1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
|
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en" dir="ltr" class="client-nojs">
<head>
<title>Phases of translation - cppreference.com</title>
<meta charset="UTF-8" />
<meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.21.2" />
<link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit" href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=c/language/translation_phases&action=edit" />
<link rel="edit" title="Edit" href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=c/language/translation_phases&action=edit" />
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="../../../favicon.ico" />
<link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="../../../mwiki/opensearch_desc.php" title="cppreference.com (en)" />
<link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/api.php?action=rsd" />
<link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="cppreference.com Atom feed" href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom" />
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../mwiki/load.php%3Fdebug=false&lang=en&modules=ext.gadget.ColiruCompiler%257Cext.rtlcite%257Cmediawiki.legacy.commonPrint%252Cshared%257Cskins.cppreference2&only=styles&skin=cppreference2&*.css" />
<meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content="" />
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../mwiki/load.php%3Fdebug=false&lang=en&modules=site&only=styles&skin=cppreference2&*.css" />
<style>a:lang(ar),a:lang(ckb),a:lang(fa),a:lang(kk-arab),a:lang(mzn),a:lang(ps),a:lang(ur){text-decoration:none}#toc{display:none}.editsection{display:none}
/* cache key: mwiki1-mwiki_en_:resourceloader:filter:minify-css:7:472787eddcf4605d11de8c7ef047234f */</style>
<script src="../../../mwiki/load.php%3Fdebug=false&lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&skin=cppreference2&*"></script>
<script>if(window.mw){
mw.config.set({"wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"c/language/translation_phases","wgTitle":"c/language/translation phases","wgCurRevisionId":76096,"wgArticleId":13879,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":[],"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgMonthNamesShort":["","Jan","Feb","Mar","Apr","May","Jun","Jul","Aug","Sep","Oct","Nov","Dec"],"wgRelevantPageName":"c/language/translation_phases","wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[]});
}</script><script>if(window.mw){
mw.loader.implement("user.options",function(){mw.user.options.set({"ccmeonemails":0,"cols":80,"date":"default","diffonly":0,"disablemail":0,"disablesuggest":0,"editfont":"default","editondblclick":0,"editsection":0,"editsectiononrightclick":0,"enotifminoredits":0,"enotifrevealaddr":0,"enotifusertalkpages":1,"enotifwatchlistpages":0,"extendwatchlist":0,"externaldiff":0,"externaleditor":0,"fancysig":0,"forceeditsummary":0,"gender":"unknown","hideminor":0,"hidepatrolled":0,"imagesize":2,"justify":0,"math":1,"minordefault":0,"newpageshidepatrolled":0,"nocache":0,"noconvertlink":0,"norollbackdiff":0,"numberheadings":0,"previewonfirst":0,"previewontop":1,"quickbar":5,"rcdays":7,"rclimit":50,"rememberpassword":0,"rows":25,"searchlimit":20,"showhiddencats":0,"showjumplinks":1,"shownumberswatching":1,"showtoc":0,"showtoolbar":1,"skin":"cppreference2","stubthreshold":0,"thumbsize":2,"underline":2,"uselivepreview":0,"usenewrc":0,"watchcreations":0,"watchdefault":0,"watchdeletion":0,
"watchlistdays":3,"watchlisthideanons":0,"watchlisthidebots":0,"watchlisthideliu":0,"watchlisthideminor":0,"watchlisthideown":0,"watchlisthidepatrolled":0,"watchmoves":0,"wllimit":250,"variant":"en","language":"en","searchNs0":true,"searchNs1":false,"searchNs2":false,"searchNs3":false,"searchNs4":false,"searchNs5":false,"searchNs6":false,"searchNs7":false,"searchNs8":false,"searchNs9":false,"searchNs10":false,"searchNs11":false,"searchNs12":false,"searchNs13":false,"searchNs14":false,"searchNs15":false,"gadget-ColiruCompiler":1});;},{},{});mw.loader.implement("user.tokens",function(){mw.user.tokens.set({"editToken":"+\\","patrolToken":false,"watchToken":false});;},{},{});
/* cache key: mwiki1-mwiki_en_:resourceloader:filter:minify-js:7:ca03345b1e2c4d90a25d968753a73b92 */
}</script>
<script>if(window.mw){
mw.loader.load(["mediawiki.page.startup","mediawiki.legacy.wikibits","mediawiki.legacy.ajax"]);
}</script>
<style type="text/css">/*<![CDATA[*/
.source-c {line-height: normal;}
.source-c li, .source-c pre {
line-height: normal; border: 0px none white;
}
/**
* GeSHi Dynamically Generated Stylesheet
* --------------------------------------
* Dynamically generated stylesheet for c
* CSS class: source-c, CSS id:
* GeSHi (C) 2004 - 2007 Nigel McNie, 2007 - 2008 Benny Baumann
* (http://qbnz.com/highlighter/ and http://geshi.org/)
* --------------------------------------
*/
.c.source-c .de1, .c.source-c .de2 {font: normal normal 1em/1.2em monospace; margin:0; padding:0; background:none; vertical-align:top;}
.c.source-c {font-family:monospace;}
.c.source-c .imp {font-weight: bold; color: red;}
.c.source-c li, .c.source-c .li1 {font-weight: normal; vertical-align:top;}
.c.source-c .ln {width:1px;text-align:right;margin:0;padding:0 2px;vertical-align:top;}
.c.source-c .li2 {font-weight: bold; vertical-align:top;}
.c.source-c .kw1 {color: #0000dd;}
.c.source-c .kw2 {color: #0000ff;}
.c.source-c .kw3 {color: #0000dd;}
.c.source-c .kw4 {color: #0000ff;}
.c.source-c .co1 {color: #909090;}
.c.source-c .co2 {color: #339900;}
.c.source-c .coMULTI {color: #ff0000; font-style: italic;}
.c.source-c .es0 {color: #008000; font-weight: bold;}
.c.source-c .es1 {color: #008000; font-weight: bold;}
.c.source-c .es2 {color: #008000; font-weight: bold;}
.c.source-c .es3 {color: #008000; font-weight: bold;}
.c.source-c .es4 {color: #008000; font-weight: bold;}
.c.source-c .es5 {color: #008000; font-weight: bold;}
.c.source-c .br0 {color: #008000;}
.c.source-c .sy0 {color: #008000;}
.c.source-c .sy1 {color: #000080;}
.c.source-c .sy2 {color: #000040;}
.c.source-c .sy3 {color: #000040;}
.c.source-c .sy4 {color: #008080;}
.c.source-c .st0 {color: #008000;}
.c.source-c .nu0 {color: #000080;}
.c.source-c .nu6 {color:#000080;}
.c.source-c .nu8 {color:#000080;}
.c.source-c .nu12 {color:#000080;}
.c.source-c .nu16 {color:#000080;}
.c.source-c .nu17 {color:#000080;}
.c.source-c .nu18 {color:#000080;}
.c.source-c .nu19 {color:#000080;}
.c.source-c .ln-xtra, .c.source-c li.ln-xtra, .c.source-c div.ln-xtra {background-color: #ffc;}
.c.source-c span.xtra { display:block; }
/*]]>*/
</style><!--[if lt IE 7]><style type="text/css">body{behavior:url("/mwiki/skins/cppreference2/csshover.min.htc")}</style><![endif]--></head>
<body class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr ns-0 ns-subject page-c_language_translation_phases skin-cppreference2 action-view cpp-navbar">
<!-- header -->
<div id="mw-head" class="noprint">
<div id="cpp-head-first-base">
<div id="cpp-head-first">
<h5><a href="../../../index.html">
cppreference.com </a></h5>
<div id="cpp-head-search">
<!-- 0 -->
<div id="p-search">
<h5><label for="searchInput">Search</label></h5>
<form action="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php" id="searchform">
<input type='hidden' name="title" value="Special:Search"/>
<div id="simpleSearch">
<input name="search" title="Search cppreference.com [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" /> <button type="submit" name="button" title="Search the pages for this text" id="searchButton"><img src="../../../mwiki/skins/cppreference2/images/search-ltr.png%3F303" alt="Search" /></button> </div>
</form>
</div>
<!-- /0 -->
</div>
<div id="cpp-head-personal">
<!-- 0 -->
<div id="p-personal" class="">
<span id="pt-createaccount"><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=c%2Flanguage%2Ftranslation+phases&type=signup">Create account</a></span> <div class="menu">
<ul>
<li id="pt-login"><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=c%2Flanguage%2Ftranslation+phases" title="You are encouraged to log in; however, it is not mandatory [o]" accesskey="o">Log in</a></li> </ul>
</div>
</div>
<!-- /0 -->
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="cpp-head-second-base">
<div id="cpp-head-second">
<div id="cpp-head-tools-left">
<!-- 0 -->
<div id="p-namespaces" class="vectorTabs">
<h5>Namespaces</h5>
<ul>
<li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected"><span><a href="translation_phases.html" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Page</a></span></li>
<li id="ca-talk" class="new"><span><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=Talk:c/language/translation_phases&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Discussion about the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Discussion</a></span></li>
</ul>
</div>
<!-- /0 -->
<!-- 1 -->
<div id="p-variants" class="vectorMenu emptyPortlet">
<h5><span>Variants</span><a href="translation_phases.html#"></a></h5>
<div class="menu">
<ul>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<!-- /1 -->
</div>
<div id="cpp-head-tools-right">
<!-- 0 -->
<div id="p-views" class="vectorTabs">
<h5>Views</h5>
<ul>
<li id="ca-view" class="selected"><span><a href="translation_phases.html" >View</a></span></li>
<li id="ca-edit"><span><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=c/language/translation_phases&action=edit" title="You can edit this page. Please use the preview button before saving [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></span></li>
<li id="ca-history" class="collapsible"><span><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=c/language/translation_phases&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">History</a></span></li>
</ul>
</div>
<!-- /0 -->
<!-- 1 -->
<div id="p-cactions" class="vectorMenu emptyPortlet">
<h5><span>Actions</span><a href="translation_phases.html#"></a></h5>
<div class="menu">
<ul>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<!-- /1 -->
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<!-- /header -->
<!-- content -->
<div id="cpp-content-base">
<div id="content">
<a id="top"></a>
<div id="mw-js-message" style="display:none;"></div>
<!-- firstHeading -->
<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading">Phases of translation</h1>
<!-- /firstHeading -->
<!-- bodyContent -->
<div id="bodyContent">
<!-- tagline -->
<div id="siteSub">From cppreference.com</div>
<!-- /tagline -->
<!-- subtitle -->
<div id="contentSub"><span class="subpages">< <a href="../../c.html" title="c">c</a>‎ | <a href="../language.1.html" title="c/language">language</a></span></div>
<!-- /subtitle -->
<!-- bodycontent -->
<div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div class="t-navbar" style=""><div class="t-navbar-sep"> </div><div class="t-navbar-head"><a href="../../c.html" title="c"> C</a><div class="t-navbar-menu"><div><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="line-height:1.1em;">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../language.1.html" title="c/language"> Language</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../header.html" title="c/header"> headers</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../types.html" title="c/types"> Type support</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../memory.html" title="c/memory"> Dynamic memory management</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../error.html" title="c/error"> Error handling</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../program.html" title="c/program"> Program utilities</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../variadic.html" title="c/variadic"> Variadic function support</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../chrono.html" title="c/chrono"> Date and time utilities</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../string.html" title="c/string"> Strings library</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../algorithm.html" title="c/algorithm"> Algorithms</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../numeric.html" title="c/numeric"> Numerics</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../io.html" title="c/io"> Input/output support</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../locale.html" title="c/locale"> Localization support</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../thread.html" title="c/thread"> Thread support</a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-c11">(C11)</span> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../atomic.html" title="c/atomic"> Atomic operations</a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-c11">(C11)</span> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><a href="../experimental.html" title="c/experimental"><span class="t-lines"><span>Technical Specifications</span></span></a></div></div></td></tr>
</table></div><div><span class="editsection noprint plainlinks" title="Edit this template"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=Template:c/navbar_content&action=edit">[edit]</a></span></div></div></div></div><div class="t-navbar-sep"> </div><div class="t-navbar-head"><a href="../language.1.html" title="c/language"> C language</a></div><div class="t-navbar-sep"> </div><div class="t-navbar-head"><a href="basic_concepts.html" title="c/language/basic concepts"> Basic Concepts</a><div class="t-navbar-menu"><div><div style="display:inline-block">
<div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="../comment.html" title="c/comment"> comments</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="ascii.html" title="c/language/ascii"> ASCII</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <strong class="selflink"> Translation phases</strong></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="identifier.html" title="c/language/identifier">identifier</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="scope.html" title="c/language/scope">scope</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="lifetime.html" title="c/language/lifetime">lifetime</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="name_space.html" title="c/language/name space">lookup and name spaces</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="compatible_type.html" title="c/language/type">type</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="arithmetic_types.html" title="c/language/arithmetic types">arithmetic types</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="main_function.html" title="c/language/main function">the main() function</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="memory_model.html" title="c/language/memory model">memory model and data races</a></td></tr>
</table></div>
</div><div><span class="editsection noprint plainlinks" title="Edit this template"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=Template:c/language/basics/navbar_content&action=edit">[edit]</a></span></div></div></div></div><div class="t-navbar-sep"> </div></div>
<p>The C source file is processed by the compiler <i>as if</i> the following phases take place, in this exact order. Actual implementation may combine these actions or process them differently as long as the behavior is the same.
</p>
<table id="toc" class="toc"><tr><td><div id="toctitle"><h2>Contents</h2></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="translation_phases.html#Phase_1"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Phase 1</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="translation_phases.html#Phase_2"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Phase 2</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="translation_phases.html#Phase_3"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Phase 3</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="translation_phases.html#Phase_4"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Phase 4</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="translation_phases.html#Phase_5"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Phase 5</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="translation_phases.html#Phase_6"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Phase 6</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="translation_phases.html#Phase_7"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Phase 7</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="translation_phases.html#Phase_8"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Phase 8</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="translation_phases.html#References"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="translation_phases.html#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
</ul>
</td></tr></table>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=c/language/translation_phases&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Phase 1">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Phase_1">Phase 1</span></h3>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">1)</span> The individual bytes of the source code file (which is generally a text file in some multibyte encoding such as UTF-8) are mapped, in implementation defined manner, to the characters of the <i>source character set</i>. In particular, OS-dependent end-of-line indicators are replaced by newline characters.
<dl><dd>The <i>source character set</i> is a multibyte character set which includes the <i>basic source character set</i> as a single-byte subset, consisting of the following 96 characters:</div>
</dd></dl>
<div class="t-li2"><span class="t-li">a)</span> 5 whitespace characters (space, horizontal tab, vertical tab, form feed, new-line)</div>
<div class="t-li2"><span class="t-li">b)</span> 10 digit characters from <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c"><span class="st0">'0'</span></span></span> to <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c"><span class="st0">'9'</span></span></span></div>
<div class="t-li2"><span class="t-li">c)</span> 52 letters from <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c"><span class="st0">'a'</span></span></span> to <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c"><span class="st0">'z'</span></span></span> and from <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c"><span class="st0">'A'</span></span></span> to <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c"><span class="st0">'Z'</span></span></span></div>
<div class="t-li2"><span class="t-li">d)</span> 29 punctuation characters: <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c">_ <span class="br0">{</span> <span class="br0">}</span> <span class="br0">[</span> <span class="br0">]</span> <span class="co2"># ( ) < > % : ; . ? * + - / ^ & | ~ ! = , \ " ’</span></span></span></div>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">2)</span> <a href="operator_alternative.html" title="c/language/operator alternative">Trigraph sequences</a> are replaced by corresponding single-character representations.</div>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=c/language/translation_phases&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Phase 2">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Phase_2">Phase 2</span></h3>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">1)</span> Whenever backslash appears at the end of a line (immediately followed by the newline character), both backslash and newline are deleted, combining two physical source lines into one logical source line. This is a single-pass operation, a line ending in two backslashes followed by an empty line does not combine three lines into one). </div>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">2)</span> If a non-empty source file does not end with a newline character after this step (whether it had no newline originally, or it ended with a backslash), the behavior is undefined.</div>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=c/language/translation_phases&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Phase 3">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Phase_3">Phase 3</span></h3>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">1)</span> The source file is decomposed into <a href="../comment.html" title="c/comment">comments</a>, sequences of whitespace characters (space, horizontal tab, new-line, vertical tab, and form-feed), and <i>preprocessing tokens</i>, which are the following</div>
<div class="t-li2"><span class="t-li">a)</span> header names: <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c"><span class="sy1"><</span>stdio.<span class="me1">h</span><span class="sy1">></span></span></span> or <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c"><span class="st0">"myfile.h"</span></span></span></div>
<div class="t-li2"><span class="t-li">b)</span> <a href="identifier.html" title="c/language/identifier">identifiers</a></div>
<div class="t-li2"><span class="t-li">c)</span> numbers</div>
<div class="t-li2"><span class="t-li">d)</span> <a href="character_constant.html" title="c/language/character constant">character constants</a> and <a href="string_literal.html" title="c/language/string literal">string literals</a></div>
<div class="t-li2"><span class="t-li">e)</span> operators and punctuators (including <a href="operator_alternative.html" title="c/language/operator alternative">alternative tokens</a>), such as <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c"><span class="sy2">+</span></span></span>, <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c"><span class="sy1"><<=</span></span></span>, <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c"><span class="sy1"><</span><span class="sy2">%</span></span></span>, <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c"><span class="co2">##</span></span></span>, or <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi c source-c">and</span></span>.</div>
<div class="t-li2"><span class="t-li">f)</span> individual non-whitespace characters that do not fit in any other category</div>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">2)</span> Each comment is replaced by one space character</div>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">3)</span> Newlines are kept, and it's implementation-defined whether non-newline whitespace sequences may be collapsed into single space characters.</div>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=c/language/translation_phases&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Phase 4">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Phase_4">Phase 4</span></h3>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">1)</span> <a href="../preprocessor.html" title="c/preprocessor">Preprocessor</a> is executed.</div>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">2)</span> Each file introduced with the <a href="../../cpp/preprocessor/include.html" title="cpp/preprocessor/include">#include</a> directive goes through phases 1 through 4, recursively.</div>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">3)</span> At the end of this phase, all preprocessor directives are removed from the source.</div>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=c/language/translation_phases&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Phase 5">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Phase_5">Phase 5</span></h3>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">1)</span> All characters and <a href="escape.html" title="c/language/escape">escape sequences</a> in <a href="character_constant.html" title="c/language/character constant">character constants</a> and <a href="string_literal.html" title="c/language/string literal">string literals</a> are converted from <i>source character set</i> to <i>execution character set</i> (which may be a multibyte character set such as UTF-8, as long as all 96 characters from the <i>basic source character set</i> listed in phase 1 have single-byte representations). If the character specified by an escape sequence isn't a member of the execution character set, the result is implementation-defined, but is guaranteed to not be a null (wide) character.</div>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=c/language/translation_phases&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Phase 6">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Phase_6">Phase 6</span></h3>
<p>Adjacent <a href="string_literal.html" title="c/language/string literal">string literals</a> are concatenated.
</p>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=c/language/translation_phases&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Phase 7">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Phase_7">Phase 7</span></h3>
<p>Compilation takes place: the tokens are syntactically and semantically analyzed and translated as a translation unit.
</p>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=c/language/translation_phases&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Phase 8">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Phase_8">Phase 8</span></h3>
<p>Linking takes place: Translation units and library components needed to satisfy external references are collected into a program image which contains information needed for execution in its execution environment (the OS).
</p>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=c/language/translation_phases&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h3>
<div class="t-ref-std-11">
<ul><li> C11 standard (ISO/IEC 9899:2011):
</li></ul>
<dl><dd><ul><li> 5.1.1.2 Translation phases (p: 10-11)
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
<dl><dd><ul><li> 5.2.1 Character sets (p: 22-24)
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
<dl><dd><ul><li> 6.4 Lexical elements (p: 57-75)
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
<div class="t-ref-std-c99">
<ul><li> C99 standard (ISO/IEC 9899:1999):
</li></ul>
<dl><dd><ul><li> 5.1.1.2 Translation phases (p: 9-10)
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
<dl><dd><ul><li> 5.2.1 Character sets (p: 17-19)
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
<dl><dd><ul><li> 6.4 Lexical elements (p: 49-66)
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
<div class="t-ref-std-c89">
<ul><li> C89/C90 standard (ISO/IEC 9899:1990):
</li></ul>
<dl><dd><ul><li> 2.1.1.2 Translation phases
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
<dl><dd><ul><li> 2.2.1 Character sets
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
<dl><dd><ul><li> 3.1 Lexical elements
</li></ul>
</dd></dl>
</div>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=c/language/translation_phases&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h3>
<table class="t-dsc-begin">
<tr class="t-dsc">
<td colspan="2"> <div class="t-dsc-see"><span><a href="../../cpp/language/translation_phases.html" title="cpp/language/translation phases">C++ documentation</a></span> for <span class="t-dsc-see-tt"><span>Phases of translation</span></span></div>
</td></tr>
</table></div>
</div>
<!--
NewPP limit report
Preprocessor visited node count: 1110/1000000
Preprocessor generated node count: 3813/1000000
Post‐expand include size: 23976/2097152 bytes
Template argument size: 3008/2097152 bytes
Highest expansion depth: 13/40
Expensive parser function count: 0/100
-->
<!-- Saved in parser cache with key mwiki1-mwiki_en_:pcache:idhash:13879-0!*!0!!en!*!* and timestamp 20150428163446 -->
</div> <!-- /bodycontent -->
<!-- printfooter -->
<div class="printfooter">
Retrieved from "<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=c/language/translation_phases&oldid=76096">http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=c/language/translation_phases&oldid=76096</a>" </div>
<!-- /printfooter -->
<!-- catlinks -->
<div id='catlinks' class='catlinks catlinks-allhidden'></div> <!-- /catlinks -->
<div class="visualClear"></div>
<!-- debughtml -->
<!-- /debughtml -->
</div>
<!-- /bodyContent -->
</div>
</div>
<!-- /content -->
<!-- footer -->
<div id="cpp-footer-base" class="noprint">
<div id="footer">
<div id="cpp-navigation">
<h5>Navigation</h5>
<ul>
<li id="n-Support-us"><a href="http://www.cppreference.com/support" rel="nofollow">Support us</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges"><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes in the wiki [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-FAQ"><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/Cppreference:FAQ">FAQ</a></li><li id="n-Offline-version"><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/Cppreference:Archives">Offline version</a></li> </ul>
</div>
<div id="cpp-toolbox">
<h5><span>Toolbox</span><a href="translation_phases.html#"></a></h5>
<ul>
<li id="t-whatlinkshere"><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/Special:WhatLinksHere/c/language/translation_phases" title="A list of all wiki pages that link here [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked"><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/Special:RecentChangesLinked/c/language/translation_phases" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload"><a href="http://upload.cppreference.com/w/Special:Upload" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages"><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-print"><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=c/language/translation_phases&printable=yes" rel="alternate" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li><li id="t-permalink"><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=c/language/translation_phases&oldid=76096" title="Permanent link to this revision of the page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info"><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=c/language/translation_phases&action=info">Page information</a></li> </ul>
</div>
<div id="cpp-languages">
<div><ul><li>In other languages</li></ul></div>
<div><ul>
<li class="interwiki-ar"><a href="http://ar.cppreference.com/w/c/language/translation_phases" title="c/language/translation phases" lang="ar" hreflang="ar">العربية</a></li><li class="interwiki-cs"><a href="http://cs.cppreference.com/w/c/language/translation_phases" title="c/language/translation phases" lang="cs" hreflang="cs">Česky</a></li><li class="interwiki-de"><a href="http://de.cppreference.com/w/c/language/translation_phases" title="c/language/translation phases" lang="de" hreflang="de">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interwiki-es"><a href="http://es.cppreference.com/w/c/language/translation_phases" title="c/language/translation phases" lang="es" hreflang="es">Español</a></li><li class="interwiki-fr"><a href="http://fr.cppreference.com/w/c/language/translation_phases" title="c/language/translation phases" lang="fr" hreflang="fr">Français</a></li><li class="interwiki-it"><a href="http://it.cppreference.com/w/c/language/translation_phases" title="c/language/translation phases" lang="it" hreflang="it">Italiano</a></li><li class="interwiki-ja"><a href="http://ja.cppreference.com/w/c/language/translation_phases" title="c/language/translation phases" lang="ja" hreflang="ja">日本語</a></li><li class="interwiki-ko"><a href="http://ko.cppreference.com/w/c/language/translation_phases" title="c/language/translation phases" lang="ko" hreflang="ko">한국어</a></li><li class="interwiki-pl"><a href="http://pl.cppreference.com/w/c/language/translation_phases" title="c/language/translation phases" lang="pl" hreflang="pl">Polski</a></li><li class="interwiki-pt"><a href="http://pt.cppreference.com/w/c/language/translation_phases" title="c/language/translation phases" lang="pt" hreflang="pt">Português</a></li><li class="interwiki-ru"><a href="http://ru.cppreference.com/w/c/language/translation_phases" title="c/language/translation phases" lang="ru" hreflang="ru">Русский</a></li><li class="interwiki-tr"><a href="http://tr.cppreference.com/w/c/language/translation_phases" title="c/language/translation phases" lang="tr" hreflang="tr">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interwiki-zh"><a href="http://zh.cppreference.com/w/c/language/translation_phases" title="c/language/translation phases" lang="zh" hreflang="zh">中文</a></li> </ul></div>
</div>
<ul id="footer-info">
<li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last modified on 9 February 2015, at 13:27.</li>
<li id="footer-info-viewcount">This page has been accessed 1,089 times.</li>
</ul>
<ul id="footer-places">
<li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/Cppreference:Privacy_policy" title="Cppreference:Privacy policy">Privacy policy</a></li>
<li id="footer-places-about"><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/Cppreference:About" title="Cppreference:About">About cppreference.com</a></li>
<li id="footer-places-disclaimer"><a href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/Cppreference:General_disclaimer" title="Cppreference:General disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li>
</ul>
<ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint">
<li id="footer-poweredbyico">
<a href="http://www.mediawiki.org/"><img src="../../../mwiki/skins/common/images/poweredby_mediawiki_88x31.png" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" /></a> <a href="http://qbnz.com/highlighter/"><img src="../../../../upload.cppreference.com/mwiki/images/2/2b/powered_by_geshi_88x31.png" alt="Powered by GeSHi" height="31" width="88" /></a> <a href="http://www.tigertech.net/referral/cppreference.com"><img src="../../../../upload.cppreference.com/mwiki/images/9/94/powered_by_tigertech_88x31.png" alt="Hosted by Tiger Technologies" height="31" width="88" /></a> </li>
</ul>
<div style="clear:both">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<!-- /footer -->
<script>if(window.mw){
mw.loader.state({"site":"loading","user":"missing","user.groups":"ready"});
}</script>
<script src="../../../mwiki/load.php%3Fdebug=false&lang=en&modules=skins.cppreference2&only=scripts&skin=cppreference2&*"></script>
<script>if(window.mw){
mw.loader.load(["mediawiki.action.view.postEdit","mediawiki.user","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.searchSuggest","mediawiki.hidpi","ext.gadget.ColiruCompiler"], null, true);
}</script>
<script src="../../../mwiki/load.php%3Fdebug=false&lang=en&modules=site&only=scripts&skin=cppreference2&*"></script>
<script type="text/javascript">
var gaJsHost = (("https:" == document.location.protocol) ? "https://ssl." : "http://www.");
document.write(unescape("%3Cscript src='" + gaJsHost + "google-analytics.com/ga.js' type='text/javascript'%3E%3C/script%3E"));
</script>
<script type="text/javascript">
var _gaq = _gaq || [];
_gaq.push(['_setAccount', 'UA-2828341-1']);
_gaq.push(['_setDomainName', 'cppreference.com']);
_gaq.push(['_trackPageview']);
</script><!-- Served in 1.081 secs. -->
</body>
<!-- Cached 20150428163446 -->
</html>
|
