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<table id="toc" class="toc"><tr><td><div id="toctitle"><h2>Contents</h2></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="history.html#Early_C"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Early C</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="history.html#Standard_C"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Standard C</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="history.html#Future_development"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Future development</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="history.html#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="history.html#References"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
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<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=c/language/history&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early C">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Early_C">Early C</span></h2>
<ul><li> 1969: B created, based on BCPL, to replace PDP-7 assembler as the system programming language for Unix
</li></ul>
<dl><dd><ul><li> added operators ++, --, compound assignment, remained a typeless language like BCPL
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
<ul><li> 1971: NB ("new B") created when porting B to PDP-11
</li></ul>
<dl><dd><ul><li> types (int, char, arrays and pointers), array-to-pointer conversion, compilation to machine code
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
<ul><li> 1972: Language renamed to C
</li></ul>
<dl><dd><ul><li> structs, operators && and ||, preprocessor, portable I/O
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
<ul><li> 1973: Unix re-written in C
</li></ul>
<dl><dd><ul><li> unsigned, long, unions, enumerations, increased type safety
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
<ul><li> 1978: The C Programming Language, 1st edition
</li></ul>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=c/language/history&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Standard C">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Standard_C">Standard C</span></h2>
<ul><li> 1983: ANSI established X3J11 committee
</li><li> 1988: The C Programming Language, 2nd edition
</li><li> 1989: <code><b>C89</b></code>, the ANSI C standard published
</li></ul>
<ol><li> codified existing practices
</li><li> new features: volatile, enum, signed, void
</li><li> From C++: const, function prototypes
</li></ol>
<ul><li> 1990: <code><b>C90</b></code>, the ANSI C standard accepted as ISO/IEC 9899-1990
</li><li> 1995: <code><b>C95</b></code> (ISO/IEC 9899 AM1) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://infostore.saiglobal.com/store/Details.aspx?DocN=isoc000767513">online store</a>)
</li></ul>
<ol><li> multibyte character support (wchar_t and all wide and multibyte character functions, wchar.h, wctype.h, and those added to existing headers and corresponding changes to stream I/O, etc)
</li><li> digraphs, iso646.h,
</li></ol>
<ul><li> 1995: Technical corrigendum 1 (ISO/IEC 9899 TCOR1)
</li></ul>
<dl><dd><ul><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/tc1.htm">44 small changes</a>
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
<ul><li> 1996: Technical corrigendum 2 (ISO/IEC 9899 TCOR2)
</li></ul>
<dl><dd><ul><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/tc2.htm">24 small changes</a>
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
<ul><li> 1999: <code><b>C99</b></code> (ISO/IEC 9899:1999)
</li></ul>
<ol><li> new features: bool, long long, stdint.h, inttypes.h, restrict, compound literals, variable length arrays, flexible array members, designated initializers, fenv.h, variadic macros, complex numbers, __func__, hexadecimal floating point format (%a), monetary formatting in lconv, isblank, concatenation of narrow and wide string literals, trailing comma in enumerations, empty arguments in function-like macros, STDC_* pragmas, va_copy, null return of tmpnam, null pointer in setvbuf, hh and ll lengthspecifiers in printf, snprintf, _Exit, tgmath.h, POSIX-like strftime specifiers
</li><li> from C++: inline, mix declarations and code, declarations in the init clause of the for loop, <code><b>//</b></code> comments, universal character names in source code
</li><li> removed implicit functions and implicit int
</li></ol>
<ul><li> 2001: Technical corrigendum 1 (ISO/IEC 9899:1999/Cor.1:2001(E))
</li></ul>
<dl><dd><ul><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/9899tc1/">11 defects fixed</a>
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
<ul><li> 2004: Technical corrigendum 2 (ISO/IEC 9899:1999/Cor.2:2004(E))
</li><li> 2004: Unicode TR (ISO/IEC TR 19769:2004) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=33907">ISO store</a>) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/n1040.pdf">November 7, 2003 draft</a>)
</li><li> 2007: Technical corrigendum 3 (ISO/IEC 9899:1999/Cor.3:2007(E)) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/n1256.pdf">September 7, 2007 draft</a>)
</li></ul>
<dl><dd><ul><li> deprecated <span class="t-lc"><a href="../io/gets.html" title="c/io/gets">gets</a></span>
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
<ul><li> 2007: Bounds-checking interfaces TR (ISO/IEC TR 24731-1:2007) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=38841">ISO store</a>) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/n1225.pdf">March 28, 2007 draft</a>)
</li><li> 2008: Embedded TR (ISO/IEC TR 18037:2008) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=51126">ISO store</a>) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/n1021.pdf">September 24, 2003 draft</a>)
</li><li> 2009: Decimal floating-point TR (ISO/IEC TR 24732:2009) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=38842">ISO store</a>) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/n1241.pdf">July 5, 2007 draft</a>)
</li><li> 2009: Mathematical special functions TR (ISO/IEC TR 24747:2009) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=38857">ISO store</a>) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/n1182.pdf">August 2, 2006 draft</a>)
</li><li> 2010: Dynamic allocations functions TR (ISO/IEC TR 24731-2:2010) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=51678">ISO store</a>) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/n1248.pdf">August 15, 2007 draft</a>)
</li><li> 2011: <code><b>C11</b></code> (ISO/IEC 9899:2011) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iso.org/iso/home/store/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=57853">ISO store</a>) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webstore.ansi.org/RecordDetail.aspx?sku=INCITS%2fISO%2fIEC+9899-2012#.UGCvLIHyaHM">ANSI store</a>) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/n1570.pdf">April 12, 2011 draft</a>)
</li></ul>
<ol><li> thread-aware memory model, stdatomic.h, threads.h, type-generic functions, alignas/alignof, noreturn, static assert, analyzability extensions, extensions to complex and imaginary types, anonymous structures and unions, exclusive file open mode. quick_exit
</li><li> removed <span class="t-lc"><a href="../io/gets.html" title="c/io/gets">gets</a></span>
</li><li> from Bounds-checking interfaces TR: bounds-checking interfaces,
</li><li> from Unicode TR: char16_t, char32_t, and uchar.h
</li></ol>
<ul><li> 2012: Technical corrigendum 1 (ISO/IEC 9899:2011/Cor 1:2012) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iso.org/iso/home/store/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=61717">ISO store</a>)
</li></ul>
<dl><dd><ul><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/n1606.pdf">2 minor bug fixes</a>
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
<ul><li> 2013: Secure Coding Rules TS (ISO/IEC TS 17961:2013) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=61134">ISO store</a>) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/n1624.pdf">June 26, 2012</a>)
</li><li> 2014: FP TS part 1: Binary floating-point arithmetic (ISO/IEC TS 18661-1:2014) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=63146">ISO store</a>) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.open-std.org/JTC1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/n1778.pdf">2013 draft</a> )
</li></ul>
<ol><li> provides changes to C11 (mostly to Annex F) that cover all basic requirements and some recommendations of IEC 60559:2011 (C11 was built on IEC 60559:1989)
</li></ol>
<ul><li> 2015: FP TS part 2: Decimal floating-point arithmetic (ISO/IEC TS 18661-2:2015) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iso.org/iso/home/store/catalogue_ics/catalogue_detail_ics.htm?csnumber=68882">ISO store</a>) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/n1912.pdf">2015 draft</a>)
</li></ul>
<ol><li> provides changes to C11 to support all the requirements, plus some basic recommendations, of IEC 60559:2011 for decimal floating-point arithmetic. This supersedes ISO/IEC TR 24732:2009.
</li></ol>
<ul><li> 2015: FP TS part 3: Interchange and extended types (ISO/IEC TS 18661-3:2015) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iso.org/iso/home/store/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=65615">ISO store</a>) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/n1945.pdf">2015 draft</a>)
</li></ul>
<ol><li> provides changes to C11 to support the recommendations of IEC 60559:2011 for extended floating‐point formats and the interchange formats, both arithmetic and non-arithmetic.
</li></ol>
<ul><li> 2015: FP TS part 4: Supplementary functions (ISO/IEC TS 18661-4:2015) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iso.org/iso/home/store/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=65616">ISO store</a>) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/n1950.pdf">2015 draft</a>)
</li></ul>
<ol><li> provides changes to C11 to support all mathematical operations recommended by IEC 60559:2011, including trigonometry in π units, inverse square root, compounded interest, etc.
</li></ol>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=c/language/history&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Future development">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Future_development">Future development</span></h3>
<ul><li> FP TS part 5: supplementary attributes. (Draft <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/n1968.pdf">n1968</a> 2015-09-28)
</li><li> Parallelism TS (Draft <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/n1966.pdf">n1966</a> 2015-09-14)
</li><li> Transactional Memory TS (Draft <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/n1961.pdf">n1961</a> 2015-09-23)
</li><li> Next technical corrigendum of the C11 standard (no draft document)
</li></ul>
<dl><dd><ul><li> Current list of C11 defect reports: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/n1986.htm">n1986 (october 2015)</a>
</li><li> Current list of issues that were not granted DR status: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/n1972.htm">n1972 (october 2015)</a>
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=c/language/history&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h3>
<table class="t-dsc-begin">
<tr class="t-dsc">
<td colspan="2"> <div class="t-dsc-see"><span><a href="../../cpp/language/history.html" title="cpp/language/history">C++ documentation</a></span> for <span class="t-dsc-see-tt"><span>History of C++</span></span></div>
</td></tr>
</table>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=c/language/history&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h3>
<ul><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/who/dmr/chist.html">The Development of the C Language</a> by Dennis M. Ritchie
</li><li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/C99RationaleV5.10.pdf">Rationale for the C99 standard</a>
</li></ul>
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