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<p>Each <a href="identifier.html" title="c/language/identifier">identifier</a> that appears in a C program is only <i>visible</i> (that is, may be used) in some possibly discontiguous portion of the source code called its <i>scope</i>.
</p><p>Within a scope, an identifier may designate more than one entity only if the entities are in different <a href="name_space.html" title="c/language/name space">name spaces</a>.
</p><p>C has four kinds of scopes:
</p>
<dl><dd><ul><li> block scope
</li><li> file scope
</li><li> function scope
</li><li> function prototype scope
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
<table id="toc" class="toc"><tr><td><div id="toctitle"><h2>Contents</h2></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="scope.html#Nested_scopes"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Nested scopes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="scope.html#Block_scope"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Block scope</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="scope.html#File_scope"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">File scope</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="scope.html#Function_scope"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Function scope</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="scope.html#Function_prototype_scope"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Function prototype scope</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="scope.html#Point_of_declaration"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Point of declaration</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="scope.html#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="scope.html#References"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="scope.html#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
</ul>
</td></tr></table>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=c/language/scope&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Nested scopes">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Nested_scopes">Nested scopes</span></h3>
<p>If two different entities named by the same identifier are in scope at the same time, and they belong to the same <a href="name_space.html" title="c/language/name space">name space</a>, the scopes are nested (no other form of scope overlap is allowed), and the declaration that appears in the inner scope hides the declaration that appears in the outer scope:
</p>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="c source-c"><pre class="de1"><span class="kw4">void</span> f<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">void</span><span class="br0">)</span>
<span class="br0">{</span>
<span class="kw4">int</span> a <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="nu0">1</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// the block scope of the name a begins here</span>
<span class="br0">{</span>
<span class="kw4">int</span> a <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="nu0">2</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// the scope of the inner a begins here, outer a is hidden</span>
<a href="../io/fprintf.html"><span class="kw851">printf</span></a><span class="br0">(</span><span class="st0">"%d<span class="es1">\n</span>"</span>, a<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// inner a is in scope, prints 2</span>
<span class="br0">}</span> <span class="co1">// the block scope of the inner a ends here</span>
<a href="../io/fprintf.html"><span class="kw851">printf</span></a><span class="br0">(</span><span class="st0">"%d<span class="es1">\n</span>"</span>, a<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// the outer a is in scope, prints 1</span>
<span class="br0">}</span> <span class="co1">// the scope of the outer a ends here</span></pre></div></div>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=c/language/scope&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Block scope">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Block_scope">Block scope</span></h3>
<p>The scope of any identifier declared inside a <a href="statements.html#Compound_statements" title="c/language/statements">compound statement</a>, including function bodies, <span class="t-rev-inl t-since-c99"><span>or in any expression, declaration, or statement appearing in <a href="if.html" title="c/language/if">if</a>, <a href="switch.html" title="c/language/switch">switch</a>, <a href="for.html" title="c/language/for">for</a>, <a href="while.html" title="c/language/while">while</a>, or <a href="do.html" title="c/language/do">do-while</a> statement</span> <span><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-c99">(since C99)</span></span></span>, or within the parameter list of a <a href="function_definition.html" title="c/language/function definition">function definition</a> begins at the point of declaration and ends at the end of the block or statement in which it was declared.
</p>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="c source-c"><pre class="de1"><span class="kw4">void</span> f<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">int</span> n<span class="br0">)</span> <span class="co1">// scope of the function parameter 'n' begins</span>
<span class="br0">{</span> <span class="co1">// the body of the function begins</span>
<span class="sy2">++</span>n<span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// 'n' is in scope and refers to the function parameter</span>
<span class="co1">// int n = 2; // error: cannot redeclare identifier in the same scope</span>
<span class="kw1">for</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">int</span> n <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="nu0">0</span><span class="sy4">;</span> n<span class="sy1"><</span><span class="nu0">10</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="sy2">++</span>n<span class="br0">)</span> <span class="br0">{</span> <span class="co1">// scope of loop-local 'n' begins</span>
<a href="../io/fprintf.html"><span class="kw851">printf</span></a><span class="br0">(</span><span class="st0">"%d<span class="es1">\n</span>"</span>, n<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// prints 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9</span>
<span class="br0">}</span> <span class="co1">// scope of the loop-local 'n' ends</span>
<span class="co1">// the function parameter 'n' is back in scope</span>
<a href="../io/fprintf.html"><span class="kw851">printf</span></a><span class="br0">(</span><span class="st0">"%d<span class="es1">\n</span>"</span>, n<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// prints the value of the parameter</span>
<span class="br0">}</span> <span class="co1">// scope of function parameter 'n' ends</span>
<span class="kw4">int</span> a <span class="sy1">=</span> n<span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// Error: name 'n' is not in scope</span></pre></div></div>
<table class="t-rev-begin">
<tr class="t-rev t-since-c99"><td>
<p>Until C99, selection and iteration statements did not establish their own block scopes (although if a compound statement was used in the statement, it had its usual block scope):
</p>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="c source-c"><pre class="de1"><span class="kw2">enum</span> <span class="br0">{</span>a, b<span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="kw4">int</span> different<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">void</span><span class="br0">)</span>
<span class="br0">{</span>
<span class="kw1">if</span> <span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">sizeof</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw2">enum</span> <span class="br0">{</span>b, a<span class="br0">}</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="sy3">!</span><span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="kw4">sizeof</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">int</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="br0">)</span>
<span class="kw1">return</span> a<span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// a == 1</span>
<span class="kw1">return</span> b<span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// b == 0 in C89, b == 1 in C99</span>
<span class="br0">}</span></pre></div></div>
</td>
<td><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-c99">(since C99)</span></td></tr>
</table>
<p>Block-scope variables have <a href="storage_duration.html" title="c/language/storage duration">no linkage</a> and <a href="storage_duration.html" title="c/language/storage duration">automatic storage duration</a> by default. Note that storage duration for non-VLA local variables begins when the block is entered, but until the declaration is seen, the
variable is not in scope and cannot be accessed.
</p>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=c/language/scope&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: File scope">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="File_scope">File scope</span></h3>
<p>The scope of any identifier declared outside of any block or parameter list begins at the point of declaration and ends at the end of the translation unit.
</p>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="c source-c"><pre class="de1"><span class="kw4">int</span> i<span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// scope of i begins</span>
<span class="kw4">static</span> <span class="kw4">int</span> g<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">int</span> a<span class="br0">)</span> <span class="br0">{</span> <span class="kw1">return</span> a<span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="br0">}</span> <span class="co1">// scope of g begins (note, "a" has block scope)</span>
<span class="kw4">int</span> main<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">void</span><span class="br0">)</span>
<span class="br0">{</span>
i <span class="sy1">=</span> g<span class="br0">(</span><span class="nu0">2</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// i and g are in scope</span>
<span class="br0">}</span></pre></div></div>
<p>File-scope identifiers have <a href="storage_duration.html" title="c/language/storage duration">external linkage</a> and <a href="storage_duration.html" title="c/language/storage duration">static storage duration</a> by default.
</p>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=c/language/scope&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Function scope">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Function_scope">Function scope</span></h3>
<p>A <a href="statements.html#Labels" title="c/language/statements">label (and only a label)</a> declared inside a function is in scope everywhere in that function, in all nested blocks, before and after its own declaration. Note: a label is declared implicitly, by using an otherwise unused identifier before the colon character before any statement.
</p>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="c source-c"><pre class="de1"><span class="kw4">void</span> f<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span>
<span class="br0">{</span>
<span class="br0">{</span>
<span class="kw1">goto</span> label<span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// label in scope even though declared later</span>
label<span class="sy4">:;</span>
<span class="br0">}</span>
<span class="kw1">goto</span> label<span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// label ignores block scope</span>
<span class="br0">}</span>
 
<span class="kw4">void</span> g<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span>
<span class="br0">{</span>
<span class="kw1">goto</span> label<span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// error: label not in scope in g()</span>
<span class="br0">}</span></pre></div></div>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=c/language/scope&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Function prototype scope">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Function_prototype_scope">Function prototype scope</span></h3>
<p>The scope of a name introduced in the parameter list of a <a href="function_declaration.html" title="c/language/function declaration">function declaration</a> that is not a definition ends at the end of the function <a href="declarations.html" title="c/language/declarations">declarator</a>.
</p>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="c source-c"><pre class="de1"><span class="kw4">int</span> f<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">int</span> n,
<span class="kw4">int</span> a<span class="br0">[</span>n<span class="br0">]</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// n is in scope and refers to the first parameter</span></pre></div></div>
<p>Note that if there are multiple or nested declarators in the declaration, the scope ends at the end of the nearest enclosing function declarator:
</p>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="c source-c"><pre class="de1"><span class="kw4">void</span> f <span class="br0">(</span> <span class="co1">// function name 'f' is at file scope</span>
<span class="kw4">long</span> <span class="kw4">double</span> f, <span class="co1">// the identifier 'f' is now in scope, file-scope 'f' is hidden</span>
<span class="kw4">char</span> <span class="br0">(</span><span class="sy2">**</span>a<span class="br0">)</span><span class="br0">[</span><span class="nu0">10</span> <span class="sy2">*</span> <span class="kw4">sizeof</span> f<span class="br0">]</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="co1">// 'f' refers to the first parameter, which is in scope</span>
<span class="br0">{</span>
<a href="../io/fprintf.html"><span class="kw851">printf</span></a><span class="br0">(</span><span class="st0">"%d<span class="es1">\n</span>"</span>, <span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">int</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="kw4">sizeof</span> <span class="sy2">**</span>a<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// prints 160</span>
<span class="br0">}</span>
 
<span class="kw2">enum</span><span class="br0">{</span> n <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="nu0">3</span> <span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="kw4">int</span> <span class="br0">(</span><span class="sy2">*</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="sy2">*</span>g<span class="br0">)</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">int</span> n<span class="br0">)</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="br0">[</span>n<span class="br0">]</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// the scope of the function parameter 'n'</span>
<span class="co1">// ends at the end of its function declarator</span>
<span class="co1">// in the array declarator, global n is in scope</span>
<span class="co1">// (this declares a pointer to function returning a pointer to an array of 3 int)</span></pre></div></div>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=c/language/scope&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Point of declaration">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Point_of_declaration">Point of declaration</span></h3>
<p>The scope of structure, union, and enumeration tags begins immediately after the appearance of the tag in a type specifier that declares the tag.
</p>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="c source-c"><pre class="de1"><span class="kw1">struct</span> Node <span class="br0">{</span>
<span class="kw1">struct</span> Node<span class="sy2">*</span> next<span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// Node is in scope and refers to this struct</span>
<span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span></pre></div></div>
<p>The scope of enumeration constant begins immediately after the appearance of its defining enumerator in an enumerator list.
</p>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="c source-c"><pre class="de1"><span class="kw2">enum</span> <span class="br0">{</span> x <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="nu0">12</span> <span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="br0">{</span>
<span class="kw2">enum</span> <span class="br0">{</span> x <span class="sy1">=</span> x <span class="sy2">+</span> <span class="nu0">1</span>, <span class="co1">// new x is not in scope until the comma, x is initialized to 13</span>
y <span class="sy1">=</span> x <span class="sy2">+</span> <span class="nu0">1</span> <span class="co1">// the new enumerator x is now in scope, y is initialized to 14</span>
<span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="br0">}</span></pre></div></div>
<p>The scope of any other identifier begins just after the end of its declarator and before the initializer, if any:
</p>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="c source-c"><pre class="de1"><span class="kw4">int</span> x <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="nu0">2</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// scope of the first 'x' begins</span>
<span class="br0">{</span>
<span class="kw4">int</span> x<span class="br0">[</span>x<span class="br0">]</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// scope of the newly declared x begins after the declarator (x[x]).</span>
<span class="co1">// Within the declarator, the outer 'x' is still in scope.</span>
<span class="co1">// This declares a VLA array of 2 int.</span>
<span class="br0">}</span>
 
<span class="kw4">unsigned</span> <span class="kw4">char</span> x <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="nu0">32</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// scope of the outer 'x' begins</span>
<span class="br0">{</span>
<span class="kw4">unsigned</span> <span class="kw4">char</span> x <span class="sy1">=</span> x<span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="co1">// scope of the inner 'x' begins before the initializer (= x)</span>
<span class="co1">// this does not initialize the inner 'x' with the value 32, </span>
<span class="co1">// this initializes the inner 'x' with its own, indeterminate, value</span>
<span class="br0">}</span>
 
<span class="kw4">unsigned</span> <span class="kw4">long</span> factorial<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">unsigned</span> <span class="kw4">long</span> n<span class="br0">)</span>
<span class="co1">// declarator ends, 'factorial' is in scope from this point</span>
<span class="br0">{</span>
<span class="kw1">return</span> n<span class="sy1"><</span><span class="nu0">2</span> <span class="sy4">?</span> <span class="nu0">1</span> <span class="sy4">:</span> n<span class="sy2">*</span>factorial<span class="br0">(</span>n<span class="sy2">-</span><span class="nu0">1</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// recursive call</span>
<span class="br0">}</span></pre></div></div>
<p>As a special case, the scope of a <a href="compatible_type.html" title="c/language/type">type name</a> that is not a declaration of an identifier is considered to begin just after the place within the type name where the identifier would appear were it not omitted.
</p>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=c/language/scope&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span></h3>
<p>Prior to C89, identifiers with external linkage had file scope even when introduced within a block, and because of that, a C89 compiler is not required to diagnose the use of an extern identifier that has gone out of scope (such use is undefined behavior).
</p><p>Local variables within a loop body can hide variables declared in the init clause of a <a href="for.html" title="c/language/for">for</a> loop in C (their scope is nested), but cannot do that in C++.
</p><p>Unlike C++, C has no struct scope: names declared within a struct/union/enum declaration are in the same scope as the struct declaration (except that data members are in their own <a href="name_space.html" title="c/language/name space">member name space</a>):
</p>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="c source-c"><pre class="de1"><span class="kw1">struct</span> foo <span class="br0">{</span>
<span class="kw1">struct</span> baz <span class="br0">{</span><span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="kw2">enum</span> color <span class="br0">{</span>RED, BLUE<span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="kw1">struct</span> baz b<span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// baz is in scope</span>
<span class="kw2">enum</span> color x <span class="sy1">=</span> RED<span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// color and RED are in scope</span></pre></div></div>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=c/language/scope&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h3>
<div class="t-ref-std-11">
<ul><li> C11 standard (ISO/IEC 9899:2011):
</li></ul>
<dl><dd><ul><li> 6.2.1 Scopes of identifiers (p: 35-36)
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
<div class="t-ref-std-c99">
<ul><li> C99 standard (ISO/IEC 9899:1999):
</li></ul>
<dl><dd><ul><li> 6.2.1 Scopes of identifiers (p: 29-30)
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
<div class="t-ref-std-c89">
<ul><li> C89/C90 standard (ISO/IEC 9899:1990):
</li></ul>
<dl><dd><ul><li> 3.1.2.1 Scopes of identifiers
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
</div>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=c/language/scope&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h3>
<table class="t-dsc-begin">
<tr class="t-dsc">
<td colspan="2"> <div class="t-dsc-see"><span><a href="../../cpp/language/scope.html" title="cpp/language/scope">C++ documentation</a></span> for <span class="t-dsc-see-tt"><span>Scope</span></span></div>
</td></tr>
</table></div>
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