The Mark and the Region
***********************

Emacs, like many other applications, lets you select some arbitrary part of the buffer text and invoke commands that operate on such selected text.  In Emacs, we call the selected text the region; its handling is very similar to that of selected text in other programs, but there are also important differences.

The region is the portion of the buffer between the mark and the current point.  You define a region by setting the mark somewhere (with, for instance, the C-SPC command), and then moving point to where you want the region to end.  (Or you can use the mouse to define a region.)

The region always extends between point and the mark, no matter which of them comes earlier in the text; each time you move point, the region changes.

Setting the mark at a position in the text activates it.  When the mark is active, we say also that the region is active; Emacs indicates its extent by highlighting the text within it, using the region face (see Face Customization).

After certain non-motion commands, including any command that changes the text in the buffer, Emacs automatically deactivates the mark; this turns off the highlighting.  You can also explicitly deactivate the mark at any time, by typing C-g (see Quitting).

Many commands limit the text on which they operate to the active region.  For instance, the M-% command (which replaces matching text) normally works on the entire accessible portion of the buffer, but if you have an active region, it'll work only on that region instead.

The mark is useful even if it is not active.  For example, you can move to previous mark locations using the mark ring.  See Mark Ring.  Additionally, some commands will have an effect even on an inactive region (for example upcase-region).  You can also reactivate the region with commands like C-x C-x.

The above behavior, which is the default in interactive sessions, is known as Transient Mark mode.  Disabling Transient Mark mode switches Emacs to an alternative behavior, in which the region is usually not highlighted.  See Disabled Transient Mark.

Setting the mark in one buffer has no effect on the marks in other buffers.  When you return to a buffer with an active mark, the mark is at the same place as before.  When multiple windows show the same buffer, they can have different values of point, and thus different regions, but they all share one common mark position.  See Windows. Ordinarily, only the selected window highlights its region; however, if the variable highlight-nonselected-windows is non-nil, each window highlights its own region.

There is another kind of region: the rectangular region. See Rectangles.

Setting the Mark
================

Here are some commands for setting the mark:

C-SPC
     Set the mark at point, and activate it (set-mark-command).

C-@
     The same.

C-x C-x
     Set the mark at point, and activate it; then move point where the mark used to be (exchange-point-and-mark).

Drag-mouse-1
     Set point and the mark around the text you drag across.

mouse-3
     Set the mark at point, then move point to where you click (mouse-save-then-kill).

Shifted cursor motion keys
     Set the mark at point if the mark is inactive, then move point. See Shift Selection.

The most common way to set the mark is with C-SPC (set-mark-command) (There is no C-SPC character in ASCII; usually, typing C-SPC on a text terminal gives the character C-@.  This key is also bound to set-mark-command, so unless you are unlucky enough to have a text terminal that behaves differently, you might as well think of C-@ as C-SPC.).  This sets the mark where point is, and activates it.  You can then move point away, leaving the mark behind.  If the mark is already set where point is, this command doesn't set another mark, but only activates the existing mark.

For example, suppose you wish to convert part of the buffer to upper case.  To accomplish this, go to one end of the desired text, type C-SPC, and move point until the desired portion of text is highlighted.  Now type C-x C-u (upcase-region).  This converts the text in the region to upper case, and then deactivates the mark.

Whenever the mark is active, you can deactivate it by typing C-g (see Quitting).  Most commands that operate on the region also automatically deactivate the mark, like C-x C-u in the above example.

Instead of setting the mark in order to operate on a region, you can also use it to remember a position in the buffer (by typing C-SPC C-SPC), and later jump back there (by typing C-u C-SPC).  See Mark Ring, for details.

The command C-x C-x (exchange-point-and-mark) exchanges the positions of point and the mark.  C-x C-x is useful when you are satisfied with the position of point but want to move the other end of the region (where the mark is).  Using C-x C-x a second time, if necessary, puts the mark at the new position with point back at its original position.  Normally, if the mark is inactive, this command first reactivates the mark wherever it was last set, to ensure that the region is left highlighted.  However, if you call it with a prefix argument, it leaves the mark inactive and the region unhighlighted; you can use this to jump to the mark in a manner similar to C-u C-SPC.

You can also set the mark with the mouse.  If you press the left mouse button (down-mouse-1) and drag the mouse across a range of text, this sets the mark where you first pressed the mouse button and puts point where you release it.  Alternatively, clicking the right mouse button (mouse-3) sets the mark at point and then moves point to where you clicked.  See Mouse Commands, for a more detailed description of these mouse commands.

Finally, you can set the mark by holding down the shift key while typing certain cursor motion commands (such as S-RIGHT, S-C-f, S-C-n, etc.).  This is called shift-selection. It sets the mark at point before moving point, but only if there is no active mark set via a previous shift-selection or mouse commands.  The mark set by mouse commands and by shift-selection behaves slightly differently from the usual mark: any subsequent unshifted cursor motion command deactivates it automatically.  For details, see Shift Selection.

Many commands that insert text, such as C-y (yank), set the mark at the other end of the inserted text, without activating it. This lets you easily return to that position (see Mark Ring).  You can tell that a command does this when it shows Mark set in the echo area.

Under X, every time the active region changes, Emacs saves the text in the region to the primary selection.  This lets you insert that text into other X applications with mouse-2 clicks. See Primary Selection.

Commands to Mark Textual Objects
================================

Here are commands for placing point and the mark around a textual object such as a word, list, paragraph or page:

M-@
     Set mark at the end of the next word (mark-word).  This does not move point.

C-M-@
     Set mark after end of following balanced expression (mark-sexp).  This does not move point.

M-h
     Move point to the beginning of the current paragraph, and set mark at the end (mark-paragraph).

C-M-h
     Move point to the beginning of the current defun, and set mark at the end (mark-defun).

C-x C-p
     Move point to the beginning of the current page, and set mark at the end (mark-page).

C-x h
     Move point to the beginning of the buffer, and set mark at the end (mark-whole-buffer).

M-@ (mark-word) sets the mark at the end of the next word (see Words, for information about words).  Repeated invocations of this command extend the region by advancing the mark one word at a time.  As an exception, if the mark is active and located before point, M-@ moves the mark backwards from its current position one word at a time.

This command also accepts a numeric argument N, which tells it to advance the mark by N words.  A negative argument -N moves the mark back by N words.

Similarly, C-M-@ (mark-sexp) puts the mark at the end of the next balanced expression (see Expressions).  Repeated invocations extend the region to subsequent expressions, while positive or negative numeric arguments move the mark forward or backward by the specified number of expressions.

The other commands in the above list set both point and mark, so as to delimit an object in the buffer.  M-h (mark-paragraph) marks paragraphs (see Paragraphs), C-M-h (mark-defun) marks top-level definitions (see Moving by Defuns), and C-x C-p (mark-page) marks pages (see Pages).  Repeated invocations again play the same role, extending the region to consecutive objects; similarly, numeric arguments specify how many objects to move the mark by.

C-x h (mark-whole-buffer) sets up the entire buffer as the region, by putting point at the beginning and the mark at the end.

Operating on the Region
=======================

Once you have a region, here are some of the ways you can operate on it:

  * Kill it with C-w (see Killing).

  * Copy it to the kill ring with M-w (see Yanking).

  * Convert case with C-x C-l or C-x C-u (see Case).

  * Undo changes within it using C-u C-/ (see Undo).

  * Replace text within it using M-% (see Query Replace).

  * Indent it with C-x TAB or C-M-\ (see Indentation).

  * Fill it as text with M-x fill-region (see Filling).

  * Check the spelling of words within it with M-$ (see Spelling).

  * Evaluate it as Lisp code with M-x eval-region (see Lisp Eval).

  * Save it in a register with C-x r s (see Registers).

  * Save it in a buffer or a file (see Accumulating Text).

Some commands have a default behavior when the mark is inactive, but operate on the region if the mark is active.  For example, M-$ (ispell-word) normally checks the spelling of the word at point, but it checks the text in the region if the mark is active (see Spelling).  Normally, such commands use their default behavior if the region is empty (i.e., if mark and point are at the same position).  If you want them to operate on the empty region, change the variable use-empty-active-region to t.

As described in Erasing, the DEL (backward-delete-char) and Delete (delete-forward-char) commands also act this way.  If the mark is active, they delete the text in the region.  (As an exception, if you supply a numeric argument N, where N is not one, these commands delete N characters regardless of whether the mark is active).  If you change the variable delete-active-region to nil, then these commands don't act differently when the mark is active.  If you change the value to kill, these commands kill the region instead of deleting it (see Killing).

Other commands always operate on the region, and have no default behavior.  Such commands usually have the word region in their names, like C-w (kill-region) and C-x C-u (upcase-region).  If the mark is inactive, they operate on the inactive region---that is, on the text between point and the position at which the mark was last set (see Mark Ring).  To disable this behavior, change the variable mark-even-if-inactive to nil.  Then these commands will instead signal an error if the mark is inactive.

By default, text insertion occurs normally even if the mark is active---for example, typing a inserts the character a, then deactivates the mark.  Delete Selection mode, a minor mode, modifies this behavior: if you enable that mode, then inserting text while the mark is active causes the text in the region to be deleted first.  However, you can tune this behavior by customizing the delete-selection-temporary-region option.  Its default value is nil, but you can set it to t, in which case only temporarily-active regions will be replaced: those which are set by dragging the mouse (see Setting Mark) or by shift-selection (see Shift Selection), as well as by C-u C-x C-x when Transient Mark Mode is disabled.  You can further tune the behavior by setting delete-selection-temporary-region to selection: then temporary regions by C-u C-x C-x won't be replaced, only the ones activated by dragging the mouse or shift-selection.  To toggle Delete Selection mode on or off, type M-x delete-selection-mode.

The Mark Ring
=============

Each buffer remembers previous locations of the mark, in the mark ring.  Commands that set the mark also push the old mark onto this ring.  One of the uses of the mark ring is to remember spots that you may want to go back to.

C-SPC C-SPC
     Set the mark, pushing it onto the mark ring, without activating it.

C-u C-SPC
     Move point to where the mark was, and restore the mark from the ring of former marks.

The command C-SPC C-SPC is handy when you want to use the mark to remember a position to which you may wish to return. It pushes the current point onto the mark ring, without activating the mark (which would cause Emacs to highlight the region).  This is actually two consecutive invocations of C-SPC (set-mark-command); the first C-SPC sets the mark, and the second C-SPC deactivates it.  (When Transient Mark mode is off, C-SPC C-SPC instead activates Transient Mark mode temporarily; see Disabled Transient Mark.)

To return to a marked position, use set-mark-command with a prefix argument: C-u C-SPC.  This moves point to where the mark was, and deactivates the mark if it was active.  Each subsequent C-u C-SPC jumps to a prior position stored in the mark ring.  The positions you move through in this way are not lost; they go to the end of the ring.

If you set set-mark-command-repeat-pop to non-nil, then immediately after you type C-u C-SPC, you can type C-SPC instead of C-u C-SPC to cycle through the mark ring.  By default, set-mark-command-repeat-pop is nil.

Each buffer has its own mark ring.  All editing commands use the current buffer's mark ring.  In particular, C-u C-SPC always stays in the same buffer.

The variable mark-ring-max specifies the maximum number of entries to keep in the mark ring.  This defaults to 16 entries.  If that many entries exist and another one is pushed, the earliest one in the list is discarded.  Repeating C-u C-SPC cycles through the positions currently in the ring.

If you want to move back to the same place over and over, the mark ring may not be convenient enough.  If so, you can record the position in a register for later retrieval (see Saving Positions in Registers).

The Global Mark Ring
====================

In addition to the ordinary mark ring that belongs to each buffer, Emacs has a single global mark ring.  Each time you set a mark, this is recorded in the global mark ring in addition to the current buffer's own mark ring, if you have switched buffers since the previous mark setting.  Hence, the global mark ring records a sequence of buffers that you have been in, and, for each buffer, a place where you set the mark.  The length of the global mark ring is controlled by global-mark-ring-max, and is 16 by default.

Note that a mark is recorded in the global mark ring only when some command sets the mark.  If an existing mark is merely activated, as is the case when you use C-SPC where a mark is already set (see Setting Mark), that doesn't push the mark onto the global ring.

The command C-x C-SPC (pop-global-mark) jumps to the buffer and position of the latest entry in the global ring.  It also rotates the ring, so that successive uses of C-x C-SPC take you to earlier buffers and mark positions.

Shift Selection
===============

If you hold down the shift key while typing a cursor motion command, this sets the mark before moving point, so that the region extends from the original position of point to its new position.  This feature is referred to as shift-selection.  It is similar to the way text is selected in other editors.

The mark set via shift-selection behaves a little differently from what we have described above.  Firstly, in addition to the usual ways of deactivating the mark (such as changing the buffer text or typing C-g), the mark is deactivated by any unshifted cursor motion command.  Secondly, any subsequent shifted cursor motion command avoids setting the mark anew.  Therefore, a series of shifted cursor motion commands will continuously adjust the region.

Shift-selection only works if the shifted cursor motion key is not already bound to a separate command (see Customization).  For example, if you bind S-C-f to another command, typing S-C-f runs that command instead of performing a shift-selected version of C-f (forward-char).

A mark set via mouse commands behaves the same as a mark set via shift-selection (see Setting Mark).  For example, if you specify a region by dragging the mouse, you can continue to extend the region using shifted cursor motion commands.  In either case, any unshifted cursor motion command deactivates the mark.

To turn off shift-selection, set shift-select-mode to nil.  Doing so does not disable setting the mark via mouse commands.  If you set shift-select-mode to the value permanent, cursor motion keys that were not shift-translated will not deactivate the mark, so, for example, the region set by prior commands can be extended by shift-selection, and unshifted cursor motion keys will extend the region set by shift-selection.

Disabling Transient Mark Mode
=============================

The default behavior of the mark and region, in which setting the mark activates it and highlights the region, is called Transient Mark mode.  This is a minor mode that is enabled by default in interactive sessions.  It can be toggled with M-x transient-mark-mode, or with the Highlight Active Region menu item in the Options menu.  Turning it off switches Emacs to an alternative mode of operation:

  * Setting the mark, with commands like C-SPC or C-x C-x, does not highlight the region.  Therefore, you can't tell by looking where the mark is located; you have to remember.

     The usual solution to this problem is to set the mark and then use it soon, before you forget where it is.  You can also check where the mark is by using C-x C-x, which exchanges the positions of the point and the mark (see Setting Mark).

  * Some commands, which ordinarily act on the region when the mark is active, no longer do so.  For example, normally M-% (query-replace) performs replacements within the region, if the mark is active.  When Transient Mark mode is off, it always operates from point to the end of the buffer.  Commands that act this way are identified in their own documentation.

While Transient Mark mode is off, you can activate it temporarily using C-SPC C-SPC or C-u C-x C-x.

C-SPC C-SPC
     Set the mark at point (like plain C-SPC) and enable Transient Mark mode just once, until the mark is deactivated.  (This is not really a separate command; you are using the C-SPC command twice.)

C-u C-x C-x
     Exchange point and mark, activate the mark and enable Transient Mark mode temporarily, until the mark is next deactivated.  (This is the C-x C-x command, exchange-point-and-mark, with a prefix argument.)

These commands set or activate the mark, and enable Transient Mark mode only until the mark is deactivated.  One reason you may want to use them is that some commands operate on the entire buffer instead of the region when Transient Mark mode is off.  Enabling Transient Mark mode momentarily gives you a way to use these commands on the region.

When you specify a region with the mouse (see Setting Mark), or with shift-selection (see Shift Selection), this likewise activates Transient Mark mode temporarily and highlights the region.