// -----------------------------------------------------------
//              Copyright (c) 2001 Jeremy Siek
//      Copyright (c) 2003-2006, 2008, 2025 Gennaro Prota
//             Copyright (c) 2014 Ahmed Charles
//            Copyright (c) 2014 Riccardo Marcangelo
//             Copyright (c) 2018 Evgeny Shulgin
//
// Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
//    (See accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at
//          http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
//
// -----------------------------------------------------------

#ifndef BOOST_BITSET_TEST_HPP_GP_20040319
#define BOOST_BITSET_TEST_HPP_GP_20040319

#include "boost/config.hpp"
#include "boost/container/small_vector.hpp"
#include "boost/core/lightweight_test.hpp"
#include "boost/dynamic_bitset/dynamic_bitset.hpp"
#include "boost/filesystem.hpp"
#include "boost/limits.hpp"
#include <algorithm>
#include <assert.h> // <cassert> is sometimes macro-guarded :-(
#include <iterator>
#include <locale>
#include <sstream>
#include <string>
#include <type_traits>
#include <vector>

template< typename T >
using small_vector = boost::container::small_vector< T, 8 >;

template< typename Block >
bool
nth_bit( Block num, std::size_t n )
{
#ifndef NDEBUG
    int block_width = std::numeric_limits< Block >::digits;
    assert( n < (std::size_t)block_width );
#endif

    return ( num >> n ) & 1;
}

// A long, 'irregular', string useful for various tests
std::string
get_long_string()
{
    const char * const p =
      //    6         5         4         3         2         1
      // 3210987654321098765432109876543210987654321098765432109876543210
        "1110011100011110000011110000011111110000000000000110101110000000"
        "1010101000011100011101010111110000101011111000001111100011100011"
        "0000000110000001000000111100000111100010101111111000000011100011"
        "1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111100"
        "1000001100000001111111111111110000000011111000111100001010100000"
        "101000111100011010101110011011000000010";

    return std::string( p );
}

class scoped_temp_file
{
public:
    scoped_temp_file()
        : m_path( boost::filesystem::unique_path() )
    {
    }

    scoped_temp_file( const scoped_temp_file & )             = delete;
    scoped_temp_file & operator=( const scoped_temp_file & ) = delete;

    ~scoped_temp_file()
    {
        boost::filesystem::remove( m_path );
    }

    const boost::filesystem::path &
    path() const
    {
        return m_path;
    }

private:
    boost::filesystem::path m_path;
};

template< typename Stream, typename Ch >
bool
is_one_or_zero( const Stream & s, Ch c )
{
    typedef typename Stream::traits_type Tr;
    const Ch                             zero = s.widen( '0' );
    const Ch                             one  = s.widen( '1' );

    return Tr::eq( c, one ) || Tr::eq( c, zero );
}
template< typename Stream, typename Ch >
bool
is_white_space( const Stream & s, Ch c )
{
    return std::isspace( c, s.getloc() );
}

template< typename Stream >
bool
has_flags( const Stream & s, std::ios::iostate flags )
{
    return ( s.rdstate() & flags ) != std::ios::goodbit;
}

// constructors
//   default (can't do this generically)

template< typename Bitset >
struct bitset_test
{
    typedef typename Bitset::block_type Block;
    static constexpr int bits_per_block = Bitset::bits_per_block;

    // from unsigned long
    //
    // Note: this is templatized so that we check that the do-the-right-thing
    // constructor dispatch is working correctly.
    //
    template< typename NumBits, typename Value >
    static void
    from_unsigned_long( NumBits num_bits, Value num )
    {
        // An object of size sz = num_bits is constructed:
        // - the first m bit positions are initialized to the corresponding
        //   bit values in num (m being the smaller of sz and ulong_width)
        //
        // - any remaining bit positions are initialized to zero
        //

        Bitset                             b( static_cast< typename Bitset::size_type >( num_bits ), static_cast< unsigned long >( num ) );

        // OK, we can now cast to size_type
        typedef typename Bitset::size_type size_type;
        const size_type                    sz = static_cast< size_type >( num_bits );

        BOOST_TEST( b.size() == sz );

        const std::size_t ulong_width = std::numeric_limits< unsigned long >::digits;
        size_type         m           = sz;
        if ( ulong_width < sz )
            m = ulong_width;

        size_type i = 0;
        for ( ; i < m; ++i )
            BOOST_TEST( b.test( i ) == nth_bit( static_cast< unsigned long >( num ), i ) );
        for ( ; i < sz; ++i )
            BOOST_TEST( b.test( i ) == 0 );
    }

    // from string
    //
    // Note: The corresponding function in dynamic_bitset (constructor
    // from a string) has several default arguments. Actually we don't
    // test the correct working of those defaults here (except for the
    // default of num_bits). I'm not sure what to do in this regard.
    //
    // Note2: the default argument expression for num_bits doesn't use
    //        static_cast, to avoid a gcc 2.95.3 'sorry, not implemented'
    //
    template< typename Ch, typename Tr, typename Al >
    static void
    from_string( const std::basic_string< Ch, Tr, Al > & str, std::size_t pos, std::size_t max_char, std::size_t num_bits = (std::size_t)( -1 ) )
    {
        std::size_t       rlen             = (std::min)( max_char, str.size() - pos );

        // The resulting size N of the bitset is num_bits, if
        // that is different from the default arg, rlen otherwise.
        // Put M = the smaller of N and rlen, then character
        // position pos + M - 1 corresponds to bit position zero.
        // Subsequent decreasing character positions correspond to
        // increasing bit positions.

        const bool        size_upon_string = num_bits == (std::size_t)( -1 );
        Bitset            b                = size_upon_string ? Bitset( str, pos, max_char )
                                                              : Bitset( str, pos, max_char, num_bits );

        const std::size_t actual_size      = size_upon_string ? rlen : num_bits;
        BOOST_TEST( b.size() == actual_size );
        std::size_t m = (std::min)( num_bits, rlen );
        std::size_t j;
        for ( j = 0; j < m; ++j )
            BOOST_TEST( b[ j ] == ( str[ pos + m - 1 - j ] == '1' ) );
        // If M < N, remaining bit positions are zero
        for ( ; j < actual_size; ++j )
            BOOST_TEST( b[ j ] == 0 );

#if defined( BOOST_DYNAMIC_BITSET_USE_CPP17_OR_LATER )
        BOOST_TEST( Bitset( std::basic_string_view< Ch, Tr >( str ).substr( pos, rlen ), num_bits ) == b );
#endif
    }

    static void
    iterate_forward( const Bitset & b )
    {
        std::ptrdiff_t i = 0;
        for ( auto it = b.begin(); it != b.end(); ++it ) {
            BOOST_TEST( *it == b[ i ] );
            ++i;
        }
    }

    static void
    iterate_backward( const Bitset & b )
    {
        std::ptrdiff_t i = static_cast< std::ptrdiff_t >( b.size() ) - 1;
        for ( auto it = b.rbegin(); it != b.rend(); ++it ) {
            BOOST_TEST( *it == b[ i ] );
            --i;
        }
    }

    static void
    iterator_operations( const Bitset & b )
    {
        if ( b.size() >= 1 ) {
            BOOST_TEST( *( b.end() - 1 ) == b[ b.size() - 1 ] );
            BOOST_TEST( b.begin() < b.end() );
            BOOST_TEST( b.begin() <= b.end() );
            BOOST_TEST( b.end() > b.begin() );
            BOOST_TEST( b.end() >= b.begin() );

            BOOST_TEST( b.rbegin() < b.rend() );
            BOOST_TEST( b.rbegin() <= b.rend() );
            BOOST_TEST( b.rend() > b.rbegin() );
            BOOST_TEST( b.rend() >= b.rbegin() );

            typename Bitset::const_iterator it = b.begin();
            it += b.size() / 2;
            BOOST_TEST( *it == b[ b.size() / 2 ] );
            it -= b.size() / 2;
            BOOST_TEST( *it == b[ 0 ] );
        } else {
            BOOST_TEST( b.begin() == b.end() );
            BOOST_TEST( b.rbegin() == b.rend() );
        }

        if ( b.size() > 1 ) {
            BOOST_TEST( *( b.begin() + 1 ) == b[ 1 ] );
            BOOST_TEST( *( 1 + b.begin() ) == b[ 1 ] );
            BOOST_TEST( *( b.end() - 1 ) == b[ b.size() - 1 ] );
        }
    }

    static void
    to_block_range( const Bitset & b /*, BlockOutputIterator result*/ )
    {
        typedef typename Bitset::size_type size_type;

        Block                              sentinel = 0xF0;
        int                                s        = 8; // number of sentinels (must be *even*)
        int                                offset   = s / 2;
        std::vector< Block >               v( b.num_blocks() + s, sentinel );

        boost::to_block_range( b, v.begin() + offset );

        assert( v.size() >= (size_type)s && ( s >= 2 ) && ( s % 2 == 0 ) );
        // check sentinels at both ends
        for ( int i = 0; i < s / 2; ++i ) {
            BOOST_TEST( v[ i ] == sentinel );
            BOOST_TEST( v[ v.size() - 1 - i ] == sentinel );
        }

        typename std::vector< Block >::const_iterator p = v.begin() + offset;
        for ( size_type n = 0; n < b.num_blocks(); ++n, ++p ) {
            for ( int i = 0; i < bits_per_block; ++i ) {
                size_type bit = n * bits_per_block + i;
                BOOST_TEST( nth_bit( *p, i ) == ( bit < b.size() ? b[ bit ] : 0 ) );
            }
        }
    }

    // TODO from_block_range (below) should be splitted
    static void
    from_block_range( const std::vector< Block > & blocks )
    {
        { // test constructor from block range
            Bitset      bset( blocks.begin(), blocks.end() );
            std::size_t n = blocks.size();
            for ( std::size_t b = 0; b < n; ++b ) {
                for ( int i = 0; i < bits_per_block; ++i ) {
                    std::size_t bit = b * bits_per_block + i;
                    BOOST_TEST( bset[ bit ] == nth_bit( blocks[ b ], i ) );
                }
            }
            BOOST_TEST( bset.size() == n * bits_per_block );
        }
        { // test boost::from_block_range
            const typename Bitset::size_type n = blocks.size();
            Bitset                           bset( n * bits_per_block );
            boost::from_block_range( blocks.begin(), blocks.end(), bset );
            for ( std::size_t b = 0; b < n; ++b ) {
                for ( int i = 0; i < bits_per_block; ++i ) {
                    std::size_t bit = b * bits_per_block + i;
                    BOOST_TEST( bset[ bit ] == nth_bit( blocks[ b ], i ) );
                }
            }
            BOOST_TEST( n <= bset.num_blocks() );
        }
    }

    // copy constructor (absent from std::bitset)
    static void
    copy_constructor( const Bitset & b )
    {
        Bitset copy( b );
        BOOST_TEST( b == copy );

        // Changes to the copy do not affect the original
        if ( b.size() > 0 ) {
            std::size_t pos = copy.size() / 2;
            copy.flip( pos );
            BOOST_TEST( copy[ pos ] != b[ pos ] );
        }
    }

    // copy assignment operator (absent from std::bitset)
    static void
    copy_assignment_operator( const Bitset & lhs, const Bitset & rhs )
    {
        Bitset b( lhs );
        b = rhs;
        b = b; // self assignment check
        BOOST_TEST( b == rhs );

        // Changes to the copy do not affect the original
        if ( b.size() > 0 ) {
            std::size_t pos = b.size() / 2;
            b.flip( pos );
            BOOST_TEST( b[ pos ] != rhs[ pos ] );
        }
    }

    static void
    max_size( const Bitset & b )
    {
        BOOST_TEST( b.max_size() > 0 );
        BOOST_TEST( b.max_size() >= b.size() );
    }

    // move constructor (absent from std::bitset)
    static void
    move_constructor( const Bitset & b )
    {
        Bitset copy( b );
        Bitset b2( std::move( copy ) );
        BOOST_TEST( b2 == b );
    }

    // move assignment operator (absent from std::bitset)
    static void
    move_assignment_operator( const Bitset & lhs, const Bitset & rhs )
    {
        Bitset b( lhs );
        Bitset c( rhs );
        b = std::move( c );
        b = std::move( b ); // self assignment check
        BOOST_TEST( b == rhs );
    }

    static void
    swap( const Bitset & lhs, const Bitset & rhs )
    {
        // bitsets must be swapped
        Bitset copy1( lhs );
        Bitset copy2( rhs );
        copy1.swap( copy2 );

        BOOST_TEST( copy1 == rhs );
        BOOST_TEST( copy2 == lhs );

        for ( typename Bitset::size_type i = 0; i < lhs.size(); ++i ) {
            Bitset                     b1( lhs );
            Bitset                     b2( rhs );
            typename Bitset::reference ref = b1[ i ];
            const bool                 x   = ref;
            if ( i < b2.size() )
                b2[ i ] = ! x; // make sure b2[i] is different
            b1.swap( b2 );
            BOOST_TEST( b2[ i ] == x ); // now it must be equal
            // b2.flip( i );
            // Since we transformed the Allocator parameter into
            // AllocatorOrContainer, the following is no longer true (think e.g.
            // of boost::container::small_vector).
            // BOOST_TEST( ref == b2[ i ] ); // .. and ref must be into b2
            // BOOST_TEST( ref == ! x );
        }
    }

    static void
    resize( const Bitset & lhs )
    {
        Bitset b( lhs );

        // Test no change in size
        b.resize( lhs.size(), true);
        BOOST_TEST( b == lhs );
        b.resize( lhs.size(), false );
        BOOST_TEST( b == lhs );

        // Test increase in size with new bits to true
        b.resize( lhs.size() * 2, true );
        BOOST_TEST( b.size() == lhs.size() * 2 );

        std::size_t i;
        for ( i = 0; i < lhs.size(); ++i )
            BOOST_TEST( b[ i ] == lhs[ i ] );
        for ( ; i < b.size(); ++i )
            BOOST_TEST( b[ i ] == true );

        // Test decrease in size
        b.resize( lhs.size() );
        BOOST_TEST( b.size() == lhs.size() );
        for ( i = 0; i < lhs.size(); ++i )
            BOOST_TEST( b[ i ] == lhs[ i ] );

        // Test increase in size with new bits to false
        b.resize( lhs.size() * 2, false );
        BOOST_TEST( b.size() == lhs.size() * 2 );
        for ( i = 0; i < lhs.size(); ++i )
            BOOST_TEST( b[ i ] == lhs[ i ] );
        for ( ; i < b.size(); ++i )
            BOOST_TEST( b[ i ] == false );
    }

    static void
    clear( const Bitset & lhs )
    {
        Bitset b( lhs );
        b.clear();
        BOOST_TEST( b.size() == 0 );
    }

    static void
    pop_back( const Bitset & lhs )
    {
        Bitset b( lhs );
        b.pop_back();
        BOOST_TEST( b.size() == lhs.size() - 1 );
        for ( std::size_t i = 0; i < b.size(); ++i )
            BOOST_TEST( b[ i ] == lhs[ i ] );

        b.pop_back();
        BOOST_TEST( b.size() == lhs.size() - 2 );
        for ( std::size_t j = 0; j < b.size(); ++j )
            BOOST_TEST( b[ j ] == lhs[ j ] );
    }

    static void
    pop_front( const Bitset & lhs )
    {
        Bitset b( lhs );
        b.pop_front();
        BOOST_TEST( b.size() == lhs.size() - 1 );
        for ( std::size_t i = 0; i < b.size(); ++i )
            BOOST_TEST( b[ i ] == lhs[ i + 1 ] );
        
        b.pop_front();
        BOOST_TEST( b.size() == lhs.size() - 2 );
        for ( std::size_t j = 0; j < b.size(); ++j )
            BOOST_TEST( b[ j ] == lhs[ j + 2 ] );
    }
    
    static void
    append_bit( const Bitset & lhs )
    {
        Bitset b( lhs );
        b.push_back( true );
        BOOST_TEST( b.size() == lhs.size() + 1 );
        BOOST_TEST( b[ b.size() - 1 ] == true );
        for ( std::size_t i = 0; i < lhs.size(); ++i )
            BOOST_TEST( b[ i ] == lhs[ i ] );

        b.push_back( false );
        BOOST_TEST( b.size() == lhs.size() + 2 );
        BOOST_TEST( b[ b.size() - 1 ] == false );
        BOOST_TEST( b[ b.size() - 2 ] == true );
        for ( std::size_t j = 0; j < lhs.size(); ++j )
            BOOST_TEST( b[ j ] == lhs[ j ] );
    }

    static void
    prepend_bit( const Bitset & lhs )
    {
        Bitset b( lhs );
        b.push_front( true );
        BOOST_TEST( b.size() == lhs.size() + 1 );
        BOOST_TEST( b[ 0 ] == true );
        for ( std::size_t i = 0; i < lhs.size(); ++i )
            BOOST_TEST( b[ i + 1 ] == lhs[ i ] );
        b.push_front( false );
        BOOST_TEST( b.size() == lhs.size() + 2 );
        BOOST_TEST( b[ 0 ] == false );
        BOOST_TEST( b[ 1 ] == true );
        for ( std::size_t j = 0; j < lhs.size(); ++j )
            BOOST_TEST( b[ j + 2 ] == lhs[ j ] );
    }

    static void
    append_block( const Bitset & lhs )
    {
        Bitset b( lhs );
        Block  value( 128 );
        b.append( value );
        BOOST_TEST( b.size() == lhs.size() + bits_per_block );
        for ( int i = 0; i < bits_per_block; ++i )
            BOOST_TEST( b[ lhs.size() + i ] == nth_bit( value, i ) );
    }

    static void
    append_block_range( const Bitset & lhs, const std::vector< Block > & blocks )
    {
        Bitset b( lhs ), c( lhs );
        b.append( blocks.begin(), blocks.end() );
        for ( typename std::vector< Block >::const_iterator i = blocks.begin();
              i != blocks.end();
              ++i )
            c.append( *i );
        BOOST_TEST( b == c );
    }

    static void
    append_block_range_input_iter( const Bitset & lhs )
    {
        if ( ! std::is_same< Block, unsigned char >::value ) {
            Bitset b( lhs ), c( lhs );
            std::istringstream ss( "1 2 3" );
            b.append( std::istream_iterator< Block >( ss ), std::istream_iterator< Block >() );
            c.append( 1 );
            c.append( 2 );
            c.append( 3 );
            BOOST_TEST( b == c );
        }
    }

    // operator[] and reference members
    // PRE: b[i] == bit_vec[i]
    static void
    operator_bracket( const Bitset & lhs, const std::vector< bool > & bit_vec )
    {
        Bitset      b( lhs );
        std::size_t i, j, k;

        // x = b[i]
        // x = ~b[i]
        for ( i = 0; i < b.size(); ++i ) {
            bool x = b[ i ];
            BOOST_TEST( x == bit_vec[ i ] );
            x = ~b[ i ];
            BOOST_TEST( x == ! bit_vec[ i ] );
        }
        Bitset prev( b );

        // b[i] = x
        for ( j = 0; j < b.size(); ++j ) {
            bool x = ! prev[ j ];
            b[ j ] = x;
            for ( k = 0; k < b.size(); ++k )
                if ( j == k )
                    BOOST_TEST( b[ k ] == x );
                else
                    BOOST_TEST( b[ k ] == prev[ k ] );
            b[ j ] = prev[ j ];
        }
        b.flip();

        // b[i] = b[j]
        for ( i = 0; i < b.size(); ++i ) {
            b[ i ] = prev[ i ];
            for ( j = 0; j < b.size(); ++j ) {
                if ( i == j )
                    BOOST_TEST( b[ j ] == prev[ j ] );
                else
                    BOOST_TEST( b[ j ] == ! prev[ j ] );
            }
            b[ i ] = ! prev[ i ];
        }

        // b[i].flip()
        for ( i = 0; i < b.size(); ++i ) {
            b[ i ].flip();
            for ( j = 0; j < b.size(); ++j ) {
                if ( i == j )
                    BOOST_TEST( b[ j ] == prev[ j ] );
                else
                    BOOST_TEST( b[ j ] == ! prev[ j ] );
            }
            b[ i ].flip();
        }
    }

    //===========================================================================
    // bitwise operators

    // bitwise and assignment

    // PRE: b.size() == rhs.size()
    static void
    and_assignment( const Bitset & b, const Bitset & rhs )
    {
        Bitset lhs( b );
        Bitset prev( lhs );
        lhs &= rhs;
        // Clears each bit in lhs for which the corresponding bit in rhs is
        // clear, and leaves all other bits unchanged.
        for ( std::size_t I = 0; I < lhs.size(); ++I )
            if ( rhs[ I ] == 0 )
                BOOST_TEST( lhs[ I ] == 0 );
            else
                BOOST_TEST( lhs[ I ] == prev[ I ] );
    }

    // PRE: b.size() == rhs.size()
    static void
    or_assignment( const Bitset & b, const Bitset & rhs )
    {
        Bitset lhs( b );
        Bitset prev( lhs );
        lhs |= rhs;
        // Sets each bit in lhs for which the corresponding bit in rhs is set, and
        // leaves all other bits unchanged.
        for ( std::size_t I = 0; I < lhs.size(); ++I )
            if ( rhs[ I ] == 1 )
                BOOST_TEST( lhs[ I ] == 1 );
            else
                BOOST_TEST( lhs[ I ] == prev[ I ] );
    }

    // PRE: b.size() == rhs.size()
    static void
    xor_assignment( const Bitset & b, const Bitset & rhs )
    {
        Bitset lhs( b );
        Bitset prev( lhs );
        lhs ^= rhs;
        // Flips each bit in lhs for which the corresponding bit in rhs is set,
        // and leaves all other bits unchanged.
        for ( std::size_t I = 0; I < lhs.size(); ++I )
            if ( rhs[ I ] == 1 )
                BOOST_TEST( lhs[ I ] == ! prev[ I ] );
            else
                BOOST_TEST( lhs[ I ] == prev[ I ] );
    }

    // PRE: b.size() == rhs.size()
    static void
    sub_assignment( const Bitset & b, const Bitset & rhs )
    {
        Bitset lhs( b );
        Bitset prev( lhs );
        lhs -= rhs;
        // Resets each bit in lhs for which the corresponding bit in rhs is set,
        // and leaves all other bits unchanged.
        for ( std::size_t I = 0; I < lhs.size(); ++I )
            if ( rhs[ I ] == 1 )
                BOOST_TEST( lhs[ I ] == 0 );
            else
                BOOST_TEST( lhs[ I ] == prev[ I ] );
    }

    static void
    shift_left_assignment( const Bitset & b, std::size_t pos )
    {
        Bitset lhs( b );
        Bitset prev( lhs );
        lhs <<= pos;
        // Replaces each bit at position I in lhs with the following value:
        // - If I < pos, the new value is zero
        // - If I >= pos, the new value is the previous value of the bit at
        //   position I - pos
        for ( std::size_t I = 0; I < lhs.size(); ++I )
            if ( I < pos )
                BOOST_TEST( lhs[ I ] == 0 );
            else
                BOOST_TEST( lhs[ I ] == prev[ I - pos ] );
    }

    static void
    shift_right_assignment( const Bitset & b, std::size_t pos )
    {
        Bitset lhs( b );
        Bitset prev( lhs );
        lhs >>= pos;
        // Replaces each bit at position I in lhs with the following value:
        // - If pos >= N - I, the new value is zero
        // - If pos < N - I, the new value is the previous value of the bit at
        //    position I + pos
        std::size_t N = lhs.size();
        for ( std::size_t I = 0; I < N; ++I )
            if ( pos >= N - I )
                BOOST_TEST( lhs[ I ] == 0 );
            else
                BOOST_TEST( lhs[ I ] == prev[ I + pos ] );
    }

    static void
    set_all( const Bitset & b )
    {
        Bitset lhs( b );
        lhs.set();
        for ( std::size_t I = 0; I < lhs.size(); ++I )
            BOOST_TEST( lhs[ I ] == 1 );
    }

    static void
    set_one( const Bitset & b, std::size_t pos, bool value )
    {
        Bitset      lhs( b );
        std::size_t N = lhs.size();
        if ( pos < N ) {
            Bitset prev( lhs );
            // Stores a new value in the bit at position pos in lhs.
            lhs.set( pos, value );
            BOOST_TEST( lhs[ pos ] == value );

            // All other values of lhs remain unchanged
            for ( std::size_t I = 0; I < N; ++I )
                if ( I != pos )
                    BOOST_TEST( lhs[ I ] == prev[ I ] );
        } else {
            // Not in range, doesn't satisfy precondition.
        }
    }

    static void
    set_segment( const Bitset & b, std::size_t pos, std::size_t len, bool value )
    {
        Bitset      lhs( b );
        std::size_t N = lhs.size();
        Bitset      prev( lhs );
        lhs.set( pos, len, value );
        for ( std::size_t I = 0; I < N; ++I ) {
            if ( I < pos || I >= pos + len )
                BOOST_TEST( lhs[ I ] == prev[ I ] );
            else
                BOOST_TEST( lhs[ I ] == value );
        }
    }

    static void
    reset_all( const Bitset & b )
    {
        Bitset lhs( b );
        // Resets all bits in lhs
        lhs.reset();
        for ( std::size_t I = 0; I < lhs.size(); ++I )
            BOOST_TEST( lhs[ I ] == 0 );
    }

    static void
    reset_one( const Bitset & b, std::size_t pos )
    {
        Bitset      lhs( b );
        std::size_t N = lhs.size();
        if ( pos < N ) {
            Bitset prev( lhs );
            lhs.reset( pos );
            // Resets the bit at position pos in lhs
            BOOST_TEST( lhs[ pos ] == 0 );

            // All other values of lhs remain unchanged
            for ( std::size_t I = 0; I < N; ++I )
                if ( I != pos )
                    BOOST_TEST( lhs[ I ] == prev[ I ] );
        } else {
            // Not in range, doesn't satisfy precondition.
        }
    }

    static void
    reset_segment( const Bitset & b, std::size_t pos, std::size_t len )
    {
        Bitset      lhs( b );
        std::size_t N = lhs.size();
        Bitset      prev( lhs );
        lhs.reset( pos, len );
        for ( std::size_t I = 0; I < N; ++I ) {
            if ( I < pos || I >= pos + len )
                BOOST_TEST( lhs[ I ] == prev[ I ] );
            else
                BOOST_TEST( ! lhs[ I ] );
        }
    }

    static void
    operator_flip( const Bitset & b )
    {
        Bitset lhs( b );
        Bitset x( lhs );
        BOOST_TEST( ~lhs == x.flip() );
    }

    static void
    flip_all( const Bitset & b )
    {
        Bitset      lhs( b );
        std::size_t N = lhs.size();
        Bitset      prev( lhs );
        lhs.flip();
        BOOST_TEST( lhs.size() == N );
        // Toggles all the bits in lhs
        for ( std::size_t I = 0; I < N; ++I )
            BOOST_TEST( lhs[ I ] == ! prev[ I ] );
    }

    static void
    flip_one( const Bitset & b, std::size_t pos )
    {
        Bitset      lhs( b );
        std::size_t N = lhs.size();
        if ( pos < N ) {
            Bitset prev( lhs );
            lhs.flip( pos );
            BOOST_TEST( lhs.size() == N );
            // Toggles the bit at position pos in lhs
            BOOST_TEST( lhs[ pos ] == ! prev[ pos ] );

            // All other values of lhs remain unchanged
            for ( std::size_t I = 0; I < N; ++I )
                if ( I != pos )
                    BOOST_TEST( lhs[ I ] == prev[ I ] );
        } else {
            // Not in range, doesn't satisfy precondition.
        }
    }

    static void
    flip_segment( const Bitset & b, std::size_t pos, std::size_t len )
    {
        Bitset      lhs( b );
        std::size_t N = lhs.size();
        Bitset      prev( lhs );
        lhs.flip( pos, len );
        for ( std::size_t I = 0; I < N; ++I ) {
            if ( I < pos || I >= pos + len )
                BOOST_TEST( lhs[ I ] == prev[ I ] );
            else
                BOOST_TEST( lhs[ I ] != prev[ I ] );
        }
    }

    // empty
    static void
    empty( const Bitset & b )
    {
        BOOST_TEST( b.empty() == ( b.size() == 0 ) );
    }

    // to_ulong()
    static void
    to_ulong( const Bitset & lhs )
    {
        typedef unsigned long result_type;
        std::size_t           n             = std::numeric_limits< result_type >::digits;
        std::size_t           sz            = lhs.size();

        bool                  will_overflow = false;
        for ( std::size_t i = n; i < sz; ++i ) {
            if ( lhs.test( i ) != 0 ) {
                will_overflow = true;
                break;
            }
        }
        if ( will_overflow ) {
            try {
                (void)lhs.to_ulong();
                BOOST_TEST( false ); // It should have thrown an exception
            } catch ( std::overflow_error & ex ) {
                // Good!
                BOOST_TEST( ! ! ex.what() );
            } catch ( ... ) {
                BOOST_TEST( false ); // threw the wrong exception
            }
        } else {
            result_type num = lhs.to_ulong();
            // Be sure the number is right
            if ( sz == 0 )
                BOOST_TEST( num == 0 );
            else {
                for ( std::size_t i = 0; i < sz; ++i )
                    BOOST_TEST( lhs[ i ] == ( i < n ? nth_bit( num, i ) : 0 ) );
            }
        }
    }

    static void
    to_string( const Bitset & b )
    {
        std::string str;
        boost::to_string( b, str );
        BOOST_TEST( str.size() == b.size() );
        for ( std::size_t i = 0; i < b.size(); ++i )
            BOOST_TEST( str[ b.size() - 1 - i ] == ( b.test( i ) ? '1' : '0' ) );
    }

    static void
    count( const Bitset & b )
    {
        std::size_t c      = b.count();
        std::size_t actual = 0;
        for ( std::size_t i = 0; i < b.size(); ++i )
            if ( b[ i ] )
                ++actual;
        BOOST_TEST( c == actual );
    }

    static void
    size( const Bitset & b )
    {
        BOOST_TEST( Bitset( b ).set().count() == b.size() );
    }

    static void
    capacity( const Bitset & lhs )
    {
        Bitset b( lhs );
        b.resize( 200 );
        BOOST_TEST( b.capacity() >= 200 );
    }

    static void
    reserve_test_one( const Bitset & lhs )
    {
        // empty bitset
        Bitset b( lhs );
        b.reserve( 16 );
        BOOST_TEST( b.capacity() >= 16 );
    }

    static void
    reserve_test_two( const Bitset & lhs )
    {
        // bitset constructed with size "100"
        Bitset b( lhs );
        BOOST_TEST( b.capacity() >= 100 );
        b.reserve( 60 );
        BOOST_TEST( b.size() == 100 );
        BOOST_TEST( b.capacity() >= 100 );
        b.reserve( 160 );
        BOOST_TEST( b.size() == 100 );
        BOOST_TEST( b.capacity() >= 160 );
    }

    static void
    shrink_to_fit_test_one( const Bitset & lhs )
    {
        // empty bitset
        Bitset b( lhs );
        b.shrink_to_fit();
        BOOST_TEST( b.size() == 0 );
        BOOST_TEST( b.capacity() == Bitset().capacity() );
    }

    static void
    shrink_to_fit_test_two( const Bitset & lhs )
    {
        // bitset constructed with size "100"
        Bitset b( lhs );
        b.shrink_to_fit();
        BOOST_TEST( b.capacity() >= 100 );
        BOOST_TEST( b.size() == 100 );
        b.reserve( 550 );
        BOOST_TEST( b.capacity() >= 550 );
        BOOST_TEST( b.size() == 100 );
        b.shrink_to_fit();
        BOOST_TEST( b.capacity() < 550 );
        BOOST_TEST( b.size() == 100 );
    }

    static void
    all( const Bitset & b )
    {
        BOOST_TEST( b.all() == ( b.count() == b.size() ) );
        bool result = true;
        for ( std::size_t i = 0; i < b.size(); ++i )
            if ( ! b[ i ] ) {
                result = false;
                break;
            }
        BOOST_TEST( b.all() == result );
    }

    static void
    any( const Bitset & b )
    {
        BOOST_TEST( b.any() == ( b.count() != 0 ) );
        bool result = false;
        for ( std::size_t i = 0; i < b.size(); ++i )
            if ( b[ i ] ) {
                result = true;
                break;
            }
        BOOST_TEST( b.any() == result );
    }

    static void
    none( const Bitset & b )
    {
        bool result = true;
        for ( std::size_t i = 0; i < b.size(); ++i ) {
            if ( b[ i ] ) {
                result = false;
                break;
            }
        }
        BOOST_TEST( b.none() == result );

        // sanity
        BOOST_TEST( b.none() == ! b.any() );
        BOOST_TEST( b.none() == ( b.count() == 0 ) );
    }

    static void
    subset( const Bitset & a, const Bitset & b )
    {
        BOOST_TEST( a.size() == b.size() ); // PRE

        bool is_subset = true;
        if ( b.size() ) { // could use b.any() but let's be safe
            for ( std::size_t i = 0; i < a.size(); ++i ) {
                if ( a.test( i ) && ! b.test( i ) ) {
                    is_subset = false;
                    break;
                }
            }
        } else {
            // sanity
            BOOST_TEST( a.count() == 0 );
            BOOST_TEST( a.any() == false );

            // is_subset = (a.any() == false);
        }

        BOOST_TEST( a.is_subset_of( b ) == is_subset );
    }

    static void
    proper_subset( const Bitset & a, const Bitset & b )
    {
        // PRE: a.size() == b.size()
        BOOST_TEST( a.size() == b.size() );

        bool is_proper = false;

        if ( b.size() != 0 ) {
            // check it's a subset
            subset( a, b );

            // is it proper?
            for ( std::size_t i = 0; i < a.size(); ++i ) {
                if ( ! a.test( i ) && b.test( i ) ) {
                    is_proper = true;
                    // sanity
                    BOOST_TEST( a.count() < b.count() );
                    BOOST_TEST( b.any() );
                }
            }
        }

        BOOST_TEST( a.is_proper_subset_of( b ) == is_proper );
        if ( is_proper )
            BOOST_TEST( b.is_proper_subset_of( a ) != is_proper ); // antisymmetry
    }

    static void
    intersects( const Bitset & a, const Bitset & b )
    {
        bool                       have_intersection = false;

        typename Bitset::size_type m                 = a.size() < b.size() ? a.size() : b.size();
        for ( typename Bitset::size_type i = 0; i < m && ! have_intersection; ++i )
            if ( a[ i ] == true && b[ i ] == true )
                have_intersection = true;

        BOOST_TEST( a.intersects( b ) == have_intersection );
        // also check commutativity
        BOOST_TEST( b.intersects( a ) == have_intersection );
    }

    static void
    find_first( const Bitset & b, typename Bitset::size_type offset = 0, bool value = true )
    {
        const typename Bitset::size_type result = value
            ? b.find_first( offset )
            : b.find_first_off( offset );

        // find first bit with value `value` from offset onwards, if any
        typename Bitset::size_type i = offset;
        while ( i < b.size() && b[ i ] != value )
            ++i;

        if ( i >= b.size() )
            BOOST_TEST( result == Bitset::npos ); // not found;
        else {
            BOOST_TEST( result == i );
            BOOST_TEST( b.test( i ) == value );
        }
    }

    static void
    find_pos( const Bitset & b, typename Bitset::size_type pos, bool value = true )
    {
        find_first( b, pos, value);
        if ( value ) {
            BOOST_TEST( next_bit_on( b, pos ) == b.find_next( pos ) );
        } else {
            BOOST_TEST( next_bit_off( b, pos ) == b.find_next_off( pos ) );
        }
    }

    static void
    operator_equal( const Bitset & a, const Bitset & b )
    {
        if ( a == b ) {
            for ( std::size_t I = 0; I < a.size(); ++I )
                BOOST_TEST( a[ I ] == b[ I ] );
        } else {
            if ( a.size() == b.size() ) {
                bool diff = false;
                for ( std::size_t I = 0; I < a.size(); ++I )
                    if ( a[ I ] != b[ I ] ) {
                        diff = true;
                        break;
                    }
                BOOST_TEST( diff );
            }
        }
    }

    static void
    operator_not_equal( const Bitset & a, const Bitset & b )
    {
        if ( a != b ) {
            if ( a.size() == b.size() ) {
                bool diff = false;
                for ( std::size_t I = 0; I < a.size(); ++I )
                    if ( a[ I ] != b[ I ] ) {
                        diff = true;
                        break;
                    }
                BOOST_TEST( diff );
            }
        } else {
            BOOST_TEST( a.size() == b.size() );
            for ( std::size_t I = 0; I < a.size(); ++I )
                BOOST_TEST( a[ I ] == b[ I ] );
        }
    }

    static bool
    less_than( const Bitset & a, const Bitset & b )
    {
        typedef BOOST_DEDUCED_TYPENAME Bitset::size_type size_type;

        size_type                                        asize( a.size() );
        size_type                                        bsize( b.size() );

        if ( ! bsize ) {
            return false;
        } else if ( ! asize ) {
            return true;
        } else {
            // Compare from most significant to least.

            size_type leqsize( std::min BOOST_PREVENT_MACRO_SUBSTITUTION( asize, bsize ) );
            size_type I;
            for ( I = 0; I < leqsize; ++I, --asize, --bsize ) {
                size_type i = asize - 1;
                size_type j = bsize - 1;

                if ( a[ i ] < b[ j ] )
                    return true;
                else if ( a[ i ] > b[ j ] )
                    return false;
                // if (a[i] = b[j]) skip to next
            }
            return a.size() < b.size();
        }
    }

    static typename Bitset::size_type
    next_bit_on( const Bitset & b, typename Bitset::size_type prev )
    {
        // helper function for find_next()
        //

        if ( b.none() == true || prev == Bitset::npos )
            return Bitset::npos;

        ++prev;

        if ( prev >= b.size() )
            return Bitset::npos;

        typename Bitset::size_type i = prev;
        while ( i < b.size() && b[ i ] == 0 )
            ++i;

        return i == b.size() ? Bitset::npos : i;
    }

    static typename Bitset::size_type
    next_bit_off( const Bitset & b, typename Bitset::size_type prev )
    {
        // helper function for find_pos()
        //
        
        if ( b.all() || prev == Bitset::npos ) {
            return Bitset::npos;
        }
        
        ++prev;
        
        if ( prev >= b.size() ) {
            return Bitset::npos;
        }
        
        typename Bitset::size_type i = prev;
        while ( i < b.size() && b[ i ] ) {
            ++i;
        }
        
        return i == b.size()
            ? Bitset::npos
            : i;
    }

    static void
    operator_less_than( const Bitset & a, const Bitset & b )
    {
        if ( less_than( a, b ) )
            BOOST_TEST( a < b );
        else
            BOOST_TEST( ! ( a < b ) );
    }

    static void
    operator_greater_than( const Bitset & a, const Bitset & b )
    {
        if ( less_than( a, b ) || a == b )
            BOOST_TEST( ! ( a > b ) );
        else
            BOOST_TEST( a > b );
    }

    static void
    operator_less_than_eq( const Bitset & a, const Bitset & b )
    {
        if ( less_than( a, b ) || a == b )
            BOOST_TEST( a <= b );
        else
            BOOST_TEST( ! ( a <= b ) );
    }

    static void
    operator_greater_than_eq( const Bitset & a, const Bitset & b )
    {
        if ( less_than( a, b ) )
            BOOST_TEST( ! ( a >= b ) );
        else
            BOOST_TEST( a >= b );
    }

    static void
    test_bit( const Bitset & b, std::size_t pos )
    {
        Bitset      lhs( b );
        std::size_t N = lhs.size();
        if ( pos < N ) {
            BOOST_TEST( lhs.test( pos ) == lhs[ pos ] );
        } else {
            // Not in range, doesn't satisfy precondition.
        }
    }

    static void
    test_set_bit( const Bitset & b, std::size_t pos, bool value )
    {
        Bitset      lhs( b );
        std::size_t N = lhs.size();
        if ( pos < N ) {
            Bitset prev( lhs );
            // Stores a new value in the bit at position pos in lhs.
            BOOST_TEST( lhs.test_set( pos, value ) == prev[ pos ] );
            BOOST_TEST( lhs[ pos ] == value );

            // All other values of lhs remain unchanged
            for ( std::size_t I = 0; I < N; ++I )
                if ( I != pos )
                    BOOST_TEST( lhs[ I ] == prev[ I ] );
        } else {
            // Not in range, doesn't satisfy precondition.
        }
    }

    static void
    operator_shift_left( const Bitset & lhs, std::size_t pos )
    {
        Bitset x( lhs );
        BOOST_TEST( ( lhs << pos ) == ( x <<= pos ) );
    }

    static void
    operator_shift_right( const Bitset & lhs, std::size_t pos )
    {
        Bitset x( lhs );
        BOOST_TEST( ( lhs >> pos ) == ( x >>= pos ) );
    }

    static void
    at( const Bitset & lhs, const std::vector< bool > & bit_vec )
    {
        Bitset      b( lhs );
        std::size_t i, j, k;

        // x = b.at(i)
        // x = ~b.at(i)
        for ( i = 0; i < b.size(); ++i ) {
            bool x = b.at( i );
            BOOST_TEST( x == bit_vec.at( i ) );
            x = ~b.at( i );
            BOOST_TEST( x == ! bit_vec.at( i ) );
        }
        Bitset prev( b );

        // b.at(i) = x
        for ( j = 0; j < b.size(); ++j ) {
            bool x    = ! prev.at( j );
            b.at( j ) = x;
            for ( k = 0; k < b.size(); ++k )
                if ( j == k )
                    BOOST_TEST( b.at( k ) == x );
                else
                    BOOST_TEST( b.at( k ) == prev.at( k ) );
            b.at( j ) = prev.at( j );
        }
        b.flip();

        // b.at(i) = b.at(j)
        for ( i = 0; i < b.size(); ++i ) {
            b.at( i ) = prev.at( i );
            for ( j = 0; j < b.size(); ++j ) {
                if ( i == j )
                    BOOST_TEST( b.at( j ) == prev.at( j ) );
                else
                    BOOST_TEST( b.at( j ) == ! prev.at( j ) );
            }
            b.at( i ) = ! prev.at( i );
        }

        // b.at(i).flip()
        for ( i = 0; i < b.size(); ++i ) {
            b.at( i ).flip();
            for ( j = 0; j < b.size(); ++j ) {
                if ( i == j )
                    BOOST_TEST( b.at( j ) == prev.at( j ) );
                else
                    BOOST_TEST( b.at( j ) == ! prev.at( j ) );
            }
            b.at( i ).flip();
        }

        // b.at(b.size())
        bool will_out_of_range = false;
        for ( i = 0; i <= b.size(); ++i ) {
            if ( i == b.size() ) {
                will_out_of_range = true;
                break;
            }
            b.at( i );
        }
        if ( will_out_of_range ) {
            try {
                b.at( b.size() );
                BOOST_TEST( false ); // It should have thrown an exception
            } catch ( const std::out_of_range & ex ) {
                // Good!
                BOOST_TEST( ! ! ex.what() );
            } catch ( ... ) {
                BOOST_TEST( false ); // threw the wrong exception
            }
        }
    }

    // operator|
    static void
    operator_or( const Bitset & lhs, const Bitset & rhs )
    {
        Bitset x( lhs );
        BOOST_TEST( ( lhs | rhs ) == ( x |= rhs ) );
    }

    // operator&
    static void
    operator_and( const Bitset & lhs, const Bitset & rhs )
    {
        Bitset x( lhs );
        BOOST_TEST( ( lhs & rhs ) == ( x &= rhs ) );
    }

    // operator^
    static void
    operator_xor( const Bitset & lhs, const Bitset & rhs )
    {
        Bitset x( lhs );
        BOOST_TEST( ( lhs ^ rhs ) == ( x ^= rhs ) );
    }

    // operator-
    static void
    operator_sub( const Bitset & lhs, const Bitset & rhs )
    {
        Bitset x( lhs );
        BOOST_TEST( ( lhs - rhs ) == ( x -= rhs ) );
    }

    //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    //                               I/O TESTS
    // The following tests assume the results of extraction (i.e.: contents,
    // state and width of is, contents of b) only depend on input (the string
    // str). In other words, they don't consider "unexpected" errors such as
    // stream corruption or out of memory. The reason is simple: if e.g. the
    // stream buffer throws, the stream layer may eat the exception and
    // transform it into a badbit. But we can't trust the stream state here,
    // because one of the things that we want to test is exactly whether it
    // is set correctly. Similarly for insertion.
    //
    // To provide for these cases would require that the test functions know
    // in advance whether the stream buffer and/or allocations will fail, and
    // when; that is, we should write both a special allocator and a special
    // stream buffer capable of throwing "on demand" and pass them here.

    // Seems overkill for these kinds of unit tests.
    //-------------------------------------------------------------------------

    // operator<<( [basic_]ostream,
    template< typename Stream >
    static void
    stream_inserter( const Bitset & b, Stream & s, const char * file_name )
    {
        typedef typename Stream::char_type       char_type;
        typedef std::basic_string< char_type >   string_type;
        typedef std::basic_ifstream< char_type > corresponding_input_stream_type;

        std::ios::iostate                        except = s.exceptions();

        typedef typename Bitset::size_type       size_type;
        std::streamsize                          w               = s.width();
        char_type                                fill_char       = s.fill();
        std::ios::iostate                        oldstate        = s.rdstate();
        bool                                     stream_was_good = s.good();

        bool                                     did_throw       = false;
        try {
            s << b;
        } catch ( const std::ios_base::failure & ) {
            BOOST_TEST( ( except & s.rdstate() ) != 0 );
            did_throw = true;
        } catch ( ... ) {
            did_throw = true;
        }

        BOOST_TEST( did_throw || ! stream_was_good || ( s.width() == 0 ) );

        if ( ! stream_was_good ) {
            BOOST_TEST( s.good() == false );

            // this should actually be oldstate == s.rdstate()
            // but some implementations add badbit in the
            // sentry constructor
            //
            BOOST_TEST( ( oldstate & s.rdstate() ) == oldstate );
            BOOST_TEST( s.width() == w );
        } else {
            if ( ! did_throw )
                BOOST_TEST( s.width() == 0 );

            size_type         total_len = w <= 0 || static_cast< size_type >( w ) < b.size() ? b.size() : static_cast< size_type >( w );
            const string_type padding( total_len - b.size(), fill_char );
            string_type       expected;
            boost::to_string( b, expected );
            if ( ( s.flags() & std::ios::adjustfield ) != std::ios::left )
                expected = padding + expected;
            else
                expected = expected + padding;

            assert( expected.length() == total_len );

            // close, and reopen the file stream to verify contents
            s.close();
            corresponding_input_stream_type is( file_name );
            string_type                     contents;
            std::getline( is, contents, char_type() );
            BOOST_TEST( contents == expected );
        }
    }

    // operator>>( [basic_]istream
    template< typename Stream, typename String >
    static void
    stream_extractor( Bitset & b, Stream & is, const String & str )
    {
        // save necessary info then do extraction
        //
        const std::streamsize   w = is.width();
        Bitset                  a_copy( b );
        bool                    stream_was_good       = is.good();

        bool                    did_throw             = false;

        const std::ios::iostate except                = is.exceptions();
        bool                    has_stream_exceptions = true;
        try {
            is >> b;
        } catch ( const std::ios::failure & ) {
            did_throw = true;
        }

        // postconditions
        BOOST_TEST( except == is.exceptions() ); // paranoid
        //------------------------------------------------------------------

        // postconditions
        BOOST_TEST( b.size() <= b.max_size() );
        if ( w > 0 )
            BOOST_TEST( b.size() <= static_cast< typename Bitset::size_type >( w ) );

        // throw if and only if required
        if ( has_stream_exceptions ) {
            const bool exceptional_state = has_flags( is, is.exceptions() );
            BOOST_TEST( exceptional_state == did_throw );
        }

        typedef typename String::size_type  size_type;
        typedef typename String::value_type Ch;
        size_type                           after_digits = 0;

        if ( ! stream_was_good ) {
            BOOST_TEST( has_flags( is, std::ios::failbit ) );
            BOOST_TEST( b == a_copy );
            BOOST_TEST( is.width() == ( did_throw ? w : 0 ) );
        } else {
            // stream was good(), parse the string;
            // it may contain three parts, all of which are optional
            // {spaces}   {digits}   {non-digits}
            //        opt        opt            opt
            //
            // The values of b.max_size() and is.width() may lead to
            // ignore part of the digits, if any.

            size_type pos = 0;
            size_type len = str.length();
            // {spaces}
            for ( ; pos < len && is_white_space( is, str[ pos ] ); ++pos ) {
            }
            size_type                        after_spaces = pos;
            // {digits} or part of them
            const typename Bitset::size_type max_digits =
                w > 0 && static_cast< typename Bitset::size_type >( w ) < b.max_size()
                    ? static_cast< typename Bitset::size_type >( w )
                    : b.max_size();

            for ( ; pos < len && ( pos - after_spaces ) < max_digits; ++pos ) {
                if ( ! is_one_or_zero( is, str[ pos ] ) )
                    break;
            }
            after_digits         = pos;
            size_type num_digits = after_digits - after_spaces;

            // eofbit
            if ( ( after_digits == len && max_digits > num_digits ) )
                BOOST_TEST( has_flags( is, std::ios::eofbit ) );
            else
                BOOST_TEST( ! has_flags( is, std::ios::eofbit ) );

            // failbit <=> there are no digits, except for the library
            // issue explained below.
            //
            if ( num_digits == 0 ) {
                if ( after_digits == len && has_stream_exceptions && ( is.exceptions() & std::ios::eofbit ) != std::ios::goodbit ) {
                    // This is a special case related to library issue 195:
                    // reaching eof when skipping whitespaces in the sentry ctor.
                    // The resolution says the sentry constructor should set *both*
                    // eofbit and failbit; but many implementations deliberately
                    // set eofbit only. See for instance:
                    //  http://gcc.gnu.org/ml/libstdc++/2000-q1/msg00086.html
                    //
                    BOOST_TEST( did_throw );

                } else {
                    BOOST_TEST( has_flags( is, std::ios::failbit ) );
                }
            } else
                BOOST_TEST( ! has_flags( is, std::ios::failbit ) );

            if ( num_digits == 0 && after_digits == len ) {
                BOOST_TEST( b == a_copy );
            } else {
                String sub = str.substr( after_spaces, num_digits );
                BOOST_TEST( b == Bitset( sub ) );
            }

            // check width
            BOOST_TEST( is.width() == 0 || ( after_digits == len && num_digits == 0 && did_throw ) );
        }

        // clear the stream to allow further reading then
        // retrieve any remaining chars with a single getline()
        is.exceptions( std::ios::goodbit );
        is.clear();
        String remainder;
        std::getline( is, remainder, Ch() );
        if ( stream_was_good )
            BOOST_TEST( remainder == str.substr( after_digits ) );
        else
            BOOST_TEST( remainder == str );
    }
};

#endif // include guard