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<html>
<head>
<title>cfortran.h:  Interfacing C or C++ and FORTRAN</title>
</head>

<BODY BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF">

<h1>cfortran.h:  Interfacing C or C++ and <i>FORTRAN</i></h1>

<hr>

<b>Author:</b><a href="http://www-zeus.desy.de/~burow">Burkhard Burow</a> <br>
<b>Email:</b> burow@desy.de <br>
<b>www:</b> <a href="http://www-zeus.desy.de/~burow/cfortran">www-zeus.desy.de/~burow/cfortran</a> <br>

<hr>
<p>
<b>Supports:</b>
<FONT COLOR="#993300"><pre>
          Alpha and VAX VMS, Alpha OSF, DECstation and VAX Ultrix, IBM RS/6000, 
          Silicon Graphics, Sun, CRAY, Apollo, HP9000, LynxOS, Convex, Absoft,
          f2c, g77, NAG f90, PowerStation <i>FORTRAN</i> with Visual C++, NEC SX-4,
          Portland Group.
</pre></font>
C and C++ are generally equivalent as far as <tt>cfortran.h</tt> is concerned.
Unless explicitly noted otherwise, mention of C implicitly includes C++.
C++ compilers tested include: 
<p><FONT COLOR="#993300"><pre>
  SunOS&gt; CC +p +w      # Clean compiles.
  IRIX&gt;  CC            # Clean compiles.
  IRIX&gt;  CC -fullwarn  # Still some warnings to be overcome.
  GNU&gt;   g++ -Wall     # Compiles are clean, other than warnings for unused
                       #   cfortran.h static routines.
</pre></font>

<b>N.B.</b>: The best documentation on interfacing C or C++ and <i>FORTRAN</i> is in
      the chapter named something like 'Interfacing C and <i>FORTRAN</i>'
      to be found in the user's guide of almost every <i>FORTRAN</i> compiler.
      Understanding this information for one or more <i>FORTRAN</i> compilers
      greatly clarifies the aims and actions of <tt>cfortran.h</tt>.
      Such a chapter generally also addresses issues orthogonal to <tt>cfortran.h</tt>,
      for example the order of array indices, the index of the first element,
      as well as compiling and linking issues.


<h2> Short Summary of the Syntax Required to Create the Interface</h2>

e.g. Prototyping a <i>FORTRAN</i> subroutine for C:

<tt>PROTOCCALLSFSUBni</tt> is optional for C, but mandatory for C++.
<FONT COLOR="#993300"><pre>
                 PROTOCCALLSFSUB2(SUB_NAME,sub_name,STRING,PINT)
#define SUB_NAME(A,B) CCALLSFSUB2(SUB_NAME,sub_name,STRING,PINT, A,B)

                                ^     -                                       -
       number of arguments _____|    |   STRING   BYTE    PBYTE       BYTEV(..)|
                                  /  |   STRINGV  DOUBLE  PDOUBLE   DOUBLEV(..)|
                                 /   |  PSTRING   FLOAT   PFLOAT     FLOATV(..)|
        types of arguments ____ /    | PNSTRING   INT     PINT         INTV(..)|
                                \    | PPSTRING   LOGICAL PLOGICAL LOGICALV(..)|
                                 \   |  PSTRINGV  LONG    PLONG       LONGV(..)|
                                  \  |   ZTRINGV  SHORT   PSHORT     SHORTV(..)|
                                     |  PZTRINGV  ROUTINE PVOID      SIMPLE    |
                                      -                                       -
</pre></font>

e.g. Prototyping a <i>FORTRAN</i> function for C:

<FONT COLOR="#993300"><pre>
/* PROTOCCALLSFFUNn is mandatory for both C and C++. */
PROTOCCALLSFFUN1(INT,FUN_NAME,fun_name,STRING)
#define FUN_NAME(A)  CCALLSFFUN1(FUN_NAME,fun_name,STRING, A)
</pre></font>
e.g. calling <tt>FUN_NAME</tt> from C:
<FONT COLOR="#993300"><pre>
    {int a; a = FUN_NAME("hello");}
</pre></font>

e.g. Creating a <i>FORTRAN</i>-callable wrapper for
     a C function returning void, with a 7 dimensional integer array argument:
     [Not supported from C++.]

<FONT COLOR="#993300"><pre>
FCALLSCSUB1(csub_name,CSUB_NAME,csub_name,INTVVVVVVV)
</pre></font>

e.g. Creating a <i>FORTRAN</i>-callable wrapper for other C functions:
<FONT COLOR="#993300"><pre>
FCALLSCFUN1(STRING,cfun_name,CFUN_NAME,cfun_name,INT)
           [ ^-- BYTE, DOUBLE, FLOAT, INT, LOGICAL, LONG, SHORT, VOID  
             are other types returned by functions.       ]
</pre></font>       

e.g. COMMON BLOCKs:
<FONT COLOR="#993300"><pre>
<b>FORTRAN:</b>

                         common /fcb/  v,w,x
                                 character *(13) v, w(4), x(3,2)

<b>C:</b>

typedef struct { char v[13],w[4][13],x[2][3][13]; } FCB_DEF;
#define FCB COMMON_BLOCK(FCB,fcb)
COMMON_BLOCK_DEF(FCB_DEF,FCB);
FCB_DEF FCB;    /* Define, i.e. allocate memory, in exactly one *.c file. */
</pre></font>
e.g. accessing <tt>FCB</tt> in C:
<FONT COLOR="#993300"><pre>
          printf("%.13s",FCB.v);
</pre></font>


<h2> I) Introduction</h2>

<tt>cfortran.h</tt> is an easy-to-use powerful bridge between C and <i>FORTRAN</i>.
It provides a completely transparent, machine independent interface between
C and <i>FORTRAN</i> routines (= subroutines and/or functions) and global data,
i.e. structures and COMMON blocks.
<p>
The complete <tt>cfortran.h</tt> package consists of 4 files: the documentation in
cfortran.doc, the engine <tt>cfortran.h</tt>, examples in <tt>cfortest.c</tt> and 
<tt>cfortex.f/or</tt>. [<tt>cfortex.for</tt> under VMS, 
<tt>cfortex.f</tt> on other machines.]
<p>
The <tt>cfortran.h</tt> package continues to be developed. 
The most recent version is
available via WWW at 
<tt><a href="http://www-zeus.desy.de/~burow/cfortran">http://www-zeus.desy.de/~burow/cfortran</a></tt>.
<p>
The examples may be run using one of the following sets of instructions:
<p>
<b>N.B.</b> Unlike earlier versions, <tt>cfortran.h</tt> 3.0 and later versions
     automatically uses the correct <tt>ANSI ##</tt> or <tt>pre-ANSI /**/</tt>
     preprocessor operator as required by the C compiler.
<p>
<b>N.B.</b> As a general rule when trying to determine how to link C and 
     <i>FORTRAN</i>,
     link a trivial <i>FORTRAN</i> program using the <i>FORTRAN</i> compilers verbose option,
     in order to see how the <i>FORTRAN</i> compiler drives the linker. e.g.
<FONT COLOR="#993300"><pre>
       unix&gt; cat f.f
                END
       unix&gt; f77 -v f.f
       .. lots of info. follows ...
</pre></font>
<p>
<b>N.B.</b> If using a C <tt>main()</tt>, i.e. <i>FORTRAN</i> <tt>PROGRAM</tt>
     is not entry of the executable,
     and if the link bombs with a complaint about
     a missing "<tt>MAIN</tt>" (e.g. <tt>MAIN__</tt>, <tt>MAIN_</tt>, 
     <tt>f90_main</tt> or similar),
     then <i>FORTRAN</i> has hijacked the entry point to the executable
     and wishes to call the rest of the executable via "<tt>MAIN</tt>".
     This can usually be satisfied by doing e.g. '<tt>cc -Dmain=MAIN__ ...</tt>'
     but often kills the command line arguments in <tt>argv</tt> and <tt>argc</tt>.
     The <tt>f77</tt> verbose option, usually <tt>-v</tt>, may point to a solution.
     
<FONT COLOR="#993300"><pre>
RS/6000&gt; # Users are strongly urged to use f77 -qextname and cc -Dextname
RS/6000&gt; # Use -Dextname=extname if extname is a symbol used in the C code.
RS/6000&gt; xlf -c -qextname cfortex.f
RS/6000&gt; cc  -c -Dextname cfortest.c
RS/6000&gt; xlf -o cfortest cfortest.o cfortex.o &amp;&amp; cfortest 

DECFortran&gt; #Only DECstations with DECFortran for Ultrix RISC Systems.
DECFortran&gt; cc -c -DDECFortran cfortest.c
DECFortran&gt; f77 -o cfortest cfortest.o cfortex.f  &amp;&amp;  cfortest

IRIX xxxxxx 5.2 02282015 IP20 mips
MIPS&gt; # DECstations and Silicon Graphics using the MIPS compilers.
MIPS&gt; cc -o cfortest cfortest.c cfortex.f -lI77 -lU77 -lF77  &amp;&amp;  cfortest
MIPS&gt; # Can also let f77 drive linking, e.g.
MIPS&gt; cc -c cfortest.c
MIPS&gt; f77 -o cfortest cfortest.o cfortex.f  &amp;&amp;  cfortest

Apollo&gt; # Some 'C compiler 68K Rev6.8' break. <a href="cfortran.html#SIIoApollo">[See Section II o) Notes: Apollo]</a>
Apollo&gt; f77 -c cfortex.f &amp;&amp; cc -o cfortest cfortest.c cfortex.o  &amp;&amp;  cfortest

VMS&gt; define lnk$library sys$library:vaxcrtl
VMS&gt; cc cfortest.c
VMS&gt; fortran cfortex.for
VMS&gt; link/exec=cfortest cfortest,cfortex
VMS&gt; run cfortest

OSF1 xxxxxx V3.0 347 alpha
Alpha/OSF&gt; # Probably better to let cc drive linking, e.g.
Alpha/OSF&gt; f77 -c cfortex.f
Alpha/OSF&gt; cc  -o cfortest cfortest.c cfortex.o -lUfor -lfor -lFutil -lots -lm
Alpha/OSF&gt; cfortest
Alpha/OSF&gt; # Else may need 'cc -Dmain=MAIN__' to let f77 drive linking.

Sun&gt; # Some old cc(1) need a little help. <a href="cfortran.html#SIIoSun">[See Section II o) Notes: Sun]</a>
Sun&gt; f77 -o cfortest cfortest.c cfortex.f -lc -lm  &amp;&amp;  cfortest
Sun&gt; # Some older f77 may require 'cc -Dmain=MAIN_'.

CRAY&gt; cft77 cfortex.f
CRAY&gt; cc -c cfortest.c
CRAY&gt; segldr -o cfortest.e cfortest.o cfortex.o
CRAY&gt; ./cfortest.e

NEC&gt; cc -c -Xa cfortest.c
NEC&gt; f77 -o cfortest cfortest.o cfortex.f  &amp;&amp;  cfortest

VAX/Ultrix/cc&gt; # For cc on VAX Ultrix only, do the following once to cfortran.h.
VAX/Ultrix/cc&gt; mv cfortran.h cftmp.h &amp;&amp; grep -v "^#pragma" &lt;cftmp.h &gt;cfortran.h
                                            
VAX/Ultrix/f77&gt; # In the following, 'CC' is either 'cc' or 'gcc -ansi'. NOT'vcc'
VAX/Ultrix/f77&gt; CC -c -Dmain=MAIN_ cfortest.c
VAX/Ultrix/f77&gt; f77 -o cfortest cfortex.f cfortest.o  &amp;&amp;  cfortest

LynxOS&gt; # In the following, 'CC' is either 'cc' or 'gcc -ansi'.
LynxOS&gt; # Unfortunately cc is easily overwhelmed by cfortran.h,
LynxOS&gt; #  and won't compile some of the cfortest.c demos.
LynxOS&gt; f2c -R cfortex.f
LynxOS&gt; CC -Dlynx -o cfortest cfortest.c cfortex.c -lf2c  &amp;&amp;  cfortest

HP9000&gt; # Tested with HP-UX 7.05 B 9000/380 and with A.08.07 A 9000/730
HP9000&gt; # CC may be either 'c89 -Aa' or 'cc -Aa'
HP9000&gt; #    Depending on the compiler version, you may need to include the
HP9000&gt; #    option '-tp,/lib/cpp' or worse, you'll have to stick to the K&amp;R C.
HP9000&gt; #    <a href="cfortran.html#SIIoHP9000">[See Section II o) Notes: HP9000]</a>
HP9000&gt; # Users are strongly urged to use f77 +ppu and cc -Dextname
HP9000&gt; # Use -Dextname=extname if extname is a symbol used in the C code.
HP9000&gt; CC  -Dextname -c cfortest.c
HP9000&gt; f77 +ppu         cfortex.f  -o cfortest cfortest.o &amp;&amp; cfortest
HP9000&gt; # Older f77 may need
HP9000&gt; f77 -c cfortex.f
HP9000&gt; CC -o cfortest cfortest.c cfortex.o -lI77 -lF77 &amp;&amp; cfortest

HP9000&gt; # If old-style f77 +800 compiled objects are required:
HP9000&gt; # #define hpuxFortran800
HP9000&gt; cc -c -Aa -DhpuxFortran800 cfortest.c
HP9000&gt; f77 +800 -o cfortest cfortest.o cfortex.f

f2c&gt; # In the following, 'CC' is any C compiler.
f2c&gt; f2c cfortex.f
f2c&gt; CC -o cfortest -Df2cFortran cfortest.c cfortex.c -lf2c  &amp;&amp;  cfortest

Portland Group $ # Presumably other C compilers also work.
Portland Group $ pgcc -DpgiFortran -c cfortest.c
Portland Group $ pgf77 -o cfortest cfortex.f cfortest.o &amp;&amp; cfortest

NAGf90&gt; # cfortex.f is distributed with <i>FORTRAN</i> 77 style comments.
NAGf90&gt; # To convert to f90 style comments do the following once to cfortex.f: 
NAGf90&gt; mv cfortex.f cf_temp.f &amp;&amp; sed 's/^C/\!/g' cf_temp.f &gt; cfortex.f
NAGf90&gt; # In the following, 'CC' is any C compiler.
NAGf90&gt; CC -c -DNAGf90Fortran cfortest.c
NAGf90&gt; f90 -o cfortest cfortest.o cfortex.f &amp;&amp;  cfortest

PC&gt; # On a PC with PowerStation <i>FORTRAN</i> and Visual_C++
PC&gt; cl /c cftest.c
PC&gt; fl32  cftest.obj cftex.for

GNU&gt; # GNU <i>FORTRAN</i>
GNU&gt; # <a href="cfortran.html#gcctrad">See Section VI caveat on using 'gcc -traditional'</a>.
GNU&gt; gcc -ansi -Wall -O -c -Df2cFortran cfortest.c
GNU&gt; g77 -ff2c -o cfortest cfortest.o cfortex.f &amp;&amp;  cfortest

AbsoftUNIX&gt; # Absoft <i>FORTRAN</i> for all UNIX based operating systems.
AbsoftUNIX&gt; # e.g. Linux or Next on Intel or Motorola68000.
AbsoftUNIX&gt; # Absoft f77 -k allows <i>FORTRAN</i> routines to be safely called from C.
AbsoftUNIX&gt; gcc -ansi -Wall -O -c -DAbsoftUNIXFortran cfortest.c
AbsoftUNIX&gt; f77 -k -o cfortest cfortest.o cfortex.f &amp;&amp; cfortest

AbsoftPro&gt; # Absoft Pro <i>FORTRAN</i> for MacOS
AbsoftPro&gt; # Use #define AbsoftProFortran

CLIPPER&gt; # INTERGRAPH CLIX using CLIPPER C and <i>FORTRAN</i> compilers.
CLIPPER&gt; # N.B. - User, not cfortran.h, is responsible for
CLIPPER&gt; #        f77initio() and f77uninitio() if required.
CLIPPER&gt; #      - LOGICAL values are not mentioned in CLIPPER doc.s,
CLIPPER&gt; #        so they may not yet be correct in cfortran.h.
CLIPPER&gt; #      - K&amp;R mode (-knr or Ac=knr) breaks FLOAT functions
CLIPPER&gt; #        (see CLIPPER doc.s) and cfortran.h does not fix it up.
CLIPPER&gt; #        [cfortran.h ok for old sun C which made the same mistake.]
CLIPPER&gt; acc cfortest.c -c -DCLIPPERFortran
CLIPPER&gt; af77 cfortex.f cfortest.o -o cfortest
</pre></font>

By changing the SELECTion <tt>ifdef</tt> of <tt>cfortest.c</tt> and recompiling one can try out
a few dozen different few-line examples.

<p>

The benefits of using <tt>cfortran.h</tt> include:

<ol>
<p><li> Machine/OS/compiler independent mixing of C and <i>FORTRAN</i>.

<p><li> Identical (within syntax) calls across languages, e.g.
<FONT COLOR="#993300"><pre>
<b>FORTRAN:</b>

      CALL HBOOK1(1,'pT spectrum of pi+',100,0.,5.,0.)

<b>C:</b>
      HBOOK1(1,"pT spectrum of pi+",100,0.,5.,0.);
</pre></font>
<p><li> Each routine need only be set up once in its lifetime. e.g.
   Setting up a FORTRAN routine to be called by C.
   ID,...,VMX are merely the names of arguments.
   These tags must be unique w.r.t. each other but are otherwise arbitrary.
<FONT COLOR="#993300"><pre>
PROTOCCALLSFSUB6(HBOOK1,hbook1,INT,STRING,INT,FLOAT,FLOAT,FLOAT)
#define HBOOK1(ID,CHTITLE,NX,XMI,XMA,VMX)                        \
     CCALLSFSUB6(HBOOK1,hbook1,INT,STRING,INT,FLOAT,FLOAT,FLOAT, \
               ID,CHTITLE,NX,XMI,XMA,VMX) 
</pre></font>

<p><li> Source code is NOT required for the C routines exported to <i>FORTRAN</i>, nor for
   the <i>FORTRAN</i> routines imported to C. In fact, routines are most easily
   prototyped using the information in the routines' documentation.

<p><li> Routines, and the code calling them, can be coded naturally in the language
   of choice. C routines may be coded with the natural assumption of being 
   called only by C code. <tt>cfortran.h</tt> does all the required work for <i>FORTRAN</i> 
   code to call C routines. Similarly it also does all the work required for C
   to call <i>FORTRAN</i> routines. Therefore:
   <ul>
     <li> C programmers need not embed <i>FORTRAN</i> argument passing mechanisms into 
       their code.
     <li> <i>FORTRAN</i> code need not be converted into C code. i.e. The honed and 
       time-honored <i>FORTRAN</i> routines are called by C.
   </ul>
<p><li> <tt>cfortran.h</tt> is a single ~1700 line C include file; portable to most
   remaining, if not all, platforms.

<p><li> <tt>STRINGS</tt> and <tt>VECTORS</tt> of 
   <tt>STRINGS</tt> along with the usual simple arguments to 
   routines are supported as are functions returning 
   <tt>STRINGS</tt> or numbers. Arrays
   of pointers to strings and values of structures as C arguments, 
   will soon be
   implemented. 
   After learning the machinery of <tt>cfortran.h</tt>, users can expand 
   it to create custom types of arguments. [This requires no modification to
   <tt>cfortran.h</tt>, all the preprocessor 
   directives required to implement the
   custom types can be defined outside <tt>cfortran.h</tt>]

<p><li> <tt>cfortran.h</tt> requires each routine to be exported to be explicitly set up. 
   While is usually only be done once in a header file it would be best if
   applications were required to do no work at all in order to cross languages.
   <tt>cfortran.h</tt>'s simple syntax could be a convenient back-end for a program
   which would export <i>FORTRAN</i> or C routines directly from the source code. 
</ol>


<h3>Example 1 </h3>
            <tt>cfortran.h</tt> has been used to make the C header file <tt>hbook.h</tt>, 
            which then gives any C programmer, e.g. <tt>example.c</tt>, full and 
            completely transparent access to <b>CERN</b>'s <b>HBOOK</b> library of routines.
            Each <b>HBOOK</b> routine required about 3 lines of simple code in
            <tt>hbook.h</tt>. The example also demonstrates how <i>FORTRAN</i> common blocks
            are defined and used.
<FONT COLOR="#993300"><pre>
/* hbook.h */
#include &lt;cfortran.h&gt;
        :
PROTOCCALLSFSUB6(HBOOK1,hbook1,INT,STRING,INT,FLOAT,FLOAT,FLOAT)
#define HBOOK1(ID,CHTITLE,NX,XMI,XMA,VMX)                        \
     CCALLSFSUB6(HBOOK1,hbook1,INT,STRING,INT,FLOAT,FLOAT,FLOAT, \
               ID,CHTITLE,NX,XMI,XMA,VMX) 
        :
/* end hbook.h */



/* example.c */
#include "hbook.h"
        :
typedef struct {
  int lines;  
  int status[SIZE];
  float p[SIZE];  /* momentum */
} FAKE_DEF;
#define FAKE COMMON_BLOCK(FAKE,fake)
COMMON_BLOCK_DEF(FAKE_DEF,FAKE);
        :
main ()
{
        :
           HBOOK1(1,"pT spectrum of pi+",100,0.,5.,0.);
/* c.f. the call in FORTRAN:
      CALL HBOOK1(1,'pT spectrum of pi+',100,0.,5.,0.)
*/
        :
  FAKE.p[7]=1.0;
	:
}           
</pre></font>

<b>N.B.</b> 
<ol>
   <li> The routine is language independent.
   <li> <tt>hbook.h</tt> is machine independent.  
   <li> Applications using routines via <tt>cfortran.h</tt> are machine independent.
</ol>

<h3>Example 2</h3> Many VMS System calls are most easily called from <i>FORTRAN</i>, but
            <tt>cfortran.h</tt> now gives that ease in C.
<FONT COLOR="#993300"><pre>
#include &lt;cfortran.h&gt;

PROTOCCALLSFSUB3(LIB$SPAWN,lib$spawn,STRING,STRING,STRING)
#define LIB$SPAWN(command,input_file,output_file)          \
     CCALLSFSUB3(LIB$SPAWN,lib$spawn,STRING,STRING,STRING, \
                  command,input_file,output_file)

main ()
{
LIB$SPAWN("set term/width=132","","");
}
</pre></font>
Obviously the <tt>cfortran.h</tt> command above could be put into a header file along
with the description of the other system calls, but as this example shows, it's
not much hassle to set up <tt>cfortran.h</tt> for even a single call.


<h3>Example 3</h3> <tt>cfortran.h</tt> and the source cstring.c create the cstring.obj library 
            which gives <i>FORTRAN</i> access to all the functions in C's system 
            library described by the system's C header file <tt>string.h</tt>.
<FONT COLOR="#993300"><pre>
C     EXAMPLE.FOR
      PROGRAM EXAMPLE
      DIMENSION I(20), J(30)
        :
      CALL MEMCPY(I,J,7)
        :
      END

/* cstring.c */
#include &lt;string.h&gt;             /* string.h prototypes memcpy() */
#include &lt;cfortran.h&gt;

        :
FCALLSCSUB3(memcpy,MEMCPY,memcpy,PVOID,PVOID,INT)
        :
</pre></font>

The simplicity exhibited in the above example exists for many but not all
machines. 
<a href="cfortran.html#IIii4">Note 4. of Section II ii)</a> details the limitations and describes tools
which try to maintain the best possible interface when <i>FORTRAN</i> calls C
routines.


<h2>II) Using cfortran.h</h2>

The user is asked to look at the source files <tt>cfortest.c</tt> and 
<tt>cfortex.f</tt>
for clarification by example.
<p>
 
<h3>o) Notes:</h3> 

<ul>
<p><li> Specifying the <i>FORTRAN</i> compiler
<p>
  <tt>cfortran.h</tt> generates interfaces for the default
  <i>FORTRAN</i> compiler. The default can be overridden by defining with
  one of the following methods,
  <ul>
  <p><li> in the code,              e.g.: <tt>#define    NAGf90Fortran</tt>
  <p><li> in the compile directive, e.g.: <tt>unix&gt; cc -DNAGf90Fortran</tt>
   </ul>
one of the following before including <tt>cfortran.h</tt>:
<FONT COLOR="#993300"><pre>
 NAGf90Fortran   f2cFortran  hpuxFortran  apolloFortran  sunFortran
  IBMR2Fortran  CRAYFortran  mipsFortran     DECFortran  vmsFortran
 CONVEXFortran       PowerStationFortran          AbsoftUNIXFortran
     SXFortran   pgiFortran                        AbsoftProFortran
</pre></font>
This also allows crosscompilation.
<p>
If wanted, <tt>NAGf90Fortran</tt>, <tt>f2cFortran</tt>, <tt>DECFortran</tt>, <tt>AbsoftUNIXFortran</tt>,
<tt>AbsoftProFortran</tt> and <tt>pgiFortran</tt> must be requested by the user.

<p><li><tt>/**/</tt>
<p>
  <tt>cfortran.h</tt> (ab)uses the comment kludge <tt>/**/</tt> when the 
ANSI C preprocessor
catenation operator <tt>##</tt> doesn't exist. 
In at least MIPS C, this kludge is
sensitive to  blanks surrounding arguments to macros.
  Therefore, for applications using non-ANSI C compilers, the 
<tt>argtype_i</tt>,
<tt>routine_name</tt>, 
<tt>routine_type</tt> 
and 
<tt>common_block_name arguments</tt> to the
<tt>PROTOCCALLSFFUNn</tt>, <tt>CCALLSFSUB/FUNn</tt>, <tt>FCALLSCSUB/FUNn</tt> and <tt>COMMON_BLOCK</tt> macros 
<b> must not</b> be followed by any white space characters such as
blanks, tabs or newlines.

<p><li> <tt>LOGICAL</tt>
<p>
  <i>FORTRAN</i> <tt>LOGICAL</tt> values of .TRUE. and .FALSE. do not agree with the C
representation of TRUE and FALSE on all machines. <tt>cfortran.h</tt> does the
conversion for <tt>LOGICAL</tt> and PLOGICAL arguments and for functions returning
<tt>LOGICAL</tt>. Users must convert arrays of <tt>LOGICAL</tt>s from C to <i>FORTRAN</i> with the 
C2FLOGICALV(array_name, elements_in_array); macro. Similarly, arrays of <tt>LOGICAL</tt>
values may be converted from the <i>FORTRAN</i> into C representation by using
F2CLOGICALV(array_name, elements_in_array);
<p>
  When C passes or returns <tt>LOGICAL</tt> values to <i>FORTRAN</i>, by default <tt>cfortran.h</tt> 
only makes the minimal changes required to the value. [e.g. Set/Unset the 
single relevant bit or do nothing for <i>FORTRAN</i> compilers which use 0 as FALSE
and treat all other values as TRUE.] Therefore <tt>cfortran.h</tt> will pass <tt>LOGICAL</tt>s
to <i>FORTRAN</i> which do not have an identical representation to .TRUE. or .FALSE.
This is fine except for abuses of <i>FORTRAN</i>/77 in the style of:
<FONT COLOR="#993300"><pre>
       logical l
       if (l .eq. .TRUE.)     ! (1)
</pre></font>
instead of the correct:
<FONT COLOR="#993300"><pre>
       if (l .eqv. .TRUE.)    ! (2)
</pre></font>
or:
<FONT COLOR="#993300"><pre>
       if (l)                 ! (3)
</pre></font>
For <i>FORTRAN</i> code which treats <tt>LOGICAL</tt>s from C in the method of (1),
<tt>LOGICAL_STRICT</tt> must be defined before 
including <tt>cfortran.h</tt>, either in the
code, <tt>"#define LOGICAL_STRICT"</tt>, or compile with 
<tt>"cc -DLOGICAL_STRICT"</tt>.
There is no reason to use <tt>LOGICAL_STRICT</tt> for <i>FORTRAN</i> 
code which does not do (1).
At least the IBM's <tt>xlf</tt> and the Apollo's <tt>f77</tt>
 do not even allow code along the
lines of (1).
<p>
  DECstations' <tt>DECFortran</tt> and MIPS <i>FORTRAN</i> compilers use 
different internal
representations for <tt>LOGICAL</tt> values. 
[Both compilers are usually called <tt>f77</tt>,
although when both are installed on a single machine the MIPS' one is usually
renamed. (e.g. <tt>f77</tt>2.1 for version 2.10.)] <tt>cc</tt> doesn't know 
which <i>FORTRAN</i>
compiler is present, so <tt>cfortran.h</tt> assumes MIPS <tt>f77</tt>. 
To use <tt>cc</tt> with DECFortran
define the preprocessor constant 'DECFortran'.
e.g.
<FONT COLOR="#993300"><pre>
            <b>i) </b> cc -DDECFortran -c the_code.c
</pre></font>
or
<FONT COLOR="#993300"><pre>
            <b>ii)</b> #define DECFortran  /* in the C code or add to <tt>cfortran.h</tt>. */
</pre></font>

  MIPS <tt>f77</tt> [SGI and DECstations], <tt>f2c</tt>, and <tt>f77</tt> on 
VAX Ultrix treat
<tt>.eqv./.neqv.</tt> as <tt>.eq./.ne.</tt>. Therefore, 
for these compilers, <tt>LOGICAL_STRICT</tt> is
defined by default in <tt>cfortran.h</tt>. 
[The Sun and HP compilers have not been
tested, so they may also require <tt>LOGICAL_STRICT</tt> as the default.]

<p><li> <tt>SHORT</tt> and <tt>BYTE</tt>
<p> 
  They are irrelevant for the CRAY where <i>FORTRAN</i> 
has no equivalent to C's <tt>short</tt>.
Similarly <tt>BYTE</tt> is irrelevant for <tt>f2c</tt> and for VAX Ultrix <tt>f77</tt> and fort. The
author has tested SHORT and BYTE with a modified cfortest.c/cfortex.f on all
machines supported except for the HP9000 and the Sun.
<p>
  <tt>BYTE</tt> is a signed 8-bit quantity, i.e. values are -128 to 127, 
on all machines
except for the SGI [at least for MIPS Computer Systems 2.0.] On the SGI it is
an unsigned 8-bit quantity, i.e. values are 0 to 255, although the SGI '<i>FORTRAN</i>
77 Programmers Guide' claims BYTE is signed. Perhaps MIPS 2.0 is dated, since
the DECstations using MIPS 2.10 <tt>f77</tt> have a signed <tt>BYTE</tt>.
<p>
  To minimize the difficulties of signed and unsigned 
<tt>BYTE</tt>, <tt>cfortran.h</tt> creates
the type '<tt>INTEGER_BYTE</tt>' to agree with <i>FORTRAN</i>'s 
<tt>BYTE</tt>. Users may define 
<tt>SIGNED_BYTE</tt> or 
<tt>UNSIGNED_BYTE</tt>, before including <tt>cfortran.h</tt>, 
to specify <i>FORTRAN</i>'s
<tt>BYTE</tt>. If neither is defined, <tt>cfortran.h</tt> assumes 
<tt>SIGNED_BYTE</tt>.

<p><li> CRAY
<p>
  The type <tt>DOUBLE</tt> in <tt>cfortran.h</tt> 
  corresponds to <i>FORTRAN</i>'s <tt>DOUBLE PRECISION</tt>.
  The type <tt>FLOAT</tt> in <tt>cfortran.h</tt> corresponds to 
  <i>FORTRAN</i>'s <tt>REAL</tt>.
<p>
On a classic CRAY [i.e. all models except for the t3e]:
<FONT COLOR="#993300"><pre>
( 64 bit) C float       == C double == <i>FORTRAN</i> REAL
(128 bit) C long double             == <i>FORTRAN</i> DOUBLE PRECISION
</pre></font>
Therefore when moving a mixed C and <i>FORTRAN</i> app. to/from a classic CRAY,
either the C code will have to change,
or the <i>FORTRAN</i> code and <tt>cfortran.h</tt> declarations will have to 
change.
<tt>DOUBLE_PRECISION</tt> is a <tt>cfortran.h</tt> macro which provides the former option,
i.e. the C code is automatically changed.
<tt>DOUBLE_PRECISION</tt> is 'long double' on classic CRAY and 'double' elsewhere.
<tt>DOUBLE_PRECISION</tt> thus corresponds to <i>FORTRAN</i>'s <tt>DOUBLE PRECISION</tt>
on all machines, including classic CRAY.
<p>
On a classic CRAY with the <i>FORTRAN</i> compiler flag <tt>'-dp'</tt>:
<i>FORTRAN</i> <tt>DOUBLE PRECISION</tt> thus is also the faster 64bit type.
(This switch is often used since the application is usually satisfied by
 64 bit precision and the application needs the speed.)
<tt>DOUBLE_PRECISION</tt> is thus not required in this case,
since the classic CRAY behaves like all other machines.
If <tt>DOUBLE_PRECISION</tt> is used nonetheless, then on the classic CRAY
the default <tt>cfortran.h</tt> behavior must be overridden,
for example by the C compiler option <tt>'-DDOUBLE_PRECISION=double'</tt>.
<p>
On a CRAY t3e:
<FONT COLOR="#993300"><pre>
(32 bit) C float                   == <i>FORTRAN</i> Unavailable
(64 bit) C double == C long double == <i>FORTRAN</i> REAL == <i>FORTRAN</i> DOUBLE PRECISION
</pre></font>
Notes:
<ul>
<p><li> (32 bit) is available as <i>FORTRAN</i> <tt>REAL*4</tt> and
  (64 bit) is available as <i>FORTRAN</i> <tt>REAL*8</tt>.
  Since <tt>cfortran.h</tt> is all about more portability, not about less portability,
  the use of the nonstandard <tt>REAL*4</tt> and <tt>REAL*8</tt> is strongly discouraged.
<p><li> <i>FORTRAN</i> <tt>DOUBLE PRECISION</tt> is folded to <tt>REAL</tt> with 
   the following warning:
<FONT COLOR="#993300"><pre>
    DOUBLE PRECISION is not supported on this platform.  REAL will be used.
</pre></font>
  Similarly, <i>FORTRAN</i> <tt>REAL*16</tt> is mapped to <tt>REAL*8</tt> with a warning.
This behavior differs from that of other machines, including the classic CRAY.
<tt>FORTRAN_REAL</tt> is thus introduced for the t3e,
just as <tt>DOUBLE_PRECISION</tt> is introduced for the classic CRAY.
<tt>FORTRAN_REAL</tt> is '<tt>double</tt>' on t3e and '<tt>float</tt>' elsewhere.
<tt>FORTRAN_REAL</tt> thus corresponds to <i>FORTRAN</i>'s <tt>REAL</tt> 
on all machines, including t3e.
</ul>

<p><li> <tt>f2c / g77</tt>
<p>
<tt>f2c</tt> and <tt>g77</tt> by default promote <tt>REAL</tt> functions to
double.  As of December 9, 2005, the Debian package of cfortran supports this
behavior, so the <tt>f2c -R</tt> option must <b>NOT</b> be used to turn this
promotion off.

<p><li> <tt>f2c</tt>
<p>[Thanks to Dario Autiero for pointing out the following.]
<tt>f2c</tt> has a strange feature in that either one or two underscores are appended
to a <i>FORTRAN</i> name of a routine or common block,
depending on whether or not the original name contains an underscore.
<b><pre>
   S.I. Feldman et al., "A <i>FORTRAN</i> to C converter",
   Computing Science Technical Report No. 149.

   page 2, chapter 2: INTERLANGUAGE conventions
   ...........
</pre></b>
   To avoid conflict with the names of library routines and with names that
   <tt>f2c</tt> generates,
   <i>FORTRAN</i> names may have one or two underscores appended. 
   <i>FORTRAN</i> names are
   forced to lower case (unless the -U option described in Appendix B is in
   effect); external names, i.e. the names of <i>FORTRAN</i> procedures 
   and common
   blocks, have a single underscore appended if they do not contain any
   underscore and have a pair of underscores appended if they do contain
   underscores. Thus <i>FORTRAN</i> subroutines names <tt>ABC</tt>, 
   <tt>A_B_C</tt> and <tt>A_B_C_</tt> result
   in C functions named <tt>abc</tt>_, <tt>a_b_c__</tt> and <tt>a_b_c___</tt>.
<p>

<tt>cfortran.h</tt> is unable to change the naming convention on a name by name basis.
<i>FORTRAN</i> routine and common block names which do not contain an underscore
are unaffected by this feature.
Names which do contain an underscore may use the following work-around:

<FONT COLOR="#993300"><pre>
/* First 2 lines are a completely standard <tt>cfortran.h</tt> interface
   to the <i>FORTRAN</i> routine E_ASY . */
                  PROTOCCALLSFSUB2(E_ASY,e_asy, PINT, INT)
#define E_ASY(A,B)     CCALLSFSUB2(E_ASY,e_asy, PINT, INT, A, B)
#ifdef f2cFortran
#define e_asy_ e_asy__
#endif
/* Last three lines are a work-around for the strange f2c naming feature. */
</pre></font>

<p><li> <tt>gfortran</tt>
<p>
<tt>gfortran</tt> behaves similarly to <tt>f2c</tt> and <tt>g77</tt>, EXCEPT
that it does NOT by default promote <tt>REAL</tt> functions to
double.  Therefore you should use <tt>-DgFortran</tt> instead of
<tt>-Dg77Fortran</tt> or <tt>-Df2cFortran</tt> to let <tt>cfortran.h</tt>
know about this difference.

<p><li> NAG f90
<p>  The <i>FORTRAN</i> 77 subset of <i>FORTRAN</i> 90 is supported. 
Extending <tt>cfortran.h</tt> to 
interface C with all of <i>FORTRAN</i> 90 has not yet been examined.
<br>  The NAG f90 library hijacks the <tt>main()</tt> of any program and starts the user's 
program with a call to: <tt>void f90_main(void)</tt>;<br>
While this in itself is only a minor hassle, a major problem arises because
NAG f90 provides no mechanism to access command line arguments.<br>
  At least version 'NAGWare f90 compiler Version 1.1(334)' appended _CB to
common block names instead of the usual <tt>_</tt>. 
To fix, add this to <tt>cfortran.h</tt>:
<FONT COLOR="#993300"><pre>
#ifdef old_NAG_f90_CB_COMMON
#define COMMON_BLOCK                 CFC_  /* for all other Fortran compilers */
#else
#define COMMON_BLOCK(UN,LN)          _(LN,_CB)
#endif
</pre></font>

<p><li> RS/6000
<p>  Using <tt>"xlf -qextname ..."</tt>, which appends an underscore, <tt>'_'</tt>, 
to all <i>FORTRAN</i>
external references, requires <tt>"cc -Dextname ..."</tt> so that 
<tt>cfortran.h</tt> also
generates these underscores.
Use i<tt>-Dextname=extname</tt> if <tt>extname</tt> is a symbol used in 
the C code.
The use of <tt>"xlf -qextname"</tt> is <b>strongly encouraged</b>, since it 
allows for
transparent naming schemes when mixing C and <i>FORTRAN</i>.

<p><li> <a name="SIIoHP9000">HP9000</a>
<p>  Using <tt>"f77 +ppu ..."</tt>, which appends an underscore, 
<tt>'_'</tt>, to all <i>FORTRAN</i>
external references, requires <tt>"cc -Dextname ..."</tt> so 
that <tt>cfortran.h</tt> also
generates these underscores.
Use <tt>-Dextname=extname</tt> if extname is a symbol used in the C code.
The use of <tt>"f77 +ppu"</tt> is <b>strongly encouraged</b>, since it allows 
for
transparent naming schemes when mixing C and <i>FORTRAN</i>.
<p>
  At least one release of the HP <tt>/lib/cpp.ansi</tt>
 preprocessor is broken and will
go into an infinite loop when trying to process <tt>cfortran.h</tt> with the
<tt>##</tt> catenation operator. The K&amp;R version of <tt>cfortran.h</tt> must then be used and the
K&amp;R preprocessor must be specified. e.g.
<FONT COLOR="#993300"><pre>
HP9000&gt; cc -Aa -tp,/lib/cpp -c source.c
</pre></font>
The same problem with a similar solution exists on the Apollo.
An irrelevant error message <tt>'0: extraneous name /usr/include'</tt>
 will appear for
each source file due to another HP bug, and can be safely ignored.
e.g. 
<FONT COLOR="#993300"><pre>
cc -v -c -Aa -tp,/lib/cpp cfortest.c
</pre></font>

 will show that the driver passes
<tt>'-I /usr/include'</tt> instead of <tt>'-I/usr/include'</tt> to 
<tt>/lib/cpp</tt>
<p>
On some machines the above error causes compilation to stop; one must then use
K&amp;R C, as with old HP compilers which don't support function prototyping.
<tt>cfortran.h</tt> has to be informed that K&amp;R C is to being used, e.g.
<FONT COLOR="#993300"><pre>
HP9000&gt; cc -D__CF__KnR -c source.c
</pre></font>

<p><li> AbsoftUNIXFortran
<p>
By default, <tt>cfortran.h</tt> follows the default AbsoftUNIX/ProFortran 
and prepends <tt>_C</tt>
to each common block name. To override the <tt>cfortran.h</tt> behavior
<tt>#define COMMON_BLOCK(UN,LN)</tt> before including <tt>cfortran.h</tt>.
[Search for <tt>COMMON_BLOCK</tt> in <tt>cfortran.h</tt> for examples.]

<p><li> <a name="SIIoApollo">Apollo</a>
<p>
On at least one release, 'C compiler 68K Rev6.8(168)', the default C 
preprocessor, from cc -A xansi or cc -A ansi, enters an infinite loop when 
using <tt>cfortran.h</tt>. This Apollo bug can be circumvented by using:
<ul>
<p><li> <tt>cc -DANSI_C_preprocessor=0</tt> to force use of 
           <tt>/**/</tt>, instead of <tt>'##'</tt>.
<p><b>AND</b> 
<p><li> The pre-ANSI preprocessor, i.e. use <tt>cc -Yp,/usr/lib</tt>
</ul>
<p>The same problem with a similar solution exists on the HP.

<p><li> <a name="SIIoSun">Sun</a>
<p>Old versions of cc(1), say &lt;~1986, may require help for <tt>cfortran.h</tt> 
applications:
<ul>
 <p><li> <tt>#pragma</tt> may not be understood, hence <tt>cfortran.h</tt> 
   and <tt>cfortest.c</tt> may require
<FONT COLOR="#993300"><pre>
sun&gt; mv <tt>cfortran.h</tt> cftmp.h &amp;&amp; grep -v "^#pragma" <cftmp.h >cfortran.h
sun&gt; mv cfortest.c cftmp.c &amp;&amp; grep -v "^#pragma" <cftmp.c >cfortest.c
</pre></font>
 <p><li> Old copies of <tt>math.h</tt> may not include the following from a newer <tt>math.h</tt>.
   [For an ancient <tt>math.h</tt> on a 386 or sparc, get similar from a new <tt>math.h</tt>.]
</ul>
<FONT COLOR="#993300"><pre>
   #ifdef mc68000     /* 5 lines Copyright (c) 1988 by Sun Microsystems, Inc. */
   #define FLOATFUNCTIONTYPE	int
   #define RETURNFLOAT(x) 	return (*(int *)(&amp;(x)))
   #define ASSIGNFLOAT(x,y)	*(int *)(&amp;x) = y
   #endif
</pre></font>

<p><li> CRAY, Sun, Apollo [pre 6.8 cc], VAX Ultrix and HP9000
<p>
  Only <i>FORTRAN</i> routines with less than 15 arguments can be prototyped for C,
since these compilers don't allow more than 31 arguments to a C macro. This can
be overcome, [see Section IV], with access to any C compiler without this
limitation, e.g. gcc, on ANY machine.

<p><li> VAX Ultrix
<p> <tt>vcc (1)</tt> with <tt>f77</tt> is not supported. Although: 
<FONT COLOR="#993300"><pre>
VAXUltrix&gt; f77 -c cfortex.f
VAXUltrix&gt; vcc -o cfortest cfortest.c cfortex.o -lI77 -lU77 -lF77  &amp;&amp;  cfortest
</pre></font>
will link and run. However, the <i>FORTRAN</i> standard I/O is NOT merged 
with the
<tt>stdin</tt> and <tt>stdout</tt> of C, and instead uses the files 
<tt>fort.6</tt> and <tt>fort.5</tt>. For <tt>vcc</tt>,
<tt>f77</tt> can't drive the linking, as for <tt>gcc</tt> and <tt>cc</tt>, 
since <tt>vcc</tt> objects must be
linked using <tt>lk (1)</tt>.  <tt>f77 -v</tt> 
doesn't tell much, and without VAX Ultrix manuals,
the author can only wait for the info. required.
<p>
  <tt>fort (1)</tt> is not supported. Without VAX Ultrix manuals the author 
cannot 
convince <tt>vcc/gcc/cc</tt> and <tt>fort</tt> to generate names of 
routines and common blocks
that match at the linker, <tt>lk (1)</tt>. i.e. <tt>vcc/gcc/cc</tt>
 prepend a single underscore
to external references, e.g. <tt>NAME</tt> becomes 
<tt>_NAME</tt>, while fort does not modify the
references. So ... either fort has prepend an underscore to external
references, or <tt>vcc/gcc/cc</tt> have to generate unmodified names. 
<tt>man 1 fort</tt>
mentions <tt>JBL</tt>, is JBL the only way?

<p><li> VAX VMS C
<p>  The compiler 'easily' exhausts its table space and generates:
<FONT COLOR="#993300"><pre>
%CC-F-BUGCHECK, Compiler bug check during parser phase    .
                Submit an SPR with a problem description.
                At line number 777 in DISK:[DIR]FILE.C;1.
</pre></font>
where the line given, '777', includes a call across C and <i>FORTRAN</i> via
<tt>cfortran.h</tt>, usually with &gt;7 arguments and/or very long argument 
expressions.<p>
This SPR can be staved off, with the simple modification to <tt>cfortran.h</tt>, such
that the relevant <tt>CCALLSFSUBn</tt> (or <tt>CCALLSFFUNn</tt> or 
<tt>FCALLSCFUNn</tt>) is not
cascaded up to <tt>CCALLSFSUB14</tt>, and instead has its own copy 
of the contents of 
<tt>CCALLSFSUB14</tt>. 
[If these instructions are not obvious after examining <tt>cfortran.h</tt>
please contact the author.]<br>
[Thanks go to Mark Kyprianou (kyp@stsci.edu) for this solution.]

<p><li> Mips compilers
<p>
  e.g. DECstations and SGI, require applications with a C main() and calls to
GETARG(3F), i.e. <i>FORTRAN</i> routines returning the command line arguments, to use
two macros as shown:
<FONT COLOR="#993300"><pre>
        :
CF_DECLARE_GETARG;              /* This must be external to all routines.     */
        :
main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
        :
CF_SET_GETARG(argc,argv);       /* This must precede any calls to GETARG(3F). */
        :
}
</pre></font>
The macros are null and benign on all other systems. Sun's <tt>GETARG(3F)</tt>
 also
doesn't work with a generic C <tt>main()</tt>
 and perhaps a workaround similar to the
Mips' one exists.

<p><li> Alpha/OSF
<p>Using the DEC <i>FORTRAN</i> and the DEC C compilers of 
DEC OSF/1 [RT] V1.2 (Rev. 10),
<i>FORTRAN</i>, when called from C, has occasional trouble using a routine received as
a dummy argument.

e.g. In the following the <i>FORTRAN</i> routine 'e' will crash when it tries to use
     the C routine 'c' or the <i>FORTRAN</i> routine 'f'.
     The example works on other systems.

<FONT COLOR="#993300"><pre>
C FORTRAN                           /* C */
      integer function f()          #include &lt;stdio.h&gt;
      f = 2                         int f_();
      return                        int e_(int (*u)());
      end
                                    int c(){ return 1;}
      integer function e(u)         int d (int (*u)()) { return u();}
      integer u
      external u                    main()
      e=u()                         {         /* Calls to d  work.  */
      return                        printf("d (c ) returns %d.\n",d (c ));
      end                           printf("d (f_) returns %d.\n",d (f_));
                                              /* Calls to e_ crash. */
                                    printf("e_(c ) returns %d.\n",e_(c ));
                                    printf("e_(f_) returns %d.\n",e_(f_));
                                    }
</pre></font>

Solutions to the problem are welcomed!
A kludge which allows the above example to work correctly, requires an extra
argument to be given when calling the dummy argument function.
i.e. Replacing <tt>'e=u()'</tt> by <tt>'e=u(1)'</tt>
 allows the above example to work.


<p><li> The <i>FORTRAN</i> routines are called using macro expansions, therefore the usual
caveats for expressions in arguments apply. The expressions to the routines may
be evaluated more than once, leading to lower performance and in the worst case
bizarre bugs.

<p><li> For those who wish to use <tt>cfortran.h</tt> in large applications. 
<a href="cfortran.html#IV">[See Section IV.]</a>
This release is intended to make it easy to get applications up and running. 
This implies that applications are not as efficient as they could be:
<ul>
<p><li> The current mechanism is inefficient if a single header file is used to
  describe a large library of <i>FORTRAN</i> functions. Code for a static wrapper fn.
  is generated in each piece of C source code for each <i>FORTRAN</i> function 
  specified with the <tt>CCALLSFFUNn</tt> statement, irrespective of whether or not the
  function is ever called. 
<p><li> Code for several static utility routines internal to <tt>cfortran.h</tt> is placed 
  into any source code which <tt>#includes cfortran.h</tt>. These routines should
  probably be in a library.
</ul>
</ul>

<h3>i) Calling <i>FORTRAN</i> routines from C:</h3>

The <i>FORTRAN</i> routines are defined by one of the following two instructions:
<p>
for a SUBROUTINE:
<FONT COLOR="#993300"><pre>
/* PROTOCCALLSFSUBn is optional for C, but mandatory for C++. */
PROTOCCALLSFSUBn(ROUTINE_NAME,routine_name,argtype_1,...,argtype_n)
#define     Routine_name(argname_1,..,argname_n)               \
CCALLSFSUBn(ROUTINE_NAME,routine_name,argtype_1,...,argtype_n, \
                         argname_1,..,argname_n) 
</pre></font>

for a FUNCTION:
<FONT COLOR="#993300"><pre>
PROTOCCALLSFFUNn(routine_type,ROUTINE_NAME,routine_name,argtype_1,...,argtype_n)
#define     Routine_name(argname_1,..,argname_n)               \
CCALLSFFUNn(ROUTINE_NAME,routine_name,argtype_1,...,argtype_n, \
                         argname_1,..,argname_n) 
</pre></font>
Where:
<FONT COLOR="#993300"><pre>
'n' = 0-&gt;14 [SUBROUTINE's -&gt;27] (easily expanded in <tt>cfortran.h</tt> to &gt; 14 [27]) is 
    the number of arguments to the routine.
Routine_name = C       name of the routine (IN UPPER CASE LETTERS).[see 2.below]
ROUTINE_NAME = <i>FORTRAN</i> name of the routine (IN UPPER CASE LETTERS).
routine_name = <i>FORTRAN</i> name of the routine (IN lower case LETTERS).
routine_type = the type of argument returned by <i>FORTRAN</i> functions.
             = BYTE, DOUBLE, FLOAT, INT, LOGICAL, LONG, SHORT, STRING, VOID.
               [Instead of VOID one would usually use CCALLSFSUBn.
                VOID forces a wrapper function to be used.]
argtype_i    = the type of argument passed to the <i>FORTRAN</i> routine and must be
               consistent in the definition and prototyping of the routine s.a.
             = BYTE, DOUBLE, FLOAT, INT, LOGICAL, LONG, SHORT, STRING.
             For vectors, i.e. 1 dim. arrays use 
             = BYTEV, DOUBLEV, FLOATV, INTV, LOGICALV, LONGV, SHORTV, 
               STRINGV, ZTRINGV.
             For vectors of vectors, i.e. 2 dim. arrays use
             = BYTEVV, DOUBLEVV, FLOATVV, INTVV, LOGICALVV, LONGVV, SHORTVV.
	     For n-dim. arrays, 1&lt;=n&lt;=7 [7 is the maximum in <i>FORTRAN</i> 77],
             = BYTEV..nV's..V, DOUBLEV..V, FLOATV..V, INTV..V, LOGICALV..V, 
               LONGV..V, SHORTV..V.
                N.B. Array dimensions and types are checked by the C compiler.
             For routines changing the values of an argument, the keyword is 
                  prepended by a 'P'.
             = PBYTE, PDOUBLE, PFLOAT, PINT, PLOGICAL, PLONG, PSHORT,
               PSTRING, PSTRINGV, PZTRINGV.
             For EXTERNAL procedures passed as arguments use
             = ROUTINE.
             For exceptional arguments which require no massaging to fit the
                  argument passing mechanisms use
             = PVOID.
                The argument is cast and passed as (void *).
                Although PVOID could be used to describe all array arguments on
                most (all?) machines , it shouldn't be because the C compiler
                can no longer check the type and dimension of the array.
argname_i    = any valid unique C tag, but must be consistent in the definition 
               as shown.
</pre></font>

Notes:
<ol>
<p><li> <tt>cfortran.h</tt> may be expanded to handle a more argument type. To suppport new
arguments requiring complicated massaging when passed  between <i>FORTRAN</i> and C,
the user will have to understand <tt>cfortran.h</tt> and follow its code and mechanisms.
<p>
To define types requiring little or no massaging when passed between <i>FORTRAN</i> 
and C, the pseudo argument type <tt>SIMPLE</tt> may be used.
For a user defined type called 'newtype', the definitions required are:

<FONT COLOR="#993300"><pre>
/* The following 7 lines are required verbatim.
   'newtype' is the name of the new user defined argument type.
*/
#define newtype_cfV(  T,A,B,F)       SIMPLE_cfV(T,A,B,F)
#define newtype_cfSEP(T,  B)         SIMPLE_cfSEP(T,B)
#define newtype_cfINT(N,A,B,X,Y,Z)   SIMPLE_cfINT(N,A,B,X,Y,Z)
#define newtype_cfSTR(N,T,A,B,C,D,E) SIMPLE_cfSTR(N,T,A,B,C,D,E)
#define newtype_cfCC( T,A,B)         SIMPLE_cfCC(T,A,B)
#define newtype_cfAA( T,A,B)         newtype_cfB(T,A) /* Argument B not used. */
#define newtype_cfU(  T,A)           newtype_cfN(T,A)

/* 'parameter_type(A)' is a declaration for 'A' and describes the type of the 
parameter expected by the <i>FORTRAN</i> function.  This type will be used in the
prototype for the function, if  using ANSI C, and to declare the argument used
by the intermediate function if calling a <i>FORTRAN</i> FUNCTION.
Valid 'parameter_type(A)' include: int A
                                   void (*A)()
                                   double A[17]
*/
#define newtype_cfN(  T,A)     parameter_type(A)      /* Argument T not used. */

/* Before any argument of the new type is passed to the <i>FORTRAN</i> routine, it may
be massaged as given by 'massage(A)'.
*/
#define newtype_cfB(  T,A)     massage(A)             /* Argument T not used. */

An example of a simple user defined type is given cfortex.f and cfortest.c.
Two uses of SIMPLE user defined types are [don't show the 7 verbatim #defines]:

/* Pass the address of a structure, using a type called PSTRUCT */
#define PSTRUCT_cfN(  T,A)        void *A
#define PSTRUCT_cfB(  T,A)       (void *) &amp;(A)

/* Pass an integer by value, (not standard F77 ), using a type called INTVAL */
#define INTVAL_cfN(   T,A)      int A
#define INTVAL_cfB(   T,A)         (A)

[If using VAX VMS, surrounding the #defines with "#pragma (no)standard" allows
 the %CC-I-PARAMNOTUSED messages to be avoided.]
</pre></font>

Upgrades to <tt>cfortran.h</tt> try to be, and have been, backwards compatible. This
compatibility cannot be offered to user defined types. <tt>SIMPLE</tt> user defined 
types are less of a risk since they require so little effort in their creation.
If a user defined type is required in more than one C header file of interfaces
to libraries of <i>FORTRAN</i> routines, good programming practice, and ease of code
maintenance, suggests keeping any user defined type within a single file which
is #included as required. To date, changes to the <tt>SIMPLE</tt> macros were introduced
in versions 2.6, 3.0 and 3.2 of <tt>cfortran.h</tt>.

<a name="IIi2"></a>
<p><li> <tt>Routine_name</tt> is the name of the macro which the C programmer will use in
order to call a <i>FORTRAN</i> routine. In theory <tt>Routine_name</tt> could be any valid and
unique name, but in practice, the name of the <i>FORTRAN</i> routine in UPPER CASE
works everywhere and would seem to be an obvious choice.

<p><li> <tt>[BYTE|DOUBLE|FLOAT|INT|LOGICAL|LONG|SHORT][V|VV|VVV|...]</tt>
<p>
<tt>cfortran.h</tt> encourages the exact specification of the type and dimension of
array parameters because it allows the C compiler to detect errors in the
arguments when calling the routine.
<p>
<tt>cfortran.h</tt> does not strictly require the exact specification since the argument 
is merely the address of the array and is passed on to the calling routine.
Any array parameter could be declared as <tt>PVOID</tt>, but this circumvents
C's compiletime ability to check the correctness of arguments and is therefore
discouraged.
<p>
Passing the address of these arguments implies that <tt>PBYTEV</tt>, <tt>PFLOATV</tt>, ... ,
<tt>PDOUBLEVV</tt>, ... don't exist in <tt>cfortran.h</tt>, since by default the routine and the
calling code share the same array, i.e. the same values at the same memory
location.
<p>
These comments do NOT apply to arrays of <tt>(P)S/ZTRINGV</tt>. For these parameters,
<tt>cfortran.h</tt> passes a massaged copy of the array to the routine. When the routine
returns, <tt>S/ZTRINGV</tt> ignores the copy, while <tt>PS/ZTRINGV</tt> replaces the calling
code's original array with copy, which may have been modified by the called
routine.


<p><li> <tt>(P)STRING(V)</tt>:
<ul>
<p><li><tt>STRING</tt>
<p> If the argument is a fixed length character array, e.g. char ar[8];,
the string is blank, ' ', padded on the right to fill out the array before
being passed to the <i>FORTRAN</i> routine. The useful size of the string is the same
in both languages, e.g. ar[8] is passed as character*7. If the argument is a
pointer, the string cannot be blank padded, so the length is passed as
strlen(argument). On return from the <i>FORTRAN</i> routine, pointer arguments are not
disturbed, but arrays have the terminating '\0' replaced to its original
position. i.e. The padding blanks are never visible to the C code.

<p><li><tt>PSTRING</tt>
<p> The argument is massaged as with STRING before being passed to the
<i>FORTRAN</i> routine. On return, the argument has all trailing blanks removed,
regardless of whether the argument was a pointer or an array.

<p><li><tt>(P)STRINGV</tt>
<p> Passes a 1- or 2-dimensional char array. e.g. <tt>char a[7],b[6][8];</tt>
<tt>STRINGV</tt> may thus also pass a string constant, e.g. <tt>"hiho"</tt>.
<tt>(P)STRINGV</tt> does NOT pass a pointer, e.g. <tt>char *</tt>, to either a 1- or a
2-dimensional array, since it cannot determine the array dimensions.
A pointer can only be passed using <tt>(P)ZTRINGV</tt>.
<p>N.B. If a C routine receives a character array argument, e.g. <tt>char a[2][3]</tt>,
     such an argument is actually a pointer and my thus not be passed by
     <tt>(P)STRINGV</tt>. Instead <tt>(P)ZTRINGV</tt> must be used.

<p><li><tt>STRINGV</tt>
<p> The elements of the argument are copied into space malloc'd, and
each element is padded with blanks. The useful size of each element is the same
in both languages. Therefore <tt>char bb[6][8];</tt> is equivalent to <tt>character*7 bb(6)</tt>.
On return from the routine the malloc'd space is simply released.

<p><li><tt>PSTRINGV</tt>
<p> Since <i>FORTRAN</i> has no trailing <tt>'\0'</tt>, elements in an array of
strings are contiguous. Therefore each element of the C array is padded with
blanks and strip out C's trailing <tt>'\0'</tt>. After returning from the routine, the
trailing <tt>'\0'</tt> is reinserted and kill the trailing blanks in each element.
</ul>

<p><b>Summary</b>: <tt>STRING(V)</tt> arguments are blank padded during the call to the <i>FORTRAN</i>
routine, but remain original in the C code. <tt>(P)STRINGV</tt> arguments are blank
padded for the <i>FORTRAN</i> call, and after returning from <i>FORTRAN</i> trailing blanks
are stripped off.

<p><li><tt>(P)ZTRINGV</tt>:

<ul>
<p><li> <tt>(P)ZTRINGV</tt> - is identical to <tt>(P)STRINGV</tt>,
except that the dimensions of the array of strings is explicitly specified,
which thus also allows a pointer to be passed.
<tt>(P)ZTRINGV</tt> can thus pass a 1- or 2-dimensional <tt>char</tt> array, e.g. 
<tt>char b[6][8]</tt>,
or it can pass a pointer to such an array, e.g. <tt>char *p;</tt>.
<tt>ZTRINGV</tt> may thus also pass a string constant, e.g. <tt>"hiho"</tt>.
If passing a 1-dimensional array, <tt>routine_name_ELEMS_j</tt> (see below) must be 1.
[Users of <tt>(P)ZTRINGV</tt> should examine <tt>cfortest.c</tt> for examples.]:

<p><li> <tt>(P)ZTRINGV</tt> must thus be used instead of <tt>(P)STRINGV</tt> whenever 
<tt>sizeof()</tt>
can't be used to determine the dimensions of the array of string or strings.
e.g. when calling <i>FORTRAN</i> from C with a <tt>char *</tt> received by C as an argument.

<p><li> There is no <tt>(P)ZTRING</tt> type, since <tt>(P)ZTRINGV</tt> can pass a 1-dimensional
array or a pointer to such an array, e.g. <tt>char a[7], *b;</tt>
If passing a 1-dimensional array, <tt>routine_name_ELEMS_j</tt> (see below) must be 1.

<p><li> To specify the numbers of elements,
<tt>routine_name_ELEMS_j</tt> and <tt>routine_name_ELEMLEN_j</tt> must be defined as shown below
before interfacing the routine with <tt>CCALLSFSUBn</tt>, <tt>PROTOCCALLSFFUNn</tt>, etc.

<FONT COLOR="#993300"><pre>
#define routine_name_ELEMS_j   ZTRINGV_ARGS(k)       
                                 [..ARGS for subroutines, ..ARGF for functions.]
</pre></font>
or

<FONT COLOR="#993300"><pre>
#define routine_name_ELEMS_j   ZTRINGV_NUM(l)
</pre></font>

Where: 
<pre>
       routine_name is as above.
       j            [1-n], is the argument being specifying.
       k            [1-n], the value of the k'th argument is the dynamic number
                    of elements for argument j. The k'th argument must be
                    of type BYTE, DOUBLE, FLOAT, INT, LONG or SHORT.
       l            the number of elements for argument j. This must be an
                    integer constant available at compile time.
                    i.e. it is static.
</pre>

<p><li> Similarly to specify the useful length, [i.e. don't count C's trailing <tt>'\0'</tt>,]
of each element:
<FONT COLOR="#993300"><pre>
#define routine_name_ELEMLEN_j ZTRINGV_ARGS(m)
                                 [..ARGS for subroutines, ..ARGF for functions.]
</pre></font>
or
<FONT COLOR="#993300"><pre>
#define routine_name_ELEMLEN_j ZTRINGV_NUM(q)
</pre></font>
Where: 
<pre>
       m            [1-n], as for k but this is the length of each element. 
       q            as for l but this is the length of each element. 
</pre>
</ul>


<p><li> <tt>ROUTINE</tt>
The argument is an <tt>EXTERNAL</tt> procedure.

When C passes a routine to <i>FORTRAN</i>, the language of the function must be
specified as follows:  [The case of <tt>some_*_function</tt> must be given as shown.]
<p>
When C passes a C routine to a <i>FORTRAN</i>: 
<FONT COLOR="#993300"><pre>
    FORTRAN_ROUTINE(arg1, .... ,       
                    C_FUNCTION(SOME_C_FUNCTION,some_c_function),
                    ...., argn);
</pre></font>
and similarly when C passes a <i>FORTRAN</i> routine to <i>FORTRAN</i>:
<FONT COLOR="#993300"><pre>
    FORTRAN_ROUTINE(arg1, .... ,
                    FORTRAN_FUNCTION(SOME_FORT_FUNCTION,some_fort_function),
                    ...., argn);
</pre></font>
If <tt>fcallsc</tt> has been redefined; the same definition of <tt>fcallsc</tt> used when creating
the wrapper for '<tt>some_c_function</tt>' must also be defined when <tt>C_FUNCTION</tt> is used.
<a href="cfortran.html#IIii5">See ii) 5. of this section</a> for when and how to redefine 
<tt>fcallsc</tt>.

<tt>ROUTINE</tt> was introduced with <tt>cfortran.h</tt> version 2.6. Earlier versions of
<tt>cfortran.h</tt> used <tt>PVOID</tt> to pass external procedures as arguments. Using 
<tt>PVOID</tt> for
this purpose is no longer recommended since it won't work 'as is' for
<tt>apolloFortran</tt>, <tt>hpuxFortran800</tt>, 
<tt>AbsoftUNIXFortran</tt>, <tt>AbsoftProFortran</tt>.

<p><li> CRAY only: 
<p>
In a given piece of source code, where FFUNC is any <i>FORTRAN</i> routine,
<tt>FORTRAN_FUNCTION(FFUNC,ffunc)</tt>
disallows a previous 
<tt>#define FFUNC(..) CCALLSFSUBn(FFUNC,ffunc,...)</tt> [ or <tt>CCALLSFFUNn</tt>]
in order to make the <tt>UPPER CASE FFUNC</tt> callable from C.
<tt>#define Ffunc(..) ...</tt> is OK though, as are obviously any other names.
</ol>

<h3>ii) Calling C routines from <i>FORTRAN</i>:</h3>

Each of the following two statements to export a C routine to <i>FORTRAN</i> create
<i>FORTRAN</i> 'wrappers', written in C, which must be compiled and linked along with
the original C routines and with the <i>FORTRAN</i> calling code.
<p>
<i>FORTRAN</i> callable 'wrappers' may also be created for C macros. i.e. in this
section, the term 'C function' may be replaced by 'C macro'.
<p>
for C functions returning void:
<FONT COLOR="#993300"><pre>
FCALLSCSUBn(             Routine_name,ROUTINE_NAME,routine_name,argtype_1,...,argtype_n)
</pre></font>

for all other C functions:
<FONT COLOR="#993300"><pre>
FCALLSCFUNn(routine_type,Routine_name,ROUTINE_NAME,routine_name,argtype_1,...,argtype_n)
</pre></font>

Where:
'n' = 0-&gt;27 (easily expanded to &gt; 27) stands for the number of arguments to the 
    routine.
<FONT COLOR="#993300"><pre>
Routine_name = the C       name of the routine. [see 9. below]
ROUTINE_NAME = the <i>FORTRAN</i> name of the routine (IN UPPER CASE LETTERS).
routine_name = the <i>FORTRAN</i> name of the routine (IN lower case LETTERS).
routine_type = the type of argument returned by C functions.
             = BYTE, DOUBLE, FLOAT, INT, LOGICAL, LONG, SHORT, STRING, VOID.
               [Instead of VOID, FCALLSCSUBn is recommended.]
argtype_i    = the type of argument passed to the <i>FORTRAN</i> routine and must be
               consistent in the definition and prototyping of the routine
             = BYTE, DOUBLE, FLOAT, INT, LOGICAL, LONG, SHORT, STRING.
             For vectors, i.e. 1 dim. arrays use 
             = BYTEV, DOUBLEV, FLOATV, INTV, LOGICALV, LONGV, SHORTV, STRINGV.
             For vectors of vectors, 2 dim. arrays use
             = BYTEVV, DOUBLEVV, FLOATVV, INTVV, LOGICALVV, LONGVV, SHORTVV.
             For n-dim. arrays use
             = BYTEV..nV's..V, DOUBLEV..V, FLOATV..V, INTV..V, LOGICALV..V, 
               LONGV..V, SHORTV..V.
             For routines changing the values of an argument, the keyword is 
                  prepended by a 'P'.
             = PBYTE, PDOUBLE, PFLOAT, PINT, PLOGICAL, PLONG, PSHORT, 
               PSTRING, PNSTRING, PPSTRING, PSTRINGV.
             For EXTERNAL procedures passed as arguments use
             = ROUTINE.
             For exceptional arguments which require no massaging to fit the
                  argument passing mechanisms use
             = PVOID.
                The argument is cast and passed as (void *).
</pre></font>


Notes:
<ol>
<p><li> For <i>FORTRAN</i> calling C++ routines, C++ does NOT easily allow support for: 
   <tt>STRINGV</tt>.
   <tt>BYTEVV</tt>, <tt>DOUBLEVV</tt>, <tt>FLOATVV</tt>, <tt>INTVV</tt>, <tt>LOGICALVV</tt>, <tt>LONGVV</tt>, <tt>SHORTVV</tt>.
   <tt>BYTEV..V</tt>, <tt>DOUBLEV..V</tt>, <tt>FLOATV..V</tt>, <tt>INTV..V</tt>, <tt>LOGICALV..V</tt>, <tt>LONGV..V</tt>, <tt>SHORTV..V</tt>.
Though there are ways to get around this restriction,
the restriction is not serious since these types are unlikely to be used as
arguments for a C++ routine.

<p><li> <tt>FCALLSCSUB/FUNn</tt> expect that the routine to be 'wrapped' has been properly
prototyped, or at least declared.


<p><li> <tt>cfortran.h</tt> may be expanded to handle a new argument type not already among
the above. 


<a name="IIii4"></a>
<p><li> <tt>[BYTE|DOUBLE|BYTE|DOUBLE|FLOAT|INT|LOGICAL|LONG|SHORT][V|VV|VVV|...]</tt>
<p>
<tt>cfortran.h</tt> encourages the exact specification of the type and dimension of
array parameters because it allows the C compiler to detect errors in the
arguments when declaring the routine using <tt>FCALLSCSUB/FUNn</tt>, assuming the
routine to be 'wrapped' has been properly prototyped.
<p>
<tt>cfortran.h</tt> does not strictly require the exact specification since the argument 
is merely the address of the array and is passed on to the calling routine.
Any array parameter could be declared as <tt>PVOID</tt>, but this circumvents
C's compiletime ability to check the correctness of arguments and is therefore
discouraged.
<p>
Passing the address of these arguments implies that <tt>PBYTEV</tt>, <tt>PFLOATV</tt>, ... ,
<tt>PDOUBLEVV</tt>, ... don't exist in <tt>cfortran.h</tt>, since by default the routine and the
calling code share the same array, i.e. the same values at the same memory
location.
<p>
These comments do NOT apply to arrays of <tt>(P)STRINGV</tt>. For these parameters,
<tt>cfortran.h</tt> passes a massaged copy of the array to the routine. When the routine
returns, <tt>STRINGV</tt> ignores the copy, while <tt>PSTRINGV</tt> replaces the calling
code's original array with copy, which may have been modified by the called
routine.


<p><li> <a name="IIii5"></a>
<tt>(P(N))STRING</tt> arguments have any trailing blanks removed before being passed
to C, the same holds true for each element in <tt>(P)STRINGV</tt>. Space is malloc'd in
all cases big enough to hold the original string (elements) as well as C's
terminating <tt>'\0'</tt>. i.e. The useful size of the string (elements) is the same in
both languages. <tt>P(N)STRING(V)</tt> =&gt; the string (elements) will be copied from the
malloc'd space back into the <i>FORTRAN</i> bytes. If one of the two escape mechanisms
mentioned below for PNSTRING has been used, the copying back to <i>FORTRAN</i> is
obviously not relevant.


<p><li> <tt>(PN)STRING</tt>'s, [NOT <tt>PSTRING</tt>'s nor <tt>(P)STRINGV</tt>'s,] 
behavior may be overridden
in two cases.  In both cases <tt>PNSTRING</tt> and <tt>STRING</tt> behave identically.
<ol>
<p><li> If a <tt>(PN)STRING</tt> argument's first 4 bytes are all the <tt>NUL</tt> character,
i.e. <tt>'\0\0\0\0'</tt> the </tt>NULL</tt> pointer is passed to the C routine.

<p><li> the <tt>NUL</tt> character, i.e. C strings' terminating 
<tt>'\0'</tt>, the address of the string
is simply passed to the C routine. i.e. The argument is treated in this case as
it would be with <tt>PPSTRING</tt>, to which we refer the reader for more detail.
</ol>
<p>
Mechanism 1. overrides 2. . Therefore, to use this mechanism to pass the <tt>NULL</tt>
string, <tt>""</tt>, to C, the first character of the string must obviously be the <tt>NUL</tt>
character, but of the first 4 characters in the string, at least one must not
be <tt>HEX-00</tt>.

<p>Example:
<FONT COLOR="#993300"><pre>

<b>C FORTRAN                                               /* C */</b>
character*40 str                                        #include &lt;cfortran.h&gt;
C Set up a NULL as :                                    void cs(char *s) {if (s) printf("%s.\n",s);}
C    i)  4 NUL characters.                              FCALLSCSUB1(cs,CS,cs,STRING)
C    ii) NULL pointer.
      character*4 NULL        
      NULL = CHAR(0)//CHAR(0)//CHAR(0)//CHAR(0)

      data str/'just some string'/

C Passing the NULL pointer to cs.
      call cs(NULL)
C Passing a copy of 'str' to cs.
      call cs(str)
C Passing address of 'str' to cs. Trailing blanks NOT killed.
      str(40:) = NULL
      call cs(str)
      end
</pre></font>

Strings passed from <i>FORTRAN</i> to C via <tt>(PN)STRING</tt> must not have undefined
contents, otherwise undefined behavior will result, since one of the above two
escape mechanisms may occur depending on the contents of the string.
<p>
This is not be a problem for <tt>STRING</tt> arguments, which are read-only in the C
routine and hence must have a well defined value when being passed in.
<p>
<tt>PNSTRING</tt> arguments require special care. Even if they are write-only in the C
routine, <tt>PNSTRING</tt>'s above two escape mechanisms require that the value of the
argument be well defined when being passed in from <i>FORTRAN</i> to C. Therefore,
unless one or both of <tt>PNSTRING</tt>'s escape mechanisms are required, <tt>PSTRING</tt>
 should
be used instead of <tt>PNSTRING</tt>.
Prior to version 2.8, <tt>PSTRING</tt> did have the above two escape mechanisms,
but they were removed from <tt>PSTRING</tt> to allow strings with undefined contents to
be passed in. <tt>PNSTRING</tt> behaves like the old <tt>PSTRING</tt>.
[Thanks go to Paul Dubois (<tt>dubios@icf.llnl.gov</tt>) for pointing out that <tt>PSTRING</tt>
 must allow for strings with undefined contents to be passed in.]

<p>Example:

<FONT COLOR="#993300"><pre>
<b>C FORTRAN                                               /* C */</b>
character*10 s,sn                                       #include &lt;cfortran.h&gt;
                                                        void ps(char *s) {strcpy(s,"hello");}
C Can   call ps  with undef. s.                         FCALLSCSUB1(ps,PS,ps,PSTRING)
      call ps(s)                                        FCALLSCSUB1(ps,PNS,pns,PNSTRING)
      print *,s,'=s'
                              
C Can't call pns with undef. s.
C e.g. If first 4 bytes of s were
C      "\0\0\0\0", ps would try
C      to copy to NULL because
C      of PNSTRING mechanism.
      sn = ""
      call pns(sn)
      print *,sn,'=sn'
                                               
      end
</pre></font>


<p><li> <tt>PPSTRING</tt>
The address of the string argument is simply passed to the C routine. Therefore
the C routine and the <i>FORTRAN</i> calling code share the same string at the same
memory location. If the C routine modifies the string, the string will also be
modified for the <i>FORTRAN</i> calling code.
The user is responsible for negociating the differences in representation of a
string in <i>FORTRAN</i> and in C, i.e. the differences are not automatically resolved
as they are for <tt>(P(N)STRING(V)</tt>.
This mechanism is provided for two reasons:
<ul>
   <p><li> Some C routines require the string to exist at the given memory location, 
     after the C routine has exited. Recall that for the usual <tt>P(N)STRING(V)</tt>
     mechanism, a copy of the <i>FORTRAN</i> string is given to the C routine, and this
     copy ceases to exist after returning to the <i>FORTRAN</i> calling code.
   <p><li> This mechanism can save runtime CPU cycles over 
     (<tt>P(N)STRING(V)</tt>, since it
     does not perform their malloc, copy and kill trailing blanks of the string
     to be passed.<br>
     Only in a small minority of cases does the potential benefit of the saved
     CPU cycles outweigh the programming effort required to manually resolve
     the differences in representation of a string in <i>FORTRAN</i> and in C.
</ul>
<p>
For arguments passed via <tt>PPSTRING</tt>, the argument passed 
may also be an array of
strings.


<p><li> <tt>ROUTINE</tt>
ANSI C requires that the type of the value returned by the routine be known,
For all ROUTINE arguments passed from <i>FORTRAN</i> to C, the type of <tt>ROUTINE</tt> is
specified by defining a cast as follows:
<FONT COLOR="#993300"><pre>
#undef  ROUTINE_j
#define ROUTINE_j   (cast)
</pre></font>
Where:
<pre>
       j            [1-n], is the argument being specifying.
       (cast)       is a cast matching that of the argument expected by the C
                    function protoytpe for which a wrapper is being defined.
</pre>
e.g. To create a <i>FORTRAN</i> wrapper for <tt>qsort(3C)</tt>:
<FONT COLOR="#993300"><pre>
#undef  ROUTINE_4
#define ROUTINE_4 (int (*)(void *,void *))
FCALLSCSUB4(qsort,FQSORT,fqsort,PVOID,INT,INT,ROUTINE)
</pre></font>
In order to maintain backward compatibility, <tt>cfortran.h</tt> defines a generic cast
for <tt>ROUTINE_1</tt>, <tt>ROUTINE_2</tt>, ..., <tt>ROUTINE_27</tt>. The user's definition 
is therefore
strictly required only for DEC C, which at the moment is the only compiler
which insists on the correct cast for pointers to functions.
<p>
When using the <tt>ROUTINE</tt> argument inside some <i>FORTRAN</i> code:

<ul>

<p><li> it is difficult to pass a C routine as the parameter,
  since in many <i>FORTRAN</i> implementations,
  <i>FORTRAN</i> has no access to the normal C namespace.
  e.g. For most UNIX,
       <i>FORTRAN</i> implicitly only has access to C routines ending in <tt>_</tt>.
  If the calling <i>FORTRAN</i> code receives the routine as a parameter
  it can of course easily pass it along.
<p><li> if a <i>FORTRAN</i> routine is passed directly as the parameter,
  the called C routine must call the parameter routine
  using the <i>FORTRAN</i> argument passing conventions.
<p><li> if a <i>FORTRAN</i> routine is to be passed as the parameter,
  but if <i>FORTRAN</i> can be made to pass a C routine as the parameter,
  then it may be best to pass a C-callable wrapper for the <i>FORTRAN</i> routine.
  The called C routine is thus spared all <i>FORTRAN</i> argument passing conventions.
  <tt>cfortran.h</tt> can be used to create such a C-callable wrapper
  to the parameter <i>FORTRAN</i> routine.
</ul>
<p>
ONLY PowerStationFortran:
<p>
This <i>FORTRAN</i> provides no easy way to pass a <i>FORTRAN</i> routine as an argument to a
C routine. The problem arises because in <i>FORTRAN</i> the stack is cleared by the
called routine, while in C/C++ it is cleared by the caller.
The C/C++ stack clearing behavior can be changed to that of <i>FORTRAN</i> by using
<tt>stdcall__</tt> in the function prototype. The <tt>stdcall__</tt> cannot be applied in this
case since the called C routine expects the ROUTINE parameter to be a C routine
and does not know that it should apply <tt>stdcall__</tt>.
In principle the <tt>cfortran.h</tt> generated <i>FORTRAN</i> callable wrapper for the called C
routine should be able to massage the <tt>ROUTINE</tt> argument such that <tt>stdcall__</tt> is
performed, but it is not yet known how this could be easily done.


<p><li> <i>The following instructions are not required for VAX/VMS:</i>
<p>
<tt>(P)STRINGV</tt> information [NOT required for VAX VMS]: <tt>cfortran.h</tt> cannot convert
the <i>FORTRAN</i> vector of <tt>STRINGS</tt> to the required C vector of <tt>STRINGS</tt> without
explicitly knowing the number of elements in the vector. The application must
do one of the following for each <tt>(P)STRINGV</tt> argument in a routine before that
routine's <tt>FCALLSCFUNn/SUBn</tt> is called:

<FONT COLOR="#993300"><pre>
#define routine_name_STRV_Ai NUM_ELEMS(j)
 or
#define routine_name_STRV_Ai NUM_ELEM_ARG(k)
 or
#define routine_name_STRV_Ai TERM_CHARS(l,m)
</pre></font>

where:

<pre>
       routine_name     is as above.
       i [i=1-&gt;n.]      specifies the argument number of a STRING VECTOR.
       j                would specify a fixed number of elements. 
       k [k=1-&gt;n. k!=i] would specify an integer argument which specifies the
                        number of elements.
       l [char]         the terminating character at the beginning of an
                        element, indicating to <tt>cfortran.h</tt> that the preceding
                        elements in the vector are the valid ones.
       m [m=1-...]      the number of terminating characters required to appear
                        at the beginning of the terminating string element.
                        The terminating element is NOT passed on to 
                        the C routine.

e.g.      #define ce_STRV_A1 TERM_CHARS(' ',2)
          FCALLSCSUB1(ce,CE,ce,STRINGV)
</pre>

<tt>cfortran.h</tt> will pass on all elements, in the 1st and only argument to the C
routine ce, of the <tt>STRING VECTOR</tt> until, but not including, the first string
element beginning with 2 blank, <tt>' '</tt>, characters.


<p><li> <i>Instructions required only for <i>FORTRAN</i> compilers which generate
           routine names which are undistinguishable from c routine names:</i>
<br>
   i.e. 
<pre>
        VAX VMS
        AbsoftUNIXFortran (AbsoftProFortran ok, since it uses Uppercase names.)
        HP9000      if not using the +ppu      option of <tt>f77</tt>
        IBM RS/6000 if not using the -qextname option of xlf
</pre>
   Call them the <tt>same_namespace</tt> compilers.
<p>
<tt>FCALLSCSUBn(...)</tt> and <tt>FCALLSCFUNn(...)</tt>, when compiled, are expanded into
'wrapper' functions, so called because they wrap around the original C 
functions and interface the format of the original C functions' arguments and
return values with the format of the <i>FORTRAN</i> call.
<p>
Ideally one wants to be able to call the C routine from <i>FORTRAN</i> using the same
name as the original C name. This is not a problem for <i>FORTRAN</i> compilers which
append an underscore, <tt>'_'</tt>, to the names of routines, since the original C
routine has the name 'name', and the <i>FORTRAN</i> wrapper is called <tt>'name_'</tt>.
Similarly, if the <i>FORTRAN</i> compiler generates upper case names for routines, the
original C routine <tt>'name'</tt> can have a wrapper called <tt>'NAME'</tt>, [Assuming the C
routine name is not in upper case.] For these compilers, e.g. Mips, CRAY, IBM
RS/6000 <tt>'xlf -qextname'</tt>, HP-UX </tt>'f77 +ppu'</tt>, the naming of the wrappers is done
automatically.
<p>
For <tt>same_namespace</tt> compilers things are not as simple, but <tt>cfortran.h</tt> tries to
provide tools and guidelines to minimize the costs involved in meeting their
constraints. The following two options can provide <tt>same_namespace</tt> compilers
with distinct names for the wrapper and the original C function.
<p>
These compilers are flagged by <tt>cfortran.h</tt> with the <tt>CF_SAME_NAMESPACE</tt>  constant,
so that the change in the C name occurs only when required.
<p>
For the remainder of the discussion, routine names generated by <i>FORTRAN</i>
compilers are referred to in lower case, these names should be read as upper
case for the appropriate compilers.
<p>
<i>HP9000 (When <tt>f77 +ppu</tt> is not used.)</i>
<p>
<tt>f77</tt> has a <tt>-U</tt> option which forces uppercase external names to be generated.
Unfortunately, <tt>cc</tt> does not handle recursive macros. Hence, if one wished to use
<tt>-U</tt> for separate C and <i>FORTRAN</i> namespaces, one would have to adopt a different
convention of naming the macros which allow C to call <i>FORTRAN</i> subroutines.
(Functions are not a problem.) The macros are currently the uppercase of the
original <i>FORTRAN</i> name, and would have to be changed to lower case or mixed
case, or to a different name. (Lower case would of course cause conflicts on
many other machines.) Therefore, it is suggested that <tt>f77 -U</tt>  not be used, and
instead that Option a) or Option b) outlined below be used.

<p>
<i>VAX/VMS:</i>
<p>
For the name used by <i>FORTRAN</i> in calling a C routine to be the same as that of
the C routine, the source code of the C routine is required. A preprocessor
directive can then force the C compiler to generate a different name for the C
routine. e.g. 
<FONT COLOR="#993300"><pre>
                    #if defined(vms)
                    #define name name_
                    #endif
                    void name() {printf("name: was called.\n");}
                    FCALLSCSUB0(name,NAME,name)
</pre></font>
In the above, the C compiler generates the original routine with the name
<tt>'name_'</tt> and a wrapper called <tt>'NAME'</tt>. This assumes that the name of the routine,
as seen by the C programmer, is not in upper case. The VAX VMS linker is not
case sensitive, allowing <tt>cfortran.h</tt> to export the upper case name as the
wrapper, which then doesn't conflict with the routine name in C. Since the IBM,
HP and AbsoftUNIXFortran platforms have case sensitive linkers
this technique is not available to them.
<p>
The above technique is required even if the C name is in mixed case, see 
Option a) for the other compilers, but is obviously not required when 
Option b) is used.
<p>

<b>Option a)</b> Mixed Case names for the C routines to be called by <i>FORTRAN</i>.
<p>
If the original C routines have mixed case names, there are no name space
conflicts.
<p>
Nevertheless for VAX/VMS, the technique outlined above must also be used.

<p>

<b>Option b)</b> Modifying the names of C routines when used by <i>FORTRAN</i>:

The more robust naming mechanism, which guarantees portability to all machines, 
'renames' C routines when called by <i>FORTRAN</i>. Indeed, one must change the names
on <tt>same_namespace</tt> compilers when <i>FORTRAN</i> calls C routines for which the source
is unavailable. [Even when the source is available, renaming may be preferable
to Option a) for large libraries of C routines.]
<p>
Obviously, if done for a single type of machine, it must be done for all
machines since the names of routines used in <i>FORTRAN</i> code cannot be easily
redefined for different machines.
<p>
The simplest way to achieve this end is to do explicitly give the modified
<i>FORTRAN</i> name in the <tt>FCALLSCSUBn(...)</tt> and <tt>FCALLSCFUNn(...)</tt> 
declarations. e.g.

<FONT COLOR="#993300"><pre>
FCALLSCSUB0(name,CFNAME,cfname)
</pre></font>

This allows <i>FORTRAN</i> to call the C routine <tt>'name'</tt> as <tt>'cfname'</tt>. 
Any name can of
course be used for a given routine when it is called from <i>FORTRAN</i>, although
this is discouraged due to the confusion it is sure to cause.  e.g. Bizarre,
but valid and allowing C's <tt>'call_back'</tt> routine to be called from <i>FORTRAN</i> as
<tt>'abcd'</tt>:
<FONT COLOR="#993300"><pre>
FCALLSCSUB0(call_back,ABCD,abcd)
</pre></font>

<tt>cfortran.h</tt> also provides preprocessor directives for a systematic 'renaming' of
the C routines when they are called from <i>FORTRAN</i>. This is done by redefining
the fcallsc macro before the <tt>FCALLSCSUB/FUN/n</tt> declarations as follows:
<FONT COLOR="#993300"><pre>
#undef  fcallsc
#define fcallsc(UN,LN) preface_fcallsc(CF,cf,UN,LN)

FCALLSCSUB0(hello,HELLO,hello)
</pre></font>
Will cause C's routine 'hello' to be known in <i>FORTRAN</i> as <tt>'cfhello'</tt>. Similarly
all subsequent <tt>FCALLSCSUB/FUN/n</tt> declarations will generate wrappers to allow
<i>FORTRAN</i> to call C with the C routine's name prefaced by <tt>'cf'</tt>. The following has
the same effect, with subsequent <tt>FCALLSCSUB/FUN/n</tt>'s appending the modifier to
the original C routines name.
<FONT COLOR="#993300"><pre>
#undef  fcallsc
#define fcallsc(UN,LN) append_fcallsc(Y,y,UN,LN)

FCALLSCSUB0(Xroutine,ROUTINE,routine)
</pre></font>
Hence, C's Xroutine is called from <i>FORTRAN</i> as:
<FONT COLOR="#993300"><pre>
       CALL XROUTINEY()
</pre></font>
The original behavior of <tt>FCALLSCSUB/FUN/n</tt>, where <i>FORTRAN</i> routine names are left
identical to those of C, is returned using:
<FONT COLOR="#993300"><pre>
#undef  fcallsc
#define fcallsc(UN,LN) orig_fcallsc(UN,LN)
</pre></font>

In C, when passing a C routine, i.e. its wrapper, as an argument to a <i>FORTRAN</i>
routine, the <i>FORTRAN</i> name declared is used and the correct fcallsc must be in
effect. E.g. Passing 'name' and 'routine' of the above examples to the <i>FORTRAN</i>
routines, <tt>FT1</tt> and <tt>FT2</tt>, respectively:
<FONT COLOR="#993300"><pre>
/* This might not be needed if fcallsc is already orig_fcallsc. */
#undef  fcallsc
#define fcallsc(UN,LN) orig_fcallsc(UN,LN)
FT1(C_FUNCTION(CFNAME,cfname));

#undef  fcallsc
#define fcallsc(UN,LN) append_fcallsc(Y,y,UN,LN)
FT1(C_FUNCTION(XROUTINE,xroutine));
</pre></font>
If the names of C routines are modified when used by <i>FORTRAN</i>, fcallsc would
usually be defined once in a header_file.h for the application. This definition
would then be used and be valid for the entire application and fcallsc would at
no point need to be redefined.

<p>
<b>
Once again: the definitions, instructions, declarations and difficulties
described here, note 9. OF II ii), 
apply only for,
</b><pre>
               VAX VMS
               IBM RS/6000 WITHOUT THE -qextname OPTION FOR xlf, OR
               HP-UX       WITHOUT THE +ppu      OPTION FOR f77
               AbsoftUNIXFortran
</pre>
<b>
and apply only when creating wrappers which enable 
<i>FORTRAN</i> to call c routines.
</b>

</ol>

<h3>iii) Using C to manipulate <i>FORTRAN</i> COMMON BLOCKS:</h3>

<i>FORTRAN</i> common blocks are set up with the following three constructs:
<ol>
<p><li>
<FONT COLOR="#993300"><pre>
#define Common_block_name COMMON_BLOCK(COMMON_BLOCK_NAME,common_block_name)
</pre></font>
<pre>
Common_block_name is in UPPER CASE. 
COMMON_BLOCK_NAME is in UPPER CASE.
common_block_name is in lower case. 
</pre>
[<tt>Common_block_name</tt> actually follows the same 'rules' as 
<tt>Routine_name</tt> in 
<a href="cfortran.html#IIi2">Note 2. of II i)</a>.] 
This construct exists to ensure that C code accessing the common
block is machine independent.

<p><li>
<FONT COLOR="#993300"><pre>
COMMON_BLOCK_DEF(TYPEDEF_OF_STRUCT, Common_block_name);
</pre></font>

where 
<FONT COLOR="#993300"><pre>
typedef { ... } TYPEDEF_OF_STRUCT;
</pre></font>
declares the structure which maps on to the common block. The 
<tt>#define</tt> of
<tt>Common_block_name</tt> must come before the use of 
<tt>COMMON_BLOCK_DEF</tt>.

<p><li>
In exactly one of the C source files, storage should be set aside for the
common block with the definition: 

<FONT COLOR="#993300"><pre>
TYPEDEF_OF_STRUCT  Common_block_name;
</pre></font>

The above definition may have to be omitted on some machines for a common block
which is initialized by <i>FORTRAN</i> 
<tt>BLOCK DATA</tt> or is declared with a smaller size
in the C routines than in the <i>FORTRAN</i> routines.
<p>
The rules for common blocks are not well defined when linking/loading a mixture
of C and <i>FORTRAN</i>, but the following information may help 
resolve problems.
<p>
From the 2nd or ANSI ed. of K&amp;R C, p.31, last paragraph:
<p><b>i)</b>
 An external variable must be defined, exactly once, outside of any function;
 this sets aside storage for it.
<p><b>ii)</b>
 The variable must also be declared in each function that wants to access it;
 ...
 The declaration ... may be implicit from context.
<p>
In <i>FORTRAN</i>, every routine says <tt>'common /bar/ foo'</tt>,
i.e. part ii) of the above, but there's no part i) requirement.
<tt>cc/ld</tt> on some machines don't require i) either.
Therefore, when handling <i>FORTRAN</i>, and sometimes C,
the loader/linker must automagically set aside storage for common blocks.
<p>
Some loaders, including at least one for the CRAY, turn off the
'automagically set aside storage' capability for <i>FORTRAN</i> common blocks,
if any C object declares that common block.
Therefore, C code should define, i.e. set aside storage,
for the the common block as shown above.

e.g.
<FONT COLOR="#993300"><pre>
<b>C Fortran</b>
      common /fcb/  v,w,x
      character *(13) v, w(4), x(3,2)

<b>/* C */</b>
typedef struct { char v[13],w[4][13],x[2][3][13]; } FCB_DEF;
#define Fcb COMMON_BLOCK(FCB,fcb)
COMMON_BLOCK_DEF(FCB_DEF,Fcb);
FCB_DEF Fcb;      /* Definition, which sets aside storage for Fcb, */
                  /* may appear in at most one C source file.      */
</pre></font>

C programs can place a string (or a multidimensional array of strings) into a
<i>FORTRAN</i> common block using the following call:

<FONT COLOR="#993300"><pre>
C2FCBSTR( CSTR, FSTR,DIMENSIONS);
</pre></font>

where:
<br>
<tt>CSTR</tt> is a pointer to the first element of C's copy of the string (array). 
     The C code must use a duplicate of, not the original, common block string,
     because the <i>FORTRAN</i> common block does not allocate space for C strings'
     terminating '\0'.
<br>
<tt>FSTR</tt> is a pointer to the first element of the string (array) in the common
     block.
<br>
<tt>DIMENSIONS</tt> is the number of dimensions of string array. 
     e.g. 
<FONT COLOR="#993300"><pre>
          char a[10]      has DIMENSIONS=0.
          char aa[10][17] has DIMENSIONS=1.
          etc...
</pre></font>

<tt>C2FCBSTR</tt> will copy the string (array) from <tt>CSTR</tt> to <tt>FSTR</tt>, 
padding with blanks, 
' ', the trailing characters as required. <tt>C2FCBSTR</tt> uses <tt>DIMENSIONS</tt> 
and <tt>FSTR</tt> to
determine the lengths of the individual string elements and the total number of
elements in the string array.
<p>
Note that:
<ul>
<li> the number of string elements in <tt>CSTR</tt> and <tt>FSTR</tt> are identical.
<li> for arrays of strings, the useful lengths of strings in <tt>CSTR</tt> and <tt>FSTR</tt> must be
  the same. i.e. <tt>CSTR</tt> elements each have 1 extra character to accommodate the
  terminating <tt>'\0'</tt>.
<li> On most non-ANSI compilers, the <tt>DIMENSION</tt> argument cannot be prepended by any
  blanks.
</ul>
<p>
<tt>FCB2CSTR( FSTR, CSTR,DIMENSIONS)</tt>

is the inverse of <tt>C2FCBSTR</tt>, and shares the same arguments and caveats.
<tt>FCB2CSTR</tt> copies each string element of <tt>FSTR</tt> to <tt>CSTR</tt>,
 minus <i>FORTRAN</i> strings'
trailing blanks.
<p>

<b><tt>cfortran.h</tt> 
users are strongly urged to examine the common block examples in
<tt>cfortest.c</tt> and <tt>cfortex.f</tt></b>. 
The use of strings in common blocks is
demonstrated, along with a suggested way for C to imitate <i>FORTRAN</i> 
<tt>EQUIVALENCE</tt>'d
variables.
</ol>

<p>
<center><b>
              **** USERS OF CFORTRAN.H NEED READ NO FURTHER ****
</b></center>

<h2>III) Some Musings</h2>

<tt>cfortran.h</tt> is simple enough to be used by the most basic of 
applications, i.e.
making a single C/<i>FORTRAN</i> routine available to the <i>FORTRAN</i>/C programmers. Yet
<tt>cfortran.h</tt> is powerful enough to easily make entire C/<i>FORTRAN</i> 
libraries
available to <i>FORTRAN</i>/C programmers. 
<p>

<tt>cfortran.h</tt> is the ideal tool for <i>FORTRAN</i> libraries which are being 
(re)written
in C, but are to (continue to) support <i>FORTRAN</i> users. It allows the routines to
be written in 'natural C', without having to consider the <i>FORTRAN</i> argument
passing mechanisms of any machine. It also allows C code accessing these
rewritten routines, to use the C entry point. Without <tt>cfortran.h</tt>, 
one risks the
perverse practice of C code calling a C function using <i>FORTRAN</i> argument 
passing
mechanisms!
<p>

Perhaps the philosophy and mechanisms of <tt>cfortran.h</tt> could be used 
and extended
to create other language bridges such as ADAFORTRAN, CPASCAL, COCCAM, etc.
<p>

The code generation machinery inside <tt>cfortran.h</tt>, i.e. the global 
structure is
quite good, being clean and workable as seen by its ability to meet the needs
and constraints of many different compilers. Though the individual instructions
of the A..., C..., T..., R... and K... tables deserve to be cleaned up.


<a name="IV"></a>
<h2>IV) Getting Serious with cfortran.h</h2>

<tt>cfortran.h</tt> is set up to be as simple as possible for the casual user. While
this ease of use will always be present, 'hooks', i.e. preprocessor directives,
are required in <tt>cfortran.h</tt> so that some of the following 'inefficiencies' can
be eliminated if they cause difficulties:

<ul>
<p><li> <tt>cfortran.h</tt> contains a few small routines for string manipulation. These
routines are declared static and are included and compiled in all source code
which uses <tt>cfortran.h</tt>. Hooks should be provided in <tt>cfortran.h</tt> to create an
object file of these routines, allowing <tt>cfortran.h</tt> to merely prototypes
these routines in the application source code. This is the only 'problem' which
afflicts both halves of <tt>cfortran.h</tt>. The remaining discussion refers to the C
calls <i>FORTRAN</i> half only.

<p><li> Similar to the above routines, <tt>cfortran.h</tt> generates code for a 'wrapper'
routine for each FUNCTION exported from <i>FORTRAN</i>. Again <tt>cfortran.h</tt> needs
preprocessor directives to create a single object file of these routines,
and to merely prototype them in the applications.

<p><li> Libraries often contain hundreds of routines. While the preprocessor makes
quick work of generating the required interface code from <tt>cfortran.h</tt> and the
application.h's, it may be convenient for very large stable libraries to have
final_application.h's which already contain the interface code, i.e. these
final_application.h's would not require <tt>cfortran.h</tt>. [The convenience can be
imagined for the VAX VMS CC compiler which has a fixed amount of memory for
preprocessor directives. Not requiring <tt>cfortran.h</tt>, with its hundreds of
directives, could help prevent this compiler from choking on its internal
limits quite so often.]
</ul>

With a similar goal in mind, <tt>cfortran.h</tt> defines 100's of preprocessor
directives. There is always the potential that these will clash with other tags
in the users code, so final_applications.h, which don't require <tt>cfortran.h</tt>,
also provide the solution.
<p>
In the same vein, routines with more than 14 arguments can not be interfaced by
<tt>cfortran.h</tt> with compilers which limit C macros to 31 arguments. To resolve this
difficulty, final_application.h's can be created on a compiler without this
limitation.
<p>
Therefore, new machinery is required to do:

<FONT COLOR="#993300"><pre>
application.h + <tt>cfortran.h</tt> =&gt; final_application.h
</pre></font>

The following example may help clarify the means and ends:
<p>
If the following definition of the <tt>HBOOK1</tt> routine, 
the <tt>/*commented_out_part*/</tt>,
is passed through the preprocessor [perhaps #undefing and #defining 
preprocessor
constants if creating an <tt>application.h</tt> for compiler other than that of the
preprocessor being used, e.g. <tt>cpp -Umips -DCRAY ... </tt>] :

<FONT COLOR="#993300"><pre>
#include &lt;cfortran.h&gt;
PROTOCCALLSFSUB6(HBOOK1,hbook1,INT,STRING,INT,FLOAT,FLOAT,FLOAT)
/*#define HBOOK1(ID,CHTITLE,NX,XMI,XMA,VMX)                 \*/
     CCALLSFSUB6(HBOOK1,hbook1,INT,STRING,INT,FLOAT,FLOAT,FLOAT, \
                 ID,CHTITLE,NX,XMI,XMA,VMX) 
</pre></font>

A function prototype is produced by the <tt>PROTOCCALLSFSUB6(...)</tt>.
Interface code is produced, based on the 'variables', 
<tt>ID,CHTITLE,NX,XMI,XMA,VMX</tt> which will correctly massage a 
<tt>HBOOK1</tt> call.
Therefore, adding the #define line:

<FONT COLOR="#993300"><pre>
'prototype code'
#define HBOOK1(ID,CHTITLE,NX,XMI,XMA,VMX)                 \
 'interface code'(ID,CHTITLE,NX,XMI,XMA,VMX)
</pre></font>

which is placed into <tt>final_application.h</tt>.
<p>
The only known limitation of the above method does not allow the 'variable'
names to include <tt>B1,B2,...,B9,BA,BB,... </tt>

Obviously the machinery to automatically generate 
<tt>final_applications.h</tt> from
<tt>cfortran.h</tt> and 
<tt>applications.h</tt> needs more than just some preprocessor
directives, but a fairly simple unix shell script should be sufficient. Any
takers?



<h2>V) Machine Dependencies of cfortran.h</h2>

Porting <tt>cfortran.h</tt> applications, e.g. the <tt>hbook.h</tt> and 
<tt>cstring.c</tt> mentioned
above, to other machines is trivial since they are machine independent. 
Porting
<tt>cfortran.h</tt> requires a solid knowledge of the new machines C 
preprocessor, and
its <i>FORTRAN</i> argument passing mechanisms. Logically <tt>cfortran.h</tt> 
exists as two
halves, a "C CALLS FORTRAN" and a "FORTRAN CALLS C" utility. In some cases it
may be perfectly reasonable to port only 'one half' of <tt>cfortran.h</tt> onto a new
system.
<p>

The lucky programmer porting <tt>cfortran.h</tt> to a new machine, must discover the
<i>FORTRAN</i> argument passing mechanisms. A safe starting point is to assume that
variables and arrays are simply passed by reference, but nothing is guaranteed.
Strings, and n-dimensional arrays of strings are a different story. It is
doubtful that any systems do it quite like VAX VMS does it, so that a UNIX or
<tt>f2c</tt> versions may provide an easier starting point.
<p>

<tt>cfortran.h</tt> uses and abuses the preprocessor's 
<tt>##</tt> operator. Although the <tt>##</tt>
operator does not exist in many compilers, many kludges do. 
<tt>cfortran.h</tt> uses
<tt>/**/</tt> with no space allowed between the slashes, <tt>'/'
</tt>, and the macros or tags
to be concatenated. e.g.

<FONT COLOR="#993300"><pre>
#define concat(a,b) a/**/b   /* works*/
main()
{
  concat(pri,ntf)("hello");           /* e.g. */
}
</pre></font>

<b>N.B.</b> On some compilers without ##, /**/ may also not work. The author may be
able to offer alternate kludges.



<h2>VI) Bugs in vendors C compilers and other curiosities</h2>

<ol>
<p><li> ULTRIX xxxxxx 4.3 1 RISC
<br>
Condolences to long suffering ultrix users!
DEC supplies a working C front end for alpha/OSF, but not for ultrix.
<p>
From K&amp;R ANSI C p. 231:
<FONT COLOR="#993300"><pre>
   ultrix&gt; cat cat.c
   #define cat(x, y) x ## y
   #define xcat(x,y) cat(x,y)
   cat(cat(1,2),3)
   xcat(xcat(1,2),3)
   ultrix&gt; cc -E cat.c
   123                  &lt;---- Should be: cat(1,2)3
   123                  &lt;---- Correct.
   ultrix&gt; 
</pre></font>

The problem for <tt>cfortran.h</tt>, preventing use of -std and -std1:

<FONT COLOR="#993300"><pre>
   ultrix&gt; cat c.c
   #define cat(x, y) x ## y
   #define xcat(x,y) cat(x,y)
   #define AB(X) X+X
   #define C(E,F,G)  cat(E,F)(G)
   #define X(E,F,G) xcat(E,F)(G)
   C(A,B,2)
   X(A,B,2)
   ultrix&gt; cc -std1 -E c.c
   2+2  
   AB  (2)              &lt;---- ?????????????
   ultrix&gt;
   ultrix&gt; cc -std0 -E c.c
   2+2  
   AB(2)                &lt;---- ?????????????
   ultrix&gt;
</pre></font>

Due to further ultrix preprocessor problems,
for all definitions of definitions with arguments,
<tt>cfortran.h</tt> &gt;= 3.0 includes the arguments and recommends the same,
even though it is not required by ANSI C.
e.g. Users are advised to do
<FONT COLOR="#993300"><pre>
   #define fcallsc(UN,LN) orig_fcallsc(UN,LN)
</pre></font>
instead of
<FONT COLOR="#993300"><pre>
   #define fcallsc        orig_fcallsc
</pre></font>
since ultrix fails to properly preprocess the latter example.
CRAY used to (still does?) occasionally trip up on this problem.


<p><li> ConvexOS convex C210 11.0 convex
<p>
In a program with a C main, output to <tt>LUN=6=*</tt> from <i>FORTRAN</i> 
goes into
<tt>$pwd/fort.6</tt> instead of stdout. 
Presumably, a magic incantation can be called
from the C main in order to properly initialize the <i>FORTRAN</i> I/O.


<p><li> SunOS 5.3 Generic_101318-69 sun4m sparc
<p>
The default data and code alignments produced by cc, gcc and <tt>f77</tt> are compatible.
If deviating from the defaults, consistent alignment options must be used
across all objects compiled by cc and <tt>f77</tt>. [Does gcc provide such options?]


<p><li> <tt>SunOS 5.3 Generic_101318-69 sun4m sparc</tt> with 
        <tt>cc: SC3.0.1 13 Jul 1994</tt>
   or equivalently
   <tt>ULTRIX 4.4 0 RISC</tt> using <tt>cc -oldc</tt>
   are K&amp;R C preprocessors that suffer from infinite loop macros, e.g.

<FONT COLOR="#993300"><pre>
  zedy03&gt; cat src.c
  #include &lt;cfortran.h&gt;
                            PROTOCCALLSFFUN1(INT,FREV,frev, INTV)
  #define FREV(A1)               CCALLSFFUN1(    FREV,frev, INTV, A1)
  /* To avoid the problem, deletete these ---^^^^--- spaces.    */
  main() { static int a[] = {1,2}; FREV(a); return EXIT_SUCCESS; }

  zedy03&gt; cc -c -Xs -v -DMAX_PREPRO_ARGS=31 -D__CF__KnR src.c
  "src.c", line 4: FREV: actuals too long
  "src.c", line 4: FREV: actuals too long
  .... 3427 more lines of the same message
  "src.c", line 4: FREV: actuals too long
  cc : Fatal error in /usr/ccs/lib/cpp
  Segmentation fault (core dumped) 
</pre></font>


<p><li> Older sun C compilers
<p>
To link to <tt>f77</tt> objects, older sun C compilers require the <tt>math.h</tt> macros:

<FONT COLOR="#993300"><pre>
#define RETURNFLOAT(x)   { union {double _d; float _f; } _kluge; \
                           _kluge._f = (x); return _kluge._d;   }
#define ASSIGNFLOAT(x,y) { union {double _d; float _f; } _kluge; \
                           _kluge._d = (y); x = _kluge._f;      }
</pre></font>

Unfortunately, in at least some copies of the sun 
<tt>math.h</tt>, the semi-colon
for <tt>'float _f;'</tt> is left out, leading to compiler warnings.
<p>
The solution is to correct <tt>math.h</tt>, 
or to change <tt>cfortran.h</tt> to <tt>#define</tt> 
<tt>RETURNFLOAT(x)</tt> and <tt>ASSIGNFLOAT(x,y)</tt> instead of including 
<tt>math.h</tt>.

<a name="gcctrad"></a>
<p><li> gcc version 2.6.3 and probably all other versions as well:
<p>
Unlike all other C compilers supported by <tt>cfortran.h</tt>,
<tt>'gcc -traditional'</tt> promotes to double all functions returning float
as demonstrated by the following example.

<FONT COLOR="#993300"><pre>
/* m.c */
#include &lt;stdio.h&gt;
int main() { FLOAT_FUNCTION d(); float f; f = d(); printf("%f\n",f); return 0; }

/* d.c */
float d() { return -123.124; }

burow[29] gcc -c -traditional d.c
burow[30] gcc -DFLOAT_FUNCTION=float m.c d.o &amp;&amp; a.out
0.000000
burow[31] gcc -DFLOAT_FUNCTION=double m.c d.o &amp;&amp; a.out
-123.124001
burow[32]
</pre></font>

Thus, <tt>'gcc -traditional'</tt> is not supported by <tt>cfortran.h</tt>.
Support would require the same <tt>RETURNFLOAT</tt>, etc. macro machinery
present in old sun <tt>math.h</tt>, before sun gave up the same promotion.


<p><li> CRAY
<p>
At least some versions of the t3e and t3d C preprocessor are broken
in the fashion described below.
At least some versions of the t90 C preprocessor do not have this problem.
<p>
On the CRAY, all <i>FORTRAN</i> names are converted to uppercase.
Generally the uppercase name is also used for the macro interface
created by <tt>cfortran.h</tt>.
<p>
For example, in the following interface,
EASY is both the name of the macro in the original C code
and EASY is the name of the resulting function to be called.

<FONT COLOR="#993300"><pre>
#define EASY(A,B)      CCALLSFSUB2(EASY,easy, PINT, INTV, A, B)
</pre></font>

The fact that a macro called <tt>EASY()</tt> expands to a function called 
<tt>EASY()</tt>
is not a problem for a working C preprocessor.
From Kernighan and Ritchie, 2nd edition, p.230:
<p>
    In both kinds of macro, the replacement token sequence is repeatedly
  rescanned for more identifiers. However, once a given identifier has been
  replaced in a given expansion, it is not replaced if it turns up again during
  rescanning; instead it is left unchanged.
<p>
Unfortunately, some CRAY preprocessors are broken and don't obey the above rule.
A work-around is for the user to NOT use the uppercase name
of the name of the macro interface provided by <tt>cfortran.h</tt>. For example:

<FONT COLOR="#993300"><pre>
#define Easy(A,B)      CCALLSFSUB2(EASY,easy, PINT, INTV, A, B)
</pre></font>

Luckily, the above work-around is not required since the following
work-around within <tt>cfortran.h</tt> also circumvents the bug:

<FONT COLOR="#993300"><pre>
   /* (UN), not UN, is required in order to get around  CRAY preprocessor bug.*/
   #define CFC_(UN,LN)            (UN)      /* Uppercase FORTRAN symbols.     */
</pre></font>
<p>
<b>Aside</b>: The Visual C++ compiler is happy with UN, but barfs on (UN),
       so either (UN) causes nonstandard C/C++ or Visual C++ is broken.
</ol>

<h2>VII) History and Acknowledgements</h2>

<table border=1>
<tr><td> 1.0 </td><td>
<ul>
    <li> Supports VAX VMS using C 3.1 and <i>FORTRAN</i> 5.4.
</ul>
</td><td>Oct. '90.</td></tr>
<tr><td> 1.0 </td><td>
<ul>
    <li> Supports Silicon Graphics w. Mips Computer 2.0 <tt>f77</tt> and cc.
          [Port of C calls <i>FORTRAN</i> half only.]
</ul>
</td><td>Feb. '91.</td></tr>
<tr><td> 1.1 </td><td>
<ul>
    <li> Supports Mips Computer System 2.0 <tt>f77</tt> and cc.
          [Runs on at least: Silicon Graphics IRIX 3.3.1
                             DECstations with Ultrix V4.1]
</ul>
</td><td>Mar. '91.</td></tr>
<tr><td> 1.2 </td><td>
<ul>
    <li> Internals made simpler, smaller, faster, stronger.
    <li> Mips version works on IBM RS/6000, this is now called the unix version.
</ul>
</td><td>May  '91.</td></tr>
<tr><td> 1.3 </td><td>
<ul>
    <li> UNIX and VAX VMS versions are merged into a single <tt>cfortran.h</tt>.
    <li> C can help manipulate (arrays of) strings in <i>FORTRAN</i> common blocks.
    <li> Dimensions of string arrays arguments can be explicit.
    <li> Supports Apollo DomainOS 10.2 (sys5.3) with <tt>f77</tt> 10.7 and cc 6.7.
</ul>
</td><td>July '91.</td></tr>
<tr><td> 2.0 </td><td>
<ul>
    <li> Improved code generation machinery creates K&amp;R or ANSI C.
    <li> Supports Sun, CRAY. <tt>f2c</tt> with vcc on VAX Ultrix.
    <li> <tt>cfortran.h</tt> macros now require routine and COMMON block names in both 
      upper and lower case. No changes required to applications though.
    <li> PROTOCCALLSFSUBn is eliminated, with no loss to <tt>cfortran.h</tt> performance.
    <li> Improved tools and guidelines for naming C routines called by <i>FORTRAN</i>.
</ul>
</td><td>Aug. '91.</td></tr>
<tr><td> 2.1 </td><td>
<ul>
    <li> <tt>LOGICAL</tt> correctly supported across all machines.
    <li> Improved support for <tt>DOUBLE PRECISION</tt> on the CRAY.
    <li> HP9000 fully supported.
    <li> VAX Ultrix cc or gcc with <tt>f77</tt> now supported.
</ul>
</td><td>Oct. '91.</td></tr>
<tr><td> 2.2 </td><td>
<ul>
    <li> SHORT, i.e. INTEGER*2, and BYTE now supported.
    <li> <tt>LOGICAL_STRICT</tt> introduced. More compact and robust internal tables.
    <li> typeV and typeVV for type = BYTE, DOUBLE, FLOAT, INT, <tt>LOGICAL</tt>, LONG,SHORT.
    <li> <i>FORTRAN</i> passing strings and NULL pointer to C routines improved. 
</ul>
</td><td>Dec. '91.</td></tr>
<tr><td> 2.3 </td><td>
<ul>
    <li> Extraneous arguments removed from many internal tables.
    <li> Introduce pseudo argument type SIMPLE for user defined types.
    <li> LynxOS using <tt>f2c</tt> supported. (Tested with LynxOS 2.0 386/AT.)
</ul>
</td><td>May  '92.</td></tr>
<tr><td> 2.4 </td><td>
<ul>
    <li> Separation of internal C and <i>FORTRAN</i> compilation directives.
    <li> <tt>f2c</tt> and NAG f90 supported on all machines.
</ul>
</td><td>Oct. '92.</td></tr>
<tr><td> 2.5 </td><td>
<ul>
    <li> Minor mod.s to source and/or doc for HP9000, <tt>f2c</tt>, and NAG f90.
</ul>
</td><td>Nov. '92.</td></tr>
<tr><td> 2.6 </td><td>
<ul>
    <li> Support external procedures as arguments with type ROUTINE.
</ul>
</td><td>Dec. '92.</td></tr>
<tr><td> 2.7 </td><td>
<ul>
    <li> Support Alpha VMS. Support HP9000 f77 +ppu
    <li> Support arrays with up to 7 dimensions.
    <li> Minor mod. of <i>FORTRAN</i> NULL to C via (P)STRING.
    <li> Specify the type of ROUTINE passed from <i>FORTRAN</i> to C [ANSI C requirement.]
    <li> Macros never receive a null parameter [RS/6000 requirement.]
</ul>
</td><td>Jan. '93.</td></tr>
<tr><td> 2.8 </td><td>
<ul>
    <li> <tt>PSTRING</tt> for <i>FORTRAN</i> calls C no longer provides escape to pass
      NULL pointer nor to pass address of original string.
      PNSTRING introduced with old <tt>PSTRING</tt>'s behavior.
      PPSTRING introduced to always pass original address of string.
    <li> Support Alpha/OSF.
    <li> Document that common blocks used in C should be declared AND defined.
</ul>
</td><td>April'93.</td></tr>
<tr><td> 3.0 </td><td>
<ul>
    <li> Automagic handling of ANSI ## versus K&amp;R /**/ preprocessor op.
    <li> Less chance of name space collisions between <tt>cfortran.h</tt> and other codes.
    <li> SIMPLE macros, supporting user defined types, have changed names.
</ul>
</td><td>March'95.</td></tr>
<tr><td> 3.1 </td><td>
<ul>
    <li> Internal macro name _INT not used. Conflicted with IRIX 5.3.
    <li> SunOS, all versions, should work out of the box.
    <li> ZTRINGV_ARGS|F(k) may no longer point to a PDOUBLE or PFLOAT argument.
    <li> ConvexOS 11.0 supported.
</ul>
</td><td>May  '95.</td></tr>
<tr><td> 3.2 </td><td>
<ul>
    <li> __hpux no longer needs to be restricted to MAX_PREPRO_ARGS=31.
    <li> <tt>PSTRING</tt> bug fixed.
    <li> ZTRINGV_ARGS|F(k) may not point to a PBYTE,PINT,PLONG or PSHORT argument.
    <li> (P)ZTRINGV machinery improved. Should lead to fewer compiler warnings.
      (P)ZTRINGV no longer limits recursion or the nesting of routines.
    <li> SIMPLE macros, supporting user defined types, have changed slightly.
</ul>
</td><td>Oct. '95.</td></tr>
<tr><td> 3.3 </td><td>
<ul>
    <li> Supports PowerStation <i>FORTRAN</i> with Visual C++.
    <li> g77 should work using f2cFortran, though no changes made for it.
    <li> (PROTO)CCALLSFFUN10 extended to (PROTO)CCALLSFFUN14.
    <li> FCALLSCFUN10 and SUB10 extended to FCALLSCFUN14 and SUB14.
</ul>
</td><td>Nov. '95.</td></tr>
<tr><td> 3.4 </td><td>
<ul>
    <li> C++ supported,
      but it required the reintroduction of PROTOCCALLSFSUBn for users.
    <li> HP-UX f77 +800 supported.
</ul>
</td><td>Dec. '95.</td></tr>
<tr><td> 3.5 </td><td>
<ul>
    <li> Absoft UNIX <i>FORTRAN</i> supported.
</ul>
</td><td>Sept.'96.</td></tr>
<tr><td> 3.6 </td><td>
<ul>
    <li> Minor corrections to cfortran.doc.
    <li> Fixed bug for 15th argument. [Thanks to Tom Epperly at Aspen Tech.]
    <li> For AbsoftUNIXFortran, obey default of prepending _C to COMMON BLOCK name.
    <li> <i>FORTRAN</i> calling C with ROUTINE argument fixed and cleaned up.
</ul>
</td><td>Oct. '96.</td></tr>
<tr><td> 3.7 </td><td>
<ul>
    <li> Circumvent IBM and HP "null argument" preprocessor warning.
</ul>
</td><td>Oct. '96</td></tr>
<tr><td> 3.8 </td><td>
<ul>
    <li> (P)STRINGV and (P)ZTRINGV can pass a 1- or 2-dim. char array.
      (P)ZTRINGV thus effectively also provides (P)ZTRING.
    <li> (P)ZTRINGV accepts a (char *) pointer.
</ul>
</td><td>Feb. '97</td></tr>
<tr><td> 3.9 </td><td>
<ul>
    <li> Bug fixed for *VVVVV.
    <li> <tt>f2c</tt>: Work-around for strange underscore-dependent naming feature.
    <li> NEC SX-4 supported.
    <li> CRAY: <tt>LOGICAL</tt> conversion uses _btol and _ltob from CRAY's fortran.h.
    <li> CRAY: Avoid bug of some versions of the C preprocessor.
    <li> CRAY T3E: FORTRAN_REAL introduced.
</ul>
</td><td>May  '97</td></tr>
<tr><td> 4.0 </td><td>
<ul>
    <li> new/delete now used for C++. malloc/free still used for C.
    <li> FALSE no longer is defined by <tt>cfortran.h</tt> .
    <li> Absoft Pro <i>FORTRAN</i> for MacOS supported.
</ul>
</td><td>Jan. '98</td></tr>
<tr><td> 4.1 </td><td>
<ul>
    <li> COMMA and COLON no longer are defined by <tt>cfortran.h</tt> .
    <li> Bug fixed when 10th arg. or beyond is a string.
      [Rob Lucchesi of NASA-Goddard pointed out this bug.]
    <li> CCALLSFSUB/FUN extended from 14 to 27 arguments.
    <li> Workaround SunOS CC 4.2 cast bug. [Thanks to Savrak SAR of <b>CERN</b>.]
</ul>
</td><td>April'98</td></tr>
<tr><td> 4.2 </td><td>
<ul>
    <li> Portland Group needs -DpgiFortran . [Thank George Lai of NASA.]
</ul>
</td><td>June '98</td></tr>
<tr><td> 4.3 </td><td>
<ul>
    <li> (PROTO)CCALLSFSUB extended from 20 to 27 arguments.
</ul>
</td><td>July '98</td></tr>
</table>
<p>
['Support' implies these and more recent releases of the respective
 OS/compilers/linkers can be used with <tt>cfortran.h</tt>. 
 Earlier releases may also work.]

<p>
<center><b>Acknowledgements</b></center>
<ul>
<li> <b>CERN</b> very generously sponsored a week in 1994 for me to work on <tt>cfortran.h</tt>.
<li> M.L.Luvisetto (Istituto Nazionale Fisica Nucleare - Centro Nazionale
  Analisi Fotogrammi, Bologna, Italy) provided all the support for the port to
  the CRAY. Marisa's encouragement and enthusiasm was also much appreciated.
<li> J.Bunn (<b>CERN</b>) supported the port to PowerStation <i>FORTRAN</i> with Visual C++.
<li> Paul Schenk (UC Riverside, <b>CERN</b> PPE/OPAL) in June 1993 extended <tt>cfortran.h</tt> 2.7
  to have C++ call <i>FORTRAN</i>. This was the starting point for full C++ in 3.4.
<li> Glenn P.Davis of University Corp. for Atmospheric Research (UCAR) / Unidata
  supported the NEC SX-4 port and helped understand the CRAY.
<li> Tony Goelz of Absoft Corporation ported <tt>cfortran.h</tt> to Absoft.
<li> Though <tt>cfortran.h</tt> has been created in my 'copious' free time, I thank 
  NSERC for their generous support of my grad. student and postdoc years.
<li> Univ.Toronto, DESY, <b>CERN</b> and others have provided time on their computers.
<li> The HTML version of the <tt>cfortran.h</tt> documentation has been made by
     Olivier Couet <tt>Olivier.Couet@cern.ch</tt>.
</ul>

<FONT COLOR="#993300"><pre>
THIS PACKAGE, I.E. CFORTRAN.H, THIS DOCUMENT, AND THE CFORTRAN.H EXAMPLE
PROGRAMS ARE PROPERTY OF THE AUTHOR WHO RESERVES ALL RIGHTS. THIS PACKAGE AND
THE CODE IT PRODUCES MAY BE FREELY DISTRIBUTED WITHOUT FEES, SUBJECT 
(AT YOUR CHOICE) EITHER TO THE <a href = "file:///usr/share/common-licenses/LGPL">GNU LIBRARY GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE</a> OR TO THE
FOLLOWING RESTRICTIONS:
- YOU MUST ACCOMPANY ANY COPIES OR DISTRIBUTION WITH THIS (UNALTERED) NOTICE.
- YOU MAY NOT RECEIVE MONEY FOR THE DISTRIBUTION OR FOR ITS MEDIA 
  (E.G. TAPE, DISK, COMPUTER, PAPER.)
- YOU MAY NOT PREVENT OTHERS FROM COPYING IT FREELY.
- YOU MAY NOT DISTRIBUTE MODIFIED VERSIONS WITHOUT CLEARLY DOCUMENTING YOUR
  CHANGES AND NOTIFYING THE AUTHOR.
- YOU MAY NOT MISREPRESENTED THE ORIGIN OF THIS SOFTWARE, EITHER BY EXPLICIT
  CLAIM OR BY OMISSION.

THE INTENT OF THE ABOVE TERMS IS TO ENSURE THAT THE CFORTRAN.H PACKAGE NOT BE
USED FOR PROFIT MAKING ACTIVITIES UNLESS SOME ROYALTY ARRANGEMENT IS ENTERED
INTO WITH ITS AUTHOR.
              
THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER
EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE
SOFTWARE IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE SOFTWARE PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST
OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION. THE AUTHOR IS NOT RESPONSIBLE
FOR ANY SUPPORT OR SERVICE OF THE CFORTRAN.H PACKAGE.

                                              Burkhard Burow 
                                              burow@desy.de
</pre></font>
P.S. Your comments and questions are welcomed and usually promptly answered.
<br>
VAX VMS and Ultrix, Alpha, OSF, Silicon Graphics (SGI), DECstation, Mips RISC,
Sun, CRAY, Convex, IBM RS/6000, Apollo DomainOS, HP, LynxOS, <tt>f2c</tt>, NAG, Absoft,
NEC SX-4, PowerStation and Visual C++ are registered trademarks of their
respective owners.