from __future__ import absolute_import, division, print_function, with_statement
from tornado.concurrent import Future
from tornado import gen
from tornado.escape import json_decode, utf8, to_unicode, recursive_unicode, native_str, to_basestring
from tornado.httputil import format_timestamp
from tornado.ioloop import IOLoop
from tornado.iostream import IOStream
from tornado import locale
from tornado.log import app_log, gen_log
from tornado.simple_httpclient import SimpleAsyncHTTPClient
from tornado.template import DictLoader
from tornado.testing import AsyncHTTPTestCase, AsyncTestCase, ExpectLog, gen_test
from tornado.test.util import unittest, skipBefore35, exec_test
from tornado.util import ObjectDict, unicode_type, timedelta_to_seconds, PY3
from tornado.web import RequestHandler, authenticated, Application, asynchronous, url, HTTPError, StaticFileHandler, _create_signature_v1, create_signed_value, decode_signed_value, ErrorHandler, UIModule, MissingArgumentError, stream_request_body, Finish, removeslash, addslash, RedirectHandler as WebRedirectHandler, get_signature_key_version, GZipContentEncoding

import binascii
import contextlib
import copy
import datetime
import email.utils
import gzip
from io import BytesIO
import itertools
import logging
import os
import re
import socket

if PY3:
    import urllib.parse as urllib_parse  # py3
else:
    import urllib as urllib_parse  # py2

wsgi_safe_tests = []


def relpath(*a):
    return os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), *a)


def wsgi_safe(cls):
    wsgi_safe_tests.append(cls)
    return cls


class WebTestCase(AsyncHTTPTestCase):
    """Base class for web tests that also supports WSGI mode.

    Override get_handlers and get_app_kwargs instead of get_app.
    Append to wsgi_safe to have it run in wsgi_test as well.
    """
    def get_app(self):
        self.app = Application(self.get_handlers(), **self.get_app_kwargs())
        return self.app

    def get_handlers(self):
        raise NotImplementedError()

    def get_app_kwargs(self):
        return {}


class SimpleHandlerTestCase(WebTestCase):
    """Simplified base class for tests that work with a single handler class.

    To use, define a nested class named ``Handler``.
    """
    def get_handlers(self):
        return [('/', self.Handler)]


class HelloHandler(RequestHandler):
    def get(self):
        self.write('hello')


class CookieTestRequestHandler(RequestHandler):
    # stub out enough methods to make the secure_cookie functions work
    def __init__(self, cookie_secret='0123456789', key_version=None):
        # don't call super.__init__
        self._cookies = {}
        if key_version is None:
            self.application = ObjectDict(settings=dict(cookie_secret=cookie_secret))
        else:
            self.application = ObjectDict(settings=dict(cookie_secret=cookie_secret,
                                                        key_version=key_version))

    def get_cookie(self, name):
        return self._cookies.get(name)

    def set_cookie(self, name, value, expires_days=None):
        self._cookies[name] = value


# See SignedValueTest below for more.
class SecureCookieV1Test(unittest.TestCase):
    def test_round_trip(self):
        handler = CookieTestRequestHandler()
        handler.set_secure_cookie('foo', b'bar', version=1)
        self.assertEqual(handler.get_secure_cookie('foo', min_version=1),
                         b'bar')

    def test_cookie_tampering_future_timestamp(self):
        handler = CookieTestRequestHandler()
        # this string base64-encodes to '12345678'
        handler.set_secure_cookie('foo', binascii.a2b_hex(b'd76df8e7aefc'),
                                  version=1)
        cookie = handler._cookies['foo']
        match = re.match(br'12345678\|([0-9]+)\|([0-9a-f]+)', cookie)
        self.assertTrue(match)
        timestamp = match.group(1)
        sig = match.group(2)
        self.assertEqual(
            _create_signature_v1(handler.application.settings["cookie_secret"],
                                 'foo', '12345678', timestamp),
            sig)
        # shifting digits from payload to timestamp doesn't alter signature
        # (this is not desirable behavior, just confirming that that's how it
        # works)
        self.assertEqual(
            _create_signature_v1(handler.application.settings["cookie_secret"],
                                 'foo', '1234', b'5678' + timestamp),
            sig)
        # tamper with the cookie
        handler._cookies['foo'] = utf8('1234|5678%s|%s' % (
            to_basestring(timestamp), to_basestring(sig)))
        # it gets rejected
        with ExpectLog(gen_log, "Cookie timestamp in future"):
            self.assertTrue(
                handler.get_secure_cookie('foo', min_version=1) is None)

    def test_arbitrary_bytes(self):
        # Secure cookies accept arbitrary data (which is base64 encoded).
        # Note that normal cookies accept only a subset of ascii.
        handler = CookieTestRequestHandler()
        handler.set_secure_cookie('foo', b'\xe9', version=1)
        self.assertEqual(handler.get_secure_cookie('foo', min_version=1), b'\xe9')


# See SignedValueTest below for more.
class SecureCookieV2Test(unittest.TestCase):
    KEY_VERSIONS = {
        0: 'ajklasdf0ojaisdf',
        1: 'aslkjasaolwkjsdf'
    }

    def test_round_trip(self):
        handler = CookieTestRequestHandler()
        handler.set_secure_cookie('foo', b'bar', version=2)
        self.assertEqual(handler.get_secure_cookie('foo', min_version=2), b'bar')

    def test_key_version_roundtrip(self):
        handler = CookieTestRequestHandler(cookie_secret=self.KEY_VERSIONS,
                                           key_version=0)
        handler.set_secure_cookie('foo', b'bar')
        self.assertEqual(handler.get_secure_cookie('foo'), b'bar')

    def test_key_version_roundtrip_differing_version(self):
        handler = CookieTestRequestHandler(cookie_secret=self.KEY_VERSIONS,
                                           key_version=1)
        handler.set_secure_cookie('foo', b'bar')
        self.assertEqual(handler.get_secure_cookie('foo'), b'bar')

    def test_key_version_increment_version(self):
        handler = CookieTestRequestHandler(cookie_secret=self.KEY_VERSIONS,
                                           key_version=0)
        handler.set_secure_cookie('foo', b'bar')
        new_handler = CookieTestRequestHandler(cookie_secret=self.KEY_VERSIONS,
                                               key_version=1)
        new_handler._cookies = handler._cookies
        self.assertEqual(new_handler.get_secure_cookie('foo'), b'bar')

    def test_key_version_invalidate_version(self):
        handler = CookieTestRequestHandler(cookie_secret=self.KEY_VERSIONS,
                                           key_version=0)
        handler.set_secure_cookie('foo', b'bar')
        new_key_versions = self.KEY_VERSIONS.copy()
        new_key_versions.pop(0)
        new_handler = CookieTestRequestHandler(cookie_secret=new_key_versions,
                                               key_version=1)
        new_handler._cookies = handler._cookies
        self.assertEqual(new_handler.get_secure_cookie('foo'), None)


class CookieTest(WebTestCase):
    def get_handlers(self):
        class SetCookieHandler(RequestHandler):
            def get(self):
                # Try setting cookies with different argument types
                # to ensure that everything gets encoded correctly
                self.set_cookie("str", "asdf")
                self.set_cookie("unicode", u"qwer")
                self.set_cookie("bytes", b"zxcv")

        class GetCookieHandler(RequestHandler):
            def get(self):
                self.write(self.get_cookie("foo", "default"))

        class SetCookieDomainHandler(RequestHandler):
            def get(self):
                # unicode domain and path arguments shouldn't break things
                # either (see bug #285)
                self.set_cookie("unicode_args", "blah", domain=u"foo.com",
                                path=u"/foo")

        class SetCookieSpecialCharHandler(RequestHandler):
            def get(self):
                self.set_cookie("equals", "a=b")
                self.set_cookie("semicolon", "a;b")
                self.set_cookie("quote", 'a"b')

        class SetCookieOverwriteHandler(RequestHandler):
            def get(self):
                self.set_cookie("a", "b", domain="example.com")
                self.set_cookie("c", "d", domain="example.com")
                # A second call with the same name clobbers the first.
                # Attributes from the first call are not carried over.
                self.set_cookie("a", "e")

        class SetCookieMaxAgeHandler(RequestHandler):
            def get(self):
                self.set_cookie("foo", "bar", max_age=10)

        class SetCookieExpiresDaysHandler(RequestHandler):
            def get(self):
                self.set_cookie("foo", "bar", expires_days=10)

        class SetCookieFalsyFlags(RequestHandler):
            def get(self):
                self.set_cookie("a", "1", secure=True)
                self.set_cookie("b", "1", secure=False)
                self.set_cookie("c", "1", httponly=True)
                self.set_cookie("d", "1", httponly=False)

        return [("/set", SetCookieHandler),
                ("/get", GetCookieHandler),
                ("/set_domain", SetCookieDomainHandler),
                ("/special_char", SetCookieSpecialCharHandler),
                ("/set_overwrite", SetCookieOverwriteHandler),
                ("/set_max_age", SetCookieMaxAgeHandler),
                ("/set_expires_days", SetCookieExpiresDaysHandler),
                ("/set_falsy_flags", SetCookieFalsyFlags)
                ]

    def test_set_cookie(self):
        response = self.fetch("/set")
        self.assertEqual(sorted(response.headers.get_list("Set-Cookie")),
                         ["bytes=zxcv; Path=/",
                          "str=asdf; Path=/",
                          "unicode=qwer; Path=/",
                          ])

    def test_get_cookie(self):
        response = self.fetch("/get", headers={"Cookie": "foo=bar"})
        self.assertEqual(response.body, b"bar")

        response = self.fetch("/get", headers={"Cookie": 'foo="bar"'})
        self.assertEqual(response.body, b"bar")

        response = self.fetch("/get", headers={"Cookie": "/=exception;"})
        self.assertEqual(response.body, b"default")

    def test_set_cookie_domain(self):
        response = self.fetch("/set_domain")
        self.assertEqual(response.headers.get_list("Set-Cookie"),
                         ["unicode_args=blah; Domain=foo.com; Path=/foo"])

    def test_cookie_special_char(self):
        response = self.fetch("/special_char")
        headers = sorted(response.headers.get_list("Set-Cookie"))
        self.assertEqual(len(headers), 3)
        self.assertEqual(headers[0], 'equals="a=b"; Path=/')
        self.assertEqual(headers[1], 'quote="a\\"b"; Path=/')
        # python 2.7 octal-escapes the semicolon; older versions leave it alone
        self.assertTrue(headers[2] in ('semicolon="a;b"; Path=/',
                                       'semicolon="a\\073b"; Path=/'),
                        headers[2])

        data = [('foo=a=b', 'a=b'),
                ('foo="a=b"', 'a=b'),
                ('foo="a;b"', '"a'),  # even quoted, ";" is a delimiter
                ('foo=a\\073b', 'a\\073b'),  # escapes only decoded in quotes
                ('foo="a\\073b"', 'a;b'),
                ('foo="a\\"b"', 'a"b'),
                ]
        for header, expected in data:
            logging.debug("trying %r", header)
            response = self.fetch("/get", headers={"Cookie": header})
            self.assertEqual(response.body, utf8(expected))

    def test_set_cookie_overwrite(self):
        response = self.fetch("/set_overwrite")
        headers = response.headers.get_list("Set-Cookie")
        self.assertEqual(sorted(headers),
                         ["a=e; Path=/", "c=d; Domain=example.com; Path=/"])

    def test_set_cookie_max_age(self):
        response = self.fetch("/set_max_age")
        headers = response.headers.get_list("Set-Cookie")
        self.assertEqual(sorted(headers),
                         ["foo=bar; Max-Age=10; Path=/"])

    def test_set_cookie_expires_days(self):
        response = self.fetch("/set_expires_days")
        header = response.headers.get("Set-Cookie")
        match = re.match("foo=bar; expires=(?P<expires>.+); Path=/", header)
        self.assertIsNotNone(match)

        expires = datetime.datetime.utcnow() + datetime.timedelta(days=10)
        header_expires = datetime.datetime(
            *email.utils.parsedate(match.groupdict()["expires"])[:6])
        self.assertTrue(abs(timedelta_to_seconds(expires - header_expires)) < 10)

    def test_set_cookie_false_flags(self):
        response = self.fetch("/set_falsy_flags")
        headers = sorted(response.headers.get_list("Set-Cookie"))
        # The secure and httponly headers are capitalized in py35 and
        # lowercase in older versions.
        self.assertEqual(headers[0].lower(), 'a=1; path=/; secure')
        self.assertEqual(headers[1].lower(), 'b=1; path=/')
        self.assertEqual(headers[2].lower(), 'c=1; httponly; path=/')
        self.assertEqual(headers[3].lower(), 'd=1; path=/')


class AuthRedirectRequestHandler(RequestHandler):
    def initialize(self, login_url):
        self.login_url = login_url

    def get_login_url(self):
        return self.login_url

    @authenticated
    def get(self):
        # we'll never actually get here because the test doesn't follow redirects
        self.send_error(500)


class AuthRedirectTest(WebTestCase):
    def get_handlers(self):
        return [('/relative', AuthRedirectRequestHandler,
                 dict(login_url='/login')),
                ('/absolute', AuthRedirectRequestHandler,
                 dict(login_url='http://example.com/login'))]

    def test_relative_auth_redirect(self):
        self.http_client.fetch(self.get_url('/relative'), self.stop,
                               follow_redirects=False)
        response = self.wait()
        self.assertEqual(response.code, 302)
        self.assertEqual(response.headers['Location'], '/login?next=%2Frelative')

    def test_absolute_auth_redirect(self):
        self.http_client.fetch(self.get_url('/absolute'), self.stop,
                               follow_redirects=False)
        response = self.wait()
        self.assertEqual(response.code, 302)
        self.assertTrue(re.match(
            'http://example.com/login\?next=http%3A%2F%2Flocalhost%3A[0-9]+%2Fabsolute',
            response.headers['Location']), response.headers['Location'])


class ConnectionCloseHandler(RequestHandler):
    def initialize(self, test):
        self.test = test

    @asynchronous
    def get(self):
        self.test.on_handler_waiting()

    def on_connection_close(self):
        self.test.on_connection_close()


class ConnectionCloseTest(WebTestCase):
    def get_handlers(self):
        return [('/', ConnectionCloseHandler, dict(test=self))]

    def test_connection_close(self):
        s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM, 0)
        s.connect(("127.0.0.1", self.get_http_port()))
        self.stream = IOStream(s, io_loop=self.io_loop)
        self.stream.write(b"GET / HTTP/1.0\r\n\r\n")
        self.wait()

    def on_handler_waiting(self):
        logging.debug('handler waiting')
        self.stream.close()

    def on_connection_close(self):
        logging.debug('connection closed')
        self.stop()


class EchoHandler(RequestHandler):
    def get(self, *path_args):
        # Type checks: web.py interfaces convert argument values to
        # unicode strings (by default, but see also decode_argument).
        # In httpserver.py (i.e. self.request.arguments), they're left
        # as bytes.  Keys are always native strings.
        for key in self.request.arguments:
            if type(key) != str:
                raise Exception("incorrect type for key: %r" % type(key))
            for value in self.request.arguments[key]:
                if type(value) != bytes:
                    raise Exception("incorrect type for value: %r" %
                                    type(value))
            for value in self.get_arguments(key):
                if type(value) != unicode_type:
                    raise Exception("incorrect type for value: %r" %
                                    type(value))
        for arg in path_args:
            if type(arg) != unicode_type:
                raise Exception("incorrect type for path arg: %r" % type(arg))
        self.write(dict(path=self.request.path,
                        path_args=path_args,
                        args=recursive_unicode(self.request.arguments)))


class RequestEncodingTest(WebTestCase):
    def get_handlers(self):
        return [("/group/(.*)", EchoHandler),
                ("/slashes/([^/]*)/([^/]*)", EchoHandler),
                ]

    def fetch_json(self, path):
        return json_decode(self.fetch(path).body)

    def test_group_question_mark(self):
        # Ensure that url-encoded question marks are handled properly
        self.assertEqual(self.fetch_json('/group/%3F'),
                         dict(path='/group/%3F', path_args=['?'], args={}))
        self.assertEqual(self.fetch_json('/group/%3F?%3F=%3F'),
                         dict(path='/group/%3F', path_args=['?'], args={'?': ['?']}))

    def test_group_encoding(self):
        # Path components and query arguments should be decoded the same way
        self.assertEqual(self.fetch_json('/group/%C3%A9?arg=%C3%A9'),
                         {u"path": u"/group/%C3%A9",
                          u"path_args": [u"\u00e9"],
                          u"args": {u"arg": [u"\u00e9"]}})

    def test_slashes(self):
        # Slashes may be escaped to appear as a single "directory" in the path,
        # but they are then unescaped when passed to the get() method.
        self.assertEqual(self.fetch_json('/slashes/foo/bar'),
                         dict(path="/slashes/foo/bar",
                              path_args=["foo", "bar"],
                              args={}))
        self.assertEqual(self.fetch_json('/slashes/a%2Fb/c%2Fd'),
                         dict(path="/slashes/a%2Fb/c%2Fd",
                              path_args=["a/b", "c/d"],
                              args={}))

    def test_error(self):
        # Percent signs (encoded as %25) should not mess up printf-style
        # messages in logs
        with ExpectLog(gen_log, ".*Invalid unicode"):
            self.fetch("/group/?arg=%25%e9")


class TypeCheckHandler(RequestHandler):
    def prepare(self):
        self.errors = {}

        self.check_type('status', self.get_status(), int)

        # get_argument is an exception from the general rule of using
        # type str for non-body data mainly for historical reasons.
        self.check_type('argument', self.get_argument('foo'), unicode_type)
        self.check_type('cookie_key', list(self.cookies.keys())[0], str)
        self.check_type('cookie_value', list(self.cookies.values())[0].value, str)

        # Secure cookies return bytes because they can contain arbitrary
        # data, but regular cookies are native strings.
        if list(self.cookies.keys()) != ['asdf']:
            raise Exception("unexpected values for cookie keys: %r" %
                            self.cookies.keys())
        self.check_type('get_secure_cookie', self.get_secure_cookie('asdf'), bytes)
        self.check_type('get_cookie', self.get_cookie('asdf'), str)

        self.check_type('xsrf_token', self.xsrf_token, bytes)
        self.check_type('xsrf_form_html', self.xsrf_form_html(), str)

        self.check_type('reverse_url', self.reverse_url('typecheck', 'foo'), str)

        self.check_type('request_summary', self._request_summary(), str)

    def get(self, path_component):
        # path_component uses type unicode instead of str for consistency
        # with get_argument()
        self.check_type('path_component', path_component, unicode_type)
        self.write(self.errors)

    def post(self, path_component):
        self.check_type('path_component', path_component, unicode_type)
        self.write(self.errors)

    def check_type(self, name, obj, expected_type):
        actual_type = type(obj)
        if expected_type != actual_type:
            self.errors[name] = "expected %s, got %s" % (expected_type,
                                                         actual_type)


class DecodeArgHandler(RequestHandler):
    def decode_argument(self, value, name=None):
        if type(value) != bytes:
            raise Exception("unexpected type for value: %r" % type(value))
        # use self.request.arguments directly to avoid recursion
        if 'encoding' in self.request.arguments:
            return value.decode(to_unicode(self.request.arguments['encoding'][0]))
        else:
            return value

    def get(self, arg):
        def describe(s):
            if type(s) == bytes:
                return ["bytes", native_str(binascii.b2a_hex(s))]
            elif type(s) == unicode_type:
                return ["unicode", s]
            raise Exception("unknown type")
        self.write({'path': describe(arg),
                    'query': describe(self.get_argument("foo")),
                    })


class LinkifyHandler(RequestHandler):
    def get(self):
        self.render("linkify.html", message="http://example.com")


class UIModuleResourceHandler(RequestHandler):
    def get(self):
        self.render("page.html", entries=[1, 2])


class OptionalPathHandler(RequestHandler):
    def get(self, path):
        self.write({"path": path})


class FlowControlHandler(RequestHandler):
    # These writes are too small to demonstrate real flow control,
    # but at least it shows that the callbacks get run.
    @asynchronous
    def get(self):
        self.write("1")
        self.flush(callback=self.step2)

    def step2(self):
        self.write("2")
        self.flush(callback=self.step3)

    def step3(self):
        self.write("3")
        self.finish()


class MultiHeaderHandler(RequestHandler):
    def get(self):
        self.set_header("x-overwrite", "1")
        self.set_header("X-Overwrite", 2)
        self.add_header("x-multi", 3)
        self.add_header("X-Multi", "4")


class RedirectHandler(RequestHandler):
    def get(self):
        if self.get_argument('permanent', None) is not None:
            self.redirect('/', permanent=int(self.get_argument('permanent')))
        elif self.get_argument('status', None) is not None:
            self.redirect('/', status=int(self.get_argument('status')))
        else:
            raise Exception("didn't get permanent or status arguments")


class EmptyFlushCallbackHandler(RequestHandler):
    @asynchronous
    @gen.engine
    def get(self):
        # Ensure that the flush callback is run whether or not there
        # was any output.  The gen.Task and direct yield forms are
        # equivalent.
        yield gen.Task(self.flush)  # "empty" flush, but writes headers
        yield gen.Task(self.flush)  # empty flush
        self.write("o")
        yield self.flush()  # flushes the "o"
        yield self.flush()  # empty flush
        self.finish("k")


class HeaderInjectionHandler(RequestHandler):
    def get(self):
        try:
            self.set_header("X-Foo", "foo\r\nX-Bar: baz")
            raise Exception("Didn't get expected exception")
        except ValueError as e:
            if "Unsafe header value" in str(e):
                self.finish(b"ok")
            else:
                raise


class GetArgumentHandler(RequestHandler):
    def prepare(self):
        if self.get_argument('source', None) == 'query':
            method = self.get_query_argument
        elif self.get_argument('source', None) == 'body':
            method = self.get_body_argument
        else:
            method = self.get_argument
        self.finish(method("foo", "default"))


class GetArgumentsHandler(RequestHandler):
    def prepare(self):
        self.finish(dict(default=self.get_arguments("foo"),
                         query=self.get_query_arguments("foo"),
                         body=self.get_body_arguments("foo")))


# This test is shared with wsgi_test.py
@wsgi_safe
class WSGISafeWebTest(WebTestCase):
    COOKIE_SECRET = "WebTest.COOKIE_SECRET"

    def get_app_kwargs(self):
        loader = DictLoader({
            "linkify.html": "{% module linkify(message) %}",
            "page.html": """\
<html><head></head><body>
{% for e in entries %}
{% module Template("entry.html", entry=e) %}
{% end %}
</body></html>""",
            "entry.html": """\
{{ set_resources(embedded_css=".entry { margin-bottom: 1em; }", embedded_javascript="js_embed()", css_files=["/base.css", "/foo.css"], javascript_files="/common.js", html_head="<meta>", html_body='<script src="/analytics.js"/>') }}
<div class="entry">...</div>""",
        })
        return dict(template_loader=loader,
                    autoescape="xhtml_escape",
                    cookie_secret=self.COOKIE_SECRET)

    def tearDown(self):
        super(WSGISafeWebTest, self).tearDown()
        RequestHandler._template_loaders.clear()

    def get_handlers(self):
        urls = [
            url("/typecheck/(.*)", TypeCheckHandler, name='typecheck'),
            url("/decode_arg/(.*)", DecodeArgHandler, name='decode_arg'),
            url("/decode_arg_kw/(?P<arg>.*)", DecodeArgHandler),
            url("/linkify", LinkifyHandler),
            url("/uimodule_resources", UIModuleResourceHandler),
            url("/optional_path/(.+)?", OptionalPathHandler),
            url("/multi_header", MultiHeaderHandler),
            url("/redirect", RedirectHandler),
            url("/web_redirect_permanent", WebRedirectHandler, {"url": "/web_redirect_newpath"}),
            url("/web_redirect", WebRedirectHandler, {"url": "/web_redirect_newpath", "permanent": False}),
            url("//web_redirect_double_slash", WebRedirectHandler, {"url": '/web_redirect_newpath'}),
            url("/header_injection", HeaderInjectionHandler),
            url("/get_argument", GetArgumentHandler),
            url("/get_arguments", GetArgumentsHandler),
        ]
        return urls

    def fetch_json(self, *args, **kwargs):
        response = self.fetch(*args, **kwargs)
        response.rethrow()
        return json_decode(response.body)

    def test_types(self):
        cookie_value = to_unicode(create_signed_value(self.COOKIE_SECRET,
                                                      "asdf", "qwer"))
        response = self.fetch("/typecheck/asdf?foo=bar",
                              headers={"Cookie": "asdf=" + cookie_value})
        data = json_decode(response.body)
        self.assertEqual(data, {})

        response = self.fetch("/typecheck/asdf?foo=bar", method="POST",
                              headers={"Cookie": "asdf=" + cookie_value},
                              body="foo=bar")

    def test_decode_argument(self):
        # These urls all decode to the same thing
        urls = ["/decode_arg/%C3%A9?foo=%C3%A9&encoding=utf-8",
                "/decode_arg/%E9?foo=%E9&encoding=latin1",
                "/decode_arg_kw/%E9?foo=%E9&encoding=latin1",
                ]
        for req_url in urls:
            response = self.fetch(req_url)
            response.rethrow()
            data = json_decode(response.body)
            self.assertEqual(data, {u'path': [u'unicode', u'\u00e9'],
                                    u'query': [u'unicode', u'\u00e9'],
                                    })

        response = self.fetch("/decode_arg/%C3%A9?foo=%C3%A9")
        response.rethrow()
        data = json_decode(response.body)
        self.assertEqual(data, {u'path': [u'bytes', u'c3a9'],
                                u'query': [u'bytes', u'c3a9'],
                                })

    def test_decode_argument_invalid_unicode(self):
        # test that invalid unicode in URLs causes 400, not 500
        with ExpectLog(gen_log, ".*Invalid unicode.*"):
            response = self.fetch("/typecheck/invalid%FF")
            self.assertEqual(response.code, 400)
            response = self.fetch("/typecheck/invalid?foo=%FF")
            self.assertEqual(response.code, 400)

    def test_decode_argument_plus(self):
        # These urls are all equivalent.
        urls = ["/decode_arg/1%20%2B%201?foo=1%20%2B%201&encoding=utf-8",
                "/decode_arg/1%20+%201?foo=1+%2B+1&encoding=utf-8"]
        for req_url in urls:
            response = self.fetch(req_url)
            response.rethrow()
            data = json_decode(response.body)
            self.assertEqual(data, {u'path': [u'unicode', u'1 + 1'],
                                    u'query': [u'unicode', u'1 + 1'],
                                    })

    def test_reverse_url(self):
        self.assertEqual(self.app.reverse_url('decode_arg', 'foo'),
                         '/decode_arg/foo')
        self.assertEqual(self.app.reverse_url('decode_arg', 42),
                         '/decode_arg/42')
        self.assertEqual(self.app.reverse_url('decode_arg', b'\xe9'),
                         '/decode_arg/%E9')
        self.assertEqual(self.app.reverse_url('decode_arg', u'\u00e9'),
                         '/decode_arg/%C3%A9')
        self.assertEqual(self.app.reverse_url('decode_arg', '1 + 1'),
                         '/decode_arg/1%20%2B%201')

    def test_uimodule_unescaped(self):
        response = self.fetch("/linkify")
        self.assertEqual(response.body,
                         b"<a href=\"http://example.com\">http://example.com</a>")

    def test_uimodule_resources(self):
        response = self.fetch("/uimodule_resources")
        self.assertEqual(response.body, b"""\
<html><head><link href="/base.css" type="text/css" rel="stylesheet"/><link href="/foo.css" type="text/css" rel="stylesheet"/>
<style type="text/css">
.entry { margin-bottom: 1em; }
</style>
<meta>
</head><body>


<div class="entry">...</div>


<div class="entry">...</div>

<script src="/common.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
<script type="text/javascript">
//<![CDATA[
js_embed()
//]]>
</script>
<script src="/analytics.js"/>
</body></html>""")

    def test_optional_path(self):
        self.assertEqual(self.fetch_json("/optional_path/foo"),
                         {u"path": u"foo"})
        self.assertEqual(self.fetch_json("/optional_path/"),
                         {u"path": None})

    def test_multi_header(self):
        response = self.fetch("/multi_header")
        self.assertEqual(response.headers["x-overwrite"], "2")
        self.assertEqual(response.headers.get_list("x-multi"), ["3", "4"])

    def test_redirect(self):
        response = self.fetch("/redirect?permanent=1", follow_redirects=False)
        self.assertEqual(response.code, 301)
        response = self.fetch("/redirect?permanent=0", follow_redirects=False)
        self.assertEqual(response.code, 302)
        response = self.fetch("/redirect?status=307", follow_redirects=False)
        self.assertEqual(response.code, 307)

    def test_web_redirect(self):
        response = self.fetch("/web_redirect_permanent", follow_redirects=False)
        self.assertEqual(response.code, 301)
        self.assertEqual(response.headers['Location'], '/web_redirect_newpath')
        response = self.fetch("/web_redirect", follow_redirects=False)
        self.assertEqual(response.code, 302)
        self.assertEqual(response.headers['Location'], '/web_redirect_newpath')

    def test_web_redirect_double_slash(self):
        response = self.fetch("//web_redirect_double_slash", follow_redirects=False)
        self.assertEqual(response.code, 301)
        self.assertEqual(response.headers['Location'], '/web_redirect_newpath')

    def test_header_injection(self):
        response = self.fetch("/header_injection")
        self.assertEqual(response.body, b"ok")

    def test_get_argument(self):
        response = self.fetch("/get_argument?foo=bar")
        self.assertEqual(response.body, b"bar")
        response = self.fetch("/get_argument?foo=")
        self.assertEqual(response.body, b"")
        response = self.fetch("/get_argument")
        self.assertEqual(response.body, b"default")

        # Test merging of query and body arguments.
        # In singular form, body arguments take precedence over query arguments.
        body = urllib_parse.urlencode(dict(foo="hello"))
        response = self.fetch("/get_argument?foo=bar", method="POST", body=body)
        self.assertEqual(response.body, b"hello")
        # In plural methods they are merged.
        response = self.fetch("/get_arguments?foo=bar",
                              method="POST", body=body)
        self.assertEqual(json_decode(response.body),
                         dict(default=['bar', 'hello'],
                              query=['bar'],
                              body=['hello']))

    def test_get_query_arguments(self):
        # send as a post so we can ensure the separation between query
        # string and body arguments.
        body = urllib_parse.urlencode(dict(foo="hello"))
        response = self.fetch("/get_argument?source=query&foo=bar",
                              method="POST", body=body)
        self.assertEqual(response.body, b"bar")
        response = self.fetch("/get_argument?source=query&foo=",
                              method="POST", body=body)
        self.assertEqual(response.body, b"")
        response = self.fetch("/get_argument?source=query",
                              method="POST", body=body)
        self.assertEqual(response.body, b"default")

    def test_get_body_arguments(self):
        body = urllib_parse.urlencode(dict(foo="bar"))
        response = self.fetch("/get_argument?source=body&foo=hello",
                              method="POST", body=body)
        self.assertEqual(response.body, b"bar")

        body = urllib_parse.urlencode(dict(foo=""))
        response = self.fetch("/get_argument?source=body&foo=hello",
                              method="POST", body=body)
        self.assertEqual(response.body, b"")

        body = urllib_parse.urlencode(dict())
        response = self.fetch("/get_argument?source=body&foo=hello",
                              method="POST", body=body)
        self.assertEqual(response.body, b"default")

    def test_no_gzip(self):
        response = self.fetch('/get_argument')
        self.assertNotIn('Accept-Encoding', response.headers.get('Vary', ''))
        self.assertNotIn('gzip', response.headers.get('Content-Encoding', ''))


class NonWSGIWebTests(WebTestCase):
    def get_handlers(self):
        return [("/flow_control", FlowControlHandler),
                ("/empty_flush", EmptyFlushCallbackHandler),
                ]

    def test_flow_control(self):
        self.assertEqual(self.fetch("/flow_control").body, b"123")

    def test_empty_flush(self):
        response = self.fetch("/empty_flush")
        self.assertEqual(response.body, b"ok")


@wsgi_safe
class ErrorResponseTest(WebTestCase):
    def get_handlers(self):
        class DefaultHandler(RequestHandler):
            def get(self):
                if self.get_argument("status", None):
                    raise HTTPError(int(self.get_argument("status")))
                1 / 0

        class WriteErrorHandler(RequestHandler):
            def get(self):
                if self.get_argument("status", None):
                    self.send_error(int(self.get_argument("status")))
                else:
                    1 / 0

            def write_error(self, status_code, **kwargs):
                self.set_header("Content-Type", "text/plain")
                if "exc_info" in kwargs:
                    self.write("Exception: %s" % kwargs["exc_info"][0].__name__)
                else:
                    self.write("Status: %d" % status_code)

        class FailedWriteErrorHandler(RequestHandler):
            def get(self):
                1 / 0

            def write_error(self, status_code, **kwargs):
                raise Exception("exception in write_error")

        return [url("/default", DefaultHandler),
                url("/write_error", WriteErrorHandler),
                url("/failed_write_error", FailedWriteErrorHandler),
                ]

    def test_default(self):
        with ExpectLog(app_log, "Uncaught exception"):
            response = self.fetch("/default")
            self.assertEqual(response.code, 500)
            self.assertTrue(b"500: Internal Server Error" in response.body)

            response = self.fetch("/default?status=503")
            self.assertEqual(response.code, 503)
            self.assertTrue(b"503: Service Unavailable" in response.body)

    def test_write_error(self):
        with ExpectLog(app_log, "Uncaught exception"):
            response = self.fetch("/write_error")
            self.assertEqual(response.code, 500)
            self.assertEqual(b"Exception: ZeroDivisionError", response.body)

            response = self.fetch("/write_error?status=503")
            self.assertEqual(response.code, 503)
            self.assertEqual(b"Status: 503", response.body)

    def test_failed_write_error(self):
        with ExpectLog(app_log, "Uncaught exception"):
            response = self.fetch("/failed_write_error")
            self.assertEqual(response.code, 500)
            self.assertEqual(b"", response.body)


@wsgi_safe
class StaticFileTest(WebTestCase):
    # The expected MD5 hash of robots.txt, used in tests that call
    # StaticFileHandler.get_version
    robots_txt_hash = b"f71d20196d4caf35b6a670db8c70b03d"
    static_dir = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), 'static')

    def get_handlers(self):
        class StaticUrlHandler(RequestHandler):
            def get(self, path):
                with_v = int(self.get_argument('include_version', 1))
                self.write(self.static_url(path, include_version=with_v))

        class AbsoluteStaticUrlHandler(StaticUrlHandler):
            include_host = True

        class OverrideStaticUrlHandler(RequestHandler):
            def get(self, path):
                do_include = bool(self.get_argument("include_host"))
                self.include_host = not do_include

                regular_url = self.static_url(path)
                override_url = self.static_url(path, include_host=do_include)
                if override_url == regular_url:
                    return self.write(str(False))

                protocol = self.request.protocol + "://"
                protocol_length = len(protocol)
                check_regular = regular_url.find(protocol, 0, protocol_length)
                check_override = override_url.find(protocol, 0, protocol_length)

                if do_include:
                    result = (check_override == 0 and check_regular == -1)
                else:
                    result = (check_override == -1 and check_regular == 0)
                self.write(str(result))

        return [('/static_url/(.*)', StaticUrlHandler),
                ('/abs_static_url/(.*)', AbsoluteStaticUrlHandler),
                ('/override_static_url/(.*)', OverrideStaticUrlHandler),
                ('/root_static/(.*)', StaticFileHandler, dict(path='/'))]

    def get_app_kwargs(self):
        return dict(static_path=relpath('static'))

    def test_static_files(self):
        response = self.fetch('/robots.txt')
        self.assertTrue(b"Disallow: /" in response.body)

        response = self.fetch('/static/robots.txt')
        self.assertTrue(b"Disallow: /" in response.body)
        self.assertEqual(response.headers.get("Content-Type"), "text/plain")

    def test_static_compressed_files(self):
        response = self.fetch("/static/sample.xml.gz")
        self.assertEqual(response.headers.get("Content-Type"),
                         "application/gzip")
        response = self.fetch("/static/sample.xml.bz2")
        self.assertEqual(response.headers.get("Content-Type"),
                         "application/octet-stream")
        # make sure the uncompressed file still has the correct type
        response = self.fetch("/static/sample.xml")
        self.assertTrue(response.headers.get("Content-Type")
                        in set(("text/xml", "application/xml")))

    def test_static_url(self):
        response = self.fetch("/static_url/robots.txt")
        self.assertEqual(response.body,
                         b"/static/robots.txt?v=" + self.robots_txt_hash)

    def test_absolute_static_url(self):
        response = self.fetch("/abs_static_url/robots.txt")
        self.assertEqual(response.body, (
            utf8(self.get_url("/")) +
            b"static/robots.txt?v=" +
            self.robots_txt_hash
        ))

    def test_relative_version_exclusion(self):
        response = self.fetch("/static_url/robots.txt?include_version=0")
        self.assertEqual(response.body, b"/static/robots.txt")

    def test_absolute_version_exclusion(self):
        response = self.fetch("/abs_static_url/robots.txt?include_version=0")
        self.assertEqual(response.body,
                         utf8(self.get_url("/") + "static/robots.txt"))

    def test_include_host_override(self):
        self._trigger_include_host_check(False)
        self._trigger_include_host_check(True)

    def _trigger_include_host_check(self, include_host):
        path = "/override_static_url/robots.txt?include_host=%s"
        response = self.fetch(path % int(include_host))
        self.assertEqual(response.body, utf8(str(True)))

    def get_and_head(self, *args, **kwargs):
        """Performs a GET and HEAD request and returns the GET response.

        Fails if any ``Content-*`` headers returned by the two requests
        differ.
        """
        head_response = self.fetch(*args, method="HEAD", **kwargs)
        get_response = self.fetch(*args, method="GET", **kwargs)
        content_headers = set()
        for h in itertools.chain(head_response.headers, get_response.headers):
            if h.startswith('Content-'):
                content_headers.add(h)
        for h in content_headers:
            self.assertEqual(head_response.headers.get(h),
                             get_response.headers.get(h),
                             "%s differs between GET (%s) and HEAD (%s)" %
                             (h, head_response.headers.get(h),
                              get_response.headers.get(h)))
        return get_response

    def test_static_304_if_modified_since(self):
        response1 = self.get_and_head("/static/robots.txt")
        response2 = self.get_and_head("/static/robots.txt", headers={
            'If-Modified-Since': response1.headers['Last-Modified']})
        self.assertEqual(response2.code, 304)
        self.assertTrue('Content-Length' not in response2.headers)
        self.assertTrue('Last-Modified' not in response2.headers)

    def test_static_304_if_none_match(self):
        response1 = self.get_and_head("/static/robots.txt")
        response2 = self.get_and_head("/static/robots.txt", headers={
            'If-None-Match': response1.headers['Etag']})
        self.assertEqual(response2.code, 304)

    def test_static_if_modified_since_pre_epoch(self):
        # On windows, the functions that work with time_t do not accept
        # negative values, and at least one client (processing.js) seems
        # to use if-modified-since 1/1/1960 as a cache-busting technique.
        response = self.get_and_head("/static/robots.txt", headers={
            'If-Modified-Since': 'Fri, 01 Jan 1960 00:00:00 GMT'})
        self.assertEqual(response.code, 200)

    def test_static_if_modified_since_time_zone(self):
        # Instead of the value from Last-Modified, make requests with times
        # chosen just before and after the known modification time
        # of the file to ensure that the right time zone is being used
        # when parsing If-Modified-Since.
        stat = os.stat(relpath('static/robots.txt'))

        response = self.get_and_head('/static/robots.txt', headers={
            'If-Modified-Since': format_timestamp(stat.st_mtime - 1)})
        self.assertEqual(response.code, 200)
        response = self.get_and_head('/static/robots.txt', headers={
            'If-Modified-Since': format_timestamp(stat.st_mtime + 1)})
        self.assertEqual(response.code, 304)

    def test_static_etag(self):
        response = self.get_and_head('/static/robots.txt')
        self.assertEqual(utf8(response.headers.get("Etag")),
                         b'"' + self.robots_txt_hash + b'"')

    def test_static_with_range(self):
        response = self.get_and_head('/static/robots.txt', headers={
            'Range': 'bytes=0-9'})
        self.assertEqual(response.code, 206)
        self.assertEqual(response.body, b"User-agent")
        self.assertEqual(utf8(response.headers.get("Etag")),
                         b'"' + self.robots_txt_hash + b'"')
        self.assertEqual(response.headers.get("Content-Length"), "10")
        self.assertEqual(response.headers.get("Content-Range"),
                         "bytes 0-9/26")

    def test_static_with_range_full_file(self):
        response = self.get_and_head('/static/robots.txt', headers={
            'Range': 'bytes=0-'})
        # Note: Chrome refuses to play audio if it gets an HTTP 206 in response
        # to ``Range: bytes=0-`` :(
        self.assertEqual(response.code, 200)
        robots_file_path = os.path.join(self.static_dir, "robots.txt")
        with open(robots_file_path) as f:
            self.assertEqual(response.body, utf8(f.read()))
        self.assertEqual(response.headers.get("Content-Length"), "26")
        self.assertEqual(response.headers.get("Content-Range"), None)

    def test_static_with_range_full_past_end(self):
        response = self.get_and_head('/static/robots.txt', headers={
            'Range': 'bytes=0-10000000'})
        self.assertEqual(response.code, 200)
        robots_file_path = os.path.join(self.static_dir, "robots.txt")
        with open(robots_file_path) as f:
            self.assertEqual(response.body, utf8(f.read()))
        self.assertEqual(response.headers.get("Content-Length"), "26")
        self.assertEqual(response.headers.get("Content-Range"), None)

    def test_static_with_range_partial_past_end(self):
        response = self.get_and_head('/static/robots.txt', headers={
            'Range': 'bytes=1-10000000'})
        self.assertEqual(response.code, 206)
        robots_file_path = os.path.join(self.static_dir, "robots.txt")
        with open(robots_file_path) as f:
            self.assertEqual(response.body, utf8(f.read()[1:]))
        self.assertEqual(response.headers.get("Content-Length"), "25")
        self.assertEqual(response.headers.get("Content-Range"), "bytes 1-25/26")

    def test_static_with_range_end_edge(self):
        response = self.get_and_head('/static/robots.txt', headers={
            'Range': 'bytes=22-'})
        self.assertEqual(response.body, b": /\n")
        self.assertEqual(response.headers.get("Content-Length"), "4")
        self.assertEqual(response.headers.get("Content-Range"),
                         "bytes 22-25/26")

    def test_static_with_range_neg_end(self):
        response = self.get_and_head('/static/robots.txt', headers={
            'Range': 'bytes=-4'})
        self.assertEqual(response.body, b": /\n")
        self.assertEqual(response.headers.get("Content-Length"), "4")
        self.assertEqual(response.headers.get("Content-Range"),
                         "bytes 22-25/26")

    def test_static_invalid_range(self):
        response = self.get_and_head('/static/robots.txt', headers={
            'Range': 'asdf'})
        self.assertEqual(response.code, 200)

    def test_static_unsatisfiable_range_zero_suffix(self):
        response = self.get_and_head('/static/robots.txt', headers={
            'Range': 'bytes=-0'})
        self.assertEqual(response.headers.get("Content-Range"),
                         "bytes */26")
        self.assertEqual(response.code, 416)

    def test_static_unsatisfiable_range_invalid_start(self):
        response = self.get_and_head('/static/robots.txt', headers={
            'Range': 'bytes=26'})
        self.assertEqual(response.code, 416)
        self.assertEqual(response.headers.get("Content-Range"),
                         "bytes */26")

    def test_static_head(self):
        response = self.fetch('/static/robots.txt', method='HEAD')
        self.assertEqual(response.code, 200)
        # No body was returned, but we did get the right content length.
        self.assertEqual(response.body, b'')
        self.assertEqual(response.headers['Content-Length'], '26')
        self.assertEqual(utf8(response.headers['Etag']),
                         b'"' + self.robots_txt_hash + b'"')

    def test_static_head_range(self):
        response = self.fetch('/static/robots.txt', method='HEAD',
                              headers={'Range': 'bytes=1-4'})
        self.assertEqual(response.code, 206)
        self.assertEqual(response.body, b'')
        self.assertEqual(response.headers['Content-Length'], '4')
        self.assertEqual(utf8(response.headers['Etag']),
                         b'"' + self.robots_txt_hash + b'"')

    def test_static_range_if_none_match(self):
        response = self.get_and_head('/static/robots.txt', headers={
            'Range': 'bytes=1-4',
            'If-None-Match': b'"' + self.robots_txt_hash + b'"'})
        self.assertEqual(response.code, 304)
        self.assertEqual(response.body, b'')
        self.assertTrue('Content-Length' not in response.headers)
        self.assertEqual(utf8(response.headers['Etag']),
                         b'"' + self.robots_txt_hash + b'"')

    def test_static_404(self):
        response = self.get_and_head('/static/blarg')
        self.assertEqual(response.code, 404)

    def test_path_traversal_protection(self):
        # curl_httpclient processes ".." on the client side, so we
        # must test this with simple_httpclient.
        self.http_client.close()
        self.http_client = SimpleAsyncHTTPClient()
        with ExpectLog(gen_log, ".*not in root static directory"):
            response = self.get_and_head('/static/../static_foo.txt')
        # Attempted path traversal should result in 403, not 200
        # (which means the check failed and the file was served)
        # or 404 (which means that the file didn't exist and
        # is probably a packaging error).
        self.assertEqual(response.code, 403)

    @unittest.skipIf(os.name != 'posix', 'non-posix OS')
    def test_root_static_path(self):
        # Sometimes people set the StaticFileHandler's path to '/'
        # to disable Tornado's path validation (in conjunction with
        # their own validation in get_absolute_path). Make sure
        # that the stricter validation in 4.2.1 doesn't break them.
        path = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)),
                            'static/robots.txt')
        response = self.get_and_head('/root_static' + urllib_parse.quote(path))
        self.assertEqual(response.code, 200)


@wsgi_safe
class StaticDefaultFilenameTest(WebTestCase):
    def get_app_kwargs(self):
        return dict(static_path=relpath('static'),
                    static_handler_args=dict(default_filename='index.html'))

    def get_handlers(self):
        return []

    def test_static_default_filename(self):
        response = self.fetch('/static/dir/', follow_redirects=False)
        self.assertEqual(response.code, 200)
        self.assertEqual(b'this is the index\n', response.body)

    def test_static_default_redirect(self):
        response = self.fetch('/static/dir', follow_redirects=False)
        self.assertEqual(response.code, 301)
        self.assertTrue(response.headers['Location'].endswith('/static/dir/'))


@wsgi_safe
class StaticFileWithPathTest(WebTestCase):
    def get_app_kwargs(self):
        return dict(static_path=relpath('static'),
                    static_handler_args=dict(default_filename='index.html'))

    def get_handlers(self):
        return [("/foo/(.*)", StaticFileHandler, {
            "path": relpath("templates/"),
        })]

    def test_serve(self):
        response = self.fetch("/foo/utf8.html")
        self.assertEqual(response.body, b"H\xc3\xa9llo\n")


@wsgi_safe
class CustomStaticFileTest(WebTestCase):
    def get_handlers(self):
        class MyStaticFileHandler(StaticFileHandler):
            @classmethod
            def make_static_url(cls, settings, path):
                version_hash = cls.get_version(settings, path)
                extension_index = path.rindex('.')
                before_version = path[:extension_index]
                after_version = path[(extension_index + 1):]
                return '/static/%s.%s.%s' % (before_version, version_hash,
                                             after_version)

            def parse_url_path(self, url_path):
                extension_index = url_path.rindex('.')
                version_index = url_path.rindex('.', 0, extension_index)
                return '%s%s' % (url_path[:version_index],
                                 url_path[extension_index:])

            @classmethod
            def get_absolute_path(cls, settings, path):
                return 'CustomStaticFileTest:' + path

            def validate_absolute_path(self, root, absolute_path):
                return absolute_path

            @classmethod
            def get_content(self, path, start=None, end=None):
                assert start is None and end is None
                if path == 'CustomStaticFileTest:foo.txt':
                    return b'bar'
                raise Exception("unexpected path %r" % path)

            def get_content_size(self):
                if self.absolute_path == 'CustomStaticFileTest:foo.txt':
                    return 3
                raise Exception("unexpected path %r" % self.absolute_path)

            def get_modified_time(self):
                return None

            @classmethod
            def get_version(cls, settings, path):
                return "42"

        class StaticUrlHandler(RequestHandler):
            def get(self, path):
                self.write(self.static_url(path))

        self.static_handler_class = MyStaticFileHandler

        return [("/static_url/(.*)", StaticUrlHandler)]

    def get_app_kwargs(self):
        return dict(static_path="dummy",
                    static_handler_class=self.static_handler_class)

    def test_serve(self):
        response = self.fetch("/static/foo.42.txt")
        self.assertEqual(response.body, b"bar")

    def test_static_url(self):
        with ExpectLog(gen_log, "Could not open static file", required=False):
            response = self.fetch("/static_url/foo.txt")
            self.assertEqual(response.body, b"/static/foo.42.txt")


@wsgi_safe
class HostMatchingTest(WebTestCase):
    class Handler(RequestHandler):
        def initialize(self, reply):
            self.reply = reply

        def get(self):
            self.write(self.reply)

    def get_handlers(self):
        return [("/foo", HostMatchingTest.Handler, {"reply": "wildcard"})]

    def test_host_matching(self):
        self.app.add_handlers("www.example.com",
                              [("/foo", HostMatchingTest.Handler, {"reply": "[0]"})])
        self.app.add_handlers(r"www\.example\.com",
                              [("/bar", HostMatchingTest.Handler, {"reply": "[1]"})])
        self.app.add_handlers("www.example.com",
                              [("/baz", HostMatchingTest.Handler, {"reply": "[2]"})])

        response = self.fetch("/foo")
        self.assertEqual(response.body, b"wildcard")
        response = self.fetch("/bar")
        self.assertEqual(response.code, 404)
        response = self.fetch("/baz")
        self.assertEqual(response.code, 404)

        response = self.fetch("/foo", headers={'Host': 'www.example.com'})
        self.assertEqual(response.body, b"[0]")
        response = self.fetch("/bar", headers={'Host': 'www.example.com'})
        self.assertEqual(response.body, b"[1]")
        response = self.fetch("/baz", headers={'Host': 'www.example.com'})
        self.assertEqual(response.body, b"[2]")


@wsgi_safe
class NamedURLSpecGroupsTest(WebTestCase):
    def get_handlers(self):
        class EchoHandler(RequestHandler):
            def get(self, path):
                self.write(path)

        return [("/str/(?P<path>.*)", EchoHandler),
                (u"/unicode/(?P<path>.*)", EchoHandler)]

    def test_named_urlspec_groups(self):
        response = self.fetch("/str/foo")
        self.assertEqual(response.body, b"foo")

        response = self.fetch("/unicode/bar")
        self.assertEqual(response.body, b"bar")


@wsgi_safe
class ClearHeaderTest(SimpleHandlerTestCase):
    class Handler(RequestHandler):
        def get(self):
            self.set_header("h1", "foo")
            self.set_header("h2", "bar")
            self.clear_header("h1")
            self.clear_header("nonexistent")

    def test_clear_header(self):
        response = self.fetch("/")
        self.assertTrue("h1" not in response.headers)
        self.assertEqual(response.headers["h2"], "bar")


class Header204Test(SimpleHandlerTestCase):
    class Handler(RequestHandler):
        def get(self):
            self.set_status(204)
            self.finish()

    def test_204_headers(self):
        response = self.fetch('/')
        self.assertEqual(response.code, 204)
        self.assertNotIn("Content-Length", response.headers)
        self.assertNotIn("Transfer-Encoding", response.headers)


@wsgi_safe
class Header304Test(SimpleHandlerTestCase):
    class Handler(RequestHandler):
        def get(self):
            self.set_header("Content-Language", "en_US")
            self.write("hello")

    def test_304_headers(self):
        response1 = self.fetch('/')
        self.assertEqual(response1.headers["Content-Length"], "5")
        self.assertEqual(response1.headers["Content-Language"], "en_US")

        response2 = self.fetch('/', headers={
            'If-None-Match': response1.headers["Etag"]})
        self.assertEqual(response2.code, 304)
        self.assertTrue("Content-Length" not in response2.headers)
        self.assertTrue("Content-Language" not in response2.headers)
        # Not an entity header, but should not be added to 304s by chunking
        self.assertTrue("Transfer-Encoding" not in response2.headers)


@wsgi_safe
class StatusReasonTest(SimpleHandlerTestCase):
    class Handler(RequestHandler):
        def get(self):
            reason = self.request.arguments.get('reason', [])
            self.set_status(int(self.get_argument('code')),
                            reason=reason[0] if reason else None)

    def get_http_client(self):
        # simple_httpclient only: curl doesn't expose the reason string
        return SimpleAsyncHTTPClient(io_loop=self.io_loop)

    def test_status(self):
        response = self.fetch("/?code=304")
        self.assertEqual(response.code, 304)
        self.assertEqual(response.reason, "Not Modified")
        response = self.fetch("/?code=304&reason=Foo")
        self.assertEqual(response.code, 304)
        self.assertEqual(response.reason, "Foo")
        response = self.fetch("/?code=682&reason=Bar")
        self.assertEqual(response.code, 682)
        self.assertEqual(response.reason, "Bar")
        with ExpectLog(app_log, 'Uncaught exception'):
            response = self.fetch("/?code=682")
        self.assertEqual(response.code, 500)


@wsgi_safe
class DateHeaderTest(SimpleHandlerTestCase):
    class Handler(RequestHandler):
        def get(self):
            self.write("hello")

    def test_date_header(self):
        response = self.fetch('/')
        header_date = datetime.datetime(
            *email.utils.parsedate(response.headers['Date'])[:6])
        self.assertTrue(header_date - datetime.datetime.utcnow() <
                        datetime.timedelta(seconds=2))


@wsgi_safe
class RaiseWithReasonTest(SimpleHandlerTestCase):
    class Handler(RequestHandler):
        def get(self):
            raise HTTPError(682, reason="Foo")

    def get_http_client(self):
        # simple_httpclient only: curl doesn't expose the reason string
        return SimpleAsyncHTTPClient(io_loop=self.io_loop)

    def test_raise_with_reason(self):
        response = self.fetch("/")
        self.assertEqual(response.code, 682)
        self.assertEqual(response.reason, "Foo")
        self.assertIn(b'682: Foo', response.body)

    def test_httperror_str(self):
        self.assertEqual(str(HTTPError(682, reason="Foo")), "HTTP 682: Foo")

    def test_httperror_str_from_httputil(self):
        self.assertEqual(str(HTTPError(682)), "HTTP 682: Unknown")


@wsgi_safe
class ErrorHandlerXSRFTest(WebTestCase):
    def get_handlers(self):
        # note that if the handlers list is empty we get the default_host
        # redirect fallback instead of a 404, so test with both an
        # explicitly defined error handler and an implicit 404.
        return [('/error', ErrorHandler, dict(status_code=417))]

    def get_app_kwargs(self):
        return dict(xsrf_cookies=True)

    def test_error_xsrf(self):
        response = self.fetch('/error', method='POST', body='')
        self.assertEqual(response.code, 417)

    def test_404_xsrf(self):
        response = self.fetch('/404', method='POST', body='')
        self.assertEqual(response.code, 404)


@wsgi_safe
class GzipTestCase(SimpleHandlerTestCase):
    class Handler(RequestHandler):
        def get(self):
            for v in self.get_arguments('vary'):
                self.add_header('Vary', v)
            # Must write at least MIN_LENGTH bytes to activate compression.
            self.write('hello world' + ('!' * GZipContentEncoding.MIN_LENGTH))

    def get_app_kwargs(self):
        return dict(
            gzip=True,
            static_path=os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), 'static'))

    def assert_compressed(self, response):
        # simple_httpclient renames the content-encoding header;
        # curl_httpclient doesn't.
        self.assertEqual(
            response.headers.get(
                'Content-Encoding',
                response.headers.get('X-Consumed-Content-Encoding')),
            'gzip')


    def test_gzip(self):
        response = self.fetch('/')
        self.assert_compressed(response)
        self.assertEqual(response.headers['Vary'], 'Accept-Encoding')

    def test_gzip_static(self):
        # The streaming responses in StaticFileHandler have subtle
        # interactions with the gzip output so test this case separately.
        response = self.fetch('/robots.txt')
        self.assert_compressed(response)
        self.assertEqual(response.headers['Vary'], 'Accept-Encoding')

    def test_gzip_not_requested(self):
        response = self.fetch('/', use_gzip=False)
        self.assertNotIn('Content-Encoding', response.headers)
        self.assertEqual(response.headers['Vary'], 'Accept-Encoding')

    def test_vary_already_present(self):
        response = self.fetch('/?vary=Accept-Language')
        self.assert_compressed(response)
        self.assertEqual([s.strip() for s in response.headers['Vary'].split(',')],
                         ['Accept-Language', 'Accept-Encoding'])

    def test_vary_already_present_multiple(self):
        # Regression test for https://github.com/tornadoweb/tornado/issues/1670
        response = self.fetch('/?vary=Accept-Language&vary=Cookie')
        self.assert_compressed(response)
        self.assertEqual([s.strip() for s in response.headers['Vary'].split(',')],
                         ['Accept-Language', 'Cookie', 'Accept-Encoding'])

@wsgi_safe
class PathArgsInPrepareTest(WebTestCase):
    class Handler(RequestHandler):
        def prepare(self):
            self.write(dict(args=self.path_args, kwargs=self.path_kwargs))

        def get(self, path):
            assert path == 'foo'
            self.finish()

    def get_handlers(self):
        return [('/pos/(.*)', self.Handler),
                ('/kw/(?P<path>.*)', self.Handler)]

    def test_pos(self):
        response = self.fetch('/pos/foo')
        response.rethrow()
        data = json_decode(response.body)
        self.assertEqual(data, {'args': ['foo'], 'kwargs': {}})

    def test_kw(self):
        response = self.fetch('/kw/foo')
        response.rethrow()
        data = json_decode(response.body)
        self.assertEqual(data, {'args': [], 'kwargs': {'path': 'foo'}})


@wsgi_safe
class ClearAllCookiesTest(SimpleHandlerTestCase):
    class Handler(RequestHandler):
        def get(self):
            self.clear_all_cookies()
            self.write('ok')

    def test_clear_all_cookies(self):
        response = self.fetch('/', headers={'Cookie': 'foo=bar; baz=xyzzy'})
        set_cookies = sorted(response.headers.get_list('Set-Cookie'))
        # Python 3.5 sends 'baz="";'; older versions use 'baz=;'
        self.assertTrue(set_cookies[0].startswith('baz=;') or
                        set_cookies[0].startswith('baz="";'))
        self.assertTrue(set_cookies[1].startswith('foo=;') or
                        set_cookies[1].startswith('foo="";'))


class PermissionError(Exception):
    pass


@wsgi_safe
class ExceptionHandlerTest(SimpleHandlerTestCase):
    class Handler(RequestHandler):
        def get(self):
            exc = self.get_argument('exc')
            if exc == 'http':
                raise HTTPError(410, "no longer here")
            elif exc == 'zero':
                1 / 0
            elif exc == 'permission':
                raise PermissionError('not allowed')

        def write_error(self, status_code, **kwargs):
            if 'exc_info' in kwargs:
                typ, value, tb = kwargs['exc_info']
                if isinstance(value, PermissionError):
                    self.set_status(403)
                    self.write('PermissionError')
                    return
            RequestHandler.write_error(self, status_code, **kwargs)

        def log_exception(self, typ, value, tb):
            if isinstance(value, PermissionError):
                app_log.warning('custom logging for PermissionError: %s',
                                value.args[0])
            else:
                RequestHandler.log_exception(self, typ, value, tb)

    def test_http_error(self):
        # HTTPErrors are logged as warnings with no stack trace.
        # TODO: extend ExpectLog to test this more precisely
        with ExpectLog(gen_log, '.*no longer here'):
            response = self.fetch('/?exc=http')
            self.assertEqual(response.code, 410)

    def test_unknown_error(self):
        # Unknown errors are logged as errors with a stack trace.
        with ExpectLog(app_log, 'Uncaught exception'):
            response = self.fetch('/?exc=zero')
            self.assertEqual(response.code, 500)

    def test_known_error(self):
        # log_exception can override logging behavior, and write_error
        # can override the response.
        with ExpectLog(app_log,
                       'custom logging for PermissionError: not allowed'):
            response = self.fetch('/?exc=permission')
            self.assertEqual(response.code, 403)


@wsgi_safe
class BuggyLoggingTest(SimpleHandlerTestCase):
    class Handler(RequestHandler):
        def get(self):
            1 / 0

        def log_exception(self, typ, value, tb):
            1 / 0

    def test_buggy_log_exception(self):
        # Something gets logged even though the application's
        # logger is broken.
        with ExpectLog(app_log, '.*'):
            self.fetch('/')


@wsgi_safe
class UIMethodUIModuleTest(SimpleHandlerTestCase):
    """Test that UI methods and modules are created correctly and
    associated with the handler.
    """
    class Handler(RequestHandler):
        def get(self):
            self.render('foo.html')

        def value(self):
            return self.get_argument("value")

    def get_app_kwargs(self):
        def my_ui_method(handler, x):
            return "In my_ui_method(%s) with handler value %s." % (
                x, handler.value())

        class MyModule(UIModule):
            def render(self, x):
                return "In MyModule(%s) with handler value %s." % (
                    x, self.handler.value())

        loader = DictLoader({
            'foo.html': '{{ my_ui_method(42) }} {% module MyModule(123) %}',
        })
        return dict(template_loader=loader,
                    ui_methods={'my_ui_method': my_ui_method},
                    ui_modules={'MyModule': MyModule})

    def tearDown(self):
        super(UIMethodUIModuleTest, self).tearDown()
        # TODO: fix template loader caching so this isn't necessary.
        RequestHandler._template_loaders.clear()

    def test_ui_method(self):
        response = self.fetch('/?value=asdf')
        self.assertEqual(response.body,
                         b'In my_ui_method(42) with handler value asdf. '
                         b'In MyModule(123) with handler value asdf.')


@wsgi_safe
class GetArgumentErrorTest(SimpleHandlerTestCase):
    class Handler(RequestHandler):
        def get(self):
            try:
                self.get_argument('foo')
                self.write({})
            except MissingArgumentError as e:
                self.write({'arg_name': e.arg_name,
                            'log_message': e.log_message})

    def test_catch_error(self):
        response = self.fetch('/')
        self.assertEqual(json_decode(response.body),
                         {'arg_name': 'foo',
                          'log_message': 'Missing argument foo'})


class MultipleExceptionTest(SimpleHandlerTestCase):
    class Handler(RequestHandler):
        exc_count = 0

        @asynchronous
        def get(self):
            from tornado.ioloop import IOLoop
            IOLoop.current().add_callback(lambda: 1 / 0)
            IOLoop.current().add_callback(lambda: 1 / 0)

        def log_exception(self, typ, value, tb):
            MultipleExceptionTest.Handler.exc_count += 1

    def test_multi_exception(self):
        # This test verifies that multiple exceptions raised into the same
        # ExceptionStackContext do not generate extraneous log entries
        # due to "Cannot send error response after headers written".
        # log_exception is called, but it does not proceed to send_error.
        response = self.fetch('/')
        self.assertEqual(response.code, 500)
        response = self.fetch('/')
        self.assertEqual(response.code, 500)
        # Each of our two requests generated two exceptions, we should have
        # seen at least three of them by now (the fourth may still be
        # in the queue).
        self.assertGreater(MultipleExceptionTest.Handler.exc_count, 2)


@wsgi_safe
class SetLazyPropertiesTest(SimpleHandlerTestCase):
    class Handler(RequestHandler):
        def prepare(self):
            self.current_user = 'Ben'
            self.locale = locale.get('en_US')

        def get_user_locale(self):
            raise NotImplementedError()

        def get_current_user(self):
            raise NotImplementedError()

        def get(self):
            self.write('Hello %s (%s)' % (self.current_user, self.locale.code))

    def test_set_properties(self):
        # Ensure that current_user can be assigned to normally for apps
        # that want to forgo the lazy get_current_user property
        response = self.fetch('/')
        self.assertEqual(response.body, b'Hello Ben (en_US)')


@wsgi_safe
class GetCurrentUserTest(WebTestCase):
    def get_app_kwargs(self):
        class WithoutUserModule(UIModule):
            def render(self):
                return ''

        class WithUserModule(UIModule):
            def render(self):
                return str(self.current_user)

        loader = DictLoader({
            'without_user.html': '',
            'with_user.html': '{{ current_user }}',
            'without_user_module.html': '{% module WithoutUserModule() %}',
            'with_user_module.html': '{% module WithUserModule() %}',
        })
        return dict(template_loader=loader,
                    ui_modules={'WithUserModule': WithUserModule,
                                'WithoutUserModule': WithoutUserModule})

    def tearDown(self):
        super(GetCurrentUserTest, self).tearDown()
        RequestHandler._template_loaders.clear()

    def get_handlers(self):
        class CurrentUserHandler(RequestHandler):
            def prepare(self):
                self.has_loaded_current_user = False

            def get_current_user(self):
                self.has_loaded_current_user = True
                return ''

        class WithoutUserHandler(CurrentUserHandler):
            def get(self):
                self.render_string('without_user.html')
                self.finish(str(self.has_loaded_current_user))

        class WithUserHandler(CurrentUserHandler):
            def get(self):
                self.render_string('with_user.html')
                self.finish(str(self.has_loaded_current_user))

        class CurrentUserModuleHandler(CurrentUserHandler):
            def get_template_namespace(self):
                # If RequestHandler.get_template_namespace is called, then
                # get_current_user is evaluated. Until #820 is fixed, this
                # is a small hack to circumvent the issue.
                return self.ui

        class WithoutUserModuleHandler(CurrentUserModuleHandler):
            def get(self):
                self.render_string('without_user_module.html')
                self.finish(str(self.has_loaded_current_user))

        class WithUserModuleHandler(CurrentUserModuleHandler):
            def get(self):
                self.render_string('with_user_module.html')
                self.finish(str(self.has_loaded_current_user))

        return [('/without_user', WithoutUserHandler),
                ('/with_user', WithUserHandler),
                ('/without_user_module', WithoutUserModuleHandler),
                ('/with_user_module', WithUserModuleHandler)]

    @unittest.skip('needs fix')
    def test_get_current_user_is_lazy(self):
        # TODO: Make this test pass. See #820.
        response = self.fetch('/without_user')
        self.assertEqual(response.body, b'False')

    def test_get_current_user_works(self):
        response = self.fetch('/with_user')
        self.assertEqual(response.body, b'True')

    def test_get_current_user_from_ui_module_is_lazy(self):
        response = self.fetch('/without_user_module')
        self.assertEqual(response.body, b'False')

    def test_get_current_user_from_ui_module_works(self):
        response = self.fetch('/with_user_module')
        self.assertEqual(response.body, b'True')


@wsgi_safe
class UnimplementedHTTPMethodsTest(SimpleHandlerTestCase):
    class Handler(RequestHandler):
        pass

    def test_unimplemented_standard_methods(self):
        for method in ['HEAD', 'GET', 'DELETE', 'OPTIONS']:
            response = self.fetch('/', method=method)
            self.assertEqual(response.code, 405)
        for method in ['POST', 'PUT']:
            response = self.fetch('/', method=method, body=b'')
            self.assertEqual(response.code, 405)


class UnimplementedNonStandardMethodsTest(SimpleHandlerTestCase):
    # wsgiref.validate complains about unknown methods in a way that makes
    # this test not wsgi_safe.
    class Handler(RequestHandler):
        def other(self):
            # Even though this method exists, it won't get called automatically
            # because it is not in SUPPORTED_METHODS.
            self.write('other')

    def test_unimplemented_patch(self):
        # PATCH is recently standardized; Tornado supports it by default
        # but wsgiref.validate doesn't like it.
        response = self.fetch('/', method='PATCH', body=b'')
        self.assertEqual(response.code, 405)

    def test_unimplemented_other(self):
        response = self.fetch('/', method='OTHER',
                              allow_nonstandard_methods=True)
        self.assertEqual(response.code, 405)


@wsgi_safe
class AllHTTPMethodsTest(SimpleHandlerTestCase):
    class Handler(RequestHandler):
        def method(self):
            self.write(self.request.method)

        get = delete = options = post = put = method

    def test_standard_methods(self):
        response = self.fetch('/', method='HEAD')
        self.assertEqual(response.body, b'')
        for method in ['GET', 'DELETE', 'OPTIONS']:
            response = self.fetch('/', method=method)
            self.assertEqual(response.body, utf8(method))
        for method in ['POST', 'PUT']:
            response = self.fetch('/', method=method, body=b'')
            self.assertEqual(response.body, utf8(method))


class PatchMethodTest(SimpleHandlerTestCase):
    class Handler(RequestHandler):
        SUPPORTED_METHODS = RequestHandler.SUPPORTED_METHODS + ('OTHER',)

        def patch(self):
            self.write('patch')

        def other(self):
            self.write('other')

    def test_patch(self):
        response = self.fetch('/', method='PATCH', body=b'')
        self.assertEqual(response.body, b'patch')

    def test_other(self):
        response = self.fetch('/', method='OTHER',
                              allow_nonstandard_methods=True)
        self.assertEqual(response.body, b'other')


@wsgi_safe
class FinishInPrepareTest(SimpleHandlerTestCase):
    class Handler(RequestHandler):
        def prepare(self):
            self.finish('done')

        def get(self):
            # It's difficult to assert for certain that a method did not
            # or will not be called in an asynchronous context, but this
            # will be logged noisily if it is reached.
            raise Exception('should not reach this method')

    def test_finish_in_prepare(self):
        response = self.fetch('/')
        self.assertEqual(response.body, b'done')


@wsgi_safe
class Default404Test(WebTestCase):
    def get_handlers(self):
        # If there are no handlers at all a default redirect handler gets added.
        return [('/foo', RequestHandler)]

    def test_404(self):
        response = self.fetch('/')
        self.assertEqual(response.code, 404)
        self.assertEqual(response.body,
                         b'<html><title>404: Not Found</title>'
                         b'<body>404: Not Found</body></html>')


@wsgi_safe
class Custom404Test(WebTestCase):
    def get_handlers(self):
        return [('/foo', RequestHandler)]

    def get_app_kwargs(self):
        class Custom404Handler(RequestHandler):
            def get(self):
                self.set_status(404)
                self.write('custom 404 response')

        return dict(default_handler_class=Custom404Handler)

    def test_404(self):
        response = self.fetch('/')
        self.assertEqual(response.code, 404)
        self.assertEqual(response.body, b'custom 404 response')


@wsgi_safe
class DefaultHandlerArgumentsTest(WebTestCase):
    def get_handlers(self):
        return [('/foo', RequestHandler)]

    def get_app_kwargs(self):
        return dict(default_handler_class=ErrorHandler,
                    default_handler_args=dict(status_code=403))

    def test_403(self):
        response = self.fetch('/')
        self.assertEqual(response.code, 403)


@wsgi_safe
class HandlerByNameTest(WebTestCase):
    def get_handlers(self):
        # All three are equivalent.
        return [('/hello1', HelloHandler),
                ('/hello2', 'tornado.test.web_test.HelloHandler'),
                url('/hello3', 'tornado.test.web_test.HelloHandler'),
                ]

    def test_handler_by_name(self):
        resp = self.fetch('/hello1')
        self.assertEqual(resp.body, b'hello')
        resp = self.fetch('/hello2')
        self.assertEqual(resp.body, b'hello')
        resp = self.fetch('/hello3')
        self.assertEqual(resp.body, b'hello')


class StreamingRequestBodyTest(WebTestCase):
    def get_handlers(self):
        @stream_request_body
        class StreamingBodyHandler(RequestHandler):
            def initialize(self, test):
                self.test = test

            def prepare(self):
                self.test.prepared.set_result(None)

            def data_received(self, data):
                self.test.data.set_result(data)

            def get(self):
                self.test.finished.set_result(None)
                self.write({})

        @stream_request_body
        class EarlyReturnHandler(RequestHandler):
            def prepare(self):
                # If we finish the response in prepare, it won't continue to
                # the (non-existent) data_received.
                raise HTTPError(401)

        @stream_request_body
        class CloseDetectionHandler(RequestHandler):
            def initialize(self, test):
                self.test = test

            def on_connection_close(self):
                super(CloseDetectionHandler, self).on_connection_close()
                self.test.close_future.set_result(None)

        return [('/stream_body', StreamingBodyHandler, dict(test=self)),
                ('/early_return', EarlyReturnHandler),
                ('/close_detection', CloseDetectionHandler, dict(test=self))]

    def connect(self, url, connection_close):
        # Use a raw connection so we can control the sending of data.
        s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM, 0)
        s.connect(("127.0.0.1", self.get_http_port()))
        stream = IOStream(s, io_loop=self.io_loop)
        stream.write(b"GET " + url + b" HTTP/1.1\r\n")
        if connection_close:
            stream.write(b"Connection: close\r\n")
        stream.write(b"Transfer-Encoding: chunked\r\n\r\n")
        return stream

    @gen_test
    def test_streaming_body(self):
        self.prepared = Future()
        self.data = Future()
        self.finished = Future()

        stream = self.connect(b"/stream_body", connection_close=True)
        yield self.prepared
        stream.write(b"4\r\nasdf\r\n")
        # Ensure the first chunk is received before we send the second.
        data = yield self.data
        self.assertEqual(data, b"asdf")
        self.data = Future()
        stream.write(b"4\r\nqwer\r\n")
        data = yield self.data
        self.assertEquals(data, b"qwer")
        stream.write(b"0\r\n")
        yield self.finished
        data = yield gen.Task(stream.read_until_close)
        # This would ideally use an HTTP1Connection to read the response.
        self.assertTrue(data.endswith(b"{}"))
        stream.close()

    @gen_test
    def test_early_return(self):
        stream = self.connect(b"/early_return", connection_close=False)
        data = yield gen.Task(stream.read_until_close)
        self.assertTrue(data.startswith(b"HTTP/1.1 401"))

    @gen_test
    def test_early_return_with_data(self):
        stream = self.connect(b"/early_return", connection_close=False)
        stream.write(b"4\r\nasdf\r\n")
        data = yield gen.Task(stream.read_until_close)
        self.assertTrue(data.startswith(b"HTTP/1.1 401"))

    @gen_test
    def test_close_during_upload(self):
        self.close_future = Future()
        stream = self.connect(b"/close_detection", connection_close=False)
        stream.close()
        yield self.close_future


# Each method in this handler returns a yieldable object and yields to the
# IOLoop so the future is not immediately ready.  Ensure that the
# yieldables are respected and no method is called before the previous
# one has completed.
@stream_request_body
class BaseFlowControlHandler(RequestHandler):
    def initialize(self, test):
        self.test = test
        self.method = None
        self.methods = []

    @contextlib.contextmanager
    def in_method(self, method):
        if self.method is not None:
            self.test.fail("entered method %s while in %s" %
                           (method, self.method))
        self.method = method
        self.methods.append(method)
        try:
            yield
        finally:
            self.method = None

    @gen.coroutine
    def prepare(self):
        # Note that asynchronous prepare() does not block data_received,
        # so we don't use in_method here.
        self.methods.append('prepare')
        yield gen.Task(IOLoop.current().add_callback)

    @gen.coroutine
    def post(self):
        with self.in_method('post'):
            yield gen.Task(IOLoop.current().add_callback)
        self.write(dict(methods=self.methods))


class BaseStreamingRequestFlowControlTest(object):
    def get_httpserver_options(self):
        # Use a small chunk size so flow control is relevant even though
        # all the data arrives at once.
        return dict(chunk_size=10, decompress_request=True)

    def get_http_client(self):
        # simple_httpclient only: curl doesn't support body_producer.
        return SimpleAsyncHTTPClient(io_loop=self.io_loop)

    # Test all the slightly different code paths for fixed, chunked, etc bodies.
    def test_flow_control_fixed_body(self):
        response = self.fetch('/', body='abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz',
                              method='POST')
        response.rethrow()
        self.assertEqual(json_decode(response.body),
                         dict(methods=['prepare', 'data_received',
                                       'data_received', 'data_received',
                                       'post']))

    def test_flow_control_chunked_body(self):
        chunks = [b'abcd', b'efgh', b'ijkl']

        @gen.coroutine
        def body_producer(write):
            for i in chunks:
                yield write(i)
        response = self.fetch('/', body_producer=body_producer, method='POST')
        response.rethrow()
        self.assertEqual(json_decode(response.body),
                         dict(methods=['prepare', 'data_received',
                                       'data_received', 'data_received',
                                       'post']))

    def test_flow_control_compressed_body(self):
        bytesio = BytesIO()
        gzip_file = gzip.GzipFile(mode='w', fileobj=bytesio)
        gzip_file.write(b'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz')
        gzip_file.close()
        compressed_body = bytesio.getvalue()
        response = self.fetch('/', body=compressed_body, method='POST',
                              headers={'Content-Encoding': 'gzip'})
        response.rethrow()
        self.assertEqual(json_decode(response.body),
                         dict(methods=['prepare', 'data_received',
                                       'data_received', 'data_received',
                                       'post']))


class DecoratedStreamingRequestFlowControlTest(
        BaseStreamingRequestFlowControlTest,
        WebTestCase):
    def get_handlers(self):
        class DecoratedFlowControlHandler(BaseFlowControlHandler):
            @gen.coroutine
            def data_received(self, data):
                with self.in_method('data_received'):
                    yield gen.Task(IOLoop.current().add_callback)
        return [('/', DecoratedFlowControlHandler, dict(test=self))]


@skipBefore35
class NativeStreamingRequestFlowControlTest(
        BaseStreamingRequestFlowControlTest,
        WebTestCase):
    def get_handlers(self):
        class NativeFlowControlHandler(BaseFlowControlHandler):
            data_received = exec_test(globals(), locals(), """
            async def data_received(self, data):
                with self.in_method('data_received'):
                    await gen.Task(IOLoop.current().add_callback)
            """)["data_received"]
        return [('/', NativeFlowControlHandler, dict(test=self))]


@wsgi_safe
class IncorrectContentLengthTest(SimpleHandlerTestCase):
    def get_handlers(self):
        test = self
        self.server_error = None

        # Manually set a content-length that doesn't match the actual content.
        class TooHigh(RequestHandler):
            def get(self):
                self.set_header("Content-Length", "42")
                try:
                    self.finish("ok")
                except Exception as e:
                    test.server_error = e
                    raise

        class TooLow(RequestHandler):
            def get(self):
                self.set_header("Content-Length", "2")
                try:
                    self.finish("hello")
                except Exception as e:
                    test.server_error = e
                    raise

        return [('/high', TooHigh),
                ('/low', TooLow)]

    def test_content_length_too_high(self):
        # When the content-length is too high, the connection is simply
        # closed without completing the response.  An error is logged on
        # the server.
        with ExpectLog(app_log, "(Uncaught exception|Exception in callback)"):
            with ExpectLog(gen_log,
                           "(Cannot send error response after headers written"
                           "|Failed to flush partial response)"):
                response = self.fetch("/high")
        self.assertEqual(response.code, 599)
        self.assertEqual(str(self.server_error),
                         "Tried to write 40 bytes less than Content-Length")

    def test_content_length_too_low(self):
        # When the content-length is too low, the connection is closed
        # without writing the last chunk, so the client never sees the request
        # complete (which would be a framing error).
        with ExpectLog(app_log, "(Uncaught exception|Exception in callback)"):
            with ExpectLog(gen_log,
                           "(Cannot send error response after headers written"
                           "|Failed to flush partial response)"):
                response = self.fetch("/low")
        self.assertEqual(response.code, 599)
        self.assertEqual(str(self.server_error),
                         "Tried to write more data than Content-Length")


class ClientCloseTest(SimpleHandlerTestCase):
    class Handler(RequestHandler):
        def get(self):
            if self.request.version.startswith('HTTP/1'):
                # Simulate a connection closed by the client during
                # request processing.  The client will see an error, but the
                # server should respond gracefully (without logging errors
                # because we were unable to write out as many bytes as
                # Content-Length said we would)
                self.request.connection.stream.close()
                self.write('hello')
            else:
                # TODO: add a HTTP2-compatible version of this test.
                self.write('requires HTTP/1.x')

    def test_client_close(self):
        response = self.fetch('/')
        if response.body == b'requires HTTP/1.x':
            self.skipTest('requires HTTP/1.x')
        self.assertEqual(response.code, 599)


class SignedValueTest(unittest.TestCase):
    SECRET = "It's a secret to everybody"
    SECRET_DICT = {0: "asdfbasdf", 1: "12312312", 2: "2342342"}

    def past(self):
        return self.present() - 86400 * 32

    def present(self):
        return 1300000000

    def test_known_values(self):
        signed_v1 = create_signed_value(SignedValueTest.SECRET, "key", "value",
                                        version=1, clock=self.present)
        self.assertEqual(
            signed_v1,
            b"dmFsdWU=|1300000000|31c934969f53e48164c50768b40cbd7e2daaaa4f")

        signed_v2 = create_signed_value(SignedValueTest.SECRET, "key", "value",
                                        version=2, clock=self.present)
        self.assertEqual(
            signed_v2,
            b"2|1:0|10:1300000000|3:key|8:dmFsdWU=|"
            b"3d4e60b996ff9c5d5788e333a0cba6f238a22c6c0f94788870e1a9ecd482e152")

        signed_default = create_signed_value(SignedValueTest.SECRET,
                                             "key", "value", clock=self.present)
        self.assertEqual(signed_default, signed_v2)

        decoded_v1 = decode_signed_value(SignedValueTest.SECRET, "key",
                                         signed_v1, min_version=1,
                                         clock=self.present)
        self.assertEqual(decoded_v1, b"value")

        decoded_v2 = decode_signed_value(SignedValueTest.SECRET, "key",
                                         signed_v2, min_version=2,
                                         clock=self.present)
        self.assertEqual(decoded_v2, b"value")

    def test_name_swap(self):
        signed1 = create_signed_value(SignedValueTest.SECRET, "key1", "value",
                                      clock=self.present)
        signed2 = create_signed_value(SignedValueTest.SECRET, "key2", "value",
                                      clock=self.present)
        # Try decoding each string with the other's "name"
        decoded1 = decode_signed_value(SignedValueTest.SECRET, "key2", signed1,
                                       clock=self.present)
        self.assertIs(decoded1, None)
        decoded2 = decode_signed_value(SignedValueTest.SECRET, "key1", signed2,
                                       clock=self.present)
        self.assertIs(decoded2, None)

    def test_expired(self):
        signed = create_signed_value(SignedValueTest.SECRET, "key1", "value",
                                     clock=self.past)
        decoded_past = decode_signed_value(SignedValueTest.SECRET, "key1",
                                           signed, clock=self.past)
        self.assertEqual(decoded_past, b"value")
        decoded_present = decode_signed_value(SignedValueTest.SECRET, "key1",
                                              signed, clock=self.present)
        self.assertIs(decoded_present, None)

    def test_payload_tampering(self):
        # These cookies are variants of the one in test_known_values.
        sig = "3d4e60b996ff9c5d5788e333a0cba6f238a22c6c0f94788870e1a9ecd482e152"

        def validate(prefix):
            return (b'value' ==
                    decode_signed_value(SignedValueTest.SECRET, "key",
                                        prefix + sig, clock=self.present))
        self.assertTrue(validate("2|1:0|10:1300000000|3:key|8:dmFsdWU=|"))
        # Change key version
        self.assertFalse(validate("2|1:1|10:1300000000|3:key|8:dmFsdWU=|"))
        # length mismatch (field too short)
        self.assertFalse(validate("2|1:0|10:130000000|3:key|8:dmFsdWU=|"))
        # length mismatch (field too long)
        self.assertFalse(validate("2|1:0|10:1300000000|3:keey|8:dmFsdWU=|"))

    def test_signature_tampering(self):
        prefix = "2|1:0|10:1300000000|3:key|8:dmFsdWU=|"

        def validate(sig):
            return (b'value' ==
                    decode_signed_value(SignedValueTest.SECRET, "key",
                                        prefix + sig, clock=self.present))
        self.assertTrue(validate(
            "3d4e60b996ff9c5d5788e333a0cba6f238a22c6c0f94788870e1a9ecd482e152"))
        # All zeros
        self.assertFalse(validate("0" * 32))
        # Change one character
        self.assertFalse(validate(
            "4d4e60b996ff9c5d5788e333a0cba6f238a22c6c0f94788870e1a9ecd482e152"))
        # Change another character
        self.assertFalse(validate(
            "3d4e60b996ff9c5d5788e333a0cba6f238a22c6c0f94788870e1a9ecd482e153"))
        # Truncate
        self.assertFalse(validate(
            "3d4e60b996ff9c5d5788e333a0cba6f238a22c6c0f94788870e1a9ecd482e15"))
        # Lengthen
        self.assertFalse(validate(
            "3d4e60b996ff9c5d5788e333a0cba6f238a22c6c0f94788870e1a9ecd482e1538"))

    def test_non_ascii(self):
        value = b"\xe9"
        signed = create_signed_value(SignedValueTest.SECRET, "key", value,
                                     clock=self.present)
        decoded = decode_signed_value(SignedValueTest.SECRET, "key", signed,
                                      clock=self.present)
        self.assertEqual(value, decoded)

    def test_key_versioning_read_write_default_key(self):
        value = b"\xe9"
        signed = create_signed_value(SignedValueTest.SECRET_DICT,
                                     "key", value, clock=self.present,
                                     key_version=0)
        decoded = decode_signed_value(SignedValueTest.SECRET_DICT,
                                      "key", signed, clock=self.present)
        self.assertEqual(value, decoded)

    def test_key_versioning_read_write_non_default_key(self):
        value = b"\xe9"
        signed = create_signed_value(SignedValueTest.SECRET_DICT,
                                     "key", value, clock=self.present,
                                     key_version=1)
        decoded = decode_signed_value(SignedValueTest.SECRET_DICT,
                                      "key", signed, clock=self.present)
        self.assertEqual(value, decoded)

    def test_key_versioning_invalid_key(self):
        value = b"\xe9"
        signed = create_signed_value(SignedValueTest.SECRET_DICT,
                                     "key", value, clock=self.present,
                                     key_version=0)
        newkeys = SignedValueTest.SECRET_DICT.copy()
        newkeys.pop(0)
        decoded = decode_signed_value(newkeys,
                                      "key", signed, clock=self.present)
        self.assertEqual(None, decoded)

    def test_key_version_retrieval(self):
        value = b"\xe9"
        signed = create_signed_value(SignedValueTest.SECRET_DICT,
                                     "key", value, clock=self.present,
                                     key_version=1)
        key_version = get_signature_key_version(signed)
        self.assertEqual(1, key_version)


@wsgi_safe
class XSRFTest(SimpleHandlerTestCase):
    class Handler(RequestHandler):
        def get(self):
            version = int(self.get_argument("version", "2"))
            # This would be a bad idea in a real app, but in this test
            # it's fine.
            self.settings["xsrf_cookie_version"] = version
            self.write(self.xsrf_token)

        def post(self):
            self.write("ok")

    def get_app_kwargs(self):
        return dict(xsrf_cookies=True)

    def setUp(self):
        super(XSRFTest, self).setUp()
        self.xsrf_token = self.get_token()

    def get_token(self, old_token=None, version=None):
        if old_token is not None:
            headers = self.cookie_headers(old_token)
        else:
            headers = None
        response = self.fetch(
            "/" if version is None else ("/?version=%d" % version),
            headers=headers)
        response.rethrow()
        return native_str(response.body)

    def cookie_headers(self, token=None):
        if token is None:
            token = self.xsrf_token
        return {"Cookie": "_xsrf=" + token}

    def test_xsrf_fail_no_token(self):
        with ExpectLog(gen_log, ".*'_xsrf' argument missing"):
            response = self.fetch("/", method="POST", body=b"")
        self.assertEqual(response.code, 403)

    def test_xsrf_fail_body_no_cookie(self):
        with ExpectLog(gen_log, ".*XSRF cookie does not match POST"):
            response = self.fetch(
                "/", method="POST",
                body=urllib_parse.urlencode(dict(_xsrf=self.xsrf_token)))
        self.assertEqual(response.code, 403)

    def test_xsrf_fail_argument_invalid_format(self):
        with ExpectLog(gen_log, ".*'_xsrf' argument has invalid format"):
            response = self.fetch(
                "/", method="POST",
                headers=self.cookie_headers(),
                body=urllib_parse.urlencode(dict(_xsrf='3|')))
        self.assertEqual(response.code, 403)

    def test_xsrf_fail_cookie_invalid_format(self):
        with ExpectLog(gen_log, ".*XSRF cookie does not match POST"):
            response = self.fetch(
                "/", method="POST",
                headers=self.cookie_headers(token='3|'),
                body=urllib_parse.urlencode(dict(_xsrf=self.xsrf_token)))
        self.assertEqual(response.code, 403)

    def test_xsrf_fail_cookie_no_body(self):
        with ExpectLog(gen_log, ".*'_xsrf' argument missing"):
            response = self.fetch(
                "/", method="POST", body=b"",
                headers=self.cookie_headers())
        self.assertEqual(response.code, 403)

    def test_xsrf_success_short_token(self):
        response = self.fetch(
            "/", method="POST",
            body=urllib_parse.urlencode(dict(_xsrf='deadbeef')),
            headers=self.cookie_headers(token='deadbeef'))
        self.assertEqual(response.code, 200)

    def test_xsrf_success_non_hex_token(self):
        response = self.fetch(
            "/", method="POST",
            body=urllib_parse.urlencode(dict(_xsrf='xoxo')),
            headers=self.cookie_headers(token='xoxo'))
        self.assertEqual(response.code, 200)

    def test_xsrf_success_post_body(self):
        response = self.fetch(
            "/", method="POST",
            body=urllib_parse.urlencode(dict(_xsrf=self.xsrf_token)),
            headers=self.cookie_headers())
        self.assertEqual(response.code, 200)

    def test_xsrf_success_query_string(self):
        response = self.fetch(
            "/?" + urllib_parse.urlencode(dict(_xsrf=self.xsrf_token)),
            method="POST", body=b"",
            headers=self.cookie_headers())
        self.assertEqual(response.code, 200)

    def test_xsrf_success_header(self):
        response = self.fetch("/", method="POST", body=b"",
                              headers=dict({"X-Xsrftoken": self.xsrf_token},  # type: ignore
                                           **self.cookie_headers()))
        self.assertEqual(response.code, 200)

    def test_distinct_tokens(self):
        # Every request gets a distinct token.
        NUM_TOKENS = 10
        tokens = set()
        for i in range(NUM_TOKENS):
            tokens.add(self.get_token())
        self.assertEqual(len(tokens), NUM_TOKENS)

    def test_cross_user(self):
        token2 = self.get_token()
        # Each token can be used to authenticate its own request.
        for token in (self.xsrf_token, token2):
            response = self.fetch(
                "/", method="POST",
                body=urllib_parse.urlencode(dict(_xsrf=token)),
                headers=self.cookie_headers(token))
            self.assertEqual(response.code, 200)
        # Sending one in the cookie and the other in the body is not allowed.
        for cookie_token, body_token in ((self.xsrf_token, token2),
                                         (token2, self.xsrf_token)):
            with ExpectLog(gen_log, '.*XSRF cookie does not match POST'):
                response = self.fetch(
                    "/", method="POST",
                    body=urllib_parse.urlencode(dict(_xsrf=body_token)),
                    headers=self.cookie_headers(cookie_token))
            self.assertEqual(response.code, 403)

    def test_refresh_token(self):
        token = self.xsrf_token
        tokens_seen = set([token])
        # A user's token is stable over time.  Refreshing the page in one tab
        # might update the cookie while an older tab still has the old cookie
        # in its DOM.  Simulate this scenario by passing a constant token
        # in the body and re-querying for the token.
        for i in range(5):
            token = self.get_token(token)
            # Tokens are encoded uniquely each time
            tokens_seen.add(token)
            response = self.fetch(
                "/", method="POST",
                body=urllib_parse.urlencode(dict(_xsrf=self.xsrf_token)),
                headers=self.cookie_headers(token))
            self.assertEqual(response.code, 200)
        self.assertEqual(len(tokens_seen), 6)

    def test_versioning(self):
        # Version 1 still produces distinct tokens per request.
        self.assertNotEqual(self.get_token(version=1),
                            self.get_token(version=1))

        # Refreshed v1 tokens are all identical.
        v1_token = self.get_token(version=1)
        for i in range(5):
            self.assertEqual(self.get_token(v1_token, version=1), v1_token)

        # Upgrade to a v2 version of the same token
        v2_token = self.get_token(v1_token)
        self.assertNotEqual(v1_token, v2_token)
        # Each v1 token can map to many v2 tokens.
        self.assertNotEqual(v2_token, self.get_token(v1_token))

        # The tokens are cross-compatible.
        for cookie_token, body_token in ((v1_token, v2_token),
                                         (v2_token, v1_token)):
            response = self.fetch(
                "/", method="POST",
                body=urllib_parse.urlencode(dict(_xsrf=body_token)),
                headers=self.cookie_headers(cookie_token))
            self.assertEqual(response.code, 200)


@wsgi_safe
class XSRFCookieKwargsTest(SimpleHandlerTestCase):
    class Handler(RequestHandler):
        def get(self):
            self.write(self.xsrf_token)

    def get_app_kwargs(self):
        return dict(xsrf_cookies=True,
                    xsrf_cookie_kwargs=dict(httponly=True))

    def test_xsrf_httponly(self):
        response = self.fetch("/")
        self.assertIn('httponly;', response.headers['Set-Cookie'].lower())


@wsgi_safe
class FinishExceptionTest(SimpleHandlerTestCase):
    class Handler(RequestHandler):
        def get(self):
            self.set_status(401)
            self.set_header('WWW-Authenticate', 'Basic realm="something"')
            if self.get_argument('finish_value', ''):
                raise Finish('authentication required')
            else:
                self.write('authentication required')
                raise Finish()

    def test_finish_exception(self):
        for u in ['/', '/?finish_value=1']:
            response = self.fetch(u)
            self.assertEqual(response.code, 401)
            self.assertEqual('Basic realm="something"',
                             response.headers.get('WWW-Authenticate'))
            self.assertEqual(b'authentication required', response.body)


@wsgi_safe
class DecoratorTest(WebTestCase):
    def get_handlers(self):
        class RemoveSlashHandler(RequestHandler):
            @removeslash
            def get(self):
                pass

        class AddSlashHandler(RequestHandler):
            @addslash
            def get(self):
                pass

        return [("/removeslash/", RemoveSlashHandler),
                ("/addslash", AddSlashHandler),
                ]

    def test_removeslash(self):
        response = self.fetch("/removeslash/", follow_redirects=False)
        self.assertEqual(response.code, 301)
        self.assertEqual(response.headers['Location'], "/removeslash")

        response = self.fetch("/removeslash/?foo=bar", follow_redirects=False)
        self.assertEqual(response.code, 301)
        self.assertEqual(response.headers['Location'], "/removeslash?foo=bar")

    def test_addslash(self):
        response = self.fetch("/addslash", follow_redirects=False)
        self.assertEqual(response.code, 301)
        self.assertEqual(response.headers['Location'], "/addslash/")

        response = self.fetch("/addslash?foo=bar", follow_redirects=False)
        self.assertEqual(response.code, 301)
        self.assertEqual(response.headers['Location'], "/addslash/?foo=bar")


@wsgi_safe
class CacheTest(WebTestCase):
    def get_handlers(self):
        class EtagHandler(RequestHandler):
            def get(self, computed_etag):
                self.write(computed_etag)

            def compute_etag(self):
                return self._write_buffer[0]

        return [
            ('/etag/(.*)', EtagHandler)
        ]

    def test_wildcard_etag(self):
        computed_etag = '"xyzzy"'
        etags = '*'
        self._test_etag(computed_etag, etags, 304)

    def test_strong_etag_match(self):
        computed_etag = '"xyzzy"'
        etags = '"xyzzy"'
        self._test_etag(computed_etag, etags, 304)

    def test_multiple_strong_etag_match(self):
        computed_etag = '"xyzzy1"'
        etags = '"xyzzy1", "xyzzy2"'
        self._test_etag(computed_etag, etags, 304)

    def test_strong_etag_not_match(self):
        computed_etag = '"xyzzy"'
        etags = '"xyzzy1"'
        self._test_etag(computed_etag, etags, 200)

    def test_multiple_strong_etag_not_match(self):
        computed_etag = '"xyzzy"'
        etags = '"xyzzy1", "xyzzy2"'
        self._test_etag(computed_etag, etags, 200)

    def test_weak_etag_match(self):
        computed_etag = '"xyzzy1"'
        etags = 'W/"xyzzy1"'
        self._test_etag(computed_etag, etags, 304)

    def test_multiple_weak_etag_match(self):
        computed_etag = '"xyzzy2"'
        etags = 'W/"xyzzy1", W/"xyzzy2"'
        self._test_etag(computed_etag, etags, 304)

    def test_weak_etag_not_match(self):
        computed_etag = '"xyzzy2"'
        etags = 'W/"xyzzy1"'
        self._test_etag(computed_etag, etags, 200)

    def test_multiple_weak_etag_not_match(self):
        computed_etag = '"xyzzy3"'
        etags = 'W/"xyzzy1", W/"xyzzy2"'
        self._test_etag(computed_etag, etags, 200)

    def _test_etag(self, computed_etag, etags, status_code):
        response = self.fetch(
            '/etag/' + computed_etag,
            headers={'If-None-Match': etags}
        )
        self.assertEqual(response.code, status_code)


@wsgi_safe
class RequestSummaryTest(SimpleHandlerTestCase):
    class Handler(RequestHandler):
        def get(self):
            # remote_ip is optional, although it's set by
            # both HTTPServer and WSGIAdapter.
            # Clobber it to make sure it doesn't break logging.
            self.request.remote_ip = None
            self.finish(self._request_summary())

    def test_missing_remote_ip(self):
        resp = self.fetch("/")
        self.assertEqual(resp.body, b"GET / (None)")


class HTTPErrorTest(unittest.TestCase):
    def test_copy(self):
        e = HTTPError(403, reason="Go away")
        e2 = copy.copy(e)
        self.assertIsNot(e, e2)
        self.assertEqual(e.status_code, e2.status_code)
        self.assertEqual(e.reason, e2.reason)


class ApplicationTest(AsyncTestCase):
    def test_listen(self):
        app = Application([])
        server = app.listen(0, address='127.0.0.1')
        server.stop()


class URLSpecReverseTest(unittest.TestCase):
    def test_reverse(self):
        self.assertEqual('/favicon.ico', url(r'/favicon\.ico', None).reverse())
        self.assertEqual('/favicon.ico', url(r'^/favicon\.ico$', None).reverse())

    def test_non_reversible(self):
        # URLSpecs are non-reversible if they include non-constant
        # regex features outside capturing groups. Currently, this is
        # only strictly enforced for backslash-escaped character
        # classes.
        paths = [
            r'^/api/v\d+/foo/(\w+)$',
        ]
        for path in paths:
            # A URLSpec can still be created even if it cannot be reversed.
            url_spec = url(path, None)
            try:
                result = url_spec.reverse()
                self.fail("did not get expected exception when reversing %s. "
                          "result: %s" % (path, result))
            except ValueError:
                pass

    def test_reverse_arguments(self):
        self.assertEqual('/api/v1/foo/bar',
                         url(r'^/api/v1/foo/(\w+)$', None).reverse('bar'))