as nlmsg[“header”][“error”] is None. Otherwise an exception will be raised by the parser.

So if instead of an exception you get a NLMSG_ERROR message, it means error == 0, the same as $? == 0 in bash.

How to work with messages¶

Every netlink message contains header, fields and NLAs (netlink attributes). Every NLA is a netlink message… (see “recursion”).

And the library provides parsed messages according to this scheme. Every RTNL message contains:

nlmsg[‘header’] – parsed header
nlmsg[‘attrs’] – NLA chain (parsed on demand)
0 .. k data fields, e.g. nlmsg[‘flags’] etc.
nlmsg.header – the header fields spec
nlmsg.fields – the data fields spec
nlmsg.nla_map – NLA spec

An important parser feature is that NLAs are parsed on demand, when someone tries to access them. Otherwise the parser doesn’t waste CPU cycles.

The NLA chain is a list-like structure, not a dictionary. The netlink standard doesn’t require NLAs to be unique within one message:

{'attrs': [('IFLA_IFNAME', 'lo'),    # [1]
           ('IFLA_TXQLEN', 1),
           ('IFLA_OPERSTATE', 'UNKNOWN'),
           ('IFLA_LINKMODE', 0),
           ('IFLA_MTU', 65536),
           ('IFLA_GROUP', 0),
           ('IFLA_PROMISCUITY', 0),
           ('IFLA_NUM_TX_QUEUES', 1),
           ('IFLA_NUM_RX_QUEUES', 1),
           ('IFLA_CARRIER', 1),
           ...],
 'change': 0,
 'event': 'RTM_NEWLINK',             # [2]
 'family': 0,
 'flags': 65609,
 'header': {'error': None,           # [3]
            'flags': 2,
            'length': 1180,
            'pid': 28233,
            'sequence_number': 257,  # [4]
            'type': 16},             # [5]
 'ifi_type': 772,
 'index': 1}

 # [1] every NLA is parsed upon access
 # [2] this field is injected by the RTNL parser
 # [3] if not None, an exception will be raised
 # [4] more details in the netlink description
 # [5] 16 == RTM_NEWLINK

To access fields:

msg['index'] == 1

To access one NLA:

msg.get_attr('IFLA_CARRIER') == 1

When an NLA with the specified name is not present in the chain, get_attr() returns None. To get the list of all NLAs of that name, use get_attrs(). A real example with NLA hierarchy, take notice of get_attr() and get_attrs() usage:

# for macvlan interfaces there may be several
# IFLA_MACVLAN_MACADDR NLA provided, so use
# get_attrs() to get all the list, not only
# the first one

(msg
 .get_attr('IFLA_LINKINFO')           # one NLA
 .get_attr('IFLA_INFO_DATA')          # one NLA
 .get_attrs('IFLA_MACVLAN_MACADDR'))  # a list of

The protocol itself has no limit for number of NLAs of the same type in one message, that’s why we can not make a dictionary from them – unlike PF_ROUTE messages.

BSD notes¶

The library provides very basic RTNL API for BSD systems via protocol emulation. Only getters are supported yet, no setters.

BSD employs PF_ROUTE sockets to send notifications about network object changes, but the protocol doesn not allow changing links/addresses/etc like Netlink.

To change network setting one have to rely on system calls or external tools. Thus IPRoute on BSD systems is not as effective as on Linux, where all the changes are done via Netlink.

The monitoring started with bind() is implemented as an implicit thread, started by the bind() call. This is done to have only one notification FD, used both for normal calls and notifications. This allows to use IPRoute objects in poll/select calls.

On Linux systems RTNL API is provided by the netlink protocol, so no implicit threads are started by default to monitor the system updates. IPRoute.bind(…) may start the async cache thread, but only when asked explicitly:

#
# Normal monitoring. Always starts monitoring thread on
# FreeBSD / OpenBSD, no threads on Linux.
#
with IPRoute() as ipr:
    ipr.bind()
    ...

#
# Monitoring with async cache. Always starts cache thread
# on Linux, ignored on FreeBSD / OpenBSD.
#
with IPRoute() as ipr:
    ipr.bind(async_cache=True)
    ...

On all the supported platforms, be it Linux or BSD, the IPRoute.recv(…) method returns valid netlink RTNL raw binary payload and IPRoute.get(…) returns parsed RTNL messages.

IPRoute API¶

class pyroute2.iproute.linux.IPBatch(*argv, **kwarg)¶

Netlink requests compiler. Does not send any requests, but instead stores them in the internal binary buffer. The contents of the buffer can be used to send batch requests, to test custom netlink parsers and so on.

Uses RTNL_API and provides all the same API as normal IPRoute objects:

# create the batch compiler
ipb = IPBatch()
# compile requests into the internal buffer
ipb.link("add", index=550, ifname="test", kind="dummy")
ipb.link("set", index=550, state="up")
ipb.addr("add", index=550, address="10.0.0.2", mask=24)
# save the buffer
data = ipb.batch
# reset the buffer
ipb.reset()
...
# send the buffer
IPRoute().sendto(data, (0, 0))

class pyroute2.iproute.linux.IPRoute(*argv, **kwarg)¶: Regular ordinary utility class, see RTNL API for the list of methods.

class pyroute2.iproute.linux.RTNL_API(*argv, **kwarg)¶

RTNL_API should not be instantiated by itself. It is intended to be used as a mixin class. Following classes use RTNL_API:

IPRoute – RTNL API to the current network namespace
NetNS – RTNL API to another network namespace
IPBatch – RTNL compiler
ShellIPR – RTNL via standard I/O, runs IPRoute in a shell

It is an old-school API, that provides access to rtnetlink as is. It helps you to retrieve and change almost all the data, available through rtnetlink:

from pyroute2 import IPRoute
ipr = IPRoute()
# create an interface
ipr.link('add', ifname='brx', kind='bridge')
# lookup the index
dev = ipr.link_lookup(ifname='brx')[0]
# bring it down
ipr.link('set', index=dev, state='down')
# change the interface MAC address and rename it just for fun
ipr.link('set', index=dev,
         address='00:11:22:33:44:55',
         ifname='br-ctrl')
# add primary IP address
ipr.addr('add', index=dev,
         address='10.0.0.1', mask=24,
         broadcast='10.0.0.255')
# add secondary IP address
ipr.addr('add', index=dev,
         address='10.0.0.2', mask=24,
         broadcast='10.0.0.255')
# bring it up
ipr.link('set', index=dev, state='up')

addr(command, index=None, address=None, mask=None, family=None, scope=None, match=None, **kwarg)¶

Address operations

command – add, delete
index – device index
address – IPv4 or IPv6 address
mask – address mask
family – socket.AF_INET for IPv4 or socket.AF_INET6 for IPv6
scope – the address scope, see /etc/iproute2/rt_scopes
**kwarg – any ifaddrmsg field or NLA

Later the method signature will be changed to:

def addr(self, command, match=None, **kwarg):
    # the method body

So only keyword arguments (except of the command) will be accepted. The reason for this change is an unification of API.

Example:

idx = 62
ip.addr('add', index=idx, address='10.0.0.1', mask=24)
ip.addr('add', index=idx, address='10.0.0.2', mask=24)

With more NLAs:

# explicitly set broadcast address
ip.addr('add', index=idx,
        address='10.0.0.3',
        broadcast='10.0.0.255',
        prefixlen=24)

# make the secondary address visible to ifconfig: add label
ip.addr('add', index=idx,
        address='10.0.0.4',
        broadcast='10.0.0.255',
        prefixlen=24,
        label='eth0:1')

Configure p2p address on an interface:

ip.addr('add', index=idx,
        address='10.1.1.2',
        mask=24,
        local='10.1.1.1')

brport(command, **kwarg)¶

Set bridge port parameters. Example:

idx = ip.link_lookup(ifname='eth0')
ip.brport("set", index=idx, unicast_flood=0, cost=200)
ip.brport("show", index=idx)

Possible keywords are NLA names for the protinfo_bridge class, without the prefix and in lower letters.

fdb(command, **kwarg)¶

Bridge forwarding database management.

More details:

kernel:Documentation/networking/switchdev.txt
pyroute2.netlink.rtnl.ndmsg

add

Add a new FDB record. Works in the same way as ARP cache management, but some additional NLAs can be used:

# simple FDB record
#
ip.fdb('add',
       ifindex=ip.link_lookup(ifname='br0')[0],
       lladdr='00:11:22:33:44:55',
       dst='10.0.0.1')

# specify vlan
# NB: vlan should exist on the device, use
# `vlan_filter()`
#
ip.fdb('add',
       ifindex=ip.link_lookup(ifname='br0')[0],
       lladdr='00:11:22:33:44:55',
       dst='10.0.0.1',
       vlan=200)

# specify vxlan id and port
# NB: works only for vxlan devices, use
# `link("add", kind="vxlan", ...)`
#
# if port is not specified, the default one is used
# by the kernel.
#
# if vni (vxlan id) is equal to the device vni,
# the kernel doesn't report it back
#
ip.fdb('add',
       ifindex=ip.link_lookup(ifname='vx500')[0]
       lladdr='00:11:22:33:44:55',
       dst='10.0.0.1',
       port=5678,
       vni=600)

append

Append a new FDB record. The same syntax as for add.

del

Remove an existing FDB record. The same syntax as for add.

dump

Dump all the FDB records. If any **kwarg is provided, results will be filtered:

# dump all the records
ip.fdb('dump')

# show only specific lladdr, dst, vlan etc.
ip.fdb('dump', lladdr='00:11:22:33:44:55')
ip.fdb('dump', dst='10.0.0.1')
ip.fdb('dump', vlan=200)

flush_addr(*argv, **kwarg)¶

Flush IP addresses.

Examples:

# flush all addresses on the interface with index 2:
ipr.flush_addr(index=2)

# flush all addresses with IFA_LABEL='eth0':
ipr.flush_addr(label='eth0')

flush_routes(*argv, **kwarg)¶: Flush routes – purge route records from a table. Arguments are the same as for get_routes() routine. Actually, this routine implements a pipe from get_routes() to nlm_request().

flush_rules(*argv, **kwarg)¶

Flush rules. Please keep in mind, that by default the function operates on all rules of all families. To work only on IPv4 rules, one should explicitly specify family=AF_INET.

Examples:

# flush all IPv4 rule with priorities above 5 and below 32000
ipr.flush_rules(family=AF_INET, priority=lambda x: 5 < x < 32000)

# flush all IPv6 rules that point to table 250:
ipr.flush_rules(family=socket.AF_INET6, table=250)

get_addr(family=0, match=None, **kwarg)¶

Dump addresses.

If family is not specified, both AF_INET and AF_INET6 addresses will be dumped:

# get all addresses
ip.get_addr()

It is possible to apply filters on the results:

# get addresses for the 2nd interface
ip.get_addr(index=2)

# get addresses with IFA_LABEL == 'eth0'
ip.get_addr(label='eth0')

# get all the subnet addresses on the interface, identified
# by broadcast address (should be explicitly specified upon
# creation)
ip.get_addr(index=2, broadcast='192.168.1.255')

A custom predicate can be used as a filter:

ip.get_addr(match=lambda x: x['index'] == 1)

get_classes(index=0)¶: Get classes for specified interface.

get_default_routes(family=0, table=254)¶: Get default routes

get_filters(index=0, handle=0, parent=0)¶: Get filters for specified interface, handle and parent.

get_links(*argv, **kwarg)¶

Get network interfaces.

By default returns all interfaces. Arguments vector can contain interface indices or a special keyword ‘all’:

ip.get_links()
ip.get_links('all')
ip.get_links(1, 2, 3)

interfaces = [1, 2, 3]
ip.get_links(*interfaces)

get_neighbours(family=0, match=None, **kwarg)¶

Dump ARP cache records.

The family keyword sets the family for the request: e.g. AF_INET or AF_INET6 for arp cache, AF_BRIDGE for fdb.

If other keyword arguments not empty, they are used as filter. Also, one can explicitly set filter as a function with the match parameter.

Examples:

# get neighbours on the 3rd link:
ip.get_neighbours(ifindex=3)

# get a particular record by dst:
ip.get_neighbours(dst='172.16.0.1')

# get fdb records:
ip.get_neighbours(AF_BRIDGE)

# and filter them by a function:
ip.get_neighbours(AF_BRIDGE, match=lambda x: x['state'] == 2)

get_ntables(family=0)¶: Get neighbour tables

get_qdiscs(index=None)¶: Get all queue disciplines for all interfaces or for specified one.

get_routes(family=255, match=None, **kwarg)¶

Get all routes. You can specify the table. There are 255 routing classes (tables), and the kernel returns all the routes on each request. So the routine filters routes from full output.

Example:

ip.get_routes()  # get all the routes for all families
ip.get_routes(family=AF_INET6)  # get only IPv6 routes
ip.get_routes(table=254)  # get routes from 254 table

The default family=255 is a hack. Despite the specs, the kernel returns only IPv4 routes for AF_UNSPEC family. But it returns all the routes for all the families if one uses an invalid value here. Hack but true. And let’s hope the kernel team will not fix this bug.

get_rules(family=0, match=None, **kwarg)¶

Get all rules. By default return all rules. To explicitly request the IPv4 rules use family=AF_INET.

Example::: ip.get_rules() # get all the rules for all families ip.get_rules(family=AF_INET6) # get only IPv6 rules

get_vlans(**kwarg)¶: Dump available vlan info on bridge ports

link(command, **kwarg)¶

Link operations.

Keywords to set up ifinfmsg fields:

index – interface index
family – AF_BRIDGE for bridge operations, otherwise 0
flags – device flags
change – change mask

All other keywords will be translated to NLA names, e.g. mtu -> IFLA_MTU, af_spec -> IFLA_AF_SPEC etc. You can provide a complete NLA structure or let filters do it for you. E.g., these pairs show equal statements:

# set device MTU
ip.link("set", index=x, mtu=1000)
ip.link("set", index=x, IFLA_MTU=1000)

# add vlan device
ip.link("add", ifname="test", kind="dummy")
ip.link("add", ifname="test",
        IFLA_LINKINFO={'attrs': [['IFLA_INFO_KIND', 'dummy']]})

Filters are implemented in the pyroute2.netlink.rtnl.req module. You can contribute your own if you miss shortcuts.

Commands:

add

To create an interface, one should specify the interface kind:

ip.link("add",
        ifname="test",
        kind="dummy")

The kind can be any of those supported by kernel. It can be dummy, bridge, bond etc. On modern kernels one can specify even interface index:

ip.link("add",
        ifname="br-test",
        kind="bridge",
        index=2345)

Specific type notes:

► gre

Create GRE tunnel:

ip.link("add",
        ifname="grex",
        kind="gre",
        gre_local="172.16.0.1",
        gre_remote="172.16.0.101",
        gre_ttl=16)

The keyed GRE requires explicit iflags/oflags specification:

ip.link("add",
        ifname="grex",
        kind="gre",
        gre_local="172.16.0.1",
        gre_remote="172.16.0.101",
        gre_ttl=16,
        gre_ikey=10,
        gre_okey=10,
        gre_iflags=32,
        gre_oflags=32)

Support for GRE over IPv6 is also included; use kind=ip6gre and ip6gre_ as the prefix for its values.

► macvlan

Macvlan interfaces act like VLANs within OS. The macvlan driver provides an ability to add several MAC addresses on one interface, where every MAC address is reflected with a virtual interface in the system.

In some setups macvlan interfaces can replace bridge interfaces, providing more simple and at the same time high-performance solution:

ip.link("add",
        ifname="mvlan0",
        kind="macvlan",
        link=ip.link_lookup(ifname="em1")[0],
        macvlan_mode="private").commit()

Several macvlan modes are available: “private”, “vepa”, “bridge”, “passthru”. Ususally the default is “vepa”.

► macvtap

Almost the same as macvlan, but creates also a character tap device:

ip.link("add",
        ifname="mvtap0",
        kind="macvtap",
        link=ip.link_lookup(ifname="em1")[0],
        macvtap_mode="vepa").commit()

Will create a device file “/dev/tap%s” % index

► tuntap

Possible tuntap keywords:

mode — “tun” or “tap”

uid — integer

gid — integer

ifr — dict of tuntap flags (see ifinfmsg:… tuntap_data)

Create a tap interface:

ip.link("add",
        ifname="tap0",
        kind="tuntap",
        mode="tap")

Tun/tap interfaces are created using ioctl(), but the library provides a transparent way to manage them using netlink API.

► veth

To properly create veth interface, one should specify peer also, since veth interfaces are created in pairs:

# simple call
ip.link("add", ifname="v1p0", kind="veth", peer="v1p1")

# set up specific veth peer attributes
ip.link("add",
        ifname="v1p0",
        kind="veth",
        peer={"ifname": "v1p1",
              "net_ns_fd": "test_netns"})

► vlan

VLAN interfaces require additional parameters, vlan_id and link, where link is a master interface to create VLAN on:

ip.link("add",
        ifname="v100",
        kind="vlan",
        link=ip.link_lookup(ifname="eth0")[0],
        vlan_id=100)

There is a possibility to create also 802.1ad interfaces:

# create external vlan 802.1ad, s-tag
ip.link("add",
        ifname="v100s",
        kind="vlan",
        link=ip.link_lookup(ifname="eth0")[0],
        vlan_id=100,
        vlan_protocol=0x88a8)

# create internal vlan 802.1q, c-tag
ip.link("add",
        ifname="v100c",
        kind="vlan",
        link=ip.link_lookup(ifname="v100s")[0],
        vlan_protocol=0x8100)

► vrf

VRF interfaces (see linux/Documentation/networking/vrf.txt):

ip.link("add",
        ifname="vrf-foo",
        kind="vrf",
        vrf_table=42)

► vxlan

VXLAN interfaces are like VLAN ones, but require a bit more parameters:

ip.link("add",
        ifname="vx101",
        kind="vxlan",
        vxlan_link=ip.link_lookup(ifname="eth0")[0],
        vxlan_id=101,
        vxlan_group='239.1.1.1',
        vxlan_ttl=16)

All possible vxlan parameters are listed in the module pyroute2.netlink.rtnl.ifinfmsg:… vxlan_data.

set

Set interface attributes:

# get interface index
x = ip.link_lookup(ifname="eth0")[0]
# put link down
ip.link("set", index=x, state="down")
# rename and set MAC addr
ip.link("set", index=x, address="00:11:22:33:44:55", name="bala")
# set MTU and TX queue length
ip.link("set", index=x, mtu=1000, txqlen=2000)
# bring link up
ip.link("set", index=x, state="up")

Keyword “state” is reserved. State can be “up” or “down”, it is a shortcut:

state="up":   flags=1, mask=1
state="down": flags=0, mask=0

del

Destroy the interface:

ip.link("del", index=ip.link_lookup(ifname="dummy0")[0])

dump

Dump info for all interfaces

get

Get specific interface info:

ip.link("get", index=ip.link_lookup(ifname="br0")[0])

vlan-add vlan-del

These command names are confusing and thus are deprecated. Use IPRoute.vlan_filter().

link_lookup(**kwarg)¶

Lookup interface index (indeces) by first level NLA value.

Example:

ip.link_lookup(address="52:54:00:9d:4e:3d")
ip.link_lookup(ifname="lo")
ip.link_lookup(operstate="UP")

Please note, that link_lookup() returns list, not one value.

neigh(command, **kwarg)¶

Neighbours operations, same as ip neigh or bridge fdb

add

Add a neighbour record, e.g.:

from pyroute2 import IPRoute
from pyroute2.netlink.rtnl import ndmsg

# add a permanent record on veth0
idx = ip.link_lookup(ifname='veth0')[0]
ip.neigh('add',
         dst='172.16.45.1',
         lladdr='00:11:22:33:44:55',
         ifindex=idx,
         state=ndmsg.states['permanent'])

set

Set an existing record or create a new one, if it doesn’t exist. The same as above, but the command is “set”:

ip.neigh('set',
         dst='172.16.45.1',
         lladdr='00:11:22:33:44:55',
         ifindex=idx,
         state=ndmsg.states['permanent'])

change

Change an existing record. If the record doesn’t exist, fail.

del

Delete an existing record.

dump

Dump all the records in the NDB:

ip.neigh('dump')

route(command, **kwarg)¶

Route operations.

Keywords to set up rtmsg fields:

dst_len, src_len – destination and source mask(see dst below)
tos – type of service
table – routing table
proto – redirect, boot, static (see rt_proto)
scope – routing realm
type – unicast, local, etc. (see rt_type)

pyroute2/netlink/rtnl/rtmsg.py rtmsg.nla_map:

table – routing table to use (default: 254)
gateway – via address
prefsrc – preferred source IP address
dst – the same as prefix
iif – incoming traffic interface
oif – outgoing traffic interface

etc.

One can specify mask not as dst_len, but as a part of dst, e.g.: dst=”10.0.0.0/24”.

Commands:

add

Example:

ip.route("add", dst="10.0.0.0/24", gateway="192.168.0.1")

It is possible to set also route metrics. There are two ways to do so. The first is to use ‘raw’ NLA notation:

ip.route("add",
         dst="10.0.0.0",
         mask=24,
         gateway="192.168.0.1",
         metrics={"attrs": [["RTAX_MTU", 1400],
                            ["RTAX_HOPLIMIT", 16]]})

The second way is to use shortcuts, provided by IPRouteRequest class, which is applied to **kwarg automatically:

ip.route("add",
         dst="10.0.0.0/24",
         gateway="192.168.0.1",
         metrics={"mtu": 1400,
                  "hoplimit": 16})

…

More route() examples. Blackhole route:

ip.route("add",
         dst="10.0.0.0/24",
         type="blackhole")

Multipath route:

ip.route("add",
         dst="10.0.0.0/24",
         multipath=[{"gateway": "192.168.0.1", "hops": 2},
                    {"gateway": "192.168.0.2", "hops": 1},
                    {"gateway": "192.168.0.3"}])

MPLS lwtunnel on eth0:

idx = ip.link_lookup(ifname='eth0')[0]
ip.route("add",
         dst="10.0.0.0/24",
         oif=idx,
         encap={"type": "mpls",
                "labels": "200/300"})

MPLS multipath:

idx = ip.link_lookup(ifname='eth0')[0]
ip.route("add",
         dst="10.0.0.0/24",
         table=20,
         multipath=[{"gateway": "192.168.0.1",
                     "encap": {"type": "mpls",
                               "labels": 200}},
                    {"ifindex": idx,
                     "encap": {"type": "mpls",
                               "labels": 300}}])

MPLS target can be int, string, dict or list:

"labels": 300    # simple label
"labels": "300"  # the same
"labels": (200, 300)  # stacked
"labels": "200/300"   # the same

# explicit label definition
"labels": {"bos": 1,
           "label": 300,
           "tc": 0,
           "ttl": 16}

change, replace

Commands change and replace have the same meanings, as in ip-route(8): change modifies only existing route, while replace creates a new one, if there is no such route yet.

del

Remove the route. The same syntax as for add.

get

Get route by spec.

dump

Dump all routes.

rule(command, *argv, **kwarg)¶

Rule operations

command — add, delete

table — 0 < table id < 253

priority — 0 < rule’s priority < 32766

action — type of rule, default ‘FR_ACT_NOP’ (see fibmsg.py)

rtscope — routing scope, default RT_SCOPE_UNIVERSE

(RT_SCOPE_UNIVERSE|RT_SCOPE_SITE| RT_SCOPE_LINK|RT_SCOPE_HOST|RT_SCOPE_NOWHERE)

family — rule’s family (socket.AF_INET (default) or

socket.AF_INET6)

src — IP source for Source Based (Policy Based) routing’s rule

dst — IP for Destination Based (Policy Based) routing’s rule

src_len — Mask for Source Based (Policy Based) routing’s rule

dst_len — Mask for Destination Based (Policy Based) routing’s

rule

iifname — Input interface for Interface Based (Policy Based)

routing’s rule

oifname — Output interface for Interface Based (Policy Based)

routing’s rule

All packets route via table 10:

# 32000: from all lookup 10
# ...
ip.rule('add', table=10, priority=32000)

Default action:

# 32001: from all lookup 11 unreachable
# ...
iproute.rule('add',
             table=11,
             priority=32001,
             action='FR_ACT_UNREACHABLE')

Use source address to choose a routing table:

# 32004: from 10.64.75.141 lookup 14
# ...
iproute.rule('add',
             table=14,
             priority=32004,
             src='10.64.75.141')

Use dst address to choose a routing table:

# 32005: from 10.64.75.141/24 lookup 15
# ...
iproute.rule('add',
             table=15,
             priority=32005,
             dst='10.64.75.141',
             dst_len=24)

Match fwmark:

# 32006: from 10.64.75.141 fwmark 0xa lookup 15
# ...
iproute.rule('add',
             table=15,
             priority=32006,
             dst='10.64.75.141',
             fwmark=10)

tc(command, kind=None, index=0, handle=0, **kwarg)¶

“Swiss knife” for traffic control. With the method you can add, delete or modify qdiscs, classes and filters.

command – add or delete qdisc, class, filter.
kind – a string identifier – “sfq”, “htb”, “u32” and so on.
handle – integer or string

Command can be one of (“add”, “del”, “add-class”, “del-class”, “add-filter”, “del-filter”) (see commands dict in the code).

Handle notice: traditional iproute2 notation, like “1:0”, actually represents two parts in one four-bytes integer:

1:0    ->    0x10000
1:1    ->    0x10001
ff:0   ->   0xff0000
ffff:1 -> 0xffff0001

Target notice: if your target is a class/qdisc that applies an algorithm that can only apply to upstream traffic profile, but your keys variable explicitly references a match that is only relevant for upstream traffic, the kernel will reject the filter. Unless you’re dealing with devices like IMQs

For pyroute2 tc() you can use both forms: integer like 0xffff0000 or string like ‘ffff:0000’. By default, handle is 0, so you can add simple classless queues w/o need to specify handle. Ingress queue causes handle to be 0xffff0000.

So, to set up sfq queue on interface 1, the function call will be like that:

ip = IPRoute()
ip.tc("add", "sfq", 1)

Instead of string commands (“add”, “del”…), you can use also module constants, RTM_NEWQDISC, RTM_DELQDISC and so on:

ip = IPRoute()
flags = NLM_F_REQUEST | NLM_F_ACK | NLM_F_CREATE | NLM_F_EXCL
ip.tc((RTM_NEWQDISC, flags), "sfq", 1)

It should be noted that “change”, “change-class” and “change-filter” work like “replace”, “replace-class” and “replace-filter”, except they will fail if the node doesn’t exist (while it would have been created by “replace”). This is not the same behaviour as with “tc” where “change” can be used to modify the value of some options while leaving the others unchanged. However, as not all entities support this operation, we believe the “change” commands as implemented here are more useful.

Also available “modules” (returns tc plugins dict) and “help” commands:

help(ip.tc("modules")["htb"])
print(ip.tc("help", "htb"))

vlan_filter(command, **kwarg)¶

Vlan filters is another approach to support vlans in Linux. Before vlan filters were introduced, there was only one way to bridge vlans: one had to create vlan interfaces and then add them as ports:

        +------+      +----------+
net --> | eth0 | <--> | eth0.500 | <---+
        +------+      +----------+     |
                                       v
        +------+                    +-----+
net --> | eth1 |                    | br0 |
        +------+                    +-----+
                                       ^
        +------+      +----------+     |
net --> | eth2 | <--> | eth0.500 | <---+
        +------+      +----------+

It means that one has to create as many bridges, as there were vlans. Vlan filters allow to bridge together underlying interfaces and create vlans already on the bridge:

# v500 label shows which interfaces have vlan filter

        +------+ v500
net --> | eth0 | <-------+
        +------+         |
                         v
        +------+      +-----+    +---------+
net --> | eth1 | <--> | br0 |<-->| br0v500 |
        +------+      +-----+    +---------+
                         ^
        +------+ v500    |
net --> | eth2 | <-------+
        +------+

In this example vlan 500 will be allowed only on ports eth0 and eth2, though all three eth nics are bridged.

Some example code:

# create bridge
ip.link("add",
        ifname="br0",
        kind="bridge")

# attach a port
ip.link("set",
        index=ip.link_lookup(ifname="eth0")[0],
        master=ip.link_lookup(ifname="br0")[0])

# set vlan filter
ip.vlan_filter("add",
               index=ip.link_lookup(ifname="eth0")[0],
               vlan_info={"vid": 500})

# create vlan interface on the bridge
ip.link("add",
        ifname="br0v500",
        kind="vlan",
        link=ip.link_lookup(ifname="br0")[0],
        vlan_id=500)

# set all UP
ip.link("set",
        index=ip.link_lookup(ifname="br0")[0],
        state="up")
ip.link("set",
        index=ip.link_lookup(ifname="br0v500")[0],
        state="up")
ip.link("set",
        index=ip.link_lookup(ifname="eth0")[0],
        state="up")

# set IP address
ip.addr("add",
        index=ip.link_lookup(ifname="br0v500")[0],
        address="172.16.5.2",
        mask=24)

Now all the traffic to the network 172.16.5.2/24 will go
to vlan 500 only via ports that have such vlan filter.

Required arguments for vlan_filter() – index and vlan_info. Vlan info struct:

{"vid": uint16,
 "flags": uint16}

More details:

kernel:Documentation/networking/switchdev.txt
pyroute2.netlink.rtnl.ifinfmsg:… vlan_info

One can specify flags as int or as a list of flag names:

master == 0x1
pvid == 0x2
untagged == 0x4
range_begin == 0x8
range_end == 0x10
brentry == 0x20

E.g.:

{"vid": 20,
 "flags": ["pvid", "untagged"]}

# is equal to
{"vid": 20,
 "flags": 6}

Commands:

add

Add vlan filter to a bridge port. Example:

ip.vlan_filter("add", index=2, vlan_info={"vid": 200})

del

Remove vlan filter from a bridge port. Example:

ip.vlan_filter("del", index=2, vlan_info={"vid": 200})

class pyroute2.iproute.linux.RawIPRoute(*argv, **kwarg)¶: The same as IPRoute, but does not use the netlink proxy. Thus it can not manage e.g. tun/tap interfaces.

Queueing disciplines¶

drr¶

The qdisc doesn’t accept any parameters, but the class accepts quantum parameter:

ip.tc('add', 'drr', interface, '1:')
ip.tc('add-class', 'drr', interface, '1:10', quantum=1600)
ip.tc('add-class', 'drr', interface, '1:20', quantum=1600)

class pyroute2.netlink.rtnl.tcmsg.sched_drr.options(data=None, offset=0, length=None, parent=None, init=None)¶

class pyroute2.netlink.rtnl.tcmsg.sched_drr.stats(data=None, offset=0, length=None, parent=None, init=None)¶

class pyroute2.netlink.rtnl.tcmsg.sched_drr.stats2(data=None, offset=0, length=None, parent=None, init=None)¶

class stats_app(data=None, offset=0, length=None, parent=None, init=None)¶

choke¶

Parameters:

limit (required) – int

bandwith (required) – str/int

min – int

max – int

avpkt – str/int, packet size

burst – int

probability – float

ecn – bool

Example:

ip.tc('add', 'choke', interface,
      limit=5500,
      bandwith="10mbit",
      ecn=True)

class pyroute2.netlink.rtnl.tcmsg.sched_choke.options(data=None, offset=0, length=None, parent=None, init=None)¶

class qopt(data=None, offset=0, length=None, parent=None, init=None)¶

class stab(data=None, offset=0, length=None, parent=None, init=None)¶

encode()¶

Encode the message into the binary buffer:

msg.encode()
sock.send(msg.data)

If you want to customize the encoding process, override the method:

class CustomMessage(nlmsg):

    def encode(self):
        ...  # do some custom data tuning
        nlmsg.encode(self)

class pyroute2.netlink.rtnl.tcmsg.sched_choke.stats(data=None, offset=0, length=None, parent=None, init=None)¶

class pyroute2.netlink.rtnl.tcmsg.sched_choke.stats2(data=None, offset=0, length=None, parent=None, init=None)¶

class stats_app(data=None, offset=0, length=None, parent=None, init=None)¶

clsact¶

The clsact qdisc provides a mechanism to attach integrated filter-action classifiers to an interface, either at ingress or egress, or both. The use case shown here is using a bpf program (implemented elsewhere) to direct the packet processing. The example also uses the direct-action feature to specify what to do with each packet (pass, drop, redirect, etc.).

BPF ingress/egress example using clsact qdisc:

# open_bpf_fd is outside the scope of pyroute2
#fd = open_bpf_fd()
eth0 = ip.get_links(ifname="eth0")[0]
ip.tc("add", "clsact", eth0)
# add ingress clsact
ip.tc("add-filter", "bpf", idx, ":1", fd=fd, name="myprog",
      parent="ffff:fff2", classid=1, direct_action=True)
# add egress clsact
ip.tc("add-filter", "bpf", idx, ":1", fd=fd, name="myprog",
      parent="ffff:fff3", classid=1, direct_action=True)

hfsc¶

Simple HFSC example:

eth0 = ip.get_links(ifname="eth0")[0]
ip.tc("add", "hfsc", eth0,
      handle="1:",
      default="1:1")
ip.tc("add-class", "hfsc", eth0,
      handle="1:1",
      parent="1:0"
      rsc={"m2": "5mbit"})

HFSC curve nla types:

rsc: real-time curve
fsc: link-share curve
usc: upper-limit curve

class pyroute2.netlink.rtnl.tcmsg.sched_hfsc.options_hfsc(data=None, offset=0, length=None, parent=None, init=None)¶

class pyroute2.netlink.rtnl.tcmsg.sched_hfsc.options_hfsc_class(data=None, offset=0, length=None, parent=None, init=None)¶

class hfsc_curve(data=None, offset=0, length=None, parent=None, init=None)¶

class pyroute2.netlink.rtnl.tcmsg.sched_hfsc.stats2(data=None, offset=0, length=None, parent=None, init=None)¶

class stats_app(data=None, offset=0, length=None, parent=None, init=None)¶

htb¶

TODO: list parameters

An example with htb qdisc, lets assume eth0 == 2:

#          u32 -->    +--> htb 1:10 --> sfq 10:0
#          |          |
#          |          |
# eth0 -- htb 1:0 -- htb 1:1
#          |          |
#          |          |
#          u32 -->    +--> htb 1:20 --> sfq 20:0

eth0 = 2
# add root queue 1:0
ip.tc("add", "htb", eth0, 0x10000, default=0x200000)

# root class 1:1
ip.tc("add-class", "htb", eth0, 0x10001,
      parent=0x10000,
      rate="256kbit",
      burst=1024 * 6)

# two branches: 1:10 and 1:20
ip.tc("add-class", "htb", eth0, 0x10010,
      parent=0x10001,
      rate="192kbit",
      burst=1024 * 6,
      prio=1)
ip.tc("add-class", "htb", eht0, 0x10020,
      parent=0x10001,
      rate="128kbit",
      burst=1024 * 6,
      prio=2)

# two leaves: 10:0 and 20:0
ip.tc("add", "sfq", eth0, 0x100000,
      parent=0x10010,
      perturb=10)
ip.tc("add", "sfq", eth0, 0x200000,
      parent=0x10020,
      perturb=10)

# two filters: one to load packets into 1:10 and the
# second to 1:20
ip.tc("add-filter", "u32", eth0,
      parent=0x10000,
      prio=10,
      protocol=socket.AF_INET,
      target=0x10010,
      keys=["0x0006/0x00ff+8", "0x0000/0xffc0+2"])
ip.tc("add-filter", "u32", eth0,
      parent=0x10000,
      prio=10,
      protocol=socket.AF_INET,
      target=0x10020,
      keys=["0x5/0xf+0", "0x10/0xff+33"])

class pyroute2.netlink.rtnl.tcmsg.sched_htb.options(data=None, offset=0, length=None, parent=None, init=None)¶

class htb_glob(data=None, offset=0, length=None, parent=None, init=None)¶

class htb_parms(data=None, offset=0, length=None, parent=None, init=None)¶

class pyroute2.netlink.rtnl.tcmsg.sched_htb.stats(data=None, offset=0, length=None, parent=None, init=None)¶

Filters¶

u32¶

Filters can take an action argument, which affects the packet behavior when the filter matches. Currently the gact, bpf, and police action types are supported, and can be attached to the u32 and bpf filter types:

# An action can be a simple string, which translates to a gact type
action = "drop"

# Or it can be an explicit type (these are equivalent)
action = dict(kind="gact", action="drop")

# There can also be a chain of actions, which depend on the return
# value of the previous action.
action = [
    dict(kind="bpf", fd=fd, name=name, action="ok"),
    dict(kind="police", rate="10kbit", burst=10240, limit=0),
    dict(kind="gact", action="ok"),
]

# Add the action to a u32 match-all filter
ip.tc("add", "htb", eth0, 0x10000, default=0x200000)
ip.tc("add-filter", "u32", eth0,
      parent=0x10000,
      prio=10,
      protocol=protocols.ETH_P_ALL,
      target=0x10020,
      keys=["0x0/0x0+0"],
      action=action)

# Add two more filters: One to send packets with a src address of
# 192.168.0.1/32 into 1:10 and the second to send packets  with a
# dst address of 192.168.0.0/24 into 1:20
ip.tc("add-filter", "u32", eth0,
    parent=0x10000,
    prio=10,
    protocol=socket.AF_INET,
    target=0x10010,
    keys=["0xc0a80001/0xffffffff+12"])
    # 0xc0a800010 = 192.168.0.1
    # 0xffffffff = 255.255.255.255 (/32)
    # 12 = Source network field bit offset

ip.tc("add-filter", "u32", eth0,
    parent=0x10000,
    prio=10,
    protocol=socket.AF_INET,
    target=0x10020,
    keys=["0xc0a80000/0xffffff00+16"])
    # 0xc0a80000 = 192.168.0.0
    # 0xffffff00 = 255.255.255.0 (/24)
    # 16 = Destination network field bit offset

IPRoute module¶

Classes¶

Responses as lists¶

NLMSG_ERROR responses¶

How to work with messages¶

BSD notes¶

IPRoute API¶

Queueing disciplines¶

drr¶

choke¶

clsact¶

hfsc¶

htb¶

Filters¶

u32¶

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