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<H1> 13.9 Unchecked Type Conversions</H1>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>1</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Normal"> [<A NAME="I4593"></A> <A NAME="I4594"></A><A NAME="I4595"></A><A NAME="I4596"></A><A NAME="I4597"></A>An
unchecked type conversion can be achieved by a call to an instance of
the generic function Unchecked_Conversion.] </DIV>
<H4 ALIGN=CENTER>Static Semantics</H4>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>2</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Normal" Style="margin-bottom: 0.4em"> The following language-defined
generic library function exists: </DIV>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>3</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Examples"><TT><B>generic</B><BR>
<B>type</B> Source(<>) <B>is</B> <B>limited</B> <B>private</B>;<BR>
<B>type</B> Target(<>) <B>is</B> <B>limited</B> <B>private</B>;<BR>
<A NAME="I4598"></A><A NAME="I4599"></A><A NAME="I4600"></A><B>function</B> Ada.Unchecked_Conversion(S : Source) <B>return</B> Target;<BR>
<B>pragma</B> Convention(Intrinsic, Ada.Unchecked_Conversion);<BR>
<B>pragma</B> Pure(Ada.Unchecked_Conversion);</TT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>3.a</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Annotations"><FONT SIZE=-1><B>Reason: </B>The <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">pragma</FONT>
Convention implies that the attribute Access is not allowed for instances
of Unchecked_Conversion. </FONT></DIV>
<H4 ALIGN=CENTER>Dynamic Semantics</H4>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>4</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Normal"> The size of the formal parameter S in an instance
of Unchecked_Conversion is that of its subtype. [This is the actual subtype
passed to Source, except when the actual is an unconstrained composite
subtype, in which case the subtype is constrained by the bounds or discriminants
of the value of the actual expression passed to S.]</DIV>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>5</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Normal" Style="margin-bottom: 0.4em"> If all of the following
are true, the effect of an unchecked conversion is to return the value
of an object of the target subtype whose representation is the same as
that of the source object S: </DIV>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>6</FONT></DIV>
<UL Class="Bulleted"><LI TYPE=DISC>S'Size = Target'Size. </LI></UL>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>6.a</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Annotations"><FONT SIZE=-1><B>Ramification: </B>Note that
there is no requirement that the Sizes be known at compile time. </FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>7</FONT></DIV>
<UL Class="Bulleted"><LI TYPE=DISC>S'Alignment = Target'Alignment.</LI></UL>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>8</FONT></DIV>
<UL Class="Bulleted"><LI TYPE=DISC>The target subtype is not an unconstrained composite subtype.</LI></UL>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>9</FONT></DIV>
<UL Class="Bulleted"><LI TYPE=DISC><A NAME="I4601"></A><A NAME="I4602"></A>S and the target
subtype both have a contiguous representation.</LI></UL>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>10</FONT></DIV>
<UL Class="Bulleted"><LI TYPE=DISC>The representation of S is a representation of an object
of the target subtype. </LI></UL>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>11</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Normal"> Otherwise, the effect is implementation defined;
in particular, the result can be abnormal (see <A HREF="AA-13-9-1.html">13.9.1</A>).
</DIV>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>11.a</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Annotations"><FONT SIZE=-1><B>Implementation defined: </B>The
effect of unchecked conversion.</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>11.b</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Annotations"><FONT SIZE=-1><B>Ramification: </B>Whenever
unchecked conversions are used, it is the programmer's responsibility
to ensure that these conversions maintain the properties that are guaranteed
by the language for objects of the target type. This requires the user
to understand the underlying run-time model of the implementation. The
execution of a program that violates these properties by means of unchecked
conversions is erroneous.</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>11.c</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Annotations"><FONT SIZE=-1>An instance of Unchecked_Conversion
can be applied to an object of a private type, assuming the implementation
allows it. </FONT></DIV>
<H4 ALIGN=CENTER>Implementation Permissions</H4>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>12</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Normal"> An implementation may return the result of an
unchecked conversion by reference, if the Source type is not a by-copy
type. [In this case, the result of the unchecked conversion represents
simply a different (read-only) view of the operand of the conversion.]
</DIV>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>12.a</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Annotations"><FONT SIZE=-1><B>Ramification: </B>In other
words, the result object of a call on an instance of Unchecked_Conversion
can occupy the same storage as the formal parameter S. </FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>13</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Normal"> An implementation may place restrictions on Unchecked_Conversion.
</DIV>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>13.a</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Annotations"><FONT SIZE=-1><B>Ramification: </B>For example,
an instantiation of Unchecked_Conversion for types for which unchecked
conversion doesn't make sense may be disallowed. </FONT></DIV>
<H4 ALIGN=CENTER>Implementation Advice</H4>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>14</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Normal"> The Size of an array object should not include
its bounds; hence, the bounds should not be part of the converted data.
</DIV>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>14.a</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Annotations"><FONT SIZE=-1><B>Ramification: </B>On the other
hand, we have no advice to offer about discriminants and tag fields.
</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>15</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Normal"> The implementation should not generate unnecessary
run-time checks to ensure that the representation of S is a representation
of the target type. It should take advantage of the permission to return
by reference when possible. Restrictions on unchecked conversions should
be avoided unless required by the target environment. </DIV>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>15.a</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Annotations"><FONT SIZE=-1><B>Implementation Note: </B>As
an example of an unnecessary run-time check, consider a record type with
gaps between components. The compiler might assume that such gaps are
always zero bits. If a value is produced that does not obey that assumption,
then the program might misbehave. The implementation should not generate
extra code to check for zero bits (except, perhaps, in a special error-checking
mode).</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>16</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Normal" Style="margin-bottom: 0.4em"> <A NAME="I4603"></A>The
recommended level of support for unchecked conversions is: </DIV>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>17</FONT></DIV>
<UL Class="Bulleted"><LI TYPE=DISC>Unchecked conversions should be supported and should be
reversible in the cases where this clause defines the result. <A NAME="I4604"></A><A NAME="I4605"></A>To
enable meaningful use of unchecked conversion, a contiguous representation
should be used for elementary subtypes, for statically constrained array
subtypes whose component subtype is one of the subtypes described in
this paragraph, and for record subtypes without discriminants whose component
subtypes are described in this paragraph. </LI></UL>
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