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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading">Alternative operator representations <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-c95">(since C95)</span></h1>
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</table></div><div><span class="editsection noprint plainlinks" title="Edit this template"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=Template:c/language/navbar_content&action=edit">[edit]</a></span></div></div></div></div><div class="t-navbar-sep"> </div></div>
<p>C source code may be written in any non-ASCII 7-bit character set that includes the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.com/wiki/ISO_646" class="extiw" title="enwiki:ISO 646">ISO 646:1983</a> invariant character set. However, several C operators and punctuators require characters that are outside of the ISO 646 codeset: <code>{, }, [, ], #, \, ^, |, ~</code>. To be able to use character encodings where some or all of these symbols do not exist (such as the German <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/DIN_66003">DIN 66003</a>), there are two possibilities: alternative spellings of operators that use these characters or special combinations of two or three ISO 646 compatible characters that are interpreted as if they were a single non-ISO 646 character.
</p>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=c/language/operator_alternative&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Alternative spellings">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Alternative_spellings">Alternative spellings</span></h2>
<p>There are alternative spellings for several operators defined in <code><b><iso646.h></b></code>.
</p>
<table class="t-dsc-begin">
<tr class="t-dsc-header">
<td colspan="2"> <div>Defined in header <code><iso646.h></code> </div>
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-dsc-hitem">
<td> Primary
</td>
<td> Alternative
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-dsc">
<td> <div class="t-dsc-member-div"><div><span class="t-lines"><span><code>&&</code></span></span></div></div>
</td>
<td> <code>and</code> <br /> <span class="t-mark">(macro constant)</span>
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-dsc">
<td> <div class="t-dsc-member-div"><div><span class="t-lines"><span><code>&=</code></span></span></div></div>
</td>
<td> <code>and_eq</code> <br /> <span class="t-mark">(macro constant)</span>
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-dsc">
<td> <div class="t-dsc-member-div"><div><span class="t-lines"><span><code>&</code></span></span></div></div>
</td>
<td> <code>bitand</code> <br /> <span class="t-mark">(macro constant)</span>
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-dsc">
<td> <div class="t-dsc-member-div"><div><span class="t-lines"><span><code>|</code></span></span></div></div>
</td>
<td> <code>bitor</code> <br /> <span class="t-mark">(macro constant)</span>
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-dsc">
<td> <div class="t-dsc-member-div"><div><span class="t-lines"><span><code>~</code></span></span></div></div>
</td>
<td> <code>compl</code> <br /> <span class="t-mark">(macro constant)</span>
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-dsc">
<td> <div class="t-dsc-member-div"><div><span class="t-lines"><span><code>!</code></span></span></div></div>
</td>
<td> <code>not</code> <br /> <span class="t-mark">(macro constant)</span>
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-dsc">
<td> <div class="t-dsc-member-div"><div><span class="t-lines"><span><code>!=</code></span></span></div></div>
</td>
<td> <code>not_eq</code> <br /> <span class="t-mark">(macro constant)</span>
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-dsc">
<td> <div class="t-dsc-member-div"><div><span class="t-lines"><span><code>||</code></span></span></div></div>
</td>
<td> <code>or</code> <br /> <span class="t-mark">(macro constant)</span>
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-dsc">
<td> <div class="t-dsc-member-div"><div><span class="t-lines"><span><code>|=</code></span></span></div></div>
</td>
<td> <code>or_eq</code> <br /> <span class="t-mark">(macro constant)</span>
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-dsc">
<td> <div class="t-dsc-member-div"><div><span class="t-lines"><span><code>^</code></span></span></div></div>
</td>
<td> <code>xor</code> <br /> <span class="t-mark">(macro constant)</span>
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-dsc">
<td> <div class="t-dsc-member-div"><div><span class="t-lines"><span><code>^=</code></span></span></div></div>
</td>
<td> <code>xor_eq</code> <br /> <span class="t-mark">(macro constant)</span>
</td></tr>
</table>
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=c/language/operator_alternative&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Digraphs and trigraphs">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Digraphs_and_trigraphs">Digraphs and trigraphs</span></h2>
<p>The following combinations of two and three characters (digraphs<span class="t-mark-rev t-since-c95">(C95)</span> and trigraphs<span class="t-mark">(C89)</span>) are valid substitutions for their respective primary characters:
</p>
<table class="wikitable">
<tr style="text-align: left;">
<th> Primary
</th>
<th> Digraph
</th>
<th> Trigraph
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td> <code>{</code> </td>
<td> <code><%</code> </td>
<td> <code>??<</code>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> <code></code>} </td>
<td> <code>%></code> </td>
<td> <code>??></code>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> <code>[</code> </td>
<td> <code><:</code> </td>
<td> <code>??(</code>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> <code>]</code> </td>
<td> <code>:></code> </td>
<td> <code>??)</code>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> <code>#</code> </td>
<td> <code>%:</code> </td>
<td> <code>??=</code>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> <code>\</code> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> <code>??/</code>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> <code>^</code> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> <code>??'</code>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> <code>|</code> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> <code>??!</code>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td> <code>~</code> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> <code>??-</code>
</td></tr></table>
<p>Note that trigraphs (but not digraphs) are <a href="translation_phases.html" title="c/language/translation phases">parsed before comments and string literals are recognized</a>, so a comment such as <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c"><span class="co1">// Will the next line be executed?????/</span></span></span> will effectively comment out the following line, and the string literal such as <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c"><span class="st0">"What's going on??!"</span></span></span> is parsed as <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c"><span class="st0">"What's going on|"</span></span></span>.
</p>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=c/language/operator_alternative&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Example">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Example">Example</span></h3>
<div class="t-example"><p> The following example demonstrates alternative operator spellings from the <code><b><iso646.h></b></code> header as well as use of digraphs and trigraphs.
<p>The space character in the first command-line argument, argv[1], requires the quotation marks: ", World!".
</p>
</p><div class="t-example-live-link"><div class="coliru-btn coliru-btn-run-init">Run this code</div></div>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="c source-c"><pre class="de1"><span class="sy2">%</span><span class="sy4">:</span>include <span class="sy1"><</span>stdlib.<span class="me1">h</span><span class="sy1">></span>
<span class="sy2">%</span><span class="sy4">:</span>include <span class="sy1"><</span>stdio.<span class="me1">h</span><span class="sy1">></span>
<span class="sy2">%</span><span class="sy4">:</span>include <span class="sy1"><</span>iso646.<span class="me1">h</span><span class="sy1">></span>
 
<span class="kw4">int</span> main<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">int</span> argc, <span class="kw4">char</span><span class="sy2">**</span> argv<span class="br0">)</span>
<span class="sy4">??</span><span class="sy1"><</span>
<span class="kw1">if</span> <span class="br0">(</span>argc <span class="sy1">></span> <span class="nu0">1</span> and argv<span class="sy1"><</span><span class="sy4">:</span><span class="nu0">1</span><span class="sy4">:</span><span class="sy1">></span> not_eq <a href="../types/NULL.html"><span class="kw103">NULL</span></a><span class="br0">)</span>
<span class="sy1"><</span><span class="sy2">%</span>
<a href="../io/fprintf.html"><span class="kw851">printf</span></a><span class="br0">(</span><span class="st0">"Hello%s<span class="es1">\n</span>"</span>, argv<span class="sy1"><</span><span class="sy4">:</span><span class="nu0">1</span><span class="sy4">:</span><span class="sy1">></span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="sy2">%</span><span class="sy1">></span>
 
<span class="kw1">return</span> <a href="../program/EXIT_status.html"><span class="kw493">EXIT_SUCCESS</span></a><span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="sy4">??</span><span class="sy1">></span></pre></div></div>
<p>Possible output:
</p>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="text source-text"><pre class="de1">Hello, World!</pre></div></div>
</div>
<table class="t-dsc-begin">
<tr class="t-dsc">
<td colspan="2"> <div class="t-dsc-see"><span><a href="../../cpp/language/operator_alternative.html" title="cpp/language/operator alternative">C++ documentation</a></span> for <span class="t-dsc-see-tt"><span>Alternative operator representations</span></span></div>
</td></tr>
</table>
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