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>Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide: An in-depth exploration of the art of shell scripting</TH
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><DIV
CLASS="APPENDIX"
><H1
><A
NAME="SEDAWK"
></A
>Appendix C. A Sed and Awk Micro-Primer</H1
><P
><A
NAME="SEDREF"
></A
></P
><P
>This is a very brief introduction to the <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>sed</B
>
	and <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>awk</B
> text processing utilities. We will
	deal with only a few basic commands here, but that will suffice
	for understanding simple sed and awk constructs within shell
	scripts.</P
><P
><B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>sed</B
>: a non-interactive
         text file editor</P
><P
><B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>awk</B
>: a field-oriented pattern processing
         language with a <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>C</B
>-style syntax</P
><P
>For all their differences, the two utilities share a similar
	 invocation syntax, use <A
HREF="regexp.html#REGEXREF"
>regular
	 expressions </A
>, read input by default
	 from <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>stdin</TT
>, and output to
	 <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>stdout</TT
>. These are well-behaved UNIX tools,
	 and they work together well. The output from one can be piped
	 to the other, and their combined capabilities give shell scripts
	 some of the power of <A
HREF="wrapper.html#PERLREF"
>Perl</A
>.</P
><DIV
CLASS="NOTE"
><TABLE
CLASS="NOTE"
WIDTH="100%"
BORDER="0"
><TR
><TD
WIDTH="25"
ALIGN="CENTER"
VALIGN="TOP"
><IMG
SRC="common/note.png"
HSPACE="5"
ALT="Note"></TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
><P
>One important difference between the utilities is
	 that while shell scripts can easily pass arguments to sed, it
	 is more cumbersome for awk (see <A
HREF="wrapper.html#COLTOTALER"
>Example 36-5</A
>
	 and <A
HREF="ivr.html#COLTOTALER2"
>Example 28-2</A
>).
	 </P
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN23170"
></A
>C.1. Sed</H1
><P
><I
CLASS="FIRSTTERM"
>Sed</I
> is a non-interactive
          <A
NAME="AEN23174"
HREF="#FTN.AEN23174"
>[1]</A
>
	<B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>s</B
>tream <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>ed</B
>itor. It
	receives text input, whether from <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>stdin</TT
>
	or from a file, performs certain operations on specified lines
	of the input, one line at a time, then outputs the result to
	<TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>stdout</TT
> or to a file.  Within a shell script,
	<I
CLASS="FIRSTTERM"
>sed</I
> is usually one of several tool
	components in a pipe.</P
><P
><I
CLASS="FIRSTTERM"
>Sed</I
> determines which lines of
        its input that it will operate on from the <I
CLASS="FIRSTTERM"
>address
        range</I
> passed to it.
	  <A
NAME="AEN23185"
HREF="#FTN.AEN23185"
>[2]</A
>
	Specify this address range either by line number or by a
	pattern to match. For example, <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>3d</I
></TT
>
	signals <I
CLASS="FIRSTTERM"
>sed</I
> to delete line 3 of the
	input, and <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>/Windows/d</I
></TT
> tells sed
	that you want every line of the input containing a match to
	<SPAN
CLASS="QUOTE"
>"Windows"</SPAN
> deleted.</P
><P
>Of all the operations in the <I
CLASS="FIRSTTERM"
>sed</I
>
	toolkit, we will focus primarily on the three most commonly
	used ones. These are <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>p</B
>rinting (to
	<TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>stdout</TT
>), <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>d</B
>eletion,
	and <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>s</B
>ubstitution.</P
><P
><A
NAME="SEDBASICTABLE"
></A
></P
><DIV
CLASS="TABLE"
><HR><A
NAME="AEN23200"
></A
><P
><B
>Table C-1. Basic sed operators</B
></P
><TABLE
BORDER="1"
CLASS="CALSTABLE"
><THEAD
><TR
><TH
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
>Operator</TH
><TH
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
>Name</TH
><TH
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
>Effect</TH
></TR
></THEAD
><TBODY
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
><TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>[address-range]/p</TT
></TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
>print</TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
>Print [specified address range]</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
><TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>[address-range]/d</TT
></TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
>delete</TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
>Delete [specified address range]</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
><TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>s/pattern1/pattern2/</TT
></TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
>substitute</TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
>Substitute pattern2 for first instance of pattern1 in a line</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
><TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>[address-range]/s/pattern1/pattern2/</TT
></TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
>substitute</TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
>Substitute pattern2 for first instance of pattern1 in a
	      line, over <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>address-range</I
></TT
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
><TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>[address-range]/y/pattern1/pattern2/</TT
></TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
>transform</TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
>replace any character in pattern1 with the
	        corresponding character in pattern2, over
	      <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>address-range</I
></TT
> (equivalent of
	        <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>tr</B
>)</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
><TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>[address] i pattern Filename</TT
></TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
>insert</TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
>Insert pattern at address indicated in file Filename.
                     Usually used with <TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>-i</TT
>
                     <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>in-place</I
></TT
> option.</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
><TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>g</TT
></TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
>global</TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
>Operate on <SPAN
CLASS="emphasis"
><I
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
>every</I
></SPAN
> pattern match
	        within each matched line of input</TD
></TR
></TBODY
></TABLE
><HR></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="NOTE"
><TABLE
CLASS="NOTE"
WIDTH="100%"
BORDER="0"
><TR
><TD
WIDTH="25"
ALIGN="CENTER"
VALIGN="TOP"
><IMG
SRC="common/note.png"
HSPACE="5"
ALT="Note"></TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
><P
>Unless the <TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>g</TT
>
	(<I
CLASS="FIRSTTERM"
>global</I
>) operator is appended to a
	<I
CLASS="FIRSTTERM"
>substitute</I
> command, the substitution
	operates only on the <SPAN
CLASS="emphasis"
><I
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
>first</I
></SPAN
> instance of a
	pattern match within each line.</P
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></DIV
><P
>From the command-line and in a shell script, a sed operation may
       require quoting and certain options.</P
><P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>   1&nbsp;sed -e '/^$/d' $filename
   2&nbsp;# The -e option causes the next string to be interpreted as an editing instruction.
   3&nbsp;#  (If passing only a single instruction to sed, the "-e" is optional.)
   4&nbsp;#  The "strong" quotes ('') protect the RE characters in the instruction
   5&nbsp;#+ from reinterpretation as special characters by the body of the script.
   6&nbsp;# (This reserves RE expansion of the instruction for sed.)
   7&nbsp;#
   8&nbsp;# Operates on the text contained in file $filename.</PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></P
><P
>In certain cases, a <I
CLASS="FIRSTTERM"
>sed</I
> editing command will
         not work with single quotes.</P
><P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>   1&nbsp;filename=file1.txt
   2&nbsp;pattern=BEGIN
   3&nbsp;
   4&nbsp;  sed "/^$pattern/d" "$filename"  # Works as specified.
   5&nbsp;# sed '/^$pattern/d' "$filename"    has unexpected results.
   6&nbsp;#        In this instance, with strong quoting (' ... '),
   7&nbsp;#+      "$pattern" will not expand to "BEGIN".</PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></P
><DIV
CLASS="NOTE"
><TABLE
CLASS="NOTE"
WIDTH="100%"
BORDER="0"
><TR
><TD
WIDTH="25"
ALIGN="CENTER"
VALIGN="TOP"
><IMG
SRC="common/note.png"
HSPACE="5"
ALT="Note"></TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
><P
><I
CLASS="FIRSTTERM"
>Sed</I
> uses the <TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>-e</TT
>
	 option to specify that the following string is an instruction
	 or set of instructions. If there is only a single instruction
	 contained in the string, then this may be omitted.</P
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></DIV
><P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>   1&nbsp;sed -n '/xzy/p' $filename
   2&nbsp;# The -n option tells sed to print only those lines matching the pattern.
   3&nbsp;# Otherwise all input lines would print.
   4&nbsp;# The -e option not necessary here since there is only a single editing instruction.</PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></P
><P
><A
NAME="SEDOPTABLE"
></A
></P
><DIV
CLASS="TABLE"
><HR><A
NAME="AEN23271"
></A
><P
><B
>Table C-2. Examples of sed operators</B
></P
><TABLE
BORDER="1"
CLASS="CALSTABLE"
><THEAD
><TR
><TH
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
>Notation</TH
><TH
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
>Effect</TH
></TR
></THEAD
><TBODY
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
><TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>8d</TT
></TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
>Delete 8th line of input.</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
><TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>/^$/d</TT
></TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
>Delete all blank lines.</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
><TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>1,/^$/d</TT
></TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
>Delete from beginning of input up to, and including
	        first blank line.</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
><TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>/Jones/p</TT
></TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
>Print only lines containing <SPAN
CLASS="QUOTE"
>"Jones"</SPAN
> (with
	        <SPAN
CLASS="TOKEN"
>-n</SPAN
> option).</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
><TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>s/Windows/Linux/</TT
></TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
>Substitute <SPAN
CLASS="QUOTE"
>"Linux"</SPAN
> for first instance
	        of <SPAN
CLASS="QUOTE"
>"Windows"</SPAN
> found in each input line.</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
><TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>s/BSOD/stability/g</TT
></TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
>Substitute <SPAN
CLASS="QUOTE"
>"stability"</SPAN
> for every instance
	        of <SPAN
CLASS="QUOTE"
>"BSOD"</SPAN
> found in each input line.</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
><TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>s/ *$//</TT
></TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
>Delete all spaces at the end of every line.</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
><TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>s/00*/0/g</TT
></TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
>Compress all consecutive sequences of zeroes into
	        a single zero.</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
><TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>echo "Working on it." | sed -e '1i How far are you along?'</TT
></TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
>Prints "How far are you along?" as first line,
                    "Working on it" as second.</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
><TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>5i 'Linux is great.' file.txt</TT
></TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
>Inserts 'Linux is great.' at line 5 of the file
	      file.txt.</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
><TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>/GUI/d</TT
></TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
>Delete all lines containing <SPAN
CLASS="QUOTE"
>"GUI"</SPAN
>.</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
><TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>s/GUI//g</TT
></TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
>Delete all instances of <SPAN
CLASS="QUOTE"
>"GUI"</SPAN
>, leaving the 
	        remainder of each line intact.</TD
></TR
></TBODY
></TABLE
><HR></DIV
><P
>Substituting a zero-length string for another is equivalent
       to deleting that string within a line of input. This leaves the
       remainder of the line intact. Applying <TT
CLASS="USERINPUT"
><B
>s/GUI//</B
></TT
>   
       to the line
       <TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="SCREEN"
> <TT
CLASS="USERINPUT"
><B
>The most important parts of any application are its GUI and sound effects</B
></TT
></PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
>
       results in
       <TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="SCREEN"
> <TT
CLASS="COMPUTEROUTPUT"
>The most important parts of any application are its  and sound effects</TT
></PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></P
><P
>A backslash forces the <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>sed</B
> replacement
       command to continue on to the next line. This has the effect of
       using the <I
CLASS="FIRSTTERM"
>newline</I
> at the end of the first
       line as the <I
CLASS="FIRSTTERM"
>replacement string</I
>.

       <TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>   1&nbsp;s/^  */\
   2&nbsp;/g</PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
>

       This substitution replaces line-beginning spaces with a
       newline. The net result is to replace paragraph indents with a
       blank line between paragraphs.</P
><P
>An address range followed by one or more operations may require
       open and closed curly brackets, with appropriate newlines. 
       <TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>   1&nbsp;/[0-9A-Za-z]/,/^$/{
   2&nbsp;/^$/d
   3&nbsp;}</PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
>
       This deletes only the first of each set of consecutive blank
       lines. That might be useful for single-spacing a text file,
       but retaining the blank line(s) between paragraphs.</P
><DIV
CLASS="NOTE"
><TABLE
CLASS="NOTE"
WIDTH="100%"
BORDER="0"
><TR
><TD
WIDTH="25"
ALIGN="CENTER"
VALIGN="TOP"
><IMG
SRC="common/note.png"
HSPACE="5"
ALT="Note"></TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
><P
>The usual delimiter that <I
CLASS="FIRSTTERM"
>sed</I
> uses is
      <SPAN
CLASS="TOKEN"
>/</SPAN
>. However, <SPAN
CLASS="emphasis"
><I
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
>sed</I
></SPAN
> allows other
      delimiters, such as <SPAN
CLASS="TOKEN"
>%</SPAN
>. This is useful when
      <SPAN
CLASS="TOKEN"
>/</SPAN
> is part of a replacement string, as in a file pathname.
      See <A
HREF="loops.html#FINDSTRING"
>Example 11-10</A
> and <A
HREF="filearchiv.html#STRIPC"
>Example 16-32</A
>.</P
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></DIV
><P
><A
NAME="DOUBLESPACE"
></A
></P
><DIV
CLASS="TIP"
><TABLE
CLASS="TIP"
WIDTH="100%"
BORDER="0"
><TR
><TD
WIDTH="25"
ALIGN="CENTER"
VALIGN="TOP"
><IMG
SRC="common/tip.png"
HSPACE="5"
ALT="Tip"></TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
><P
>A quick way to double-space a text file is <TT
CLASS="USERINPUT"
><B
>sed G
       filename</B
></TT
>.</P
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></DIV
><P
>For illustrative examples of sed within shell scripts, see:
       <OL
TYPE="1"
><LI
><P
><A
HREF="wrapper.html#EX3"
>Example 36-1</A
></P
></LI
><LI
><P
><A
HREF="wrapper.html#EX4"
>Example 36-2</A
></P
></LI
><LI
><P
><A
HREF="moreadv.html#EX57"
>Example 16-3</A
></P
></LI
><LI
><P
><A
HREF="contributed-scripts.html#RN"
>Example A-2</A
></P
></LI
><LI
><P
><A
HREF="textproc.html#GRP"
>Example 16-17</A
></P
></LI
><LI
><P
><A
HREF="textproc.html#COL"
>Example 16-27</A
></P
></LI
><LI
><P
><A
HREF="contributed-scripts.html#BEHEAD"
>Example A-12</A
></P
></LI
><LI
><P
><A
HREF="contributed-scripts.html#TREE"
>Example A-16</A
></P
></LI
><LI
><P
><A
HREF="contributed-scripts.html#TREE2"
>Example A-17</A
></P
></LI
><LI
><P
><A
HREF="filearchiv.html#STRIPC"
>Example 16-32</A
></P
></LI
><LI
><P
><A
HREF="loops.html#FINDSTRING"
>Example 11-10</A
></P
></LI
><LI
><P
><A
HREF="mathc.html#BASE"
>Example 16-48</A
></P
></LI
><LI
><P
><A
HREF="contributed-scripts.html#MAILFORMAT"
>Example A-1</A
></P
></LI
><LI
><P
><A
HREF="textproc.html#RND"
>Example 16-14</A
></P
></LI
><LI
><P
><A
HREF="textproc.html#WF"
>Example 16-12</A
></P
></LI
><LI
><P
><A
HREF="contributed-scripts.html#LIFESLOW"
>Example A-10</A
></P
></LI
><LI
><P
><A
HREF="here-docs.html#SELFDOCUMENT"
>Example 19-12</A
></P
></LI
><LI
><P
><A
HREF="textproc.html#DICTLOOKUP"
>Example 16-19</A
></P
></LI
><LI
><P
><A
HREF="contributed-scripts.html#WHX"
>Example A-29</A
></P
></LI
><LI
><P
><A
HREF="contributed-scripts.html#BASHPODDER"
>Example A-31</A
></P
></LI
><LI
><P
><A
HREF="contributed-scripts.html#TOHTML"
>Example A-24</A
></P
></LI
><LI
><P
><A
HREF="contributed-scripts.html#STOPWATCH"
>Example A-43</A
></P
></LI
><LI
><P
><A
HREF="contributed-scripts.html#SEDAPPEND"
>Example A-55</A
></P
></LI
></OL
>
     </P
><P
>For a more extensive treatment of <I
CLASS="FIRSTTERM"
>sed</I
>,
        refer to the <A
HREF="biblio.html#DGSEDREF"
>pertinent references</A
>
        in the <A
HREF="biblio.html"
><I
>Bibliography</I
></A
>.</P
></DIV
></DIV
><H3
CLASS="FOOTNOTES"
>Notes</H3
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
CLASS="FOOTNOTES"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
WIDTH="5%"
><A
NAME="FTN.AEN23174"
HREF="sedawk.html#AEN23174"
>[1]</A
></TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
WIDTH="95%"
><P
><I
CLASS="FIRSTTERM"
>Sed</I
> executes without
          user intervention.</P
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
WIDTH="5%"
><A
NAME="FTN.AEN23185"
HREF="sedawk.html#AEN23185"
>[2]</A
></TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
WIDTH="95%"
><P
>If no address range is specified, the default
	  is <SPAN
CLASS="emphasis"
><I
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
>all</I
></SPAN
> lines.</P
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
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