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# Packaging a cmd2 application for distribution
As a general-purpose tool for building interactive command-line applications, `cmd2` is designed to
be used in many ways. How you distribute your `cmd2` application to customers or end users is up to
you. See the [Overview of Packaging for Python](https://packaging.python.org/overview/) from the
Python Packaging Authority for a thorough discussion of the extensive options within the Python
ecosystem.
## Publishing to the Python Package Index (PyPI)
The easiest way is to follow the tutorial for
[Packaging Python Projects](https://packaging.python.org/en/latest/tutorials/packaging-projects/).
This will show you how to package your application as a Python package and upload it to the Python
Package Index ([PyPI](https://pypi.org/)). Once published there, users will be able to install it
using idiomatic Python packaging tools such as [pip](https://pip.pypa.io/) or
[uv](https://github.com/astral-sh/uv).
Small tweaks on this process can allow you to publish to private PyPI mirrors such as one hosted on
[AWS CodeArtifact](https://aws.amazon.com/codeartifact/) or a private
[Artifactory](https://jfrog.com/artifactory/) server.
## Packaging your application in a container using Docker
Packing your Python application in a [Docker](https://www.docker.com/) container is great when it
comes to cross-platform portability and convenience since this container will include all
dependencies for your application and run them in an isolated environment which won't conflict with
operating system dependencies.
This convenient blog post will show you
[How to "Dockerize" Your Python Applications](https://www.docker.com/blog/how-to-dockerize-your-python-applications/).
## Packing your application along with Python in an installer
For developers wishing to package a `cmd2` application into a single binary image or compressed
file, we can recommend all of the following based on personal and professional experience:
- [Nuitka](https://github.com/Nuitka/Nuitka)
- Nuitka is a Python compiler written in Python
- You feed it your Python app, it does a lot of clever things, and spits out an executable or
extension module
- Particularly convenient if you have IP you wish to protect by obfuscating the Python source
code behind your application
- [PyInstaller](https://www.pyinstaller.org)
- Freeze (package) Python programs into stand-alone executables
- PyInstaller bundles a Python application and all its dependencies into a single package
- The user can run the packaged app without installing a Python interpreter or any modules
- [PyOxidizer](https://github.com/indygreg/PyOxidizer)
- A modern Python application packaging and distribution tool implemented in Rust
- A utility for producing binaries that embed Python and all of your dependencies
- You can copy a single executable file to another machine and run a Python application
contained within. It just works.
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