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-- FILE: /home/diacon/LANG/Cafe/prog/atm.mod
-- CONTENTS: CASE study of an ATM (automated teller machine) system featuring
-- concurrent object composition
-- behavioural verification
-- automatic generation of case analysis by meta-level encoding
-- AUTHORS: Shuusaku Iida & Razvan Diaconescu
-- DIFFICULTY: ****
-- set tram path brute . <-- obsolete. now, we don't have tram.
-- we trust system's =*= proof
set accept =*= proof on
-- control-oriented definition of Boolean connectives
-- improves the efficiency of execution by 20%
-- (now this is already in built-in BOOL. --sawada@sra.co.jp)
"
module! BOOL+
{
protecting(BOOL)
op _and-also_ : Bool Bool -> Bool { r-assoc strategy: (1 0 2 0) prec: 55 }
op _or-else_ : Bool Bool -> Bool { r-assoc strategy: (1 0 2 0) prec: 59 }
var X : Bool
eq true and-also X = X .
eq X and-also true = X .
eq false and-also X = false .
eq X and-also false = false .
eq true or-else X = true .
eq X or-else true = true .
eq false or-else X = X .
eq X or-else false = X .
}
"
-- -------------------------------------------------------------
-- Values of SWITCH
-- -------------------------------------------------------------
mod! ON-OFF {
[ Value ]
ops on off : -> Value
}
-- -------------------------------------------------------------
-- SWITCH
-- -------------------------------------------------------------
mod* SWITCH {
protecting (ON-OFF)
*[ Switch ]*
op init-sw : -> Switch -- initial state
-- switch on
bop on_ : Switch -> Switch -- method
-- switch off
bop off_ : Switch -> Switch -- method
-- observe the state of the switch
bop status_ : Switch -> Value -- attribute
var S : Switch
eq status(init-sw) = off .
eq status(on(S)) = on .
eq status(off(S)) = off .
}
-- -------------------------------------------------------------
-- User identification
-- -------------------------------------------------------------
mod! USER-ID {
protecting (NAT)
[ Nat < UId ]
op unidentified-user : -> UId
}
-- -------------------------------------------------------------
-- Counter
-- -------------------------------------------------------------
mod* COUNTER {
protecting(USER-ID + INT)
*[ Counter ]*
-- initialize counter with user ID
op init-counter : UId -> Counter -- initial state
-- add a value to the counter
bop add : Int Counter -> Counter -- method
-- read the value of the counter
bop read_ : Counter -> Int -- attribute
var I : Int
var C : Counter
var U : UId
eq read(init-counter(U)) = 0 .
eq read(add(I, C)) = I + read(C) .
}
-- -------------------------------------------------------------
-- Counter with error
-- -------------------------------------------------------------
mod* COUNTER* {
protecting (COUNTER)
op counter-not-exist : -> Counter -- error value
}
-- -------------------------------------------------------------
-- Account sytem
-- -------------------------------------------------------------
mod* ACCOUNT-SYSTEM {
protecting (COUNTER* *{ hsort Counter -> Account,
op init-counter -> init-account,
op counter-not-exist -> no-account })
*[ AccountSys ]*
op init-account-sys : -> AccountSys -- initial state
-- add a user account with user ID
bop add : UId Nat AccountSys -> AccountSys -- method
-- delete a user account
bop del : UId AccountSys -> AccountSys -- method
-- deposit operation
bop deposit : UId Nat AccountSys -> AccountSys -- method
-- withdraw operation
bop withdraw : UId Nat AccountSys -> AccountSys -- method
-- calculate the balance of an user account
bop balance : UId AccountSys -> Nat -- attribute
-- get the state of a counter from the state of an account
bop account : UId AccountSys -> Account {memo} -- projection
vars U U' : UId
var A : AccountSys
var N : Nat
eq account(U, init-account-sys) = no-account .
ceq account(U, add(U', N, A)) = add(N, init-account(U))
if U == U' .
ceq account(U, add(U', N, A)) = account(U, A)
if U =/= U' .
ceq account(U, del(U', A)) = no-account
if U == U' .
ceq account(U, del(U', A)) = account(U, A)
if U =/= U' .
ceq account(U, deposit(U', N, A)) = add(N, account(U, A))
if U == U' .
ceq account(U, deposit(U', N, A)) = account(U, A)
if U =/= U' .
ceq account(U, withdraw(U', N, A)) = add(-(N), account(U, A))
if U == U' .
ceq account(U, withdraw(U', N, A)) = account(U, A)
if U =/= U' .
eq balance(U, A) = read(account(U, A)) .
}
-- -------------------------------------------------------------
-- Trivial module with an element (undefined)
-- -------------------------------------------------------------
mod* TRIV+ {
[ Elt ]
op undefined : -> Elt
}
-- -------------------------------------------------------------
-- Cell
-- -------------------------------------------------------------
mod* CELL(X :: TRIV+) {
*[ Cell ]*
op init-cell : -> Cell -- initial state
-- put the element to the cell
bop put : Elt Cell -> Cell -- method
-- get the element from the cell
bop get : Cell -> Elt -- attribute
var E : Elt
var C : Cell
eq get(init-cell) = undefined .
eq get(put(E, C)) = E .
}
-- -------------------------------------------------------------
-- ATM identifier
-- -------------------------------------------------------------
mod! ATM-ID {
-- protecting(NAT *{ sort Nat -> AId })
protecting(NAT)
[ Nat < AId ]
}
-- -------------------------------------------------------------
-- Button
-- -------------------------------------------------------------
mod* BUTTON {
protecting(SWITCH *{ hsort Switch -> Button,
sort Value -> Operation,
op init-sw -> init-button,
op on -> deposit,
op off -> withdraw })
}
-- -------------------------------------------------------------
-- Cell for card information
-- -------------------------------------------------------------
mod* CARD {
protecting(CELL(X <= view to USER-ID
{ sort Elt -> UId,
op undefined -> unidentified-user })
*{ hsort Cell -> Card,
op init-cell -> init-card })
}
-- -------------------------------------------------------------
-- Cell for input
-- -------------------------------------------------------------
mod* INPUT {
protecting(CELL(X <= view to NAT
{ sort Elt -> Nat,
op undefined -> 0 })
*{ hsort Cell -> Input,
op init-cell -> init-input })
}
-- -------------------------------------------------------------
-- Cell for ouput
-- -------------------------------------------------------------
mod* OUTPUT {
protecting(CELL(X <= view to NAT
{ sort Elt -> Nat,
op undefined -> 0 })
*{ hsort Cell -> Output,
op init-cell -> init-output })
}
-- -------------------------------------------------------------
-- Cell for request
-- -------------------------------------------------------------
mod* REQUEST {
protecting(CELL(X <= view to NAT
{ sort Elt -> Nat,
op undefined -> 0 })
*{ hsort Cell -> Request,
op init-cell -> init-request })
}
-- -------------------------------------------------------------
-- ATM client
-- -------------------------------------------------------------
mod* ATM-CLIENT {
-- importing data and the composing objects
protecting(ATM-ID + BUTTON + CARD + INPUT + OUTPUT + REQUEST)
*[ Atm ]*
op init-atm : AId -> Atm -- initial state
op no-atm : -> Atm -- error
op invalid-operation : -> Atm -- error
-- push the deposit button
bop deposit : Atm -> Atm -- method
-- push the withdraw button
bop withdraw : Atm -> Atm -- method
-- input the request for withdraw
bop request : Nat Atm -> Atm -- method
-- put money
bop put-money : Nat Atm -> Atm -- method
-- take money
bop take-money : Atm -> Atm -- mothod
-- set money for output (system operation)
bop set-money : Nat Atm -> Atm -- method
-- put the bank card
bop put-card : UId Atm -> Atm -- method
-- clear all the informations kept in the atm
bop clear : Atm -> Atm -- method
-- get the user ID
bop user-id : Atm -> UId -- attribute
-- get the money that user input
bop get-input : Atm -> Nat -- attribute
-- get the outputed money
bop get-output : Atm -> Nat -- attribute
-- get the request
bop get-request : Atm -> Nat -- attribute
-- get the state of the button
bop button-status : Atm -> Operation -- attribute
bop button : Atm -> Button {memo} -- projection
bop card : Atm -> Card {memo} -- projection
bop request : Atm -> Request {memo} -- projection
bop input : Atm -> Input {memo} -- projection
bop output : Atm -> Output {memo} -- projection
var ATM : Atm
var N : Nat
var U : UId
var A : AId
eq button(init-atm(A)) = init-button .
eq button(invalid-operation) = init-button .
eq button(deposit(ATM)) = on(button(ATM)) .
eq button(withdraw(ATM)) = off(button(ATM)) .
eq button(request(N, ATM)) = button(ATM) .
eq button(put-money(N, ATM)) = button(ATM) .
eq button(take-money(ATM)) = button(ATM) .
eq button(set-money(N, ATM)) = button(ATM) .
eq button(put-card(U, ATM)) = button(ATM) .
eq button(clear(ATM)) = init-button .
eq card(init-atm(A)) = init-card .
eq card(invalid-operation) = init-card .
eq card(deposit(ATM)) = card(ATM) .
eq card(withdraw(ATM)) = card(ATM) .
eq card(request(N, ATM)) = card(ATM) .
eq card(put-money(N, ATM)) = card(ATM) .
eq card(take-money(ATM)) = card(ATM) .
eq card(set-money(N, ATM)) = card(ATM) .
eq card(put-card(U, ATM)) = put(U, card(ATM)) .
eq card(clear(ATM)) = init-card .
eq request(init-atm(A)) = init-request .
eq request(invalid-operation) = init-request .
eq request(deposit(ATM)) = request(ATM) .
eq request(withdraw(ATM)) = request(ATM) .
eq request(request(N, ATM)) = put(N, request(ATM)) .
eq request(put-money(N, ATM)) = request(ATM) .
eq request(take-money(ATM)) = request(ATM) .
eq request(set-money(N, ATM)) = request(ATM) .
eq request(put-card(U, ATM)) = request(ATM) .
eq request(clear(ATM)) = init-request .
eq input(init-atm(A)) = init-input .
eq input(invalid-operation) = init-input .
eq input(deposit(ATM)) = input(ATM) .
eq input(withdraw(ATM)) = input(ATM) .
eq input(request(N, ATM)) = input(ATM) .
eq input(put-money(N, ATM)) = put(N, input(ATM)) .
eq input(take-money(ATM)) = input(ATM) .
eq input(set-money(N, ATM)) = input(ATM) .
eq input(put-card(U, ATM)) = input(ATM) .
eq input(clear(ATM)) = init-input .
eq output(init-atm(A)) = init-output .
eq output(invalid-operation) = init-output .
eq output(deposit(ATM)) = output(ATM) .
eq output(withdraw(ATM)) = output(ATM) .
eq output(request(N, ATM)) = output(ATM) .
eq output(put-money(N, ATM)) = output(ATM) .
eq output(take-money(ATM)) = init-output .
eq output(set-money(N, ATM)) = put(N, output(ATM)) .
eq output(put-card(U, ATM)) = output(ATM) .
eq output(clear(ATM)) = output(ATM) .
eq user-id(ATM) = get(card(ATM)) .
eq get-input(ATM) = get(input(ATM)) .
eq get-output(ATM) = get(output(ATM)) .
eq get-request(ATM) = get(request(ATM)) .
eq button-status(ATM) = status(button(ATM)) .
}
-- -------------------------------------------------------------
-- ATM system
-- -------------------------------------------------------------
mod* ATM-SYSTEM {
-- protecting(BOOL+)
protecting(ACCOUNT-SYSTEM + ATM-CLIENT)
*[ System ]*
op init-sys : -> System -- initial state
-- add an atm to the system
bop add-atm : AId System -> System -- method
-- delete an atm from the system
bop del-atm : AId System -> System -- method
-- add an user account
bop add-user : UId Nat System -> System -- method
-- delete an user account
bop del-user : UId System -> System -- method
-- put the bank card
bop put-card : AId UId System -> System -- method
-- request for withdraw
bop request : AId Nat System -> System -- method
-- put money
bop put-money : AId Nat System -> System -- method
-- take money
bop take-money : AId System -> System -- method
-- deposit operation
bop deposit : AId System -> System -- method
-- withdraw operation
bop withdraw : AId System -> System -- method
-- push the ok button on atm to complete the operation
bop ok : AId System -> System -- method
-- cancel the operation of ATM
bop cancel : AId System -> System -- method
-- get the balance of specified user
bop balance : UId System -> Nat -- attribute
-- projection operator for AccountSys
bop account-sys : System -> AccountSys {memo} -- projection
-- projection operator for Atm
bop atm : AId System -> Atm {memo} -- projection
var S : System
vars A A' : AId
var U : UId
var N : Nat
eq balance(U, S) = balance(U, account-sys(S)) .
eq account-sys(init-sys) = init-account-sys .
eq account-sys(add-atm(A, S)) = account-sys(S) .
eq account-sys(del-atm(A, S)) = account-sys(S) .
eq account-sys(add-user(U, N, S)) = add(U, N, account-sys(S)) .
eq account-sys(del-user(U, S)) = del(U, account-sys(S)) .
eq account-sys(put-card(A, U, S)) = account-sys(S) .
eq account-sys(request(A, N, S)) = account-sys(S) .
eq account-sys(put-money(A, N, S)) = account-sys(S) .
eq account-sys(take-money(A, S)) = account-sys(S) .
eq account-sys(deposit(A, S)) = account-sys(S) .
eq account-sys(withdraw(A, S)) = account-sys(S) .
ceq account-sys(ok(A, S)) =
deposit(user-id(atm(A, S)), get-input(atm(A, S)), account-sys(S))
if (button-status(atm(A, S)) == deposit) and-also
(user-id(atm(A, S)) =/= unidentified-user) and-also
(get-input(atm(A, S)) =/= 0) .
ceq account-sys(ok(A, S)) =
withdraw(user-id(atm(A, S)), get-request(atm(A, S)), account-sys(S))
if (button-status(atm(A, S)) == withdraw) and-also
(user-id(atm(A, S)) =/= unidentified-user) and-also
(get-request(atm(A, S)) =/= 0) and-also
(get-request(atm(A, S)) <=
balance(user-id(atm(A, S)), account-sys(S))) .
ceq account-sys(ok(A, S)) = account-sys(S)
if user-id(atm(A, S)) == unidentified-user or
(button-status(atm(A, S)) == deposit and-also
get-input(atm(A, S)) == 0) or
(button-status(atm(A, S)) == withdraw and-also
(get-request(atm(A, S)) == 0 or
get-request(atm(A, S)) >
balance(user-id(atm(A, S)), account-sys(S)))) .
eq account-sys(cancel(A, S)) = account-sys(S) .
eq atm(A, init-sys) = no-atm .
ceq atm(A, add-atm(A', S)) = init-atm(A)
if A == A' .
ceq atm(A, add-atm(A', S)) = atm(A, S)
if A =/= A' .
ceq atm(A, del-atm(A', S)) = no-atm
if A == A .
ceq atm(A, del-atm(A', S)) = atm(A, S)
if A =/= A .
eq atm(A, add-user(U, N, S)) = atm(A, S) .
eq atm(A, del-user(U, S)) = atm(A, S) .
ceq atm(A, put-card(A', U, S)) = put-card(U, atm(A, S))
if A == A' .
ceq atm(A, put-card(A', U, S)) = atm(A, S)
if A =/= A' .
ceq atm(A, request(A', N, S)) = request(N, atm(A, S))
if A == A' .
ceq atm(A, request(A', N, S)) = atm(A, S)
if A =/= A' .
ceq atm(A, put-money(A', N, S)) = put-money(N, atm(A, S))
if A == A' .
ceq atm(A, put-money(A', N, S)) = atm(A, S)
if A =/= A' .
ceq atm(A, take-money(A', S)) = take-money(atm(A, S))
if A == A' .
ceq atm(A, take-money(A', S)) = atm(A, S)
if A =/= A' .
ceq atm(A, deposit(A', S)) = deposit(atm(A, S))
if A == A' .
ceq atm(A, deposit(A', S)) = atm(A, S)
if A =/= A' .
ceq atm(A, withdraw(A', S)) = withdraw(atm(A, S))
if A == A' .
ceq atm(A, withdraw(A', S)) = atm(A, S)
if A =/= A' .
ceq atm(A, ok(A', S)) = clear(atm(A, S))
if (A == A') and-also
(user-id(atm(A, S)) =/= unidentified-user) and-also
(button-status(atm(A, S)) == deposit) .
ceq atm(A, ok(A', S)) = set-money(get-request(atm(A, S)), clear(atm(A, S)))
if A == A' and-also
(user-id(atm(A, S)) =/= unidentified-user) and-also
(button-status(atm(A, S)) == withdraw) and-also
(get-request(atm(A, S)) <=
balance(user-id(atm(A, S)), account-sys(S))) .
ceq atm(A, ok(A', S)) = invalid-operation
if A == A' and-also
((user-id(atm(A, S)) == unidentified-user) or
((button-status(atm(A, S)) == withdraw) and-also
(get-request(atm(A, S)) >
balance(user-id(atm(A, S)), account-sys(S))))) .
ceq atm(A, ok(A', S)) = atm(A, S)
if A =/= A' .
ceq atm(A, cancel(A', S)) = init-atm(A)
if A == A' .
ceq atm(A, cancel(A', S)) = atm(A, S)
if A =/= A' .
}
-- -------------------------------------------------------------
-- The toplevel of ATM system
-- -------------------------------------------------------------
mod* ATM-SYSTEM-TOPLEVEL {
protecting(ATM-SYSTEM)
*[ TopLevel ]*
op init-tl : -> TopLevel -- initial state
-- add a new atm
bop add-atm : AId TopLevel -> TopLevel -- method
-- delete an atm
bop del-atm : AId TopLevel -> TopLevel -- method
-- create an user account with initial balance
bop add-user : UId Nat TopLevel -> TopLevel -- method
-- delete an user account
bop del-user : UId TopLevel -> TopLevel -- method
-- user "UId" goes to an ATM "AId" and deposit "Nat"
bop deposit : UId AId Nat TopLevel -> TopLevel -- method
-- user "UId" goes to an ATM "AId" and withdraw "Nat"
bop withdraw : UId AId Nat TopLevel -> TopLevel -- method
-- get a balance for the user
bop balance : UId TopLevel -> Nat {memo} -- attribute
-- projection operator for System
bop system : TopLevel -> System {memo} -- projection
var U : UId
var A : AId
var N : Nat
var TL : TopLevel
eq balance(U, TL) = balance(U, account-sys(system(TL))) .
eq system(init-tl) = init-sys .
eq system(add-atm(A, TL)) = add-atm(A, system(TL)) .
eq system(del-atm(A, TL)) = del-atm(A, system(TL)) .
eq system(add-user(U, N, TL)) = add-user(U, N, system(TL)) .
eq system(del-user(U, TL)) = del-user(U, system(TL)) .
eq system(deposit(U, A, N, TL)) =
ok(A, put-money(A, N, deposit(A, put-card(A, U, system(TL))))) .
eq system(withdraw(U, A, N, TL)) =
take-money(A, ok(A, request(A, N, withdraw(A,
put-card(A, U, system(TL)))))) .
}
-- -------------------------------------------------------------
-- test for ATM-SYSTEM-TOPLEVEL
-- -------------------------------------------------------------
open ATM-SYSTEM-TOPLEVEL .
op tl : -> TopLevel .
ops u1 u2 : -> UId .
ops ai1 ai2 : -> AId .
red balance(u1, deposit(u1, ai2, 20, add-user(u1, 100, tl))) .
red balance(u1, withdraw(u1, ai1, 20, withdraw(u2, ai2, 30,
add-user(u1, 100, add-user(u2, 100, tl))))) .
close
-- -------------------------------------------------------------
-- module for behavioural equivalences
-- -------------------------------------------------------------
mod COINDUCTION-REL {
protecting(ATM-SYSTEM-TOPLEVEL)
-- behavioural equivalence for AccountSys
op _R[_]_ : AccountSys UId AccountSys -> Bool {coherent}
vars AS1 AS2 : AccountSys
var U : UId
eq AS1 R[U] AS2 = account(U, AS1) =*= account(U, AS2) .
-- behavioural equivalence for Atm
op _R_ : Atm Atm -> Bool {coherent}
vars A1 A2 : Atm
eq A1 R A2 = button(A1) =*= button(A2) and
card(A1) =*= card(A2) and
request(A1) =*= request(A2) and
input(A1) =*= input(A2) and
output(A1) =*= output(A2) .
-- behavioural equivalence for System
op _R[_,_]_ : System UId AId System -> Bool {coherent}
vars S1 S2 : System
var A : AId
eq S1 R[U, A] S2 = account-sys(S1) R[U] account-sys(S2) and
atm(A, S1) R atm(A, S2) .
-- behavioural equivalence for TopLevel
op _R[_,_]_ : TopLevel UId AId TopLevel -> Bool {coherent}
vars T1 T2 : TopLevel
eq T1 R[U, A] T2 = system(T1) R[U, A] system(T2) .
}
mod PROOF {
-- organize the proof of the behavioural property
protecting(COINDUCTION-REL)
ops a a1 a2 : -> AId
op tl : -> TopLevel
ops u u1 u2 : -> UId
ops n1 n2 n01 n02 m1 m1' m2 m2' m : -> Nat
-- atomic cases
eq n1 =/= 0 = true .
eq n2 =/= 0 = true .
eq n01 == 0 = true .
eq n02 == 0 = true .
eq n1 <= m1 = true .
eq n01 <= m1 = true .
eq n1 > m1' = true .
eq n2 <= m2 = true .
eq n02 <= m2 = true .
eq n2 > m2' = true .
op state-of-system : Nat Nat -> TopLevel
ops w1w2 w2w1 : AId AId Nat Nat Nat Nat -> TopLevel
-- the meta-level encoding generating the proof term containing all cases
op TERM : UId AId AId AId Nat Nat Nat Nat -> Bool
op TERM1 : UId AId AId AId Nat Nat -> Bool
op TERM2 : UId AId AId AId -> Bool
op TERM' : AId AId AId -> Bool
op RESULT : -> Bool
vars A A1 A2 : AId
var U : UId
vars N1 N2 M1 M2 : Nat
-- basic assumptions
eq state-of-system(M1, M2) = add-user(u, m,
add-user(u1, M1,
add-user(u2, M2,
add-atm(a,
add-atm(a1,
add-atm(a2, tl)))))) .
eq w1w2(A1, A2, N1, N2, M1, M2) =
withdraw(u1, A1, N1,
withdraw(u2, A2, N2, state-of-system(M1, M2))) .
eq w2w1(A1, A2, N1, N2, M1, M2) =
withdraw(u2, A2, N2,
withdraw(u1, A1, N1, state-of-system(M1, M2))) .
-- the parameterized proof term
eq TERM(U, A, A1, A2, N1, N2, M1, M2) =
w1w2(A1,A2,N1,N2,M1,M2) R[U, A] w2w1(A1,A2,N1,N2,M1,M2) .
eq TERM1(U, A, A1, A2, N2, M2) =
TERM(U, A, A1, A2, n1, N2, m1, M2) and
TERM(U, A, A1, A2, n1, N2, m1', M2) and
TERM(U, A, A1, A2, n01, N2, m1, M2) .
eq TERM2 (U, A, A1, A2) =
TERM1(U, A, A1, A2, n2, m2) and
TERM1(U, A, A1, A2, n2, m2') and
TERM1(U, A, A1, A2, n02, m2) .
eq TERM'(A, A1, A2) = TERM2(u, A, A1, A2) and
TERM2(u1, A, A1, A2) and
TERM2(u2, A, A1, A2) .
eq RESULT = TERM'(a, a1, a2) and
TERM'(a, a1, a1) and
TERM'(a, a, a) and
TERM'(a1, a1, a2) .
}
select PROOF
-- tram red RESULT .
red RESULT .
eof
--
$Id: atm.mod,v 1.2 2010-07-30 00:47:51 sawada Exp $
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