"""
Generalized N-Point Crossover.

For even values of N, perform N point crossover 
  (select N/2 points each in the two genomes, and alternate)
For odd values of N, perform symmetric N+1 point crossover
  (select N/2 points for both genomes)
  
N-Point introduction (my notation):
    genome 1:    A-----B-----C-----D-----E-----F-----G
    genome 2:    a=====b=====c=====d=====e=====f=====g
    
    2-point, symmetric (points=1):
	         A-----B-----C- 1 -D-----E-----F-----G
		 a=====b=====c= 2 =d=====e=====f=====g
    returns: (ABCdefg, abcDEFG)

    2-point, asymmetric (points=2):
	         A-----B- 1 -C-----D-----E-----F-----G
		 a=====b=====c=====d=====e= 2 =f=====g
    returns: (ABfg, abcdeCDEFG)

and for the drastic (n can be arbitrary to the length of the genome!):
    12-point, symmetric (points=11):
	         A- 1 -B- 2 -C- 3 -D- 4 -E- 5 -F- 6 -G
		 a= 7 =b= 8 =c= 9 =d= 10 e= 11 f= 12 g
    returns: (AbCdEfG, aBcDeFg)
    (note that points=12 will yield the same result, but 11
     may be somewhat faster)
	
"""
# standard modules
import random

class GeneralPointCrossover:
    """Perform n-point crossover between genomes at some defined rates.

       Ideas on how to use this class:
	   - Call it directly ( construct, do_crossover )
	   - Use one of the provided subclasses
	   - Inherit from it:
	       * replace _generate_locs with a more domain 
	         specific technique
	       * replace _crossover with a more efficient 
	         technique for your point-count
    """
    def __init__(self, points, crossover_prob = .1):
        """Initialize to do crossovers at the specified probability.
        """
        self._crossover_prob = crossover_prob

	self._sym     = points % 2 # odd n, gets a symmetry flag
	self._npoints = (points + self._sym)/2 # (N or N+1)/2
    
    def do_crossover(self, org_1, org_2):
        """Potentially do a crossover between the two organisms.
	"""
        new_org = ( org_1.copy(), org_2.copy() )
        
        # determine if we have a crossover
        crossover_chance = random.random()
        if crossover_chance <= self._crossover_prob:
	    
	    # pre-compute bounds (len(genome))
	    bound  = (len(new_org[0].genome), len(new_org[1].genome))
	    
	    mbound = min(bound)
	    # can't have more than 0,x_0...x_n,bound locations
	    if (self._npoints == 0 or self._npoints > mbound-2):
		self._npoints = mbound-2
		
	    y_locs = []
	    # generate list for the shortest of the genomes
	    x_locs = self._generate_locs( mbound )

	    if (self._sym != 0):  
		y_locs = x_locs
	    else:
		# figure out which list we've generated 
		# for, and generate the other
		if (mbound == bound[0]):
		    y_locs = self._generate_locs( bound[1] )
		else:
		    y_locs = x_locs
		    xlocs  = self._generate_locs( bound[0] )
	      
	    # copy new genome strings over
	    tmp = self._crossover(0, new_org, (x_locs,y_locs))
	    new_org[1].genome = self._crossover(1, new_org, (x_locs,y_locs))
            new_org[0].genome = tmp

        return new_org

    def _generate_locs(self, bound):
	"""Generalized Location Generator:
	    
	   arguments:
	       bound (int)   - upper bound 
	    
	   returns: [0]+x_0...x_n+[bound]
             where n=self._npoints-1
	       and 0 < x_0 < x_1 ... < bound
	"""
	results = []
	for increment in range(self._npoints):
	    x = random.randint(1,bound-1)
	    while (x in results):  # uniqueness
		x = random.randint(1,bound-1)
	    results.append( x )
	results.sort()             # sorted
	return [0]+results+[bound] # [0, +n points+, bound]
	    
    def _crossover( self, x, no, locs ):
	"""Generalized Crossover Function:
	    
	   arguments: 
	       x (int)        - genome number [0|1]
	       no (organism,organism)
	                      - new organisms
	       locs (int list, int list)
	                      - lists of locations, 
			        [0, +n points+, bound]
				for each genome (sync'd with x)

	    return type: sequence (to replace no[x])
	"""
	s = no[ x ].genome[ :locs[ x ][1] ]
	for n in range(1,self._npoints):
	    # flipflop between genome_0 and genome_1
	    mode = (x+n)%2
	    # _generate_locs gives us [0, +n points+, bound]
	    #  so we can iterate: { 0:loc(1) ... loc(n):bound }
	    t = no[ mode ].genome[ locs[mode][n]:locs[mode][n+1] ]
	    if (s): s = s + t
	    else:   s = t
	return s

    
class TwoCrossover(GeneralPointCrossover):
    """Helper class for Two Point crossovers
    
    Offers more efficient replacements to the GeneralPoint framework
    for single pivot crossovers
    """
    def _generate_locs(self, bound):
	"""Replacement generation
	 
	   see GeneralPoint._generate_locs documentation for details
	"""
	
	return [0, random.randint(1,bound-1), bound]
    
    def _crossover( self, x, no, locs ):
	"""Replacement crossover
	 
	   see GeneralPoint._crossover documentation for details
	"""
	y = (x+1)%2
	return no[x].genome[ : locs[x][1] ] + no[y].genome[ locs[y][1] : ]

class InterleaveCrossover(GeneralPointCrossover):
    """Demonstration class for Interleaving crossover
    
    Interleaving:  AbCdEfG, aBcDeFg
    """
    def __init__(self,crossover_prob=0.1):
	GeneralPointCrossover.__init__(self,0,crossover_prob)
    
    def _generate_locs(self,bound):
	return range(-1,bound+1)
    
    def _crossover( self, x, no, locs ):
	s = no[ x ].genome[ 0:1 ]
	for n in range(1,self._npoints+2):
	    mode = ( x+n )%2
	    s = s + no[ mode ].genome[ n:n+1 ]
	return s+no[mode].genome[self._npoints+3:]