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.. _stats-robust:
*****************************
Robust Statistical Estimators
*****************************
Robust statistics provide reliable estimates of basic statistics for complex
distributions. The statistics package includes several robust statistical
functions that are commonly used in astronomy. This includes methods for
rejecting outliers as well as statistical description of the underlying
distributions.
In addition to the functions mentioned here, models can be fit with outlier
rejection using :func:`~astropy.modeling.fitting.FittingWithOutlierRemoval`.
Sigma Clipping
==============
Sigma clipping provides a fast method to identify outliers in a
distribution. For a distribution of points, a center and a standard
deviation are calculated. Values which are less or more than a
specified number of standard deviations from a center value are
rejected. The process can be iterated to further reject outliers.
The `astropy.stats` package provides both a functional and
object-oriented interface for sigma clipping. The function is called
:func:`~astropy.stats.sigma_clip` and the class is called
:class:`~astropy.stats.SigmaClip`. By default, they both return a
masked array where the rejected points are masked.
First, let's generate some data that has a mean of 0 and standard
deviation of 0.2, but with outliers:
.. doctest-requires:: scipy
>>> import numpy as np
>>> import scipy.stats as stats
>>> np.random.seed(0)
>>> x = np.arange(200)
>>> y = np.zeros(200)
>>> c = stats.bernoulli.rvs(0.35, size=x.shape)
>>> y += (np.random.normal(0., 0.2, x.shape) +
... c*np.random.normal(3.0, 5.0, x.shape))
Now, let's use :func:`~astropy.stats.sigma_clip` to perform sigma
clipping on the data:
.. doctest-requires:: scipy
>>> from astropy.stats import sigma_clip
>>> filtered_data = sigma_clip(y, sigma=3, maxiters=10)
The output masked array then can be used to calculate statistics on
the data, fit models to the data, or otherwise explore the data.
To perform the same sigma clipping with the
:class:`~astropy.stats.SigmaClip` class:
.. doctest-requires:: scipy
>>> from astropy.stats import SigmaClip
>>> sigclip = SigmaClip(sigma=3, maxiters=10)
>>> print(sigclip) # doctest: +SKIP
<SigmaClip>
sigma: 3
sigma_lower: None
sigma_upper: None
maxiters: 10
cenfunc: <function median at 0x108dbde18>
stdfunc: <function std at 0x103ab52f0>
>>> filtered_data = sigclip(y)
Note that once the ``sigclip`` instance is defined above, it can be
applied to other data, using the same, already-defined, sigma-clipping
parameters.
For basic statistics, :func:`~astropy.stats.sigma_clipped_stats` is a
convenience function to calculate the sigma-clipped mean, median, and
standard deviation of an array. As can be seen, rejecting the
outliers returns accurate values for the underlying distribution:
.. doctest-requires:: scipy
>>> from astropy.stats import sigma_clipped_stats
>>> y.mean(), np.median(y), y.std() # doctest: +FLOAT_CMP
(0.86586417693378226, 0.03265864495523732, 3.2913811977676444)
>>> sigma_clipped_stats(y, sigma=3, maxiters=10) # doctest: +FLOAT_CMP
(-0.0020337793767186197, -0.023632809025713953, 0.19514652532636906)
:func:`~astropy.stats.sigma_clip` and
:class:`~astropy.stats.SigmaClip` can be combined with other robust
statistics to provide improved outlier rejection as well.
.. plot::
:include-source:
import numpy as np
import scipy.stats as stats
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
from astropy.stats import sigma_clip, mad_std
# Generate fake data that has a mean of 0 and standard deviation of 0.2 with outliers
np.random.seed(0)
x = np.arange(200)
y = np.zeros(200)
c = stats.bernoulli.rvs(0.35, size=x.shape)
y += (np.random.normal(0., 0.2, x.shape) +
c*np.random.normal(3.0, 5.0, x.shape))
filtered_data = sigma_clip(y, sigma=3, maxiters=1, stdfunc=mad_std)
# plot the original and rejected data
plt.figure(figsize=(8,5))
plt.plot(x, y, '+', color='#1f77b4', label="original data")
plt.plot(x[filtered_data.mask], y[filtered_data.mask], 'x',
color='#d62728', label="rejected data")
plt.xlabel('x')
plt.ylabel('y')
plt.legend(loc=2, numpoints=1)
.. automodapi:: astropy.stats.sigma_clipping
Median Absolute Deviation
=========================
The median absolute deviation (MAD) is a measure of the spread of a
distribution and is defined as ``median(abs(a - median(a)))``. The
MAD can be calculated using
`~astropy.stats.median_absolute_deviation`. For a normal
distribution, the MAD is related to the standard deviation by a factor
of 1.4826, and a convenience function, `~astropy.stats.mad_std`, is
available to apply the conversion.
.. note::
A function can be supplied to the
`~astropy.stats.median_absolute_deviation` to specify the median
function to be used in the calculation. Depending on the version
of numpy and whether the array is masked or contains irregular
values, significant performance increases can be had by
pre-selecting the median function. If the median function is not
specified, `~astropy.stats.median_absolute_deviation` will attempt
to select the most relevant function according to the input data.
Biweight Estimators
===================
A set of functions are included in the `astropy.stats` package that use the biweight formalism. These functions have long been used in astronomy, particularly to calculate the velocity dispersion of galaxy clusters [1]_. The following set of tasks are available for biweight measurements:
.. automodapi:: astropy.stats.biweight
References
----------
.. [1] Beers, Flynn, and Gebhardt (1990; AJ 100, 32) (http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990AJ....100...32B)
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