From: Alexandre Detiste Date: Sun, 7 Sep 2025 18:50:49 +0200 Subject: remove runtime dependency on python3-six Forwarded: no, project seams inactive --- fs/_bulk.py | 2 +- fs/_fscompat.py | 5 ++--- fs/_typing.py | 17 +---------------- fs/_url_tools.py | 10 +++------- fs/appfs.py | 4 +--- fs/base.py | 14 +++++--------- fs/compress.py | 9 +-------- fs/error_tools.py | 3 +-- fs/errors.py | 7 ++----- fs/ftpfs.py | 19 ++++--------------- fs/info.py | 2 -- fs/memoryfs.py | 3 --- fs/mode.py | 4 +--- fs/mountfs.py | 3 +-- fs/multifs.py | 3 +-- fs/opener/base.py | 4 +--- fs/opener/parse.py | 5 ++--- fs/osfs.py | 8 +------- fs/permissions.py | 2 -- fs/subfs.py | 2 -- fs/tarfs.py | 40 +++++++--------------------------------- fs/tempfs.py | 2 -- fs/wrapfs.py | 2 -- fs/zipfs.py | 9 +-------- setup.cfg | 1 - 25 files changed, 36 insertions(+), 144 deletions(-) diff --git a/fs/_bulk.py b/fs/_bulk.py index caba0c5..ab25e12 100644 --- a/fs/_bulk.py +++ b/fs/_bulk.py @@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ from __future__ import unicode_literals import typing import threading -from six.moves.queue import Queue +from queue import Queue from .copy import copy_file_internal, copy_modified_time from .errors import BulkCopyFailed diff --git a/fs/_fscompat.py b/fs/_fscompat.py index fa7d2c0..8b3c4cd 100644 --- a/fs/_fscompat.py +++ b/fs/_fscompat.py @@ -1,4 +1,3 @@ -import six try: from os import fsdecode, fsencode @@ -17,7 +16,7 @@ except ImportError: path representation is not str or bytes, TypeError is raised. If the provided path is not str, bytes, or os.PathLike, TypeError is raised. """ - if isinstance(path, (six.text_type, bytes)): + if isinstance(path, (str, bytes)): return path # Work from the object's type to match method resolution of other magic @@ -33,7 +32,7 @@ except ImportError: "expected string type or os.PathLike object, " "not " + path_type.__name__ ) - if isinstance(path_repr, (six.text_type, bytes)): + if isinstance(path_repr, (str, bytes)): return path_repr else: raise TypeError( diff --git a/fs/_typing.py b/fs/_typing.py index 0c80b8e..de6fb32 100644 --- a/fs/_typing.py +++ b/fs/_typing.py @@ -4,19 +4,4 @@ Typing objects missing from Python3.5.1 """ import sys -import six - -_PY = sys.version_info - -from typing import overload # type: ignore - -if _PY.major == 3 and _PY.minor == 5 and _PY.micro in (0, 1): - - def overload(func): # pragma: no cover # noqa: F811 - return func - - -try: - from typing import Text -except ImportError: # pragma: no cover - Text = six.text_type # type: ignore +from typing import overload, Text diff --git a/fs/_url_tools.py b/fs/_url_tools.py index cfd76a7..5a1036b 100644 --- a/fs/_url_tools.py +++ b/fs/_url_tools.py @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ import typing import platform import re -import six +import urllib.request if typing.TYPE_CHECKING: from typing import Text @@ -24,14 +24,10 @@ def url_quote(path_snippet): """ if _WINDOWS_PLATFORM and _has_drive_letter(path_snippet): drive_letter, path = path_snippet.split(":", 1) - if six.PY2: - path = path.encode("utf-8") - path = six.moves.urllib.request.pathname2url(path) + path = urllib.request.pathname2url(path) path_snippet = "{}:{}".format(drive_letter, path) else: - if six.PY2: - path_snippet = path_snippet.encode("utf-8") - path_snippet = six.moves.urllib.request.pathname2url(path_snippet) + path_snippet = urllib.request.pathname2url(path_snippet) return path_snippet diff --git a/fs/appfs.py b/fs/appfs.py index 2fd4568..ef77295 100644 --- a/fs/appfs.py +++ b/fs/appfs.py @@ -12,7 +12,6 @@ subclasses of `~fs.osfs.OSFS`. import typing import abc -import six from appdirs import AppDirs from ._repr import make_repr @@ -47,8 +46,7 @@ class _CopyInitMeta(abc.ABCMeta): return super(abc.ABCMeta, mcls).__new__(mcls, classname, bases, cls_dict) -@six.add_metaclass(_CopyInitMeta) -class _AppFS(OSFS): +class _AppFS(OSFS,metaclass=_CopyInitMeta): """Abstract base class for an app FS.""" # FIXME(@althonos): replace by ClassVar[Text] once diff --git a/fs/base.py b/fs/base.py index 07a1675..9d1943a 100644 --- a/fs/base.py +++ b/fs/base.py @@ -14,7 +14,6 @@ import abc import hashlib import itertools import os -import six import threading import time import warnings @@ -93,8 +92,7 @@ def _new_name(method, old_name): return _method -@six.add_metaclass(abc.ABCMeta) -class FS(object): +class FS(metaclass=abc.ABCMeta): """Base class for FS objects.""" # This is the "standard" meta namespace. @@ -364,7 +362,7 @@ class FS(object): ``path`` does not exist. """ - if not isinstance(text, six.text_type): + if not isinstance(text, str): raise TypeError("must be unicode string") with self._lock: with self.open( @@ -1512,7 +1510,7 @@ class FS(object): TypeError: if ``contents`` is not a unicode string. """ - if not isinstance(contents, six.text_type): + if not isinstance(contents, str): raise TypeError("contents must be unicode") with closing( self.open( @@ -1569,13 +1567,11 @@ class FS(object): if isinstance(path, bytes): raise TypeError( "paths must be unicode (not str)" - if six.PY2 - else "paths must be str (not bytes)" ) meta = self.getmeta() - invalid_chars = typing.cast(six.text_type, meta.get("invalid_path_chars")) + invalid_chars = typing.cast(str, meta.get("invalid_path_chars")) if invalid_chars: if set(path).intersection(invalid_chars): raise errors.InvalidCharsInPath(path) @@ -1688,7 +1684,7 @@ class FS(object): """ if patterns is None: return True - if isinstance(patterns, six.text_type): + if isinstance(patterns, str): raise TypeError("patterns must be a list or sequence") case_sensitive = not typing.cast( bool, self.getmeta().get("case_insensitive", False) diff --git a/fs/compress.py b/fs/compress.py index a1b2e34..dec57a9 100644 --- a/fs/compress.py +++ b/fs/compress.py @@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals import typing -import six import tarfile import time import zipfile @@ -61,9 +60,6 @@ def write_zip( # Zip names must be relative, directory names must end # with a slash. zip_name = relpath(path + "/" if info.is_dir else path) - if not six.PY3: - # Python2 expects bytes filenames - zip_name = zip_name.encode(encoding, "replace") if info.has_namespace("stat"): # If the file has a stat namespace, get the @@ -141,7 +137,7 @@ def write_tar( tar_attr = [("uid", "uid"), ("gid", "gid"), ("uname", "user"), ("gname", "group")] mode = "w:{}".format(compression or "") - if isinstance(file, (six.text_type, six.binary_type)): + if isinstance(file, (str, bytes)): _tar = tarfile.open(file, mode=mode) else: _tar = tarfile.open(fileobj=file, mode=mode) @@ -153,9 +149,6 @@ def write_tar( for path, info in gen_walk: # Tar names must be relative tar_name = relpath(path) - if not six.PY3: - # Python2 expects bytes filenames - tar_name = tar_name.encode(encoding, "replace") tar_info = tarfile.TarInfo(tar_name) diff --git a/fs/error_tools.py b/fs/error_tools.py index bdb3818..9da41ff 100644 --- a/fs/error_tools.py +++ b/fs/error_tools.py @@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ import typing import errno import platform from contextlib import contextmanager -from six import reraise from . import errors @@ -86,7 +85,7 @@ class _ConvertOSErrors(object): if _errno == errno.EACCES and sys.platform == "win32": if getattr(exc_value, "args", None) == 32: # pragma: no cover fserror = errors.ResourceLocked - reraise(fserror, fserror(self._path, exc=exc_value), traceback) + raise fserror(self._path, exc=exc_value).with_traceback(traceback) # Stops linter complaining about invalid class name diff --git a/fs/errors.py b/fs/errors.py index 400bac7..2c05903 100644 --- a/fs/errors.py +++ b/fs/errors.py @@ -13,8 +13,6 @@ from __future__ import print_function, unicode_literals import typing import functools -import six -from six import text_type if typing.TYPE_CHECKING: from typing import Optional, Text @@ -67,7 +65,6 @@ class MissingInfoNamespace(AttributeError): return type(self), (self.namespace,) -@six.python_2_unicode_compatible class FSError(Exception): """Base exception for the `fs` module.""" @@ -114,7 +111,7 @@ class CreateFailed(FSError): def __init__(self, msg=None, exc=None): # noqa: D107 # type: (Optional[Text], Optional[Exception]) -> None self._msg = msg or self.default_message - self.details = "" if exc is None else text_type(exc) + self.details = "" if exc is None else str(exc) self.exc = exc @classmethod @@ -195,7 +192,7 @@ class OperationFailed(FSError): # type: (...) -> None self.path = path self.exc = exc - self.details = "" if exc is None else text_type(exc) + self.details = "" if exc is None else str(exc) self.errno = getattr(exc, "errno", None) super(OperationFailed, self).__init__(msg=msg) diff --git a/fs/ftpfs.py b/fs/ftpfs.py index 50d8a0d..4fb4281 100644 --- a/fs/ftpfs.py +++ b/fs/ftpfs.py @@ -23,7 +23,6 @@ except ImportError as err: from typing import cast from ftplib import error_perm, error_temp -from six import PY2, raise_from, text_type from . import _ftp_parse as ftp_parse from . import errors @@ -112,21 +111,11 @@ def manage_ftp(ftp): def _parse_ftp_error(error): # type: (ftplib.Error) -> Tuple[Text, Text] """Extract code and message from ftp error.""" - code, _, message = text_type(error).partition(" ") + code, _, message = str(error).partition(" ") return code, message -if PY2: - - def _encode(st, encoding): - # type: (Union[Text, bytes], Text) -> str - return st.encode(encoding) if isinstance(st, text_type) else st - - def _decode(st, encoding): - # type: (Union[Text, bytes], Text) -> Text - return st.decode(encoding, "replace") if isinstance(st, bytes) else st - -else: +if True: def _encode(st, _): # type: (str, str) -> str @@ -428,7 +417,7 @@ class FTPFS(FS): self.tls = tls if self.tls and isinstance(FTP_TLS, Exception): - raise_from(errors.CreateFailed("FTP over TLS not supported"), FTP_TLS) + raise errors.CreateFailed("FTP over TLS not supported") from FTP_TLS self.encoding = "latin-1" self._ftp = None # type: Optional[FTP] @@ -488,7 +477,7 @@ class FTPFS(FS): else: self._features = self._parse_features(feat_response) self.encoding = "utf-8" if "UTF8" in self._features else "latin-1" - if not PY2: + if True: _ftp.file = _ftp.sock.makefile( # type: ignore "r", encoding=self.encoding ) diff --git a/fs/info.py b/fs/info.py index 21bb149..725b220 100644 --- a/fs/info.py +++ b/fs/info.py @@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals import typing from typing import cast -import six from copy import deepcopy from ._typing import Text, overload @@ -26,7 +25,6 @@ if typing.TYPE_CHECKING: T = typing.TypeVar("T") -@six.python_2_unicode_compatible class Info(object): """Container for :ref:`info`. diff --git a/fs/memoryfs.py b/fs/memoryfs.py index 8efdc13..8744825 100644 --- a/fs/memoryfs.py +++ b/fs/memoryfs.py @@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ import typing import contextlib import io import os -import six import time from collections import OrderedDict from threading import RLock @@ -48,7 +47,6 @@ if typing.TYPE_CHECKING: _M = typing.TypeVar("_M", bound="MemoryFS") -@six.python_2_unicode_compatible class _MemoryFile(io.RawIOBase): def __init__(self, path, memory_fs, mode, dir_entry): # type: (Text, MemoryFS, Text, _DirEntry) -> None @@ -315,7 +313,6 @@ class _DirEntry(object): return Info(info) -@six.python_2_unicode_compatible class MemoryFS(FS): """A filesystem that stored in memory. diff --git a/fs/mode.py b/fs/mode.py index c719340..b62e3d9 100644 --- a/fs/mode.py +++ b/fs/mode.py @@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ from __future__ import print_function, unicode_literals import typing -import six from ._typing import Text @@ -21,7 +20,6 @@ __all__ = ["Mode", "check_readable", "check_writable", "validate_openbin_mode"] # https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#open -@six.python_2_unicode_compatible class Mode(typing.Container[Text]): """An abstraction for I/O modes. @@ -78,7 +76,7 @@ class Mode(typing.Container[Text]): support exclusive mode. """ - return self._mode.replace("x", "w") if six.PY2 else self._mode + return self._mode def to_platform_bin(self): # type: () -> Text diff --git a/fs/mountfs.py b/fs/mountfs.py index 92fba6d..705679b 100644 --- a/fs/mountfs.py +++ b/fs/mountfs.py @@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ from __future__ import absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals import typing -from six import text_type from . import errors from .base import FS @@ -104,7 +103,7 @@ class MountFS(FS): fs (FS or str): A filesystem (instance or URL) to mount. """ - if isinstance(fs, text_type): + if isinstance(fs, str): from .opener import open_fs fs = open_fs(fs) diff --git a/fs/multifs.py b/fs/multifs.py index 125d0de..92f6dfe 100644 --- a/fs/multifs.py +++ b/fs/multifs.py @@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ import typing from collections import OrderedDict, namedtuple from operator import itemgetter -from six import text_type from . import errors from .base import FS @@ -99,7 +98,7 @@ class MultiFS(FS): filesystem will be looked at first. """ - if isinstance(fs, text_type): + if isinstance(fs, str): fs = open_fs(fs) if not isinstance(fs, FS): diff --git a/fs/opener/base.py b/fs/opener/base.py index 5facaaa..9fbd81c 100644 --- a/fs/opener/base.py +++ b/fs/opener/base.py @@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ import typing import abc -import six if typing.TYPE_CHECKING: from typing import List, Text @@ -14,8 +13,7 @@ if typing.TYPE_CHECKING: from .parse import ParseResult -@six.add_metaclass(abc.ABCMeta) -class Opener(object): +class Opener(metaclass=abc.ABCMeta): """The base class for filesystem openers. An opener is responsible for opening a filesystem for a given diff --git a/fs/opener/parse.py b/fs/opener/parse.py index f554bf3..98216d8 100644 --- a/fs/opener/parse.py +++ b/fs/opener/parse.py @@ -7,8 +7,7 @@ import typing import collections import re -import six -from six.moves.urllib.parse import parse_qs, unquote +from urllib.parse import parse_qs, unquote from .errors import ParseError @@ -89,7 +88,7 @@ def parse_fs_url(fs_url): resource = unquote(url) if has_qs: _params = parse_qs(qs, keep_blank_values=True) - params = {k: unquote(v[0]) for k, v in six.iteritems(_params)} + params = {k: unquote(v[0]) for k, v in _params.items()} else: params = {} return ParseResult(fs_name, username, password, resource, params, path) diff --git a/fs/osfs.py b/fs/osfs.py index 0add3d9..ea942ad 100644 --- a/fs/osfs.py +++ b/fs/osfs.py @@ -16,7 +16,6 @@ import logging import os import platform import shutil -import six import stat import tempfile @@ -77,7 +76,6 @@ log = logging.getLogger("fs.osfs") _WINDOWS_PLATFORM = platform.system() == "Windows" -@six.python_2_unicode_compatible class OSFS(FS): """Create an OSFS. @@ -161,7 +159,7 @@ class OSFS(FS): if _WINDOWS_PLATFORM: # pragma: no cover _meta["invalid_path_chars"] = ( - "".join(six.unichr(n) for n in range(31)) + '\\:*?"<>|' + "".join(chr(n) for n in range(31)) + '\\:*?"<>|' ) else: _meta["invalid_path_chars"] = "\0" @@ -351,8 +349,6 @@ class OSFS(FS): raise errors.FileExpected(path) sys_path = self._to_sys_path(_path) with convert_os_errors("openbin", path): - if six.PY2 and _mode.exclusive: - sys_path = os.open(sys_path, os.O_RDWR | os.O_CREAT | os.O_EXCL) binary_file = io.open( sys_path, mode=_mode.to_platform_bin(), buffering=buffering, **options ) @@ -641,8 +637,6 @@ class OSFS(FS): raise FileExpected(path) sys_path = self._to_sys_path(_path) with convert_os_errors("open", path): - if six.PY2 and _mode.exclusive: - sys_path = os.open(sys_path, os.O_RDWR | os.O_CREAT | os.O_EXCL) _encoding = encoding or "utf-8" return io.open( sys_path, diff --git a/fs/permissions.py b/fs/permissions.py index 3fee335..58978e4 100644 --- a/fs/permissions.py +++ b/fs/permissions.py @@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ from __future__ import print_function, unicode_literals import typing from typing import Iterable -import six from ._typing import Text @@ -40,7 +39,6 @@ class _PermProperty(object): obj.remove(self._name) -@six.python_2_unicode_compatible class Permissions(object): """An abstraction for file system permissions. diff --git a/fs/subfs.py b/fs/subfs.py index 9bc6167..9ce4daf 100644 --- a/fs/subfs.py +++ b/fs/subfs.py @@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ from __future__ import print_function, unicode_literals import typing -import six from .path import abspath, join, normpath, relpath from .wrapfs import WrapFS @@ -19,7 +18,6 @@ if typing.TYPE_CHECKING: _F = typing.TypeVar("_F", bound="FS", covariant=True) -@six.python_2_unicode_compatible class SubFS(WrapFS[_F], typing.Generic[_F]): """A sub-directory on a parent filesystem. diff --git a/fs/tarfs.py b/fs/tarfs.py index e699f86..ca81b0e 100644 --- a/fs/tarfs.py +++ b/fs/tarfs.py @@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ import typing from typing import IO, cast import os -import six import tarfile from collections import OrderedDict @@ -48,14 +47,8 @@ if typing.TYPE_CHECKING: __all__ = ["TarFS", "WriteTarFS", "ReadTarFS"] -if six.PY2: - - def _get_member_info(member, encoding): - # type: (TarInfo, Text) -> Dict[Text, object] - return member.get_info(encoding, None) - -else: +if True: def _get_member_info(member, encoding): # type: (TarInfo, Text) -> Dict[Text, object] # NOTE(@althonos): TarInfo.get_info is neither in the doc nor @@ -122,7 +115,7 @@ class TarFS(WrapFS): temp_fs="temp://__tartemp__", # type: Union[Text, FS] ): # type: (...) -> FS - if isinstance(file, (six.text_type, six.binary_type)): + if isinstance(file, (str, bytes)): file = os.path.expanduser(file) filename = file # type: Text else: @@ -130,7 +123,7 @@ class TarFS(WrapFS): if write and compression is None: compression = None - for comp, extensions in six.iteritems(cls._compression_formats): + for comp, extensions in cls._compression_formats.items(): if filename.endswith(extensions): compression = comp break @@ -156,7 +149,6 @@ class TarFS(WrapFS): pass -@six.python_2_unicode_compatible class WriteTarFS(WrapFS): """A writable tar file.""" @@ -233,7 +225,6 @@ class WriteTarFS(WrapFS): ) -@six.python_2_unicode_compatible class ReadTarFS(FS): """A readable tar file.""" @@ -265,7 +256,7 @@ class ReadTarFS(FS): super(ReadTarFS, self).__init__() self._file = file self.encoding = encoding - if isinstance(file, (six.text_type, six.binary_type)): + if isinstance(file, (str, bytes)): self._tar = tarfile.open(file, mode="r") else: self._tar = tarfile.open(fileobj=file, mode="r") @@ -303,17 +294,7 @@ class ReadTarFS(FS): # type: () -> Text return "".format(self._file) - if six.PY2: - - def _encode(self, s): - # type: (Text) -> str - return s.encode(self.encoding) - - def _decode(self, s): - # type: (str) -> Text - return s.decode(self.encoding) - - else: + if True: def _encode(self, s): # type: (Text) -> str @@ -429,20 +410,13 @@ class ReadTarFS(FS): try: member = self._directory_entries[_path] except KeyError: - six.raise_from(errors.ResourceNotFound(path), None) + raise errors.ResourceNotFound(path) if not member.isfile(): raise errors.FileExpected(path) rw = RawWrapper(cast(IO, self._tar.extractfile(member))) - if six.PY2: # Patch nonexistent file.flush in Python2 - - def _flush(): - pass - - rw.flush = _flush - return rw # type: ignore def remove(self, path): @@ -467,7 +441,7 @@ class ReadTarFS(FS): def geturl(self, path, purpose="download"): # type: (Text, Text) -> Text - if purpose == "fs" and isinstance(self._file, six.string_types): + if purpose == "fs" and isinstance(self._file, str): quoted_file = url_quote(self._file) quoted_path = url_quote(path) return "tar://{}!/{}".format(quoted_file, quoted_path) diff --git a/fs/tempfs.py b/fs/tempfs.py index 3f32c8c..c101907 100644 --- a/fs/tempfs.py +++ b/fs/tempfs.py @@ -14,7 +14,6 @@ from __future__ import print_function, unicode_literals import typing import shutil -import six import tempfile from . import errors @@ -24,7 +23,6 @@ if typing.TYPE_CHECKING: from typing import Optional, Text -@six.python_2_unicode_compatible class TempFS(OSFS): """A temporary filesystem on the OS. diff --git a/fs/wrapfs.py b/fs/wrapfs.py index abbbe4e..5160cf3 100644 --- a/fs/wrapfs.py +++ b/fs/wrapfs.py @@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ from __future__ import unicode_literals import typing -import six from . import errors from .base import FS @@ -49,7 +48,6 @@ _F = typing.TypeVar("_F", bound="FS", covariant=True) _W = typing.TypeVar("_W", bound="WrapFS[FS]") -@six.python_2_unicode_compatible class WrapFS(FS, typing.Generic[_F]): """A proxy for a filesystem object. diff --git a/fs/zipfs.py b/fs/zipfs.py index 87e41f5..c673581 100644 --- a/fs/zipfs.py +++ b/fs/zipfs.py @@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ from __future__ import print_function, unicode_literals import sys import typing -import six import zipfile from datetime import datetime @@ -253,7 +252,6 @@ class ZipFS(WrapFS): pass -@six.python_2_unicode_compatible class WriteZipFS(WrapFS): """A writable zip file.""" @@ -330,7 +328,6 @@ class WriteZipFS(WrapFS): ) -@six.python_2_unicode_compatible class ReadZipFS(FS): """A readable zip file.""" @@ -367,8 +364,6 @@ class ReadZipFS(FS): path = relpath(normpath(path)) if self._directory.isdir(path): path = forcedir(path) - if six.PY2: - return path.encode(self.encoding) return path @property @@ -381,8 +376,6 @@ class ReadZipFS(FS): self._directory_fs = _fs = MemoryFS() for zip_name in self._zip.namelist(): resource_name = zip_name - if six.PY2: - resource_name = resource_name.decode(self.encoding, "replace") if resource_name.endswith("/"): _fs.makedirs(resource_name, recreate=True) else: @@ -503,7 +496,7 @@ class ReadZipFS(FS): def geturl(self, path, purpose="download"): # type: (Text, Text) -> Text - if purpose == "fs" and isinstance(self._file, six.string_types): + if purpose == "fs" and isinstance(self._file, str): quoted_file = url_quote(self._file) quoted_path = url_quote(path) return "zip://{}!/{}".format(quoted_file, quoted_path) diff --git a/setup.cfg b/setup.cfg index 57c6f40..b1db6b9 100644 --- a/setup.cfg +++ b/setup.cfg @@ -44,7 +44,6 @@ setup_requires = install_requires = appdirs~=1.4.3 setuptools - six ~=1.10 enum34 ~=1.1.6 ; python_version < '3.4' typing ~=3.6 ; python_version < '3.6' backports.os ~=0.1 ; python_version < '3.0'