""" The main QuerySet implementation. This provides the public API for the ORM. """ import copy import itertools import sys from django.db import connections, router, transaction, IntegrityError from django.db.models.fields import AutoField from django.db.models.query_utils import (Q, select_related_descend, deferred_class_factory, InvalidQuery) from django.db.models.deletion import Collector from django.db.models import sql from django.utils.functional import partition # Used to control how many objects are worked with at once in some cases (e.g. # when deleting objects). CHUNK_SIZE = 100 ITER_CHUNK_SIZE = CHUNK_SIZE # The maximum number of items to display in a QuerySet.__repr__ REPR_OUTPUT_SIZE = 20 # Pull into this namespace for backwards compatibility. EmptyResultSet = sql.EmptyResultSet class QuerySet(object): """ Represents a lazy database lookup for a set of objects. """ def __init__(self, model=None, query=None, using=None): self.model = model # EmptyQuerySet instantiates QuerySet with model as None self._db = using self.query = query or sql.Query(self.model) self._result_cache = None self._iter = None self._sticky_filter = False self._for_write = False self._prefetch_related_lookups = [] self._prefetch_done = False ######################## # PYTHON MAGIC METHODS # ######################## def __deepcopy__(self, memo): """ Deep copy of a QuerySet doesn't populate the cache """ obj = self.__class__() for k,v in self.__dict__.items(): if k in ('_iter','_result_cache'): obj.__dict__[k] = None else: obj.__dict__[k] = copy.deepcopy(v, memo) return obj def __getstate__(self): """ Allows the QuerySet to be pickled. """ # Force the cache to be fully populated. len(self) obj_dict = self.__dict__.copy() obj_dict['_iter'] = None return obj_dict def __repr__(self): data = list(self[:REPR_OUTPUT_SIZE + 1]) if len(data) > REPR_OUTPUT_SIZE: data[-1] = "...(remaining elements truncated)..." return repr(data) def __len__(self): # Since __len__ is called quite frequently (for example, as part of # list(qs), we make some effort here to be as efficient as possible # whilst not messing up any existing iterators against the QuerySet. if self._result_cache is None: if self._iter: self._result_cache = list(self._iter) else: self._result_cache = list(self.iterator()) elif self._iter: self._result_cache.extend(self._iter) if self._prefetch_related_lookups and not self._prefetch_done: self._prefetch_related_objects() return len(self._result_cache) def __iter__(self): if self._prefetch_related_lookups and not self._prefetch_done: # We need all the results in order to be able to do the prefetch # in one go. To minimize code duplication, we use the __len__ # code path which also forces this, and also does the prefetch len(self) if self._result_cache is None: self._iter = self.iterator() self._result_cache = [] if self._iter: return self._result_iter() # Python's list iterator is better than our version when we're just # iterating over the cache. return iter(self._result_cache) def _result_iter(self): pos = 0 while 1: upper = len(self._result_cache) while pos < upper: yield self._result_cache[pos] pos = pos + 1 if not self._iter: raise StopIteration if len(self._result_cache) <= pos: self._fill_cache() def __nonzero__(self): if self._prefetch_related_lookups and not self._prefetch_done: # We need all the results in order to be able to do the prefetch # in one go. To minimize code duplication, we use the __len__ # code path which also forces this, and also does the prefetch len(self) if self._result_cache is not None: return bool(self._result_cache) try: iter(self).next() except StopIteration: return False return True def __contains__(self, val): # The 'in' operator works without this method, due to __iter__. This # implementation exists only to shortcut the creation of Model # instances, by bailing out early if we find a matching element. pos = 0 if self._result_cache is not None: if val in self._result_cache: return True elif self._iter is None: # iterator is exhausted, so we have our answer return False # remember not to check these again: pos = len(self._result_cache) else: # We need to start filling the result cache out. The following # ensures that self._iter is not None and self._result_cache is not # None it = iter(self) # Carry on, one result at a time. while True: if len(self._result_cache) <= pos: self._fill_cache(num=1) if self._iter is None: # we ran out of items return False if self._result_cache[pos] == val: return True pos += 1 def __getitem__(self, k): """ Retrieves an item or slice from the set of results. """ if not isinstance(k, (slice, int, long)): raise TypeError assert ((not isinstance(k, slice) and (k >= 0)) or (isinstance(k, slice) and (k.start is None or k.start >= 0) and (k.stop is None or k.stop >= 0))), \ "Negative indexing is not supported." if self._result_cache is not None: if self._iter is not None: # The result cache has only been partially populated, so we may # need to fill it out a bit more. if isinstance(k, slice): if k.stop is not None: # Some people insist on passing in strings here. bound = int(k.stop) else: bound = None else: bound = k + 1 if len(self._result_cache) < bound: self._fill_cache(bound - len(self._result_cache)) return self._result_cache[k] if isinstance(k, slice): qs = self._clone() if k.start is not None: start = int(k.start) else: start = None if k.stop is not None: stop = int(k.stop) else: stop = None qs.query.set_limits(start, stop) return k.step and list(qs)[::k.step] or qs try: qs = self._clone() qs.query.set_limits(k, k + 1) return list(qs)[0] except self.model.DoesNotExist, e: raise IndexError(e.args) def __and__(self, other): self._merge_sanity_check(other) if isinstance(other, EmptyQuerySet): return other._clone() combined = self._clone() combined.query.combine(other.query, sql.AND) return combined def __or__(self, other): self._merge_sanity_check(other) combined = self._clone() if isinstance(other, EmptyQuerySet): return combined combined.query.combine(other.query, sql.OR) return combined #################################### # METHODS THAT DO DATABASE QUERIES # #################################### def iterator(self): """ An iterator over the results from applying this QuerySet to the database. """ fill_cache = False if connections[self.db].features.supports_select_related: fill_cache = self.query.select_related if isinstance(fill_cache, dict): requested = fill_cache else: requested = None max_depth = self.query.max_depth extra_select = self.query.extra_select.keys() aggregate_select = self.query.aggregate_select.keys() only_load = self.query.get_loaded_field_names() if not fill_cache: fields = self.model._meta.fields load_fields = [] # If only/defer clauses have been specified, # build the list of fields that are to be loaded. if only_load: for field, model in self.model._meta.get_fields_with_model(): if model is None: model = self.model try: if field.name in only_load[model]: # Add a field that has been explicitly included load_fields.append(field.name) except KeyError: # Model wasn't explicitly listed in the only_load table # Therefore, we need to load all fields from this model load_fields.append(field.name) index_start = len(extra_select) aggregate_start = index_start + len(load_fields or self.model._meta.fields) skip = None if load_fields and not fill_cache: # Some fields have been deferred, so we have to initialise # via keyword arguments. skip = set() init_list = [] for field in fields: if field.name not in load_fields: skip.add(field.attname) else: init_list.append(field.attname) model_cls = deferred_class_factory(self.model, skip) # Cache db and model outside the loop db = self.db model = self.model compiler = self.query.get_compiler(using=db) if fill_cache: klass_info = get_klass_info(model, max_depth=max_depth, requested=requested, only_load=only_load) for row in compiler.results_iter(): if fill_cache: obj, _ = get_cached_row(row, index_start, db, klass_info, offset=len(aggregate_select)) else: if skip: row_data = row[index_start:aggregate_start] obj = model_cls(**dict(zip(init_list, row_data))) else: # Omit aggregates in object creation. obj = model(*row[index_start:aggregate_start]) # Store the source database of the object obj._state.db = db # This object came from the database; it's not being added. obj._state.adding = False if extra_select: for i, k in enumerate(extra_select): setattr(obj, k, row[i]) # Add the aggregates to the model if aggregate_select: for i, aggregate in enumerate(aggregate_select): setattr(obj, aggregate, row[i+aggregate_start]) yield obj def aggregate(self, *args, **kwargs): """ Returns a dictionary containing the calculations (aggregation) over the current queryset If args is present the expression is passed as a kwarg using the Aggregate object's default alias. """ if self.query.distinct_fields: raise NotImplementedError("aggregate() + distinct(fields) not implemented.") for arg in args: kwargs[arg.default_alias] = arg query = self.query.clone() for (alias, aggregate_expr) in kwargs.items(): query.add_aggregate(aggregate_expr, self.model, alias, is_summary=True) return query.get_aggregation(using=self.db) def count(self): """ Performs a SELECT COUNT() and returns the number of records as an integer. If the QuerySet is already fully cached this simply returns the length of the cached results set to avoid multiple SELECT COUNT(*) calls. """ if self._result_cache is not None and not self._iter: return len(self._result_cache) return self.query.get_count(using=self.db) def get(self, *args, **kwargs): """ Performs the query and returns a single object matching the given keyword arguments. """ clone = self.filter(*args, **kwargs) if self.query.can_filter(): clone = clone.order_by() num = len(clone) if num == 1: return clone._result_cache[0] if not num: raise self.model.DoesNotExist("%s matching query does not exist." % self.model._meta.object_name) raise self.model.MultipleObjectsReturned("get() returned more than one %s -- it returned %s! Lookup parameters were %s" % (self.model._meta.object_name, num, kwargs)) def create(self, **kwargs): """ Creates a new object with the given kwargs, saving it to the database and returning the created object. """ obj = self.model(**kwargs) self._for_write = True obj.save(force_insert=True, using=self.db) return obj def bulk_create(self, objs, batch_size=None): """ Inserts each of the instances into the database. This does *not* call save() on each of the instances, does not send any pre/post save signals, and does not set the primary key attribute if it is an autoincrement field. """ # So this case is fun. When you bulk insert you don't get the primary # keys back (if it's an autoincrement), so you can't insert into the # child tables which references this. There are two workarounds, 1) # this could be implemented if you didn't have an autoincrement pk, # and 2) you could do it by doing O(n) normal inserts into the parent # tables to get the primary keys back, and then doing a single bulk # insert into the childmost table. Some databases might allow doing # this by using RETURNING clause for the insert query. We're punting # on these for now because they are relatively rare cases. assert batch_size is None or batch_size > 0 if self.model._meta.parents: raise ValueError("Can't bulk create an inherited model") if not objs: return objs self._for_write = True connection = connections[self.db] fields = self.model._meta.local_fields if not transaction.is_managed(using=self.db): transaction.enter_transaction_management(using=self.db) forced_managed = True else: forced_managed = False try: if (connection.features.can_combine_inserts_with_and_without_auto_increment_pk and self.model._meta.has_auto_field): self._batched_insert(objs, fields, batch_size) else: objs_with_pk, objs_without_pk = partition(lambda o: o.pk is None, objs) if objs_with_pk: self._batched_insert(objs_with_pk, fields, batch_size) if objs_without_pk: fields= [f for f in fields if not isinstance(f, AutoField)] self._batched_insert(objs_without_pk, fields, batch_size) if forced_managed: transaction.commit(using=self.db) else: transaction.commit_unless_managed(using=self.db) finally: if forced_managed: transaction.leave_transaction_management(using=self.db) return objs def get_or_create(self, **kwargs): """ Looks up an object with the given kwargs, creating one if necessary. Returns a tuple of (object, created), where created is a boolean specifying whether an object was created. """ assert kwargs, \ 'get_or_create() must be passed at least one keyword argument' defaults = kwargs.pop('defaults', {}) lookup = kwargs.copy() for f in self.model._meta.fields: if f.attname in lookup: lookup[f.name] = lookup.pop(f.attname) try: self._for_write = True return self.get(**lookup), False except self.model.DoesNotExist: try: params = dict([(k, v) for k, v in kwargs.items() if '__' not in k]) params.update(defaults) obj = self.model(**params) sid = transaction.savepoint(using=self.db) obj.save(force_insert=True, using=self.db) transaction.savepoint_commit(sid, using=self.db) return obj, True except IntegrityError, e: transaction.savepoint_rollback(sid, using=self.db) exc_info = sys.exc_info() try: return self.get(**lookup), False except self.model.DoesNotExist: # Re-raise the IntegrityError with its original traceback. raise exc_info[1], None, exc_info[2] def latest(self, field_name=None): """ Returns the latest object, according to the model's 'get_latest_by' option or optional given field_name. """ latest_by = field_name or self.model._meta.get_latest_by assert bool(latest_by), "latest() requires either a field_name parameter or 'get_latest_by' in the model" assert self.query.can_filter(), \ "Cannot change a query once a slice has been taken." obj = self._clone() obj.query.set_limits(high=1) obj.query.clear_ordering() obj.query.add_ordering('-%s' % latest_by) return obj.get() def in_bulk(self, id_list): """ Returns a dictionary mapping each of the given IDs to the object with that ID. """ assert self.query.can_filter(), \ "Cannot use 'limit' or 'offset' with in_bulk" if not id_list: return {} qs = self._clone() qs.query.add_filter(('pk__in', id_list)) qs.query.clear_ordering(force_empty=True) return dict([(obj._get_pk_val(), obj) for obj in qs]) def delete(self): """ Deletes the records in the current QuerySet. """ assert self.query.can_filter(), \ "Cannot use 'limit' or 'offset' with delete." del_query = self._clone() # The delete is actually 2 queries - one to find related objects, # and one to delete. Make sure that the discovery of related # objects is performed on the same database as the deletion. del_query._for_write = True # Disable non-supported fields. del_query.query.select_for_update = False del_query.query.select_related = False del_query.query.clear_ordering() collector = Collector(using=del_query.db) collector.collect(del_query) collector.delete() # Clear the result cache, in case this QuerySet gets reused. self._result_cache = None delete.alters_data = True def update(self, **kwargs): """ Updates all elements in the current QuerySet, setting all the given fields to the appropriate values. """ assert self.query.can_filter(), \ "Cannot update a query once a slice has been taken." self._for_write = True query = self.query.clone(sql.UpdateQuery) query.add_update_values(kwargs) if not transaction.is_managed(using=self.db): transaction.enter_transaction_management(using=self.db) forced_managed = True else: forced_managed = False try: rows = query.get_compiler(self.db).execute_sql(None) if forced_managed: transaction.commit(using=self.db) else: transaction.commit_unless_managed(using=self.db) finally: if forced_managed: transaction.leave_transaction_management(using=self.db) self._result_cache = None return rows update.alters_data = True def _update(self, values): """ A version of update that accepts field objects instead of field names. Used primarily for model saving and not intended for use by general code (it requires too much poking around at model internals to be useful at that level). """ assert self.query.can_filter(), \ "Cannot update a query once a slice has been taken." query = self.query.clone(sql.UpdateQuery) query.add_update_fields(values) self._result_cache = None return query.get_compiler(self.db).execute_sql(None) _update.alters_data = True def exists(self): if self._result_cache is None: return self.query.has_results(using=self.db) return bool(self._result_cache) def _prefetch_related_objects(self): # This method can only be called once the result cache has been filled. prefetch_related_objects(self._result_cache, self._prefetch_related_lookups) self._prefetch_done = True ################################################## # PUBLIC METHODS THAT RETURN A QUERYSET SUBCLASS # ################################################## def values(self, *fields): return self._clone(klass=ValuesQuerySet, setup=True, _fields=fields) def values_list(self, *fields, **kwargs): flat = kwargs.pop('flat', False) if kwargs: raise TypeError('Unexpected keyword arguments to values_list: %s' % (kwargs.keys(),)) if flat and len(fields) > 1: raise TypeError("'flat' is not valid when values_list is called with more than one field.") return self._clone(klass=ValuesListQuerySet, setup=True, flat=flat, _fields=fields) def dates(self, field_name, kind, order='ASC'): """ Returns a list of datetime objects representing all available dates for the given field_name, scoped to 'kind'. """ assert kind in ("month", "year", "day"), \ "'kind' must be one of 'year', 'month' or 'day'." assert order in ('ASC', 'DESC'), \ "'order' must be either 'ASC' or 'DESC'." return self._clone(klass=DateQuerySet, setup=True, _field_name=field_name, _kind=kind, _order=order) def none(self): """ Returns an empty QuerySet. """ return self._clone(klass=EmptyQuerySet) ################################################################## # PUBLIC METHODS THAT ALTER ATTRIBUTES AND RETURN A NEW QUERYSET # ################################################################## def all(self): """ Returns a new QuerySet that is a copy of the current one. This allows a QuerySet to proxy for a model manager in some cases. """ return self._clone() def filter(self, *args, **kwargs): """ Returns a new QuerySet instance with the args ANDed to the existing set. """ return self._filter_or_exclude(False, *args, **kwargs) def exclude(self, *args, **kwargs): """ Returns a new QuerySet instance with NOT (args) ANDed to the existing set. """ return self._filter_or_exclude(True, *args, **kwargs) def _filter_or_exclude(self, negate, *args, **kwargs): if args or kwargs: assert self.query.can_filter(), \ "Cannot filter a query once a slice has been taken." clone = self._clone() if negate: clone.query.add_q(~Q(*args, **kwargs)) else: clone.query.add_q(Q(*args, **kwargs)) return clone def complex_filter(self, filter_obj): """ Returns a new QuerySet instance with filter_obj added to the filters. filter_obj can be a Q object (or anything with an add_to_query() method) or a dictionary of keyword lookup arguments. This exists to support framework features such as 'limit_choices_to', and usually it will be more natural to use other methods. """ if isinstance(filter_obj, Q) or hasattr(filter_obj, 'add_to_query'): clone = self._clone() clone.query.add_q(filter_obj) return clone else: return self._filter_or_exclude(None, **filter_obj) def select_for_update(self, **kwargs): """ Returns a new QuerySet instance that will select objects with a FOR UPDATE lock. """ # Default to false for nowait nowait = kwargs.pop('nowait', False) obj = self._clone() obj.query.select_for_update = True obj.query.select_for_update_nowait = nowait return obj def select_related(self, *fields, **kwargs): """ Returns a new QuerySet instance that will select related objects. If fields are specified, they must be ForeignKey fields and only those related objects are included in the selection. """ depth = kwargs.pop('depth', 0) if kwargs: raise TypeError('Unexpected keyword arguments to select_related: %s' % (kwargs.keys(),)) obj = self._clone() if fields: if depth: raise TypeError('Cannot pass both "depth" and fields to select_related()') obj.query.add_select_related(fields) else: obj.query.select_related = True if depth: obj.query.max_depth = depth return obj def prefetch_related(self, *lookups): """ Returns a new QuerySet instance that will prefetch the specified Many-To-One and Many-To-Many related objects when the QuerySet is evaluated. When prefetch_related() is called more than once, the list of lookups to prefetch is appended to. If prefetch_related(None) is called, the the list is cleared. """ clone = self._clone() if lookups == (None,): clone._prefetch_related_lookups = [] else: clone._prefetch_related_lookups.extend(lookups) return clone def dup_select_related(self, other): """ Copies the related selection status from the QuerySet 'other' to the current QuerySet. """ self.query.select_related = other.query.select_related def annotate(self, *args, **kwargs): """ Return a query set in which the returned objects have been annotated with data aggregated from related fields. """ for arg in args: if arg.default_alias in kwargs: raise ValueError("The named annotation '%s' conflicts with the " "default name for another annotation." % arg.default_alias) kwargs[arg.default_alias] = arg names = getattr(self, '_fields', None) if names is None: names = set(self.model._meta.get_all_field_names()) for aggregate in kwargs: if aggregate in names: raise ValueError("The annotation '%s' conflicts with a field on " "the model." % aggregate) obj = self._clone() obj._setup_aggregate_query(kwargs.keys()) # Add the aggregates to the query for (alias, aggregate_expr) in kwargs.items(): obj.query.add_aggregate(aggregate_expr, self.model, alias, is_summary=False) return obj def order_by(self, *field_names): """ Returns a new QuerySet instance with the ordering changed. """ assert self.query.can_filter(), \ "Cannot reorder a query once a slice has been taken." obj = self._clone() obj.query.clear_ordering() obj.query.add_ordering(*field_names) return obj def distinct(self, *field_names): """ Returns a new QuerySet instance that will select only distinct results. """ assert self.query.can_filter(), \ "Cannot create distinct fields once a slice has been taken." obj = self._clone() obj.query.add_distinct_fields(*field_names) return obj def extra(self, select=None, where=None, params=None, tables=None, order_by=None, select_params=None): """ Adds extra SQL fragments to the query. """ assert self.query.can_filter(), \ "Cannot change a query once a slice has been taken" clone = self._clone() clone.query.add_extra(select, select_params, where, params, tables, order_by) return clone def reverse(self): """ Reverses the ordering of the QuerySet. """ clone = self._clone() clone.query.standard_ordering = not clone.query.standard_ordering return clone def defer(self, *fields): """ Defers the loading of data for certain fields until they are accessed. The set of fields to defer is added to any existing set of deferred fields. The only exception to this is if None is passed in as the only parameter, in which case all deferrals are removed (None acts as a reset option). """ clone = self._clone() if fields == (None,): clone.query.clear_deferred_loading() else: clone.query.add_deferred_loading(fields) return clone def only(self, *fields): """ Essentially, the opposite of defer. Only the fields passed into this method and that are not already specified as deferred are loaded immediately when the queryset is evaluated. """ if fields == (None,): # Can only pass None to defer(), not only(), as the rest option. # That won't stop people trying to do this, so let's be explicit. raise TypeError("Cannot pass None as an argument to only().") clone = self._clone() clone.query.add_immediate_loading(fields) return clone def using(self, alias): """ Selects which database this QuerySet should excecute its query against. """ clone = self._clone() clone._db = alias return clone ################################### # PUBLIC INTROSPECTION ATTRIBUTES # ################################### def ordered(self): """ Returns True if the QuerySet is ordered -- i.e. has an order_by() clause or a default ordering on the model. """ if self.query.extra_order_by or self.query.order_by: return True elif self.query.default_ordering and self.query.model._meta.ordering: return True else: return False ordered = property(ordered) @property def db(self): "Return the database that will be used if this query is executed now" if self._for_write: return self._db or router.db_for_write(self.model) return self._db or router.db_for_read(self.model) ################### # PRIVATE METHODS # ################### def _batched_insert(self, objs, fields, batch_size): """ A little helper method for bulk_insert to insert the bulk one batch at a time. Inserts recursively a batch from the front of the bulk and then _batched_insert() the remaining objects again. """ if not objs: return ops = connections[self.db].ops batch_size = (batch_size or max(ops.bulk_batch_size(fields, objs), 1)) for batch in [objs[i:i+batch_size] for i in range(0, len(objs), batch_size)]: self.model._base_manager._insert(batch, fields=fields, using=self.db) def _clone(self, klass=None, setup=False, **kwargs): if klass is None: klass = self.__class__ query = self.query.clone() if self._sticky_filter: query.filter_is_sticky = True c = klass(model=self.model, query=query, using=self._db) c._for_write = self._for_write c._prefetch_related_lookups = self._prefetch_related_lookups[:] c.__dict__.update(kwargs) if setup and hasattr(c, '_setup_query'): c._setup_query() return c def _fill_cache(self, num=None): """ Fills the result cache with 'num' more entries (or until the results iterator is exhausted). """ if self._iter: try: for i in range(num or ITER_CHUNK_SIZE): self._result_cache.append(self._iter.next()) except StopIteration: self._iter = None def _next_is_sticky(self): """ Indicates that the next filter call and the one following that should be treated as a single filter. This is only important when it comes to determining when to reuse tables for many-to-many filters. Required so that we can filter naturally on the results of related managers. This doesn't return a clone of the current QuerySet (it returns "self"). The method is only used internally and should be immediately followed by a filter() that does create a clone. """ self._sticky_filter = True return self def _merge_sanity_check(self, other): """ Checks that we are merging two comparable QuerySet classes. By default this does nothing, but see the ValuesQuerySet for an example of where it's useful. """ pass def _setup_aggregate_query(self, aggregates): """ Prepare the query for computing a result that contains aggregate annotations. """ opts = self.model._meta if self.query.group_by is None: field_names = [f.attname for f in opts.fields] self.query.add_fields(field_names, False) self.query.set_group_by() def _prepare(self): return self def _as_sql(self, connection): """ Returns the internal query's SQL and parameters (as a tuple). """ obj = self.values("pk") if obj._db is None or connection == connections[obj._db]: return obj.query.get_compiler(connection=connection).as_nested_sql() raise ValueError("Can't do subqueries with queries on different DBs.") # When used as part of a nested query, a queryset will never be an "always # empty" result. value_annotation = True class ValuesQuerySet(QuerySet): def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs): super(ValuesQuerySet, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs) # select_related isn't supported in values(). (FIXME -#3358) self.query.select_related = False # QuerySet.clone() will also set up the _fields attribute with the # names of the model fields to select. def iterator(self): # Purge any extra columns that haven't been explicitly asked for extra_names = self.query.extra_select.keys() field_names = self.field_names aggregate_names = self.query.aggregate_select.keys() names = extra_names + field_names + aggregate_names for row in self.query.get_compiler(self.db).results_iter(): yield dict(zip(names, row)) def _setup_query(self): """ Constructs the field_names list that the values query will be retrieving. Called by the _clone() method after initializing the rest of the instance. """ self.query.clear_deferred_loading() self.query.clear_select_fields() if self._fields: self.extra_names = [] self.aggregate_names = [] if not self.query.extra and not self.query.aggregates: # Short cut - if there are no extra or aggregates, then # the values() clause must be just field names. self.field_names = list(self._fields) else: self.query.default_cols = False self.field_names = [] for f in self._fields: # we inspect the full extra_select list since we might # be adding back an extra select item that we hadn't # had selected previously. if f in self.query.extra: self.extra_names.append(f) elif f in self.query.aggregate_select: self.aggregate_names.append(f) else: self.field_names.append(f) else: # Default to all fields. self.extra_names = None self.field_names = [f.attname for f in self.model._meta.fields] self.aggregate_names = None self.query.select = [] if self.extra_names is not None: self.query.set_extra_mask(self.extra_names) self.query.add_fields(self.field_names, True) if self.aggregate_names is not None: self.query.set_aggregate_mask(self.aggregate_names) def _clone(self, klass=None, setup=False, **kwargs): """ Cloning a ValuesQuerySet preserves the current fields. """ c = super(ValuesQuerySet, self)._clone(klass, **kwargs) if not hasattr(c, '_fields'): # Only clone self._fields if _fields wasn't passed into the cloning # call directly. c._fields = self._fields[:] c.field_names = self.field_names c.extra_names = self.extra_names c.aggregate_names = self.aggregate_names if setup and hasattr(c, '_setup_query'): c._setup_query() return c def _merge_sanity_check(self, other): super(ValuesQuerySet, self)._merge_sanity_check(other) if (set(self.extra_names) != set(other.extra_names) or set(self.field_names) != set(other.field_names) or self.aggregate_names != other.aggregate_names): raise TypeError("Merging '%s' classes must involve the same values in each case." % self.__class__.__name__) def _setup_aggregate_query(self, aggregates): """ Prepare the query for computing a result that contains aggregate annotations. """ self.query.set_group_by() if self.aggregate_names is not None: self.aggregate_names.extend(aggregates) self.query.set_aggregate_mask(self.aggregate_names) super(ValuesQuerySet, self)._setup_aggregate_query(aggregates) def _as_sql(self, connection): """ For ValueQuerySet (and subclasses like ValuesListQuerySet), they can only be used as nested queries if they're already set up to select only a single field (in which case, that is the field column that is returned). This differs from QuerySet.as_sql(), where the column to select is set up by Django. """ if ((self._fields and len(self._fields) > 1) or (not self._fields and len(self.model._meta.fields) > 1)): raise TypeError('Cannot use a multi-field %s as a filter value.' % self.__class__.__name__) obj = self._clone() if obj._db is None or connection == connections[obj._db]: return obj.query.get_compiler(connection=connection).as_nested_sql() raise ValueError("Can't do subqueries with queries on different DBs.") def _prepare(self): """ Validates that we aren't trying to do a query like value__in=qs.values('value1', 'value2'), which isn't valid. """ if ((self._fields and len(self._fields) > 1) or (not self._fields and len(self.model._meta.fields) > 1)): raise TypeError('Cannot use a multi-field %s as a filter value.' % self.__class__.__name__) return self class ValuesListQuerySet(ValuesQuerySet): def iterator(self): if self.flat and len(self._fields) == 1: for row in self.query.get_compiler(self.db).results_iter(): yield row[0] elif not self.query.extra_select and not self.query.aggregate_select: for row in self.query.get_compiler(self.db).results_iter(): yield tuple(row) else: # When extra(select=...) or an annotation is involved, the extra # cols are always at the start of the row, and we need to reorder # the fields to match the order in self._fields. extra_names = self.query.extra_select.keys() field_names = self.field_names aggregate_names = self.query.aggregate_select.keys() names = extra_names + field_names + aggregate_names # If a field list has been specified, use it. Otherwise, use the # full list of fields, including extras and aggregates. if self._fields: fields = list(self._fields) + filter(lambda f: f not in self._fields, aggregate_names) else: fields = names for row in self.query.get_compiler(self.db).results_iter(): data = dict(zip(names, row)) yield tuple([data[f] for f in fields]) def _clone(self, *args, **kwargs): clone = super(ValuesListQuerySet, self)._clone(*args, **kwargs) if not hasattr(clone, "flat"): # Only assign flat if the clone didn't already get it from kwargs clone.flat = self.flat return clone class DateQuerySet(QuerySet): def iterator(self): return self.query.get_compiler(self.db).results_iter() def _setup_query(self): """ Sets up any special features of the query attribute. Called by the _clone() method after initializing the rest of the instance. """ self.query.clear_deferred_loading() self.query = self.query.clone(klass=sql.DateQuery, setup=True) self.query.select = [] self.query.add_date_select(self._field_name, self._kind, self._order) def _clone(self, klass=None, setup=False, **kwargs): c = super(DateQuerySet, self)._clone(klass, False, **kwargs) c._field_name = self._field_name c._kind = self._kind if setup and hasattr(c, '_setup_query'): c._setup_query() return c class EmptyQuerySet(QuerySet): def __init__(self, model=None, query=None, using=None): super(EmptyQuerySet, self).__init__(model, query, using) self._result_cache = [] def __and__(self, other): return self._clone() def __or__(self, other): return other._clone() def count(self): return 0 def delete(self): pass def _clone(self, klass=None, setup=False, **kwargs): c = super(EmptyQuerySet, self)._clone(klass, setup=setup, **kwargs) c._result_cache = [] return c def iterator(self): # This slightly odd construction is because we need an empty generator # (it raises StopIteration immediately). yield iter([]).next() def all(self): """ Always returns EmptyQuerySet. """ return self def filter(self, *args, **kwargs): """ Always returns EmptyQuerySet. """ return self def exclude(self, *args, **kwargs): """ Always returns EmptyQuerySet. """ return self def complex_filter(self, filter_obj): """ Always returns EmptyQuerySet. """ return self def select_related(self, *fields, **kwargs): """ Always returns EmptyQuerySet. """ return self def annotate(self, *args, **kwargs): """ Always returns EmptyQuerySet. """ return self def order_by(self, *field_names): """ Always returns EmptyQuerySet. """ return self def distinct(self, fields=None): """ Always returns EmptyQuerySet. """ return self def extra(self, select=None, where=None, params=None, tables=None, order_by=None, select_params=None): """ Always returns EmptyQuerySet. """ assert self.query.can_filter(), \ "Cannot change a query once a slice has been taken" return self def reverse(self): """ Always returns EmptyQuerySet. """ return self def defer(self, *fields): """ Always returns EmptyQuerySet. """ return self def only(self, *fields): """ Always returns EmptyQuerySet. """ return self def update(self, **kwargs): """ Don't update anything. """ return 0 def aggregate(self, *args, **kwargs): """ Return a dict mapping the aggregate names to None """ for arg in args: kwargs[arg.default_alias] = arg return dict([(key, None) for key in kwargs]) # EmptyQuerySet is always an empty result in where-clauses (and similar # situations). value_annotation = False def get_klass_info(klass, max_depth=0, cur_depth=0, requested=None, only_load=None, local_only=False): """ Helper function that recursively returns an information for a klass, to be used in get_cached_row. It exists just to compute this information only once for entire queryset. Otherwise it would be computed for each row, which leads to poor perfomance on large querysets. Arguments: * klass - the class to retrieve (and instantiate) * max_depth - the maximum depth to which a select_related() relationship should be explored. * cur_depth - the current depth in the select_related() tree. Used in recursive calls to determin if we should dig deeper. * requested - A dictionary describing the select_related() tree that is to be retrieved. keys are field names; values are dictionaries describing the keys on that related object that are themselves to be select_related(). * only_load - if the query has had only() or defer() applied, this is the list of field names that will be returned. If None, the full field list for `klass` can be assumed. * local_only - Only populate local fields. This is used when following reverse select-related relations """ if max_depth and requested is None and cur_depth > max_depth: # We've recursed deeply enough; stop now. return None if only_load: load_fields = only_load.get(klass) or set() # When we create the object, we will also be creating populating # all the parent classes, so traverse the parent classes looking # for fields that must be included on load. for parent in klass._meta.get_parent_list(): fields = only_load.get(parent) if fields: load_fields.update(fields) else: load_fields = None if load_fields: # Handle deferred fields. skip = set() init_list = [] # Build the list of fields that *haven't* been requested for field, model in klass._meta.get_fields_with_model(): if field.name not in load_fields: skip.add(field.name) elif local_only and model is not None: continue else: init_list.append(field.attname) # Retrieve all the requested fields field_count = len(init_list) if skip: klass = deferred_class_factory(klass, skip) field_names = init_list else: field_names = () else: # Load all fields on klass # We trying to not populate field_names variable for perfomance reason. # If field_names variable is set, it is used to instantiate desired fields, # by passing **dict(zip(field_names, fields)) as kwargs to Model.__init__ method. # But kwargs version of Model.__init__ is slower, so we should avoid using # it when it is not really neccesary. if local_only and len(klass._meta.local_fields) != len(klass._meta.fields): field_count = len(klass._meta.local_fields) field_names = [f.attname for f in klass._meta.local_fields] else: field_count = len(klass._meta.fields) field_names = () restricted = requested is not None related_fields = [] for f in klass._meta.fields: if select_related_descend(f, restricted, requested): if restricted: next = requested[f.name] else: next = None klass_info = get_klass_info(f.rel.to, max_depth=max_depth, cur_depth=cur_depth+1, requested=next, only_load=only_load) related_fields.append((f, klass_info)) reverse_related_fields = [] if restricted: for o in klass._meta.get_all_related_objects(): if o.field.unique and select_related_descend(o.field, restricted, requested, reverse=True): next = requested[o.field.related_query_name()] klass_info = get_klass_info(o.model, max_depth=max_depth, cur_depth=cur_depth+1, requested=next, only_load=only_load, local_only=True) reverse_related_fields.append((o.field, klass_info)) return klass, field_names, field_count, related_fields, reverse_related_fields def get_cached_row(row, index_start, using, klass_info, offset=0): """ Helper function that recursively returns an object with the specified related attributes already populated. This method may be called recursively to populate deep select_related() clauses. Arguments: * row - the row of data returned by the database cursor * index_start - the index of the row at which data for this object is known to start * offset - the number of additional fields that are known to exist in row for `klass`. This usually means the number of annotated results on `klass`. * using - the database alias on which the query is being executed. * klass_info - result of the get_klass_info function """ if klass_info is None: return None klass, field_names, field_count, related_fields, reverse_related_fields = klass_info fields = row[index_start : index_start + field_count] # If all the select_related columns are None, then the related # object must be non-existent - set the relation to None. # Otherwise, construct the related object. if fields == (None,) * field_count: obj = None else: if field_names: obj = klass(**dict(zip(field_names, fields))) else: obj = klass(*fields) # If an object was retrieved, set the database state. if obj: obj._state.db = using obj._state.adding = False # Instantiate related fields index_end = index_start + field_count + offset # Iterate over each related object, populating any # select_related() fields for f, klass_info in related_fields: # Recursively retrieve the data for the related object cached_row = get_cached_row(row, index_end, using, klass_info) # If the recursive descent found an object, populate the # descriptor caches relevant to the object if cached_row: rel_obj, index_end = cached_row if obj is not None: # If the base object exists, populate the # descriptor cache setattr(obj, f.get_cache_name(), rel_obj) if f.unique and rel_obj is not None: # If the field is unique, populate the # reverse descriptor cache on the related object setattr(rel_obj, f.related.get_cache_name(), obj) # Now do the same, but for reverse related objects. # Only handle the restricted case - i.e., don't do a depth # descent into reverse relations unless explicitly requested for f, klass_info in reverse_related_fields: # Recursively retrieve the data for the related object cached_row = get_cached_row(row, index_end, using, klass_info) # If the recursive descent found an object, populate the # descriptor caches relevant to the object if cached_row: rel_obj, index_end = cached_row if obj is not None: # If the field is unique, populate the # reverse descriptor cache setattr(obj, f.related.get_cache_name(), rel_obj) if rel_obj is not None: # If the related object exists, populate # the descriptor cache. setattr(rel_obj, f.get_cache_name(), obj) # Now populate all the non-local field values # on the related object for rel_field, rel_model in rel_obj._meta.get_fields_with_model(): if rel_model is not None: setattr(rel_obj, rel_field.attname, getattr(obj, rel_field.attname)) # populate the field cache for any related object # that has already been retrieved if rel_field.rel: try: cached_obj = getattr(obj, rel_field.get_cache_name()) setattr(rel_obj, rel_field.get_cache_name(), cached_obj) except AttributeError: # Related object hasn't been cached yet pass return obj, index_end class RawQuerySet(object): """ Provides an iterator which converts the results of raw SQL queries into annotated model instances. """ def __init__(self, raw_query, model=None, query=None, params=None, translations=None, using=None): self.raw_query = raw_query self.model = model self._db = using self.query = query or sql.RawQuery(sql=raw_query, using=self.db, params=params) self.params = params or () self.translations = translations or {} def __iter__(self): # Mapping of attrnames to row column positions. Used for constructing # the model using kwargs, needed when not all model's fields are present # in the query. model_init_field_names = {} # A list of tuples of (column name, column position). Used for # annotation fields. annotation_fields = [] # Cache some things for performance reasons outside the loop. db = self.db compiler = connections[db].ops.compiler('SQLCompiler')( self.query, connections[db], db ) need_resolv_columns = hasattr(compiler, 'resolve_columns') query = iter(self.query) # Find out which columns are model's fields, and which ones should be # annotated to the model. for pos, column in enumerate(self.columns): if column in self.model_fields: model_init_field_names[self.model_fields[column].attname] = pos else: annotation_fields.append((column, pos)) # Find out which model's fields are not present in the query. skip = set() for field in self.model._meta.fields: if field.attname not in model_init_field_names: skip.add(field.attname) if skip: if self.model._meta.pk.attname in skip: raise InvalidQuery('Raw query must include the primary key') model_cls = deferred_class_factory(self.model, skip) else: model_cls = self.model # All model's fields are present in the query. So, it is possible # to use *args based model instantation. For each field of the model, # record the query column position matching that field. model_init_field_pos = [] for field in self.model._meta.fields: model_init_field_pos.append(model_init_field_names[field.attname]) if need_resolv_columns: fields = [self.model_fields.get(c, None) for c in self.columns] # Begin looping through the query values. for values in query: if need_resolv_columns: values = compiler.resolve_columns(values, fields) # Associate fields to values if skip: model_init_kwargs = {} for attname, pos in model_init_field_names.iteritems(): model_init_kwargs[attname] = values[pos] instance = model_cls(**model_init_kwargs) else: model_init_args = [values[pos] for pos in model_init_field_pos] instance = model_cls(*model_init_args) if annotation_fields: for column, pos in annotation_fields: setattr(instance, column, values[pos]) instance._state.db = db instance._state.adding = False yield instance def __repr__(self): return "" % (self.raw_query % tuple(self.params)) def __getitem__(self, k): return list(self)[k] @property def db(self): "Return the database that will be used if this query is executed now" return self._db or router.db_for_read(self.model) def using(self, alias): """ Selects which database this Raw QuerySet should excecute it's query against. """ return RawQuerySet(self.raw_query, model=self.model, query=self.query.clone(using=alias), params=self.params, translations=self.translations, using=alias) @property def columns(self): """ A list of model field names in the order they'll appear in the query results. """ if not hasattr(self, '_columns'): self._columns = self.query.get_columns() # Adjust any column names which don't match field names for (query_name, model_name) in self.translations.items(): try: index = self._columns.index(query_name) self._columns[index] = model_name except ValueError: # Ignore translations for non-existant column names pass return self._columns @property def model_fields(self): """ A dict mapping column names to model field names. """ if not hasattr(self, '_model_fields'): converter = connections[self.db].introspection.table_name_converter self._model_fields = {} for field in self.model._meta.fields: name, column = field.get_attname_column() self._model_fields[converter(column)] = field return self._model_fields def insert_query(model, objs, fields, return_id=False, raw=False, using=None): """ Inserts a new record for the given model. This provides an interface to the InsertQuery class and is how Model.save() is implemented. It is not part of the public API. """ query = sql.InsertQuery(model) query.insert_values(fields, objs, raw=raw) return query.get_compiler(using=using).execute_sql(return_id) def prefetch_related_objects(result_cache, related_lookups): """ Helper function for prefetch_related functionality Populates prefetched objects caches for a list of results from a QuerySet """ from django.db.models.sql.constants import LOOKUP_SEP if len(result_cache) == 0: return # nothing to do model = result_cache[0].__class__ # We need to be able to dynamically add to the list of prefetch_related # lookups that we look up (see below). So we need some book keeping to # ensure we don't do duplicate work. done_lookups = set() # list of lookups like foo__bar__baz done_queries = {} # dictionary of things like 'foo__bar': [results] auto_lookups = [] # we add to this as we go through. followed_descriptors = set() # recursion protection all_lookups = itertools.chain(related_lookups, auto_lookups) for lookup in all_lookups: if lookup in done_lookups: # We've done exactly this already, skip the whole thing continue done_lookups.add(lookup) # Top level, the list of objects to decorate is the the result cache # from the primary QuerySet. It won't be for deeper levels. obj_list = result_cache attrs = lookup.split(LOOKUP_SEP) for level, attr in enumerate(attrs): # Prepare main instances if len(obj_list) == 0: break good_objects = True for obj in obj_list: if not hasattr(obj, '_prefetched_objects_cache'): try: obj._prefetched_objects_cache = {} except AttributeError: # Must be in a QuerySet subclass that is not returning # Model instances, either in Django or 3rd # party. prefetch_related() doesn't make sense, so quit # now. good_objects = False break else: # We already did this list break if not good_objects: break # Descend down tree # We assume that objects retrieved are homogenous (which is the premise # of prefetch_related), so what applies to first object applies to all. first_obj = obj_list[0] prefetcher, descriptor, attr_found, is_fetched = get_prefetcher(first_obj, attr) if not attr_found: raise AttributeError("Cannot find '%s' on %s object, '%s' is an invalid " "parameter to prefetch_related()" % (attr, first_obj.__class__.__name__, lookup)) if level == len(attrs) - 1 and prefetcher is None: # Last one, this *must* resolve to something that supports # prefetching, otherwise there is no point adding it and the # developer asking for it has made a mistake. raise ValueError("'%s' does not resolve to a item that supports " "prefetching - this is an invalid parameter to " "prefetch_related()." % lookup) if prefetcher is not None and not is_fetched: # Check we didn't do this already current_lookup = LOOKUP_SEP.join(attrs[0:level+1]) if current_lookup in done_queries: obj_list = done_queries[current_lookup] else: obj_list, additional_prl = prefetch_one_level(obj_list, prefetcher, attr) # We need to ensure we don't keep adding lookups from the # same relationships to stop infinite recursion. So, if we # are already on an automatically added lookup, don't add # the new lookups from relationships we've seen already. if not (lookup in auto_lookups and descriptor in followed_descriptors): for f in additional_prl: new_prl = LOOKUP_SEP.join([current_lookup, f]) auto_lookups.append(new_prl) done_queries[current_lookup] = obj_list followed_descriptors.add(descriptor) else: # Either a singly related object that has already been fetched # (e.g. via select_related), or hopefully some other property # that doesn't support prefetching but needs to be traversed. # We replace the current list of parent objects with that list. obj_list = [getattr(obj, attr) for obj in obj_list] # Filter out 'None' so that we can continue with nullable # relations. obj_list = [obj for obj in obj_list if obj is not None] def get_prefetcher(instance, attr): """ For the attribute 'attr' on the given instance, finds an object that has a get_prefetch_query_set(). Returns a 4 tuple containing: (the object with get_prefetch_query_set (or None), the descriptor object representing this relationship (or None), a boolean that is False if the attribute was not found at all, a boolean that is True if the attribute has already been fetched) """ prefetcher = None attr_found = False is_fetched = False # For singly related objects, we have to avoid getting the attribute # from the object, as this will trigger the query. So we first try # on the class, in order to get the descriptor object. rel_obj_descriptor = getattr(instance.__class__, attr, None) if rel_obj_descriptor is None: try: rel_obj = getattr(instance, attr) attr_found = True except AttributeError: pass else: attr_found = True if rel_obj_descriptor: # singly related object, descriptor object has the # get_prefetch_query_set() method. if hasattr(rel_obj_descriptor, 'get_prefetch_query_set'): prefetcher = rel_obj_descriptor if rel_obj_descriptor.is_cached(instance): is_fetched = True else: # descriptor doesn't support prefetching, so we go ahead and get # the attribute on the instance rather than the class to # support many related managers rel_obj = getattr(instance, attr) if hasattr(rel_obj, 'get_prefetch_query_set'): prefetcher = rel_obj return prefetcher, rel_obj_descriptor, attr_found, is_fetched def prefetch_one_level(instances, prefetcher, attname): """ Helper function for prefetch_related_objects Runs prefetches on all instances using the prefetcher object, assigning results to relevant caches in instance. The prefetched objects are returned, along with any additional prefetches that must be done due to prefetch_related lookups found from default managers. """ # prefetcher must have a method get_prefetch_query_set() which takes a list # of instances, and returns a tuple: # (queryset of instances of self.model that are related to passed in instances, # callable that gets value to be matched for returned instances, # callable that gets value to be matched for passed in instances, # boolean that is True for singly related objects, # cache name to assign to). # The 'values to be matched' must be hashable as they will be used # in a dictionary. rel_qs, rel_obj_attr, instance_attr, single, cache_name =\ prefetcher.get_prefetch_query_set(instances) # We have to handle the possibility that the default manager itself added # prefetch_related lookups to the QuerySet we just got back. We don't want to # trigger the prefetch_related functionality by evaluating the query. # Rather, we need to merge in the prefetch_related lookups. additional_prl = getattr(rel_qs, '_prefetch_related_lookups', []) if additional_prl: # Don't need to clone because the manager should have given us a fresh # instance, so we access an internal instead of using public interface # for performance reasons. rel_qs._prefetch_related_lookups = [] all_related_objects = list(rel_qs) rel_obj_cache = {} for rel_obj in all_related_objects: rel_attr_val = rel_obj_attr(rel_obj) if rel_attr_val not in rel_obj_cache: rel_obj_cache[rel_attr_val] = [] rel_obj_cache[rel_attr_val].append(rel_obj) for obj in instances: instance_attr_val = instance_attr(obj) vals = rel_obj_cache.get(instance_attr_val, []) if single: # Need to assign to single cache on instance if vals: setattr(obj, cache_name, vals[0]) else: # Multi, attribute represents a manager with an .all() method that # returns a QuerySet qs = getattr(obj, attname).all() qs._result_cache = vals # We don't want the individual qs doing prefetch_related now, since we # have merged this into the current work. qs._prefetch_done = True obj._prefetched_objects_cache[cache_name] = qs return all_related_objects, additional_prl