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Statements
Statements are very much like C statements. Most statements act
identically to those in C, but there are minor differences and
some additions. The following is a list of the statement types,
with explanation of the non-C statements.
Statements are generally terminated with semicolons or { ... }.
C-like statements
-----------------
{ statement }
{ statement; ... statement }
C-like flow control
-------------------
if (expr) statement
if (expr) statement else statement
for (optionalexpr ; optionalexpr ; optionalexpr) statement
while (expr) statement
do statement while (expr)
These all work like in normal C.
IMPORTANT NOTE: When statement is of the form { ... },
the leading { must be on the same line as the if, for,
while or do keyword.
This works as expected:
if (expr) {
...
}
However this WILL NOT WORK AS EXPECTED:
if (expr)
{
...
}
because calc will parse the if being terminated by
an empty statement followed by a
if (expr) ;
{
...
}
In the same way, use these forms:
for (optionalexpr ; optionalexpr ; optionalexpr) {
...
}
while (expr) {
...
}
do {
...
while (expr);
where the initial { is on the SAME LINE as the if, while,
for or do.
See 'help expression' for details on expressions.
See 'help builtin' for details on calc builtin functions.
See 'help unexpanded' for things C programmers do not expect.
See also 'help todo' and 'help bugs'.
C-like flow breaks
------------------
continue
break
goto label
These all work like in normal C.
See 'help expression' for details on expressions.
See 'help builtin' for details on calc builtin functions.
return
------
return
return expr
return ( expr )
This returns a value from a function. Functions always
have a return value, even if this statement is not used.
If no return statement is executed, or if no expression
is specified in the return statement, then the return
value from the function is the null type.
switch
------
switch (expr) { caseclauses }
Switch statements work similarly to C, except for the
following. A switch can be done on any type of value,
and the case statements can be of any type of values.
The case statements can also be expressions calculated
at runtime. The calculator compares the switch value
with each case statement in the order specified, and
selects the first case which matches. The default case
is the exception, and only matches once all other cases
have been tested.
matrix
------
mat variable [dimension] [dimension] ...
mat variable [dimension, dimension, ...]
mat variable [] = { value, ... }
This creates a matrix variable with the specified dimensions.
Matrices can have from 1 to 4 dimensions. When specifying
multiple dimensions, you can use either the standard C syntax,
or else you can use commas for separating the dimensions.
For example, the following two statements are equivalent,
and so will create the same two dimensional matrix:
mat foo[3][6];
mat foo[3,6];
By default, each dimension is indexed starting at zero,
as in normal C, and contains the specified number of
elements. However, this can be changed if a colon is
used to separate two values. If this is done, then the
two values become the lower and upper bounds for indexing.
This is convenient, for example, to create matrices whose
first row and column begin at 1. Examples of matrix
definitions are:
mat x[3] one dimension, bounds are 0-2
mat foo[4][5] two dimensions, bounds are 0-3 and 0-4
mat a[-7:7] one dimension, bounds are (-7)-7
mat s[1:9,1:9] two dimensions, bounds are 1-9 and 1-9
Note that the MAT statement is not a declaration, but is
executed at runtime. Within a function, the specified
variable must already be defined, and is just converted to
a matrix of the specified size, and all elements are set
to the value of zero. For convenience, at the top level
command level, the MAT command automatically defines a
global variable of the specified name if necessary.
Since the MAT statement is executed, the bounds on the
matrix can be full expressions, and so matrices can be
dynamically allocated. For example:
size = 20;
mat data[size*2];
allocates a matrix which can be indexed from 0 to 39.
Initial values for the elements of a matrix can be specified
by following the bounds information with an equals sign and
then a list of values enclosed in a pair of braces. Even if
the matrix has more than one dimension, the elements must be
specified as a linear list. If too few values are specified,
the remaining values are set to zero. If too many values are
specified, a runtime error will result. Examples of some
initializations are:
mat table1[5] = {77, 44, 22};
mat table2[2,2] = {1, 2, 3, 4};
When an initialization is done, the bounds of the matrix
can optionally be left out of the square brackets, and the
correct bounds (zero based) will be set. This can only be
done for one-dimensional matrices. An example of this is:
mat fred[] = {99, 98, 97};
The MAT statement can also be used in declarations to set
variables as being matrices from the beginning. For example:
local mat temp[5];
static mat strtable[] = {"hi", "there", "folks");
object
------
obj type { elementnames } optionalvariables
obj type variable
These create a new object type, or create one or more
variables of the specified type. For this calculator,
an object is just a structure which is implicitly acted
on by user defined routines. The user defined routines
implement common operations for the object, such as plus
and minus, multiply and divide, comparison and printing.
The calculator will automatically call these routines in
order to perform many operations.
To create an object type, the data elements used in
implementing the object are specified within a pair
of braces, separated with commas. For example, to
define an object will will represent points in 3-space,
whose elements are the three coordinate values, the
following could be used:
obj point {x, y, z};
This defines an object type called point, whose elements
have the names x, y, and z. The elements are accessed
similarly to structure element accesses, by using a period.
For example, given a variable 'v' which is a point object,
the three coordinates of the point can be referenced by:
v.x
v.y
v.z
A particular object type can only be defined once, and
is global throughout all functions. However, different
object types can be used at the same time.
In order to create variables of an object type, they
can either be named after the right brace of the object
creation statement, or else can be defined later with
another obj statement. To create two points using the
second (and most common) method, the following is used:
obj point p1, p2;
This statement is executed, and is not a declaration.
Thus within a function, the variables p1 and p2 must have
been previously defined, and are just changed to be the
new object type. For convenience, at the top level command
level, object variables are automatically defined as being
global when necessary.
Initial values for an object can be specified by following
the variable name by an equals sign and a list of values
enclosed in a pair of braces. For example:
obj point pt = {5, 6};
The OBJ statement can also be used in declarations to set
variables as being objects from the beginning. If multiple
variables are specified, then each one is defined as the
specified object type. Examples of declarations are:
local obj point temp1;
static obj point temp2 = {4, 3};
global obj point p1, p2, p3;
print expressions
-----------------
print expr
print expr, ... expr
print expr: ... expr
For interactive expression evaluation, the values of all
typed-in expressions are automatically displayed to the
user. However, within a function or loop, the printing of
results must be done explicitly. This can be done using
the 'printf' or 'fprintf' functions, as in standard C, or
else by using the built-in 'print' statement. The advantage
of the print statement is that a format string is not needed.
Instead, the given values are simply printed with zero or one
spaces between each value.
Print accepts a list of expressions, separated either by
commas or colons. Each expression is evaluated in order
and printed, with no other output, except for the following
special cases. The comma which separates expressions prints
a single space, and a newline is printed after the last
expression unless the statement ends with a colon. As
examples:
print 3, 4; prints "3 4" and newline.
print 5:; prints "5" with no newline.
print 'a' : 'b' , 'c'; prints "ab c" and newline.
print; prints a newline.
For numeric values, the format of the number depends on the
current "mode" configuration parameter. The initial mode
is to print real numbers, but it can be changed to other
modes such as exponential, decimal fractions, or hex.
If a matrix or list is printed, then the elements contained
within the matrix or list will also be printed, up to the
maximum number specified by the "maxprint" configuration
parameter. If an element is also a matrix or a list, then
their values are not recursively printed. Objects are printed
using their user-defined routine. Printing a file value
prints the name of the file that was opened.
Also see the help topic:
help command top level commands
help expression calc expression syntax
help builtin calc builtin functions
help usage how to invoke the calc command and calc -options
You may obtain help on individual builtin functions. For example:
help asinh
help round
See:
help builtin
for a list of builtin functions.
Some calc operators have their own help pages:
help ->
help *
help .
help %
help //
help #
See also:
help help
The man command is an alias for the help command. For example:
man jacobi
Only calc help files may be displayed by the help and man commands.
## Copyright (C) 1999-2007,2017,2021 Landon Curt Noll
##
## Calc is open software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
## the terms of the version 2.1 of the GNU Lesser General Public License
## as published by the Free Software Foundation.
##
## Calc is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
## ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY
## or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU Lesser General
## Public License for more details.
##
## A copy of version 2.1 of the GNU Lesser General Public License is
## distributed with calc under the filename COPYING-LGPL. You should have
## received a copy with calc; if not, write to Free Software Foundation, Inc.
## 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA.
##
## Under source code control: 1991/07/21 04:37:23
## File existed as early as: 1991
##
## chongo <was here> /\oo/\ http://www.isthe.com/chongo/
## Share and enjoy! :-) http://www.isthe.com/chongo/tech/comp/calc/
|
