---
layout: documentation
title: Configurations
---

# Configurations


Starlark configuration is Bazel's API for customizing how your project builds.

This makes it possible to:

*   define custom flags for your project, obsoleting the need for
     [`--define`](../configurable-attributes.html#custom-keys) 
*   write
     [transitions](lib/transition.html#transition)     to configure deps in different configurations
    than their parents (e.g. `--compilation_mode=opt` or `--cpu=arm`)

*   bake better defaults into rules (e.g. automatically build `//my:android_app`
    with a specified SDK)

and more, all completely from .bzl files (no Bazel release required). See the
`bazelbuild/examples` repo for
[examples](https://github.com/bazelbuild/examples/tree/master/rules/starlark_configurations).

<!-- [TOC] -->

## Current status

Ongoing bug/feature work can be found in the [Bazel
configurability roadmap](https://bazel.build/roadmaps/configuration.html).

This feature may have [memory and performance impacts](#memory-and-performance-considerations) and we are
still working on ways to [measure and mitigate](https://github.com/bazelbuild/bazel/issues/10613) those impacts.

## User-defined build settings
A build setting is a single piece of
[configuration](rules.html#configurations)
information. Think of a configuration as a key/value map. Setting `--cpu=ppc`
and `--copt="-DFoo"` produces a configuration that looks like
`{cpu: ppc, copt: "-DFoo"}`. Each entry is a build setting.

Traditional flags like `cpu` and `copt` are native settings i.e.
their keys are defined and their values are set inside native bazel java code.
Bazel users can only read and write them via the command line
and other APIs maintained natively. Changing native flags, and the APIs
that expose them, requires a bazel release. User-defined build
settings are defined in `.bzl` files (and thus, don't need a bazel release to
register changes). They also can be set via the command line
(if they're designated as `flags`, see more below), but can also be
set via [user-defined transitions](#user-defined-transitions).

### Defining build settings

[End to end example](https://github.com/bazelbuild/examples/tree/master/rules/starlark_configurations/basic_build_setting)

#### The `build_setting` `rule()` parameter

Build settings are rules like any other rule and are differentiated using the
Starlark `rule()` function's `build_setting`
[attribute](lib/globals.html#rule.build_setting).

```python
# example/buildsettings/build_settings.bzl
string_flag = rule(
    implementation = _impl,
    build_setting = config.string(flag = True)
)
```

The `build_setting` attribute takes a function that designates the type of the
build setting. The type is limited to a set of basic Starlark types like
`bool` and `string`. See the `config` module
 [documentation](lib/config.html)  for details. More complicated typing can be done in the rule's
implementation function. More on this below.

The `config` function also takes an optional boolean parameter, `flag`, which is
set to false by default. if `flag` is set to true, the build setting can be set
on the command line by users as well as internally by rule writers via default
values and
[transitions](lib/transition.html#transition).
Not all settings should be settable by users. For example if you as a rule
writer have some debug mode that you'd like to turn on inside test rules,
you don't want to give users the ability to indiscriminately turn on that
feature inside other non-test rules.

#### Using `ctx.build_setting_value`

Like all rules, build setting rules have [implementation functions](rules.html#implementation-function).
The basic Starlark-type value of the build settings can be accessed via the
`ctx.build_setting_value` method. This method is only available to
 [`ctx`](lib/ctx.html) objects of build setting rules. These implementation methods can directly
forward the build settings value or do additional work on it, like type checking
or more complex struct creation. Here's how you would implement an `enum`-typed
build setting:

```python
# example/buildsettings/build_settings.bzl
TemperatureProvider = provider(fields = ['type'])

temperatures = ["HOT", "LUKEWARM", "ICED"]

def _impl(ctx):
    raw_temperature = ctx.build_setting_value
    if raw_temperature not in temperatures:
        fail(str(ctx.label) + " build setting allowed to take values {"
             + ", ".join(temperatures) + "} but was set to unallowed value "
             + raw_temperature)
    return TemperatureProvider(type = raw_temperature)

temperature = rule(
    implementation = _impl,
    build_setting = config.string(flag = True)
)
```

Note: if a rule depends on a build setting, it will receive whatever providers
the build setting implementation function returns, like any other dependency.
But all other references to the value of the build setting (e.g. in transitions)
will see its basic Starlark-typed value, not this post implementation function
value.

#### Instantiating Build Settings

Rules defined with the `build_setting` parameter have an implicit mandatory
`build_setting_default` attribute. This attribute takes on the same type as
declared by the `build_setting` param.

```python
# example/buildsettings/build_settings.bzl
FlavorProvider = provider(fields = ['type'])

def _impl(ctx):
    return FlavorProvider(type = ctx.build_setting_value)

flavor = rule(
    implementation = _impl,
    build_setting = config.string(flag = True)
)
```

```python
# example/buildsettings/BUILD
load("//example/buildsettings:build_settings.bzl", "flavor")
flavor(
    name = "favorite_flavor",
    build_setting_default = "APPLE"
)
```

### Predefined settings

[End to end example](https://github.com/bazelbuild/examples/tree/master/rules/starlark_configurations/use_skylib_build_setting)

The
[Skylib](https://github.com/bazelbuild/bazel-skylib)
library includes a set of predefined settings you can instantiate without having
to write custom Starlark.

For example, to define a setting that accepts a limited set of string values:

```python
# example/BUILD
load("@bazel_skylib//rules:common_settings.bzl", "string_flag")
string_flag(
    name = "myflag",
    values = ["a", "b", "c"],
    build_setting_default = "a",
)
```

For a complete list, see
[Common build setting rules](https://github.com/bazelbuild/bazel-skylib/blob/master/rules/common_settings.bzl).

### Using build settings

#### Depending on build settings
If a target would like to read a piece of configuration information, it can
directly depend on the build setting via a regular attribute dependency.

```python
# example/rules.bzl
load("//example/buildsettings:build_settings.bzl", "FlavorProvider")
def _rule_impl(ctx):
    if ctx.attr.flavor[FlavorProvider].type == "ORANGE":
        ...

drink_rule = rule(
    implementation = _rule_impl,
    attrs = {
        "flavor": attr.label()
    }
)
```

```python
# example/BUILD
load("//example:rules.bzl", "drink_rule")
load("//example/buildsettings:build_settings.bzl", "flavor")
flavor(
    name = "favorite_flavor",
    build_setting_default = "APPLE"
)
drink_rule(
    name = "my_drink",
    flavor = ":favorite_flavor",
)
```

Languages may wish to create a canonical set of build settings which all rules
for that language depend on. Though the native concept of `fragments` no longer
exists as a hardcoded object in Starlark configuration world, one way to
translate this concept would be to use sets of common implicit attributes. For
example:

```python
# kotlin/rules.bzl
_KOTLIN_CONFIG = {
    "_compiler": attr.label(default = "//kotlin/config:compiler-flag"),
    "_mode": attr.label(default = "//kotlin/config:mode-flag"),
    ...
}

...

kotlin_library = rule(
    implementation = _rule_impl,
    attrs = dicts.add({
        "library-attr": attr.string()
    }, _KOTLIN_CONFIG)
)

kotlin_binary = rule(
    implementation = _binary_impl,
    attrs = dicts.add({
        "binary-attr": attr.label()
    }, _KOTLIN_CONFIG)

```

#### Using build settings on the command line

Similar to most native flags, you can use the command line to set build settings
[that are marked as flags](#the-build-setting-rule-parameter). The build
setting's name is its full target path using `name=value` syntax:

```shell
$ bazel build //my/target --//example:string_flag=some-value # allowed
$ bazel build //my/target --//example:string_flag some-value # not allowed
```

Special boolean syntax is supported:

```shell
$ bazel build //my/target --//example:boolean_flag
$ bazel build //my/target --no//example:boolean_flag
```

#### Using build setting aliases

You can set an alias for your build setting target path to make it easier to read
on the command line. Aliases function similarly to native flags and also make use
of the double-dash option syntax.

Set an alias by adding `--flag_alias=ALIAS_NAME=TARGET_PATH`
to your `.bazelrc` . For example, to set an alias to `coffee`:

```shell
# .bazelrc
build --flag_alias=coffee=//experimental/user/starlark_configurations/basic_build_setting:coffee-temp
```

Best Practice: Setting an alias multiple times results in the most recent
one taking precedence. Use unique alias names to avoid unintended parsing results.

To make use of the alias, type it in place of the build setting target path.
With the above example of `coffee` set in the user's `.bazelrc`:

```shell
$ bazel build //my/target --coffee=ICED
```

instead of

```shell
$ bazel build //my/target --//experimental/user/starlark_configurations/basic_build_setting:coffee-temp=ICED
```
Best Practice: While it possible to set aliases on the command line, leaving them
in a `.bazelrc` reduces command line clutter.

### Label-typed build settings

[End to end example](https://github.com/bazelbuild/examples/tree/master/rules/starlark_configurations/label_typed_build_setting)

Unlike other build settings, label-typed settings cannot be defined using the
`build_setting` rule parameter. Instead, bazel has two built-in rules:
`label_flag` and `label_setting`. These rules forward the providers of the
actual target to which the build setting is set. `label_flag` and
`label_setting` can be read/written by transitions and `label_flag` can be set
by the user like other `build_setting` rules can. Their only difference is they
can't customely defined.

Label-typed settings will eventually replace the functionality of late-bound
defaults. Late-bound default attributes are Label-typed attributes whose
final values can be affected by configuration. In Starlark, this will replace
the [`configuration_field`](lib/globals.html#configuration_field)
 API.

```python
# example/rules.bzl
MyProvider = provider(fields = ["my_field"])

def _dep_impl(ctx):
    return MyProvider(my_field = "yeehaw")

dep_rule = rule(
    implementation = _dep_impl
)

def _parent_impl(ctx):
    if ctx.attr.my_field_provider[MyProvider].my_field == "cowabunga":
        ...

parent_rule = rule(
    implementation = _parent_impl,
    attrs = { "my_field_provider": attr.label() }
)

```

```python
# example/BUILD
load("//example:rules.bzl", "dep_rule", "parent_rule")

dep_rule(name = "dep")

parent_rule(name = "parent", my_field_provider = ":my_field_provider")

label_flag(
    name = "my_field_provider",
    build_setting_default = ":dep"
)
```

TODO(bazel-team): Expand supported build setting types.

### Build settings and `select()`

[End to end example](https://github.com/bazelbuild/examples/tree/master/rules/starlark_configurations/select_on_build_setting)

Users can configure attributes on build settings by using
 [`select()`](../be/functions.html#select). Build setting targets can be passed to the `flag_values` attribute of
`config_setting`. The value to match to the configuration is passed as a
`String` then parsed to the type of the build setting for matching.

```python
config_setting(
    name = "my_config",
    flag_values = {
        "//example:favorite_flavor": "MANGO"
    }
)
```


## User-defined transitions

A configuration
[transition](lib/transition.html#transition)
is how we change configuration of
configured targets in the build graph.

> IMPORTANT: In order to use Starlark transitions, you need to attach a
> special attribute to the rule to which the transition is attached:
>
> ```python
> "_allowlist_function_transition": attr.label(
>      default = "@bazel_tools//tools/allowlists/function_transition_allowlist"
>  )
> ```
>
> By adding transitions you can pretty easily explode the size of
> your build graph. This sets an allowlist on the packages in which you can
> create targets of this rule. The default value in the codeblock above
> allowlists everything. But if you'd like to restrict who is using your rule,
> you can set that attribute to point to your own custom allowlist.
> Contact bazel-discuss@googlegroups.com if you'd like advice or assistance
> understanding how transitions can affect on your build performance.

### Defining

Transitions define configuration changes between rules. For example, a request
like "compile my dependency for a different CPU than its parent" is handled by a
transition.

Formally, a transition is a function from an input configuration to one or more
output configurations. Most transitions are 1:1 e.g. "override the input
configuration with `--cpu=ppc`". 1:2+ transitions can also exist but come
with special restrictions.

In Starlark, transitions are defined much like rules, with a defining
`transition()`
[function](lib/transition.html#transition)
and an implementation function.

```python
# example/transitions/transitions.bzl
def _impl(settings, attr):
    _ignore = (settings, attr)
    return {"//example:favorite_flavor" : "MINT"}

hot_chocolate_transition = transition(
    implementation = _impl,
    inputs = [],
    outputs = ["//example:favorite_flavor"]
)
```
The `transition()` function takes in an implementation function, a set of
build settings to read(`inputs`), and a set of build settings to write
(`outputs`). The implementation function has two parameters, `settings` and
`attr`. `settings` is a dictionary {`String`:`Object`} of all settings declared
in the `inputs` parameter to `transition()`.

`attr` is a dictionary of attributes and values of the rule to which the
transition is attached. When attached as an
[outgoing edge transition](#outgoing-edge-transitions), the values of these
attributes are all configured i.e. post-select() resolution. When attached as
an [incoming edge transition](#incoming-edge-transitions), `attr` does not
include any attributes that use a selector to resolve their value. If an
incoming edge transition on `--foo` reads attribute `bar` and then also
selects on `--foo` to set attribute `bar`, then there's a chance for the
incoming edge transition to read the wrong value of `bar` in the transition.

Note: since transitions are attached to rule definitions and `select()`s are
attached to rule instantiations (i.e. targets), errors related to `select()`s on
read attributes will pop up when users create targets rather than when rules are
written. It may be worth taking extra care to communicate to rule users which
attributes they should be wary of selecting on or taking other precautions.

The implementation function must return a dictionary (or list of
dictionaries, in the case of
transitions with multiple output configurations)
of new build settings values to apply. The returned dictionary keyset(s) must
contain exactly the set of build settings passed to the `outputs`
parameter of the transition function. This is true even if a build setting is
not actually changed over the course of the transition - its original value must
be explicitly passed through in the returned dictionary.

### Defining 1:2+ transitions

[End to end example](https://github.com/bazelbuild/examples/tree/master/rules/starlark_configurations/multi_arch_binary)

[Outgoing edge transition](#outgoing-edge-transitions) can map a single input
configuration to two or more output configurations. These are defined in
Starlark by returning a list of dictionaries in the transition implementation
function.

```python
# example/transitions/transitions.bzl
def _impl(settings, attr):
    _ignore = (settings, attr)
    return [
        {"//example:favorite_flavor" : "LATTE"},
        {"//example:favorite_flavor" : "MOCHA"},
    ]

coffee_transition = transition(
    implementation = _impl,
    inputs = [],
    outputs = ["//example:favorite_flavor"]
)
```

### Attaching transitions

[End to end example](https://github.com/bazelbuild/examples/tree/master/rules/starlark_configurations/attaching_transitions_to_rules)

Transitions can be attached in two places: incoming edges and outgoing edges.
Effectively this means rules can transition their own configuration (incoming
edge transition) and transition their dependencies' configurations (outgoing
edge transition).

NOTE: There is currently no way to attach Starlark transitions to native rules.
If you need to do this, contact
bazel-discuss@googlegroups.com
and we can help you try to figure out a workaround.

### Incoming edge transitions
Incoming edge transitions are activated by attaching a `transition` object
(created by `transition()`) to `rule()`'s `cfg` parameter:

```python
# example/rules.bzl
load("example/transitions:transitions.bzl", "hot_chocolate_transition")
drink_rule = rule(
    implementation = _impl,
    cfg = hot_chocolate_transition,
    ...
```

Incoming edge transitions must be 1:1 transitions.

### Outgoing edge transitions
Outgoing edge transitions are activated by attaching a `transition` object
(created by `transition()`) to an attribute's `cfg` parameter:

```python
# example/rules.bzl
load("example/transitions:transitions.bzl", "coffee_transition")
drink_rule = rule(
    implementation = _impl,
    attrs = { "dep": attr.label(cfg = coffee_transition)}
    ...
```
Outgoing edge transitions can be 1:1 or 1:2+.

### Transitions on native options

[End to end example](https://github.com/bazelbuild/examples/tree/master/rules/starlark_configurations/transition_on_native_flag)

WARNING: Long term, we plan to reimplement all native options as build settings.
When that happens, this syntax will be deprecated. Currently other issues are
blocking that migration but be aware you may have to migrate your transitions
at some point in the future.

Starlark transitions can also declare reads and writes on native build
configuration options via a special prefix to the option name.

```python
# example/transitions/transitions.bzl
def _impl(settings, attr):
    _ignore = (settings, attr)
    return {"//command_line_option:cpu": "k8"}

cpu_transition = transition(
    implementation = _impl,
    inputs = [],
    outputs = ["//command_line_option:cpu"]
```

#### Unsupported native options

Bazel doesn't support transitioning on `--define` using
`"//command_line_option:define"`. Instead, create a custom
[build setting](#users-defined-build-settings)
to cover this functionality. In general, any new usage of `--define`, such as in
select() statements, is discouraged in favor of build settings.

Bazel doesn't support transitioning on options that expand to other options such
as `--config`. One, option expansion happens at the
beginning of the build so Starlark transitions have no access to that logic.
Two, `--config` can be used to set options that aren't part of the build
configuration which cannot be set by transitions. An example of this is execution options
like
[`--spawn_strategy`](https://docs.bazel.build/versions/master/user-manual.html#flag--spawn_strategy)
. A workaround is to manually expand the option in the starlark transition by
setting the individual flags to their appropriate values. Unfortunately this
requires maintaining the expansion in two places. Note that this workaround
does not allow for command-specific behavior like `--config` does.

### Accessing attributes with transitions

[End to end example](https://github.com/bazelbuild/examples/tree/master/rules/starlark_configurations/read_attr_in_transition)

When [attaching a transition to an outgoing edge](#outgoing-edge-transitions)
(regardless of whether the transition is a 1:1 or 1:2+ transition) access to
values of that attribute in the rule implementation changes. Access through
`ctx.attr` is forced to be a list if it isn't already. The order of elements in
this list is unspecified.

```python
# example/transitions/rules.bzl
def _transition_impl(settings, attr):
    return {"//example:favorite_flavor" : "LATTE"},

coffee_transition = transition(
    implementation = _transition_impl,
    inputs = [],
    outputs = ["//example:favorite_flavor"]
)

def _rule_impl(ctx):
    # Note: List access even though "dep" is not declared as list
    transitioned_dep = ctx.attr.dep[0]

    # Note: Access doesn't change, other_deps was already a list
    for other dep in ctx.attr.other_deps:
      # ...


coffee_rule = rule(
    implementation = _rule_impl,
    attrs = {
        "dep": attr.label(cfg = coffee_transition)
        "other_deps": attr.label_list(cfg = coffee_transition)
    })
```

Access to the value of a single branch of a 1:2+
[has not been implemented yet](https://github.com/bazelbuild/bazel/issues/8633).

## Integration with platforms and toolchains
Many native flags today, like `--cpu` and `--crosstool_top` are related to
toolchain resolution. In the future, explicit transitions on these types of
flags will likely be replaced by transitioning on the
[target platform](../platforms.html)

## Also see

 * [Starlark Build Configuration](https://docs.google.com/document/d/1vc8v-kXjvgZOdQdnxPTaV0rrLxtP2XwnD2tAZlYJOqw/edit?usp=sharing)
 * [Bazel Configurability Roadmap](https://bazel.build/roadmaps/configuration.html)
 * Full [set](https://github.com/bazelbuild/examples/tree/master/rules/starlark_configurations) of end to end examples

## Memory and performance considerations

Adding transitions, and therefore new configurations, to your build comes at a
cost: larger build graphs, less comprehensible build graphs, and slower
builds. It's worth considering these costs when considering
using transitions in your build rules. Below is an example of how a transition
might create exponential growth of your build graph.

### Badly behaved builds: a case study
Say you have the following target structure:

<img src="scalability-graph.png" width="600px" alt="a graph showing a top level target, //pkg:app, which depends on two targets, //pkg:1_0 and //pkg:1_1. Both these targets depend on two targets, //pkg:2_0 and //pkg:2_1. Both these targets depend on two targets, //pkg:3_0 and //pkg:3_1. This continues on until //pkg:n_0 and //pkg:n_1, which both depend on a single target, //pkg:dep." />

Building `//pkg:app` requires \\(2n+2\\) targets:

* `//pkg:app`
* `//pkg:dep`
* `//pkg:i_0` and `//pkg:i_1` for \\(i\\) in \\([1..n]\\)

Imagine you [implement](#user-defined-build-settings)) a flag
`--//foo:owner=<STRING>` and `//pkg:i_b` applies

    depConfig = myConfig + depConfig.owner="$(myConfig.owner)$(b)"

In other words, `//pkg:i_b` appends `b` to the old value of `--owner` for all
its deps.

This produces the following [configured targets](glossary.md#configured-target):

```
//pkg:app                              //foo:owner=""
//pkg:1_0                              //foo:owner=""
//pkg:1_1                              //foo:owner=""
//pkg:2_0 (via //pkg:1_0)              //foo:owner="0"
//pkg:2_0 (via //pkg:1_1)              //foo:owner="1"
//pkg:2_1 (via //pkg:1_0)              //foo:owner="0"
//pkg:2_1 (via //pkg:1_1)              //foo:owner="1"
//pkg:3_0 (via //pkg:1_0 → //pkg:2_0)  //foo:owner="00"
//pkg:3_0 (via //pkg:1_0 → //pkg:2_1)  //foo:owner="01"
//pkg:3_0 (via //pkg:1_1 → //pkg:2_0)  //foo:owner="10"
//pkg:3_0 (via //pkg:1_1 → //pkg:2_1)  //foo:owner="11"
...
```

`//pkg:dep` produces \\(2^n\\) configured targets: `config.owner=`
"\\(b_0b_1...b_n\\)" for all \\(b_i\\) in \\(\{0,1\}\\).

This makes the build graph exponentially larger than the target graph, with
corresponding memory and performance consequences.

TODO: Add strategies for measurement and mitigation of these issues.