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// Copyright 2012 The Chromium Authors
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
// found in the LICENSE file.
#include "chrome/browser/external_protocol/external_protocol_handler.h"
#include <stddef.h>
#include <utility>
#include "base/check_op.h"
#include "base/containers/fixed_flat_map.h"
#include "base/containers/fixed_flat_set.h"
#include "base/debug/dump_without_crashing.h"
#include "base/functional/bind.h"
#include "base/metrics/histogram_functions.h"
#include "base/metrics/histogram_macros.h"
#include "base/notreached.h"
#include "base/strings/escape.h"
#include "base/strings/string_util.h"
#include "base/types/optional_util.h"
#include "build/build_config.h"
#include "chrome/browser/browser_process.h"
#include "chrome/browser/external_protocol/auto_launch_protocols_policy_handler.h"
#include "chrome/browser/external_protocol/constants.h"
#include "chrome/browser/platform_util.h"
#include "chrome/browser/profiles/profile.h"
#include "chrome/common/pref_names.h"
#include "components/prefs/pref_registry_simple.h"
#include "components/prefs/pref_service.h"
#include "components/prefs/scoped_user_pref_update.h"
#include "components/url_matcher/url_matcher.h"
#include "components/url_matcher/url_util.h"
#include "content/public/browser/browser_thread.h"
#include "content/public/browser/weak_document_ptr.h"
#include "services/network/public/cpp/is_potentially_trustworthy.h"
#include "third_party/blink/public/mojom/devtools/console_message.mojom.h"
#include "url/gurl.h"
#include "url/origin.h"
#if !BUILDFLAG(IS_ANDROID) && !BUILDFLAG(IS_CHROMEOS)
#include "chrome/browser/sharing/click_to_call/click_to_call_ui_controller.h"
#include "chrome/browser/sharing/click_to_call/click_to_call_utils.h"
#endif
#if BUILDFLAG(IS_ANDROID)
#include "components/navigation_interception/intercept_navigation_delegate.h"
#else
#include "chrome/browser/ui/browser.h"
#include "chrome/browser/ui/browser_finder.h"
#include "chrome/browser/ui/tabs/tab_strip_model.h"
#include "components/url_formatter/elide_url.h"
#include "components/web_modal/web_contents_modal_dialog_manager.h"
#endif
#if BUILDFLAG(SAFE_BROWSING_AVAILABLE)
#include "chrome/browser/safe_browsing/safe_browsing_service.h"
#endif
namespace {
// Anti-flood protection controls whether we accept requests for launching
// external protocols. Set to false each time an external protocol is requested,
// and set back to true on each user gesture, extension API call, and navigation
// to an external handler via bookmarks or the omnibox. This variable should
// only be accessed from the UI thread.
bool g_accept_requests = true;
ExternalProtocolHandler::Delegate* g_external_protocol_handler_delegate =
nullptr;
constexpr auto kDeniedSchemes = base::MakeFixedFlatSet<std::string_view>({
"afp",
"data",
"disk",
"disks",
// ShellExecuting file:///C:/WINDOWS/system32/notepad.exe will simply
// execute the file specified! Hopefully we won't see any "file" schemes
// because we think of file:// URLs as handled URLs, but better to be safe
// than to let an attacker format the user's hard drive.
"file",
"hcp",
"ie.http",
"javascript",
"mk",
"ms-help",
"nntp",
"res",
"shell",
"vbscript",
// view-source is a special case in chrome. When it comes through an
// iframe or a redirect, it looks like an external protocol, but we don't
// want to shellexecute it.
"view-source",
"vnd.ms.radio",
});
void AddMessageToConsole(const content::WeakDocumentPtr& document,
blink::mojom::ConsoleMessageLevel level,
const std::string& message) {
if (content::RenderFrameHost* rfh = document.AsRenderFrameHostIfValid())
rfh->AddMessageToConsole(level, message);
}
#if !BUILDFLAG(IS_ANDROID)
// Functions enabling unit testing. Using a NULL delegate will use the default
// behavior; if a delegate is provided it will be used instead.
scoped_refptr<shell_integration::DefaultSchemeClientWorker> CreateShellWorker(
const GURL& url,
ExternalProtocolHandler::Delegate* delegate) {
if (delegate)
return delegate->CreateShellWorker(url);
return base::MakeRefCounted<shell_integration::DefaultSchemeClientWorker>(
url);
}
#endif
ExternalProtocolHandler::BlockState GetBlockStateWithDelegate(
const std::string& scheme,
const url::Origin* initiating_origin,
ExternalProtocolHandler::Delegate* delegate,
Profile* profile) {
if (delegate)
return delegate->GetBlockState(scheme, profile);
return ExternalProtocolHandler::GetBlockState(scheme, initiating_origin,
profile);
}
#if !BUILDFLAG(IS_ANDROID)
void RunExternalProtocolDialogWithDelegate(
const GURL& url,
content::WebContents* web_contents,
ui::PageTransition page_transition,
bool has_user_gesture,
bool is_in_fenced_frame_tree,
const std::optional<url::Origin>& initiating_origin,
content::WeakDocumentPtr initiator_document,
const std::u16string& program_name,
ExternalProtocolHandler::Delegate* delegate) {
DCHECK(web_contents);
if (delegate) {
delegate->RunExternalProtocolDialog(url, web_contents, page_transition,
has_user_gesture, initiating_origin,
program_name);
return;
}
#if BUILDFLAG(IS_MAC) || BUILDFLAG(IS_WIN)
// If the Shell does not have a registered name for the protocol,
// attempting to invoke the protocol will fail.
if (program_name.empty()) {
AddMessageToConsole(
initiator_document, blink::mojom::ConsoleMessageLevel::kError,
"Failed to launch '" + url.possibly_invalid_spec() +
"' because the scheme does not have a registered handler.");
return;
}
#endif
ExternalProtocolHandler::RunExternalProtocolDialog(
url, web_contents, page_transition, has_user_gesture,
is_in_fenced_frame_tree, initiating_origin, std::move(initiator_document),
program_name);
}
#endif // !BUILDFLAG(IS_ANDROID)
void LaunchUrlWithoutSecurityCheckWithDelegate(
const GURL& url,
content::WebContents* web_contents,
content::WeakDocumentPtr initiator_document,
ExternalProtocolHandler::Delegate* delegate) {
if (delegate) {
delegate->ReportExternalAppRedirectToSafeBrowsing(url, web_contents);
delegate->LaunchUrlWithoutSecurityCheck(url, web_contents);
return;
}
#if BUILDFLAG(SAFE_BROWSING_AVAILABLE)
g_browser_process->safe_browsing_service()->ReportExternalAppRedirect(
web_contents, url.scheme(), url.possibly_invalid_spec());
#endif
// |web_contents| is only passed in to find browser context. Do not assume
// that the external protocol request came from the main frame.
if (!web_contents)
return;
AddMessageToConsole(
initiator_document, blink::mojom::ConsoleMessageLevel::kInfo,
"Launched external handler for '" + url.possibly_invalid_spec() + "'.");
platform_util::OpenExternal(
#if BUILDFLAG(IS_CHROMEOS)
Profile::FromBrowserContext(web_contents->GetBrowserContext()),
#endif
url);
#if !BUILDFLAG(IS_ANDROID) && !BUILDFLAG(IS_CHROMEOS)
// If the protocol navigation occurs in a new tab, close it.
// Avoid calling CloseContents if the tab is not in this browser's tab strip
// model; this can happen if the protocol was initiated by something
// internal to Chrome.
Browser* browser = chrome::FindBrowserWithTab(web_contents);
if (browser && web_contents->GetController().IsInitialNavigation() &&
browser->tab_strip_model()->count() > 1 &&
browser->tab_strip_model()->GetIndexOfWebContents(web_contents) !=
TabStripModel::kNoTab) {
// Defer destruction of `WebContents` to avoid synchronously destroying
// NavigationURLLoader(Impl) here. See https://issues.chromium.org/361600654
content::GetUIThreadTaskRunner({})->PostTask(
FROM_HERE, base::BindOnce(&content::WebContents::Close,
web_contents->GetWeakPtr()));
}
#endif
}
#if !BUILDFLAG(IS_ANDROID)
// When we are about to launch a URL with the default OS level application, we
// check if the external application will be us. If it is we just ignore the
// request.
void OnDefaultSchemeClientWorkerFinished(
const GURL& escaped_url,
content::WebContents::Getter web_contents_getter,
bool prompt_user,
ui::PageTransition page_transition,
bool has_user_gesture,
bool is_in_fenced_frame_tree,
const std::optional<url::Origin>& initiating_origin,
content::WeakDocumentPtr initiator_document,
ExternalProtocolHandler::Delegate* delegate,
shell_integration::DefaultWebClientState state,
const std::u16string& program_name) {
DCHECK_CURRENTLY_ON(content::BrowserThread::UI);
if (delegate)
delegate->FinishedProcessingCheck();
content::WebContents* web_contents = web_contents_getter.Run();
// The default handler is hidden if it is Chrome itself, as nothing will
// happen if it is selected (since this is invoked by the external protocol
// handling flow).
bool chrome_is_default_handler = state == shell_integration::IS_DEFAULT;
// On ChromeOS, Click to Call is integrated into the external protocol dialog.
#if !BUILDFLAG(IS_ANDROID) && !BUILDFLAG(IS_CHROMEOS)
if (web_contents && ShouldOfferClickToCallForURL(
web_contents->GetBrowserContext(), escaped_url)) {
// Handle tel links by opening the Click to Call dialog. This will call back
// into LaunchUrlWithoutSecurityCheck if the user selects a system handler.
ClickToCallUiController::ShowDialog(
web_contents, initiating_origin, std::move(initiator_document),
escaped_url, chrome_is_default_handler, program_name);
return;
}
#endif
if (chrome_is_default_handler) {
if (delegate)
delegate->BlockRequest();
return;
}
// If we get here, either we are not the default or we cannot work out
// what the default is, so we proceed.
if (prompt_user) {
// Never prompt the user without a web_contents.
if (!web_contents) {
return;
}
// Anchor to the outermost WebContents, for e.g. embedded <webview>s.
web_contents = web_contents->GetOutermostWebContents();
// Skip if the WebContents instance is not prepared to show a dialog.
if (!web_modal::WebContentsModalDialogManager::FromWebContents(
web_contents)) {
LOG(ERROR) << "Skipping ExternalProtocolDialog"
<< ", escaped_url=" << escaped_url.possibly_invalid_spec()
<< ", initiating_origin="
<< url_formatter::FormatOriginForSecurityDisplay(
initiating_origin.value_or(url::Origin()))
<< ", web_contents?" << !!web_contents << ", browser?"
<< (web_contents && chrome::FindBrowserWithTab(web_contents));
base::debug::DumpWithoutCrashing();
return;
}
// Ask the user if they want to allow the protocol. This will call
// LaunchUrlWithoutSecurityCheck if the user decides to accept the
// protocol.
RunExternalProtocolDialogWithDelegate(
escaped_url, web_contents, page_transition, has_user_gesture,
is_in_fenced_frame_tree, initiating_origin,
std::move(initiator_document), program_name, delegate);
return;
}
LaunchUrlWithoutSecurityCheckWithDelegate(
escaped_url, web_contents, std::move(initiator_document), delegate);
}
#endif // !BUILDFLAG(IS_ANDROID)
bool IsSchemeOriginPairAllowedByPolicy(const std::string& scheme,
const url::Origin* initiating_origin,
PrefService* prefs) {
if (!initiating_origin)
return false;
const base::Value::List& exempted_protocols =
prefs->GetList(prefs::kAutoLaunchProtocolsFromOrigins);
const base::Value::List* origin_patterns = nullptr;
for (const base::Value& entry : exempted_protocols) {
const base::Value::Dict& protocol_origins_map = entry.GetDict();
const std::string* protocol = protocol_origins_map.FindString(
policy::external_protocol::kProtocolNameKey);
DCHECK(protocol);
if (*protocol == scheme) {
origin_patterns = protocol_origins_map.FindList(
policy::external_protocol::kOriginListKey);
break;
}
}
if (!origin_patterns)
return false;
url_matcher::URLMatcher matcher;
base::MatcherStringPattern::ID id(0);
url_matcher::util::AddFiltersWithLimit(&matcher, true /* allowed */, &id,
*origin_patterns);
auto matching_set = matcher.MatchURL(initiating_origin->GetURL());
return !matching_set.empty();
}
// These values are persisted to logs. Entries should not be renumbered and
// numeric values should never be reused.
// LINT.IfChange(LoggedScheme)
enum class LoggedScheme {
OTHER = 0,
SEARCH_MS = 1,
SEARCH = 2,
MAILTO = 3,
MICROSOFT_EDGE = 4,
kMaxValue = MICROSOFT_EDGE,
};
// LINT.ThenChange(/tools/metrics/histograms/metadata/permissions/enums.xml:ExternalProtocolScheme)
void LogRequestForScheme(const std::string& scheme) {
constexpr auto kSchemeToBucket =
base::MakeFixedFlatMap<std::string_view, LoggedScheme>(
{{"search-ms", LoggedScheme::SEARCH_MS},
{"search", LoggedScheme::SEARCH},
{"mailto", LoggedScheme::MAILTO},
{"microsoft-edge", LoggedScheme::MICROSOFT_EDGE}});
static_assert(kSchemeToBucket.size() ==
static_cast<size_t>(LoggedScheme::kMaxValue));
auto iterator = kSchemeToBucket.find(scheme);
LoggedScheme scheme_bucket = iterator != kSchemeToBucket.end()
? iterator->second
: LoggedScheme::OTHER;
base::UmaHistogramEnumeration("BrowserDialogs.ExternalProtocol.Scheme",
scheme_bucket);
}
} // namespace
const char ExternalProtocolHandler::kBlockStateMetric[] =
"BrowserDialogs.ExternalProtocol.BlockState";
const char ExternalProtocolHandler::kHandleStateMetric[] =
"BrowserDialogs.ExternalProtocol.HandleState";
// static
void ExternalProtocolHandler::SetDelegateForTesting(Delegate* delegate) {
g_external_protocol_handler_delegate = delegate;
}
bool ExternalProtocolHandler::MayRememberAllowDecisionsForThisOrigin(
const url::Origin* initiating_origin) {
return initiating_origin &&
network::IsOriginPotentiallyTrustworthy(*initiating_origin);
}
// static.
ExternalProtocolHandler::BlockState ExternalProtocolHandler::GetBlockState(
const std::string& scheme,
const url::Origin* initiating_origin,
Profile* profile) {
DCHECK_CURRENTLY_ON(content::BrowserThread::UI);
LogRequestForScheme(scheme);
// If we are being flooded with requests, block the request.
if (!g_accept_requests)
return BLOCK;
if (scheme.length() == 1) {
// We have a URL that looks something like:
// C:/WINDOWS/system32/notepad.exe
// ShellExecuting this URL will cause the specified program to be executed.
return BLOCK;
}
// Always block the hard-coded denied schemes.
if (kDeniedSchemes.contains(scheme)) {
base::UmaHistogramEnumeration(kBlockStateMetric,
BlockStateMetric::kDeniedDefault);
return BLOCK;
}
// The mailto scheme is allowed explicitly because of its ubiquity on the web
// and because every platform provides a default handler for it.
if (scheme == "mailto") {
base::UmaHistogramEnumeration(kBlockStateMetric,
BlockStateMetric::kAllowedDefaultMail);
return DONT_BLOCK;
}
PrefService* profile_prefs = profile->GetPrefs();
if (profile_prefs) { // May be NULL during testing.
if (IsSchemeOriginPairAllowedByPolicy(scheme, initiating_origin,
profile_prefs)) {
base::UmaHistogramEnumeration(
kBlockStateMetric, BlockStateMetric::kAllowedByEnterprisePolicy);
return DONT_BLOCK;
}
if (MayRememberAllowDecisionsForThisOrigin(initiating_origin)) {
// Check if there is a matching {Origin+Protocol} pair exemption:
const base::Value::Dict& allowed_origin_protocol_pairs =
profile_prefs->GetDict(
prefs::kProtocolHandlerPerOriginAllowedProtocols);
const base::Value::Dict* allowed_protocols_for_origin =
allowed_origin_protocol_pairs.FindDict(
initiating_origin->Serialize());
if (allowed_protocols_for_origin) {
std::optional<bool> allow =
allowed_protocols_for_origin->FindBool(scheme);
if (allow.has_value() && allow.value()) {
base::UmaHistogramEnumeration(kBlockStateMetric,
BlockStateMetric::kAllowedByPreference);
return DONT_BLOCK;
}
}
}
}
base::UmaHistogramEnumeration(kBlockStateMetric, BlockStateMetric::kPrompt);
return UNKNOWN;
}
// static
// This is only called when the "remember" check box is selected from the
// External Protocol Prompt dialog, and that check box is only shown when there
// is a non-empty, potentially-trustworthy initiating origin.
void ExternalProtocolHandler::SetBlockState(
const std::string& scheme,
const url::Origin& initiating_origin,
BlockState state,
Profile* profile) {
// Setting the state to BLOCK is no longer supported through the UI.
DCHECK_NE(state, BLOCK);
// Set in the stored prefs.
if (MayRememberAllowDecisionsForThisOrigin(&initiating_origin)) {
PrefService* profile_prefs = profile->GetPrefs();
if (profile_prefs) { // May be NULL during testing.
ScopedDictPrefUpdate update_allowed_origin_protocol_pairs(
profile_prefs, prefs::kProtocolHandlerPerOriginAllowedProtocols);
const std::string serialized_origin = initiating_origin.Serialize();
base::Value::Dict* allowed_protocols_for_origin =
update_allowed_origin_protocol_pairs->FindDict(serialized_origin);
if (!allowed_protocols_for_origin) {
update_allowed_origin_protocol_pairs->Set(serialized_origin,
base::Value::Dict());
allowed_protocols_for_origin =
update_allowed_origin_protocol_pairs->FindDict(serialized_origin);
}
if (state == DONT_BLOCK) {
allowed_protocols_for_origin->Set(scheme, true);
} else {
allowed_protocols_for_origin->Remove(scheme);
if (allowed_protocols_for_origin->empty()) {
update_allowed_origin_protocol_pairs->Remove(serialized_origin);
}
}
}
}
if (g_external_protocol_handler_delegate) {
g_external_protocol_handler_delegate->OnSetBlockState(
scheme, initiating_origin, state);
}
}
// static
void ExternalProtocolHandler::LaunchUrl(
const GURL& url,
content::WebContents::Getter web_contents_getter,
ui::PageTransition page_transition,
bool has_user_gesture,
bool is_in_fenced_frame_tree,
const std::optional<url::Origin>& initiating_origin,
content::WeakDocumentPtr initiator_document
#if BUILDFLAG(IS_ANDROID)
,
mojo::PendingRemote<network::mojom::URLLoaderFactory>* out_factory
#endif
) {
DCHECK_CURRENTLY_ON(content::BrowserThread::UI);
// Disable anti-flood protection if the user is invoking a bookmark or
// navigating directly using the omnibox.
if (!g_accept_requests &&
(PageTransitionCoreTypeIs(page_transition,
ui::PAGE_TRANSITION_AUTO_BOOKMARK) ||
PageTransitionCoreTypeIs(page_transition, ui::PAGE_TRANSITION_TYPED))) {
g_accept_requests = true;
}
// Escape the input scheme to be sure that the command does not
// have parameters unexpected by the external program.
// TODO(mgiuca): This essentially amounts to "remove illegal characters from
// the URL", something that probably should be done by the GURL constructor
// itself. The GURL constructor does do it in some cases (e.g., mailto) but
// not in general. https://crbug.com/788244.
std::string escaped_url_string = base::EscapeExternalHandlerValue(url.spec());
GURL escaped_url(escaped_url_string);
content::WebContents* web_contents = web_contents_getter.Run();
Profile* profile = nullptr;
if (web_contents) // Maybe NULL during testing.
profile = Profile::FromBrowserContext(web_contents->GetBrowserContext());
BlockState block_state = GetBlockStateWithDelegate(
escaped_url.scheme(), base::OptionalToPtr(initiating_origin),
g_external_protocol_handler_delegate, profile);
if (block_state == BLOCK) {
AddMessageToConsole(
initiator_document, blink::mojom::ConsoleMessageLevel::kError,
"Not allowed to launch '" + url.possibly_invalid_spec() + "'" +
(g_accept_requests ? "." : " because a user gesture is required."));
if (g_external_protocol_handler_delegate)
g_external_protocol_handler_delegate->BlockRequest();
return;
}
g_accept_requests = false;
// Shell integration code below doesn't work on Android - default handler
// checks are instead handled through the InterceptNavigationDelegate. See
// ExternalNavigationHandler.java.
// The Origin is used for security checks, not for displaying to the user, so
// the precursor origin should not be used.
// Also, a protocol dialog isn't used on Android.
#if BUILDFLAG(IS_ANDROID)
navigation_interception::InterceptNavigationDelegate* delegate =
navigation_interception::InterceptNavigationDelegate::Get(web_contents);
if (delegate) {
delegate->HandleSubframeExternalProtocol(escaped_url, page_transition,
has_user_gesture,
initiating_origin, out_factory);
}
return;
#else
std::optional<url::Origin> initiating_origin_or_precursor;
if (initiating_origin) {
// Transform the initiating origin to its precursor origin if it is
// opaque. |initiating_origin| is shown in the UI to attribute the external
// protocol request to a particular site, and showing an opaque origin isn't
// useful.
if (initiating_origin->opaque()) {
initiating_origin_or_precursor = url::Origin::Create(
initiating_origin->GetTupleOrPrecursorTupleIfOpaque().GetURL());
} else {
initiating_origin_or_precursor = initiating_origin;
}
}
// The worker creates tasks with references to itself and puts them into
// message loops.
shell_integration::DefaultSchemeHandlerWorkerCallback callback =
base::BindOnce(&OnDefaultSchemeClientWorkerFinished, escaped_url,
std::move(web_contents_getter), block_state == UNKNOWN,
page_transition, has_user_gesture, is_in_fenced_frame_tree,
initiating_origin_or_precursor,
std::move(initiator_document),
g_external_protocol_handler_delegate);
// Start the check process running. This will send tasks to a worker task
// runner and when the answer is known will send the result back to
// OnDefaultSchemeClientWorkerFinished().
CreateShellWorker(escaped_url, g_external_protocol_handler_delegate)
->StartCheckIsDefaultAndGetDefaultClientName(std::move(callback));
#endif
}
// static
void ExternalProtocolHandler::LaunchUrlWithoutSecurityCheck(
const GURL& url,
content::WebContents* web_contents,
content::WeakDocumentPtr initiator_document) {
// Escape the input scheme to be sure that the command does not
// have parameters unexpected by the external program. The url passed in the
// |url| parameter might already be escaped but the EscapeExternalHandlerValue
// is idempotent so it is safe to apply it again.
// TODO(crbug.com/40551459): This essentially amounts to "remove illegal
// characters from the URL", something that probably should be done by the
// GURL constructor itself.
std::string escaped_url_string = base::EscapeExternalHandlerValue(url.spec());
GURL escaped_url(escaped_url_string);
LaunchUrlWithoutSecurityCheckWithDelegate(
escaped_url, web_contents, std::move(initiator_document),
g_external_protocol_handler_delegate);
}
// static
void ExternalProtocolHandler::PermitLaunchUrl() {
DCHECK_CURRENTLY_ON(content::BrowserThread::UI);
g_accept_requests = true;
}
// static
void ExternalProtocolHandler::RecordHandleStateMetrics(bool checkbox_selected,
BlockState block_state) {
HandleState handle_state = DONT_LAUNCH;
switch (block_state) {
case DONT_BLOCK:
handle_state = checkbox_selected ? CHECKED_LAUNCH : LAUNCH;
break;
case BLOCK:
handle_state =
checkbox_selected ? CHECKED_DONT_LAUNCH_DEPRECATED : DONT_LAUNCH;
break;
case UNKNOWN:
NOTREACHED();
}
DCHECK_NE(CHECKED_DONT_LAUNCH_DEPRECATED, handle_state);
UMA_HISTOGRAM_ENUMERATION(kHandleStateMetric, handle_state,
HANDLE_STATE_LAST);
}
// static
void ExternalProtocolHandler::RegisterPrefs(PrefRegistrySimple* registry) {
registry->RegisterDictionaryPref(
prefs::kProtocolHandlerPerOriginAllowedProtocols);
registry->RegisterListPref(prefs::kAutoLaunchProtocolsFromOrigins);
}
// static
void ExternalProtocolHandler::ClearData(Profile* profile) {
PrefService* prefs = profile->GetPrefs();
prefs->ClearPref(prefs::kProtocolHandlerPerOriginAllowedProtocols);
}
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