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named(8) FreeBSD System Manager's Manual named(8)
NNAAMMEE
nnaammeedd -- Internet domain name server (DNS)
SSYYNNOOPPSSIISS
nnaammeedd [--dd _d_e_b_u_g_l_e_v_e_l] [--pp _p_o_r_t_#] [--(bb|cc) _c_o_n_f_i_g___f_i_l_e] [--44 --66 --ff --qq --rr --vv]
[--uu _u_s_e_r___n_a_m_e] [--gg _g_r_o_u_p___n_a_m_e] [--tt _d_i_r_e_c_t_o_r_y] [--ww _d_i_r_e_c_t_o_r_y]
[_c_o_n_f_i_g___f_i_l_e]
DDEESSCCRRIIPPTTIIOONN
NNaammeedd is the Internet domain name server. See RFC's 1033, 1034, and 1035
for more information on the Internet name-domain system. Without any
arguments, nnaammeedd will read the default configuration file
_/_e_t_c_/_n_a_m_e_d_._c_o_n_f, read any initial data, and listen for queries. A
_c_o_n_f_i_g___f_i_l_e argument given at the end of the command line will override
any _c_o_n_f_i_g___f_i_l_e specified by using the ``--bb'' or ``--cc'' flags.
NNOOTTEE: Several of nnaammeedd's options, and much more of its behaviour, can be
controlled in the configuration file. Please refer to the configuration
file guide included with this BBIINNDD distribution for further information.
Options are:
--44 Use IPv4 only when talking to other server.
--66 Use IPv6 only when talking to other server.
--dd _d_e_b_u_g_l_e_v_e_l
Print debugging information. The _d_e_b_u_g_l_e_v_e_l is a number
determines the level of messages printed. If negative,
_d_e_b_u_g_l_e_v_e_l is set to ``1''.
NNOOTTEE: The new debugging framework is considerably more
sophisticated than it was in older versions of nnaammeedd. The
configuration file's ``logging'' statement allows for multi-
ple, distinct levels of debugging for each of a large set of
categories of events (such as queries, transfers in or out,
etc.). Please refer to the configuration file guide included
with this BBIINNDD distribution for further information about
these extensive new capabilities.
--pp _p_o_r_t_# Use the specified remote port number; this is the port number
to which nnaammeedd will send queries. The default value is the
standard port number, i.e., the port number returned by
getservbyname(3) for service ``domain''.
NNOOTTEE: Previously, the syntax ``--pp _p_o_r_t_#[_/_l_o_c_a_l_p_o_r_t_#]'' was
supported; the first port was that used when contacting
_r_e_m_o_t_e servers, and the second one was the service port bound
by the _l_o_c_a_l instance of nnaammeedd. The current usage is equiva-
lent to the old usage without the _l_o_c_a_l_p_o_r_t_# specified; this
functionality can be specified with the ``listen-on'' clause
of the configuration file's ``options'' statement.
--(bb|cc) _c_o_n_f_i_g___f_i_l_e
Use an alternate _c_o_n_f_i_g___f_i_l_e; this argument is overridden by
any _c_o_n_f_i_g___f_i_l_e which is specified at the end of the command
line. The default value is _/_e_t_c_/_n_a_m_e_d_._c_o_n_f.
--ff Run this process in the foreground; don't fork(2) and daemo-
nize. (The default is to daemonize.)
--qq Trace all incoming queries if nnaammeedd has been compiled with
QRYLOG defined.
NNOOTTEE: This option is deprecated in favor of the ``queries''
_l_o_g_g_i_n_g _c_a_t_e_g_o_r_y of the configuration file's ``logging''
statement; for more information, please refer to the configu-
ration file guide included with this distribution of BBIINNDD.
--rr Turns recursion off in the server. Answers can come only
from local (primary or secondary) zones. This can be used on
root servers. The default is to use recursion.
NNOOTTEE: This option can be overridden by and is deprecated in
favor of the ``recursion'' clause of the configuration file's
``options'' statement.
--vv Report the version and exit.
--uu _u_s_e_r___n_a_m_e
Specifies the user the server should run as after it initial-
izes. The value specified may be either a username or a
numeric user id. If the ``--gg'' flag is not specified, then
the group id used will be the primary group of the user spec-
ified (initgroups() is called, so all of the user's groups
will be available to the server).
--gg _g_r_o_u_p___n_a_m_e
Specifies the group the server should run as after it ini-
tializes. The value specified may be either a groupname or a
numeric group id.
--tt _d_i_r_e_c_t_o_r_y
Specifies the directory the server should chroot() into as
soon as it is finished processing command line arguments.
--ww _d_i_r_e_c_t_o_r_y
Sets the working directory of the server. The ``directory''
clause of the configuration file's ``options'' statement
overrides any value specified on the command line. The
default working directory is the current directory (``.'').
Any additional argument is taken as the name of the configuration file,
for compatibility with older implementations; as noted above, this argu-
ment overrides any _c_o_n_f_i_g___f_i_l_e specified by the use of the ``--bb'' or
``--cc'' flags. If no further argument is given, then the default configu-
ration file is used (_/_e_t_c_/_n_a_m_e_d_._c_o_n_f).
MMaasstteerr FFiillee FFoorrmmaatt
The master file consists of control information and a list of resource
records for objects in the zone of the forms:
$INCLUDE <filename> <opt_domain>
$ORIGIN <domain>
$TTL <ttl>
<domain> <opt_ttl> <opt_class> <type> <resource_record_data>
where:
_d_o_m_a_i_n is ``.'' for root, ``@'' for the current origin, or a stan-
dard domain name. If _d_o_m_a_i_n is a standard domain name that
does _n_o_t end with ``.'', the current origin is appended to
the domain. Domain names ending with ``.'' are unmodified.
_o_p_t___d_o_m_a_i_n This field is used to define an origin for the data in an
included file. It is equivalent to placing an $ORIGIN
statement before the first line of the included file. The
field is optional. Neither the _o_p_t___d_o_m_a_i_n field nor
$ORIGIN statements in the included file modify the current
origin for this file.
_t_t_l A integer number that sets the default time-to-live for
future records without an explicit ttl.
_o_p_t___t_t_l An optional integer number for the time-to-live field. If
not set the ttl is taken from the last $TTL statement. If
no $TTL statement has occurred then the SOA minimum value
is used and a warning is generated.
_o_p_t___c_l_a_s_s The object address type; currently only one type is sup-
ported, IN, for objects connected to the DARPA Internet.
_t_y_p_e This field contains one of the following tokens; the data
expected in the _r_e_s_o_u_r_c_e___r_e_c_o_r_d___d_a_t_a field is in parenthe-
ses:
A a host address (dotted-quad IP address)
NS an authoritative name server (domain)
MX a mail exchanger (domain), preceded by a
preference value (0..32767), with lower
numeric values representing higher logical
preferences.
CNAME the canonical name for an alias (domain)
SOA marks the start of a zone of authority
(domain of originating host, domain
address of maintainer, a serial number and
the following parameters in seconds:
refresh, retry, expire and minimum TTL
(see RFC 883 and RFC 2308)).
NULL a null resource record (no format or data)
RP a Responsible Person for some domain name
(mailbox, TXT-referral)
PTR a domain name pointer (domain)
HINFO host information (cpu_type OS_type)
Resource records normally end at the end of a line, but may be continued
across lines between opening and closing parentheses. Comments are
introduced by semicolons and continue to the end of the line.
NNOOTTEE: There are other resource record types not shown here. You should
consult the BBIINNDD Operations Guide (``BOG'') for the complete list. Some
resource record types may have been standardized in newer RFC's but not
yet implemented in this version of BBIINNDD.
SSOOAA RReeccoorrdd FFoorrmmaatt
Each master zone file should begin with an SOA record for the zone. An
example SOA record is as follows:
@ IN SOA ucbvax.Berkeley.EDU. rwh.ucbvax.Berkeley.EDU. (
1989020501 ; serial
10800 ; refresh
3600 ; retry
3600000 ; expire
86400 ) ; minimum
The SOA specifies a serial number, which should be incremented each time
the master file is changed. Note that the serial number can be given as
a dotted number, but this is a _v_e_r_y unwise thing to do since the transla-
tion to normal integers is via concatenation rather than multiplication
and addition. You can spell out the year, month, day of month, and 0..99
version number and still fit inside the unsigned 32-bit size of this
field. (It's true that we will have to rethink this strategy in the year
4294, but we're not worried about it.)
Secondary servers check the serial number at intervals specified by the
refresh time in seconds; if the serial number changes, a zone transfer
will be done to load the new data. If a master server cannot be con-
tacted when a refresh is due, the retry time specifies the interval at
which refreshes should be attempted. If a master server cannot be con-
tacted within the interval given by the expire time, all data from the
zone is discarded by secondary servers. The minimum value is the cache
time-to-live for negative answers (RFC 2308).
NNOOTTEESS
The boot file directives ``domain'' and ``suffixes'' have been obsoleted
by a more useful, resolver-based implementation of suffixing for par-
tially-qualified domain names. The prior mechanisms could fail under a
number of situations, especially when then local nameserver did not have
complete information.
The following signals have the specified effect when sent to the server
process using the kill(1) command:
SIGHUP Causes server to read _n_a_m_e_d_._c_o_n_f and reload the database. If
the server is built with the FORCED_RELOAD compile-time option,
then SIGHUP will also cause the server to check the serial num-
ber on all secondary zones; normally, the serial numbers are
only checked at the SOA-specified intervals.
SIGINT Dumps the current data base and cache to
``_/_v_a_r_/_t_m_p_/_n_a_m_e_d___d_u_m_p_._d_b'' or the value of _PATH_DUMPFILE.
SIGILL Dumps statistics data into _n_a_m_e_d_._s_t_a_t_s if the server is com-
piled with -DSTATS. Statistics data is appended to the file.
SIGSYS Dumps the profiling data in _/_v_a_r_/_t_m_p if the server is compiled
with profiling (server forks, chdirs and exits).
SIGTERM Saves any modified dynamic zones to the file system, and shuts
down the server.
SIGUSR1 Turns on debugging; each SIGUSR1 increments debug level.
(SIGEMT on older systems without SIGUSR1.)
SIGUSR2 Turns off debugging completely. (SIGFPE on older systems
without SIGUSR2.)
SIGWINCH Toggles logging of all incoming queries via syslog(3) (requires
server to have been built with the QRYLOG option).
FFIILLEESS
/etc/bind/named.conf default name server configu-
ration file
/var/run/named.pid (_PATH_PIDFILE) the process id
/var/cache/bind/named_dump.db (_PATH_DUMPFILE) dump of the name server
database
/var/tmp/named.run (file: _PATH_DEBUG) debug output
/var/tmp/named.stats (file: _PATH_STATS) nameserver statistics data
SSEEEE AALLSSOO
named.conf(5), gethostbyname(3), hostname(7), kill(1), resolver(3),
resolver(5), signal(3), RFC 882, RFC 883, RFC 973, RFC 974, RFC 1033, RFC
1034, RFC 1035, RFC 1123, RFC 2308 ``Name Server Operations Guide for
BBIINNDD''
4th Berkeley Distribution February 1, 1996 4th Berkeley Distribution
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