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<div align="right"><small>
&copy; Copyright 2002 Palo Alto Research Center, Incorporated,
2003 Contributors.
All rights reserved.
</small></div>


<h1>AspectJ 1.1 Readme</h1>

<p> This is the initial release of AspectJ 1.1.  It includes a small
number of new language features as well as major improvements to the
functionality of the tools.   </p>

<p>
This document describes the differences between
AspectJ versions 1.1 and 1.0.6.
Users new to AspectJ need only read
the <a href="progguide/index.html">AspectJ Programming Guide</a>
since it describes the 1.1 language.
Users familiar with AspectJ 1.0 may find this document
a quicker way to learn what changed in the language
and tools, and should use it as a guide for porting
programs from 1.0 to 1.1.
</p>

<p>This document first summarizes changes from the 1.0 release in
</p>

<ul>
  <li><a href="#language">the language</a>,</li>
  <li><a href="#compiler">the compiler</a>,</li>
  <li><a href="#tools">the support tools</a>,</li>
  <li><a href="#runtime">the runtime</a>,</li>
  <li><a href="#devenv">the development environment support</a>,</li>
  <li><a href="#sources">the sources</a>, and</li> 
  <li><a href="#distribution">the distribution</a>,</li>
</ul>

<p> then <a href="#details">details</a> some of the language 
    and compiler changes,
    and finally points readers to the bug database for any
    <a href="#knownLimitations">known limitations</a>.
</p>

<!-- ============================== -->
<hr>
<h2><a name="language">The Language</a></h2>

  <p> AspectJ 1.1 is a slightly different language than AspectJ 1.0.
  In all but a few cases, programs written in AspectJ 1.0 should
  compile correctly in AspectJ 1.1.  In many cases, there are
  new or preferred forms in AspectJ 1.1.  However, some AspectJ 1.0
  features have changed in 1.1, so some 1.0 programs
  will not compile or will run differently in 1.1.
  The corresponding features are marked below as compile-time 
  or run-time incompatible (<em>CTI</em> or <em>RTI</em>, respectively).
  When the language change involves a move in the static shadow effective
  at run-time but also apparent at compile-time (e.g., in declare
  error or warning statements), it is marked <em>CRTI</em>.
  Programs using run-time incompatible forms should be verified that 
  they are behaving as expected in 1.1.
  </p>

  <p>
  Most changes to the language are additions to expressibility
  requested by our users:
  </p>

  <ul>
    <li><a href="#THROWS_PATTERN">Matching based on throws</a>: You can
    now make finer discriminations between methods based on declared
    exceptions. </li>

    <li><a href="#NEW_PCDS">New kinded pointcut designators</a>: Now
    every kind of join point has a corresponding kinded pointcut
    designator. </li>
  </ul>

  <p> Some are have different behavior in edge cases but offer
  improved power and clarity: </p>

  <ul>
    <li><a href="#ASPECT_PRECEDENCE">New aspect precedence form</a>:
    AspectJ 1.1 has a new declare form, <code>declare
    precedence</code>, that replaces the "dominates"
    clause on aspects.  (<em>CTI</em>) </li>

    <li>The order of <a href="#SUPER_IFACE_INITS">initialization join
    points for super-interfaces</a> has been clarified. (<em>RTI</em>) </li>
  </ul>

  <p> But in order to support weaving into bytecode effectively,
  several incompatible changes had to be made to the language: </p>

  <ul>
    <li>A class's default constructor may
    <a href="#DEFAULT_CONSTRUCTOR_CONFLICT">conflict</a> with an
    inter-type constructor. (<em>CTI</em>) </li>

    <li><a href="#NO_CALLEE_SIDE_CALL">No callee-side call join
    points</a>: The AspectJ 1.1 compiler does not expose call join
    points unless it is given the calling code. (<em>CRTI</em>) </li>
         
    <li><a href="#SINGLE_INTERCLASS_TARGET">One target for intertype
    declarations</a>. (<em>CTI</em>) </li>

    <li><a href="#UNAVAILABLE_JOIN_POINTS">No initializer execution join
    points</a>. (<em>RTI</em>)</li>

    <li><a href="#AFTER_HANDLER">No after or around advice on handler 
	join points</a>. (<em>CTI</em>) </li>

    <li><a href="#CONSTRUCTOR_EXECUTION_IS_BIGGER">Initializers run
    inside constructor execution join points</a>.  (<em>RTI</em>)</li>

    <li><a href="#INTER_TYPE_FIELD_INITIALIZERS">inter-type field
    initializers</a> run before class-local field initializers. (<em>RTI</em>) </li>

    <li><a href="#WITHIN_MEMBER_TYPES">Small limitations of the within
    pointcut.</a> (<em>CRTI</em>)</li>

    <li><a href="#WITHIN_CODE">Small limitations of the withincode
    pointcut.</a> (<em>CRTI</em>)</li>

    <li><a href="#INSTANCEOF_ON_WILD">Can't do instanceof matching on
        type patterns with wildcards</a>. (<em>CTI</em>) </li>

    <li><a href="#NO_SOURCE_COLUMN">SourceLocation.getColumn() is
        deprecated and will always return 0</a>. (<em>RTI</em>) </li>

    <li>The interaction between aspect instantiation and advice has been
        <a href="#ASPECT_INSTANTIATION_AND_ADVICE">clarified</a>.  (<em>RTI</em>) </li>

    <li><a href="#STRINGBUFFER">The String + operator is now correctly advised</a>.
        (<em>CRTI</em>) </li>
  </ul>

  <p><a name="NEW_LIMITATIONS">There</a> are a couple of language
  limitations for things that are rarely used that make the
  implementation simpler, so we have restricted the language accordingly.
  </p>

  <ul>
    <li><a href="#VOID_FIELD_SET">Field set join points now have a
    <code>void</code> return type.</a>  This will require 
    porting of code that uses the <code>set</code> PCD in conjunction
    with after-returning or around advice.  (<em>CTI</em>) <p></p></li>

    <li>'declare soft: TYPE: POINTCUT;' - AspectJ 1.1 only 
    accepts TYPE rather than a TYPE_PATTERN.  
    This limitation makes declare soft
    much easier to implement efficiently.  (<em>CTI</em>) <p></p></li>

    <li>Inter-type field declarations only allow a single field per
    line, i.e. this is now illegal 'int C.field1, D.field2;' This must
    instead be, 'int C.field1; int D.field2;' (<em>CTI</em>) <p></p></li>
    
    <li>We did not implement the handling of more than one
    <code>..</code> wildcard in args PCD's (rarely encountered in the
    wild) because we didn't have the time.  This might be available
    in later releases if there is significant outcry. (<em>CTI</em>) </li>
    
  </ul>

  <p>We did not implement the long-awaited <a href="#PER_TYPE">new
  pertype aspect specifier</a> in this release, but it may well
  be in a future release.</p>
  

<!-- ============================== -->
<hr>
<h2><a name="compiler">The Compiler</a></h2>

  <p> The compiler for AspectJ 1.1 is different than the compiler for
  AspectJ 1.0.  While this document describes the differences in the
  compiler, it's worthwhile noting that much effort has been made to
  make sure that the interface to ajc 1.1 is, as much as possible, the
  same as the interface to ajc 1.0.  There are two important changes
  under the hood, however. </p>

  <p> First, the 1.1 compiler is implemented on top of the
  open-source Eclipse compiler.  This has two benefits: It allows us
  to concentrate on the AspectJ extensions to Java and let the Eclipse
  team worry about making sure the Java edge cases work, and it allows
  us to piggyback on Eclipse's already mature incremental compilation
  facilities.  </p>

  <p> Second, ajc now cleanly delineates compilation of source code
  from assembly (or "weaving") of bytecode.  The compiler still
  accepts source code, but internally it transforms it into bytecode
  format before weaving. </p>

  <p> This new architecture, and other changes to the compiler, allows
  us to implement some features that were defined in the AspectJ 1.0
  language but not implementable in the 1.1 compiler.  It also makes
  some new features available: </p>

  <ul>
    <li><a href="#SOURCEROOT">The -sourceroots option</a> 
    takes one or more directories, and indicates that all the source
    files in those directories should be passed to the compiler. </li>

    <li><a href="#BYTECODE_WEAVING">The -injars option</a>
    takes one or more jar files, and indicates that all the classfiles
    in the jar files should be woven into.  </li>

    <li><a href="#BINARY_ASPECTS">The -aspectpath option</a>
     takes one or more jar files, and weaves any aspects in .class form
     into the sources.</li>

    <li><a href="#OUTJAR">The -outjar option</a> indicates
    that the result classfiles of compiling and weaving should be placed
    in the specified jar file. </li>

    <li><a href="#XLINT">The -Xlint option</a> allows control over
    warnings.</li>

    <li><a href="#OTHER_X_OPTIONS">Various -X options</a> changed.</li>

    <li><a href="#INCREMENTAL">The -incremental option</a> tells the
    AspectJ 1.1 compiler to recompile only as necessary. </li>
  </ul>

  <p> Some other features we wanted to support for 1.1, but did not make
  it into this release: </p>

  <ul>
    <li><a href="#ERROR_MESSAGES">Error messages will sometimes be scary</a></li>
    <li><a href="#MESSAGE_CONTEXT">Source code context is not shown
                for errors and warnings detected during bytecode weaving</a></li>
  </ul>
  
  <p> But some features of the 1.0 compiler are not supported in the
  1.1 compiler: </p>

  <ul>
    <li><a href="#NO_SOURCE">The source-related options</a> -preprocess,
    -usejavac, -nocomment and -workingdir</li>

    <li><a href="#NO_STRICT_LENIENT">The -strict and -lenient options</a>
    </li>

    <li><a href="#NO_PORTING">The -porting option</a></li>

    <li><a href="#13_REQUIRED">J2SE 1.2 is not supported;
    J2SE 1.3 or later is required.</a></li>
  </ul>
  
  <p> A short description of the options ajc accepts is available with
  "<code>ajc -help</code>". 
  Longer descriptions are available in the 
  <a href="devguide/ajc-ref.html">Development Environment Guide
  section on ajc</a>. </p>
  <p> </p>


  <p> Some changes to the implementation are almost entirely
  internal:
  </p>
  
  <ul>
    <li>The behavior of the compiler in
    <a href="#TARGET_TYPES_MADE_PUBLIC">lifting the visibility</a> of
    the target types of some declares and pointcuts to public has been
    clarified. </li>
  </ul>

  <p> Also, it is worth noting that because AspectJ now works on bytecode,
  it is somewhat sensitive to how different compilers generate
  bytecode, especially when compiling with and without <a
  href="#ONE_FOUR_METHOD_SIGNATURES">the -1.4 flag</a>. </p>

  

<!-- ============================== -->
<hr>
<h2><a name="tools">Support Tools</a></h2>

  <p>This release includes an Ant task for old-style 1.0 build
  scripts, a new task for all the new compiler options, and a
  CompilerAdapter to support running <code>ajc</code> with the Javac
  task by setting the <code>build.compiler</code> property.  
  The new task can automatically copy input resources to output
  and work in incremental mode using a "tag" file.
  </p>

  <p>This release does not include <code>ajdoc</code>, the
  documentation tool for AspectJ sources.
  Ajdoc is deeply dependent on the
  abstract syntax tree classes from the old compiler, so it needs a
  bottom-up rewrite. We think it best to use this opportunity to
  implement more general API's for publishing and rendering static
  structure. Because those API's are last to settle in the new
  architecture, and because the compiler itself is a higher priority,
  we are delaying work on ajdoc until after the 1.1 release.</p>

  <p>AspectJ 1.1 will not include <tt>ajdb</tt>, the AspectJ
  stand-alone debugger.  It is no longer necessary for two reasons.
  First, the -XnoInline flag will tell the compiler to generate
  code without inlining that should work correctly with any Java
  debugger.  For code generated with inlining enabled, more
  third-party debuggers are starting to work according to JSR 45,
  "Debugging support for other languages," which is supported by
  AspectJ 1.0.  We aim to support JSR-45 in AspectJ 1.1, but 
  support will not be in the initial release.  Consider using 
  the -XnoInline flag until support is available.</p>

<!-- ============================== -->
<hr>
<h2><a name="runtime">The Runtime Library</a></h2>

  <p>This release has minor additions to the runtime library classes.
     As with any release, you should compile and run with the runtime
     library that came with your compiler, and you may run with
     a later version of the library without recompiling your code.</p>

  <p> In one instance, however, runtime classes behave differently this release.
  Because the AspectJ 1.1 compiler does its weaving through
  bytecode, column numbers of source locations are not available.
  Therefore, <code>thisJoinPoint.getSourceLocation().getColumn()</code>
  is deprecated and will always return 0. </p>

<!-- ============================== -->
<hr>
<h2><a name="devenv">The AJDE Tools</a></h2>

  <p> The AspectJ Browser supports incremental compilation and running
  programs.  AJDE for JBuilder, AJDE for NetBeans, and AJDE for Emacs 
are now independent SourceForge projects (to keep their licenses).
  They use the batch-build mode of the new compiler.  
  </p>

<!-- ============================== -->
<hr>
<h2><a name="sources">The Sources and the Licenses</a></h2>

  <p> The AspectJ tools sources are available under the
  <a href="http://eclipse.org/legal/cpl-v10.html">Common Public
  License</a> in the CVS repository
  at <a href="http://eclipse.org/aspectj">http://eclipse.org/aspectj</a>.
  For more information, see the FAQ entry on
    <a href="faq.html#q:buildingsource">building sources</a>.
  </p>


<!-- ============================== -->
<hr>
<h2><a name="distribution">The AspectJ distribution</a></h2>

  <p> AspectJ 1.0 had many distributions - for the tools,
      the documentation, each IDE support package,
      their respective sources, and the Ant tasks -
      because they came under different licenses.
      All of AspectJ 1.1 is licensed under the CPL 1.0,
	  so the tools, Ant tasks, and documentation are all
      in one distribution available from
      <a href="http://eclipse.org/aspectj">
               http://eclipse.org/aspectj</a>.
To retain their MPL 1.1 license,
Ajde for
<a href="http://aspectj4emacs.sourceforge.net/">Emacs</a>,
<a href="http://aspectj4netbean.sourceforge.net/">NetBeans</a> and
<a href="http://aspectj4jbuildr.sourceforge.net/">JBuilder</a> 
are now independent SourceForge projects. </p>

  </p>


<!-- ============================== -->
<hr>
<hr>
<h2><a name="details">Details</a> of some language and compiler changes</h2>

  <h3><a name="ASPECT_INSTANTIATION_AND_ADVICE">Aspect Instantiation
  and Advice</a></h3>

    <p> In AspectJ 1.0.6, we made an effort to hide some complications
    with Aspect instantiation from the user.  In particular, the
    following code compiled and ran:
    </p>

      <PRE>
      public class Client
      {
          public static void main(String[] args) {
              Client c = new Client();
          }
      }

      aspect Watchcall {
          pointcut myConstructor(): execution(new(..));

          before(): myConstructor() {
              System.err.println("Entering Constructor");
          }
      }
      </PRE>

    <p> But there's a conceptual problem with this code: The before
    advice should run before the execution of all constructors in the
    system.  It must run in the context of an instance of the
    Watchcall aspect.  The only way to get such an instance is to have
    Watchcall's default constructor execute.  But before that
    executes, we need to run the before advice...</p>

    <p> AspectJ 1.0.6 hid this circularity through the ad-hoc
    mechanism of preventing an aspect's advice from matching join
    points that were within the aspect's definition, and occurred
    before the aspect was initialized.  But even in AspectJ 1.0.6,
    this circularity could be exposed:
    </p>

      <PRE>
      public class Client
      {
          public static int foo() { return 3; }
          public static void main(String[] args) {
              Client c = new Client();
          }
      }

      aspect Watchcall {
          int i = Client.foo();
          pointcut myConstructor():
              execution(new(..)) || execution(int foo());

          before(): myConstructor() {
              System.err.println("Entering Constructor");
          }
      }
      </PRE>

    <p>This program would throw a NullPointerException when run, since
    Client.foo() was called before the Watchcall instance could be
    instantiated.  </p>

    <p> In AspectJ 1.1, we have decided that half-hiding the problem
    just leads to trouble, and so we are no longer silently hiding
    some join points before aspect initialization.  However, we have
    provided a better exception than a NullPointerException for this
    case.  In AspectJ 1.1, both of the above programs will throw
    org.aspectj.lang.NoAspectBoundException. 
    </p>

  <h3><a name="THROWS_PATTERN">Matching based on throws</a></h3>

    <p> Type patterns may now be used to pick out methods and
    constructors based on their throws clauses.  This allows the
    following two kinds of extremely wildcarded pointcuts: </p>

    <pre>    pointcut throwsMathlike():
      // each call to a method with a throws clause containing at least
      // one exception with "Math" in its name.
      call(* *(..) throws *..*Math*);

    pointcut doesNotThrowMathlike():
      // each call to a method with a throws clause containing no
      // exceptions with "Math" in its name.
      call(* *(..) throws !*..*Math*);
    </pre>

    <p> The longwinded rules are that a method or constructor pattern
    can have a "throws clause pattern".  Throws clause patterns look
    like: </p>

    <pre>    ThrowsClausePattern:
        ThrowsClausePatternItem ("," ThrowsClausePatternItem)*

    ThrowsClausePatternItem:
        ["!"] TypeNamePattern
    </pre>

    <p> A ThrowsClausePattern matches the ThrowsClause of any code
    member signature. To match, each ThrowsClausePatternItem must
    match the throws clause of the member in question. If any item
    doesn't match, then the whole pattern doesn't match. This rule is
    unchanged from AspectJ 1.0.  </p>

    <p> If a ThrowsClausePatternItem begins with "!", then it matches
    a particular throws clause if and only if <em>none</em> of the
    types named in the throws clause is matched by the
    TypeNamePattern. </p>

    <p> If a ThrowsClausePatternItem does not begin with "!", then it
    matches a throws clause if and only if <em>any</em> of the types
    named in the throws clause is matched by the TypeNamePattern.</p>

    <p> These rules are completely backwards compatible with
    AspectJ 1.0. The rule for "!" matching has one potentially
    surprising property, in that the two PCD's shown below will have
    different matching rules. </p>

    <pre>    [1] call(* *(..) throws !IOException)
    [2] call(* *(..) throws (!IOException))

    void m() throws RuntimeException, IOException {}
    </pre>

    <p> [1] will NOT match the method m(), because method m's throws
    clause declares that it throws IOException. [2] WILL match the
    method m(), because method m's throws clause declares the it
    throws some exception which does not match IOException,
    i.e. RuntimeException. </p>

  <h3><a name="NEW_PCDS">New kinded pointcut designators</a></h3>

    <p> AspectJ 1.0 does not provide kinded pointcut designators for
    two (rarely used) join points: preinitialization (the code that
    runs before a super constructor call is made) and advice
    execution.  AspectJ 1.1 does not change the meaning of the join
    points, but provides two new pointcut designators to pick out
    these join points, thus making join points and pointcut
    designators more parallel.  </p>

    <p> <code>adviceexectuion()</code> will pick out advice execution
    join points.  You will usually want to use <code>adviceexecution()
    && within(Aspect)</code> to restrict it to only those pieces of
    advice defined in a particular aspect. <br>
    <code>preinitialization(<var>ConstructorPattern</var>)</code> will
    pick out pre-initialization join points where the initialization
    process is entered through
    <code><var>ConstructorPattern</var></code>. </p>

  <h3><a name="PER_TYPE">New pertype aspect specifier</a> (not in 1.1)</h3>

    <p>We strongly considered adding a pertype aspect kind to 1.1.
    This is somewhat motivated by the new
    <a href="#SINGLE_INTERCLASS_TARGET">restrictions on inter-type
    declarations<a>.  This is also motivated by many previous request
    to support a common logging idiom.  Here's what pertype would look
    like:</p>

    <pre>    /** One instance of this aspect will be created for each class,
     * interface or aspect in the com.bigboxco packages.
     */
    aspect Logger pertype(com.bigboxco..*) {
        /* This field holds a logger for the class. */
        Log log;

        /* This advice will run for every public execution defined by
         * a type for which a Logger aspect has been created, i.e.
         * any type in com.bigboxco..*
         */
        before(): execution(public * *(..)) {
            log.enterMethod(thisJoinPoint.getSignature().getName());
        }

        /* We can use a special constructor to initialize the log field */
        public Logger(Class myType) {
            this.log = new Log(myType);
        }
    }

        /** External code could use aspectOf to get at the log, i.e. */
        Log l = Logger.aspectOf(com.bigboxco.Foo.class).log;
    </pre>

    <p>The one open question that we see is how this should interact
    with inner types.  If a pertype aspect is created for an outer
    type should advice in that aspect run for join points in inner
    types?  That is the behavior of the most common uses of this
    idiom.  </p>

    <p> In any case, this feature will not be in AspectJ 1.1.
    </p>

  <h3><a name="SINGLE_INTERCLASS_TARGET">One target for intertype
  declarations</a></h3>

    <p> Intertype declarations (once called "introductions") in
    AspectJ 1.1 can only have one target type.  So the following code
    intended to declare that there is a void doStuff() method on all
    subtypes of Target is not legal AspectJ 1.1 code.
    </p>

    <pre>    aspect A {
        public void Target+.doStuff() { ... }
    }
    </pre>

    <p> The functionality of "multi-intertype declarations" can be
    recovered by using a helper interface.
    </p>

    <pre>    aspect A {
        private interface MyTarget {}
        declare parents:  Target+ implements MyTarget;
        public void MyTarget.doStuff() { ... }
    }
    </pre>

    <p> We believe this is better style in AspectJ 1.0 as well, as it
    makes clear the static type of "this" inside the method body.
    </p>

    <p> The one piece of functionality that can not be easily
    recovered is the ability to add static fields to many classes.  We
    believe that the <a href="#PER_TYPE">pertype proposal</a> provides
    this functionality in a much more usable form.</p>

  <h3><a name="UNAVAILABLE_JOIN_POINTS">No initializer execution join
    points</a></h3>

    <p> AspectJ 1.1 does not consider initializer execution a
    principled join point.  The collection of initializer code (the
    code that sets fields with initializers and the code in non-static
    initializer blocks) is something that makes sense only in Java
    source code, not in Java bytecode.  </p>

  <h3><a name="AFTER_HANDLER"></a>No after or around advice on handler 
	join points</h3>

    <p> The end of an exception handler is underdetermined in bytecode,
  	so ajc will not implement after or around advice on handler join 
    points, instead signaling a compile-time error.</p>

  <h3><a name="CONSTRUCTOR_EXECUTION_IS_BIGGER">Initializers run
    inside constructor execution join points</a></h3>

    <p> The code generated by the initializers in Java source code now
    runs inside of constructor execution join points.  This changes
    how before advice runs on constructor execution join points.
    Consider: </p>

    <pre>    class C {
        C() { }
        String id = "identifier"; // this assignment
                                  // has to happen sometime
    }
    aspect A {
        before(C c) this(c) && execution(C.new()) {
            System.out.println(c.id.length());
        }
    }
    </pre>

    <p> In AspectJ 1.0, this will print "10", since id is assigned its
    initial value prior to the before advice's execution.  However, in
    AspectJ 1.1, this will throw a NullPointerExcception, since "id"
    does not have a value prior to the before advice's execution.
    </p>

    <p> Note that the various flavors of after returning advice are
    unchanged in this respect in AspectJ 1.1.  Also note that this
    only matters for the execution of constructors that call a
    super-constructor.  Execution of constructors that call a
    this-constructor are the same in AspectJ 1.1 as in AspectJ 1.0.
    </p>

    <p> We believe this difference should be minimal to real programs,
    since programmers using before advice on constructor execution
    must always assume incomplete object initialization, since the
    constructor has not yet run.  </p>

  <h3><a name="INTER_TYPE_FIELD_INITIALIZERS">Inter-type field initializers</a></h3>

    <p> The initializer, if any, of an inter-type field definition runs
    before the class-local initializers of its target class.  </p>

    <p> In AspectJ 1.0.6, such an initializer would run after the
    initializers of a class but before the execution of any of its
    constructor bodies.  As already discussed in the sections about
    <a href="#UNAVAILABLE_JOIN_POINTS">initializer execution join
    points</a> and <a href="#CONSTRUCTOR_EXECUTION_IS_BIGGER">constructor
    execution</a>, the point in code between the initializers of a class
    and its constructor body is not principled in bytecode.  So we had a
    choice of running the initializer of an inter-type field definition at
    the beginning of initialization (i.e., before initializers from
    the target class) or at the end (i.e., just before its called
    constructor exits).  We chose the former, having this pattern in mind:
    </p>

    <PRE>
    int C.methodCount = 0;
    before(C c): this(c) &amp;&amp; execution(* *(..)) { c.methodCount++; }
    </PRE>

    <p> We felt there would be too much surprise if a constructor called a
    method (thus incrementing the method count) and then the field was
    reset to zero after the constructor was done. 
    </p>

  <h3><a name="WITHIN_MEMBER_TYPES">Small limitations of the within
    pointcut</a></h3>

   <p>Because of the guarantees made (and not made) by the Java
    classfile format, there are cases where AspectJ 1.1 cannot
    guarantee that the within pointcut designator will pick out all
    code that was originally within the source code of a certain
    type.
    </p>

    <p> The non-guarantee applies to code inside of anonymous and
    local types inside member types.  While the within pointcut
    designator behaves exactly as it did in AspectJ 1.0 when given a
    package-level type (like C, below), if given a member-type (like
    C.InsideC, below), it is not guaranteed to capture code in
    contained local and anonymous types.  For example: </p>

    <pre>    class C {
        Thread t;
        class InsideC {
            void setupOuterThread() {
                t = new Thread(
                        new Runnable() {
                            public void run() {
                                // join points with code here
                                // might not be captured by
                                // within(C.InsideC), but are
                                // captured by within(C)
                                System.out.println("hi");
                            }
                        });
            }
        }
    }
    </pre>

    <p> We believe the non-guarantee is small, and we haven't verified
    that it is a problem in practice.  </p>

  <h3><a name="WITHIN_CODE">Small limitations of the withincode
    pointcut</a></h3>

    <p>The withincode pointcut has similar issues to those described
    above for within.  
    </p>

  <h3><a name="INSTANCEOF_ON_WILD">Can't do instanceof matching on
        type patterns with wildcard</a></h3>

    <p>The pointcut designators this, target and args specify a
    dynamic test on their argument.  These tests can not be performed
    on type patterns with wildcards in them.  The following code that
    compiled under 1.0 will be an error in AspectJ-1.1:</p>

    <pre>    pointcut oneOfMine(): this(com.bigboxco..*);
    </pre>

    <p>The only way to implement this kind of matching in a modular
    way would be to use the reflection API at runtime on the Class of
    the object.  This would have a very high performance cost and
    possible security issues.  There are two good work-arounds.  If
    you control the source or bytecode to the type you want to match
    then you can use declare parents, i.e.:</p>

    <pre>    private interface OneOfMine {}
    declare parents: com.bigboxco..* implements OneOfMine;
    pointcut oneOfMine(): this(OneOfMine);
    </pre>

    <p>If you want the more dynamic matching and are willing to pay
    for the performance, then you should use the Java reflection API
    combined with if.  That would look something like:</p>

    <pre>    pointcut oneOfMine(): this(Object) &&
        if(classMatches("com.bigboxco..*",
                        thisJoinPoint.getTarget().getClass()));

    static boolean classMatches(String pattern, Class _class) {
        if (patternMatches(pattern, _class.getName())) return true;
        ...
    }
    </pre>

    <p>Note: wildcard type matching still works in all other PCD's that
    match based on static types.  So, you can use
    'within(com.bigboxco..*+)' to match any code lexically within one
    of your classes or a subtype thereof.  This is often a good
    choice.</p>
    </p>


  <h3><a name="NO_SOURCE_COLUMN">SourceLocation.getColumn()</a></h3>

    <p>The Java .class file format contains information about the
    source file and line numbers of its contents; however, it has no
    information about source columns.  As a result, we can not
    effectively support the access of column information in the
    reflection API.  So, any calls to
    thisJoinPoint.getSourceLocation().getColumn() will be marked as
    deprecated by the compiler, and will always return 0.</p>

  <h3><a name="ASPECT_PRECEDENCE">Aspect precedence</a></h3>

    <p> AspectJ 1.1 has a new declare form:
    </p>

    <pre>    declare precedence ":"  TypePatternList ";"
    </pre>

    <p> This is used to declare advice ordering constraints on join
    points.  For example, the constraints that (1) aspects that have
    Security as part of their name should dominate all other aspects, and
    (2) the Logging aspect (and any aspect that extends it) should
    dominate all non-security aspects, can be expressed by: </p>

    <pre>    declare precedence: *..*Security*, Logging+, *;
    </pre>

    <p> In the TypePatternList, the wildcard * means "any type not matched
    by another type in the declare precedence".  </p>

    <h4>Various cycles</h4>

      <p> It is an error for any aspect to be matched by more than one
      TypePattern in a single declare precedence, so: </p>

      <pre>      declare precedence:  A, B, A ;  // error
      </pre>

      <p> However, multiple declare precedence forms may legally have this
      kind of circularity.  For example, each of these declare precedence is
      perfectly legal:
      </p>

      <pre>      declare precedence: B, A;
      declare precedence: A, B;
      </pre>

      <p> And a system in which both constraints are active may also be
      legal, so long as advice from A and B don't share a join point.  So
      this is an idiom that can be used to enforce that A and B are strongly
      independent.  </p>

    <h4>Applies to concrete aspects</h4>

      <p> Consider the following library aspects:
      </p>

      <pre>      abstract aspect Logging {
          abstract pointcut logged();

          before(): logged() {
              System.err.println("thisJoinPoint: " + thisJoinPoint);
          }
      }

      aspect MyProfiling {
          abstract pointcut profiled();

          Object around(): profiled() {
              long beforeTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
              try {
                  return proceed();
              } finally {
                  long afterTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
                  addToProfile(thisJoinPointStaticPart,
                               afterTime - beforeTime);
              }
          }
          abstract void addToProfile(
              org.aspectj.JoinPoint.StaticPart jp,
              long elapsed);
      }
      </pre>

      <p> In order to use either aspect, they must be extended with
      concrete aspects, say, MyLogging and MyProfiling.  In AspectJ
      1.0, it was not possible to express that Logging's advice (when
      concerned with the concrete aspect MyLogging) dominated
      Profiling's advice (when concerned with the concrete aspect
      MyProfiling) without adding a dominates clause to Logging
      itself.  In AspectJ 1.1, we can express that constraint with a
      simple: </p>

      <pre>      declare precedence: MyLogging, MyProfiling;
      </pre>

    <h4>Changing order of advice for sub-aspects</h4>

      <p> By default, advice in a sub-aspect has more precedence than
      advice in a super-aspect.  One use of the AspectJ 1.0 dominates
      form was to change this precedence:
      </p>

      <pre>      abstract aspect SuperA dominates SubA {
          pointcut foo(): ... ;

          before(): foo() {
              // in AspectJ 1.0, runs before the advice in SubA
              // because of the dominates clause
          }
      }

      aspect SubA extends SuperA {
          before(): foo() {
              // in AspectJ 1.0, runs after the advice in SuperA
              // because of the dominates clause
          }
      }
      </pre>

      <p> This no longer works in AspectJ 1.1, since declare precedence only
      matters for concrete aspects.  Thus, if you want to regain this kind
      of precedence change, you will need to refactor your aspects.
      </p>

  <h3><a name="SOURCEROOT">The -sourceroots option</a></h3>

    <p> The AspectJ 1.1 compiler now accepts a -sourceroots option used to
    pass all .java files in particular directories to the compiler.  It
    takes either a single directory name, or a list of directory names
    separated with the CLASSPATH separator character (":" for various
    Unices, ";" for various Windows). </p>

    <p> So, if you have your project separated into a gui module and a
    base module, each of which is stored in a directory tree, you might
    use one of
    </p>

    <pre>    ajc -sourceroots /myProject/gui:/myProject/base
    ajc -sourceroots d:\myProject\gui;d:\myProject\base
    </pre>

    <p> This option may be used in conjunction with lst files, listing
    .java files on the command line, and the -injars option.
    </p>

  <h3><a name="BYTECODE_WEAVING">The -injars option</a></h3>

    <p> The AspectJ 1.1 compiler now accepts an -injars option used to
    pass all .class files in a particular jar file to the compiler.  It
    takes either a single directory name, or a list of directory names
    separated with the CLASSPATH separator character (":" for various
    Unices, ";" for various Windows). </p>

    <p> So, if MyTracing.java defines a trace aspect that you want to
    apply to all the classes in myBase.jar and myGui.jar, you would use
    one of: </p>

    <pre>    ajc -injars /bin/myBase.jar:/bin/myGui.jar MyTracing.java
    ajc -injars d:\bin\myBase.jar;d:\bin\myGui.jar MyTracing.java
    </pre>

    <p> The class files in the input jars must not have had advice woven
    into them, since AspectJ enforces the requirement that advice is woven
    into a particular classfile only once.  So if the classfiles in the
    jar file are to be created with the ajc compiler (as opposed to a pure
    Java compiler), they should not be compiled with any non-abstract
    aspects.  </p>

    <p> This option may be used in conjunction with lst files, listing
    .java files on the command line, and the -sourceroots option.
    </p>

  <h3><a name="OUTJAR">The -outjar option</a></h3>

    <p> The -outjar option takes the name of a jar file into which the
    results of the compilation should be put.  For example:

    <pre>    ajc -injars myBase.jar MyTracing.java -outjar myTracedBase.jar
    </pre>

    <p> No meta information is placed in the output jar file. </p>

  <h3><a name="INCREMENTAL">Incremental compilation</a></h3>

    <p> The AspectJ 1.1 compiler now supports incremental compilation.
    When ajc is called with the -incremental option, it must also be
    passed a -sourceroots option specifying a directory to incrementally
    compile.  Once the initial compile is done, ajc waits for console
    input.  Every time it reads a new line (i.e., every time the user
    hits return) ajc recompiles those input files that need recompiling.
    </p>

    <h4>Limitations</h4>

    <p> This new functionality is still only lightly tested. </p>

  <h3><a name="XNOWEAVE">-XnoWeave, a compiler option to suppress
  weaving</a></h3>

    <p> The -XnoWeave option suppresses weaving, and generates
    classfiles and that can be passed to ajc again (through the
    -injars option) to generate final, woven classfiles. </p>

    <p> This option was originally envisioned to be the primary way to
    generate binary aspects that could be linked with other code, and
    so it was previously (in AspectJ 1.1beta1) named
    <code>-noweave</code>.  We feel that using the
    <code><a href="#BINARY_ASPECTS">-aspectpath</a></code> option is a
    much better option.  There may still be use cases for unwoven
    classfiles, but we've moved the flag to experimental status.
    </p>

  <h3><a name="BINARY_ASPECTS">-aspectpath, working with aspects in .class/.jar
  form</a> </h3>

    <p> When aspects are compiled into classfiles, they include all
    information necessary for the ajc compiler to weave their advice
    and deal with their inter-type declarations.  In order for these
    aspects to have an effect on a compilation process, they must be
    passed to the compiler on the -aspectpath.  Every .jar file on
    this path will be searched for aspects and any aspects that are
    found will be enabled during the compilation.  The binary forms of
    this aspects will be untouched. </p>

  <h3><a name="NO_CALLEE_SIDE_CALL">Callee-side call join
  points</a></h3>

    <p> The 1.0 implementation of AspectJ, when given:
    </p>

    <pre>    class MyRunnable implements Runnable {
        public void run() { ... }
    }

    aspect A {
        call(): (void run()) && target(MyRunnable) {
            // do something here
        }
    }
    </pre>

    <p> would cause A's advice to execute even when, say, java.lang.Thread
    called run() on a MyRunnable instance.
    </p>

    <p> With the new compiler, two things have happened in regard to
    callee-side calls:
    </p>

    <ol>
      <li>because the programmer has access to more code (i.e.,
       bytecode, not just source code), callee-side calls are much
       less important to have.</li>

       <li>because compilation is more modular, allowing and
       encouraging separate compilation, callee-side calls are much
       more difficult to implement</li>
    </ol>

    <p> With these two points in mind, advice in an aspect will not be
    applied to call join points whose call site is completely
    unavailable to the aspect.  </p>

    <ol>
      <li>One reason (though not the only reason) we worked so hard in
       the <em>implementation</em> of 1.0.6 to expose call join
       points, even if we only had access to the callee's code, was
       that otherwise users couldn't get access to call join points
       where the call was made from bytecode.  This is no longer the
       case.  In short, the implementation controls much more code (or
       has the capability to) than ever before.</li>

      <li>The implementation model for the AspectJ 1.1 compiler is to
       separate the compilation of aspects/advice from their
       weaving/linking.  A property of the model is that the
       compilation requires no access to "target" code, only the
       weaving/linking does, and weaving/linking is inherently
       per-class local: No action at weaving/linking time depends on
       the coordinated mangling of multiple classfiles.  Rather, all
       weaving is done on a per classfile basis.  This is an essential
       property for the current separate compilation model. <br>

       However, allowing implementation of call advice on either
       side requires simultaneous knowledge of both sides.  If we first
       have access to a call, we can't decide to simply put the advice
       on the call site, since later we may decide to implement on the
       callee.</li>
    </ol>

    <p>This implementation decision is completely in the letter and
    the spirit of the AspectJ language.  From the semantics guide
    describing code the implementation controls:</p>

    <blockquote>
      But AspectJ implementations are permitted to deviate from this
      in a well-defined way -- they are permitted to advise only
      accesses in <em>code the implementation
      controls</em>.  Each implementation is free within certain
      bounds to provide its own definition of what it means to control
      code.
    </blockquote>

    <p>And about a particular decision about the 1.0.6
    implementation:</p>

    <blockquote>
       Different join points have different requirements.  Method call
       join points can be advised only if ajc controls
       <em>either</em> the code for the caller or the code
       for the receiver, and some call pointcut designators may
       require caller context (what the static type of the receiver
       is, for example) to pick out join points.
    </blockquote>

    <p> The 1.1 implementation makes a different design decision:
    Method call join points can be advised only if ajc (in compiler or
    linker form) controls the code for the caller. </p>
    
    <p>What does 1.1 gain from this?</p>

    <ul>
      <li>a clear (and implemented) separate compilation model (see
      point 2, above)</li>

      <li>a less confusing interaction between call join points and
      the thisJoinPoint reflective object: We still get bug reports
      about source information sometimes existing and sometimes not
      existing at call join points.</li>
    </ul>

    <p> What does 1.1 lose from this?</p>

    <ul>
      <li>The ability to capture all calls to Runnable.run() from
      anywhere to code ajc has access too, even from Thread, even if
      you don't compile java.lang with ajc.</li>

      <li>The ability to, without access to the caller, capture entry to
      a particular method, but not super calls.</li>

      <li>A code-size-improvement performance optimization.</li>
    </ul>

    <p> What are the possibilities for the future?</p>

    <ul>
      <li>AspectJ 1.1.1 could expand its capture of call join points,
      possibly at the expense of separate compilation clarity,
      possibly not. </li>

      <li>AspectJ 1.1.1 could re-introduce reception join points from
      AspectJ 0.7 (what callee-side call join points actually are):
      though they would never ever be taught in a tutorial or
      entry-level description of the model, they may have specialized
      uses.</li>
    </ul>

    <p> How will this affect developers?</p>
    <ul>
		<li>When using the call PCD but only supplying the callee
            code, supply the calling code or use the execution PCD instead.
		</li>
    </ul>

  <h3><a name="OTHER_X_OPTIONS">Various -X options</a></h3>

    <p> The AspectJ 1.0 compiler supported a number of options that
    started with X, for "experimental".  Some of them will not be
    supported in 1.1, either because the "experiment" succeeded (in
    which case it's part of the normal functionality) or failed.
    Others will be supported as is (or nearly so) in 1.1:
    </p>

    <ul>
      <li>-XOcodeSize: This is no longer necessary because inlining
      of around advice is on by default.  We support its inverse,
      <a href="#XNOINLINE"><code>-XnoInline</code></a>.
      </li>

      <li><a href="#XNOWEAVE">-XnoWeave, a compiler option to suppress
           weaving</a></li>

      <li>-XtargetNearSource: Not supported in this release. </li>

      <li>-XserializableAspects: Supported. </li>

      <li>-XaddSafePrefix: This option will not be supported in 1.1 at
      all because we're now always using (what we believe to be) safe
      prefixes. </li>

      <li>-Xlint: Still supported, with <a href="#XLINT">various
      options</a>. </li>
    </ul>

  <h3><a name="ERROR_MESSAGES">Some confusing error messages</a></h3>

    <p>Building on the eclipse compiler has given us access to a very
    sophisticated problem reporting system as well as highly optimized
    error messages for pure Java code.  Often this leads to noticeably
    better error messages than from ajc-1.0.6.  However, when we don't
    handle errors correctly this can sometimes lead to cascading error
    messages where a single small syntax error will produce dozens of
    other messages.  Please report any very confusing error messages as
    bugs.</p>


  <h3><a name="MESSAGE_CONTEXT">Source code context is not shown
                for errors and warnings detected during bytecode weaving</a></h3>

	<p>For compiler errors and warnings detected during bytecode weaving,
	source code context will not be displayed.  In particular, for declare
	error and declare warning statements, the compiler now only emits the 
	file and line.  We are investigating ways to overcome this in cases
	where the source code is available; in cases where source code is 
	not available, we might specify the signature of the offending code.
	For more information, see bug 31724.</p>


  <h3><a name="XLINT">The -Xlint option</a></h3>

    <p><code>-Xlint:ignore,error,warning</code> will set the level for
    all Xlint warnings.  <code>-Xlint</code>, alone, is an
    abbreviation for <code>-Xlint:warning</code>.</p>

    <p>The <code>-Xlintfile:lint.properties</code> allows fine-grained
    control.  In tools.jar, see
    <code>org/aspectj/weaver/XlintDefault.properties</code> for the
    default behavior and a template to copy. </p>

    <p> More <code>-Xlint</code> warnings are supported now, and
    we may add disabled warnings in subsequent bug-fix releases of 1.1.    
    Because the configurability allows users to turn off
    warnings, we will be able to warn about more potentially
    dangerous situations, such as the potentially unsafe casts used by
    very polymorphic uses of proceed in around advice.  </p>

  <h3><a name="NO_SOURCE">Source-specific options</a></h3>

    <p> Because AspectJ 1.1 does not generate source code after
    weaving, the source-code-specific options -preprocess, -usejavac,
    -nocomment and -workingdir options are meaningless and so not
    supported.  </p>

  <h3><a name="NO_STRICT_LENIENT">The -strict and -lenient
  options</a></h3>

    <p> Because AspectJ 1.1 uses the Eclipse compiler, which has its
    own mechanism for changing strictness, we no longer support the
    -strict and -lenient options. </p>

  <h3><a name="NO_PORTING">The -porting option</a></h3>

    <p> AspectJ 1.1 does not have a -porting option.</p>

  <h3><a name="13_REQUIRED">J2SE 1.3 required</a></h3>

    <p>Because we build on Eclipse, the compiler will no longer run
    under J2SE 1.2.  You must run the compiler (and all tools based on
    the compiler) using J2SE 1.3 or later. The code generated by the
    compiler can still run on Java 1.1 or later VM's if compiled against
    the correct runtime libraries.</p>

  <h3><a name="DEFAULT_CONSTRUCTOR_CONFLICT">Default
  constructors</a></h3>

    <p> AspectJ 1.1 does not allow the inter-type definition of a
    zero-argument constructor on a class with a visible default
    constructor.  So this is no longer allowed: </p>

    <PRE>
    class C {}

    aspect A {
        C.new() {}  // was allowed in 1.0.6
                    // is a "multiple definitions" conflict in 1.1
    }
    </PRE>

    <p> In the Java Programming Language, a class defined without a
    constructor actually has a "default" constructor that takes no
    arguments and just calls <code>super()</code>.  </p>

    <p> This default constructor is a member of the class like any other
    member, and can be referenced by other classes, and has code generated
    for it in classfiles.  Therefore, it was an oversight that AspectJ
    1.0.6 allowed such an "overriding" inter-type constructor definition.
    </p>

  <h3><a name="SUPER_IFACE_INITS">Initialization join points for
    super-interfaces</a></h3>

    <p> In AspectJ, interfaces may have non-static members due to
    inter-type declarations.  Because of this, the semantics of AspectJ
    defines the order that initializer code for interfaces is run.  
    </p>

    <p> In the semantics document for AspectJ 1.0.6, the following
    promises were made about the order of this initialization:
    </p>

    <ol>
      <li>a supertype is initialized before a subtype</li>
      <li>initialized code runs only once</li>
      <li>initializers for supertypes run in left-to-right order</li>
    </ol>

    <p> The first two properties are important and are preserved in
    AspectJ 1.1, but the third property is and was ludicrous, and was
    never properly implemented (and never could be) in AspectJ 1.0.6.
    Consider: </p>

    <PRE>
    interface Top0 {}
    interface Top1 {}
    interface I extends Top0, Top1 {} 
    interface J extends Top1, Top0 {}

    class C implements I, J {}
    // I says Top0's inits must run before Top1's
    // J says Top1's inits must run before Top0's

    aspect A {
        int Top0.i = foo("I'm in Top0");
        int Top1.i = foo("I'm in Top1");
        static int foo(String s) {
            System.out.println(s);
            return 37;
        }
    }
    </PRE>

    <p> This was simply a bug in the AspectJ specification.  The correct
    third rule is:
    </p>

    <blockquote>the initializers for a type's superclass are run before the
    initializers for its superinterfaces.
    </blockquote>


  <h3><a name="VOID_FIELD_SET">Field Set Join Points</a></h3>

    <p> In AspectJ 1.0.6, the join point for setting a field F had, as a
    return type, F's type.  This was "java compatible" because
    field assignment in java, such as "Foo.i = 37", is in fact an
    expression, and does in fact return a value, the value that the
    field is assigned to.
    </p>

    <p> This was never "java programmer compatible", however, largely
    because programmers have absorbed the good style of rarely using an
    assignment statement in a value context.  Programmers typically expect
    "Foo.i = 37" not to return a value, but to simply assign a value. </p>

    <p> Thus, programmers typically wanted to write something like:
    </p>

    <PRE>
    void around(): set(int Foo.i) {
        if (theSetIsAllowed()) {
            proceed();
        }
    }
    </PRE>

    <p> And were confused by it being a compile-time error.  They weren't
    confused for long, and soon adapted to writing:
    </p>    

    <PRE>
    int around(): set(int Foo.i) {
        if (theSetIsAllowed()) {
            return proceed();
        } else {
            return Foo.i;
        }
    }
    </PRE>

    <p> But there was definitely a short disconnect.  </p>

    <p> On top of that, we were never shown a convincing use-case for
    returning an interesting value from a set join point.  When we
    revisited this issue, in fact, we realized we had a long-standing bug
    in 1.0.6 dealing with the return value of pre-increment expressions
    (such as ++Foo.i) that nobody had found because nobody cares about the
    return value of such join points. 
    </p>

    <p> So, because it's easier to implement, and because we believe that
    this is the last possibility to make the semantics more useful, we
    have made set join points have a void return type in 1.1. </p>

  <h3><a name="XNOINLINE">The -XnoInline Option</a></h3>

    <p> The <code>-XnoInline</code>
    option to indicate that no inlining of any kind should be done.  This
    is purely a compiler pragma:  No program semantics (apart from stack
    traces) will be changed by the presence or absence of this option. 
    </p>

  <h3><a name="TARGET_TYPES_MADE_PUBLIC">Target types made
  public</a></h3>

    <p> Even in 1.0.6, the AspectJ compiler has occasionally needed to
    convert the visibility of a package-level class to a public one.  This
    was previously done in an ad-hoc basis that took whole-program
    analysis into account.  With the incremental compilation model of
    AspectJ 1.1, we can now specify the occasions when the compiler makes
    these visibility changes.
    </p>

    <p> In particular, the types used in the <code>this</code>,
    <code>target</code>, and <code>args</code> pointcuts are made public,
    as are the super-types from <code>declare parents</code> and the
    exception type from <code>declare soft</code>. 
    </p> 

    <p> We believe the visibility changes could be avoided in the future
    with various implementation tricks if they become a serious
    concern, but did not encounter them as such a concern when they were
    done in the 1.0.6 implementation.  </p>

<h3><a name="STRINGBUFFER">String + now advised</a></h3>

<p> In Java, the + operator sometimes results in StringBuffer objects
being created, appended to, and used to generate a new String.  Thus, 
</p>

<PRE>
class Foo {
    String makeEmphatic(String s) {
        return s + "!";
    }
}
</PRE>

<p> is approximately the same at runtime as
</p>

<PRE>
class Foo {
    String makeEmphatic(String s) {
        return new StringBuffer(s).append("!").toString();
    }
}
</PRE>


<p> In the design process of AspectJ 1.0.6 we didn't expose those
StringBuffer methods and constructors as join points (though we did
discuss it), but in 1.1 we do.  </p>

<p> This change is likely to affect highly wildcarded aspects, and can
do so in surprising ways.  In particular:
</p>

<PRE>
class A {
    before(int i): call(* *(int)) &amp;&amp; args(i) {
        System.err.println("entering with " + i);
    }
}
</PRE>

<p> may result in a stack overflow error, since the argument to
println is really </p>

<PRE>
new StringBuffer("entering with ").append(i).toString()
</PRE>

<p> which has a call to StringBuffer.append(int).  In such cases, it's
worth restricting your pointcut, with something like one of:
</p>

<PRE>
call(* *(int)) &amp;&amp; args(i) &amp;&amp; !within(A)
call(* *(int)) &amp;&amp; args(i) &amp;&amp; !target(StringBuffer)
</PRE>

<h3><a name="ONE_FOUR_METHOD_SIGNATURES">The -1.4 flag and method signatures</a></h3>

<p> Consider the following aspect
</p>

<PRE>
public aspect SwingCalls {
    
    pointcut callingAnySwing(): call(* javax.swing..*+.*(..));

    before(): callingAnySwing() {
        System.out.println("Calling any Swing");
    }
}
</PRE>

<p> And then consider the two statements
</p>

<PRE>
  JFrame frame = new JFrame();
  frame.setTitle("Title");
</PRE>

<p> According to the Java Language Specification version 2, the call
to <code>frame.setTitle("Title")</code> should always produce the
bytecode for a call to <code>javax.swing.JFrame.setTitle</code>.
However, older compilers (and eclipse when run without the
<code>-1.4</code> flag) will generate the bytecode for a call to
<code>java.awt.Frame.setTitle</code> instead since this method is not
overriden by JFrame.  The AspectJ weaver depends on the correctly
generated bytecode in order to match patterns like the one you show
correctly.  </p>

<p> This is a good example of why the pattern <code>call(* *(..)) &&
target(JFrame)</code> is the recommended style.  In general, OO
programmers don't want to care about the static type of an object at a
call site, but only want to know the dynamic instanceof behavior which
is what the target matching will handle.  </p>


<h2><a name="knownLimitations">Known limitations</a></h2>

<p>The AspectJ 1.1.0 release contains a small number of known limitations
relative to the AspectJ 1.1 language.  
For the most up-to-date information about known limitations in an
AspectJ 1.1 release, see the bug database at 
  <a href="http://bugs.eclipse.org/bugs">http://bugs.eclipse.org/bugs</a>,
especially the open bugs for the 
<a href="http://bugs.eclipse.org/bugs/buglist.cgi?product=AspectJ&component=Compiler&bug_status=UNCONFIRMED&bug_status=NEW&bug_status=ASSIGNED&bug_status=REOPENED">
  compiler</a>, 
<a href="http://bugs.eclipse.org/bugs/buglist.cgi?product=AspectJ&component=IDE&bug_status=UNCONFIRMED&bug_status=NEW&bug_status=ASSIGNED&bug_status=REOPENED">
  IDE support</a>,
<a href="http://bugs.eclipse.org/bugs/buglist.cgi?product=AspectJ&component=Doc&bug_status=UNCONFIRMED&bug_status=NEW&bug_status=ASSIGNED&bug_status=REOPENED">
  documentation</a>, and 
<a href="http://bugs.eclipse.org/bugs/buglist.cgi?product=AspectJ&component=Ant&bug_status=UNCONFIRMED&bug_status=NEW&bug_status=ASSIGNED&bug_status=REOPENED">
  Ant tasks</a>.
Developers should know about bugs marked with the "info" keyword
because those bugs reflect failures to implement the 1.1 language perfectly.
These might be fixed during the 1.1 release cycle; find them using the query
  <a href="http://bugs.eclipse.org/bugs/buglist.cgi?product=AspectJ&keywords=info">
	       http://bugs.eclipse.org/bugs/buglist.cgi?product=AspectJ&keywords=info</a>

For ajc's 1.1 implementation limitations, see 
  <a href="progguide/implementation.html">
   Programming Guide Appendix: "Implementation Notes"</a>.
  
</p>
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