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<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><a href="eval_order.html" title="c/language/eval order"><span class="t-lines"><span>evaluation order and sequence points</span></span></a></div></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><strong class="selflink"><span class="t-lines"><span>constant expressions</span></span></strong></div></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><a href="conversion.html" title="c/language/conversion"><span class="t-lines"><span>implicit conversions</span></span></a></div></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><a href="generic.html" title="c/language/generic"><span class="t-lines"><span>generic selection</span></span></a></div><div><span class="t-lines"><span><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-c11">(C11)</span></span></span></div></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-h2"><td colspan="5"> <a href="expressions.html#Constants_and_literals" title="c/language/expressions">constants and literals</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><a href="integer_constant.html" title="c/language/integer constant"><span class="t-lines"><span>integer constant</span></span></a></div></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><a href="floating_constant.html" title="c/language/floating constant"><span class="t-lines"><span>floating constant</span></span></a></div></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><a href="character_constant.html" title="c/language/character constant"><span class="t-lines"><span>character constant</span></span></a></div></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><a href="string_literal.html" title="c/language/string literal"><span class="t-lines"><span>string literal</span></span></a></div></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><a href="compound_literal.html" title="c/language/compound literal"><span class="t-lines"><span>compound literal</span></span></a></div><div><span class="t-lines"><span><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-c99">(C99)</span></span></span></div></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-h2"><td colspan="5"> <a href="expressions.html#Operators" title="c/language/expressions">operators</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><a href="operator_precedence.html" title="c/language/operator precedence"><span class="t-lines"><span>operator precedence</span></span></a></div></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><a href="operator_member_access.html" title="c/language/operator member access"><span class="t-lines"><span>member access and indirection</span></span></a></div></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><a href="operator_logical.html" title="c/language/operator logical"><span class="t-lines"><span>logical operators</span></span></a></div></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><a href="operator_comparison.html" title="c/language/operator comparison"><span class="t-lines"><span>comparison operators</span></span></a></div></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><a href="operator_arithmetic.html" title="c/language/operator arithmetic"><span class="t-lines"><span>arithmetic operators</span></span></a></div></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><a href="operator_assignment.html" title="c/language/operator assignment"><span class="t-lines"><span>assignment operators</span></span></a></div></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><a href="operator_incdec.html" title="c/language/operator incdec"><span class="t-lines"><span>increment and decrement</span></span></a></div></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><a href="operator_other.html" title="c/language/operator other"><span class="t-lines"><span>function call, comma, conditional operator</span></span></a></div></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><a href="sizeof.html" title="c/language/sizeof"><span class="t-lines"><span>sizeof</span></span></a></div></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><a href="alignof.html" title="c/language/ Alignof"><span class="t-lines"><span>alignof</span></span></a></div><div><span class="t-lines"><span><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-c11">(C11)</span></span></span></div></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><a href="cast.html" title="c/language/cast"><span class="t-lines"><span>cast operators</span></span></a></div></div></td></tr>
</table></div>
</div><div><span class="editsection noprint plainlinks" title="Edit this template"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=Template:c/language/expressions/navbar_content&action=edit">[edit]</a></span></div></div></div></div><div class="t-navbar-sep"> </div></div>
<p>Several varieties of expressions are known as <i>constant expressions</i>
</p>
<table id="toc" class="toc"><tr><td><div id="toctitle"><h2>Contents</h2></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="constant_expression.html#Preprocessor_constant_expression"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Preprocessor constant expression</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="constant_expression.html#Integer_constant_expression"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Integer constant expression</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="constant_expression.html#Static_initializer"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Static initializer</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="constant_expression.html#Floating-point_constant_expressions"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Floating-point constant expressions</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="constant_expression.html#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="constant_expression.html#References"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="constant_expression.html#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
</ul>
</td></tr></table>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=c/language/constant_expression&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Preprocessor constant expression">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Preprocessor_constant_expression">Preprocessor constant expression</span></h3>
<p>The expression following <a href="../preprocessor/conditional.html" title="c/preprocessor/conditional">#if or #elif</a> must expand to
</p>
<ul><li> <a href="expressions.html#Operators" title="c/language/expressions">operators</a> other than <a href="operator_assignment.html" title="c/language/operator assignment">assignment</a>, <a href="operator_incdec.html" title="c/language/operator incdec">increment, decrement</a>, <a href="operator_other.html#Function_call" title="c/language/operator other">function-call</a>, or <a href="operator_other.html#Comma_operator" title="c/language/operator other">comma</a> whose arguments are preprocessor constant expressions
</li><li> <a href="integer_constant.html" title="c/language/integer constant">integer constants</a>
</li><li> <a href="character_constant.html" title="c/language/character constant">character constants</a>
</li><li> the special preprocessor operator <code>defined</code>
</li></ul>
<p>Character constants, when evaluated in <code>#if</code>-expressions, may be interpreted in the source
character set, the execution character set, or some other implementation-defined character set.
</p>
<table class="t-rev-begin">
<tr class="t-rev t-since-c99"><td>
<p>Integer arithmetic in <code>#if</code>-expressions is performed using the semantics of <span class="t-lc"><a href="../types/integer.html" title="c/types/integer">intmax_t</a></span> for signed types and <span class="t-lc"><a href="../types/integer.html" title="c/types/integer">uintmax_t</a></span> for unsigned types.
</p>
</td>
<td><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-c99">(since C99)</span></td></tr>
</table>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=c/language/constant_expression&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Integer constant expression">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Integer_constant_expression">Integer constant expression</span></h3>
<p>An integer constant expression is an expression that consists only of
</p>
<ul><li> <a href="expressions.html#Operators" title="c/language/expressions">operators</a> other than <a href="operator_assignment.html" title="c/language/operator assignment">assignment</a>, <a href="operator_incdec.html" title="c/language/operator incdec">increment, decrement</a>, <a href="operator_other.html#Function_call" title="c/language/operator other">function-call</a>, or <a href="operator_other.html#Comma_operator" title="c/language/operator other">comma</a>, except that <a href="cast.html" title="c/language/cast">cast</a> operators can only cast arithmetic types to integer types
</li><li> <a href="integer_constant.html" title="c/language/integer constant">integer constants</a>
</li><li> <a href="enum.html" title="c/language/enum">enumeration constants</a>
</li><li> <a href="character_constant.html" title="c/language/character constant">character constants</a>
</li><li> <a href="floating_constant.html" title="c/language/floating constant">floating constants</a>, but only if they are immediately used as operands of casts to integer type
</li><li> <a href="sizeof.html" title="c/language/sizeof">sizeof</a> operators <span class="t-rev-inl t-since-c99"><span>whose operands are not VLA</span> <span><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-c99">(since C99)</span></span></span>
</li></ul>
<table class="t-rev-begin">
<tr class="t-rev t-since-c11"><td>
<ul><li> <a href="alignof.html" title="c/language/ Alignof">_Alignof</a> operators
</li></ul>
</td>
<td><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-c11">(since C11)</span></td></tr>
</table>
<p>Integer constant expressions are evaluated at compile time. The following contexts require expressions that are known as <i>integer constant expressions':</i>
</p>
<ul><li> The size of a <a href="bit_field.html" title="c/language/bit field">bit field</a>.
</li><li> The value of an <a href="enum.html" title="c/language/enum">enumeration constant</a>
</li><li> The <code>case</code> label of a <a href="switch.html" title="c/language/switch">switch statement</a>
</li><li> The size of a <span class="t-rev-inl t-since-c99"><span> non-VLA</span> <span><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-c99">(since C99)</span></span></span> array
</li><li> Integer to pointer implicit <a href="conversion.html" title="c/language/conversion">conversion</a>.
</li></ul>
<table class="t-rev-begin">
<tr class="t-rev t-since-c99"><td>
<ul><li> The index in an <a href="array_initialization.html" title="c/language/array initialization">array designator</a>
</li></ul>
</td>
<td><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-c99">(since C99)</span></td></tr>
<table class="t-rev-begin">
<tr class="t-rev t-since-c11"><td>
<ul><li> The first argument of <span class="t-lc">_Static_assert</span>
</li><li> The integer argument of <span class="t-lc">_Alignas</span>
</li></ul>
</td>
<td><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-c11">(since C11)</span></td></tr>
</table>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=c/language/constant_expression&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Static initializer">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Static_initializer">Static initializer</span></h3>
<p>Expressions that are used in the <a href="initialization.html" title="c/language/initialization">initializers</a> of objects with static and thread_local <a href="storage_duration.html" title="c/language/storage duration">storage duration</a> must be expressions that may be one of the following
</p>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">1)</span> <i>arithmetic constant expression</i>, which is an expression of any arithmetic type that consists of
<dl><dd><ul><li> <a href="expressions.html#Operators" title="c/language/expressions">operators</a> other than <a href="operator_assignment.html" title="c/language/operator assignment">assignment</a>, <a href="operator_incdec.html" title="c/language/operator incdec">increment, decrement</a>, <a href="operator_other.html#Function_call" title="c/language/operator other">function-call</a>, or <a href="operator_other.html#Comma_operator" title="c/language/operator other">comma</a>, except that <a href="cast.html" title="c/language/cast">cast</a> operators must be converting arithmetic types to other arithmetic types
</li><li> <a href="integer_constant.html" title="c/language/integer constant">integer constants</a>
</li><li> <a href="floating_constant.html" title="c/language/floating constant">floating constants</a>
</li><li> <a href="enum.html" title="c/language/enum">enumeration constants</a>
</li><li> <a href="character_constant.html" title="c/language/character constant">character constants</a>
</li><li> <a href="sizeof.html" title="c/language/sizeof">sizeof</a> operators <span class="t-rev-inl t-since-c99"><span>whose operands are not VLA</span> <span><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-c99">(since C99)</span></span></span></div>
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
<table class="t-rev-begin">
<tr class="t-rev t-since-c11"><td>
<dl><dd><ul><li> <a href="alignof.html" title="c/language/ Alignof">_Alignof</a> operators
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
</td>
<td><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-c11">(since C11)</span></td></tr>
</table>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">2)</span> the null pointer constant <span class="t-lc"><a href="../types/NULL.html" title="c/types/NULL">NULL</a></span></div>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">3)</span> <i>address constant expression</i>, which is
<dl><dd><ul><li> a null pointer
</li><li> <a href="value_category.html" title="c/language/value category">lvalue</a> designating an object of static <a href="storage_duration.html" title="c/language/storage duration">storage duration</a> or a function designator, converted to a pointer either
</li></ul>
<dl><dd><ul><li> by using the unary address-of operator
</li><li> by casting an integer constant to a pointer
</li><li> by array-to-pointer or function-to-pointer implicit <a href="conversion.html" title="c/language/conversion">conversion</a></div>
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
</dd></dl>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">4)</span> <i>address constant expression</i> of some complete object type, plus or minus an <i>integer constant expression</i></div>
<p>Unlike with integer constant expressions, static initializer expressions are not required to be evaluated at compile time; the compiler is at liberty to turn such initializers into executable code which is invoked prior to program startup.
</p>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="c source-c"><pre class="de1"><span class="kw4">static</span> <span class="kw4">int</span> i <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="nu0">2</span> <span class="sy3">||</span> <span class="nu0">1</span> <span class="sy2">/</span> <span class="nu0">0</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// initializes i to value 1</span></pre></div></div>
<table class="metadata plainlinks ambox mbox-small-left ambox-notice" style=""><tr><td class="mbox-empty-cell"></td><td class="mbox-text" style="">This section is incomplete<br />Reason: other mini-examples </td></tr></table>
<p>The value of a floating-point static initializer is never less accurate than the value of the same expression executed at run time, but it may be better.
</p>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=c/language/constant_expression&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Floating-point constant expressions">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Floating-point_constant_expressions">Floating-point constant expressions</span></h3>
<p>Arithmetic constant expressions of floating-point types that are not used in static initializers are always evaluated as-if during run-time and are affected by the <a href="../numeric/fenv/FE_round.html" title="c/numeric/fenv/FE round">current rounding</a> (if <a href="../preprocessor/impl.html" title="c/preprocessor/impl">FENV_ACCESS</a> is on) and report errors as specified in <a href="../numeric/math/math_errhandling.html" title="c/numeric/math/math errhandling">math_errhandling</a>.
</p>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="c source-c"><pre class="de1"><span class="kw4">void</span> f<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">void</span><span class="br0">)</span>
<span class="br0">{</span>
<span class="co2">#pragma STDC FENV_ACCESS ON</span>
<span class="kw4">static</span> <span class="kw4">float</span> x <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="nu16">0.0</span><span class="sy2">/</span><span class="nu16">0.0</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// static initializer: does not raise an exception</span>
<span class="kw4">float</span> w<span class="br0">[</span><span class="br0">]</span> <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="br0">{</span> <span class="nu16">0.0</span><span class="sy2">/</span><span class="nu16">0.0</span> <span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// raises an exception</span>
<span class="kw4">float</span> y <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="nu16">0.0</span><span class="sy2">/</span><span class="nu16">0.0</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// raises an exception</span>
<span class="kw4">double</span> z <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="nu16">0.0</span><span class="sy2">/</span><span class="nu16">0.0</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// raises an exception</span>
<span class="br0">}</span></pre></div></div>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=c/language/constant_expression&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span></h3>
<p>If an expression evaluates to a value that is not representable by its type, it cannot be used as a constant expression.
</p>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=c/language/constant_expression&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h3>
<div class="t-ref-std-11">
<ul><li> C11 standard (ISO/IEC 9899:2011):
</li></ul>
<dl><dd><ul><li> 6.6 Constant expressions (p: 106-107)
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
<div class="t-ref-std-c99">
<ul><li> C99 standard (ISO/IEC 9899:1999):
</li></ul>
<dl><dd><ul><li> 6.6 Constant expressions (p: 95-96)
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
<div class="t-ref-std-c89">
<ul><li> C89/C90 standard (ISO/IEC 9899:1990):
</li></ul>
<dl><dd><ul><li> 3.4 CONSTANT EXPRESSIONS
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
</div>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=c/language/constant_expression&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h3>
<table class="t-dsc-begin">
<tr class="t-dsc">
<td colspan="2"> <div class="t-dsc-see"><span><a href="../../cpp/language/constant_expression.html" title="cpp/language/constant expression">C++ documentation</a></span> for <span class="t-dsc-see-tt"><span>Constant expressions</span></span></div>
</td></tr>
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