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<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><a href="cast.html" title="c/language/cast"><span class="t-lines"><span>cast operators</span></span></a></div></div></td></tr>
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<p>Provides a way to choose one of several expressions at compile time, based on a type of a controlling expression
</p>
<table id="toc" class="toc"><tr><td><div id="toctitle"><h2>Contents</h2></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="generic.html#Syntax"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Syntax</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="generic.html#Explanation"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Explanation</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="generic.html#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="generic.html#Keywords"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Keywords</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="generic.html#Example"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Example</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="generic.html#References"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
</ul>
</td></tr></table>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=c/language/generic&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Syntax">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Syntax">Syntax</span></h3>
<table class="t-sdsc-begin">
<tr>
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-sdsc">
<td> <code><b>_Generic</b></code> <code><b>(</b></code> <span class="t-spar">controlling-expression</span> <code><b>,</b></code> <span class="t-spar">association-list</span> <code><b>)</b></code>
</td>
<td class="t-sdsc-nopad">
</td>
<td> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-c11">(since C11)</span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
</td></tr></table>
<p>where <span class="t-spar">association-list</span> is a comma-separated list of associations, each of which has the syntax
</p>
<table class="t-sdsc-begin">
<tr>
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-sdsc">
<td class="t-sdsc-nopad"> <span class="t-spar">type-name</span> <code><b>:</b></code> <span class="t-spar">expression</span>
</td>
<td class="t-sdsc-nopad">
</td>
<td class="t-sdsc-nopad">
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-sdsc">
<td class="t-sdsc-nopad"> <code><b>default</b></code> <code><b>:</b></code> <span class="t-spar">expression</span>
</td>
<td class="t-sdsc-nopad">
</td>
<td class="t-sdsc-nopad">
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
</td></tr></table>
<p>where
</p>
<table class="t-par-begin">
<tr class="t-par">
<td> <span class="t-spar">type-name</span>
</td>
<td> -
</td>
<td> any complete <a href="compatible_type.html" title="c/language/type">object type</a> that isn't variably-modified (that is, not VLA or pointer to VLA).
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-par">
<td> <span class="t-spar">controlling-expression</span>
</td>
<td> -
</td>
<td> any expression (except for the <a href="operator_other.html#Comma_operator" title="c/language/operator other">comma operator</a>) whose type must be compatible with one of the <span class="t-spar">type-name</span>s if the <code>default</code> association is not used
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-par">
<td> <span class="t-spar">expression</span>
</td>
<td> -
</td>
<td> any expression (except for the <a href="operator_other.html#Comma_operator" title="c/language/operator other">comma operator</a>) of any type and value category
</td></tr></table>
<p>No two <span class="t-spar">type-name</span>s in the <span class="t-spar">association-list</span> may specify <a href="compatible_type.html#Compatible_types" title="c/language/type">compatible types</a>. There may be only one association that uses the keyword <code>default</code>. If <code>default</code> is not used and none of the <span class="t-spar">type-name</span>s are compatible with the type of the controlling expression, the program will not compile.
</p>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=c/language/generic&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Explanation">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Explanation">Explanation</span></h3>
<p>The type of <span class="t-spar">controlling-expression</span> (after applying <a href="conversion.html#Lvalue_conversions" title="c/language/conversion">lvalue conversions</a> if applicable and if supported -- see notes below), is compared with <span class="t-spar">type-name</span>s from the list of associations.
</p><p>If the type is <a href="compatible_type.html#Compatible_types" title="c/language/type">compatible</a> with the <span class="t-spar">type-name</span> of one of the associations, then the type, value, and <a href="value_category.html" title="c/language/value category">value category</a> of the generic selection are the type, value, and value category of the <span class="t-spar">expression</span> that appears after the colon for that <span class="t-spar">type-name</span>.
</p><p>If none of the <span class="t-spar">type-name</span>s are compatible with the type of the <span class="t-spar">controlling-expression</span>, and the <code>default</code> association is provided, then the type, value, and value category of the generic selection are the type, value, and value category of the expression after the <code>default :</code> label.
</p>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=c/language/generic&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span></h3>
<p>The <span class="t-spar">controlling-expression</span> and the <span class="t-spar">expression</span>s of the selections that are not chosen are are never evaluated.
</p><p>The lvalue conversions of the controlling expression are still an open issue (DR 431/<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/n1930.htm">n1930</a>): clang does not perform them and takes the types of lvalues as-is: <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c"><span class="st0">"abc"</span></span></span> matches <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c"><span class="kw4">char</span><span class="br0">[</span><span class="nu0">4</span><span class="br0">]</span></span></span> and not <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c"><span class="kw4">char</span><span class="sy2">*</span></span></span>, <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c"><span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">int</span> <span class="kw4">const</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="br0">{</span><span class="nu0">0</span><span class="br0">}</span></span></span> matches <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c"><span class="kw4">const</span> <span class="kw4">int</span></span></span> and not <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c"><span class="kw4">int</span></span></span>). Meanwhile, gcc performs the lvalue conversion of the controlling expression (in type domain only: it discards the top-level cvr-qualifiers and atomicity or applies array to pointer/function-to-pointer transformations to the type of the controlling expression, without initiating any side-effects or calculating any values). For gcc, <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c"><span class="st0">"abc"</span></span></span> matches <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c"><span class="kw4">char</span><span class="sy2">*</span></span></span> and not <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c"><span class="kw4">char</span><span class="br0">[</span><span class="nu0">4</span><span class="br0">]</span></span></span> and <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c"><span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">int</span> <span class="kw4">const</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="br0">{</span><span class="nu0">0</span><span class="br0">}</span></span></span> matches <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c"><span class="kw4">int</span></span></span>, and not <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c"><span class="kw4">const</span> <span class="kw4">int</span></span></span>.
</p><p>All <a href="value_category.html" title="c/language/value category">value categories</a>, including function designators and void expressions, are allowed as <span class="t-spar">expression</span>s in a generic selection, and if selected, the generic selection itself has the same value category.
</p><p>The <a href="../numeric/tgmath.html" title="c/numeric/tgmath">type-generic math macros</a> from <code><tgmath.h></code>, introduced in C99, were implemented in compiler-specific manner. Generic selections, introduced in C11, gave the programmers the ability to write similar type-dependent code.
</p><p>Generic selection is similar to overloading in C++ (where one of several functions is chosen at compile time based on the types of the arguments), except that it makes the selection between arbitrary expressions, which, unlike function overloads, may have different return types and even different value categories.
</p>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=c/language/generic&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Keywords">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Keywords">Keywords</span></h3>
<p><a href="../keyword/_Generic.html" title="c/keyword/ Generic"><tt>_Generic</tt></a>,
<a href="../keyword/default.html" title="c/keyword/default"><tt>default</tt></a>
</p>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=c/language/generic&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Example">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Example">Example</span></h3>
<div class="t-example"><div class="t-example-live-link"><div class="coliru-btn coliru-btn-run-init">Run this code</div></div>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="c source-c"><pre class="de1"><span class="co2">#include <stdio.h></span>
<span class="co2">#include <math.h></span>
 
<span class="co1">// Possible implementation of the tgmath.h macro cbrt</span>
<span class="co2">#define cbrt(X) _Generic((X), \
long double: cbrtl, \
default: cbrt, \
/*for clang*/ const float: cbrtf, \
float: cbrtf \
)(X)</span>
 
<span class="kw4">int</span> main<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">void</span><span class="br0">)</span>
<span class="br0">{</span>
<span class="kw4">double</span> x <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="nu16">8.0</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="kw4">const</span> <span class="kw4">float</span> y <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="nu16">3.375</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<a href="../io/fprintf.html"><span class="kw851">printf</span></a><span class="br0">(</span><span class="st0">"cbrt(8.0) = %f<span class="es1">\n</span>"</span>, <a href="../numeric/math/cbrt.html"><span class="kw666">cbrt</span></a><span class="br0">(</span>x<span class="br0">)</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// selects the default cbrt</span>
<a href="../io/fprintf.html"><span class="kw851">printf</span></a><span class="br0">(</span><span class="st0">"cbrtf(3.375) = %f<span class="es1">\n</span>"</span>, <a href="../numeric/math/cbrt.html"><span class="kw666">cbrt</span></a><span class="br0">(</span>y<span class="br0">)</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// gcc: converts const float to float,</span>
<span class="co1">// then selects cbrtf</span>
<span class="co1">// clang: selects cbrtf for const float</span>
<span class="br0">}</span></pre></div></div>
<p>Output:
</p>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="text source-text"><pre class="de1">cbrt(8.0) = 2.000000
cbrtf(3.375) = 1.500000</pre></div></div>
</div>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=c/language/generic&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h3>
<div class="t-ref-std-11">
<ul><li> C11 standard (ISO/IEC 9899:2011):
</li></ul>
<dl><dd><ul><li> 6.5.1.1 Generic selection (p: 78-79)
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
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