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<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><a href="cast.html" title="c/language/cast"><span class="t-lines"><span>cast operators</span></span></a></div></div></td></tr>
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</div><div><span class="editsection noprint plainlinks" title="Edit this template"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=Template:c/language/expressions/navbar_content&action=edit">[edit]</a></span></div></div></div></div><div class="t-navbar-sep"> </div></div>
<p>Constructs an unnamed object of specified character array type in-place, used when a character string needs to be embedded in source code.
</p>
<table id="toc" class="toc"><tr><td><div id="toctitle"><h2>Contents</h2></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="string_literal.html#Syntax"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Syntax</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="string_literal.html#Explanation"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Explanation</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="string_literal.html#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="string_literal.html#Example"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Example</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="string_literal.html#References"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="string_literal.html#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
</ul>
</td></tr></table>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=c/language/string_literal&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Syntax">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Syntax">Syntax</span></h3>
<table class="t-sdsc-begin">
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<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
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<td> <code><b>"</b></code> <span class="t-spar">s-char-sequence</span> <code><b>"</b></code>
</td>
<td> (1)
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<td> <code><b>u8</b></code> <code><b>"</b></code> <span class="t-spar">s-char-sequence</span> <code><b>"</b></code>
</td>
<td> (2)
</td>
<td> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-c11">(since C11)</span>
</td></tr>
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<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
</td></tr>
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<td> <code><b>u</b></code> <code><b>"</b></code> <span class="t-spar">s-char-sequence</span> <code><b>"</b></code>
</td>
<td> (3)
</td>
<td> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-c11">(since C11)</span>
</td></tr>
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<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
</td></tr>
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<td> <code><b>U</b></code> <code><b>"</b></code> <span class="t-spar">s-char-sequence</span> <code><b>"</b></code>
</td>
<td> (4)
</td>
<td> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-c11">(since C11)</span>
</td></tr>
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<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
</td></tr>
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<td> <code><b>L</b></code> <code><b>"</b></code> <span class="t-spar">s-char-sequence</span> <code><b>"</b></code>
</td>
<td> (5)
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<p>where
</p>
<table class="t-par-begin">
<tr class="t-par">
<td> <span class="t-spar">s-char-sequence</span>
</td>
<td> -
</td>
<td> zero or more characters, each of which is either a multibyte character from the source character set (excluding (<code><b>"</b></code>), <code><b>\</b></code>, and newline), or character escape, hex escape, octal escape<span class="t-rev-inl t-since-c99"><span>, or unified character name</span> <span><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-c99">(since C99)</span></span></span> as defined in <a href="escape.html" title="c/language/escape">escape sequences</a>.
<p><br />
</p>
</td></tr></table>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">1)</span> <i>character string literal</i>: The type of the literal is <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c"><span class="kw4">char</span><span class="br0">[</span><span class="br0">]</span></span></span>, each character in the array is initialized from the next character in <span class="t-spar">s-char-sequence</span> using the execution character set.</div>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">2)</span> <i>UTF-8 string literal</i>: The type of the literal is <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c"><span class="kw4">char</span><span class="br0">[</span><span class="br0">]</span></span></span>, each character in the array is initialized from the next multibyte character in <span class="t-spar">s-char-sequence</span> using UTF-8 encoding.</div>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">3)</span> 16-bit wide string literal: The type of the literal is <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c">char16_t<span class="br0">[</span><span class="br0">]</span></span></span>, each char16_t element in the array is initialized as if by executing <span class="t-lc"><a href="../string/multibyte/mbrtoc16.html" title="c/string/multibyte/mbrtoc16">mbrtoc16</a></span> in implementation-defined locale.</div>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">4)</span> 32-bit wide string literal: The type of the literal is <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c">char32_t<span class="br0">[</span><span class="br0">]</span></span></span>, each char32_t element in the array is initialized as if by executing <span class="t-lc"><a href="../string/multibyte/mbrtoc32.html" title="c/string/multibyte/mbrtoc32">mbrtoc32</a></span> in implementation-defined locale.</div>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">5)</span> wide string literal: The type of the literal is <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c"><span class="kw4">wchar_t</span><span class="br0">[</span><span class="br0">]</span></span></span>, each wchar_t element in the array is initialized as if by executing <span class="t-lc"><a href="../string/multibyte/mbstowcs.html" title="c/string/multibyte/mbstowcs">mbstowcs</a></span> in implementation-defined locale.</div>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=c/language/string_literal&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Explanation">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Explanation">Explanation</span></h3>
<p>First, at <a href="translation_phases.html" title="c/language/translation phases">translation phase 6</a> (after macro expansion), the adjacent string literals (that is, string literals separated by whitespace only) are concatenated.
</p>
<table class="t-rev-begin">
<tr class="t-rev t-until-c99"><td>
<p>Only two narrow or two wide string literals may be concatenated.
</p>
</td>
<td><span class="t-mark">(until C99)</span></td></tr>
<tr class="t-rev t-since-c99"><td>
<p>If one literal is unprefixed, the resulting string literal has the width/encoding specified by the prefixed literal. If the two string literals have different encoding prefixes, concatenation is implementation-defined.
</p>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="c source-c"><pre class="de1">L<span class="st0">"Δx = %"</span> <a href="../types/integer.html"><span class="kw177">PRId16</span></a> <span class="co1">// at phase 4, PRId16 expands to "d"</span>
<span class="co1">// at phase 6, L"Δx = %" and "d" form L"Δx = %d"</span></pre></div></div>
</td>
<td><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-c99">(since C99)</span></td></tr>
</table>
<p>Then (at stage 7), a terminating null character is added to each string literal, and then each literal initializes an unnamed array with static <a href="storage_duration.html" title="c/language/storage duration">storage duration</a> and length just enough to contain the contents of the string literal plus one the null terminator.
</p>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="c source-c"><pre class="de1"><span class="kw4">char</span><span class="sy2">*</span> p <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="st0">"<span class="es2">\x12</span>"</span> <span class="st0">"3"</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// creates a static char[3] array holding {'\x12', '3', '\0'} </span>
<span class="co1">// sets p to point to the first element of the array</span></pre></div></div>
<p>String literals are <b>not modifiable</b> (and in fact may be placed in read-only memory such as <code>.rodata</code>). If a program attempts to modify the static array formed by a string literal, the behavior is undefined.
</p>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="c source-c"><pre class="de1"><span class="kw4">char</span><span class="sy2">*</span> p <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="st0">"Hello"</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
p<span class="br0">[</span><span class="nu0">1</span><span class="br0">]</span> <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="st0">'M'</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// Undefined behavior</span></pre></div></div>
<p>It is neither required nor forbidden for identical string literals to refer to the same location in memory. Moreover, overlapping string literals or string literals that are substrings of other string literals may be combined.
</p>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="c source-c"><pre class="de1"><span class="st0">"def"</span> <span class="sy1">==</span> <span class="nu0">3</span><span class="sy2">+</span><span class="st0">"abcdef"</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// may be 1 or 0, implementation-defined</span></pre></div></div>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=c/language/string_literal&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span></h3>
<p>A string literal is not necessarily a string; if a string literal has embedded null characters, it represents an array which contains more than one string:
</p>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="c source-c"><pre class="de1"><span class="kw4">char</span><span class="sy2">*</span> p <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="st0">"abc<span class="es5">\0</span>def"</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// strlen(p) == 3, but the array has size 8</span></pre></div></div>
<p>If a valid hex digit follows a hex escape in a string literal, it would fail to compile as an invalid escape sequence, but string concatenation can be used as a workaround:
</p>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="c source-c"><pre class="de1"><span class="co1">//char* p = "\xfff"; // error: hex escape sequence out of range</span>
<span class="kw4">char</span><span class="sy2">*</span> p <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="st0">"<span class="es2">\xff</span>"</span><span class="st0">"f"</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// okay, the literal is char[3] holding {'\xff', 'f', '\0'}</span></pre></div></div>
<p>String literals can be used to <a href="array_initialization.html" title="c/language/array initialization">initialize arrays</a>, and if the size of the array is one less the size of the string literal, the null terminator is ignored:
</p>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="c source-c"><pre class="de1"><span class="kw4">char</span><span class="br0">[</span><span class="br0">]</span> a1 <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="st0">"abc"</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// a1 is char[4] holding {'a', 'b', 'c', '\0'}</span>
<span class="kw4">char</span><span class="br0">[</span><span class="nu0">4</span><span class="br0">]</span> a2 <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="st0">"abc"</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// a2 is char[4] holding {'a', 'b', 'c', '\0'}</span>
<span class="kw4">char</span><span class="br0">[</span><span class="nu0">3</span><span class="br0">]</span> a3 <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="st0">"abc"</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// a3 is char[3] holding {'a', 'b', 'c'}</span></pre></div></div>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=c/language/string_literal&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Example">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Example">Example</span></h3>
<div class="t-example"><div class="t-example-live-link"><div class="coliru-btn coliru-btn-run-init">Run this code</div></div>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="c source-c"><pre class="de1"><span class="co2">#include <stdio.h></span>
<span class="co2">#include <stdlib.h></span>
<span class="co2">#include <stddef.h></span>
<span class="co2">#include <uchar.h></span>
<span class="co2">#include <locale.h></span>
<span class="kw4">int</span> main<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">void</span><span class="br0">)</span>
<span class="br0">{</span>
<span class="kw4">char</span> s1<span class="br0">[</span><span class="br0">]</span> <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="st0">"a猫🍌"</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="co1">// or "a\u732B\U0001F34C"</span>
<span class="kw4">char</span> s2<span class="br0">[</span><span class="br0">]</span> <span class="sy1">=</span> u8<span class="st0">"a猫🍌"</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
char16_t s3<span class="br0">[</span><span class="br0">]</span> <span class="sy1">=</span> u<span class="st0">"a猫🍌"</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
char32_t s4<span class="br0">[</span><span class="br0">]</span> <span class="sy1">=</span> U<span class="st0">"a猫🍌"</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="kw4">wchar_t</span> s5<span class="br0">[</span><span class="br0">]</span> <span class="sy1">=</span> L<span class="st0">"a猫🍌"</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
 
<a href="../locale/setlocale.html"><span class="kw901">setlocale</span></a><span class="br0">(</span><a href="../locale/LC_categories.html"><span class="kw904">LC_ALL</span></a>, <span class="st0">"en_US.utf8"</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<a href="../io/fprintf.html"><span class="kw851">printf</span></a><span class="br0">(</span><span class="st0">" <span class="es1">\"</span>%s<span class="es1">\"</span> is a char[%zu] holding { "</span>, s1, <span class="kw4">sizeof</span> s1 <span class="sy2">/</span> <span class="kw4">sizeof</span> <span class="sy2">*</span>s1<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="kw1">for</span><span class="br0">(</span><a href="../types/size_t.html"><span class="kw100">size_t</span></a> n <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="nu0">0</span><span class="sy4">;</span> n <span class="sy1"><</span> <span class="kw4">sizeof</span> s1 <span class="sy2">/</span> <span class="kw4">sizeof</span> <span class="sy2">*</span>s1<span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="sy2">++</span>n<span class="br0">)</span>
<a href="../io/fprintf.html"><span class="kw851">printf</span></a><span class="br0">(</span><span class="st0">"%#x "</span>, <span class="sy2">+</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">unsigned</span> <span class="kw4">char</span><span class="br0">)</span>s1<span class="br0">[</span>n<span class="br0">]</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <a href="../io/puts.html"><span class="kw836">puts</span></a><span class="br0">(</span><span class="st0">" }"</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<a href="../io/fprintf.html"><span class="kw851">printf</span></a><span class="br0">(</span><span class="st0">"u8<span class="es1">\"</span>%s<span class="es1">\"</span> is a char[%zu] holding { "</span>, s2, <span class="kw4">sizeof</span> s2 <span class="sy2">/</span> <span class="kw4">sizeof</span> <span class="sy2">*</span>s2<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="kw1">for</span><span class="br0">(</span><a href="../types/size_t.html"><span class="kw100">size_t</span></a> n <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="nu0">0</span><span class="sy4">;</span> n <span class="sy1"><</span> <span class="kw4">sizeof</span> s2 <span class="sy2">/</span> <span class="kw4">sizeof</span> <span class="sy2">*</span>s2<span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="sy2">++</span>n<span class="br0">)</span>
<a href="../io/fprintf.html"><span class="kw851">printf</span></a><span class="br0">(</span><span class="st0">"%#x "</span>, <span class="sy2">+</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">unsigned</span> <span class="kw4">char</span><span class="br0">)</span>s2<span class="br0">[</span>n<span class="br0">]</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <a href="../io/puts.html"><span class="kw836">puts</span></a><span class="br0">(</span><span class="st0">" }"</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<a href="../io/fprintf.html"><span class="kw851">printf</span></a><span class="br0">(</span><span class="st0">" u<span class="es1">\"</span>a猫🍌<span class="es1">\"</span> is a char16_t[%zu] holding { "</span>, <span class="kw4">sizeof</span> s3 <span class="sy2">/</span> <span class="kw4">sizeof</span> <span class="sy2">*</span>s3<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="kw1">for</span><span class="br0">(</span><a href="../types/size_t.html"><span class="kw100">size_t</span></a> n <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="nu0">0</span><span class="sy4">;</span> n <span class="sy1"><</span> <span class="kw4">sizeof</span> s3 <span class="sy2">/</span> <span class="kw4">sizeof</span> <span class="sy2">*</span>s3<span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="sy2">++</span>n<span class="br0">)</span>
<a href="../io/fprintf.html"><span class="kw851">printf</span></a><span class="br0">(</span><span class="st0">"%#x "</span>, s3<span class="br0">[</span>n<span class="br0">]</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <a href="../io/puts.html"><span class="kw836">puts</span></a><span class="br0">(</span><span class="st0">" }"</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<a href="../io/fprintf.html"><span class="kw851">printf</span></a><span class="br0">(</span><span class="st0">" U<span class="es1">\"</span>a猫🍌<span class="es1">\"</span> is a char32_t[%zu] holding { "</span>, <span class="kw4">sizeof</span> s4 <span class="sy2">/</span> <span class="kw4">sizeof</span> <span class="sy2">*</span>s4<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="kw1">for</span><span class="br0">(</span><a href="../types/size_t.html"><span class="kw100">size_t</span></a> n <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="nu0">0</span><span class="sy4">;</span> n <span class="sy1"><</span> <span class="kw4">sizeof</span> s4 <span class="sy2">/</span> <span class="kw4">sizeof</span> <span class="sy2">*</span>s4<span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="sy2">++</span>n<span class="br0">)</span>
<a href="../io/fprintf.html"><span class="kw851">printf</span></a><span class="br0">(</span><span class="st0">"%#x "</span>, s4<span class="br0">[</span>n<span class="br0">]</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <a href="../io/puts.html"><span class="kw836">puts</span></a><span class="br0">(</span><span class="st0">" }"</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<a href="../io/fprintf.html"><span class="kw851">printf</span></a><span class="br0">(</span><span class="st0">" L<span class="es1">\"</span>%ls<span class="es1">\"</span> is a wchar_t[%zu] holding { "</span>, s5, <span class="kw4">sizeof</span> s5 <span class="sy2">/</span> <span class="kw4">sizeof</span> <span class="sy2">*</span>s5<span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="kw1">for</span><span class="br0">(</span><a href="../types/size_t.html"><span class="kw100">size_t</span></a> n <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="nu0">0</span><span class="sy4">;</span> n <span class="sy1"><</span> <span class="kw4">sizeof</span> s5 <span class="sy2">/</span> <span class="kw4">sizeof</span> <span class="sy2">*</span>s5<span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="sy2">++</span>n<span class="br0">)</span>
<a href="../io/fprintf.html"><span class="kw851">printf</span></a><span class="br0">(</span><span class="st0">"%#x "</span>, s5<span class="br0">[</span>n<span class="br0">]</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <a href="../io/puts.html"><span class="kw836">puts</span></a><span class="br0">(</span><span class="st0">" }"</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="br0">}</span></pre></div></div>
<p>Possible output:
</p>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="text source-text"><pre class="de1">"a猫🍌" is a char[9] holding { 0x61 0xe7 0x8c 0xab 0xf0 0x9f 0x8d 0x8c 0 }
u8"a猫🍌" is a char[9] holding { 0x61 0xe7 0x8c 0xab 0xf0 0x9f 0x8d 0x8c 0 }
u"a猫🍌" is a char16_t[5] holding { 0x61 0x732b 0xd83c 0xdf4c 0 }
U"a猫🍌" is a char32_t[4] holding { 0x61 0x732b 0x1f34c 0 }
L"a猫🍌" is a wchar_t[4] holding { 0x61 0x732b 0x1f34c 0 }</pre></div></div>
</div>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=c/language/string_literal&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h3>
<div class="t-ref-std-11">
<ul><li> C11 standard (ISO/IEC 9899:2011):
</li></ul>
<dl><dd><ul><li> 6.4.5 String literals (p: 70-72)
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
<div class="t-ref-std-c99">
<ul><li> C99 standard (ISO/IEC 9899:1999):
</li></ul>
<dl><dd><ul><li> 6.4.5 String literals (p: 62-63)
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
<div class="t-ref-std-c89">
<ul><li> C89/C90 standard (ISO/IEC 9899:1990):
</li></ul>
<dl><dd><ul><li> 3.1.4 String literals
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
</div>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=c/language/string_literal&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h3>
<table class="t-dsc-begin">
<tr class="t-dsc">
<td colspan="2"> <div class="t-dsc-see"><span><a href="../../cpp/language/string_literal.html" title="cpp/language/string literal">C++ documentation</a></span> for <span class="t-dsc-see-tt"><span>string literal</span></span></div>
</td></tr>
</table></div>
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