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<HTML>
<BODY>
<PRE>
<!-- Manpage converted by man2html 3.0.1 -->
</PRE>
<H2>NAME</H2><PRE>
<B>design_coupler</B> - for designing directional couplers (part of
the <B>atlc</B> package)
</PRE>
<H2>SYNOPSIS</H2><PRE>
<B>design_coupler</B> <B>[-C][-d][-e][-H</B> <B>height][-L</B> <B>length][-q]</B>
<B>[s</B> <B>fstep][-Z</B> <B>Zo]</B> <B>CF</B> <B>fmin</B> <B>fmax</B>
</PRE>
<H2>WARNING</H2><PRE>
This man page is not a complete set of documentation - the
complexity of the atlc project makes man pages not an ideal
way to document it, although out of completeness, man pages
are produced. The best documentation that was current at the
time this version was produced should be found on your hard
drive, usually at
/usr/local/share/atlc/docs/html-docs/index.html
although it might be elsewhere if your system administrator
chose to install the package elsewhere. Sometimes, errors
are corrected in the documentation and placed at
http://atlc.sourceforge.net/ before a new release of atlc is
released. Please, if you notice a problem with the documen-
tation - even spelling errors and typos, please let me know.
</PRE>
<H2>DESCRIPTION</H2><PRE>
<B>design_coupler</B> is used to design directional couplers. It it
<B>not</B> used to analyse couplers for which you know the dimen-
sions. Instead, it is used but when you require a coupler to
have specific properties, but don't know the required odd
and even mode impedances or the required physical dimensions
that will achieve those required properties.
As a minimum the user must specify the coupling factor CF in
dB, the minimum frequency fmin in MHz and the maximum fre-
quency fmax in MHz. With this information, the
<B>design_coupler</B> will
a) Tell you the required odd and even mode impedances Zodd
and Zeven assuming the coupler is for 50 Ohms and assuming
the coupler is is a quarter wave long, which might be an
impractical length. There a numerous ways of making a
coupler having those impedances and <B>design_coupler</B> does not
(without the addition of options mentioned later), tell you
how to make such a coupler. b) Given you the frequency
response of the coupler, making the assumptions about the 50
Ohm impedance and quarter-wave length. The frequency
response is calculated at 5 points in the range specified by
fmin and fmax.
By use of the -Z 'Zo' and -L 'length' and -f 'fstep' options
it it posible to specify different a different characteris-
tic impedance, length and different frequency steps to
display the frequency response.
The computed values of Zodd and Zeven required are valid no
matter how the coupler is design physically. So no matter
whether it's implemented on a PCB, air spaced or whatever,
the above impedances are correct and the frequency response
is correct.
The -d option causes <B>design_coupler</B> to not only report the
required odd and even modem impedances but also the physical
dimensions of a coupler that achieves these properties!
<B>Currently</B>, the only stucture for which it is possible to
compute the physical dimentions is two wide edge-coupled
striplines between two wide plates like this:
----------------------------------------------------- ^
| | |
| Er | |
| | |
| ----------- ----------- | H
| <----w----><--s--><----w----> | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
----------------------------------------------------- v
<-------------------------W------------------------->
The width W must be much greater than the height of the
coupler and generally it is assumed that this width will at
least 2*w+s*5*H, otherwise the calculations will be
incorrect. In order to calculate these dimenisions an
analytical method is used, which is only valid if the width
W is infinity, but should be resonably good assuming W is at
least 2*w+s+5*H.
It is later intended to enable design coupler to use other
structures, which migth be more suitable for construction,
such as microstrip couplers on PCBs, but for now at least,
it is only possible to compute the physical dimensions of
the coupler using the above stucture. For strong coupling
(less than 20 dB or so), the dimenions calculated might be
impractical, as the spacing s will be so small. However, for
weak coupling, the physcical dimensions are practical.
</PRE>
<H2>OPTIONS</H2><PRE>
<B>-C</B>
print copyright, licensing and copying information.
<B>-d</B>
Design a coupler, using two edgle-coupled stiplines inside a
wide 4-sided rectangular enclosure.
<B>-e</B>
Priont an example of how to use <B>design_coupler</B>
<B>-H</B> <B>height</B>
Specify the height of the enclosure in some convenient unit.
By default, a height of 1 unit is assumed, but by use of
this option it is possible to specify any height you want.
Since its the ratio of dimensions that is important, not the
absolute values, this just scales all the other dimensions
by the specified height. It is just a conveneince for the
user.
<B>-L</B> <B>length</B>
Specifies the coupler length in metres. By default the
coupler is assumed to be a quarter-wave, but this allow any
length you want. Don't chose a length that is a multiple of
a half-wave though, as this will make it impossible to cou-
ple any power out. <B>-q</B>
This is the 'quite' switch and causes <B>design_coupler</B> to
print out less information. One can use -qq to cause the
even less output.
<B>-s</B> <B>fstep</B> Causes <B>design_couler</B> to print out the frequency
response at different steps from the default 5 values. fstep
must be in MHz. The default value of fstep is obviously
(fmax-fman)/5.
<B>Z</B> <B>Zo</B>
Causes <B>design_coupler</B> to compute properties of an impedance
Zo (shecified in Ohms). The default value for Zo is 50 Ohms.
</PRE>
<H2>EXAMPLES</H2><PRE>
Run <B>design_coupler</B> gives examples of its use. However, here
are those same examples.
Here are a examples of how to use <B>design_coupler</B> In the
examples, the % sign is used in front of anything you must
type which is what you will probably see when using the csh
or tcsh as a shell. It would probably be a $ sign if using
the sh or bash shell.
To find the odd and even mode impedances and frequency
response of a 50 Ohm coupler, covering 130 to 170 MHz, with
a coupling coefficient of 30 dB:
% design_coupler 30 130 170
Note the frequency response is symmetrical about the centre
frequency at 0.192 dB below that wanted. You may wish to
redesign this for a coupling coefficient of about 29.9 dB,
so the maximum deviation from the ideal 30.0 dB never
exceeds 0.1 dB Note the length suggested is 0.5 m (nearly
20") is a quarter wave at the centre frequency of 150 MHz.
You might find this a bit too long, so let's specify a
length of 0.25 m.
% design_coupler -L 0.25 30 130 170
What you may notice is that while the coupling to the cou-
pled port is exactly 30 dB below the input power at the cen-
tre frequency (150 MHz) it is no longer symmetrical about
the centre frequency. Also, deviations from the ideal 30 dB
are now much larger, with a maximum error of 1.012 dB Unlike
the case when the length is the default quarter wave, there
is not much you can do about this, since the deviations
occur in both directions.
Now assume you are reasonably happy with the response when
the length is 250 mm but would like to see the response at
every 2.5 MHz. This can be done using the -s option to
design_coupler.
% design_coupler -L 0.25 -s 2.5 30 130 170
Assuming the performance is acceptable, the dimensions of
the coupler can be determined by adding the -d option. This
will design a coupler that must look like the structure
below. The two inner conductors, which are spaced equally
between the top and bottom edges of the outer conductor,
must be very thin. These are placed along the length of a
box of width W, height H and of a length L determined by the
user, which in this case is 250 mm.
----------------------------------------------------- ^
| | |
| Er | |
| | |
| ----------- ----------- | H
| <----w----><--s--><----w----> | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
----------------------------------------------------- v
<-------------------------W------------------------->
The program reports: H = 1.0, ; w = 1.44 ; s = 0.44 The
height of the box H must be small compared to the length L,
(perhaps no more than 7% of the length), or 17.5 mm in this
case, with a length of 250 mm, otherwise fringing effects
will be significant. The width of the structure W should be
as large as possible. The program suggests making this
5*H+2*w+s. The 7% and 5*H+2*w+s are educated guesses, rather
than exact figures. There is no problem in making the width
larger than 5*H+2*w+s. The length L must be kept at 250 mm.
The RATIO of the dimensions H, w and s (but not L or W must
be kept constant. W just needs to be sufficiently large - it
is uncritical.
If you happened to have some 15 mm square brass available,
then using that for the side-walls would require that H
becomes 15*1.0 = 15 mm, w = 15*1.44 = 21.6 mm and s =
15*0.44 = 6.6 mm
There is no need to compute the above scaling with a calcu-
lator, as using The -H option allows one to specify the
height H. The program then reports the exact dimensions for
the length L, height H, w, s and suggests a minimum width
for W.
In summary we have:
30 dB coupler +1.02 dB / -0.78 dB for 130 to 170 MHz
Length L = 250 mm, height H = 15 mm, stripline spacing s
= 6.3 mm
stripline width w = 21.6 mm enclosure width W >= 124 mm
By default, design_coupler prints a lot of information to
the screen. This can be reduced by the -q option or reduced
to only one line with -qq Other options include -Z to change
the impedance from the default 50 Ohms and -C to see the
fully copyright, Licensing and distribution information
</PRE>
<H2>FILES</H2><PRE>
No files are created at all.
</PRE>
<H2>SEE ALSO</H2><PRE>
<B>atlc(1)</B>
<B>create_bmp_for_circ_in_circ(1)</B>
<B>create_bmp_for_circ_in_rect(1)</B>
<B>create_bmp_for_microstrip_coupler(1)</B>
<B>create_bmp_for_rect_cen_in_rect(1)</B>
<B>create_bmp_for_rect_cen_in_rect_coupler(1)</B>
<B>create_bmp_for_rect_in_circ(1)</B>
<B>create_bmp_for_rect_in_rect(1)</B>
<B>create_bmp_for_stripline_coupler(1)</B>
<B>create_bmp_for_symmetrical_stripline(1)</B>
<B>find_optimal_dimensions_for_microstrip_coupler(1)</B>
<B>readbin(1)</B>
http://atlc.sourceforge.net - Home page
http://sourceforge.net/projects/atlc - Download area
atlc-X.Y.Z/docs/html-docs/index.html - HTML docs
atlc-X.Y.Z/docs/qex-december-1996/design_coupler.pdf -
theory paper
atlc-X.Y.Z/examples - examples
</PRE>
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