From: Michael Tokarev <mjt@tls.msk.ru>
Subject: qemu-img options rework
Forwarded: https://lore.kernel.org/qemu-devel/20240927061121.573271-1-mjt@tls.msk.ru/

This is a patchset which has been sent to qemu upstream for review
a number of times, but the review stalled.

diff --git a/docs/tools/qemu-img.rst b/docs/tools/qemu-img.rst
--- a/docs/tools/qemu-img.rst
+++ b/docs/tools/qemu-img.rst
@@ -257,5 +257,5 @@ Parameters to snapshot subcommand:
 .. option:: -l
 
-  Lists all snapshots in the given image
+  Lists all snapshots in the given image (default action)
 
 Command description:
@@ -664,5 +664,5 @@ Command description:
   to copy.
 
-.. option:: snapshot [--object OBJECTDEF] [--image-opts] [-U] [-q] [-l | -a SNAPSHOT | -c SNAPSHOT | -d SNAPSHOT] FILENAME
+.. option:: snapshot [--object OBJECTDEF] [-f FMT | --image-opts] [-U] [-q] [-l | -a SNAPSHOT | -c SNAPSHOT | -d SNAPSHOT] FILENAME
 
   List, apply, create or delete snapshots in image *FILENAME*.
diff --git a/qemu-img-cmds.hx b/qemu-img-cmds.hx
--- a/qemu-img-cmds.hx
+++ b/qemu-img-cmds.hx
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ ERST
 
 DEF("snapshot", img_snapshot,
-    "snapshot [--object objectdef] [--image-opts] [-U] [-q] [-l | -a snapshot | -c snapshot | -d snapshot] filename")
+    "snapshot [--object objectdef] [-f fmt | --image-opts] [-U] [-q] [-l | -a snapshot | -c snapshot | -d snapshot] filename")
 SRST
-.. option:: snapshot [--object OBJECTDEF] [--image-opts] [-U] [-q] [-l | -a SNAPSHOT | -c SNAPSHOT | -d SNAPSHOT] FILENAME
+.. option:: snapshot [--object OBJECTDEF] [-f FMT | --image-opts] [-U] [-q] [-l | -a SNAPSHOT | -c SNAPSHOT | -d SNAPSHOT] FILENAME
 ERST
 
diff --git a/qemu-img.c b/qemu-img.c
--- a/qemu-img.c
+++ b/qemu-img.c
@@ -61,10 +61,10 @@
 typedef struct img_cmd_t {
     const char *name;
-    int (*handler)(int argc, char **argv);
+    int (*handler)(const struct img_cmd_t *ccmd, int argc, char **argv);
+    const char *description;
 } img_cmd_t;
 
 enum {
     OPTION_OUTPUT = 256,
-    OPTION_BACKING_CHAIN = 257,
     OPTION_OBJECT = 258,
     OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS = 259,
@@ -73,5 +73,4 @@ enum {
     OPTION_NO_DRAIN = 262,
     OPTION_TARGET_IMAGE_OPTS = 263,
-    OPTION_SIZE = 264,
     OPTION_PREALLOCATION = 265,
     OPTION_SHRINK = 266,
@@ -97,11 +96,13 @@ typedef enum OutputFormat {
 #define BDRV_DEFAULT_CACHE "writeback"
 
-static void format_print(void *opaque, const char *name)
+static G_NORETURN
+void tryhelp(const char *argv0)
 {
-    printf(" %s", name);
+    error_printf("Try '%s --help' for more info\n", argv0);
+    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
 }
 
-static G_NORETURN G_GNUC_PRINTF(1, 2)
-void error_exit(const char *fmt, ...)
+static G_NORETURN G_GNUC_PRINTF(2, 3)
+void error_exit(const char *argv0, const char *fmt, ...)
 {
     va_list ap;
@@ -111,126 +112,43 @@ void error_exit(const char *fmt, ...)
     va_end(ap);
 
-    error_printf("Try 'qemu-img --help' for more information\n");
-    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
-}
-
-static G_NORETURN
-void missing_argument(const char *option)
-{
-    error_exit("missing argument for option '%s'", option);
+    tryhelp(argv0);
 }
 
+/*
+ * Print --help output for a command and exit.
+ * syntax and description are multi-line with trailing EOL
+ * (to allow easy extending of the text)
+ * syntax has each subsequent line indented by 8 chars.
+ * desrciption is indented by 2 chars for argument on each own line,
+ * and with 5 chars for argument description (like -h arg below).
+ */
 static G_NORETURN
-void unrecognized_option(const char *option)
+void cmd_help(const img_cmd_t *ccmd,
+              const char *syntax, const char *arguments)
 {
-    error_exit("unrecognized option '%s'", option);
+    printf(
+"Usage:\n"
+"%s.  Usage:\n"
+"\n"
+"  %s %s %s"
+"\n"
+"Arguments:\n"
+"  -h, --help\n"
+"     print this help and exit\n"
+"%s\n",
+           ccmd->description, "qemu-img", ccmd->name,
+           syntax, arguments);
+    exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
 }
 
-/* Please keep in synch with docs/tools/qemu-img.rst */
-static G_NORETURN
-void help(void)
+static OutputFormat parse_output_format(const char *argv0, const char *arg)
 {
-    const char *help_msg =
-           QEMU_IMG_VERSION
-           "usage: qemu-img [standard options] command [command options]\n"
-           "QEMU disk image utility\n"
-           "\n"
-           "    '-h', '--help'       display this help and exit\n"
-           "    '-V', '--version'    output version information and exit\n"
-           "    '-T', '--trace'      [[enable=]<pattern>][,events=<file>][,file=<file>]\n"
-           "                         specify tracing options\n"
-           "\n"
-           "Command syntax:\n"
-#define DEF(option, callback, arg_string)        \
-           "  " arg_string "\n"
-#include "qemu-img-cmds.h"
-#undef DEF
-           "\n"
-           "Command parameters:\n"
-           "  'filename' is a disk image filename\n"
-           "  'objectdef' is a QEMU user creatable object definition. See the qemu(1)\n"
-           "    manual page for a description of the object properties. The most common\n"
-           "    object type is a 'secret', which is used to supply passwords and/or\n"
-           "    encryption keys.\n"
-           "  'fmt' is the disk image format. It is guessed automatically in most cases\n"
-           "  'cache' is the cache mode used to write the output disk image, the valid\n"
-           "    options are: 'none', 'writeback' (default, except for convert), 'writethrough',\n"
-           "    'directsync' and 'unsafe' (default for convert)\n"
-           "  'src_cache' is the cache mode used to read input disk images, the valid\n"
-           "    options are the same as for the 'cache' option\n"
-           "  'size' is the disk image size in bytes. Optional suffixes\n"
-           "    'k' or 'K' (kilobyte, 1024), 'M' (megabyte, 1024k), 'G' (gigabyte, 1024M),\n"
-           "    'T' (terabyte, 1024G), 'P' (petabyte, 1024T) and 'E' (exabyte, 1024P)  are\n"
-           "    supported. 'b' is ignored.\n"
-           "  'output_filename' is the destination disk image filename\n"
-           "  'output_fmt' is the destination format\n"
-           "  'options' is a comma separated list of format specific options in a\n"
-           "    name=value format. Use -o help for an overview of the options supported by\n"
-           "    the used format\n"
-           "  'snapshot_param' is param used for internal snapshot, format\n"
-           "    is 'snapshot.id=[ID],snapshot.name=[NAME]', or\n"
-           "    '[ID_OR_NAME]'\n"
-           "  '-c' indicates that target image must be compressed (qcow format only)\n"
-           "  '-u' allows unsafe backing chains. For rebasing, it is assumed that old and\n"
-           "       new backing file match exactly. The image doesn't need a working\n"
-           "       backing file before rebasing in this case (useful for renaming the\n"
-           "       backing file). For image creation, allow creating without attempting\n"
-           "       to open the backing file.\n"
-           "  '-h' with or without a command shows this help and lists the supported formats\n"
-           "  '-p' show progress of command (only certain commands)\n"
-           "  '-q' use Quiet mode - do not print any output (except errors)\n"
-           "  '-S' indicates the consecutive number of bytes (defaults to 4k) that must\n"
-           "       contain only zeros for qemu-img to create a sparse image during\n"
-           "       conversion. If the number of bytes is 0, the source will not be scanned for\n"
-           "       unallocated or zero sectors, and the destination image will always be\n"
-           "       fully allocated\n"
-           "  '--output' takes the format in which the output must be done (human or json)\n"
-           "  '-n' skips the target volume creation (useful if the volume is created\n"
-           "       prior to running qemu-img)\n"
-           "\n"
-           "Parameters to bitmap subcommand:\n"
-           "  'bitmap' is the name of the bitmap to manipulate, through one or more\n"
-           "       actions from '--add', '--remove', '--clear', '--enable', '--disable',\n"
-           "       or '--merge source'\n"
-           "  '-g granularity' sets the granularity for '--add' actions\n"
-           "  '-b source' and '-F src_fmt' tell '--merge' actions to find the source\n"
-           "       bitmaps from an alternative file\n"
-           "\n"
-           "Parameters to check subcommand:\n"
-           "  '-r' tries to repair any inconsistencies that are found during the check.\n"
-           "       '-r leaks' repairs only cluster leaks, whereas '-r all' fixes all\n"
-           "       kinds of errors, with a higher risk of choosing the wrong fix or\n"
-           "       hiding corruption that has already occurred.\n"
-           "\n"
-           "Parameters to convert subcommand:\n"
-           "  '--bitmaps' copies all top-level persistent bitmaps to destination\n"
-           "  '-m' specifies how many coroutines work in parallel during the convert\n"
-           "       process (defaults to 8)\n"
-           "  '-W' allow to write to the target out of order rather than sequential\n"
-           "\n"
-           "Parameters to snapshot subcommand:\n"
-           "  'snapshot' is the name of the snapshot to create, apply or delete\n"
-           "  '-a' applies a snapshot (revert disk to saved state)\n"
-           "  '-c' creates a snapshot\n"
-           "  '-d' deletes a snapshot\n"
-           "  '-l' lists all snapshots in the given image\n"
-           "\n"
-           "Parameters to compare subcommand:\n"
-           "  '-f' first image format\n"
-           "  '-F' second image format\n"
-           "  '-s' run in Strict mode - fail on different image size or sector allocation\n"
-           "\n"
-           "Parameters to dd subcommand:\n"
-           "  'bs=BYTES' read and write up to BYTES bytes at a time "
-           "(default: 512)\n"
-           "  'count=N' copy only N input blocks\n"
-           "  'if=FILE' read from FILE\n"
-           "  'of=FILE' write to FILE\n"
-           "  'skip=N' skip N bs-sized blocks at the start of input\n";
-
-    printf("%s\nSupported formats:", help_msg);
-    bdrv_iterate_format(format_print, NULL, false);
-    printf("\n\n" QEMU_HELP_BOTTOM "\n");
-    exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
+    if (!strcmp(arg, "json")) {
+        return OFORMAT_JSON;
+    } else if (!strcmp(arg, "human")) {
+        return OFORMAT_HUMAN;
+    } else {
+        error_exit(argv0, "--output expects 'human' or 'json' not '%s'", arg);
+    }
 }
 
@@ -482,16 +400,14 @@ static int add_old_style_options(const char *fmt, QemuOpts *opts,
 }
 
-static int64_t cvtnum_full(const char *name, const char *value, int64_t min,
-                           int64_t max)
+static int64_t cvtnum_full(const char *name, const char *value,
+                           bool issize, int64_t min, int64_t max)
 {
     int err;
     uint64_t res;
 
-    err = qemu_strtosz(value, NULL, &res);
+    err = issize ? qemu_strtosz(value, NULL, &res) :
+                   qemu_strtou64(value, NULL, 0, &res);
     if (err < 0 && err != -ERANGE) {
-        error_report("Invalid %s specified. You may use "
-                     "k, M, G, T, P or E suffixes for", name);
-        error_report("kilobytes, megabytes, gigabytes, terabytes, "
-                     "petabytes and exabytes.");
+        error_report("Invalid %s specified: '%s'.", name, value);
         return err;
     }
@@ -504,13 +420,13 @@ static int64_t cvtnum_full(const char *name, const char *value, int64_t min,
 }
 
-static int64_t cvtnum(const char *name, const char *value)
+static int64_t cvtnum(const char *name, const char *value, bool issize)
 {
-    return cvtnum_full(name, value, 0, INT64_MAX);
+    return cvtnum_full(name, value, issize, 0, INT64_MAX);
 }
 
-static int img_create(int argc, char **argv)
+static int img_create(const img_cmd_t *ccmd, int argc, char **argv)
 {
     int c;
-    uint64_t img_size = -1;
+    int64_t img_size = -1;
     const char *fmt = "raw";
     const char *base_fmt = NULL;
@@ -525,8 +441,14 @@ static int img_create(int argc, char **argv)
         static const struct option long_options[] = {
             {"help", no_argument, 0, 'h'},
+            {"quiet", no_argument, 0, 'q'},
             {"object", required_argument, 0, OPTION_OBJECT},
+            {"format", required_argument, 0, 'f'},
+            {"backing", required_argument, 0, 'b'},
+            {"backing-format", required_argument, 0, 'F'},
+            {"backing-unsafe", no_argument, 0, 'u'},
+            {"options", required_argument, 0, 'o'},
             {0, 0, 0, 0}
         };
-        c = getopt_long(argc, argv, ":F:b:f:ho:qu",
+        c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "F:b:f:ho:qu",
                         long_options, NULL);
         if (c == -1) {
@@ -534,12 +456,31 @@ static int img_create(int argc, char **argv)
         }
         switch(c) {
-        case ':':
-            missing_argument(argv[optind - 1]);
-            break;
-        case '?':
-            unrecognized_option(argv[optind - 1]);
-            break;
         case 'h':
-            help();
+            cmd_help(ccmd,
+"[-f FMT] [-o FMT_OPTS] [-b BACKING_FILENAME [-F BACKING_FMT]]\n"
+"        [--object OBJDEF] [-u] FILENAME [SIZE[bkKMGTPE]]\n"
+,
+"  -q, --quiet\n"
+"     quiet operations\n"
+"  -f, --format FMT\n"
+"     specifies format of the new image, default is raw\n"
+"  -o, --options FMT_OPTS\n"
+"     format-specific options ('-o list' for list)\n"
+"  -b, --backing BACKING_FILENAME\n"
+"     stack new image on top of BACKING_FILENAME\n"
+"     (for formats which support stacking)\n"
+"  -F, --backing-format BACKING_FMT\n"
+"     specify format of BACKING_FILENAME\n"
+"  -u, --backing-unsafe\n"
+"     do not fail if BACKING_FMT can not be read\n"
+"  --object OBJDEF\n"
+"     QEMU user-creatable object (eg encryption key)\n"
+"  FILENAME\n"
+"     image file to create.  It will be overridden if exists\n"
+"  SIZE\n"
+"     image size with optional suffix (multiplies in 1024)\n"
+"     SIZE is required unless BACKING_IMG is specified,\n"
+"     in which case it will be the same as size of BACKING_IMG\n"
+);
             break;
         case 'F':
@@ -566,4 +507,6 @@ static int img_create(int argc, char **argv)
             user_creatable_process_cmdline(optarg);
             break;
+        default:
+            tryhelp(argv[0]);
         }
     }
@@ -577,5 +520,5 @@ static int img_create(int argc, char **argv)
 
     if (optind >= argc) {
-        error_exit("Expecting image file name");
+        error_exit(argv[0], "Expecting image file name");
     }
     optind++;
@@ -583,14 +526,11 @@ static int img_create(int argc, char **argv)
     /* Get image size, if specified */
     if (optind < argc) {
-        int64_t sval;
-
-        sval = cvtnum("image size", argv[optind++]);
-        if (sval < 0) {
+        img_size = cvtnum("image size", argv[optind++], true);
+        if (img_size < 0) {
             goto fail;
         }
-        img_size = (uint64_t)sval;
     }
     if (optind != argc) {
-        error_exit("Unexpected argument: %s", argv[optind]);
+        error_exit(argv[0], "Unexpected argument: %s", argv[optind]);
     }
 
@@ -717,9 +657,9 @@ static int collect_image_check(BlockDriverState *bs,
  * 63 - Checks are not supported by the image format
  */
-static int img_check(int argc, char **argv)
+static int img_check(const img_cmd_t *ccmd, int argc, char **argv)
 {
     int c, ret;
     OutputFormat output_format = OFORMAT_HUMAN;
-    const char *filename, *fmt, *output, *cache;
+    const char *filename, *fmt, *cache;
     BlockBackend *blk;
     BlockDriverState *bs;
@@ -733,5 +673,4 @@ static int img_check(int argc, char **argv)
 
     fmt = NULL;
-    output = NULL;
     cache = BDRV_DEFAULT_CACHE;
 
@@ -740,5 +679,7 @@ static int img_check(int argc, char **argv)
         static const struct option long_options[] = {
             {"help", no_argument, 0, 'h'},
+            {"quiet", no_argument, 0, 'q'},
             {"format", required_argument, 0, 'f'},
+            {"cache", required_argument, 0, 'T'},
             {"repair", required_argument, 0, 'r'},
             {"output", required_argument, 0, OPTION_OUTPUT},
@@ -748,5 +689,5 @@ static int img_check(int argc, char **argv)
             {0, 0, 0, 0}
         };
-        c = getopt_long(argc, argv, ":hf:r:T:qU",
+        c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "hf:r:T:qU",
                         long_options, &option_index);
         if (c == -1) {
@@ -754,12 +695,30 @@ static int img_check(int argc, char **argv)
         }
         switch(c) {
-        case ':':
-            missing_argument(argv[optind - 1]);
-            break;
-        case '?':
-            unrecognized_option(argv[optind - 1]);
-            break;
         case 'h':
-            help();
+            cmd_help(ccmd,
+"[-f FMT | --image-opts] [-T CACHE_MODE] [-r] [-u]\n"
+"        [--output human|json] [--object OBJDEF] FILENAME\n"
+,
+"  -q, --quiet\n"
+"     quiet operations\n"
+"  -f, --format FMT\n"
+"     specifies format of the image explicitly\n"
+"  --image-opts\n"
+"     indicates that FILENAME is a complete image specification\n"
+"     instead of a file name (incompatible with --format)\n"
+"  -T, --cache CACHE_MODE\n"
+"     image cache mode (" BDRV_DEFAULT_CACHE ")\n"
+"  -U, --force-share\n"
+"     open image in shared mode for concurrent access\n"
+"  --output human|json\n"
+"     output format\n"
+"  -r, --repair leaks|all\n"
+"     repair particular aspect of the image\n"
+"     (image will be open in read-write mode, incompatible with --force-share)\n"
+"  --object OBJDEF\n"
+"     QEMU user-creatable object (eg encryption key)\n"
+"  FILENAME\n"
+"     the image file (or image specification) to operate on\n"
+);
             break;
         case 'f':
@@ -774,10 +733,11 @@ static int img_check(int argc, char **argv)
                 fix = BDRV_FIX_LEAKS | BDRV_FIX_ERRORS;
             } else {
-                error_exit("Unknown option value for -r "
-                           "(expecting 'leaks' or 'all'): %s", optarg);
+                error_exit(argv[0],
+                           "--repair (-r) expects 'leaks' or 'all' not '%s'",
+                           optarg);
             }
             break;
         case OPTION_OUTPUT:
-            output = optarg;
+            output_format = parse_output_format(argv[0], optarg);
             break;
         case 'T':
@@ -796,20 +756,13 @@ static int img_check(int argc, char **argv)
             image_opts = true;
             break;
+        default:
+            tryhelp(argv[0]);
         }
     }
     if (optind != argc - 1) {
-        error_exit("Expecting one image file name");
+        error_exit(argv[0], "Expecting one image file name");
     }
     filename = argv[optind++];
 
-    if (output && !strcmp(output, "json")) {
-        output_format = OFORMAT_JSON;
-    } else if (output && !strcmp(output, "human")) {
-        output_format = OFORMAT_HUMAN;
-    } else if (output) {
-        error_report("--output must be used with human or json as argument.");
-        return 1;
-    }
-
     ret = bdrv_parse_cache_mode(cache, &flags, &writethrough);
     if (ret < 0) {
@@ -949,5 +902,5 @@ static void run_block_job(BlockJob *job, Error **errp)
 }
 
-static int img_commit(int argc, char **argv)
+static int img_commit(const img_cmd_t *ccmd, int argc, char **argv)
 {
     int c, ret, flags;
@@ -969,9 +922,16 @@ static int img_commit(int argc, char **argv)
         static const struct option long_options[] = {
             {"help", no_argument, 0, 'h'},
+            {"quiet", no_argument, 0, 'q'},
             {"object", required_argument, 0, OPTION_OBJECT},
+            {"format", required_argument, 0, 'f'},
             {"image-opts", no_argument, 0, OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS},
+            {"cache", required_argument, 0, 't'},
+            {"drop", no_argument, 0, 'd'},
+            {"base", required_argument, 0, 'b'},
+            {"progress", no_argument, 0, 'p'},
+            {"rate", required_argument, 0, 'r'},
             {0, 0, 0, 0}
         };
-        c = getopt_long(argc, argv, ":f:ht:b:dpqr:",
+        c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "f:ht:b:dpqr:",
                         long_options, NULL);
         if (c == -1) {
@@ -979,12 +939,31 @@ static int img_commit(int argc, char **argv)
         }
         switch(c) {
-        case ':':
-            missing_argument(argv[optind - 1]);
-            break;
-        case '?':
-            unrecognized_option(argv[optind - 1]);
-            break;
         case 'h':
-            help();
+            cmd_help(ccmd,
+"[-f FMT | --image-opts] [-t CACHE_MODE] [-b BASE_IMG] [-d]\n"
+"        [-r RATE] [--object OBJDEF] FILENAME\n"
+,
+"  -q, --quiet\n"
+"     quiet operations\n"
+"  -p, --progress\n"
+"     show operation progress\n"
+"  -f, --format FMT\n"
+"     specify FILENAME image format explicitly\n"
+"  --image-opts\n"
+"     indicates that FILENAME is a complete image specification\n"
+"     instead of a file name (incompatible with --format)\n"
+"  -t, --cache CACHE_MODE image cache mode (" BDRV_DEFAULT_CACHE ")\n"
+"  -d, --drop\n"
+"     skip emptying FILENAME on completion\n"
+"  -b, --base BASE_IMG\n"
+"     image in the backing chain to which to commit changes\n"
+"     instead of the previous one (implies --drop)\n"
+"  -r, --rate RATE\n"
+"     I/O rate limit\n"
+"  --object OBJDEF\n"
+"     QEMU user-creatable object (eg encryption key)\n"
+"  FILENAME\n"
+"     name of the image file to operate on\n"
+);
             break;
         case 'f':
@@ -1009,5 +988,5 @@ static int img_commit(int argc, char **argv)
             break;
         case 'r':
-            rate_limit = cvtnum("rate limit", optarg);
+            rate_limit = cvtnum("rate limit", optarg, true);
             if (rate_limit < 0) {
                 return 1;
@@ -1020,4 +999,6 @@ static int img_commit(int argc, char **argv)
             image_opts = true;
             break;
+        default:
+            tryhelp(argv[0]);
         }
     }
@@ -1029,5 +1010,5 @@ static int img_commit(int argc, char **argv)
 
     if (optind != argc - 1) {
-        error_exit("Expecting one image file name");
+        error_exit(argv[0], "Expecting one image file name");
     }
     filename = argv[optind++];
@@ -1356,5 +1337,5 @@ static int check_empty_sectors(BlockBackend *blk, int64_t offset,
  * >1 - Error occurred
  */
-static int img_compare(int argc, char **argv)
+static int img_compare(const img_cmd_t *ccmd, int argc, char **argv)
 {
     const char *fmt1 = NULL, *fmt2 = NULL, *cache, *filename1, *filename2;
@@ -1381,10 +1362,18 @@ static int img_compare(int argc, char **argv)
         static const struct option long_options[] = {
             {"help", no_argument, 0, 'h'},
+            {"quiet", no_argument, 0, 'q'},
             {"object", required_argument, 0, OPTION_OBJECT},
+            {"cache", required_argument, 0, 'T'},
             {"image-opts", no_argument, 0, OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS},
+            {"a-format", required_argument, 0, 'f'},
+            {"left-format", required_argument, 0, 'f'},
+            {"b-format", required_argument, 0, 'F'},
+            {"right-format", required_argument, 0, 'F'},
             {"force-share", no_argument, 0, 'U'},
+            {"strict", no_argument, 0, 's'},
+            {"progress", no_argument, 0, 'p'},
             {0, 0, 0, 0}
         };
-        c = getopt_long(argc, argv, ":hf:F:T:pqsU",
+        c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "hf:F:T:pqsU",
                         long_options, NULL);
         if (c == -1) {
@@ -1392,12 +1381,31 @@ static int img_compare(int argc, char **argv)
         }
         switch (c) {
-        case ':':
-            missing_argument(argv[optind - 1]);
-            break;
-        case '?':
-            unrecognized_option(argv[optind - 1]);
-            break;
         case 'h':
-            help();
+            cmd_help(ccmd,
+"[--image-opts | [-f FMT] [-F FMT]] [-s]\n"
+"        [-T CACHE] [-U] [--object OBJDEF] FILENAME1 FILENAME2\n"
+,
+"  -q, --quiet\n"
+"     quiet operation\n"
+"  -p, --progress\n"
+"     show operation progress\n"
+"  -f, --a-format FMT\n"
+"     specify FILENAME1 image format explicitly\n"
+"  -F, --b-format FMT\n"
+"     specify FILENAME2 image format explicitly\n"
+"  --image-opts\n"
+"     indicates that FILENAMEs are complete image specifications\n"
+"     instead of file names (incompatible with --a-format and --b-format)\n"
+"  -s, --strict\n"
+"     strict mode, also check if sizes are equal\n"
+"  -T, --cache CACHE_MODE\n"
+"     images caching mode (" BDRV_DEFAULT_CACHE ")\n"
+"  -U, --force-share\n"
+"     open images in shared mode for concurrent access\n"
+"  --object OBJDEF\n"
+"     QEMU user-creatable object (eg encryption key)\n"
+"  FILENAME1, FILENAME2\n"
+"     image files (or specifications) to compare\n"
+);
             break;
         case 'f':
@@ -1440,4 +1448,6 @@ static int img_compare(int argc, char **argv)
             image_opts = true;
             break;
+        default:
+            tryhelp(argv[0]);
         }
     }
@@ -1450,5 +1460,5 @@ static int img_compare(int argc, char **argv)
 
     if (optind != argc - 2) {
-        error_exit("Expecting two image file names");
+        error_exit(argv[0], "Expecting two image file names");
     }
     filename1 = argv[optind++];
@@ -2232,5 +2242,5 @@ static void set_rate_limit(BlockBackend *blk, int64_t rate_limit)
 }
 
-static int img_convert(int argc, char **argv)
+static int img_convert(const img_cmd_t *ccmd, int argc, char **argv)
 {
     int c, bs_i, flags, src_flags = BDRV_O_NO_SHARE;
@@ -2268,6 +2278,17 @@ static int img_convert(int argc, char **argv)
         static const struct option long_options[] = {
             {"help", no_argument, 0, 'h'},
+            {"quiet", no_argument, 0, 'q'},
             {"object", required_argument, 0, OPTION_OBJECT},
             {"image-opts", no_argument, 0, OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS},
+            {"source-image-opts", no_argument, 0, OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS},
+            {"source-format", required_argument, 0, 'f'},
+            {"source-cache", required_argument, 0, 'T'},
+            {"snapshot", required_argument, 0, 'l'},
+            {"sparse-size", required_argument, 0, 'S'},
+            {"output-format", required_argument, 0, 'O'},
+            {"options", required_argument, 0, 'o'},
+            {"output-cache", required_argument, 0, 't'},
+            {"backing", required_argument, 0, 'B'},
+            {"backing-format", required_argument, 0, 'F'},
             {"force-share", no_argument, 0, 'U'},
             {"target-image-opts", no_argument, 0, OPTION_TARGET_IMAGE_OPTS},
@@ -2276,20 +2297,79 @@ static int img_convert(int argc, char **argv)
             {"bitmaps", no_argument, 0, OPTION_BITMAPS},
             {"skip-broken-bitmaps", no_argument, 0, OPTION_SKIP_BROKEN},
+            {"rate", required_argument, 0, 'r'},
+            {"parallel", required_argument, 0, 'm'},
+            {"oob-writes", no_argument, 0, 'W'},
+            {"copy-range-offloading", no_argument, 0, 'C'},
             {0, 0, 0, 0}
         };
-        c = getopt_long(argc, argv, ":hf:O:B:CcF:o:l:S:pt:T:qnm:WUr:",
+        c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "hf:O:B:CcF:o:l:S:pt:T:qnm:WUr:",
                         long_options, NULL);
         if (c == -1) {
             break;
         }
-        switch(c) {
-        case ':':
-            missing_argument(argv[optind - 1]);
-            break;
-        case '?':
-            unrecognized_option(argv[optind - 1]);
-            break;
+        switch (c) {
         case 'h':
-            help();
+            cmd_help(ccmd,
+"[-f SRC_FMT|--image-opts] [-T SRC_CACHE] [--bitmaps [--skip-broken-bitmaps]]\n"
+"        [-o TGT_OPTS|--target-image-opts] [-t TGT_CACHE] [-n]\n"
+"        [-B BACKING_FILENAME [-F BACKING_FMT]]\n"
+"        SRC_FILENAME [SRC_FILENAME2 [...]] TGT_FILENAME\n"
+,
+"  -q, --quiet\n"
+"     quiet operations\n"
+"  -p, --progress\n"
+"     show operation progress\n"
+"  -f, --source-format SRC_FMT\n"
+"     specify SRC_FILENAME source image format explicitly\n"
+"  --source-image-opts\n"
+"     indicates that SRC_FILENAME is a complete image specification\n"
+"     instead of a file name (incompatible with --source-format)\n"
+"  -l, --source-snapshot SNAPSHOT_PARAMS\n"
+"     specify source snapshot parameters\n"
+"  -T, --source-cache SRC_CACHE\n"
+"     source image(s) cache mode (" BDRV_DEFAULT_CACHE ")\n"
+"  -O, --target-format TGT_FMT\n"
+"     specify TGT_FILENAME image format (default is raw)\n"
+"  --target-image-opts\n"
+"     indicates that TGT_FILENAME is a complete image specification\n"
+"     instead of a file name (incompatible with --output-format)\n"
+"  -o, --target-options TGT_OPTS\n"
+"     TARGET_FMT-specific options\n"
+"  -c, --compress\n"
+"     create compressed output image (qcow and qcow2 format only)\n"
+"  -t, --target-cache TGT_CACHE\n"
+"     cache mode when opening output image (unsafe)\n"
+"  -B, --backing BACKING_FILENAME\n"
+"     create output to be a CoW on top of BACKING_FILENAME\n"
+"  -F, --backing-format BACKING_FMT\n"
+"     specify BACKING_FILENAME image format explicitly\n"
+"  -n, --no-create\n"
+"     omit target volume creation (eg on rbd)\n"
+"  --target-is-zero\n"
+"  -S, --sparse-size SPARSE_SIZE\n"
+"     XXX todo\n"
+"  --bitmaps\n"
+"     also copy any persistent bitmaps present in source\n"
+"  --skip-broken-bitmaps\n"
+"     skip (do not error out) any broken bitmaps\n"
+"  -U, --force-share\n"
+"     open images in shared mode for concurrent access\n"
+"  -r, --rate RATE\n"
+"     I/O rate limit\n"
+"  -m, --parallel NUM_COROUTINES\n"
+"     specify parallelism (default 8)\n"
+"  -C, --copy-range-offloading\n"
+"     use copy_range offloading\n"
+"  --salvage\n"
+"     XXX todo\n"
+"  -W, --oob-writes\n"
+"     enable out-of-order writes to improve performance\n"
+"  --object OBJDEF\n"
+"     QEMU user-creatable object (eg encryption key)\n"
+"  SRC_FILENAME\n"
+"     source image file name (or specification with --image-opts)\n"
+"  TGT_FILENAME\n"
+"     target (output) image file name\n"
+);
             break;
         case 'f':
@@ -2333,5 +2413,5 @@ static int img_convert(int argc, char **argv)
             int64_t sval;
 
-            sval = cvtnum("buffer size for sparse output", optarg);
+            sval = cvtnum("buffer size for sparse output", optarg, true);
             if (sval < 0) {
                 goto fail_getopt;
@@ -2365,8 +2445,7 @@ static int img_convert(int argc, char **argv)
             break;
         case 'm':
-            if (qemu_strtol(optarg, NULL, 0, &s.num_coroutines) ||
-                s.num_coroutines < 1 || s.num_coroutines > MAX_COROUTINES) {
-                error_report("Invalid number of coroutines. Allowed number of"
-                             " coroutines is between 1 and %d", MAX_COROUTINES);
+            s.num_coroutines = cvtnum_full("number of coroutines", optarg,
+                                           false, 1, MAX_COROUTINES);
+            if (s.num_coroutines < 0) {
                 goto fail_getopt;
             }
@@ -2379,5 +2458,5 @@ static int img_convert(int argc, char **argv)
             break;
         case 'r':
-            rate_limit = cvtnum("rate limit", optarg);
+            rate_limit = cvtnum("rate limit", optarg, true);
             if (rate_limit < 0) {
                 goto fail_getopt;
@@ -2410,4 +2489,6 @@ static int img_convert(int argc, char **argv)
             skip_broken = true;
             break;
+        default:
+            tryhelp(argv[0]);
         }
     }
@@ -3000,10 +3081,10 @@ err:
 }
 
-static int img_info(int argc, char **argv)
+static int img_info(const img_cmd_t *ccmd, int argc, char **argv)
 {
     int c;
     OutputFormat output_format = OFORMAT_HUMAN;
     bool chain = false;
-    const char *filename, *fmt, *output;
+    const char *filename, *fmt;
     BlockGraphInfoList *list;
     bool image_opts = false;
@@ -3011,12 +3092,10 @@ static int img_info(int argc, char **argv)
 
     fmt = NULL;
-    output = NULL;
     for(;;) {
-        int option_index = 0;
         static const struct option long_options[] = {
             {"help", no_argument, 0, 'h'},
             {"format", required_argument, 0, 'f'},
             {"output", required_argument, 0, OPTION_OUTPUT},
-            {"backing-chain", no_argument, 0, OPTION_BACKING_CHAIN},
+            {"backing-chain", no_argument, 0, 'b'},
             {"object", required_argument, 0, OPTION_OBJECT},
             {"image-opts", no_argument, 0, OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS},
@@ -3024,18 +3103,32 @@ static int img_info(int argc, char **argv)
             {0, 0, 0, 0}
         };
-        c = getopt_long(argc, argv, ":f:hU",
-                        long_options, &option_index);
+        c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "f:hbU",
+                        long_options, NULL);
         if (c == -1) {
             break;
         }
         switch(c) {
-        case ':':
-            missing_argument(argv[optind - 1]);
-            break;
-        case '?':
-            unrecognized_option(argv[optind - 1]);
-            break;
         case 'h':
-            help();
+            cmd_help(ccmd,
+"[-f FMT | --image-opts] [-b] [-U] [--object OBJDEF]\n"
+"        [--output human|json] FILENAME\n"
+,
+"  -f, --format FMT\n"
+"     specify FILENAME image format explicitly\n"
+"  --image-opts\n"
+"     indicates that FILENAME is a complete image specification\n"
+"     instead of a file name (incompatible with --format)\n"
+"  -b, --backing-chain\n"
+"     display information about backing chaing\n"
+"  (in case the image is stacked\n"
+"  -U, --force-share\n"
+"     open image in shared mode for concurrent access\n"
+"  --object OBJDEF\n"
+"     QEMU user-creatable object (eg encryption key)\n"
+"  --output human|json\n"
+"     specify output format name (default human)\n"
+"  FILENAME\n"
+"     image file name (or specification with --image-opts)\n"
+);
             break;
         case 'f':
@@ -3046,7 +3139,7 @@ static int img_info(int argc, char **argv)
             break;
         case OPTION_OUTPUT:
-            output = optarg;
+            output_format = parse_output_format(argv[0], optarg);
             break;
-        case OPTION_BACKING_CHAIN:
+        case 'b':
             chain = true;
             break;
@@ -3057,20 +3150,13 @@ static int img_info(int argc, char **argv)
             image_opts = true;
             break;
+        default:
+            tryhelp(argv[0]);
         }
     }
     if (optind != argc - 1) {
-        error_exit("Expecting one image file name");
+        error_exit(argv[0], "Expecting one image file name");
     }
     filename = argv[optind++];
 
-    if (output && !strcmp(output, "json")) {
-        output_format = OFORMAT_JSON;
-    } else if (output && !strcmp(output, "human")) {
-        output_format = OFORMAT_HUMAN;
-    } else if (output) {
-        error_report("--output must be used with human or json as argument.");
-        return 1;
-    }
-
     list = collect_image_info_list(image_opts, filename, fmt, chain,
                                    force_share);
@@ -3225,5 +3311,5 @@ static inline bool entry_mergeable(const MapEntry *curr, const MapEntry *next)
 }
 
-static int img_map(int argc, char **argv)
+static int img_map(const img_cmd_t *ccmd, int argc, char **argv)
 {
     int c;
@@ -3231,5 +3317,5 @@ static int img_map(int argc, char **argv)
     BlockBackend *blk;
     BlockDriverState *bs;
-    const char *filename, *fmt, *output;
+    const char *filename, *fmt;
     int64_t length;
     MapEntry curr = { .length = 0 }, next;
@@ -3241,7 +3327,5 @@ static int img_map(int argc, char **argv)
 
     fmt = NULL;
-    output = NULL;
     for (;;) {
-        int option_index = 0;
         static const struct option long_options[] = {
             {"help", no_argument, 0, 'h'},
@@ -3255,18 +3339,31 @@ static int img_map(int argc, char **argv)
             {0, 0, 0, 0}
         };
-        c = getopt_long(argc, argv, ":f:s:l:hU",
-                        long_options, &option_index);
+        c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "f:s:l:hU",
+                        long_options, NULL);
         if (c == -1) {
             break;
         }
         switch (c) {
-        case ':':
-            missing_argument(argv[optind - 1]);
-            break;
-        case '?':
-            unrecognized_option(argv[optind - 1]);
-            break;
         case 'h':
-            help();
+            cmd_help(ccmd,
+"[-f FMT | --image-opts] [--object OBJDEF] [--output human|json]\n"
+"        [--start-offset OFFSET] [--max-length LENGTH] [-U] FILENAME\n"
+,
+"  -f, --format FMT\n"
+"     specify FILENAME image format explicitly\n"
+"  --image-opts\n"
+"     indicates that FILENAME is a complete image specification\n"
+"     instead of a file name (incompatible with --format)\n"
+"  --start-offset OFFSET\n"
+"  --max-length LENGTH\n"
+"  --output human|json\n"
+"     specify output format name (default human)\n"
+"  -U, --force-share\n"
+"     open image in shared mode for concurrent access\n"
+"  --object OBJDEF\n"
+"     QEMU user-creatable object (eg encryption key)\n"
+"  FILENAME\n"
+"     image file name (or specification with --image-opts)\n"
+);
             break;
         case 'f':
@@ -3277,8 +3374,8 @@ static int img_map(int argc, char **argv)
             break;
         case OPTION_OUTPUT:
-            output = optarg;
+            output_format = parse_output_format(argv[0], optarg);
             break;
         case 's':
-            start_offset = cvtnum("start offset", optarg);
+            start_offset = cvtnum("start offset", optarg, true);
             if (start_offset < 0) {
                 return 1;
@@ -3286,5 +3383,5 @@ static int img_map(int argc, char **argv)
             break;
         case 'l':
-            max_length = cvtnum("max length", optarg);
+            max_length = cvtnum("max length", optarg, true);
             if (max_length < 0) {
                 return 1;
@@ -3297,20 +3394,13 @@ static int img_map(int argc, char **argv)
             image_opts = true;
             break;
+        default:
+            tryhelp(argv[0]);
         }
     }
     if (optind != argc - 1) {
-        error_exit("Expecting one image file name");
+        error_exit(argv[0], "Expecting one image file name");
     }
     filename = argv[optind];
 
-    if (output && !strcmp(output, "json")) {
-        output_format = OFORMAT_JSON;
-    } else if (output && !strcmp(output, "human")) {
-        output_format = OFORMAT_HUMAN;
-    } else if (output) {
-        error_report("--output must be used with human or json as argument.");
-        return 1;
-    }
-
     blk = img_open(image_opts, filename, fmt, 0, false, false, force_share);
     if (!blk) {
@@ -3369,16 +3459,17 @@ out:
 }
 
-#define SNAPSHOT_LIST   1
-#define SNAPSHOT_CREATE 2
-#define SNAPSHOT_APPLY  3
-#define SNAPSHOT_DELETE 4
+/* the same as options */
+#define SNAPSHOT_LIST   'l'
+#define SNAPSHOT_CREATE 'c'
+#define SNAPSHOT_APPLY  'a'
+#define SNAPSHOT_DELETE 'd'
 
-static int img_snapshot(int argc, char **argv)
+static int img_snapshot(const img_cmd_t *ccmd, int argc, char **argv)
 {
     BlockBackend *blk;
     BlockDriverState *bs;
     QEMUSnapshotInfo sn;
-    char *filename, *snapshot_name = NULL;
-    int c, ret = 0, bdrv_oflags;
+    char *filename, *fmt = NULL, *snapshot_name = NULL;
+    int c, ret = 0;
     int action = 0;
     bool quiet = false;
@@ -3388,15 +3479,20 @@ static int img_snapshot(int argc, char **argv)
     int64_t rt;
 
-    bdrv_oflags = BDRV_O_RDWR;
     /* Parse commandline parameters */
     for(;;) {
         static const struct option long_options[] = {
             {"help", no_argument, 0, 'h'},
+            {"quiet", no_argument, 0, 'q'},
             {"object", required_argument, 0, OPTION_OBJECT},
+            {"format", required_argument, 0, 'f'},
             {"image-opts", no_argument, 0, OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS},
             {"force-share", no_argument, 0, 'U'},
+            {"list", no_argument, 0, SNAPSHOT_LIST},
+            {"apply", no_argument, 0, SNAPSHOT_APPLY},
+            {"create", no_argument, 0, SNAPSHOT_CREATE},
+            {"delete", no_argument, 0, SNAPSHOT_DELETE},
             {0, 0, 0, 0}
         };
-        c = getopt_long(argc, argv, ":la:c:d:hqU",
+        c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "la:c:d:f:hqU",
                         long_options, NULL);
         if (c == -1) {
@@ -3404,43 +3500,44 @@ static int img_snapshot(int argc, char **argv)
         }
         switch(c) {
-        case ':':
-            missing_argument(argv[optind - 1]);
-            break;
-        case '?':
-            unrecognized_option(argv[optind - 1]);
-            break;
         case 'h':
-            help();
-            return 0;
-        case 'l':
-            if (action) {
-                error_exit("Cannot mix '-l', '-a', '-c', '-d'");
-                return 0;
-            }
-            action = SNAPSHOT_LIST;
-            bdrv_oflags &= ~BDRV_O_RDWR; /* no need for RW */
+            cmd_help(ccmd,
+"[-f FMT | --image-opts] [-l | -a|-c|-d SNAPSHOT]\n"
+"        [-U] [--object OBJDEF] FILENAME\n"
+,
+"  -q, --quiet\n"
+"      quiet operations\n"
+"  -f, --format FMT\n"
+"      specify FILENAME format explicitly\n"
+"  --image-opts\n"
+"      indicates that FILENAME is a complete image specification\n"
+"   instead of a file name (incompatible with --format)\n"
+"  -U, --force-share\n"
+"      open image in shared mode for concurrent access\n"
+"  --object OBJDEF\n"
+"      QEMU user-creatable object (eg encryption key)\n"
+"  Operation, one of:\n"
+"    -l, --list\n"
+"       list snapshots in FILENAME (the default)\n"
+"    -c, --create SNAPSHOT\n"
+"       create named snapshot\n"
+"    -a, --apply SNAPSHOT\n"
+"       apply named snapshot to the base\n"
+"    -d, --delete SNAPSHOT\n"
+"       delete named snapshot\n"
+"  FILENAME - image file name (or specification with --image-opts)\n"
+);
             break;
-        case 'a':
-            if (action) {
-                error_exit("Cannot mix '-l', '-a', '-c', '-d'");
-                return 0;
-            }
-            action = SNAPSHOT_APPLY;
-            snapshot_name = optarg;
+        case 'f':
+            fmt = optarg;
             break;
-        case 'c':
+        case SNAPSHOT_LIST:
+        case SNAPSHOT_APPLY:
+        case SNAPSHOT_CREATE:
+        case SNAPSHOT_DELETE:
             if (action) {
-                error_exit("Cannot mix '-l', '-a', '-c', '-d'");
+                error_exit(argv[0], "Cannot mix '-l', '-a', '-c', '-d'");
                 return 0;
             }
-            action = SNAPSHOT_CREATE;
-            snapshot_name = optarg;
-            break;
-        case 'd':
-            if (action) {
-                error_exit("Cannot mix '-l', '-a', '-c', '-d'");
-                return 0;
-            }
-            action = SNAPSHOT_DELETE;
+            action = c;
             snapshot_name = optarg;
             break;
@@ -3457,15 +3554,22 @@ static int img_snapshot(int argc, char **argv)
             image_opts = true;
             break;
+        default:
+            tryhelp(argv[0]);
         }
     }
 
     if (optind != argc - 1) {
-        error_exit("Expecting one image file name");
+        error_exit(argv[0], "Expecting one image file name");
     }
     filename = argv[optind++];
 
+    if (!action) {
+        action = SNAPSHOT_LIST;
+    }
+
     /* Open the image */
-    blk = img_open(image_opts, filename, NULL, bdrv_oflags, false, quiet,
-                   force_share);
+    blk = img_open(image_opts, filename, fmt,
+                   action == SNAPSHOT_LIST ? 0 : BDRV_O_RDWR,
+                   false, quiet, force_share);
     if (!blk) {
         return 1;
@@ -3532,5 +3636,5 @@ static int img_snapshot(int argc, char **argv)
 }
 
-static int img_rebase(int argc, char **argv)
+static int img_rebase(const img_cmd_t *ccmd, int argc, char **argv)
 {
     BlockBackend *blk = NULL, *blk_old_backing = NULL, *blk_new_backing = NULL;
@@ -3563,24 +3667,59 @@ static int img_rebase(int argc, char **argv)
         static const struct option long_options[] = {
             {"help", no_argument, 0, 'h'},
+            {"quiet", no_argument, 0, 'q'},
+            {"progress", no_argument, 0, 'p'},
             {"object", required_argument, 0, OPTION_OBJECT},
             {"image-opts", no_argument, 0, OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS},
             {"force-share", no_argument, 0, 'U'},
+            {"format", required_argument, 0, 'f'},
+            {"cache", required_argument, 0, 't'},
             {"compress", no_argument, 0, 'c'},
+            {"backing", required_argument, 0, 'b'},
+            {"backing-format", required_argument, 0, 'F'},
+            {"backing-cache", required_argument, 0, 'T'},
+            {"backing-unsafe", no_argument, 0, 'u'},
             {0, 0, 0, 0}
         };
-        c = getopt_long(argc, argv, ":hf:F:b:upt:T:qUc",
+        c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "hf:F:b:upt:T:qUc",
                         long_options, NULL);
         if (c == -1) {
             break;
         }
-        switch(c) {
-        case ':':
-            missing_argument(argv[optind - 1]);
-            break;
-        case '?':
-            unrecognized_option(argv[optind - 1]);
-            break;
+        switch (c) {
         case 'h':
-            help();
+            cmd_help(ccmd,
+"[-f FMT | --image-opts] [-t CACHE] [-q] [-U] [-p]\n"
+"        [-b BACKING_FILENAME [-F BACKING_FMT] [-T BACKING_CACHE]] [-u]\n"
+"        [--object OBJDEF] [-c] FILENAME\n"
+"Rebases FILENAME on top of BACKING_FILENAME or no backing file\n"
+,
+"  -q, --quiet\n"
+"     quiet operation\n"
+"  -p, --progress\n"
+"     show progress indicator\n"
+"  -f, --format FMT\n"
+"     specify FILENAME format explicitly\n"
+"  --image-opts\n"
+"     indicates that FILENAME is a complete image specification\n"
+"     instead of a file name (incompatible with --format)\n"
+"  -t, --cache CACHE\n"
+"     cache mode for FILENAME (" BDRV_DEFAULT_CACHE ")\n"
+"  -b, --backing BACKING_FILENAME|\"\"\n"
+"     rebase onto this file (or no backing file)\n"
+"  -F, --backing-format BACKING_FMT\n"
+"     specify format for BACKING_FILENAME\n"
+"  -T, --backing-cache CACHE\n"
+"     BACKING_FILENAME cache mode (" BDRV_DEFAULT_CACHE ")\n"
+"  -u, --backing-unsafe\n"
+"     do not fail if BACKING_FILENAME can not be read\n"
+"  -c, --compress\n"
+"     compress image (when image supports this)\n"
+"  -U, --force-share\n"
+"     open image in shared mode for concurrent access\n"
+"  --object OBJDEF\n"
+"     QEMU user-creatable object (eg encryption key)\n"
+"  FILENAME\n"
+"     image file name (or specification with --image-opts)\n"
+);
             return 0;
         case 'f':
@@ -3620,4 +3759,6 @@ static int img_rebase(int argc, char **argv)
             compress = true;
             break;
+        default:
+            tryhelp(argv[0]);
         }
     }
@@ -3628,8 +3769,9 @@ static int img_rebase(int argc, char **argv)
 
     if (optind != argc - 1) {
-        error_exit("Expecting one image file name");
+        error_exit(argv[0], "Expecting one image file name");
     }
     if (!unsafe && !out_baseimg) {
-        error_exit("Must specify backing file (-b) or use unsafe mode (-u)");
+        error_exit(argv[0],
+                   "Must specify backing file (-b) or use unsafe mode (-u)");
     }
     filename = argv[optind++];
@@ -4025,9 +4167,9 @@ out:
 }
 
-static int img_resize(int argc, char **argv)
+static int img_resize(const img_cmd_t *ccmd, int argc, char **argv)
 {
     Error *err = NULL;
     int c, ret, relative;
-    const char *filename, *fmt, *size;
+    const char *filename = NULL, *fmt = NULL, *size = NULL;
     int64_t n, total_size, current_size;
     bool quiet = false;
@@ -4052,19 +4194,11 @@ static int img_resize(int argc, char **argv)
     bool shrink = false;
 
-    /* Remove size from argv manually so that negative numbers are not treated
-     * as options by getopt. */
-    if (argc < 3) {
-        error_exit("Not enough arguments");
-        return 1;
-    }
-
-    size = argv[--argc];
-
     /* Parse getopt arguments */
-    fmt = NULL;
     for(;;) {
         static const struct option long_options[] = {
             {"help", no_argument, 0, 'h'},
+            {"quiet", no_argument, 0, 'q'},
             {"object", required_argument, 0, OPTION_OBJECT},
+            {"format", required_argument, 0, 'f'},
             {"image-opts", no_argument, 0, OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS},
             {"preallocation", required_argument, 0, OPTION_PREALLOCATION},
@@ -4072,5 +4206,5 @@ static int img_resize(int argc, char **argv)
             {0, 0, 0, 0}
         };
-        c = getopt_long(argc, argv, ":f:hq",
+        c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "-f:hq",
                         long_options, NULL);
         if (c == -1) {
@@ -4078,13 +4212,29 @@ static int img_resize(int argc, char **argv)
         }
         switch(c) {
-        case ':':
-            missing_argument(argv[optind - 1]);
-            break;
-        case '?':
-            unrecognized_option(argv[optind - 1]);
-            break;
         case 'h':
-            help();
-            break;
+            cmd_help(ccmd,
+"[-f FMT | --image-opts] [--preallocation PREALLOC] [--shrink]\n"
+"        [--object OBJECTDEF] [-q] FILENAME [+-]SIZE[bkKMGTPE]\n"
+,
+"  -q, --quiet\n"
+"     quiet operation\n"
+"  -f, --format FMT\n"
+"     specify FILENAME format explicitly\n"
+"  --image-opts\n"
+"     indicates that FILENAME is a complete image specification\n"
+"   instead of a file name (incompatible with --format)\n"
+"  --shrink\n"
+"     allow operation when new size is smaller than original\n"
+"  --preallocation PREALLOC\n"
+"     specify preallocation type for the new areas\n"
+"  --object OBJDEF\n"
+"     QEMU user-creatable object (eg encryption key)\n"
+"  FILENAME\n"
+"     image file (specification) to resize\n"
+"  [+-]SIZE[bkKMGTPE]\n"
+"     new image size or amount by which to shrink/grow,\n"
+"     with optional suffix (1024-based multiplies)\n"
+);
+            return 0;
         case 'f':
             fmt = optarg;
@@ -4110,10 +4260,35 @@ static int img_resize(int argc, char **argv)
             shrink = true;
             break;
+        case 1: /* a non-optional argument */
+            if (!filename) {
+                filename = optarg;
+                /* see if we have -size (number) next to filename */
+                if (optind < argc) {
+                    size = argv[optind];
+                    if (size[0] == '-' && size[1] >= '0' && size[1] <= '9') {
+                        ++optind;
+                    } else {
+                        size = NULL;
+                    }
+                }
+            } else if (!size) {
+                size = optarg;
+            } else {
+                error_exit(argv[0], "Extra argument(s) in command line");
+            }
+            break;
+        default:
+            tryhelp(argv[0]);
         }
     }
-    if (optind != argc - 1) {
-        error_exit("Expecting image file name and size");
+    if (!filename && optind < argc) {
+        filename = argv[optind++];
+    }
+    if (!size && optind < argc) {
+        size = argv[optind++];
+    }
+    if (!filename || !size || optind < argc) {
+        error_exit(argv[0], "Expecting image file name and size");
     }
-    filename = argv[optind++];
 
     /* Choose grow, shrink, or absolute resize mode */
@@ -4238,5 +4413,5 @@ static int print_amend_option_help(const char *format)
 }
 
-static int img_amend(int argc, char **argv)
+static int img_amend(const img_cmd_t *ccmd, int argc, char **argv)
 {
     Error *err = NULL;
@@ -4258,10 +4433,15 @@ static int img_amend(int argc, char **argv)
         static const struct option long_options[] = {
             {"help", no_argument, 0, 'h'},
+            {"quiet", no_argument, 0, 'q'},
+            {"progress", no_argument, 0, 'p'},
             {"object", required_argument, 0, OPTION_OBJECT},
+            {"format", required_argument, 0, 'f'},
+            {"cache", required_argument, 0, 't'},
+            {"options", required_argument, 0, 'o'},
             {"image-opts", no_argument, 0, OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS},
             {"force", no_argument, 0, OPTION_FORCE},
             {0, 0, 0, 0}
         };
-        c = getopt_long(argc, argv, ":ho:f:t:pq",
+        c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "ho:f:t:pq",
                         long_options, NULL);
         if (c == -1) {
@@ -4270,12 +4450,23 @@ static int img_amend(int argc, char **argv)
 
         switch (c) {
-        case ':':
-            missing_argument(argv[optind - 1]);
-            break;
-        case '?':
-            unrecognized_option(argv[optind - 1]);
-            break;
         case 'h':
-            help();
+            cmd_help(ccmd,
+"[-f FMT | --image-opts] [t CACHE] [--force] [-p] [-q]\n"
+"        [--object OBJDEF -o OPTIONS FILENAME\n"
+,
+"  -q, --quiet\n"
+"     quiet operation\n"
+"  -p, --progres\n"
+"     show progress\n"
+"  -f, --format FMT\n"
+"     specify FILENAME format explicitly\n"
+"  --image-opts\n"
+"     indicates that FILENAME is a complete image specification\n"
+"   instead of a file name (incompatible with --format)\n"
+"  -t, --cache CACHE\n"
+"     cache mode for FILENAME (" BDRV_DEFAULT_CACHE ")\n"
+"  --force\n"
+"     allow certain unsafe operations\n"
+);
             break;
         case 'o':
@@ -4306,9 +4497,11 @@ static int img_amend(int argc, char **argv)
             force = true;
             break;
+        default:
+            tryhelp(argv[0]);
         }
     }
 
     if (!options) {
-        error_exit("Must specify options (-o)");
+        error_exit(argv[0], "Must specify options (-o)");
     }
 
@@ -4502,5 +4695,5 @@ static void bench_cb(void *opaque, int ret)
 }
 
-static int img_bench(int argc, char **argv)
+static int img_bench(const img_cmd_t *ccmd, int argc, char **argv)
 {
     int c, ret = 0;
@@ -4512,7 +4705,7 @@ static int img_bench(int argc, char **argv)
     int depth = 64;
     int64_t offset = 0;
-    size_t bufsize = 4096;
+    ssize_t bufsize = 4096;
     int pattern = 0;
-    size_t step = 0;
+    ssize_t step = 0;
     int flush_interval = 0;
     bool drain_on_flush = true;
@@ -4530,13 +4723,23 @@ static int img_bench(int argc, char **argv)
         static const struct option long_options[] = {
             {"help", no_argument, 0, 'h'},
-            {"flush-interval", required_argument, 0, OPTION_FLUSH_INTERVAL},
+            {"format", required_argument, 0, 'f'},
             {"image-opts", no_argument, 0, OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS},
+            {"cache", required_argument, 0, 't'},
+            {"count", required_argument, 0, 'c'},
+            {"depth", required_argument, 0, 'd'},
+            {"offset", required_argument, 0, 'o'},
+            {"buffer-size", required_argument, 0, 's'},
+            {"step-size", required_argument, 0, 'S'},
+            {"aio", required_argument, 0, 'i'},
+            {"native", no_argument, 0, 'n'},
+            {"write", no_argument, 0, 'w'},
             {"pattern", required_argument, 0, OPTION_PATTERN},
+            {"flush-interval", required_argument, 0, OPTION_FLUSH_INTERVAL},
             {"no-drain", no_argument, 0, OPTION_NO_DRAIN},
             {"force-share", no_argument, 0, 'U'},
             {0, 0, 0, 0}
         };
-        c = getopt_long(argc, argv, ":hc:d:f:ni:o:qs:S:t:wU", long_options,
-                        NULL);
+        c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "hc:d:f:ni:o:qs:S:t:wU",
+                        long_options, NULL);
         if (c == -1) {
             break;
@@ -4544,35 +4747,57 @@ static int img_bench(int argc, char **argv)
 
         switch (c) {
-        case ':':
-            missing_argument(argv[optind - 1]);
-            break;
-        case '?':
-            unrecognized_option(argv[optind - 1]);
-            break;
         case 'h':
-            help();
+            cmd_help(ccmd,
+"[-f FMT | --image-opts] [-t CACHE] [-c COUNT] [-d DEPTH]\n"
+"        [-o OFFSET] [-s BUFFER_SIZE] [-S STEP_SIZE] [-i AIO] [-n]\n"
+"        [-w [--pattern PATTERN] [--flush-interval INTERVAL [--no-drain]]]\n"
+,
+"  -q, --quiet\n"
+"     quiet operations\n"
+"  -f, --format FMT\n"
+"     specify FILENAME format explicitly\n"
+"  --image-opts\n"
+"     indicates that FILENAME is a complete image specification\n"
+"     instead of a file name (incompatible with --format)\n"
+"  -t, --cache CACHE\n"
+"     cache mode for FILENAME (" BDRV_DEFAULT_CACHE ")\n"
+"  -c, --count COUNT\n"
+"     number of I/O requests to perform\n"
+"  -s, --buffer-size BUFFER_SIZE\n"
+"     size of each I/O request\n"
+"  -d, --depth DEPTH\n"
+"     number of requests to perform in parallel\n"
+"  -o, --offset OFFSET\n"
+"     start first request at this OFFSET\n"
+"  -S, --step-size STEP_SIZE\n"
+"     each next request offset increment\n"
+"  -i, --aio AIO\n"
+"     async-io backend (threads, native, io_uring)\n"
+"  -n, --native\n"
+"     use native AIO backend if possible\n"
+"  -w, --write\n"
+"     perform write test (default is read)\n"
+"  --pattern PATTERN\n"
+"     write this pattern byte instead of zero\n"
+"  --flush-interval FLUSH_INTERVAL\n"
+"     issue flush after this number of requests\n"
+"  --no-drain\n"
+"     do not wait when flushing pending requests\n"
+"  -U, --force-share\n"
+"     open images in shared mode for concurrent access\n"
+);
             break;
         case 'c':
-        {
-            unsigned long res;
-
-            if (qemu_strtoul(optarg, NULL, 0, &res) < 0 || res > INT_MAX) {
-                error_report("Invalid request count specified");
+            count = cvtnum_full("request count", optarg, false, 1, INT_MAX);
+            if (count < 0) {
                 return 1;
             }
-            count = res;
             break;
-        }
         case 'd':
-        {
-            unsigned long res;
-
-            if (qemu_strtoul(optarg, NULL, 0, &res) < 0 || res > INT_MAX) {
-                error_report("Invalid queue depth specified");
+            depth = cvtnum_full("queue depth", optarg, false, 1, INT_MAX);
+            if (depth < 0) {
                 return 1;
             }
-            depth = res;
             break;
-        }
         case 'f':
             fmt = optarg;
@@ -4590,39 +4815,24 @@ static int img_bench(int argc, char **argv)
             break;
         case 'o':
-        {
-            offset = cvtnum("offset", optarg);
+            offset = cvtnum("offset", optarg, true);
             if (offset < 0) {
                 return 1;
             }
             break;
-        }
-            break;
         case 'q':
             quiet = true;
             break;
         case 's':
-        {
-            int64_t sval;
-
-            sval = cvtnum_full("buffer size", optarg, 0, INT_MAX);
-            if (sval < 0) {
+            bufsize = cvtnum_full("buffer size", optarg, true, 1, INT_MAX);
+            if (bufsize < 0) {
                 return 1;
             }
-
-            bufsize = sval;
             break;
-        }
         case 'S':
-        {
-            int64_t sval;
-
-            sval = cvtnum_full("step_size", optarg, 0, INT_MAX);
-            if (sval < 0) {
+            step = cvtnum_full("step size", optarg, true, 0, INT_MAX);
+            if (step < 0) {
                 return 1;
             }
-
-            step = sval;
             break;
-        }
         case 't':
             ret = bdrv_parse_cache_mode(optarg, &flags, &writethrough);
@@ -4641,25 +4851,16 @@ static int img_bench(int argc, char **argv)
             break;
         case OPTION_PATTERN:
-        {
-            unsigned long res;
-
-            if (qemu_strtoul(optarg, NULL, 0, &res) < 0 || res > 0xff) {
-                error_report("Invalid pattern byte specified");
+            pattern = cvtnum_full("pattern byte", optarg, false, 0, 0xff);
+            if (pattern < 0) {
                 return 1;
             }
-            pattern = res;
             break;
-        }
         case OPTION_FLUSH_INTERVAL:
-        {
-            unsigned long res;
-
-            if (qemu_strtoul(optarg, NULL, 0, &res) < 0 || res > INT_MAX) {
-                error_report("Invalid flush interval specified");
+            flush_interval = cvtnum_full("flush interval", optarg,
+                                         false, 0, INT_MAX);
+            if (flush_interval < 0) {
                 return 1;
             }
-            flush_interval = res;
             break;
-        }
         case OPTION_NO_DRAIN:
             drain_on_flush = false;
@@ -4668,9 +4869,11 @@ static int img_bench(int argc, char **argv)
             image_opts = true;
             break;
+        default:
+            tryhelp(argv[0]);
         }
     }
 
     if (optind != argc - 1) {
-        error_exit("Expecting one image file name");
+        error_exit(argv[0], "Expecting one image file name");
     }
     filename = argv[argc - 1];
@@ -4772,5 +4975,5 @@ typedef struct ImgBitmapAction {
 } ImgBitmapAction;
 
-static int img_bitmap(int argc, char **argv)
+static int img_bitmap(const img_cmd_t *ccmd, int argc, char **argv)
 {
     Error *err = NULL;
@@ -4807,5 +5010,6 @@ static int img_bitmap(int argc, char **argv)
             {0, 0, 0, 0}
         };
-        c = getopt_long(argc, argv, ":b:f:F:g:h", long_options, NULL);
+        c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "b:f:F:g:h",
+                        long_options, NULL);
         if (c == -1) {
             break;
@@ -4813,12 +5017,33 @@ static int img_bitmap(int argc, char **argv)
 
         switch (c) {
-        case ':':
-            missing_argument(argv[optind - 1]);
-            break;
-        case '?':
-            unrecognized_option(argv[optind - 1]);
-            break;
         case 'h':
-            help();
+            cmd_help(ccmd,
+"( --merge SOURCE | --add | --remove | --clear |\n"
+"                --enable | --disable ).. [-f FMT | --image-opts]\n"
+"        [ -b SRC_FILENAME [-F SOURCE_FMT]] [-g SIZE[KMGTPE]] [--object OBJDEF]\n"
+"        FILENAME BITMAP\n"
+,
+"  -f, --format FMT\n"
+"     specify FILENAME format explicitly\n"
+"  --image-opts\n"
+"     indicates that FILENAME is a complete image specification\n"
+"     instead of a file name (incompatible with --format)\n"
+"  --add\n"
+"     creates BITMAP, enables to record future edits\n"
+"   -g, --granularity SIZE[KMGTPE]\n"
+"     sets non-default bitmap granularity for --add to this size\n"
+"  --remove\n"
+"     removes BITMAP\n"
+"  --clear\n"
+"     clears BITMAP\n"
+"  --enable, --disable\n"
+"     starts and stops recording future edits to BITMAP\n"
+"  --merge SRC_FILENAME\n"
+"     merges contents of SRC_FILENAME bitmap into BITMAP\n"
+"   -b, --source-file SRC_FILENAME\n"
+"     select alternative source file for --merge\n"
+"   -F, --source-format SRC_FMT\n"
+"     specify format for SRC_FILENAME explicitly\n"
+);
             break;
         case 'b':
@@ -4832,5 +5057,5 @@ static int img_bitmap(int argc, char **argv)
             break;
         case 'g':
-            granularity = cvtnum("granularity", optarg);
+            granularity = cvtnum("granularity", optarg, true);
             if (granularity < 0) {
                 return 1;
@@ -4876,4 +5101,6 @@ static int img_bitmap(int argc, char **argv)
             image_opts = true;
             break;
+        default:
+            tryhelp(argv[0]);
         }
     }
@@ -5018,5 +5245,5 @@ static int img_dd_bs(const char *arg,
     int64_t res;
 
-    res = cvtnum_full("bs", arg, 1, INT_MAX);
+    res = cvtnum_full("bs", arg, true, 1, INT_MAX);
 
     if (res < 0) {
@@ -5032,5 +5259,5 @@ static int img_dd_count(const char *arg,
                         struct DdInfo *dd)
 {
-    dd->count = cvtnum("count", arg);
+    dd->count = cvtnum("count", arg, false);
 
     if (dd->count < 0) {
@@ -5063,5 +5290,5 @@ static int img_dd_skip(const char *arg,
                        struct DdInfo *dd)
 {
-    in->offset = cvtnum("skip", arg);
+    in->offset = cvtnum("skip", arg, false);
 
     if (in->offset < 0) {
@@ -5072,5 +5299,5 @@ static int img_dd_skip(const char *arg,
 }
 
-static int img_dd(int argc, char **argv)
+static int img_dd(const img_cmd_t *ccmd, int argc, char **argv)
 {
     int ret = 0;
@@ -5117,4 +5344,6 @@ static int img_dd(int argc, char **argv)
         { "help", no_argument, 0, 'h'},
         { "object", required_argument, 0, OPTION_OBJECT},
+        { "format", required_argument, 0, 'f'},
+        { "output-format", required_argument, 0, 'O'},
         { "image-opts", no_argument, 0, OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS},
         { "force-share", no_argument, 0, 'U'},
@@ -5122,9 +5351,33 @@ static int img_dd(int argc, char **argv)
     };
 
-    while ((c = getopt_long(argc, argv, ":hf:O:U", long_options, NULL))) {
+    while ((c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "hf:O:U", long_options, NULL))) {
         if (c == EOF) {
             break;
         }
         switch (c) {
+        case 'h':
+            cmd_help(ccmd,
+"[-f FMT|--image-opts] [-O OUTPUT_FMT] [-U]\n"
+"        [bs=BLOCK_SIZE] [count=BLOCKS] if=INPUT of=OUTPUT\n"
+,
+"  -f, --format FMT\n"
+"     specify format for INPUT explicitly\n"
+"  --image-opts\n"
+"     indicates that INPUT is a complete image specification\n"
+"     instead of a file name (incompatible with --format)\n"
+"  -O, --output-format OUTPUT_FMT\n"
+"     format of the OUTPUT (default raw)\n"
+"  -U, --force-share\n"
+"     open images in shared mode for concurrent access\n"
+"  bs=BLOCK_SIZE[kKMGTP]\n"
+"     size of I/O block (default 512)\n"
+"  count=COUNT\n"
+"     number of blocks to convert (default whole INPUT)\n"
+"  if=INPUT\n"
+"     input file name (or image specification with --image-opts)\n"
+"  of=OUTPUT\n"
+"     output file name to create\n"
+);
+            break;
         case 'O':
             out_fmt = optarg;
@@ -5133,13 +5386,4 @@ static int img_dd(int argc, char **argv)
             fmt = optarg;
             break;
-        case ':':
-            missing_argument(argv[optind - 1]);
-            break;
-        case '?':
-            unrecognized_option(argv[optind - 1]);
-            break;
-        case 'h':
-            help();
-            break;
         case 'U':
             force_share = true;
@@ -5151,4 +5395,6 @@ static int img_dd(int argc, char **argv)
             image_opts = true;
             break;
+        default:
+            tryhelp(argv[0]);
         }
     }
@@ -5340,15 +5586,6 @@ static void dump_json_block_measure_info(BlockMeasureInfo *info)
 }
 
-static int img_measure(int argc, char **argv)
+static int img_measure(const img_cmd_t *ccmd, int argc, char **argv)
 {
-    static const struct option long_options[] = {
-        {"help", no_argument, 0, 'h'},
-        {"image-opts", no_argument, 0, OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS},
-        {"object", required_argument, 0, OPTION_OBJECT},
-        {"output", required_argument, 0, OPTION_OUTPUT},
-        {"size", required_argument, 0, OPTION_SIZE},
-        {"force-share", no_argument, 0, 'U'},
-        {0, 0, 0, 0}
-    };
     OutputFormat output_format = OFORMAT_HUMAN;
     BlockBackend *in_blk = NULL;
@@ -5365,5 +5602,5 @@ static int img_measure(int argc, char **argv)
     QemuOptsList *create_opts = NULL;
     bool image_opts = false;
-    uint64_t img_size = UINT64_MAX;
+    int64_t img_size = -1;
     BlockMeasureInfo *info = NULL;
     Error *local_err = NULL;
@@ -5371,10 +5608,45 @@ static int img_measure(int argc, char **argv)
     int c;
 
+    static const struct option long_options[] = {
+        {"help", no_argument, 0, 'h'},
+        {"target-format", required_argument, 0, 'O'},
+        {"format", required_argument, 0, 'f'},
+        {"image-opts", no_argument, 0, OPTION_IMAGE_OPTS},
+        {"options", required_argument, 0, 'o'},
+        {"snapshot", required_argument, 0, 'l'},
+        {"object", required_argument, 0, OPTION_OBJECT},
+        {"output", required_argument, 0, OPTION_OUTPUT},
+        {"size", required_argument, 0, 's'},
+        {"force-share", no_argument, 0, 'U'},
+        {0, 0, 0, 0}
+    };
+
     while ((c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "hf:O:o:l:U",
                             long_options, NULL)) != -1) {
         switch (c) {
-        case '?':
         case 'h':
-            help();
+            cmd_help(ccmd,
+"[-f FMT|--image-opts] [-o OPTIONS] [-O OUTPUT_FMT]\n"
+"       [--output OFMT] [--object OBJDEF] [-l SNAPSHOT_PARAM]\n"
+"       (--size SIZE | FILENAME)\n"
+,
+"  -O, --target-format FMT\n"
+"     desired target/output image format (default raw)\n"
+"  -s, --size SIZE\n"
+"     measure file size for given image size\n"
+"  FILENAME\n"
+"     measure file size required to convert from FILENAME\n"
+"  -f, --format\n"
+"     specify format of FILENAME explicitly\n"
+"  --image-opts\n"
+"     indicates that FILENAME is a complete image specification\n"
+"     instead of a file name (incompatible with --format)\n"
+"  -l, --snapshot SNAPSHOT\n"
+"     use this snapshot in FILENAME as source\n"
+"  --output human|json\n"
+"     output format\n"
+"  -U, --force-share\n"
+"     open images in shared mode for concurrent access\n"
+);
             break;
         case 'f':
@@ -5412,25 +5684,14 @@ static int img_measure(int argc, char **argv)
             break;
         case OPTION_OUTPUT:
-            if (!strcmp(optarg, "json")) {
-                output_format = OFORMAT_JSON;
-            } else if (!strcmp(optarg, "human")) {
-                output_format = OFORMAT_HUMAN;
-            } else {
-                error_report("--output must be used with human or json "
-                             "as argument.");
-                goto out;
-            }
+            output_format = parse_output_format(argv[0], optarg);
             break;
-        case OPTION_SIZE:
-        {
-            int64_t sval;
-
-            sval = cvtnum("image size", optarg);
-            if (sval < 0) {
+        case 's':
+            img_size = cvtnum("image size", optarg, true);
+            if (img_size < 0) {
                 goto out;
             }
-            img_size = (uint64_t)sval;
-        }
-        break;
+            break;
+        default:
+            tryhelp(argv[0]);
         }
     }
@@ -5447,9 +5708,9 @@ static int img_measure(int argc, char **argv)
         goto out;
     }
-    if (filename && img_size != UINT64_MAX) {
+    if (filename && img_size != -1) {
         error_report("--size N cannot be used together with a filename.");
         goto out;
     }
-    if (!filename && img_size == UINT64_MAX) {
+    if (!filename && img_size == -1) {
         error_report("Either --size N or one filename must be specified.");
         goto out;
@@ -5499,5 +5760,5 @@ static int img_measure(int argc, char **argv)
         }
     }
-    if (img_size != UINT64_MAX) {
+    if (img_size != -1) {
         qemu_opt_set_number(opts, BLOCK_OPT_SIZE, img_size, &error_abort);
     }
@@ -5533,11 +5794,47 @@ out:
 
 static const img_cmd_t img_cmds[] = {
-#define DEF(option, callback, arg_string)        \
-    { option, callback },
-#include "qemu-img-cmds.h"
-#undef DEF
+    { "amend", img_amend,
+      "Update format-specific options of the image" },
+    { "bench", img_bench,
+      "Run simple image benchmark" },
+    { "bitmap", img_bitmap,
+      "Perform modifications of the persistent bitmap in the image" },
+    { "check", img_check,
+      "Check basic image integrity" },
+    { "commit", img_commit,
+      "Commit image to its backing file" },
+    { "compare", img_compare,
+      "Check if two images have the same contents" },
+    { "convert", img_convert,
+      "Copy one image to another with optional format conversion" },
+    { "create", img_create,
+      "Create and format new image file" },
+    { "dd", img_dd,
+      "Copy input to output with optional format conversion" },
+    { "info", img_info,
+      "Display information about image" },
+    { "map", img_map,
+      "Dump image metadata" },
+    { "measure", img_measure,
+      "Calculate file size requred for a new image" },
+    { "rebase", img_rebase,
+      "Change backing file of the image" },
+    { "resize", img_resize,
+      "Resize the image to the new size" },
+    { "snapshot", img_snapshot,
+      "List or manipulate snapshots within image" },
     { NULL, NULL, },
 };
 
+static void format_print(void *opaque, const char *name)
+{
+    int *np = opaque;
+    if (*np + strlen(name) > 75) {
+        printf("\n ");
+        *np = 1;
+    }
+    *np += printf(" %s", name);
+}
+
 int main(int argc, char **argv)
 {
@@ -5567,21 +5864,37 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
     module_call_init(MODULE_INIT_QOM);
     bdrv_init();
-    if (argc < 2) {
-        error_exit("Not enough arguments");
-    }
 
     qemu_add_opts(&qemu_source_opts);
     qemu_add_opts(&qemu_trace_opts);
 
-    while ((c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "+:hVT:", long_options, NULL)) != -1) {
+    while ((c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "+hVT:", long_options, NULL)) != -1) {
         switch (c) {
-        case ':':
-            missing_argument(argv[optind - 1]);
-            return 0;
-        case '?':
-            unrecognized_option(argv[optind - 1]);
-            return 0;
         case 'h':
-            help();
+            printf(
+QEMU_IMG_VERSION
+"QEMU disk image utility.  Usage:\n"
+"\n"
+"  qemu-img [standard options] COMMAND [--help | command options]\n"
+"\n"
+"Standard options:\n"
+"  -h, --help\n"
+"     display this help and exit\n"
+"  -V, --version\n"
+"     display version info and exit\n"
+"  -T,--trace TRACE\n"
+"     specify tracing options:\n"
+"        [[enable=]<pattern>][,events=<file>][,file=<file>]\n"
+"\n"
+"Recognized commands (run qemu-img COMMAND --help for command-specific help):\n\n");
+            for (cmd = img_cmds; cmd->name != NULL; cmd++) {
+                printf("  %s - %s\n", cmd->name, cmd->description);
+            }
+            printf("\nSupported image formats:\n");
+            c = 99; /* force a newline */
+            bdrv_iterate_format(format_print, &c, false);
+            if (c) {
+                printf("\n");
+            }
+            printf("\n" QEMU_HELP_BOTTOM "\n");
             return 0;
         case 'V':
@@ -5591,16 +5904,14 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
             trace_opt_parse(optarg);
             break;
+        default:
+            tryhelp(argv[0]);
         }
     }
 
-    cmdname = argv[optind];
-
-    /* reset getopt_long scanning */
-    argc -= optind;
-    if (argc < 1) {
-        return 0;
+    if (optind >= argc) {
+        error_exit(argv[0], "Not enough arguments");
     }
-    argv += optind;
-    qemu_reset_optind();
+
+    cmdname = argv[optind];
 
     if (!trace_init_backends()) {
@@ -5613,9 +5924,15 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
     for (cmd = img_cmds; cmd->name != NULL; cmd++) {
         if (!strcmp(cmdname, cmd->name)) {
-            return cmd->handler(argc, argv);
+            g_autofree char *argv0 = g_strdup_printf("%s %s", argv[0], cmdname);
+            /* reset options and getopt processing (incl return order) */
+            argv += optind;
+            argc -= optind;
+            qemu_reset_optind();
+            argv[0] = argv0;
+            return cmd->handler(cmd, argc, argv);
         }
     }
 
     /* not found */
-    error_exit("Command not found: %s", cmdname);
+    error_exit(argv[0], "Command not found: %s", cmdname);
 }
diff --git a/tests/qemu-iotests/049.out b/tests/qemu-iotests/049.out
--- a/tests/qemu-iotests/049.out
+++ b/tests/qemu-iotests/049.out
@@ -99,6 +99,5 @@ qemu-img: TEST_DIR/t.qcow2: Value '-1024' is out of range for parameter 'size'
 
 qemu-img create -f qcow2 TEST_DIR/t.qcow2 -- -1k
-qemu-img: Invalid image size specified. You may use k, M, G, T, P or E suffixes for
-qemu-img: kilobytes, megabytes, gigabytes, terabytes, petabytes and exabytes.
+qemu-img: Invalid image size specified: '-1k'.
 
 qemu-img create -f qcow2 -o size=-1k TEST_DIR/t.qcow2
@@ -108,6 +107,5 @@ and exabytes, respectively.
 
 qemu-img create -f qcow2 TEST_DIR/t.qcow2 -- 1kilobyte
-qemu-img: Invalid image size specified. You may use k, M, G, T, P or E suffixes for
-qemu-img: kilobytes, megabytes, gigabytes, terabytes, petabytes and exabytes.
+qemu-img: Invalid image size specified: '1kilobyte'.
 
 qemu-img create -f qcow2 -o size=1kilobyte TEST_DIR/t.qcow2
@@ -117,6 +115,5 @@ and exabytes, respectively.
 
 qemu-img create -f qcow2 TEST_DIR/t.qcow2 -- foobar
-qemu-img: Invalid image size specified. You may use k, M, G, T, P or E suffixes for
-qemu-img: kilobytes, megabytes, gigabytes, terabytes, petabytes and exabytes.
+qemu-img: Invalid image size specified: 'foobar'.
 
 qemu-img create -f qcow2 -o size=foobar TEST_DIR/t.qcow2