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>Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide: An in-depth exploration of the art of shell scripting</TH
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>Chapter 18. Regular Expressions</TD
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><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="GLOBBINGREF"
></A
>18.2. Globbing</H1
><P
><A
NAME="GLOBBINGREF2"
></A
></P
><P
>Bash itself cannot recognize Regular Expressions. Inside
	  scripts, it is commands and utilities -- such as
	  <A
HREF="sedawk.html#SEDREF"
>sed</A
> and <A
HREF="awk.html#AWKREF"
>awk</A
> -- that interpret RE's.</P
><P
>Bash <SPAN
CLASS="emphasis"
><I
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
>does</I
></SPAN
> carry out <I
CLASS="FIRSTTERM"
>filename
	  expansion</I
>

            <A
NAME="AEN17572"
HREF="#FTN.AEN17572"
>[1]</A
>
	  
	  -- a process known as <I
CLASS="FIRSTTERM"
>globbing</I
> -- but
	  this does <SPAN
CLASS="emphasis"
><I
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
>not</I
></SPAN
> use the standard RE set.
	  Instead, globbing recognizes and expands <I
CLASS="FIRSTTERM"
>wild
	  cards</I
>. Globbing interprets the standard wild
	  card characters
	      <A
NAME="AEN17581"
HREF="#FTN.AEN17581"
>[2]</A
>
	  -- <A
HREF="special-chars.html#ASTERISKREF"
>*</A
> and
	  <A
HREF="special-chars.html#WILDCARDQU"
>?</A
>, character lists in
	  square brackets, and certain other special characters (such
	  as <SPAN
CLASS="TOKEN"
>^</SPAN
> for negating the sense of a match).
          <A
NAME="WDOTFILEWC"
></A
>There are important limitations on wild
	  card characters in globbing, however. Strings containing
	  <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>*</I
></TT
> will not match filenames that
	  start with a dot, as, for example, <A
HREF="sample-bashrc.html"
><TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>.bashrc</TT
></A
>.

	    <A
NAME="AEN17592"
HREF="#FTN.AEN17592"
>[3]</A
>
	  
	  Likewise, the <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>?</I
></TT
> has a different
	  meaning in globbing than as part of an RE.</P
><P
>	      <TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="SCREEN"
> <TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>bash$ </TT
><TT
CLASS="USERINPUT"
><B
>ls -l</B
></TT
>
 <TT
CLASS="COMPUTEROUTPUT"
>total 2
 -rw-rw-r--    1 bozo  bozo         0 Aug  6 18:42 a.1
 -rw-rw-r--    1 bozo  bozo         0 Aug  6 18:42 b.1
 -rw-rw-r--    1 bozo  bozo         0 Aug  6 18:42 c.1
 -rw-rw-r--    1 bozo  bozo       466 Aug  6 17:48 t2.sh
 -rw-rw-r--    1 bozo  bozo       758 Jul 30 09:02 test1.txt</TT
>
 
 <TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>bash$ </TT
><TT
CLASS="USERINPUT"
><B
>ls -l t?.sh</B
></TT
>
 <TT
CLASS="COMPUTEROUTPUT"
>-rw-rw-r--    1 bozo  bozo       466 Aug  6 17:48 t2.sh</TT
>
 
 <TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>bash$ </TT
><TT
CLASS="USERINPUT"
><B
>ls -l [ab]*</B
></TT
>
 <TT
CLASS="COMPUTEROUTPUT"
>-rw-rw-r--    1 bozo  bozo         0 Aug  6 18:42 a.1
 -rw-rw-r--    1 bozo  bozo         0 Aug  6 18:42 b.1</TT
>
 
 <TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>bash$ </TT
><TT
CLASS="USERINPUT"
><B
>ls -l [a-c]*</B
></TT
>
 <TT
CLASS="COMPUTEROUTPUT"
>-rw-rw-r--    1 bozo  bozo         0 Aug  6 18:42 a.1
 -rw-rw-r--    1 bozo  bozo         0 Aug  6 18:42 b.1
 -rw-rw-r--    1 bozo  bozo         0 Aug  6 18:42 c.1</TT
>
 
 <TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>bash$ </TT
><TT
CLASS="USERINPUT"
><B
>ls -l [^ab]*</B
></TT
>
 <TT
CLASS="COMPUTEROUTPUT"
>-rw-rw-r--    1 bozo  bozo         0 Aug  6 18:42 c.1
 -rw-rw-r--    1 bozo  bozo       466 Aug  6 17:48 t2.sh
 -rw-rw-r--    1 bozo  bozo       758 Jul 30 09:02 test1.txt</TT
>
 
 <TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>bash$ </TT
><TT
CLASS="USERINPUT"
><B
>ls -l {b*,c*,*est*}</B
></TT
>
 <TT
CLASS="COMPUTEROUTPUT"
>-rw-rw-r--    1 bozo  bozo         0 Aug  6 18:42 b.1
 -rw-rw-r--    1 bozo  bozo         0 Aug  6 18:42 c.1
 -rw-rw-r--    1 bozo  bozo       758 Jul 30 09:02 test1.txt</TT
>
 	      </PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
>
	      </P
><P
>Bash performs filename expansion on unquoted command-line
	    arguments. The <A
HREF="internal.html#ECHOREF"
>echo</A
> command
	    demonstrates this.</P
><P
>	      <TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="SCREEN"
> <TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>bash$ </TT
><TT
CLASS="USERINPUT"
><B
>echo *</B
></TT
>
 <TT
CLASS="COMPUTEROUTPUT"
>a.1 b.1 c.1 t2.sh test1.txt</TT
>
 
 <TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>bash$ </TT
><TT
CLASS="USERINPUT"
><B
>echo t*</B
></TT
>
 <TT
CLASS="COMPUTEROUTPUT"
>t2.sh test1.txt</TT
>
 
 <TT
CLASS="PROMPT"
>bash$ </TT
><TT
CLASS="USERINPUT"
><B
>echo t?.sh</B
></TT
>
 <TT
CLASS="COMPUTEROUTPUT"
>t2.sh</TT
>
 	      </PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
>
	   </P
><DIV
CLASS="NOTE"
><TABLE
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><TR
><TD
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VALIGN="TOP"
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SRC="common/note.png"
HSPACE="5"
ALT="Note"></TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
><P
>It is possible to modify the way Bash interprets
	    special characters in globbing. A <B
CLASS="COMMAND"
>set -f</B
>
	    command disables globbing, and the
	    <TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>nocaseglob</TT
> and <TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>nullglob</TT
>
	    options to <A
HREF="internal.html#SHOPTREF"
>shopt</A
> change
	    globbing behavior.</P
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></DIV
><P
>See also <A
HREF="loops.html#LISTGLOB"
>Example 11-5</A
>.</P
><DIV
CLASS="CAUTION"
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><TD
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><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
><P
><A
NAME="HANDLINGFNAMES"
></A
>Filenames with
          embedded <A
HREF="special-chars.html#WHITESPACEREF"
>whitespace</A
>
	  can cause <I
CLASS="FIRSTTERM"
>globbing</I
> to choke.
	  <A
HREF="http://www.dwheeler.com/essays/filenames-in-shell.html"
TARGET="_top"
>David
	  Wheeler</A
> shows how to avoid many such pitfalls.</P
><P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
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WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>   1&nbsp;IFS="$(printf '\n\t')"   # Remove space.
   2&nbsp;
   3&nbsp;#  Correct glob use:
   4&nbsp;#  Always use for-loop, prefix glob, check if exists file.
   5&nbsp;for file in ./* ; do         # Use ./* ... NEVER bare *
   6&nbsp;  if [ -e "$file" ] ; then   # Check whether file exists.
   7&nbsp;     COMMAND ... "$file" ...
   8&nbsp;  fi
   9&nbsp;done
  10&nbsp;
  11&nbsp;# This example taken from David Wheeler's site, with permission.</PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></P
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></DIV
></DIV
><H3
CLASS="FOOTNOTES"
>Notes</H3
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
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><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
WIDTH="5%"
><A
NAME="FTN.AEN17572"
HREF="globbingref.html#AEN17572"
>[1]</A
></TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
WIDTH="95%"
><P
><I
CLASS="FIRSTTERM"
>Filename expansion</I
>
            means expanding filename patterns or templates
            containing special characters. For example,
            <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>example.???</TT
> might expand
            to <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>example.001</TT
> and/or
            <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>example.txt</TT
>.</P
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
WIDTH="5%"
><A
NAME="FTN.AEN17581"
HREF="globbingref.html#AEN17581"
>[2]</A
></TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
WIDTH="95%"
><P
><A
NAME="WILDCARDDEF"
></A
>A <I
CLASS="FIRSTTERM"
>wild
	      card</I
> character, analogous to a wild card in poker,
	      can represent (almost) any other character.</P
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
WIDTH="5%"
><A
NAME="FTN.AEN17592"
HREF="globbingref.html#AEN17592"
>[3]</A
></TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
WIDTH="95%"
><P
>	    Filename expansion <SPAN
CLASS="emphasis"
><I
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
>can</I
></SPAN
>
	    match dotfiles, but only if the pattern explicitly includes the dot
	    as a literal character.
	        <TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>   1&nbsp;~/[.]bashrc    #  Will not expand to ~/.bashrc
   2&nbsp;~/?bashrc      #  Neither will this.
   3&nbsp;               #  Wild cards and metacharacters will NOT
   4&nbsp;               #+ expand to a dot in globbing.
   5&nbsp;
   6&nbsp;~/.[b]ashrc    #  Will expand to ~/.bashrc
   7&nbsp;~/.ba?hrc      #  Likewise.
   8&nbsp;~/.bashr*      #  Likewise.
   9&nbsp;
  10&nbsp;# Setting the "dotglob" option turns this off.
  11&nbsp;
  12&nbsp;# Thanks, S.C.</PRE
></TD
></TR
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>
	    </P
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