<!doctype debiandoc system>
<debiandoc>

<book>

<title>APT HOWTO</title>

<author>
<name>Gustavo Noronha Silva</name> <email>kov@debian.org</email>
</author>
<author>
  A    
  <email>costas@step.gr</email>
</author>

<version>1.8.5 - July 2003</version>

<abstract>
  ,        
        Debian,  
APT.             
 Debian         
     .    
Debian,    ,      
     .
</abstract>

<copyright>
<copyrightsummary>
Copyright &copy; 2001, 2002 Gustavo Noronha Silva
</copyrightsummary>
<copyrightsummary>
  &copy;      2003  
</copyrightsummary>
<p>
        GNU FDL (Free Documentation
License).            
           .
</copyright>

<toc>

<chapt>
<p>
   .tar.gz.         
       GNU/Linux.  
 Debian,         
      .    
<prgn>dpkg</prgn>.    `'      
GNU/Linux,    Red Hat   , ,  
  `rpm'.
<p>
          GNU/Linux. 
  , ,      
    , ,      
       .  ,  Debian
     ,   APT,  Advanced 
Packaging Tool,     Conectiva       rpm
      .
<p>
      apt-rpm,   APT  Conectiva
   ""      ,  
  
<p>
         Debian,  <tt>Sarge</tt>.
</chapt>

<chapt id="basico"> 

<sect id="sources.list">  /etc/apt/sources.list
<p>
    ,  APT   ,  
  '',       .    
  <tt>/etc/apt/sources.list</tt>.
<p>
          :

<p>
<example>
deb http://host/debian distribution section1 section2 section3
deb-src http://host/debian distribution section1 section2 section3
</example>

<p>
           
.      , <tt>deb</tt>  <tt>deb-src</tt>
    :      
(<tt>deb</tt>),       ,  
  (<tt>deb-src</tt>),        
 ,       Debian (<tt>.dsc</tt>)  
   <tt>diff.gz</tt>      ,  
        Debian.
<p>
      sources.list  Debian:
<p>
<example>
# See sources.list(5) for more information, especialy
# Remember that you can only use http, ftp or file URIs
# CDROMs are managed through the apt-cdrom tool.
deb http://http.us.debian.org/debian stable main contrib non-free
deb http://non-us.debian.org/debian-non-US stable/non-US main contrib non-free
deb http://security.debian.org stable/updates main contrib non-free

# Uncomment if you want the apt-get source function to work
#deb-src http://http.us.debian.org/debian stable main contrib non-free
#deb-src http://non-us.debian.org/debian-non-US stable/non-US 
</example>

<p>
           Debian. 
   <tt>deb</tt>     ,   
           
  Debian.
<p>
      (  '#' ),   
apt-get   .    <tt>deb-src</tt>,   
        Debian.    
         , 
  '#'   .
<p>
  <tt>/etc/apt/sources.list</tt>      
.  APT       <tt>http</tt>,
<tt>ftp</tt>, <tt>file</tt> (  ..     
    ISO9660)  <tt>ssh</tt>, `  . 
<p>
      <tt>apt-get update</tt>  
   <tt>/etc/apt/sources.list</tt>.     
      APT       
       .
</sect>

<sect id="dpkg-scanpackages">    APT 
<p>
      .deb,      
  APT,        .
<p>
    ,         
  .deb,       .  :
<p>
<example>
# mkdir /root/debs
</example>
<p>
        
      <tt></tt>.
         ,  
      .     :
<p>
<example>
package priority section 
</example>
<p>
 package     ,      
(low),  (medium)  (high)  section    
  .       ,    
     <prgn>dpkg-scanpackages</prgn> .  
     <tt></tt>,   
 <file>/dev/null</file>     <prgn>dpkg-scanpackages</prgn>.
<p>
    /root   :
<p>
<example>
# dpkg-scanpackages debs <var>file</var> | gzip &gt; debs/Packages.gz
</example>
<p>
 <var>file</var>      <tt></tt>.   
   <file>Packages.gz</file>     
    ,      APT. 
,       ( sources.list):
<p>
<example>
deb file:/root debs/
</example>
<p>
  ,     APT  .  
       .     
,    ,       
 <tt>.orig.tar.gz</tt>, <tt>.dsc</tt>  <tt>.diff.gz</tt>  
     <tt>Sources.gz</tt>   <tt>Packages.gz</tt>.
       .   
<prgn>dpkg-scansources</prgn>. 
     :
<p>
<example>
# dpkg-scansources debs | gzip &gt; debs/Sources.gz
</example>
<p>
   <prgn>dpkg-scansources</prgn>     
<tt></tt>.    sources.list :
<p>
<example>
deb-src file:/root debs/
</example>
</sect>

<sect id="netselect">           sources.list: netselect, netselect-apt
<p>
     , ,   , :
"   Debian    <tt>sources.list</tt>;". 
      .     
          ping   
 mirrors.          : 
 <strong>netselect</strong>.
<p>
     netselect, :
<p>
<example>
# apt-get install netselect
</example>
<p>
      ,   .   
       ,  
      .     
   ping     hops (    
             
)        '' 
(   ).        
   (       
   -vv).    : <p>
<example>
# netselect ftp.debian.org http.us.debian.org ftp.at.debian.org download.unesp.br ftp.debian.org.br
  365 ftp.debian.org.br
#
</example>
<p>
  ,         
netselect,  <tt>ftp.debian.org.br</tt>   ,   365. 
(!!            
      ,       
      ).
<p>
,      mirror     netselect   
<tt>/etc/apt/sources.list</tt> (   <ref id="sources.list">)  
    <ref id="apt-get">.
<p> <strong>:</strong>     mirrors     
  <url id="http://www.debian.org/mirror/mirrors_full"
name="http://www.debian.org/mirror/mirrors_full">.
<p>
    0.3,   netselect    
 <strong>netselect-apt</strong>,      
.    distribution tree   (  
 stable)    <tt>sources.list</tt>     
    mirrors      .  
     sources.list   :
<p>
<example>
# ls sources.list
ls: sources.list: File or directory not found
# netselect-apt stable
(...)
# ls -l sources.list
sources.list
#
</example>
<p>
<strong>:</strong>   sources.list   
       <tt>/etc/apt</tt>.
<p>
,     <ref id="apt-get">.
</sect>

<sect id="cdrom">  CD-ROM   sources.list
<p>
     CD-ROM     
             
APT,        <tt>sources.list</tt>.  
   ,      
<prgn>apt-cdrom</prgn>    :

<p>
<example>
# apt-cdrom add
</example>

<p>
  CD-ROM  Debian  .    CD-ROM     
 CD  Debian       .    
 CD-ROM    ,     
  :

<p>
<example>
-h           - program help
-d directory - CD-ROM mount point
-r           - Rename a recognized CD-ROM
-m           - No mounting
-f           - Fast mode, don't check package files
-a           - Thorough scan mode
</example>

<p>
 :

<p>
<example>
# apt-cdrom -d /home/kov/mycdrom add
</example>

<p>
     CD-ROM,      :

<p>
<example>
# apt-cdrom ident
</example>

<p>
         CD-ROM   
   <tt>/etc/fstab</tt>   .
</sect>

</chapt>

<chapt id="apt-get"> 
<sect id="update">     
<p>
          
   ,        
.   <prgn>apt-get</prgn>     
            
           
    .
<p>
     ,     
<prgn>apt-get update</prgn>.         
     <tt>/etc/apt/sources.list</tt>   
<ref id="sources.list">        .
<p>
              
     ,    .
</sect>

<sect id="install"> 
<p>
,     !     sources.list 
             
      <tt>apt-get</tt>     
 .  ,   :

<p>
<example>
# apt-get install xchat
</example>

<p>
 APT            
           
 <tt>sources.list</tt>.          
 --     --  APT     
      .    :

<p>
<example>
# apt-get install nautilus
Reading Package Lists... Done
Building Dependency Tree... Done
The following extra packages will be installed:
  bonobo libmedusa0 libnautilus0 
The following NEW packages will be installed:
  bonobo libmedusa0 libnautilus0 nautilus 
0 packages upgraded, 4 newly installed, 0 to remove and 1  not upgraded.
Need to get 8329kB of archives. After unpacking 17.2MB will be used.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n] 
</example>

<p>
  <package>nautilus</package>     
  ,   APT      . 
            
<tt>apt-get</tt>,  APT          
        .
<p>
    APT        
         .
<p>
     apt-get    :

<p>
<example>
-h  This help text.
-d  Download only - do NOT install or unpack archives
-f  Attempt to continue if the integrity check fails
-s  No-act. Perform ordering simulation
-y  Assume Yes to all queries and do not prompt
-u  Show a list of upgraded packages as well
</example>

<p>
         .
    ''      
<tt>/var/cache/apt/archives</tt>      .
<p>
           
,.    '-'        
,  :

<p>
<example>
# apt-get install nautilus gnome-panel-       
Reading Package Lists... Done
Building Dependency Tree... Done
The following extra packages will be installed:
  bonobo libmedusa0 libnautilus0 
The following packages will be REMOVED:
  gnome-applets gnome-panel gnome-panel-data gnome-session 
The following NEW packages will be installed:
  bonobo libmedusa0 libnautilus0 nautilus 
0 packages upgraded, 4 newly installed, 4 to remove and 1  not upgraded.
Need to get 8329kB of archives. After unpacking 2594kB will be used.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n] 
</example>

<p>
   <ref id="remove">     .
<p>
            
          ,
   <tt>--reinstall</tt>    :

<p>
<example>
# apt-get --reinstall install gdm
Reading Package Lists... Done
Building Dependency Tree... Done
0 packages upgraded, 0 newly installed, 1 reinstalled, 0 to remove and 1  not upgraded.
Need to get 0B/182kB of archives. After unpacking 0B will be used.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n]
</example>

<p>
   APT         0.5.3,
    `unstable' (<tt>sid</tt>)    . 
     ,   
 :       
<tt>apt-get install package/distribution</tt>     
   ,    <tt>apt-get install package=version</tt>.
 :

<p>
<example>
# apt-get install nautilus/unstable
</example>

<p>
   nautilus    `unstable'    
  `stable'.      'distribution' 
  <tt>stable</tt>, <tt>testing</tt>,  <tt>unstable</tt>.
<p>
     <tt>-t</tt>     
,    <prgn>apt-get</prgn>     
  .
<p>
<em>ʼ</em>:   `unstable'  Debian    
      .    
      ,        
         .  
           
<em></em>        
    .
<p>
  `testing'          
`unstable'     ,    
       stable.
</sect>

<sect id="remove"> 
<p>
     ,       
   APT.       : 
<tt>apt-get remove package</tt>.
 :

<p>
<example>
# apt-get remove gnome-panel
Reading Package Lists... Done
Building Dependency Tree... Done
The following packages will be REMOVED:
  gnome-applets gnome-panel gnome-panel-data gnome-session 
0 packages upgraded, 0 newly installed, 4 to remove and 1  not upgraded.
Need to get 0B of archives. After unpacking 14.6MB will be freed.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n] 
</example>

<p>
      ,  APT  
          .
         APT   
      .
<p>
  <prgn>apt-get</prgn>,  ,     
    ,  ,     .
     , :

<p>
<example>
# apt-get --purge remove gnome-panel
Reading Package Lists... Done
Building Dependency Tree... Done
The following packages will be REMOVED:
  gnome-applets* gnome-panel* gnome-panel-data* gnome-session* 
0 packages upgraded, 0 newly installed, 4 to remove and 1  not upgraded.
Need to get 0B of archives. After unpacking 14.6MB will be freed.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n] 
</example>

<p>
  '*'   .     
     .
<p>
      <tt>install</tt>,   
     <tt>remove</tt>     
    .    ,   
 <tt>'+'</tt>      ,     
  .

<p>
<example>
# apt-get --purge remove gnome-panel nautilus+
Reading Package Lists... Done
Building Dependency Tree... Done
The following extra packages will be installed:
  bonobo libmedusa0 libnautilus0 nautilus 
The following packages will be REMOVED:
  gnome-applets* gnome-panel* gnome-panel-data* gnome-session* 
The following NEW packages will be installed:
  bonobo libmedusa0 libnautilus0 nautilus 
0 packages upgraded, 4 newly installed, 4 to remove and 1  not upgraded.
Need to get 8329kB of archives. After unpacking 2594kB will be used.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n] 
</example>

<p>
   <prgn>apt-get</prgn>      
   (,        
         ),  
 ,      (  
 ).
</sect>

<sect id="upgrade"> 
<p>
          APT. 
      : <tt>apt-get upgrade</tt>.  
           
,        ,      
    <tt>apt-get dist-upgrade</tt>   
 <ref id="dist-upgrade">   .
<p>
          <tt>-u</tt>. 
     APT        
  .  ,     .  APT 
 ''          
  .       <tt>apt-get update</tt>
   .    <ref id="update">. 
   :

<p>
<example>
# apt-get -u upgrade
Reading Package Lists... Done
Building Dependency Tree... Done
The following packages have been kept back
  cpp gcc lilo 
The following packages will be upgraded
  adduser ae apt autoconf debhelper dpkg-dev esound esound-common ftp indent
  ipchains isapnptools libaudiofile-dev libaudiofile0 libesd0 libesd0-dev
  libgtk1.2 libgtk1.2-dev liblockfile1 libnewt0 liborbit-dev liborbit0
  libstdc++2.10-glibc2.2 libtiff3g libtiff3g-dev modconf orbit procps psmisc 
29 packages upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 3 not upgraded.
Need to get 5055B/5055kB of archives. After unpacking 1161kB will be used.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n] 
</example>

<p>
    .     ,
 <tt>apt-get</tt>       <tt>kept back</tt>.  
       ,     
   .      
(            
)    (       
   ).
<p>
       .   ,   
  <tt>apt-get install</tt>    ,  
   .        
 <tt>dist-upgrade</tt>.    <ref id="dist-upgrade">.
</sect>

<sect id="dist-upgrade">    
<p>
    APT      
 Debian ' ,    Internet     CD
(      ISO image).
<p>
       
  .   <tt>apt-get upgrade</tt>,   
   (<tt>kept back</tt>).
<p>
 ,       0  
   Debian    CD     3.
   APT          CD.  
  ,   <prgn>apt-cdrom</prgn> (   
<ref id="cdrom">)     CD    
<tt>/etc/apt/sources.list</tt>      
<tt>apt-get dist-upgrade</tt>.
<p>
      APT      
  . ,     <tt>/etc/apt/sources.list</tt>
            
     CD,  APT      .
<p>
      <ref id="upgrade">,    
   <tt>kept back</tt>.        
  <tt>dist-upgrade</tt>:

<p>
<example>
# apt-get -u dist-upgrade
Reading Package Lists... Done
Building Dependency Tree... Done
Calculating Upgrade... Done
The following NEW packages will be installed:
  cpp-2.95 cron exim gcc-2.95 libident libopenldap-runtime libopenldap1
  libpcre2 logrotate mailx 
The following packages have been kept back
  lilo 
The following packages will be upgraded
  adduser ae apt autoconf cpp debhelper dpkg-dev esound esound-common ftp gcc
  indent ipchains isapnptools libaudiofile-dev libaudiofile0 libesd0
  libesd0-dev libgtk1.2 libgtk1.2-dev liblockfile1 libnewt0 liborbit-dev
  liborbit0 libstdc++2.10-glibc2.2 libtiff3g libtiff3g-dev modconf orbit
  procps psmisc 
31 packages upgraded, 10 newly installed, 0 to remove and 1 not upgraded.
Need to get 0B/7098kB of archives. After unpacking 3118kB will be used.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n]
</example>

<p>
      ,     
 (    ).    
lilo   <tt>kept back</tt>.     
  .     :

<p>
<example>
# apt-get -u install lilo
Reading Package Lists... Done
Building Dependency Tree... Done
The following extra packages will be installed:
  cron debconf exim libident libopenldap-runtime libopenldap1 libpcre2
  logrotate mailx 
The following packages will be REMOVED:
  debconf-tiny 
The following NEW packages will be installed:
  cron debconf exim libident libopenldap-runtime libopenldap1 libpcre2
  logrotate mailx 
The following packages will be upgraded
  lilo 
1 packages upgraded, 9 newly installed, 1 to remove and 31 not upgraded.
Need to get 225kB/1179kB of archives. After unpacking 2659kB will be used.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n]
</example>

<p>
  ,  lilo       
<package>debconf-tiny</package>,       
 ( )     debconf-tiny.
<p>
           :

<p>
<example>
# apt-get -o Debug::pkgProblemResolver=yes dist-upgrade
Reading Package Lists... Done
Building Dependency Tree... Done
Calculating Upgrade... Starting
Starting 2
Investigating python1.5
Package python1.5 has broken dep on python1.5-base
  Considering python1.5-base 0 as a solution to python1.5 0
  Holding Back python1.5 rather than change python1.5-base
Investigating python1.5-dev
Package python1.5-dev has broken dep on python1.5
  Considering python1.5 0 as a solution to python1.5-dev 0
  Holding Back python1.5-dev rather than change python1.5
 Try to Re-Instate python1.5-dev
Done
Done
The following packages have been kept back
  gs python1.5-dev 
0 packages upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 2  not upgraded.
</example>

<p>
   ,      python1.5-dev  
 ,    : python1.5.

</sect>

<sect id="clean">   : apt-get clean  autoclean
<p>
     APT       hosts
   /etc/apt/sources.list,      
(<file>/var/cache/apt/archives/</file>),      
,    <ref id="install">.
<p>
             
    . ,  APT     
   :   <tt>clean</tt>  <tt>autoclean</tt>
 <tt>apt-get</tt>.
<p>
  <prgn>apt-get clean</prgn>       
    <file>/var/cache/apt/archives/</file>   
<file>/var/cache/apt/archives/partial/</file>. ,    
  ,  APT     .
<p>
  <prgn>apt-get autoclean</prgn>      
 .
<p>
        apt-get autoclean:

<p>
<example>
# ls /var/cache/apt/archives/logrotate* /var/cache/apt/archives/gpm*
logrotate_3.5.9-7_i386.deb
logrotate_3.5.9-8_i386.deb
gpm_1.19.6-11_i386.deb
</example>

<p>
 /var/cache/apt/archives       
<package>logrotate</package>      <package>gpm</package>.

<p>
<example>
# apt-show-versions -p logrotate
logrotate/stable uptodate 3.5.9-8
# apt-show-versions -p gpm
gpm/stable upgradeable from 1.19.6-11 to 1.19.6-12
</example>

<p>
  <prgn>apt-show-versions</prgn>     
<file>logrotate_3.5.9-8_i386.deb</file>     
  <package>logrotate</package>, 
 <file>logrotate_3.5.9-7_i386.deb</file>  . ,  
<file>gpm_1.19.6-11_i386.deb</file>      
     .

<p>
<example>
# apt-get autoclean
Reading Package Lists... Done
Building Dependency Tree... Done
Del gpm 1.19.6-11 [145kB]
Del logrotate 3.5.9-7 [26.5kB]
</example>

<p>,   <tt>apt-get autoclean</tt>     .
   <ref id="apt-show-versions">   
   apt-show-versions.
</sect>

<sect id="dselect-upgrade">  APT   dselect
<p>
 <prgn>dselect</prgn>         
    Debian    .  
    ,      
 console-based ncurses   .
<p>
   dselect      
     Debian   ""  
 .     ,  <tt>dselect</tt>
 root.  'apt'   .    ,  
    CD ROM        
,         dselect.
<p>
       dselect,     
dselect        Debian 
<url id="http://www.debian.org/doc/ddp" name="http://www.debian.org/doc/ddp">.
<p>
       dselect, :

<p>
<example>
# apt-get -u dselect-upgrade
</example>

<p>
    :

<p>
<example>
# apt-get -u dselect-upgrade
Reading Package Lists... Done
Building Dependency Tree... Done
The following packages will be REMOVED:
  lbxproxy 
The following NEW packages will be installed:
  bonobo console-tools-libs cpp-3.0 enscript expat fingerd gcc-3.0
  gcc-3.0-base icepref klogd libdigest-md5-perl libfnlib0 libft-perl
  libgc5-dev libgcc300 libhtml-clean-perl libltdl0-dev libsasl-modules
  libstdc++3.0 metamail nethack proftpd-doc psfontmgr python-newt talk tidy
  util-linux-locales vacation xbill xplanet-images 
The following packages will be upgraded
  debian-policy 
1 packages upgraded, 30 newly installed, 1 to remove and 0  not upgraded.
Need to get 7140kB of archives. After unpacking 16.3MB will be used.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n]
</example>

<p>
        apt-get dist-upgrade
  :

<p>
<example>
# apt-get -u dist-upgrade   
Reading Package Lists... Done
Building Dependency Tree... Done
Calculating Upgrade... Done
The following packages will be upgraded
  debian-policy 
1 packages upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0  not upgraded.
Need to get 421kB of archives. After unpacking 25.6kB will be freed.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n]
</example>

<p>
         
  "".     ( ..
   lbxproxy)       
       dselect.  dselect   
         APT.
</sect>

<sect id="default-version">     
<p>
,  ,     
   Debian       
      .
<p>
         Debian  
      <file>/etc/apt/apt.conf</file> 
    :
<p>
<example>
APT::Default-Release "testing";
</example>
<p>
      unstable,   
<tt>-t</tt>:

<p>
<example>
# apt-get -t unstable install <var>packagename</var>
</example>

<p>
          
    <file>/etc/apt/sources.list</file>.  
          <tt>testing</tt>
    <tt>unstable</tt>.

</sect>

<sect id="apt-show-versions">        Debian
<p>
 <prgn>apt-show-versions</prgn>       
           
         .  
,         ,
  ,   apt-show-versions:
<p>
<example>
# apt-get install `apt-show-versions -u -b | grep unstable`
</example>
</sect>

<sect id="pin">    , ()
<p>
            
            
 . ,  ,     
   Debian   3.0,       
      Debian 2.2.   ''
         .
<p>
      .    
  <tt>/etc/apt/preferences</tt>.
<p>
   :
<p>
<example>
Package: &lt;package&gt;
Pin: &lt;pin definition&gt;
Priority: &lt;pin's priority&gt;
</example>
<p>
 ,      <package>sylpheed</package>   
     "reply-to-list"  0.4.99, :
<p>
<example>
Package: sylpheed
Pin: version 0.4.99*
</example>
<p>
    <tt>*</tt> ().    
""      ""      
    0.4.99.     Debian   
   "  Debian"        
   .   ,   0.4.99-1 
0.4.99-10     .   
          .
<p>
  <tt>Priority</tt>      ,
     989.
<p>
     pin priorities.   
 0         . 
 0  100          
 .        . 
  100        
-         ,
         100.
<p>
   100       
. ,         
  .    100  1000 
(inclusive)    .     
         
.  ,      0.5.3  sylpheed 
  ''   sylpheed 0.4.99   999,  
 0.4.99 <em></em>       ''.
  ""         
      1000.
<p>
        <tt>version</tt>, 
<tt>release</tt>  <tt>origin</tt>
<p>
  <tt>version</tt>,     
         
 
<!-- what's available?  standard shell globs?  ?*[]   or more? -->
<p>
  <tt>release</tt>    Release   APT  
  CD.          
     .       
Release     <tt>/var/lib/apt/lists/</tt>.   
  :
<tt>a</tt> (archive), <tt>c</tt> (components), <tt>v</tt> (version),
<tt>o</tt> (origin)  <tt>l</tt> (label).
<p>
 :
<p>
<example>
Package: *
Pin: release v=2.2*,a=stable,c=main,o=Debian,l=Debian
Priority: 1001
</example>
<p>
   ,    2.2*  Debian ( 
  2.2r2,   2.2r3 --      
      ), 
 <tt>stable</tt>,   <tt>main</tt> (    
<tt>contrib</tt>   <tt>non-free</tt>)      Debian. 
  (o=)       ,    
(l=)     : Debian     Debian  Progeny
  Progeny,  .    :
<p>
<example>
$ cat /var/lib/apt/lists/ftp.debian.org.br_debian_dists_potato_main_binary-i386_Release
Archive: stable
Version: 2.2r3
Component: main
Origin: Debian
Label: Debian
Architecture: i386
</example>
</sect>
</chapt>

<chapt id="helpers">  
<sect id="equivs">   : equivs
<p>
 ,      
 ,     ,   Debian.
         . 
        
 .   ,     Debian
   MTA (Mail Transport Agent).   
    ,       .
<p>
      <package>equivs</package>.    
,       .    
            
 ,          
 .
<p>
 ,         
   ,  ,   Debian 
 ,         
equivs        .
   <ref id="sourcehandling">   .
<p>
      MTA.  
   <prgn>postfix</prgn>,      
   <package>mutt</package>.   
  <package>mutt</package>      MTA.  
     .
<p>
    (<file>/tmp</file>,  )  :

<p>
<example>
# equivs-control <var>name</var>
</example>

<p>
  <var>name</var>       
  .      :

<p>
<example>
Section: misc
Priority: optional
Standards-Version: 3.0.1

Package: &lt;enter package name; defaults to equivs-dummy&gt;
Version: &lt;enter version here; defaults to 1.0&gt;
Maintainer: &lt;your name and email address; defaults to username&gt;
Pre-Depends: &lt;packages&gt;
Depends: &lt;packages&gt;
Recommends: &lt;packages&gt;
Suggests: &lt;package&gt;
Provides: &lt;(virtual)package&gt;
Architecture: all
Copyright: &lt;copyright file; defaults to GPL2&gt;
Changelog: &lt;changelog file; defaults to a generic changelog&gt;
Readme: &lt;README.Debian file; defaults to a generic one&gt;
Extra-Files: &lt;additional files for the doc directory, commaseperated&gt;
Description: &lt;short description; defaults to some wise words&gt;
 long description and info
 .
 second paragraph
</example>

<p>
         .  
         ,
       ,    :

<p>
<example>
Section: misc
Priority: optional
Standards-Version: 3.0.1

Package: mta-local
Provides: mail-transport-agent
</example>

<p>
,   .   <package>mutt</package>    
 <package>mail-transport-agent</package>,     
     MTA,      
<package>mail-transport-agent</package>,    
    ,    Provides.
<p>
      :

<p>
<example>
# equivs-build <var>name</var>
dh_testdir
touch build-stamp
dh_testdir
dh_testroot
dh_clean -k
# Add here commands to install the package into debian/tmp.
touch install-stamp
dh_testdir
dh_testroot
dh_installdocs
dh_installchangelogs
dh_compress
dh_fixperms
dh_installdeb
dh_gencontrol
dh_md5sums
dh_builddeb
dpkg-deb: building package `<var>name</var>' in `../<var>name</var>_1.0_all.deb'.

The package has been created.
Attention, the package has been created in the current directory,
</example>

<p>
    <tt>.deb</tt>  .
<p>
   ,      <prgn>equivs</prgn>.
       <tt>my-favorites</tt>,  
       ,  .
    ,    .
<p>
        
  <file>/usr/share/doc/equivs/examples</file>.  .
</sect>

<sect id="localepurge">   : localepurge
<p>
   Debian    . 
,  Debian  ,    
 <tt>pt_BR</tt>      <tt>es</tt>.
<p>
  <package>localepurge</package>      
.          
 .     
<tt>apt-get install localepurge</tt>.
<p>
   ,    debconf    - .
        ,  
         ,
    .      
          .
</sect>

<sect id="helper-show-versions">       
<p>
 <prgn>apt-show-versions</prgn>       
        .
  <tt>-u</tt>      :

<p>
<example>
$ apt-show-versions -u    
libeel0/unstable upgradeable from 1.0.2-5 to 1.0.2-7
libeel-data/unstable upgradeable from 1.0.2-5 to 1.0.2-7
</example>
</sect>

</chapt>

<chapt id="search">   .
<p>
      APT  
          
    ,    
    ,   ,   , .
<p>
...           APT.
         ;
<p>
       .    
<tt>apt-cache</tt>.        APT 
      .      
       .

<sect id="cache">  
<p>
  ,        
Atari 2600.     APT    
 Atari,     .   :

<p>
<example>
# apt-cache search atari
atari-fdisk-cross - Partition editor for Atari (running on non-Atari)
circuslinux - The clowns are trying to pop balloons to score points!
madbomber - A Kaboom! clone
tcs - Character set translator.
atari800 - Atari emulator for svgalib/X/curses
stella - Atari 2600 Emulator for X windows
xmess-x - X binaries for Multi-Emulator Super System
</example>

<p>
        ,  
 .      
,     :

<p>
<example>
# apt-cache show stella  
Package: stella
Priority: extra
Section: non-free/otherosfs
Installed-Size: 830
Maintainer: Tom Lear &lt;tom@trap.mtview.ca.us&gt;
Architecture: i386
Version: 1.1-2
Depends: libc6 (&gt;= 2.1), libstdc++2.10, xlib6g (&gt;= 3.3.5-1)
Filename: dists/potato/non-free/binary-i386/otherosfs/stella_1.1-2.deb
Size: 483430
MD5sum: 11b3e86a41a60fa1c4b334dd96c1d4b5
Description: Atari 2600 Emulator for X windows
 Stella is a portable emulator of the old Atari 2600 video-game console
 written in C++.  You can play most Atari 2600 games with it.  The latest
 news, code and binaries for Stella can be found at:
 http://www4.ncsu.edu/~bwmott/2600
</example>

<p>
         (  )
 ,       .   
         
,        .  :

<p>
<example>
# apt-cache show lilo
Package: lilo
Priority: important
Section: base
Installed-Size: 271
Maintainer: Russell Coker &lt;russell@coker.com.au&gt;
Architecture: i386
Version: 1:21.7-3
Depends: libc6 (&gt;= 2.2.1-2), debconf (&gt;=0.2.26), logrotate
Suggests: lilo-doc
Conflicts: manpages (&lt;&lt;1.29-3)
Filename: pool/main/l/lilo/lilo_21.7-3_i386.deb
Size: 143052
MD5sum: 63fe29b5317fe34ed8ec3ae955f8270e
Description: LInux LOader - The Classic OS loader can load Linux and others
 This Package contains lilo (the installer) and boot-record-images to
 install Linux, OS/2, DOS and generic Boot Sectors of other OSes.
 .
 You can use Lilo to manage your Master Boot Record (with a simple text screen)
 or call Lilo from other Boot-Loaders to jump-start the Linux kernel.

Package: lilo
Status: install ok installed
Priority: important
Section: base
Installed-Size: 190
Maintainer: Vincent Renardias &lt;vincent@debian.org&gt;
Version: 1:21.4.3-2
Depends: libc6 (&gt;= 2.1.2)
Recommends: mbr
Suggests: lilo-doc
Description: LInux LOader - The Classic OS loader can load Linux and others
 This Package contains lilo (the installer) and boot-record-images to
 install Linux, OS/2, DOS and generic Boot Sectors of other OSes.
 .
 You can use Lilo to manage your Master Boot Record (with a simple text screen)
 or call Lilo from other Boot-Loaders to jump-start the Linux kernel.
</example>

<p>
            
   .      
,   :

<p>
<example>
# apt-cache showpkg penguin-command
Package: penguin-command
Versions: 
1.4.5-1(/var/lib/apt/lists/download.sourceforge.net_debian_dists_unstable_main_binary-i386_Packages)(/var/lib/dpkg/status)

Reverse Depends: 
Dependencies: 
1.4.5-1 - libc6 (2 2.2.1-2) libpng2 (0 (null)) libsdl-mixer1.1 (2 1.1.0) libsdl1.1 (0 (null)) zlib1g (2 1:1.1.3) 
Provides: 
1.4.5-1 - 
Reverse Provides: 
</example>

<p>
          :

<p>
<example>
# apt-cache depends penguin-command
penguin-command
  Depends: libc6
  Depends: libpng2
  Depends: libsdl-mixer1.1
  Depends: libsdl1.1
  Depends: zlib1g
</example>

<p>
,        
         .
</sect>

<sect id="dpkg-search">  dpkg     
<p>
           
          .
 ,          
<tt>".h"</tt>        :

<p>
<example>
# dpkg -S stdio.h
libc6-dev: /usr/include/stdio.h
libc6-dev: /usr/include/bits/stdio.h
perl: /usr/lib/perl/5.6.0/CORE/nostdio.h
</example>

<p>
:

<p>
<example>
# dpkg -S /usr/include/stdio.h
libc6-dev: /usr/include/stdio.h
</example>

<p>
            ,
 ,       ,   
:

<p>
<example>
# dpkg -l | grep mozilla
ii  mozilla-browse 0.9.6-7        Mozilla Web Browser
</example>
<p>
            
 .   ,      
<tt>mozilla-browser</tt>.     ,   
    <tt>COLUMNS</tt>    
:

<p>
<example>
[kov]@[couve] $ COLUMNS=132 dpkg -l | grep mozilla
ii  mozilla-browser             0.9.6-7                     Mozilla Web Browser - core and browser
</example>

<p>
         :

<p>
<example>
# apt-cache search "Mozilla Web Browser"
mozilla-browser - Mozilla Web Browser
</example>
</sect>

<sect id="auto-apt">     
<p>
   , , !   
  <tt>.h</tt>    .   
<prgn>auto-apt</prgn>       .  
     ,   
        .
<p>
  , ,   :

<p>
<example>
# auto-apt run command
</example>

<p>
 `command'           
   .  :

<p>
<example>
# auto-apt run ./configure
</example>

<p>
           
 apt-get .    X,    
    .
<p>
 auto-apt        
     .  
     <tt>auto-apt update</tt>, <tt>auto-apt updatedb</tt>
 <tt>auto-apt update-local</tt>.
</sect>

<sect id="apt-file">        
<p>
     ,       
    <prgn>apt-cache</prgn>,     
   ,         ,
      <prgn>apt-file</prgn>   
   .      :

<p>
<example>
$ apt-file search <var>filename</var>
</example>

<p>
   <tt>dpkg -S</tt>,         
     .    
          
   ,      
<prgn>auto-apt</prgn>          
,    <ref id="auto-apt">.
<p>
         , :

<p>
<example>
$ apt-file list <var>packagename</var>
</example>

<p>
 <prgn>apt-file</prgn>         
    ,     auto-apt    
 .   :

<p>
<example>
# apt-file update
</example>

<p>
 ,  <prgn>apt-file</prgn>     
   auto-apt,    <ref id="auto-apt">.

</sect>

<sect id="apt-listchanges">        .
<p>
        (<tt>/usr/share/doc/packagename</tt>)
    <tt>changelog.Debian.gz</tt>     
          .   
        <tt>zless</tt>,     
  ,       ,   
      .
<p>
           
  <prgn>apt-listchanges</prgn>.       
   <package>apt-listchanges</package>.    
 ,  Debconf    .    
 .
<p>
  "Should apt-listchanges be automatically run by apt?"  
           
   apt        
    .   "Should apt-listchanges prompt
for confirmation after displaying changes?"      
          . 
       apt-listchanges   
  apt    .
<p>
  apt-listchanges ,   ""  
 (  CD   mounted )   apt    
            .
</sect>
</chapt>

<chapt id="sourcehandling">   
<sect id="source">  
<p>
          
  .    ,    
    .   APT   
          
 ,        
   .deb   .
<p>
       Debian   
     ,    , 
,      .    
         .deb  
         .
<p>
    ,   <tt>deb-src</tt>    
<tt>/etc/apt/sources.list</tt>      ,  
    (   ).    
<ref id="sources.list">.
<p>
     ,     :

<p>
<example>
$ apt-get source packagename
</example>
<p>
    :  <tt>.orig.tar.gz</tt>,  <tt>.dsc</tt>
  <tt>.diff.gz</tt>.        
   Debian,          
      <tt>"orig"</tt>   .
<p>
 <tt>.dsc</tt>     dpkg-source   
      <var>packagename-version</var>.
         <tt>debian/</tt>
            .deb.
<p>
        ,   
 <tt>-b</tt>   , :

<p>
<example>
# apt-get -b source packagename
</example>

<p>
       .deb    ,
     :

<p>
<example>
# dpkg-buildpackage -rfakeroot -uc -b
</example>

<p>
           .
           
      ,  :

<p>
<example>
# dpkg -i <var>file.deb</var>
</example>

<p>
     <tt>source</tt>  <prgn>apt-get</prgn>
    .   <tt>source</tt>   
  ,        . 
          
<tt>apt-get source package</tt>.
</sect>

<sect id="build-dep">       
<p>
,       
          .
            
'Build-Depends:'         
      .
<p>
 APT          .  
  <tt>apt-get build-dep package</tt>,  `package'   
     .  :

<p>
<example>
# apt-get build-dep gmc
Reading Package Lists... Done
Building Dependency Tree... Done
The following NEW packages will be installed:
  comerr-dev e2fslibs-dev gdk-imlib-dev imlib-progs libgnome-dev libgnorba-dev
  libgpmg1-dev 
0 packages upgraded, 7 newly installed, 0 to remove and 1  not upgraded.
Need to get 1069kB of archives. After unpacking 3514kB will be used.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n]
</example>

<p>
          
  <package>gmc</package>   .    
            
  .      
 <tt>apt-get source</tt>     .

<p>
            
   ,      
<tt>apt-cache show</tt> (   <ref id="search">),    
,    ,   <tt>Build-Depends</tt>
      .

<p>
<example>
# apt-cache showsrc <var>package</var>
</example>

</sect>
</chapt>

<chapt id="erros">   
<sect id="erros-comuns"> 
<p>
   ,     
 .           
   .
<p>
          
    <tt>apt-get install package</tt>...

<p>
<example>
Reading Package Lists... Done
Building Dependency Tree... Done
W: Couldn't stat source package list 'http://people.debian.org unstable/ Packages' (/var/state/apt/lists/people.debian.org_%7ekov_debian_unstable_Packages) - stat (2 No such file or directory)
W: You may want to run apt-get update to correct these missing files
E: Couldn't find package penguineyes
</example>

<p>
     <tt>apt-get update</tt>    
     <tt>/etc/apt/sources.list</tt>.
<p>
     :

<p>
<example>
E: Could not open lock file /var/lib/dpkg/lock - open (13 Permission denied)
E: Unable to lock the administration directory (/var/lib/dpkg/), are you root?
</example>

<p>
     <prgn>apt-get</prgn>    
<tt>source</tt>,     ,    
    .
<p>
           
   <prgn>apt-get</prgn> ,     
    <prgn>apt-get</prgn>    
<prgn>dpkg</prgn>  .        
     <tt>source</tt>.
<p>
         
          , 
     :

<p>
<example>
# apt-get -f install
# dpkg --configure -a
</example>

<p>
   .         
   .       
      .

<p>
    "E: Dynamic MMap ran out of room"   
 <tt>apt-get update</tt>,       
<file>/etc/apt/apt.conf</file>:

<example>
APT::Cache-Limit 10000000;
</example>

</sect>

<sect id="help">    ;
<p>
   ,    
         Debian.
  <tt>--help</tt>  manpages      
  ,        
<tt>/usr/share/doc</tt>   <tt>/usr/share/doc/apt</tt>.
<p>
         ,   
    Debian.    
        Debian:
<url id="http://www.debian.org" name="http://www.debian.org">.
<p>
           
    Debian       
         .
</sect>
</chapt>

<chapt id="distros">    APT;
<p>
           APT:
<p>
Debian GNU/Linux (<url id="http://www.debian.org" name="http://www.debian.org">) 
-       APT
<p>
Conectiva (<url id="http://www.conectiva.com.br" name="http://www.conectiva.com.br">) 
-        port  APT       rpm
<p>
Libranet (<url id="http://www.libranet.com" name="http://www.libranet.com">)
<p>
Mandrake (<url id="http://www.mandrake.com" name="http://www.mandrake.com">)
<p>
PLD (<url id="http://www.pld.org.pl" name="http://www.pld.org.pl">)
<p>
Vine (<url id="http://www.vinelinux.org" name="http://www.vinelinux.org">)
<p>
APT4RPM (<url id="http://apt4rpm.sf.net" name="http://apt4rpm.sf.net">)
<p>
Alt Linux (<url id="http://www.altlinux.ru/" name="http://www.altlinux.ru/">)
<p>
Red Hat (<url id="http://www.redhat.com/" name="http://www.redhat.com/">)
<p>
Sun Solaris (<url id="http://www.sun.com/" name="http://www.sun.com/">)
<p>
SuSE (<url id="http://www.suse.de/" name="http://www.suse.de/">)
<p>
Yellow Dog Linux (<url id="http://www.yellowdoglinux.com/"
name="http://www.yellowdoglinux.com/">)
</chapt>

<chapt id="agradecimentos">
<p>
        Debian-BR, 
 Debian,           
             
      . :) 
<p>
      CIPSGA      
            .
<p>

 :
<p>
Yooseong Yang &lt;yooseong@debian.org&gt;
<p>
Michael Bramer &lt;grisu@debian.org&gt;
<p>
Bryan Stillwell &lt;bryan@bokeoa.com&gt;
<p>
Pawel Tecza  &lt;pawel.tecza@poczta.fm&gt;
<p>
Hugo Mora &lt;h.mora@melix.com.mx&gt;
<p>
Luca Monducci &lt;luca.mo@tiscali.it&gt;
<p>
Tomohiro KUBOTA &lt;kubota@debian.org&gt;
<p>
Pablo Lorenzzoni &lt;spectra@debian.org&gt;
<p>
Steve Langasek &lt;vorlon@netexpress.net&gt;
<p>
Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo &lt;acme@conectiva.com.br&gt;
<p>
Erik Rossen &lt;rossen@freesurf.ch&gt;
<p>
Ross Boylan &lt;RossBoylan@stanfordalumni.org&gt;
<p>
Matt Kraai &lt;kraai@debian.org&gt;
<p>
Aaron M. Ucko &lt;ucko@debian.org&gt;
<p>
Jon slund &lt;d98-jas@nada.kth.se&gt;
</chapt>

<chapt id="novas">     
<p>
      <url id="http://www.debian-br.org"
name="Debian-BR">         Debian.
<p>
          Debian 
Documentation Project,  
<url id="http://www.debian.org/doc/ddp" 
name="http://www.debian.org/doc/ddp">. 
<p>
         email 
 <email>kov@debian.org</email>.
</chapt>

</book>

</debiandoc>