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[edit]Character reference overview
A numeric character reference refers to a character by its Universal Character Set/Unicode code point, and uses the format
&#nnnn;
or
&#xhhhh;
where nnnn is the code point in decimal form, and hhhh is the code point in hexadecimal form. The x must be lowercase in XML documents. The nnnn or hhhh may be any number of digits and may include leading zeros. The hhhh may mix uppercase and lowercase, though uppercase is the usual style.
In contrast, a character entity reference refers to a character by the name of an entity which has the desired character as its replacement text. The entity must either be predefined (built-in to the markup language) or explicitly declared in a Document Type Definition (DTD). The format is the same as for any entity reference:
&name;
where name is the name of the entity. The semicolon is required.
[edit]Predefined entities in XML
The XML specification does not use the term "character entity" or "character entity reference". The XML specification defines five "predefined entities" representing special characters, and requires that all XML processors honor them. The entities can be explicitly declared in a DTD, as well, but if this is done, the replacement text must be the same as the built-in definitions. XML also allows other named entities of any size to be defined on a per-document basis.
The table below lists the five XML predefined entities. The "Name" column mentions the entity's name. The "Character" column shows the character, if it is renderable. In order to render the character, the format &name; is used; for example, & renders as &. The "Unicode code point" column cites the character via standard UCS/Unicode "U+" notation, which shows the character's code point in hexadecimal. The decimal equivalent of the code point is then shown in parentheses. The "Standard" column indicates the first version of XML that includes the entity. The "Description" column cites the character via its canonical UCS/Unicode name, in English.
Name
Character
Unicode code point
Standard
Description
quot " U+0022 (34) XML 1.0 (double) quotation mark
amp & U+0026 (38) XML 1.0 ampersand
apos ' U+0027 (39) XML 1.0 apostrophe (= apostrophe-quote)
lt < U+003C (60) XML 1.0 less-than sign
gt > U+003E (62) XML 1.0 greater-than sign
rs who have been exposed to XML and XHTML often overlook the fact that the
apos entity is not defined in HTML. rsquo is the best alternative in this case
(but it is not the same character), or authors can use a numeric character
reference instead (' or ' which always designate the character using
the numeric value of its Unicode code point, independently of the actual
document encoding).
In the table below, the HTML built-in character entities are listed. The
columns are as in the XML entity table, above, except "Standard" column
indicates the first version of HTML that includes the entity. The version is
one of the major releases of the HTML spec: 2.0, 3.2, or 4.0. HTML 4.01 didn't
introduce any new entities.
Name
Character
Unicode code point
Standard
DTD[1]
Old ISO subset[2]
Description[3]
quot " U+0022 (34) HTML 2.0 HTMLspecial ISOnum quotation mark (= APL
quote)
amp & U+0026 (38) HTML 2.0 HTMLspecial ISOnum ampersand
apos ' U+0027 (39) XHTML 1.0 HTMLspecial ISOnum apostrophe (=
apostrophe-quote); see below
lt < U+003C (60) HTML 2.0 HTMLspecial ISOnum less-than sign
gt > U+003E (62) HTML 2.0 HTMLspecial ISOnum greater-than sign
nbsp U+00A0 (160) HTML 3.2 HTMLlat1 ISOnum no-break space (=
non-breaking space)[4]
iexcl ¡ U+00A1 (161) HTML 3.2 HTMLlat1 ISOnum inverted exclamation
mark
cent ¢ U+00A2 (162) HTML 3.2 HTMLlat1 ISOnum cent sign
pound £ U+00A3 (163) HTML 3.2 HTMLlat1 ISOnum pound sign
curren ¤ U+00A4 (164) HTML 3.2 HTMLlat1 ISOnum currency sign
yen ¥ U+00A5 (165) HTML 3.2 HTMLlat1 ISOnum yen sign (= yuan sign)
brvbar ¦ U+00A6 (166) HTML 3.2 HTMLlat1 ISOnum broken bar (= broken
vertical bar)
sect § U+00A7 (167) HTML 3.2 HTMLlat1 ISOnum section sign
uml ¨ U+00A8 (168) HTML 3.2 HTMLlat1 ISOdia diaeresis (= spacing
diaeresis); see German umlaut
copy © U+00A9 (169) HTML 3.2 HTMLlat1 ISOnum copyright sign
ordf ª U+00AA (170) HTML 3.2 HTMLlat1 ISOnum feminine ordinal
indicator
laquo « U+00AB (171) HTML 3.2 HTMLlat1 ISOnum left-pointing double
angle quotation mark (= left pointing guillemet)
not ¬ U+00AC (172) HTML 3.2 HTMLlat1 ISOnum not sign
shy U+00AD (173) HTML 3.2 HTMLlat1 ISOnum soft hyphen (=
discretionary hyphen)
reg ® U+00AE (174) HTML 3.2 HTMLlat1 ISOnum registered sign ( =
registered trade mark sign)
macr ¯ U+00AF (175) HTML 3.2 HTMLlat1 ISOdia macron (= spacing macron
= overline = APL overbar)
deg ° U+00B0 (176) HTML 3.2 HTMLlat1 ISOnum degree sign
plusmn ± U+00B1 (177) HTML 3.2 HTMLlat1 ISOnum plus-minus sign (=
plus-or-minus sign)
sup2 ² U+00B2 (178) HTML 3.2 HTMLlat1 ISOnum superscript two (=
superscript digit two = squared)
sup3 ³ U+00B3 (179) HTML 3.2 HTMLlat1 ISOnum superscript three (=
superscript digit three = cubed)
acute ´ U+00B4 (180) HTML 3.2 HTMLlat1 ISOdia acute accent (= spacing
acute)
micro µ U+00B5 (181) HTML 3.2 HTMLlat1 ISOnum micro sign
para ¶ U+00B6 (182) HTML 3.2 HTMLlat1 ISOnum pilcrow sign ( =
paragraph sign)
middot · U+00B7 (183) HTML 3.2 HTMLlat1 ISOnum middle dot (= Georgian
comma = Greek middle dot)
cedil ¸ U+00B8 (184) HTML 3.2 HTMLlat1 ISOdia cedilla (= spacing
cedilla)
sup1 ¹ U+00B9 (185) HTML 3.2 HTMLlat1 ISOnum superscript one (=
superscript digit one)
ordm º U+00BA (186) HTML 3.2 HTMLlat1 ISOnum masculine ordinal
indicator
raquo » U+00BB (187) HTML 3.2 HTMLlat1 ISOnum right-pointing double
angle quotation mark (= right pointing guillemet)
frac14 ¼ U+00BC (188) HTML 3.2 HTMLlat1 ISOnum vulgar fraction one
quarter (= fraction one quarter)
frac12 ½ U+00BD (189) HTML 3.2 HTMLlat1 ISOnum vulgar fraction one
half (= fraction one half)
frac34 ¾ U+00BE (190) HTML 3.2 HTMLlat1 ISOnum vulgar fraction three
quarters (= fraction three quarters)
iquest ¿ U+00BF (191) HTML 3.2 HTMLlat1 ISOnum inverted question mark
(= turned question mark)
Agrave À U+00C0 (192) HTML 2.0 HTMLlat1 ISOlat1 Latin capital letter A
with grave (= Latin capital letter A grave)
Aacute Á U+00C1 (193) HTML 2.0 HTMLlat1 ISOlat1 Latin capital letter A
with acute
Acirc  U+00C2 (194) HTML 2.0 HTMLlat1 ISOlat1 Latin capital letter A
with circumflex
Atilde à U+00C3 (195) HTML 2.0 HTMLlat1 ISOlat1 Latin capital letter A
with tilde
Auml Ä U+00C4 (196) HTML 2.0 HTMLlat1 ISOlat1 Latin capital letter A
with diaeresis
Aring Å U+00C5 (197) HTML 2.0 HTMLlat1 ISOlat1 Latin capital letter A
with ring above (= Latin capital letter A ring)
AElig Æ U+00C6 (198) HTML 2.0 HTMLlat1 ISOlat1 Latin capital letter AE
(= Latin capital ligature AE)
Ccedil Ç U+00C7 (199) HTML 2.0 HTMLlat1 ISOlat1 Latin capital letter C
with cedilla
Egrave È U+00C8 (200) HTML 2.0 HTMLlat1 ISOlat1 Latin capital letter E
with grave
Eacute É U+00C9 (201) HTML 2.0 HTMLlat1 ISOlat1 Latin capital letter E
with acute
Ecirc Ê U+00CA (202) HTML 2.0 HTMLlat1 ISOlat1 Latin capital letter E
with circumflex
Euml Ë U+00CB (203) HTML 2.0 HTMLlat1 ISOlat1 Latin capital letter E
with diaeresis
Igrave Ì U+00CC (204) HTML 2.0 HTMLlat1 ISOlat1 Latin capital letter I
with grave
Iacute Í U+00CD (205) HTML 2.0 HTMLlat1 ISOlat1 Latin capital letter I
with acute
Icirc Î U+00CE (206) HTML 2.0 HTMLlat1 ISOlat1 Latin capital letter I
with circumflex
Iuml Ï U+00CF (207) HTML 2.0 HTMLlat1 ISOlat1 Latin capital letter I
with diaeresis
ETH Ð U+00D0 (208) HTML 2.0 HTMLlat1 ISOlat1 Latin capital letter ETH
Ntilde Ñ U+00D1 (209) HTML 2.0 HTMLlat1 ISOlat1 Latin capital letter N
with tilde
Ograve Ò U+00D2 (210) HTML 2.0 HTMLlat1 ISOlat1 Latin capital letter O
with grave
Oacute Ó U+00D3 (211) HTML 2.0 HTMLlat1 ISOlat1 Latin capital letter O
with acute
Ocirc Ô U+00D4 (212) HTML 2.0 HTMLlat1 ISOlat1 Latin capital letter O
with circumflex
Otilde Õ U+00D5 (213) HTML 2.0 HTMLlat1 ISOlat1 Latin capital letter O
with tilde
Ouml Ö U+00D6 (214) HTML 2.0 HTMLlat1 ISOlat1 Latin capital letter O
with diaeresis
times × U+00D7 (215) HTML 3.2 HTMLlat1 ISOnum multiplication sign
Oslash Ø U+00D8 (216) HTML 2.0 HTMLlat1 ISOlat1 Latin capital letter O
with stroke (= Latin capital letter O slash)
Ugrave Ù U+00D9 (217) HTML 2.0 HTMLlat1 ISOlat1 Latin capital letter U
with grave
Uacute Ú U+00DA (218) HTML 2.0 HTMLlat1 ISOlat1 Latin capital letter U
with acute
Ucirc Û U+00DB (219) HTML 2.0 HTMLlat1 ISOlat1 Latin capital letter U
with circumflex
Uuml Ü U+00DC (220) HTML 2.0 HTMLlat1 ISOlat1 Latin capital letter U
with diaeresis
Yacute Ý U+00DD (221) HTML 2.0 HTMLlat1 ISOlat1 Latin capital letter Y
with acute
THORN Þ U+00DE (222) HTML 2.0 HTMLlat1 ISOlat1 Latin capital letter
THORN
szlig ß U+00DF (223) HTML 2.0 HTMLlat1 ISOlat1 Latin small letter
sharp s (= ess-zed); see German Eszett
agrave à U+00E0 (224) HTML 2.0 HTMLlat1 ISOlat1 Latin small letter a
with grave
aacute á U+00E1 (225) HTML 2.0 HTMLlat1 ISOlat1 Latin small letter a
with acute
acirc â U+00E2 (226) HTML 2.0 HTMLlat1 ISOlat1 Latin small letter a
with circumflex
atilde ã U+00E3 (227) HTML 2.0 HTMLlat1 ISOlat1 Latin small letter a
with tilde
auml ä U+00E4 (228) HTML 2.0 HTMLlat1 ISOlat1 Latin small letter a
with diaeresis
aring å U+00E5 (229) HTML 2.0 HTMLlat1 ISOlat1 Latin small letter a
with ring above
aelig æ U+00E6 (230) HTML 2.0 HTMLlat1 ISOlat1 Latin small letter ae
(= Latin small ligature ae)
ccedil ç U+00E7 (231) HTML 2.0 HTMLlat1 ISOlat1 Latin small letter c
with cedilla
egrave è U+00E8 (232) HTML 2.0 HTMLlat1 ISOlat1 Latin small letter e
with grave
eacute é U+00E9 (233) HTML 2.0 HTMLlat1 ISOlat1 Latin small letter e
with acute
ecirc ê U+00EA (234) HTML 2.0 HTMLlat1 ISOlat1 Latin small letter e
with circumflex
euml ë U+00EB (235) HTML 2.0 HTMLlat1 ISOlat1 Latin small letter e
with diaeresis
igrave ì U+00EC (236) HTML 2.0 HTMLlat1 ISOlat1 Latin small letter i
with grave
iacute í U+00ED (237) HTML 2.0 HTMLlat1 ISOlat1 Latin small letter i
with acute
icirc î U+00EE (238) HTML 2.0 HTMLlat1 ISOlat1 Latin small letter i
with circumflex
iuml ï U+00EF (239) HTML 2.0 HTMLlat1 ISOlat1 Latin small letter i
with diaeresis
eth ð U+00F0 (240) HTML 2.0 HTMLlat1 ISOlat1 Latin small letter eth
ntilde ñ U+00F1 (241) HTML 2.0 HTMLlat1 ISOlat1 Latin small letter n
with tilde
ograve ò U+00F2 (242) HTML 2.0 HTMLlat1 ISOlat1 Latin small letter o
with grave
oacute ó U+00F3 (243) HTML 2.0 HTMLlat1 ISOlat1 Latin small letter o
with acute
ocirc ô U+00F4 (244) HTML 2.0 HTMLlat1 ISOlat1 Latin small letter o
with circumflex
otilde õ U+00F5 (245) HTML 2.0 HTMLlat1 ISOlat1 Latin small letter o
with tilde
ouml ö U+00F6 (246) HTML 2.0 HTMLlat1 ISOlat1 Latin small letter o
with diaeresis
divide ÷ U+00F7 (247) HTML 3.2 HTMLlat1 ISOnum division sign
oslash ø U+00F8 (248) HTML 2.0 HTMLlat1 ISOlat1 Latin small letter o
with stroke (= Latin small letter o slash)
ugrave ù U+00F9 (249) HTML 2.0 HTMLlat1 ISOlat1 Latin small letter u
with grave
uacute ú U+00FA (250) HTML 2.0 HTMLlat1 ISOlat1 Latin small letter u
with acute
ucirc û U+00FB (251) HTML 2.0 HTMLlat1 ISOlat1 Latin small letter u
with circumflex
uuml ü U+00FC (252) HTML 2.0 HTMLlat1 ISOlat1 Latin small letter u
with diaeresis
yacute ý U+00FD (253) HTML 2.0 HTMLlat1 ISOlat1 Latin small letter y
with acute
thorn þ U+00FE (254) HTML 2.0 HTMLlat1 ISOlat1 Latin small letter
thorn
yuml ÿ U+00FF (255) HTML 2.0 HTMLlat1 ISOlat1 Latin small letter y
with diaeresis
OElig ΠU+0152 (338) HTML 4.0 HTMLspecial ISOlat2 Latin capital
ligature oe[5]
oelig œ U+0153 (339) HTML 4.0 HTMLspecial ISOlat2 Latin small ligature
oe[6]
Scaron Š U+0160 (352) HTML 4.0 HTMLspecial ISOlat2 Latin capital
letter s with caron
scaron š U+0161 (353) HTML 4.0 HTMLspecial ISOlat2 Latin small letter
s with caron
Yuml Ÿ U+0178 (376) HTML 4.0 HTMLspecial ISOlat2 Latin capital letter
y with diaeresis
fnof ƒ U+0192 (402) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol ISOtech Latin small letter f
with hook (= function = florin)
circ ˆ U+02C6 (710) HTML 4.0 HTMLspecial ISOpub modifier letter
circumflex accent
tilde ˜ U+02DC (732) HTML 4.0 HTMLspecial ISOdia small tilde
Alpha Α U+0391 (913) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol Greek capital letter Alpha
Beta Β U+0392 (914) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol Greek capital letter Beta
Gamma Γ U+0393 (915) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol ISOgrk3 Greek capital letter
Gamma
Delta Δ U+0394 (916) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol ISOgrk3 Greek capital letter
Delta
Epsilon Ε U+0395 (917) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol Greek capital letter Epsilon
Zeta Ζ U+0396 (918) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol Greek capital letter Zeta
Eta Η U+0397 (919) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol Greek capital letter Eta
Theta Θ U+0398 (920) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol ISOgrk3 Greek capital letter
Theta
Iota Ι U+0399 (921) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol Greek capital letter Iota
Kappa Κ U+039A (922) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol Greek capital letter Kappa
Lambda Λ U+039B (923) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol ISOgrk3 Greek capital letter
Lambda
Mu Μ U+039C (924) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol Greek capital letter Mu
Nu Ν U+039D (925) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol Greek capital letter Nu
Xi Ξ U+039E (926) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol ISOgrk3 Greek capital letter Xi
Omicron Ο U+039F (927) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol Greek capital letter Omicron
Pi Π U+03A0 (928) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol Greek capital letter Pi
Rho Ρ U+03A1 (929) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol Greek capital letter Rho
Sigma Σ U+03A3 (931) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol ISOgrk3 Greek capital letter
Sigma
Tau Τ U+03A4 (932) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol Greek capital letter Tau
Upsilon Υ U+03A5 (933) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol ISOgrk3 Greek capital
letter Upsilon
Phi Φ U+03A6 (934) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol ISOgrk3 Greek capital letter
Phi
Chi Χ U+03A7 (935) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol Greek capital letter Chi
Psi Ψ U+03A8 (936) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol ISOgrk3 Greek capital letter
Psi
Omega Ω U+03A9 (937) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol ISOgrk3 Greek capital letter
Omega
alpha α U+03B1 (945) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol ISOgrk3 Greek small letter
alpha
beta β U+03B2 (946) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol ISOgrk3 Greek small letter
beta
gamma γ U+03B3 (947) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol ISOgrk3 Greek small letter
gamma
delta δ U+03B4 (948) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol ISOgrk3 Greek small letter
delta
epsilon ε U+03B5 (949) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol ISOgrk3 Greek small letter
epsilon
zeta ζ U+03B6 (950) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol ISOgrk3 Greek small letter
zeta
eta η U+03B7 (951) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol ISOgrk3 Greek small letter eta
theta θ U+03B8 (952) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol ISOgrk3 Greek small letter
theta
iota ι U+03B9 (953) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol ISOgrk3 Greek small letter
iota
kappa κ U+03BA (954) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol ISOgrk3 Greek small letter
kappa
lambda λ U+03BB (955) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol ISOgrk3 Greek small letter
lambda
mu μ U+03BC (956) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol ISOgrk3 Greek small letter mu
nu ν U+03BD (957) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol ISOgrk3 Greek small letter nu
xi ξ U+03BE (958) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol ISOgrk3 Greek small letter xi
omicron ο U+03BF (959) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol NEW Greek small letter
omicron
pi π U+03C0 (960) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol ISOgrk3 Greek small letter pi
rho ρ U+03C1 (961) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol ISOgrk3 Greek small letter rho
sigmaf ς U+03C2 (962) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol ISOgrk3 Greek small letter
final sigma
sigma σ U+03C3 (963) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol ISOgrk3 Greek small letter
sigma
tau τ U+03C4 (964) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol ISOgrk3 Greek small letter tau
upsilon υ U+03C5 (965) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol ISOgrk3 Greek small letter
upsilon
phi φ U+03C6 (966) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol ISOgrk3 Greek small letter phi
chi χ U+03C7 (967) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol ISOgrk3 Greek small letter chi
psi ψ U+03C8 (968) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol ISOgrk3 Greek small letter psi
omega ω U+03C9 (969) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol ISOgrk3 Greek small letter
omega
thetasym ϑ U+03D1 (977) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol NEW Greek theta symbol
upsih ϒ U+03D2 (978) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol NEW Greek Upsilon with hook
symbol
piv ϖ U+03D6 (982) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol ISOgrk3 Greek pi symbol
ensp U+2002 (8194) HTML 4.0 HTMLspecial ISOpub en space[7]
emsp U+2003 (8195) HTML 4.0 HTMLspecial ISOpub em space[8]
thinsp U+2009 (8201) HTML 4.0 HTMLspecial ISOpub thin space[9]
zwnj U+200C (8204) HTML 4.0 HTMLspecial NEW RFC 2070 zero-width
non-joiner
zwj U+200D (8205) HTML 4.0 HTMLspecial NEW RFC 2070 zero-width
joiner
lrm U+200E (8206) HTML 4.0 HTMLspecial NEW RFC 2070 left-to-right
mark
rlm U+200F (8207) HTML 4.0 HTMLspecial NEW RFC 2070 right-to-left
mark
ndash – U+2013 (8211) HTML 4.0 HTMLspecial ISOpub en dash
mdash — U+2014 (8212) HTML 4.0 HTMLspecial ISOpub em dash
lsquo ‘ U+2018 (8216) HTML 4.0 HTMLspecial ISOnum left single
quotation mark
rsquo ’ U+2019 (8217) HTML 4.0 HTMLspecial ISOnum right single
quotation mark
sbquo ‚ U+201A (8218) HTML 4.0 HTMLspecial NEW single low-9 quotation
mark
ldquo “ U+201C (8220) HTML 4.0 HTMLspecial ISOnum left double
quotation mark
rdquo ” U+201D (8221) HTML 4.0 HTMLspecial ISOnum right double
quotation mark
bdquo „ U+201E (8222) HTML 4.0 HTMLspecial NEW double low-9 quotation
mark
dagger † U+2020 (8224) HTML 4.0 HTMLspecial ISOpub dagger
Dagger ‡ U+2021 (8225) HTML 4.0 HTMLspecial ISOpub double dagger
bull • U+2022 (8226) HTML 4.0 HTMLspecial ISOpub bullet (= black small
circle)[10]
hellip … U+2026 (8230) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol ISOpub horizontal ellipsis
(= three dot leader)
permil ‰ U+2030 (8240) HTML 4.0 HTMLspecial ISOtech per mille sign
prime ′ U+2032 (8242) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol ISOtech prime (= minutes =
feet)
Prime ″ U+2033 (8243) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol ISOtech double prime (=
seconds = inches)
lsaquo ‹ U+2039 (8249) HTML 4.0 HTMLspecial ISO proposed single
left-pointing angle quotation mark[11]
rsaquo › U+203A (8250) HTML 4.0 HTMLspecial ISO proposed single
right-pointing angle quotation mark[12]
oline ‾ U+203E (8254) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol NEW overline (= spacing
overscore)
frasl ⁄ U+2044 (8260) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol NEW fraction slash (=
solidus)
euro € U+20AC (8364) HTML 4.0 HTMLspecial NEW euro sign
image ℑ U+2111 (8465) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol ISOamso black-letter capital
I (= imaginary part)
weierp ℘ U+2118 (8472) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol ISOamso script capital P (=
power set = Weierstrass p)
real ℜ U+211C (8476) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol ISOamso black-letter capital
R (= real part symbol)
trade ™ U+2122 (8482) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol ISOnum trademark sign
alefsym ℵ U+2135 (8501) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol NEW alef symbol (= first
transfinite cardinal)[13]
larr ← U+2190 (8592) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol ISOnum leftwards arrow
uarr ↑ U+2191 (8593) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol ISOnum upwards arrow
rarr → U+2192 (8594) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol ISOnum rightwards arrow
darr ↓ U+2193 (8595) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol ISOnum downwards arrow
harr ↔ U+2194 (8596) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol ISOamsa left right arrow
crarr ↵ U+21B5 (8629) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol NEW downwards arrow with
corner leftwards (= carriage return)
lArr ⇐ U+21D0 (8656) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol ISOtech leftwards double
arrow[14]
uArr ⇑ U+21D1 (8657) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol ISOamsa upwards double arrow
rArr ⇒ U+21D2 (8658) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol ISOnum rightwards double
arrow[15]
dArr ⇓ U+21D3 (8659) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol ISOamsa downwards double
arrow
hArr ⇔ U+21D4 (8660) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol ISOamsa left right double
arrow
forall ∀ U+2200 (8704) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol ISOtech for all
part ∂ U+2202 (8706) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol ISOtech partial differential
exist ∃ U+2203 (8707) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol ISOtech there exists
empty ∅ U+2205 (8709) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol ISOamso empty set (= null
set = diameter)
nabla ∇ U+2207 (8711) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol ISOtech nabla (= backward
difference)
isin ∈ U+2208 (8712) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol ISOtech element of
notin ∉ U+2209 (8713) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol ISOtech not an element of
ni ∋ U+220B (8715) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol ISOtech contains as member
prod ∏ U+220F (8719) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol ISOamsb n-ary product (=
product sign)[16]
sum ∑ U+2211 (8721) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol ISOasmb n-ary summation[17]
minus − U+2212 (8722) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol ISOtech minus sign
lowast ∗ U+2217 (8727) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol ISOtech asterisk operator
radic √ U+221A (8730) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol ISOtech square root (=
radical sign)
prop ∝ U+221D (8733) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol ISOtech proportional to
infin ∞ U+221E (8734) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol ISOtech infinity
ang ∠ U+2220 (8736) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol ISOamso angle
and ∧ U+2227 (8743) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol ISOtech logical and (= wedge)
or ∨ U+2228 (8744) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol ISOtech logical or (= vee)
cap ∩ U+2229 (8745) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol ISOtech intersection (= cap)
cup ∪ U+222A (8746) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol ISOtech union (= cup)
int ∫ U+222B (8747) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol ISOtech integral
there4 ∴ U+2234 (8756) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol ISOtech therefore
sim ∼ U+223C (8764) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol ISOtech tilde operator (=
varies with = similar to)[18]
cong ≅ U+2245 (8773) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol ISOtech congruent to
asymp ≈ U+2248 (8776) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol ISOamsr almost equal to (=
asymptotic to)
ne ≠ U+2260 (8800) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol ISOtech not equal to
equiv ≡ U+2261 (8801) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol ISOtech identical to;
sometimes used for 'equivalent to'
le ≤ U+2264 (8804) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol ISOtech less-than or equal to
ge ≥ U+2265 (8805) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol ISOtech greater-than or equal
to
sub ⊂ U+2282 (8834) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol ISOtech subset of
sup ⊃ U+2283 (8835) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol ISOtech superset of[19]
nsub ⊄ U+2284 (8836) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol ISOamsn not a subset of
sube ⊆ U+2286 (8838) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol ISOtech subset of or equal to
supe ⊇ U+2287 (8839) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol ISOtech superset of or equal
to
oplus ⊕ U+2295 (8853) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol ISOamsb circled plus (=
direct sum)
otimes ⊗ U+2297 (8855) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol ISOamsb circled times (=
vector product)
perp ⊥ U+22A5 (8869) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol ISOtech up tack (= orthogonal
to = perpendicular)
sdot ⋅ U+22C5 (8901) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol ISOamsb dot operator[20]
lceil ⌈ U+2308 (8968) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol ISOamsc left ceiling (= APL
upstile)
rceil ⌉ U+2309 (8969) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol ISOamsc right ceiling
lfloor ⌊ U+230A (8970) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol ISOamsc left floor (= APL
downstile)
rfloor ⌋ U+230B (8971) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol ISOamsc right floor
lang 〈 U+2329 (9001) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol ISOtech left-pointing angle
bracket (= bra)[21]
rang 〉 U+232A (9002) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol ISOtech right-pointing angle
bracket (= ket)[22]
loz ◊ U+25CA (9674) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol ISOpub lozenge
spades ♠ U+2660 (9824) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol ISOpub black spade suit[23]
clubs ♣ U+2663 (9827) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol ISOpub black club suit (=
shamrock)[24]
hearts ♥ U+2665 (9829) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol ISOpub black heart suit (=
valentine)[25]
diams ♦ U+2666 (9830) HTML 4.0 HTMLsymbol ISOpub black diamond suit
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