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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN">
<html>
<head>
<title>Boost.Regex: Regular Expression Syntax</title>
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<h3><a href="../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277" alt="C++ Boost" src="../../../boost.png" border="0"></a></h3>
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<TD width="353">
<H1 align="center">Boost.Regex</H1>
<H2 align="center">Regular Expression Syntax</H2>
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<h3><a href="index.html"><img height="45" width="43" alt="Boost.Regex Index" src="uarrow.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
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<HR>
<P>This section covers the regular expression syntax used by this library, this is
a programmers guide, the actual syntax presented to your program's users will
depend upon the flags used during expression compilation.
</P>
<H3>Literals
</H3>
<P>All characters are literals except: ".", "|", "*", "?", "+", "(", ")", "{",
"}", "[", "]", "^", "$" and "\". These characters are literals when preceded by
a "\". A literal is a character that matches itself, or matches the result of
traits_type::translate(), where traits_type is the traits template parameter to
class basic_regex.</P>
<H3>Wildcard
</H3>
<P>The dot character "." matches any single character except : when <I>match_not_dot_null</I>
is passed to the matching algorithms, the dot does not match a null character;
when <I>match_not_dot_newline</I> is passed to the matching algorithms, then
the dot does not match a newline character.
</P>
<H3>Repeats
</H3>
<P>A repeat is an expression that is repeated an arbitrary number of times. An
expression followed by "*" can be repeated any number of times including zero.
An expression followed by "+" can be repeated any number of times, but at least
once, if the expression is compiled with the flag regex_constants::bk_plus_qm
then "+" is an ordinary character and "\+" represents a repeat of once or more.
An expression followed by "?" may be repeated zero or one times only, if the
expression is compiled with the flag regex_constants::bk_plus_qm then "?" is an
ordinary character and "\?" represents the repeat zero or once operator. When
it is necessary to specify the minimum and maximum number of repeats
explicitly, the bounds operator "{}" may be used, thus "a{2}" is the letter "a"
repeated exactly twice, "a{2,4}" represents the letter "a" repeated between 2
and 4 times, and "a{2,}" represents the letter "a" repeated at least twice with
no upper limit. Note that there must be no white-space inside the {}, and there
is no upper limit on the values of the lower and upper bounds. When the
expression is compiled with the flag regex_constants::bk_braces then "{" and
"}" are ordinary characters and "\{" and "\}" are used to delimit bounds
instead. All repeat expressions refer to the shortest possible previous
sub-expression: a single character; a character set, or a sub-expression
grouped with "()" for example.
</P>
<P>Examples:
</P>
<P>"ba*" will match all of "b", "ba", "baaa" etc.
</P>
<P>"ba+" will match "ba" or "baaaa" for example but not "b".
</P>
<P>"ba?" will match "b" or "ba".
</P>
<P>"ba{2,4}" will match "baa", "baaa" and "baaaa".
</P>
<H3>Non-greedy repeats
</H3>
<P>Whenever the "extended" regular expression syntax is in use (the default) then
non-greedy repeats are possible by appending a '?' after the repeat; a
non-greedy repeat is one which will match the <I>shortest</I> possible string.
</P>
<P>For example to match html tag pairs one could use something like:
</P>
<P>"<\s*tagname[^>]*>(.*?)<\s*/tagname\s*>"
</P>
<P>In this case $1 will contain the text between the tag pairs, and will be the
shortest possible matching string.
</P>
<H3>Parenthesis
</H3>
<P>Parentheses serve two purposes, to group items together into a sub-expression,
and to mark what generated the match. For example the expression "(ab)*" would
match all of the string "ababab". The matching algorithms <A href="regex_match.html">
regex_match</A> and <A href="regex_search.html">regex_search</A> each take
an instance of <A href="match_results.html">match_results</A> that reports what
caused the match, on exit from these functions the <A href="match_results.html">match_results</A>
contains information both on what the whole expression matched and on what each
sub-expression matched. In the example above match_results[1] would contain a
pair of iterators denoting the final "ab" of the matching string. It is
permissible for sub-expressions to match null strings. If a sub-expression
takes no part in a match - for example if it is part of an alternative that is
not taken - then both of the iterators that are returned for that
sub-expression point to the end of the input string, and the <I>matched</I> parameter
for that sub-expression is <I>false</I>. Sub-expressions are indexed from left
to right starting from 1, sub-expression 0 is the whole expression.
</P>
<H3>Non-Marking Parenthesis
</H3>
<P>Sometimes you need to group sub-expressions with parenthesis, but don't want
the parenthesis to spit out another marked sub-expression, in this case a
non-marking parenthesis (?:expression) can be used. For example the following
expression creates no sub-expressions:
</P>
<P>"(?:abc)*"</P>
<H3>Forward Lookahead Asserts
</H3>
<P>There are two forms of these; one for positive forward lookahead asserts, and
one for negative lookahead asserts:</P>
<P>"(?=abc)" matches zero characters only if they are followed by the expression
"abc".</P>
<P>"(?!abc)" matches zero characters only if they are not followed by the
expression "abc".</P>
<H3>Independent sub-expressions</H3>
<P>"(?>expression)" matches "expression" as an independent atom (the algorithm
will not backtrack into it if a failure occurs later in the expression).</P>
<H3>Alternatives
</H3>
<P>Alternatives occur when the expression can match either one sub-expression or
another, each alternative is separated by a "|", or a "\|" if the flag
regex_constants::bk_vbar is set, or by a newline character if the flag
regex_constants::newline_alt is set. Each alternative is the largest possible
previous sub-expression; this is the opposite behavior from repetition
operators.
</P>
<P>Examples:
</P>
<P>"a(b|c)" could match "ab" or "ac".
</P>
<P>"abc|def" could match "abc" or "def".
</P>
<H3>Sets
</H3>
<P>A set is a set of characters that can match any single character that is a
member of the set. Sets are delimited by "[" and "]" and can contain literals,
character ranges, character classes, collating elements and equivalence
classes. Set declarations that start with "^" contain the complement of the
elements that follow.
</P>
<P>Examples:
</P>
<P>Character literals:
</P>
<P>"[abc]" will match either of "a", "b", or "c".
</P>
<P>"[^abc] will match any character other than "a", "b", or "c".
</P>
<P>Character ranges:
</P>
<P>"[a-z]" will match any character in the range "a" to "z".
</P>
<P>"[^A-Z]" will match any character other than those in the range "A" to "Z".
</P>
<P>Note that character ranges are highly locale dependent if the flag
regex_constants::collate is set: they match any character that collates between
the endpoints of the range, ranges will only behave according to ASCII rules
when the default "C" locale is in effect. For example if the library is
compiled with the Win32 localization model, then [a-z] will match the ASCII
characters a-z, and also 'A', 'B' etc, but not 'Z' which collates just after
'z'. This locale specific behavior is disabled by default (in perl mode), and
forces ranges to collate according to ASCII character code.
</P>
<P>Character classes are denoted using the syntax "[:classname:]" within a set
declaration, for example "[[:space:]]" is the set of all whitespace characters.
Character classes are only available if the flag regex_constants::char_classes
is set. The available character classes are:
<BR>
</P>
<P>
<TABLE id="Table2" cellSpacing="0" cellPadding="7" width="100%" border="0">
<TR>
<TD width="5%"> </TD>
<TD vAlign="top" width="50%">alnum</TD>
<TD vAlign="top" width="50%">Any alpha numeric character.</TD>
<TD width="5%"> </TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD> </TD>
<TD vAlign="top" width="50%">alpha</TD>
<TD vAlign="top" width="50%">Any alphabetical character a-z and A-Z. Other
characters may also be included depending upon the locale.</TD>
<TD> </TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD> </TD>
<TD vAlign="top" width="50%">blank</TD>
<TD vAlign="top" width="50%">Any blank character, either a space or a tab.</TD>
<TD> </TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD> </TD>
<TD vAlign="top" width="50%">cntrl</TD>
<TD vAlign="top" width="50%">Any control character.</TD>
<TD> </TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD> </TD>
<TD vAlign="top" width="50%">digit</TD>
<TD vAlign="top" width="50%">Any digit 0-9.</TD>
<TD> </TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD> </TD>
<TD vAlign="top" width="50%">graph</TD>
<TD vAlign="top" width="50%">Any graphical character.</TD>
<TD> </TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD> </TD>
<TD vAlign="top" width="50%">lower</TD>
<TD vAlign="top" width="50%">Any lower case character a-z. Other characters may
also be included depending upon the locale.</TD>
<TD> </TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD> </TD>
<TD vAlign="top" width="50%">print</TD>
<TD vAlign="top" width="50%">Any printable character.</TD>
<TD> </TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD> </TD>
<TD vAlign="top" width="50%">punct</TD>
<TD vAlign="top" width="50%">Any punctuation character.</TD>
<TD> </TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD> </TD>
<TD vAlign="top" width="50%">space</TD>
<TD vAlign="top" width="50%">Any whitespace character.</TD>
<TD> </TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD> </TD>
<TD vAlign="top" width="50%">upper</TD>
<TD vAlign="top" width="50%">Any upper case character A-Z. Other characters may
also be included depending upon the locale.</TD>
<TD> </TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD> </TD>
<TD vAlign="top" width="50%">xdigit</TD>
<TD vAlign="top" width="50%">Any hexadecimal digit character, 0-9, a-f and A-F.</TD>
<TD> </TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD> </TD>
<TD vAlign="top" width="50%">word</TD>
<TD vAlign="top" width="50%">Any word character - all alphanumeric characters plus
the underscore.</TD>
<TD> </TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD> </TD>
<TD vAlign="top" width="50%">Unicode</TD>
<TD vAlign="top" width="50%">Any character whose code is greater than 255, this
applies to the wide character traits classes only.</TD>
<TD> </TD>
</TR>
</TABLE>
</P>
<P>There are some shortcuts that can be used in place of the character classes,
provided the flag regex_constants::escape_in_lists is set then you can use:
</P>
<P>\w in place of [:word:]
</P>
<P>\s in place of [:space:]
</P>
<P>\d in place of [:digit:]
</P>
<P>\l in place of [:lower:]
</P>
<P>\u in place of [:upper:]
</P>
<P>Collating elements take the general form [.tagname.] inside a set declaration,
where <I>tagname</I> is either a single character, or a name of a collating
element, for example [[.a.]] is equivalent to [a], and [[.comma.]] is
equivalent to [,]. The library supports all the standard POSIX collating
element names, and in addition the following digraphs: "ae", "ch", "ll", "ss",
"nj", "dz", "lj", each in lower, upper and title case variations.
Multi-character collating elements can result in the set matching more than one
character, for example [[.ae.]] would match two characters, but note that
[^[.ae.]] would only match one character.
</P>
<P>
Equivalence classes take the generalform[=tagname=] inside a set declaration,
where <I>tagname</I> is either a single character, or a name of a collating
element, and matches any character that is a member of the same primary
equivalence class as the collating element [.tagname.]. An equivalence class is
a set of characters that collate the same, a primary equivalence class is a set
of characters whose primary sort key are all the same (for example strings are
typically collated by character, then by accent, and then by case; the primary
sort key then relates to the character, the secondary to the accentation, and
the tertiary to the case). If there is no equivalence class corresponding to <I>tagname</I>
,then[=tagname=] is exactly the same as [.tagname.]. Unfortunately there is no
locale independent method of obtaining the primary sort key for a character,
except under Win32. For other operating systems the library will "guess" the
primary sort key from the full sort key (obtained from <I>strxfrm</I>), so
equivalence classes are probably best considered broken under any operating
system other than Win32.
</P>
<P>To include a literal "-" in a set declaration then: make it the first character
after the opening "[" or "[^", the endpoint of a range, a collating element, or
if the flag regex_constants::escape_in_lists is set then precede with an escape
character as in "[\-]". To include a literal "[" or "]" or "^" in a set then
make them the endpoint of a range, a collating element, or precede with an
escape character if the flag regex_constants::escape_in_lists is set.
</P>
<H3>Line anchors
</H3>
<P>An anchor is something that matches the null string at the start or end of a
line: "^" matches the null string at the start of a line, "$" matches the null
string at the end of a line.
</P>
<H3>Back references
</H3>
<P>A back reference is a reference to a previous sub-expression that has already
been matched, the reference is to what the sub-expression matched, not to the
expression itself. A back reference consists of the escape character "\"
followed by a digit "1" to "9", "\1" refers to the first sub-expression, "\2"
to the second etc. For example the expression "(.*)\1" matches any string that
is repeated about its mid-point for example "abcabc" or "xyzxyz". A back
reference to a sub-expression that did not participate in any match, matches
the null string: NB this is different to some other regular expression
matchers. Back references are only available if the expression is compiled with
the flag regex_constants::bk_refs set.
</P>
<H3>Characters by code
</H3>
<P>This is an extension to the algorithm that is not available in other libraries,
it consists of the escape character followed by the digit "0" followed by the
octal character code. For example "\023" represents the character whose octal
code is 23. Where ambiguity could occur use parentheses to break the expression
up: "\0103" represents the character whose code is 103, "(\010)3 represents the
character 10 followed by "3". To match characters by their hexadecimal code,
use \x followed by a string of hexadecimal digits, optionally enclosed inside
{}, for example \xf0 or \x{aff}, notice the latter example is a Unicode
character.</P>
<H3>Word operators
</H3>
<P>The following operators are provided for compatibility with the GNU regular
expression library.
</P>
<P>"\w" matches any single character that is a member of the "word" character
class, this is identical to the expression "[[:word:]]".
</P>
<P>"\W" matches any single character that is not a member of the "word" character
class, this is identical to the expression "[^[:word:]]".
</P>
<P>"\<" matches the null string at the start of a word.
</P>
<P>"\>" matches the null string at the end of the word.
</P>
<P>"\b" matches the null string at either the start or the end of a word.
</P>
<P>"\B" matches a null string within a word.
</P>
<P>The start of the sequence passed to the matching algorithms is considered to be
a potential start of a word unless the flag match_not_bow is set. The end of
the sequence passed to the matching algorithms is considered to be a potential
end of a word unless the flag match_not_eow is set.
</P>
<H3>Buffer operators
</H3>
<P>The following operators are provided for compatibility with the GNU regular
expression library, and Perl regular expressions:
</P>
<P>"\`" matches the start of a buffer.
</P>
<P>"\A" matches the start of the buffer.
</P>
<P>"\'" matches the end of a buffer.
</P>
<P>"\z" matches the end of a buffer.
</P>
<P>"\Z" matches the end of a buffer, or possibly one or more new line characters
followed by the end of the buffer.
</P>
<P>A buffer is considered to consist of the whole sequence passed to the matching
algorithms, unless the flags match_not_bob or match_not_eob are set.
</P>
<H3>Escape operator
</H3>
<P>The escape character "\" has several meanings.
</P>
<P>Inside a set declaration the escape character is a normal character unless the
flag regex_constants::escape_in_lists is set in which case whatever follows the
escape is a literal character regardless of its normal meaning.
</P>
<P>The escape operator may introduce an operator for example: back references, or
a word operator.
</P>
<P>The escape operator may make the following character normal, for example "\*"
represents a literal "*" rather than the repeat operator.
</P>
<H4>Single character escape sequences
</H4>
<P>The following escape sequences are aliases for single characters:
<BR>
</P>
<P>
<TABLE id="Table3" cellSpacing="0" cellPadding="7" width="100%" border="0">
<TR>
<TD width="5%"> </TD>
<TD vAlign="top" width="33%">Escape sequence
</TD>
<TD vAlign="top" width="33%">Character code
</TD>
<TD vAlign="top" width="33%">Meaning
</TD>
<TD width="5%"> </TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD> </TD>
<TD vAlign="top" width="33%">\a
</TD>
<TD vAlign="top" width="33%">0x07
</TD>
<TD vAlign="top" width="33%">Bell character.
</TD>
<TD> </TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD> </TD>
<TD vAlign="top" width="33%">\f
</TD>
<TD vAlign="top" width="33%">0x0C
</TD>
<TD vAlign="top" width="33%">Form feed.
</TD>
<TD> </TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD> </TD>
<TD vAlign="top" width="33%">\n
</TD>
<TD vAlign="top" width="33%">0x0A
</TD>
<TD vAlign="top" width="33%">Newline character.
</TD>
<TD> </TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD> </TD>
<TD vAlign="top" width="33%">\r
</TD>
<TD vAlign="top" width="33%">0x0D
</TD>
<TD vAlign="top" width="33%">Carriage return.
</TD>
<TD> </TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD> </TD>
<TD vAlign="top" width="33%">\t
</TD>
<TD vAlign="top" width="33%">0x09
</TD>
<TD vAlign="top" width="33%">Tab character.
</TD>
<TD> </TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD> </TD>
<TD vAlign="top" width="33%">\v
</TD>
<TD vAlign="top" width="33%">0x0B
</TD>
<TD vAlign="top" width="33%">Vertical tab.
</TD>
<TD> </TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD> </TD>
<TD vAlign="top" width="33%">\e
</TD>
<TD vAlign="top" width="33%">0x1B
</TD>
<TD vAlign="top" width="33%">ASCII Escape character.
</TD>
<TD> </TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD> </TD>
<TD vAlign="top" width="33%">\0dd
</TD>
<TD vAlign="top" width="33%">0dd
</TD>
<TD vAlign="top" width="33%">An octal character code, where <I>dd</I> is one or
more octal digits.
</TD>
<TD> </TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD> </TD>
<TD vAlign="top" width="33%">\xXX
</TD>
<TD vAlign="top" width="33%">0xXX
</TD>
<TD vAlign="top" width="33%">A hexadecimal character code, where XX is one or more
hexadecimal digits.
</TD>
<TD> </TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD> </TD>
<TD vAlign="top" width="33%">\x{XX}
</TD>
<TD vAlign="top" width="33%">0xXX
</TD>
<TD vAlign="top" width="33%">A hexadecimal character code, where XX is one or more
hexadecimal digits, optionally a Unicode character.
</TD>
<TD> </TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD> </TD>
<TD vAlign="top" width="33%">\cZ
</TD>
<TD vAlign="top" width="33%">z-@
</TD>
<TD vAlign="top" width="33%">An ASCII escape sequence control-Z, where Z is any
ASCII character greater than or equal to the character code for '@'.
</TD>
<TD> </TD>
</TR>
</TABLE>
</P>
<H4>Miscellaneous escape sequences:
</H4>
<P>The following are provided mostly for perl compatibility, but note that there
are some differences in the meanings of \l \L \u and \U:
<BR>
</P>
<P>
<TABLE id="Table4" cellSpacing="0" cellPadding="6" width="100%" border="0">
<TR>
<TD width="5%"> </TD>
<TD vAlign="top" width="45%">\w
</TD>
<TD vAlign="top" width="45%">Equivalent to [[:word:]].
</TD>
<TD width="5%"> </TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD width="5%"> </TD>
<TD vAlign="top" width="45%">\W
</TD>
<TD vAlign="top" width="45%">Equivalent to [^[:word:]].
</TD>
<TD width="5%"> </TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD width="5%"> </TD>
<TD vAlign="top" width="45%">\s
</TD>
<TD vAlign="top" width="45%">Equivalent to [[:space:]].
</TD>
<TD width="5%"> </TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD width="5%"> </TD>
<TD vAlign="top" width="45%">\S
</TD>
<TD vAlign="top" width="45%">Equivalent to [^[:space:]].
</TD>
<TD width="5%"> </TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD width="5%"> </TD>
<TD vAlign="top" width="45%">\d
</TD>
<TD vAlign="top" width="45%">Equivalent to [[:digit:]].
</TD>
<TD width="5%"> </TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD width="5%"> </TD>
<TD vAlign="top" width="45%">\D
</TD>
<TD vAlign="top" width="45%">Equivalent to [^[:digit:]].
</TD>
<TD width="5%"> </TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD width="5%"> </TD>
<TD vAlign="top" width="45%">\l
</TD>
<TD vAlign="top" width="45%">Equivalent to [[:lower:]].
</TD>
<TD width="5%"> </TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD width="5%"> </TD>
<TD vAlign="top" width="45%">\L
</TD>
<TD vAlign="top" width="45%">Equivalent to [^[:lower:]].
</TD>
<TD width="5%"> </TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD width="5%"> </TD>
<TD vAlign="top" width="45%">\u
</TD>
<TD vAlign="top" width="45%">Equivalent to [[:upper:]].
</TD>
<TD width="5%"> </TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD width="5%"> </TD>
<TD vAlign="top" width="45%">\U
</TD>
<TD vAlign="top" width="45%">Equivalent to [^[:upper:]].
</TD>
<TD width="5%"> </TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD width="5%"> </TD>
<TD vAlign="top" width="45%">\C
</TD>
<TD vAlign="top" width="45%">Any single character, equivalent to '.'.
</TD>
<TD width="5%"> </TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD width="5%"> </TD>
<TD vAlign="top" width="45%">\X
</TD>
<TD vAlign="top" width="45%">Match any Unicode combining character sequence, for
example "a\x 0301" (a letter a with an acute).
</TD>
<TD width="5%"> </TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD width="5%"> </TD>
<TD vAlign="top" width="45%">\Q
</TD>
<TD vAlign="top" width="45%">The begin quote operator, everything that follows is
treated as a literal character until a \E end quote operator is found.
</TD>
<TD width="5%"> </TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD width="5%"> </TD>
<TD vAlign="top" width="45%">\E
</TD>
<TD vAlign="top" width="45%">The end quote operator, terminates a sequence begun
with \Q.
</TD>
<TD width="5%"> </TD>
</TR>
</TABLE>
</P>
<H3>What gets matched?
</H3>
<P>
When the expression is compiled as a Perl-compatible regex then the matching
algorithms will perform a depth first search on the state machine and report
the first match found.</P>
<P>
When the expression is compiled as a POSIX-compatible regex then the matching
algorithms will match the first possible matching string, if more than one
string starting at a given location can match then it matches the longest
possible string, unless the flag match_any is set, in which case the first
match encountered is returned. Use of the match_any option can reduce the time
taken to find the match - but is only useful if the user is less concerned
about what matched - for example it would not be suitable for search and
replace operations. In cases where their are multiple possible matches all
starting at the same location, and all of the same length, then the match
chosen is the one with the longest first sub-expression, if that is the same
for two or more matches, then the second sub-expression will be examined and so
on.
</P>
<P>
The following table examples illustrate the main differences between Perl and
POSIX regular expression matching rules:
</P>
<P>
<TABLE id="Table5" cellSpacing="1" cellPadding="7" width="624" border="1">
<TBODY>
<TR>
<TD vAlign="top" width="25%">
<P>Expression</P>
</TD>
<TD vAlign="top" width="25%">
<P>Text</P>
</TD>
<TD vAlign="top" width="25%">
<P>POSIX leftmost longest match</P>
</TD>
<TD vAlign="top" width="25%">
<P>ECMAScript depth first search match</P>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign="top" width="25%">
<P><CODE>a|ab</CODE></P>
</TD>
<TD vAlign="top" width="25%">
<P><CODE> xaby</CODE>
</P>
</TD>
<TD vAlign="top" width="25%">
<P><CODE> "ab"</CODE></P>
</TD>
<TD vAlign="top" width="25%">
<P><CODE> "a"</CODE></P>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign="top" width="25%">
<P><CODE> .*([[:alnum:]]+).*</CODE></P>
</TD>
<TD vAlign="top" width="25%">
<P><CODE> " abc def xyz "</CODE></P>
</TD>
<TD vAlign="top" width="25%">
<P>$0 = " abc def xyz "<BR>
$1 = "abc"</P>
</TD>
<TD vAlign="top" width="25%">
<P>$0 = " abc def xyz "<BR>
$1 = "z"</P>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign="top" width="25%">
<P><CODE> .*(a|xayy)</CODE></P>
</TD>
<TD vAlign="top" width="25%">
<P><CODE> zzxayyzz</CODE></P>
</TD>
<TD vAlign="top" width="25%">
<P><CODE> "zzxayy"</CODE></P>
</TD>
<TD vAlign="top" width="25%">
<P><CODE>"zzxa"</CODE></P>
</TD>
</TR>
</TBODY></CODE></TD></TR></TABLE>
<P>These differences between Perl matching rules, and POSIX matching rules, mean
that these two regular expression syntaxes differ not only in the features
offered, but also in the form that the state machine takes and/or the
algorithms used to traverse the state machine.</P>
<HR>
<p>Revised
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
24 Oct 2003
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" --></p>
<p><i> Copyright John Maddock 1998-
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%Y" startspan --> 2003<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" --></i></p>
<P><I>Use, modification and distribution are subject to the Boost Software License,
Version 1.0. (See accompanying file <A href="../../../LICENSE_1_0.txt">LICENSE_1_0.txt</A>
or copy at <A href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</A>)</I></P>
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