"""
==============================================
Regularization path of L1- Logistic Regression
==============================================


Train l1-penalized logistic regression models on a binary classification
problem derived from the Iris dataset.

The models are ordered from strongest regularized to least regularized. The 4
coefficients of the models are collected and plotted as a "regularization
path": on the left-hand side of the figure (strong regularizers), all the
coefficients are exactly 0. When regularization gets progressively looser,
coefficients can get non-zero values one after the other.

Here we choose the liblinear solver because it can efficiently optimize for the
Logistic Regression loss with a non-smooth, sparsity inducing l1 penalty.

Also note that we set a low value for the tolerance to make sure that the model
has converged before collecting the coefficients.

We also use warm_start=True which means that the coefficients of the models are
reused to initialize the next model fit to speed-up the computation of the
full-path.

"""

# Authors: The scikit-learn developers
# SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause

# %%
# Load data
# ---------

from sklearn import datasets

iris = datasets.load_iris()
X = iris.data
y = iris.target
feature_names = iris.feature_names

# %%
# Here we remove the third class to make the problem a binary classification
X = X[y != 2]
y = y[y != 2]

# %%
# Compute regularization path
# ---------------------------

import numpy as np

from sklearn.linear_model import LogisticRegression
from sklearn.pipeline import make_pipeline
from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler
from sklearn.svm import l1_min_c

cs = l1_min_c(X, y, loss="log") * np.logspace(0, 1, 16)

# %%
# Create a pipeline with `StandardScaler` and `LogisticRegression`, to normalize
# the data before fitting a linear model, in order to speed-up convergence and
# make the coefficients comparable. Also, as a side effect, since the data is now
# centered around 0, we don't need to fit an intercept.
clf = make_pipeline(
    StandardScaler(),
    LogisticRegression(
        penalty="l1",
        solver="liblinear",
        tol=1e-6,
        max_iter=int(1e6),
        warm_start=True,
        fit_intercept=False,
    ),
)
coefs_ = []
for c in cs:
    clf.set_params(logisticregression__C=c)
    clf.fit(X, y)
    coefs_.append(clf["logisticregression"].coef_.ravel().copy())

coefs_ = np.array(coefs_)

# %%
# Plot regularization path
# ------------------------

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# Colorblind-friendly palette (IBM Color Blind Safe palette)
colors = ["#648FFF", "#785EF0", "#DC267F", "#FE6100"]

plt.figure(figsize=(10, 6))
for i in range(coefs_.shape[1]):
    plt.semilogx(cs, coefs_[:, i], marker="o", color=colors[i], label=feature_names[i])

ymin, ymax = plt.ylim()
plt.xlabel("C")
plt.ylabel("Coefficients")
plt.title("Logistic Regression Path")
plt.legend()
plt.axis("tight")
plt.show()