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<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><a href="history.html" title="c/language/history"><span class="t-lines"><span>history of C</span></span></a></div></div></td></tr>
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<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><strong class="selflink"><span class="t-lines"><span>operator precedence</span></span></strong></div></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><a href="operator_member_access.html" title="c/language/operator member access"><span class="t-lines"><span>member access and indirection</span></span></a></div></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><a href="operator_logical.html" title="c/language/operator logical"><span class="t-lines"><span>logical operators</span></span></a></div></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><a href="operator_comparison.html" title="c/language/operator comparison"><span class="t-lines"><span>comparison operators</span></span></a></div></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><a href="operator_arithmetic.html" title="c/language/operator arithmetic"><span class="t-lines"><span>arithmetic operators</span></span></a></div></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><a href="operator_assignment.html" title="c/language/operator assignment"><span class="t-lines"><span>assignment operators</span></span></a></div></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><a href="operator_incdec.html" title="c/language/operator incdec"><span class="t-lines"><span>increment and decrement</span></span></a></div></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><a href="operator_other.html" title="c/language/operator other"><span class="t-lines"><span>function call, comma, conditional operator</span></span></a></div></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><a href="sizeof.html" title="c/language/sizeof"><span class="t-lines"><span>sizeof</span></span></a></div></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><a href="alignof.html" title="c/language/ Alignof"><span class="t-lines"><span>alignof</span></span></a></div><div><span class="t-lines"><span><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-c11">(C11)</span></span></span></div></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><a href="cast.html" title="c/language/cast"><span class="t-lines"><span>cast operators</span></span></a></div></div></td></tr>
</table></div>
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<p>The following table lists the precedence and associativity of C operators. Operators are listed top to bottom, in descending precedence.
</p>
<table class="wikitable">
<tr>
<th style="text-align: left"> Precedence
</th>
<th style="text-align: left"> Operator
</th>
<th style="text-align: left"> Description
</th>
<th style="text-align: left"> Associativity
</th></tr>
<tr>
<th rowspan="6"> 1
</th>
<td style="border-bottom-style: none"> <code>++</code> <code>--</code>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom-style: none"> Suffix/postfix increment and decrement
</td>
<td style="vertical-align: top" rowspan="6"> Left-to-right
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom-style: none; border-top-style: none"> <code>()</code>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom-style: none; border-top-style: none"> Function call
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom-style: none; border-top-style: none"> <code>[]</code>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom-style: none; border-top-style: none"> Array subscripting
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom-style: none; border-top-style: none"> <code>.</code>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom-style: none; border-top-style: none"> Structure and union member access
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom-style: none; border-top-style: none"> <code>-></code>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom-style: none; border-top-style: none"> Structure and union member access through pointer
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom-style: none; border-top-style: none"> <code>(<i>type</i>){<i>list</i>}</code>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom-style: none; border-top-style: none"> Compound literal<span class="t-mark-rev t-since-c99">(C99)</span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th rowspan="8"> 2
</th>
<td style="border-bottom-style: none"> <code>++</code> <code>--</code>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom-style: none"> Prefix increment and decrement
</td>
<td style="vertical-align: top" rowspan="8"> Right-to-left
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom-style: none; border-top-style: none"> <code>+</code> <code>-</code>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom-style: none; border-top-style: none"> Unary plus and minus
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom-style: none; border-top-style: none"> <code>!</code> <code>~</code>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom-style: none; border-top-style: none"> Logical NOT and bitwise NOT
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom-style: none; border-top-style: none"> <code>(<i>type</i>)</code>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom-style: none; border-top-style: none"> Type cast
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom-style: none; border-top-style: none"> <code>*</code>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom-style: none; border-top-style: none"> Indirection (dereference)
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom-style: none; border-top-style: none"> <code>&</code>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom-style: none; border-top-style: none"> Address-of
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom-style: none; border-top-style: none"> <code>sizeof</code>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom-style: none; border-top-style: none"> Size-of
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom-style: none; border-top-style: none"> <code>_Alignof</code>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom-style: none; border-top-style: none"> Alignment requirement<span class="t-mark-rev t-since-c11">(C11)</span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th> 3
</th>
<td> <code>*</code> <code>/</code> <code>%</code>
</td>
<td> Multiplication, division, and remainder
</td>
<td style="vertical-align: top" rowspan="11"> Left-to-right
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th> 4
</th>
<td> <code>+</code> <code>-</code>
</td>
<td> Addition and subtraction
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th> 5
</th>
<td> <code><<</code> <code>>></code>
</td>
<td> Bitwise left shift and right shift
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th rowspan="2"> 6
</th>
<td style="border-bottom-style: none"> <code><</code> <code><=</code>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom-style: none"> For relational operators < and ≤ respectively
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top-style: none"> <code>></code> <code>>=</code>
</td>
<td style="border-top-style: none"> For relational operators > and ≥ respectively
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th> 7
</th>
<td> <code>==</code> <code>!=</code>
</td>
<td> For relational = and ≠ respectively
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th> 8
</th>
<td> <code>&</code>
</td>
<td> Bitwise AND
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th> 9
</th>
<td> <code>^</code>
</td>
<td> Bitwise XOR (exclusive or)
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th> 10
</th>
<td> <code>|</code>
</td>
<td> Bitwise OR (inclusive or)
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th> 11
</th>
<td> <code>&&</code>
</td>
<td> Logical AND
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th> 12
</th>
<td> <code>||</code>
</td>
<td> Logical OR
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th> 13<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="operator_precedence.html#cite_note-1">[note 1]</a></sup>
</th>
<td> <code>?:</code>
</td>
<td> Ternary conditional<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="operator_precedence.html#cite_note-2">[note 2]</a></sup>
</td>
<td style="vertical-align: top" rowspan="6"> Right-to-Left
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th rowspan="5"> 14
</th>
<td style="border-bottom-style: none"> <code>=</code>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom-style: none"> Simple assignment
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom-style: none; border-top-style: none"> <code>+=</code> <code>-=</code>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom-style: none; border-top-style: none"> Assignment by sum and difference
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom-style: none; border-top-style: none"> <code>*=</code> <code>/=</code> <code>%=</code>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom-style: none; border-top-style: none"> Assignment by product, quotient, and remainder
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom-style: none; border-top-style: none"> <code><<=</code> <code>>>=</code>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom-style: none; border-top-style: none"> Assignment by bitwise left shift and right shift
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top-style: none"> <code>&=</code> <code>^=</code> <code>|=</code>
</td>
<td style="border-top-style: none"> Assignment by bitwise AND, XOR, and OR
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th> 15
</th>
<td> <code>,</code>
</td>
<td> Comma
</td>
<td> Left-to-right
</td></tr></table>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="operator_precedence.html#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fictional precedence level, see Notes below</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="operator_precedence.html#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">The expression in the middle of the conditional operator (between <code><b>?</b></code> and <code><b>:</b></code>) is parsed as if parenthesized: its precedence relative to <code>?:</code> is ignored.</span>
</li>
</ol>
<p>When parsing an expression, an operator which is listed on some row will be bound tighter (as if by parentheses) to its arguments than any operator that is listed on a row further below it. For example, the expression <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c"><span class="sy2">*</span>p<span class="sy2">++</span></span></span> is parsed as <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c"><span class="sy2">*</span><span class="br0">(</span>p<span class="sy2">++</span><span class="br0">)</span></span></span>, and not as <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c"><span class="br0">(</span><span class="sy2">*</span>p<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy2">++</span></span></span>.
</p><p>Operators that are in the same cell (there may be several rows of operators listed in a cell) are evaluated with the same precedence, in the given direction. For example, the expression <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c">a<span class="sy1">=</span>b<span class="sy1">=</span>c</span></span> is parsed as <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c">a<span class="sy1">=</span><span class="br0">(</span>b<span class="sy1">=</span>c<span class="br0">)</span></span></span>, and not as <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c"><span class="br0">(</span>a<span class="sy1">=</span>b<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy1">=</span>c</span></span> because of right-to-left associativity.
</p>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=c/language/operator_precedence&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span></h3>
<p>Precedence and associativity are independent from <a href="eval_order.html" title="c/language/eval order">order of evaluation</a>.
</p><p>The C language standard doesn't specify operator precedence. It specifies the language grammar, and the precedence table is derived from it to simplify understanding. There is a part of the grammar that cannot be represented by a precedence table: assignment is never allowed to appear on the right hand side of a conditional operator, so <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c">e <span class="sy1">=</span> a <span class="sy1"><</span> d <span class="sy4">?</span> a<span class="sy2">++</span> <span class="sy4">:</span> a <span class="sy1">=</span> d</span></span> is an expression that cannot be parsed, and therefore relative precedence of conditional and assignment operators cannot be described easily.
</p><p>However, many C compilers use non-standard expression grammar where <code>?:</code> is designated higher precedence than <code>=</code>, which parses that expression as <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c">e <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="br0">(</span> <span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">(</span>a <span class="sy1"><</span> d<span class="br0">)</span> <span class="sy4">?</span> <span class="br0">(</span>a<span class="sy2">++</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="sy4">:</span> a<span class="br0">)</span> <span class="sy1">=</span> d <span class="br0">)</span></span></span>, which then fails to compile due to semantic constraints: <code>?:</code> is never <a href="value_category.html" title="c/language/value category">lvalue</a> and <code>=</code> requires a modifiable lvalue on the left. This is the table presented on this page.
</p><p>Note that this is different in C++, where the conditional operator has the same precedence as assignment.
</p>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=c/language/operator_precedence&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h3>
<div class="t-ref-std-11">
<ul><li> C11 standard (ISO/IEC 9899:2011):
</li></ul>
<dl><dd><ul><li> A.2.1 Expressions
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
<div class="t-ref-std-c99">
<ul><li> C99 standard (ISO/IEC 9899:1999):
</li></ul>
<dl><dd><ul><li> A.2.1 Expressions
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
<div class="t-ref-std-c89">
<ul><li> C89/C90 standard (ISO/IEC 9899:1990):
</li></ul>
<dl><dd><ul><li> A.1.2.1 Expressions
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
</div>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=c/language/operator_precedence&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See Also">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="See_Also">See Also</span></h3>
<p><a href="eval_order.html" title="c/language/eval order">Order of evaluation</a> of operator arguments at run time.
</p>
<table class="wikitable">
<tr style="text-align:center">
<th colspan="7"> Common operators
</th></tr>
<tr style="text-align:center">
<td> <a href="operator_assignment.html" title="c/language/operator assignment"> assignment</a>
</td>
<td> <a href="operator_incdec.html" title="c/language/operator incdec"> increment<br />decrement</a>
</td>
<td> <a href="operator_arithmetic.html" title="c/language/operator arithmetic"> arithmetic</a>
</td>
<td> <a href="operator_logical.html" title="c/language/operator logical"> logical</a>
</td>
<td> <a href="operator_comparison.html" title="c/language/operator comparison"> comparison</a>
</td>
<td> <a href="operator_member_access.html" title="c/language/operator member access"> member<br />access</a>
</td>
<td> <a href="operator_other.html" title="c/language/operator other"> other</a>
</td></tr>
<tr style="text-align:center">
<td>
<p><span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c">a <span class="sy1">=</span> b<br />
a <span class="sy2">+</span><span class="sy1">=</span> b<br />
a <span class="sy2">-</span><span class="sy1">=</span> b<br />
a <span class="sy2">*</span><span class="sy1">=</span> b<br />
a <span class="sy2">/</span><span class="sy1">=</span> b<br />
a <span class="sy2">%</span><span class="sy1">=</span> b<br />
a <span class="sy3">&</span><span class="sy1">=</span> b<br />
a <span class="sy3">|</span><span class="sy1">=</span> b<br />
a <span class="sy3">^</span><span class="sy1">=</span> b<br />
a <span class="sy1"><<=</span> b<br />
a <span class="sy1">>>=</span> b</span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p><span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c"><span class="sy2">++</span>a<br />
<span class="sy2">--</span>a<br />
a<span class="sy2">++</span><br />
a<span class="sy2">--</span></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p><span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c"><span class="sy2">+</span>a<br />
<span class="sy2">-</span>a<br />
a <span class="sy2">+</span> b<br />
a <span class="sy2">-</span> b<br />
a <span class="sy2">*</span> b<br />
a <span class="sy2">/</span> b<br />
a <span class="sy2">%</span> b<br />
~a<br />
a <span class="sy3">&</span> b<br />
a <span class="sy3">|</span> b<br />
a <span class="sy3">^</span> b<br />
a <span class="sy1"><<</span> b<br />
a <span class="sy1">>></span> b</span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p><span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c"><span class="sy3">!</span>a<br />
a <span class="sy3">&&</span> b<br />
a <span class="sy3">||</span> b</span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p><span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c">a <span class="sy1">==</span> b<br />
a <span class="sy3">!</span><span class="sy1">=</span> b<br />
a <span class="sy1"><</span> b<br />
a <span class="sy1">></span> b<br />
a <span class="sy1"><=</span> b<br />
a <span class="sy1">>=</span> b</span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p><span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c">a<span class="br0">[</span>b<span class="br0">]</span><br />
<span class="sy2">*</span>a<br />
<span class="sy3">&</span>a<br />
a<span class="sy2">-</span><span class="sy1">></span>b<br />
a.<span class="me1">b</span></span></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p><span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c">a<span class="br0">(</span>...<span class="br0">)</span><br />
a, b<br />
<span class="br0">(</span>type<span class="br0">)</span> a<br />
<span class="sy4">?</span> <span class="sy4">:</span><br />
<span class="kw4">sizeof</span><br />
_Alignof</span></span> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-c11">(since C11)</span>
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