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<H1> 10.1.2 Context Clauses - With Clauses</H1>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>1</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Normal"> [A <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">context_clause</FONT>
is used to specify the <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">library_item</FONT>s
whose names are needed within a compilation unit.] </DIV>
<H4 ALIGN=CENTER>Language Design Principles</H4>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>1.a</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Annotations"><FONT SIZE=-1><A NAME="I3893"></A>The reader
should be able to understand a <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">context_clause</FONT>
without looking ahead. Similarly, when compiling a <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">context_clause</FONT>,
the compiler should not have to look ahead at subsequent <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">context_item</FONT>s,
nor at the compilation unit to which the <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">context_clause</FONT>
is attached. (We have not completely achieved this.) </FONT></DIV>
<H4 ALIGN=CENTER>Syntax</H4>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>2</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="SyntaxIndented"><FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">context_clause<A NAME="I3894"></A>
::= </FONT>{<A NAME="I3895"></A><FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">context_item</FONT>}</DIV>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>3</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="SyntaxIndented"><FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">context_item<A NAME="I3896"></A>
::= </FONT><A NAME="I3897"></A><FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">with_clause</FONT> | <A NAME="I3898"></A><FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">use_clause</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>4</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="SyntaxIndented"><FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">with_clause<A NAME="I3899"></A>
::= </FONT><B>with</B> <I>library_unit_</I><A NAME="I3900"></A><FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">name</FONT> {, <I>library_unit_</I><A NAME="I3901"></A><FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">name</FONT>};</DIV>
<H4 ALIGN=CENTER>Name Resolution Rules</H4>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>5</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Normal"> <A NAME="I3902"></A>The <I>scope</I> of a <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">with_clause</FONT>
that appears on a <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">library_unit_declaration</FONT>
or <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">library_unit_renaming_declaration</FONT>
consists of the entire declarative region of the declaration[, which
includes all children and subunits]. The scope of a <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">with_clause</FONT>
that appears on a body consists of the body[, which includes all subunits].
</DIV>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>5.a</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Annotations"><FONT SIZE=-1><B>Discussion: </B>Suppose a <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">with_clause</FONT>
of a public library unit mentions one of its private siblings. (This
is only allowed on the body of the public library unit.) We considered
making the scope of that <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">with_clause</FONT>
not include the visible part of the public library unit. (This would
only matter for a <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">subprogram_body</FONT>,
since those are the only kinds of body that have a visible part, and
only if the <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">subprogram_body</FONT> completes
a <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">subprogram_declaration</FONT>, since
otherwise the <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">with_clause</FONT> would
be illegal.) We did not put in such a rule for two reasons: (1) It would
complicate the wording of the rules, because we would have to split each
<FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">with_clause</FONT> into pieces, in order
to correctly handle ``<B>with</B> P, Q;'' where P is public and Q is
private. (2) The conformance rules prevent any problems. It doesn't matter
if a type name in the spec of the body denotes the completion of a <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">private_type_declaration</FONT>.</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>5.b</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Annotations"><FONT SIZE=-1>A <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">with_clause</FONT>
also affects visibility within subsequent <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">use_clause</FONT>s
and <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">pragma</FONT>s of the same <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">context_clause</FONT>,
even though those are not in the scope of the <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">with_clause</FONT>.
</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>6</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Normal"> <A NAME="I3903"></A><A NAME="I3904"></A>A <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">library_item</FONT>
is <I>mentioned</I> in a <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">with_clause</FONT>
if it is denoted by a <I>library_unit_</I><FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">name</FONT>
or a <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">prefix</FONT> in the <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">with_clause</FONT>.
</DIV>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>6.a</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Annotations"><FONT SIZE=-1><B>Discussion: </B><FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">With_clause</FONT>s
control the visibility of declarations or renamings of library units.
Mentioning a root library unit in a <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">with_clause</FONT>
makes its declaration directly visible. Mentioning a non-root library
unit makes its declaration visible. See Section 8 for details.</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>6.b</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Annotations"><FONT SIZE=-1>Note that this rule implies that
``<B>with</B> A.B.C;'' is equivalent to ``<B>with</B> A, A.B, A.B.C;''
The reason for making a <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">with_clause</FONT>
apply to all the ancestor units is to avoid ``visibility holes'' -- situations
in which an inner program unit is visible while an outer one is not.
Visibility holes would cause semantic complexity and implementation difficulty.
</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>7</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Normal"> [Outside its own declarative region, the declaration
or renaming of a library unit can be visible only within the scope of
a <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">with_clause</FONT> that mentions it.
The visibility of the declaration or renaming of a library unit otherwise
follows from its placement in the environment.] </DIV>
<H4 ALIGN=CENTER>Legality Rules</H4>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>8</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Normal"> If a <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">with_clause</FONT>
of a given <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">compilation_unit</FONT> mentions
a private child of some library unit, then the given <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">compilation_unit</FONT>
shall be either the declaration of a private descendant of that library
unit or the body or subunit of a [(public or private)] descendant of
that library unit. </DIV>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>8.a</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Annotations"><FONT SIZE=-1><B>Reason: </B>The purpose of
this rule is to prevent a private child from being visible (or even semantically
depended-on) from outside the subsystem rooted at its parent. </FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>8.b</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Annotations"><FONT SIZE=-1><B>Discussion: </B>This rule violates
the one-pass <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">context_clause</FONT>s Language
Design Principle. We rationalize this by saying that at least that Language
Design Principle works for legal compilation units.</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>8.c</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Annotations" Style="margin-bottom: 0.4em"><FONT SIZE=-1>Example:
</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>8.d</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="SmallExamples"><TT><B>package</B> A <B>is</B><BR>
<B>end</B> A;</TT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>8.e</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="SmallExamples"><TT><B>package</B> A.B <B>is</B><BR>
<B>end</B> A.B;</TT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>8.f</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="SmallExamples"><TT><B>private</B> <B>package</B> A.B.C <B>is</B><BR>
<B>end</B> A.B.C;</TT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>8.g</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="SmallExamples"><TT><B>package</B> A.B.C.D <B>is</B><BR>
<B>end</B> A.B.C.D;</TT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>8.h</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="SmallExamples"><TT><B>with</B> A.B.C; -- (1)<BR>
<B>private</B> <B>package</B> A.B.X <B>is</B><BR>
<B>end</B> A.B.X;</TT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>8.i</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="SmallExamples"><TT><B>package</B> A.B.Y <B>is</B><BR>
<B>end</B> A.B.Y;</TT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>8.j</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="SmallExamples"><TT><B>with</B> A.B.C; -- (2)<BR>
<B>package</B> <B>body</B> A.B.Y <B>is</B><BR>
<B>end</B> A.B.Y;</TT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>8.k</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Annotations"><FONT SIZE=-1>(1) is OK because it's a private
child of A.B -- it would be illegal if we made A.B.X a public child of
A.B. (2) is OK because it's the body of a child of A.B. It would be illegal
to say ``<B>with</B> A.B.C;'' on any <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">library_item</FONT>
whose name does not start with ``A.B''. Note that mentioning A.B.C.D
in a <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">with_clause</FONT> automatically mentions
A.B.C as well, so ``<B>with</B> A.B.C.D;'' is illegal in the same places
as ``<B>with</B> A.B.C;''. </FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>8.l</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Annotations"><FONT SIZE=-1><B>To be honest: </B>For the purposes
of this rule, if a <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">subprogram_body</FONT>
has no preceding <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">subprogram_declaration</FONT>,
the <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">subprogram_body</FONT> should be considered
a declaration and not a body. Thus, it is illegal for such a <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">subprogram_body</FONT>
to mention one of its siblings in a <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">with_clause</FONT>
if the sibling is a private library unit.</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="NotesHeader"><FONT SIZE=-1>NOTES</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>9</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Notes"><FONT SIZE=-1>3 A <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">library_item</FONT>
mentioned in a <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">with_clause</FONT> of a
compilation unit is visible within the compilation unit and hence acts
just like an ordinary declaration. Thus, within a compilation unit that
mentions its declaration, the name of a library package can be given
in <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">use_clause</FONT>s and can be used to
form expanded names, a library subprogram can be called, and instances
of a generic library unit can be declared. If a child of a parent generic
package is mentioned in a <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">with_clause</FONT>,
then the corresponding declaration nested within each visible instance
is visible within the compilation unit.</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>9.a</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Annotations"><FONT SIZE=-1><B>Ramification: </B>The rules
given for <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">with_clause</FONT>s are such
that the same effect is obtained whether the name of a library unit is
mentioned once or more than once by the applicable <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">with_clause</FONT>s,
or even within a given <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">with_clause</FONT>.</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>9.b</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Annotations"><FONT SIZE=-1>If a <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">with_clause</FONT>
mentions a <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">library_unit_renaming_declaration</FONT>,
it only ``mentions'' the <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">prefix</FONT>es
appearing explicitly in the <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">with_clause</FONT>
(and the renamed view itself); the <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">with_clause</FONT>
is not defined to mention the ancestors of the renamed entity. Thus,
if X renames Y.Z, then ``with X;'' does not make the declarations of
Y or Z visible. Note that this does not cause the dreaded visibility
holes mentioned above. </FONT></DIV>
<H4 ALIGN=CENTER>Extensions to Ada 83</H4>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>9.c</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Annotations"><FONT SIZE=-1><A NAME="I3905"></A>The syntax
rule for <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">with_clause</FONT> is modified
to allow expanded name notation.</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>9.d</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Annotations"><FONT SIZE=-1>A <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">use_clause</FONT>
in a <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">context_clause</FONT> may be for a
package (or type) nested in a library package. </FONT></DIV>
<H4 ALIGN=CENTER>Wording Changes from Ada 83</H4>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>9.e</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Annotations"><FONT SIZE=-1>The syntax rule for <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">context_clause</FONT>
is modified to more closely reflect the semantics. The Ada 83 syntax
rule implies that the <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">use_clause</FONT>s
that appear immediately after a particular <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">with_clause</FONT>
are somehow attached to that <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">with_clause</FONT>,
which is not true. The new syntax allows a <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">use_clause</FONT>
to appear first, but that is prevented by a textual rule that already
exists in Ada 83.</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>9.f</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Annotations"><FONT SIZE=-1>The concept of ``scope of a <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">with_clause</FONT>''
(which is a region of text) replaces RM83's notion of ``apply to'' (a
<FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">with_clause</FONT> applies to a <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">library_item</FONT>)
The visibility rules are interested in a region of text, not in a set
of compilation units.</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>9.g</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Annotations"><FONT SIZE=-1>No need to define ``apply to''
for <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">use_clause</FONT>s. Their semantics
are fully covered by the ``scope (of a <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">use_clause</FONT>)''
definition in <A HREF="AA-8-4.html">8.4</A>. </FONT></DIV>
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