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<H1> A.3.2 The Package Characters.Handling</H1>
<H4 ALIGN=CENTER>Static Semantics</H4>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>1</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Normal" Style="margin-bottom: 0.4em"> The library package
Characters.Handling has the following declaration: </DIV>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>2</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Examples"><TT><B>package</B> Ada.Characters.Handling <B>is</B><A NAME="I4817"></A><A NAME="I4818"></A><A NAME="I4819"></A><BR>
<B>pragma</B> Preelaborate(Handling);</TT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>3</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Examples"><TT>--<I>Character classification functions</I></TT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>4</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Examples"><TT> <B>function</B> <A NAME="I4820"></A><A NAME="I4821"></A>Is_Control (Item : <B>in</B> Character) <B>return</B> Boolean;<BR>
<B>function</B> <A NAME="I4822"></A><A NAME="I4823"></A>Is_Graphic (Item : <B>in</B> Character) <B>return</B> Boolean;<BR>
<B>function</B> <A NAME="I4824"></A><A NAME="I4825"></A>Is_Letter (Item : <B>in</B> Character) <B>return</B> Boolean;<BR>
<B>function</B> <A NAME="I4826"></A><A NAME="I4827"></A>Is_Lower (Item : <B>in</B> Character) <B>return</B> Boolean;<BR>
<B>function</B> <A NAME="I4828"></A><A NAME="I4829"></A>Is_Upper (Item : <B>in</B> Character) <B>return</B> Boolean;<BR>
<B>function</B> <A NAME="I4830"></A><A NAME="I4831"></A>Is_Basic (Item : <B>in</B> Character) <B>return</B> Boolean;<BR>
<B>function</B> <A NAME="I4832"></A><A NAME="I4833"></A>Is_Digit (Item : <B>in</B> Character) <B>return</B> Boolean;<BR>
<B>function</B> <A NAME="I4834"></A><A NAME="I4835"></A>Is_Decimal_Digit (Item : <B>in</B> Character) <B>return</B> Boolean<BR>
<B>renames</B> Is_Digit;<BR>
<B>function</B> <A NAME="I4836"></A><A NAME="I4837"></A>Is_Hexadecimal_Digit (Item : <B>in</B> Character) <B>return</B> Boolean;<BR>
<B>function</B> <A NAME="I4838"></A><A NAME="I4839"></A>Is_Alphanumeric (Item : <B>in</B> Character) <B>return</B> Boolean;<BR>
<B>function</B> <A NAME="I4840"></A><A NAME="I4841"></A>Is_Special (Item : <B>in</B> Character) <B>return</B> Boolean;</TT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>5</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Examples"><TT>--<I>Conversion functions for Character and String</I></TT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>6</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Examples"><TT> <B>function</B> <A NAME="I4842"></A><A NAME="I4843"></A>To_Lower (Item : <B>in</B> Character) <B>return</B> Character;<BR>
<B>function</B> <A NAME="I4844"></A><A NAME="I4845"></A>To_Upper (Item : <B>in</B> Character) <B>return</B> Character;<BR>
<B>function</B> <A NAME="I4846"></A><A NAME="I4847"></A>To_Basic (Item : <B>in</B> Character) <B>return</B> Character;</TT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>7</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Examples"><TT> <B>function</B> <A NAME="I4848"></A><A NAME="I4849"></A>To_Lower (Item : <B>in</B> String) <B>return</B> String;<BR>
<B>function</B> <A NAME="I4850"></A><A NAME="I4851"></A>To_Upper (Item : <B>in</B> String) <B>return</B> String;<BR>
<B>function</B> <A NAME="I4852"></A><A NAME="I4853"></A>To_Basic (Item : <B>in</B> String) <B>return</B> String;</TT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>8</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Examples"><TT>--<I>Classifications of and conversions between Character and ISO 646</I></TT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>9</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Examples"><TT> <B>subtype</B> <A NAME="I4854"></A>ISO_646 <B>is</B><BR>
Character <B>range</B> Character'Val(0) .. Character'Val(127);</TT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>10</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Examples"><TT> <B>function</B> <A NAME="I4855"></A><A NAME="I4856"></A>Is_ISO_646 (Item : <B>in</B> Character) <B>return</B> Boolean;<BR>
<B>function</B> <A NAME="I4857"></A><A NAME="I4858"></A>Is_ISO_646 (Item : <B>in</B> String) <B>return</B> Boolean;</TT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>11</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Examples"><TT> <B>function</B> <A NAME="I4859"></A><A NAME="I4860"></A>To_ISO_646 (Item : <B>in</B> Character;<BR>
Substitute : <B>in</B> ISO_646 := ' ')<BR>
<B>return</B> ISO_646;</TT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>12</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Examples"><TT> <B>function</B> <A NAME="I4861"></A><A NAME="I4862"></A>To_ISO_646 (Item : <B>in</B> String;<BR>
Substitute : <B>in</B> ISO_646 := ' ')<BR>
<B>return</B> String;</TT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>13</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Examples"><TT>--<I>Classifications of and conversions between Wide_Character and Character.</I></TT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>14</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Examples"><TT> <B>function</B> <A NAME="I4863"></A><A NAME="I4864"></A>Is_Character (Item : <B>in</B> Wide_Character) <B>return</B> Boolean;<BR>
<B>function</B> <A NAME="I4865"></A><A NAME="I4866"></A>Is_String (Item : <B>in</B> Wide_String) <B>return</B> Boolean;</TT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>15</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Examples"><TT> <B>function</B> <A NAME="I4867"></A><A NAME="I4868"></A>To_Character (Item : <B>in</B> Wide_Character;<BR>
Substitute : <B>in</B> Character := ' ')<BR>
<B>return</B> Character;</TT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>16</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Examples"><TT> <B>function</B> <A NAME="I4869"></A><A NAME="I4870"></A>To_String (Item : <B>in</B> Wide_String;<BR>
Substitute : <B>in</B> Character := ' ')<BR>
<B>return</B> String;</TT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>17</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Examples"><TT> <B>function</B> <A NAME="I4871"></A><A NAME="I4872"></A>To_Wide_Character (Item : <B>in</B> Character) <B>return</B> Wide_Character;</TT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>18</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Examples"><TT> <B>function</B> <A NAME="I4873"></A><A NAME="I4874"></A>To_Wide_String (Item : <B>in</B> String) <B>return</B> Wide_String;</TT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>19</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Examples"><TT><B>end</B> Ada.Characters.Handling;</TT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>20</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Normal"> In the description below for each function that
returns a Boolean result, the effect is described in terms of the conditions
under which the value True is returned. If these conditions are not met,
then the function returns False.</DIV>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>21</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Normal"> Each of the following classification functions
has a formal Character parameter, Item, and returns a Boolean result.
</DIV>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>22</FONT></DIV>
<DL Class="Hanging"><DT> <A NAME="I4875"></A>Is_Control <DD Class="Hanging">
True if Item is a control character. A <I>control character</I> is a
character whose position is in one of the ranges 0..31 or 127..159.</DL>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>23</FONT></DIV>
<DL Class="Hanging"><DT> <A NAME="I4876"></A>Is_Graphic <DD Class="Hanging">
True if Item is a graphic character. A <I>graphic character</I> is a
character whose position is in one of the ranges 32..126 or 160..255.</DL>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>24</FONT></DIV>
<DL Class="Hanging"><DT> <A NAME="I4877"></A>Is_Letter <DD Class="Hanging">
True if Item is a letter. A <I>letter</I> is a character that is in one
of the ranges 'A'..'Z' or 'a'..'z', or whose position is in one of the
ranges 192..214, 216..246, or 248..255.</DL>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>25</FONT></DIV>
<DL Class="Hanging"><DT> <A NAME="I4878"></A>Is_Lower <DD Class="Hanging">
True if Item is a lower-case letter. A <I>lower-case letter</I> is a
character that is in the range 'a'..'z', or whose position is in one
of the ranges 223..246 or 248..255.</DL>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>26</FONT></DIV>
<DL Class="Hanging"><DT> <A NAME="I4879"></A>Is_Upper<DD Class="Hanging">
True if Item is an upper-case letter. An <I>upper-case letter</I> is
a character that is in the range 'A'..'Z' or whose position is in one
of the ranges 192..214 or 216.. 222.</DL>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>27</FONT></DIV>
<DL Class="Hanging"><DT> <A NAME="I4880"></A>Is_Basic <DD Class="Hanging">
True if Item is a basic letter. A <I>basic letter</I> is a character
that is in one of the ranges 'A'..'Z' and 'a'..'z', or that is one of
the following: 'Æ', 'æ', 'Ð', 'ð', 'Þ', 'þ',
or 'ß'.</DL>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>28</FONT></DIV>
<DL Class="Hanging"><DT> <A NAME="I4881"></A>Is_Digit <DD Class="Hanging">
True if Item is a decimal digit. A <I>decimal digit</I> is a character
in the range '0'..'9'.</DL>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>29</FONT></DIV>
<DL Class="Hanging"><DT> Is_Decimal_Digit <DD Class="Hanging">
A renaming of Is_Digit.</DL>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>30</FONT></DIV>
<DL Class="Hanging"><DT> <A NAME="I4882"></A>Is_Hexadecimal_Digit <DD Class="Hanging">
True if Item is a hexadecimal digit. A <I>hexadecimal digit</I> is a
character that is either a decimal digit or that is in one of the ranges
'A' .. 'F' or 'a' .. 'f'.</DL>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>31</FONT></DIV>
<DL Class="Hanging"><DT> <A NAME="I4883"></A>Is_Alphanumeric <DD Class="Hanging">
True if Item is an alphanumeric character. An <I>alphanumeric character</I>
is a character that is either a letter or a decimal digit.</DL>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>32</FONT></DIV>
<DL Class="Hanging"><DT> <A NAME="I4884"></A>Is_Special <DD Class="Hanging">
True if Item is a special graphic character. A <I>special graphic character</I>
is a graphic character that is not alphanumeric. </DL>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>33</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Normal"> Each of the names To_Lower, To_Upper, and To_Basic
refers to two functions: one that converts from Character to Character,
and the other that converts from String to String. The result of each
Character-to-Character function is described below, in terms of the conversion
applied to Item, its formal Character parameter. The result of each
String-to-String conversion is obtained by applying to each element
of the function's String parameter the corresponding Character-to-Character
conversion; the result is the null String if the value of the formal
parameter is the null String. The lower bound of the result String is
1. </DIV>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>34</FONT></DIV>
<DL Class="Hanging"><DT> To_Lower<DD Class="Hanging">
Returns the corresponding lower-case value for Item if Is_Upper(Item),
and returns Item otherwise.</DL>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>35</FONT></DIV>
<DL Class="Hanging"><DT> To_Upper<DD Class="Hanging">
Returns the corresponding upper-case value for Item if Is_Lower(Item)
and Item has an upper-case form, and returns Item otherwise. The lower
case letters 'ß' and 'ÿ' do not have upper case forms.</DL>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>36</FONT></DIV>
<DL Class="Hanging"><DT> To_Basic<DD Class="Hanging">
Returns the letter corresponding to Item but with no diacritical mark,
if Item is a letter but not a basic letter; returns Item otherwise. </DL>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>37</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Normal"> The following set of functions test for membership
in the ISO 646 character range, or convert between ISO 646 and Character.
</DIV>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>38</FONT></DIV>
<DL Class="Hanging"><DT> Is_ISO_646<DD Class="Hanging">
The function whose formal parameter, Item, is of type Character returns
True if Item is in the subtype ISO_646.</DL>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>39</FONT></DIV>
<DL Class="Hanging"><DT> Is_ISO_646<DD Class="Hanging">
The function whose formal parameter, Item, is of type String returns
True if Is_ISO_646(Item(I)) is True for each I in Item'Range.</DL>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>40</FONT></DIV>
<DL Class="Hanging"><DT> To_ISO_646<DD Class="Hanging">
The function whose first formal parameter, Item, is of type Character
returns Item if Is_ISO_646(Item), and returns the Substitute ISO_646
character otherwise.</DL>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>41</FONT></DIV>
<DL Class="Hanging"><DT> To_ISO_646<DD Class="Hanging">
The function whose first formal parameter, Item, is of type String returns
the String whose Range is 1..Item'Length and each of whose elements is
given by To_ISO_646 of the corresponding element in Item. </DL>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>42</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Normal"> The following set of functions test Wide_Character
values for membership in Character, or convert between corresponding
characters of Wide_Character and Character. </DIV>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>43</FONT></DIV>
<DL Class="Hanging"><DT> Is_Character<DD Class="Hanging">
Returns True if Wide_Character'Pos(Item) <= Character'Pos(Character'Last).</DL>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>44</FONT></DIV>
<DL Class="Hanging"><DT> Is_String<DD Class="Hanging">
Returns True if Is_Character(Item(I)) is True for each I in Item'Range.</DL>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>45</FONT></DIV>
<DL Class="Hanging"><DT> To_Character<DD Class="Hanging">
Returns the Character corresponding to Item if Is_Character(Item), and
returns the Substitute Character otherwise.</DL>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>46</FONT></DIV>
<DL Class="Hanging"><DT> To_String<DD Class="Hanging">
Returns the String whose range is 1..Item'Length and each of whose elements
is given by To_Character of the corresponding element in Item.</DL>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>47</FONT></DIV>
<DL Class="Hanging"><DT> To_Wide_Character<DD Class="Hanging">
Returns the Wide_Character X such that Character'Pos(Item) = Wide_Character'Pos(X).</DL>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>48</FONT></DIV>
<DL Class="Hanging"><DT> To_Wide_String<DD Class="Hanging">
Returns the Wide_String whose range is 1..Item'Length and each of whose
elements is given by To_Wide_Character of the corresponding element in
Item. </DL>
<H4 ALIGN=CENTER>Implementation Advice</H4>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>49</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Normal"> If an implementation provides a localized definition
of Character or Wide_Character, then the effects of the subprograms in
Characters.Handling should reflect the localizations. See also <A HREF="AA-3-5-2.html">3.5.2</A>.
</DIV>
<DIV Class="NotesHeader"><FONT SIZE=-1>NOTES</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>50</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Notes"><FONT SIZE=-1>5 A basic letter is a letter
without a diacritical mark.</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>51</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Notes" Style="margin-bottom: 0.4em"><FONT SIZE=-1>6 Except
for the hexadecimal digits, basic letters, and ISO_646 characters, the
categories identified in the classification functions form a strict hierarchy:
</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>52</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Annotations" Style="margin-bottom: 0.4em"><FONT SIZE=-1>-- Control characters</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>53</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Annotations" Style="margin-bottom: 0.4em"><FONT SIZE=-1>-- Graphic characters</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>54</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Annotations" Style="margin-bottom: 0.4em"><FONT SIZE=-1> -- Alphanumeric characters</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>55</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Annotations" Style="margin-bottom: 0.4em"><FONT SIZE=-1> -- Letters</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>56</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Annotations" Style="margin-bottom: 0.4em"><FONT SIZE=-1> -- Upper-case letters</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>57</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Annotations" Style="margin-bottom: 0.4em"><FONT SIZE=-1> -- Lower-case letters</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>58</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Annotations" Style="margin-bottom: 0.4em"><FONT SIZE=-1> -- Decimal digits</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>59</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Annotations" Style="margin-bottom: 0.4em"><FONT SIZE=-1> -- Special graphic characters</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Paranum"><FONT SIZE=-2>59.a</FONT></DIV>
<DIV Class="Annotations"><FONT SIZE=-1><B>Ramification: </B>Thus each
Character value is either a control character or a graphic character
but not both; each graphic character is either an alphanumeric or special
graphic but not both; each alphanumeric is either a letter or decimal
digit but not both; each letter is either upper case or lower case but
not both.</FONT></DIV>
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