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<P><A HREF="AA-TOC.html">Contents</A> <A HREF="AA-0-29.html">Index</A> <A HREF="AA-4.html">Previous</A> <A HREF="AA-4-1-1.html">Next</A></P>
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<H1> 4.1 Names</H1>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>1</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Normal"> [<FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">Name</FONT>s can
denote declared entities, whether declared explicitly or implicitly (see
<A HREF="AA-3-1.html">3.1</A>). <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">Name</FONT>s
can also denote objects or subprograms designated by access values; the
results of <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">type_conversion</FONT>s or <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">function_call</FONT>s;
subcomponents and slices of objects and values; protected subprograms,
single entries, entry families, and entries in families of entries. Finally,
<FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">name</FONT>s can denote attributes of any
of the foregoing.] </DIV>
<H4 ALIGN=CENTER>Syntax</H4>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>2</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="SyntaxIndented"><FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">name<A NAME="I2250"></A>
::= </FONT><BR>
<A NAME="I2251"></A><FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">direct_name</FONT> | <A NAME="I2252"></A><FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">explicit_dereference</FONT><BR>
| <A NAME="I2253"></A><FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">indexed_component</FONT> | <A NAME="I2254"></A><FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">slice</FONT><BR>
| <A NAME="I2255"></A><FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">selected_component</FONT> | <A NAME="I2256"></A><FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">attribute_reference</FONT><BR>
| <A NAME="I2257"></A><FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">type_conversion</FONT> | <A NAME="I2258"></A><FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">function_call</FONT><BR>
| <A NAME="I2259"></A><FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">character_literal</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>3</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="SyntaxIndented"><FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">direct_name<A NAME="I2260"></A>
::= </FONT><A NAME="I2261"></A><FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">identifier</FONT> | <A NAME="I2262"></A><FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">operator_symbol</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>3.a</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Annotations"><FONT SIZE=-1><B>Discussion: </B><FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">character_literal</FONT>
is no longer a <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">direct_name</FONT>. <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">character_literal</FONT>s
are usable even when the corresponding <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">enumeration_type_declaration</FONT>
is not visible. See <A HREF="AA-4-2.html">4.2</A>. </FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>4</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="SyntaxIndented"><FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">prefix<A NAME="I2263"></A>
::= </FONT><A NAME="I2264"></A><FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">name</FONT> | <A NAME="I2265"></A><FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">implicit_dereference</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>5</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="SyntaxIndented"><FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">explicit_dereference<A NAME="I2266"></A>
::= </FONT><A NAME="I2267"></A><FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">name</FONT>.<B>all</B></DIV>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>6</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="SyntaxIndented"><FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">implicit_dereference<A NAME="I2268"></A>
::= </FONT><A NAME="I2269"></A><FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">name</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>7</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Normal"> [Certain forms of <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">name</FONT>
(<FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">indexed_component</FONT>s, <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">selected_component</FONT>s,
<FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">slice</FONT>s, and <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">attribute</FONT>s)
include a <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">prefix</FONT> that is either
itself a <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">name</FONT> that denotes some
related entity, or an <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">implicit_dereference</FONT>
of an access value that designates some related entity.] </DIV>
<H4 ALIGN=CENTER>Name Resolution Rules</H4>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>8</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Normal"> <A NAME="I2270"></A><A NAME="I2271"></A>The <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">name</FONT>
in a <I>dereference</I> (either an <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">implicit_dereference</FONT>
or an <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">explicit_dereference</FONT>) is expected
to be of any access type. </DIV>
<H4 ALIGN=CENTER>Static Semantics</H4>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>9</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Normal"> <A NAME="I2272"></A>If the type of the <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">name</FONT>
in a dereference is some access-to-object type <I>T</I>, then the dereference
denotes a view of an object, the <I>nominal subtype</I> of the view being
the designated subtype of <I>T</I>. </DIV>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>9.a</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Annotations"><FONT SIZE=-1><B>Ramification: </B>If the value
of the <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">name</FONT> is the result of an
access type conversion, the dereference denotes a view created as part
of the conversion. The nominal subtype of the view is not necessarily
the same as that used to create the designated object. See <A HREF="AA-4-6.html">4.6</A>.
</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>9.b</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Annotations"><FONT SIZE=-1><B>To be honest: </B><A NAME="I2273"></A>We
sometimes refer to the nominal subtype of a particular kind of <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">name</FONT>
rather than the nominal subtype of the view denoted by the <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">name</FONT>
(presuming the <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">name</FONT> denotes a view
of an object). These two uses of nominal subtype are intended to mean
the same thing. </FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>10</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Normal"> <A NAME="I2274"></A>If the type of the <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">name</FONT>
in a dereference is some access-to-subprogram type <I>S</I>, then the
dereference denotes a view of a subprogram, the <I>profile</I> of the
view being the designated profile of <I>S</I>. </DIV>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>10.a</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Annotations"><FONT SIZE=-1><B>Ramification: </B>This means
that the formal parameter names and default expressions to be used in
a call whose <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">name</FONT> or <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">prefix</FONT>
is a dereference are those of the designated profile, which need not
be the same as those of the subprogram designated by the access value,
since 'Access requires only subtype conformance, not full conformance.
</FONT></DIV>
<H4 ALIGN=CENTER>Dynamic Semantics</H4>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>11</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Normal"> <A NAME="I2275"></A>The evaluation of a <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">name</FONT>
determines the entity denoted by the name. This evaluation has no other
effect for a <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">name</FONT> that is a <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">direct_name</FONT>
or a <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">character_literal</FONT>.</DIV>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>12</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Normal"> <A NAME="I2276"></A>[The evaluation of a <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">name</FONT>
that has a <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">prefix</FONT> includes the evaluation
of the <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">prefix</FONT>.] <A NAME="I2277"></A>The
evaluation of a <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">prefix</FONT> consists
of the evaluation of the <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">name</FONT> or
the <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">implicit_dereference</FONT>. The <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">prefix</FONT>
denotes the entity denoted by the <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">name</FONT>
or the <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">implicit_dereference</FONT>.</DIV>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>13</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Normal"> <A NAME="I2278"></A>The evaluation of a dereference
consists of the evaluation of the <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">name</FONT>
and the determination of the object or subprogram that is designated
by the value of the <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">name</FONT>. <A NAME="I2279"></A><A NAME="I2280"></A>A
check is made that the value of the <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">name</FONT>
is not the null access value. <A NAME="I2281"></A>Constraint_Error is
raised if this check fails. The dereference denotes the object or subprogram
designated by the value of the <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">name</FONT>.
</DIV>
<H4 ALIGN=CENTER>Examples</H4>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>14</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Normal" Style="margin-bottom: 0.4em"> <I>Examples of
direct names:</I> </DIV>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>15</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Examples"><TT>Pi <I>-- the direct name of a number</I> (see <A HREF="AA-3-3-2.html">3.3.2</A>)<BR>
Limit <I>-- the direct name of a constant</I> (see <A HREF="AA-3-3-1.html">3.3.1</A>)<BR>
Count <I>-- the direct name of a scalar variable</I> (see <A HREF="AA-3-3-1.html">3.3.1</A>)<BR>
Board <I>-- the direct name of an array variable</I> (see <A HREF="AA-3-6-1.html">3.6.1</A>)<BR>
Matrix <I>-- the direct name of a type</I> (see <A HREF="AA-3-6.html">3.6</A>)<BR>
Random <I>-- the direct name of a function</I> (see <A HREF="AA-6-1.html">6.1</A>)<BR>
Error <I>-- the direct name of an exception</I> (see <A HREF="AA-11-1.html">11.1</A>)</TT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>16</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Wide" Style="margin-bottom: 0.4em"> <I>Examples of dereferences:</I>
</DIV>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>17</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Examples"><TT>Next_Car.<B>all</B> <I>-- explicit dereference denoting the object designated by</I><BR>
<I>-- the access variable Next_Car (see <A HREF="AA-3-10-1.html">3.10.1</A>)</I><BR>
Next_Car.Owner <I>-- selected component with implicit dereference;</I><BR>
<I>-- same as Next_Car.<B>all</B>.Owner</I></TT></DIV>
<H4 ALIGN=CENTER>Extensions to Ada 83</H4>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>17.a</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Annotations"><FONT SIZE=-1><A NAME="I2282"></A>Type conversions
and function calls are now considered names that denote the result of
the operation. In the case of a type conversion used as an actual parameter
or that is of a tagged type, the type conversion is considered a variable
if the operand is a variable. This simplifies the description of "parameters
of the form of a type conversion" as well as better supporting an
important OOP paradigm that requires the combination of a conversion
from a class-wide type to some specific type followed immediately by
component selection. Function calls are considered names so that a type
conversion of a function call and the function call itself are treated
equivalently in the grammar. A function call is considered the name of
a constant, and can be used anywhere such a name is permitted. See <A HREF="AA-6-5.html">6.5</A>.</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>17.b/1</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Annotations"><FONT SIZE=-1>Type conversions of a tagged type
are permitted anywhere their operand is permitted. That is, if the operand
is a variable, then the type conversion can appear on the left-hand side
of an <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">assignment_statement</FONT>. If the
operand is an object, then the type conversion can appear in an object
renaming or as a <U><FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">prefix</FONT></U><S>prefix</S>.
See <A HREF="AA-4-6.html">4.6</A>. </FONT></DIV>
<H4 ALIGN=CENTER>Wording Changes from Ada 83</H4>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>17.c</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Annotations"><FONT SIZE=-1>Everything of the general syntactic
form <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">name</FONT>(...) is now syntactically
a <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">name</FONT>. In any realistic parser,
this would be a necessity since distinguishing among the various <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">name</FONT>(...)
constructs inevitably requires name resolution. In cases where the construct
yields a value rather than an object, the name denotes the value rather
than an object. Names already denote values in Ada 83 with named numbers,
components of the result of a function call, etc. This is partly just
a wording change, and partly an extension of functionality (see Extensions
heading above).</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>17.d</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Annotations"><FONT SIZE=-1>The syntax rule for <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">direct_name</FONT>
is new. It is used in places where direct visibility is required. It's
kind of like Ada 83's <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">simple_name</FONT>,
but <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">simple_name</FONT> applied to both
direct visibility and visibility by selection, and furthermore, it didn't
work right for <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">operator_symbol</FONT>s.
The syntax rule for <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">simple_name</FONT>
is removed, since its use is covered by a combination of <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">direct_name</FONT>
and <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">selector_name</FONT>. The syntactic
categories <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">direct_name</FONT> and <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">selector_name</FONT>
are similar; it's mainly the visibility rules that distinguish the two.
The introduction of <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">direct_name</FONT>
requires the insertion of one new explicit textual rule: to forbid <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">statement_identifier</FONT>s
from being <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">operator_symbol</FONT>s. This
is the only case where the explicit rule is needed, because this is the
only case where the declaration of the entity is implicit. For example,
there is no need to syntactically forbid (say) ``X: "Rem";'',
because it is impossible to declare a type whose name is an <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">operator_symbol</FONT>
in the first place.</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>17.e</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Annotations"><FONT SIZE=-1>The syntax rules for <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">explicit_dereference</FONT>
and <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">implicit_dereference</FONT> are new;
this makes other rules simpler, since dereferencing an access value has
substantially different semantics from <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">selected_component</FONT>s.
We also use <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">name</FONT> instead of <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">prefix</FONT>
in the <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">explicit_dereference</FONT> rule
since that seems clearer. Note that these rules rely on the fact that
function calls are now names, so we don't need to use prefix to allow
functions calls in front of .<B>all</B>. </FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>17.f</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Annotations"><FONT SIZE=-1><B>Discussion: </B>Actually, it
would be reasonable to allow any <FONT FACE="Arial, Helvetica">primary</FONT>
in front of .<B>all</B>, since only the value is needed, but that would
be a bit radical. </FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>17.g</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Annotations"><FONT SIZE=-1>We no longer use the term <I>appropriate
for a type</I> since we now describe the semantics of a prefix in terms
of implicit dereference. </FONT></DIV>
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