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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading">auto specifier <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(since C++11)</span></h1>
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<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"><div class="t-nv-ln-table"><div><a href="cv.html" title="cpp/language/cv"><span class="t-lines"><span>const/volatile</span></span></a></div></div></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="elaborated_type_specifier.html" title="cpp/language/elaborated type specifier"> elaborated type specifier</a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="attributes.html" title="cpp/language/attributes"> attributes </a><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-h2"><td colspan="5"> Declarators </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="reference.html" title="cpp/language/reference"> reference </a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="pointer.html" title="cpp/language/pointer"> pointer </a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="array.html" title="cpp/language/array"> array </a> </td></tr>
</table></div></td><td><div><table class="t-nv-begin" cellpadding="0" style="">
<tr class="t-nv-h2"><td colspan="5"> Block declarations </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="declarations.html" title="cpp/language/declarations"> simple-declaration</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="type_alias.html" title="cpp/language/type alias"> alias declaration</a><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="namespace_alias.html" title="cpp/language/namespace alias"> namespace alias definition </a></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="using_declaration.html" title="cpp/language/using declaration"> using-declaration</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="namespace.html#Using-directives" title="cpp/language/namespace"> using-directive</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="static_assert.html" title="cpp/language/static assert"> static_assert declaration</a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="asm.html" title="cpp/language/asm"> asm-definition</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="enum.html" title="cpp/language/enum"> opaque enum declaration</a><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv-h2"><td colspan="5"> Other declarations </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="namespace.html" title="cpp/language/namespace"> namespace definition</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="function.html" title="cpp/language/function"> function declaration</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="class_template.html" title="cpp/language/class template"> class template declaration</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="function_template.html" title="cpp/language/function template"> function template declaration</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="class_template.html#Explicit_instantiation" title="cpp/language/class template"> explicit template instantiation</a><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span></td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="template_specialization.html" title="cpp/language/template specialization"> explicit template specialization</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="language_linkage.html" title="cpp/language/language linkage"> linkage specification</a> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="declarations.html" title="cpp/language/declarations"> attribute declaration</a> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(C++11)</span> </td></tr>
<tr class="t-nv"><td colspan="5"> <a href="declarations.html" title="cpp/language/declarations"> empty declaration</a> </td></tr>
</table></div></td></tr>
</table></div>
</div><div><span class="editsection noprint plainlinks" title="Edit this template"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=Template:cpp/language/declarations/navbar_content&action=edit">[edit]</a></span></div></div></div></div><div class="t-navbar-sep"> </div></div>
<p>Specifies that the type of the variable that is being declared will be automatically deduced from its initializer. For functions, specifies that the return type is a trailing return type <span class="t-rev-inl t-since-cxx14"><span>or will be deduced from its return statements</span> <span><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx14">(since C++14)</span></span></span>.
</p>
<table id="toc" class="toc"><tr><td><div id="toctitle"><h2>Contents</h2></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="auto.html#Syntax"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Syntax</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="auto.html#Explanation"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Explanation</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="auto.html#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="auto.html#Example"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Example</span></a></li>
</ul>
</td></tr></table>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/language/auto&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Syntax">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Syntax">Syntax</span></h3>
<table class="t-sdsc-begin">
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<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
</td></tr>
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<td> <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">auto</span></span></span> <span class="t-spar">variable</span> <span class="t-spar">initializer</span>
</td>
<td> (1)
</td>
<td> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(since C++11)</span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
</td></tr>
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<td> <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">auto</span></span></span> <span class="t-spar">function</span> -> <span class="t-spar">return type</span>
</td>
<td> (2)
</td>
<td> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx11">(since C++11)</span>
</td></tr>
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<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-sdsc">
<td> <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">auto</span></span></span> <span class="t-spar">function</span>
</td>
<td> (3)
</td>
<td> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx14">(since C++14)</span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
</td></tr>
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<td> <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">decltype<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">auto</span><span class="br0">)</span></span></span> <span class="t-spar">variable</span> <span class="t-spar">initializer</span>
</td>
<td> (4)
</td>
<td> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx14">(since C++14)</span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-sdsc">
<td> <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">decltype<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">auto</span><span class="br0">)</span></span></span> <span class="t-spar">function</span>
</td>
<td> (5)
</td>
<td> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx14">(since C++14)</span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-sdsc">
<td> <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">auto</span></span></span> <code><b>::</b></code>
</td>
<td> (6)
</td>
<td> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-concepts-ts t-mark-ts">(concepts TS)</span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
</td></tr>
<tr class="t-sdsc">
<td> <span class="t-spar">cv</span><span class="t-mark">(optional)</span> <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">auto</span></span></span> <span class="t-spar">ref</span><span class="t-mark">(optional)</span> <span class="t-spar">parameter</span>
</td>
<td> (7)
</td>
<td> <span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx14">(since C++14)</span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="10" class="t-sdsc-sep">
</td></tr></table>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/language/auto&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Explanation">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Explanation">Explanation</span></h3>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">1)</span> When declaring variables in block scope, in namespace scope, in init statements of for loops, etc, the keyword <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">auto</span></span></span> may be used as the type specifier.</div>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li"></span> Once the type of the initializer has been determined, the compiler determines the type that will replace the keyword <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">auto</span></span></span> using the rules for <a href="template_argument_deduction.html" title="cpp/language/template argument deduction">template argument deduction</a> from a function call (see <a href="template_argument_deduction.html#Other_contexts" title="cpp/language/template argument deduction">template argument deduction#Other contexts</a> for details). The keyword <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">auto</span></span></span> may be accompanied by modifiers, such as <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">const</span></span></span> or <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="sy3">&</span></span></span>, which will participate in the type deduction. For example, given <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">const</span> <span class="kw4">auto</span><span class="sy3">&</span> i <span class="sy1">=</span> expr<span class="sy4">;</span></span></span>, the type of <code>i</code> is exactly the type of the argument <code>u</code> in an imaginary template <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw1">template</span><span class="sy1"><</span><span class="kw1">class</span> U<span class="sy1">></span> <span class="kw4">void</span> f<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">const</span> U<span class="sy3">&</span> u<span class="br0">)</span></span></span> if the function call <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">f<span class="br0">(</span>expr<span class="br0">)</span></span></span> was compiled. Therefore, `auto&&` may be deduced either as an lvalue reference or rvalue reference according to the initializer, which is used in range-based for loop.</div>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li"></span> If <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">auto</span></span></span> is used to declare multiple variables, the deduced types must match. For example, the declaration <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">auto</span> i <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="nu0">0</span>, d <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="nu16">0.0</span><span class="sy4">;</span></span></span> is ill-formed, while the declaration <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">auto</span> i <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="nu0">0</span>, <span class="sy2">*</span>p <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="sy3">&</span>i<span class="sy4">;</span></span></span> is well-formed and the <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">auto</span></span></span> is deduced as <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">int</span></span></span>.</div>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">2)</span> In a <a href="function.html" title="cpp/language/function">function declaration</a> that uses the trailing return type syntax, the keyword <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">auto</span></span></span> does not perform automatic type detection. It only serves as a part of the syntax.</div>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">3)</span> In a <a href="function.html" title="cpp/language/function">function declaration</a> which does not use the trailing return type syntax, the keyword <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">auto</span></span></span> indicates that the return type will be deduced from the operand of its <a href="return.html" title="cpp/language/return">return statement</a> using the rules for <a href="template_argument_deduction.html#Other_contexts" title="cpp/language/template argument deduction">template argument deduction</a>.</div>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">4)</span> If the declared type of the variable is <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">decltype<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">auto</span><span class="br0">)</span></span></span>, the keyword <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">auto</span></span></span> is replaced with the expression (or expression list) of its initializer, and the actual type is deduced using the rules for <a href="decltype.html" title="cpp/language/decltype">decltype</a>.</div>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">5)</span> If the return type of the function is declared <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">decltype<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">auto</span><span class="br0">)</span></span></span>, the keyword <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">auto</span></span></span> is replaced with the operand of its return statement, and the actual return type is deduced using the rules for <a href="decltype.html" title="cpp/language/decltype">decltype</a>.</div>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">6)</span> A nested-name-specifier of the form <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp">auto<span class="sy4">::</span></span></span> is a placeholder that is replaced by a class or enumeration type following the rules for <a href="concepts.html" title="cpp/language/constraints">constrained type</a> placeholder deduction.</div>
<div class="t-li1"><span class="t-li">7)</span> <span class="t-rev-inl t-since-cxx14"><span>A parameter declaration in a <a href="lambda.html" title="cpp/language/lambda">lambda expression</a>.</span> <span><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-cxx14">(since C++14)</span></span></span>
<span class="t-rev-inl t-since-concepts_ts"><span>A <a href="function.html#Parameter_list" title="cpp/language/function">function parameter</a> declaration.</span> <span><span class="t-mark-rev t-since-concepts-ts t-mark-ts">(concepts TS)</span></span></span></div>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/language/auto&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span></h3>
<p>Until C++11, <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">auto</span></span></span> had the semantic of a <a href="storage_duration.html" title="cpp/language/storage duration">storage duration specifier</a>.
</p><p>Mixing <code>auto</code> variables and functions in one declaration, as in <span class="t-c"><span class="mw-geshi cpp source-cpp"><span class="kw4">auto</span> f<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="sy2">-</span><span class="sy1">></span> <span class="kw4">int</span>, i <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="nu0">0</span><span class="sy4">;</span></span></span> is not allowed.
</p>
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.cppreference.com/mwiki/index.php?title=cpp/language/auto&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Example">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Example">Example</span></h3>
<div class="t-example"><p> the example showing output using one of the implementations where typeinfo::name prints full type names; filter through c++filt -t if using gcc or similar
</p><div class="t-example-live-link"><div class="coliru-btn coliru-btn-run-init">Run this code</div></div>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="cpp source-cpp"><pre class="de1"><span class="co2">#include <iostream></span>
<span class="co2">#include <cmath></span>
<span class="co2">#include <typeinfo></span>
 
<span class="kw1">template</span><span class="sy1"><</span><span class="kw1">class</span> T, <span class="kw1">class</span> U<span class="sy1">></span>
<span class="kw4">auto</span> add<span class="br0">(</span>T t, U u<span class="br0">)</span> <span class="sy2">-</span><span class="sy1">></span> decltype<span class="br0">(</span>t <span class="sy2">+</span> u<span class="br0">)</span> <span class="co1">// the return type is the type of operator+(T, U)</span>
<span class="br0">{</span>
<span class="kw1">return</span> t <span class="sy2">+</span> u<span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="br0">}</span>
 
<span class="kw4">auto</span> get_fun<span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">int</span> arg<span class="br0">)</span> <span class="sy2">-</span><span class="sy1">></span> <span class="kw4">double</span> <span class="br0">(</span><span class="sy2">*</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">double</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="co1">// same as: double (*get_fun(int))(double)</span>
<span class="br0">{</span>
<span class="kw1">switch</span> <span class="br0">(</span>arg<span class="br0">)</span>
<span class="br0">{</span>
<span class="kw1">case</span> <span class="nu0">1</span><span class="sy4">:</span> <span class="kw1">return</span> <a href="../numeric/math/fabs.html"><span class="kw1113">std::<span class="me2">fabs</span></span></a><span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="kw1">case</span> <span class="nu0">2</span><span class="sy4">:</span> <span class="kw1">return</span> <a href="../numeric/math/sin.html"><span class="kw1144">std::<span class="me2">sin</span></span></a><span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="kw1">default</span><span class="sy4">:</span> <span class="kw1">return</span> <a href="../numeric/math/cos.html"><span class="kw1145">std::<span class="me2">cos</span></span></a><span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="br0">}</span>
<span class="br0">}</span>
 
<span class="kw4">int</span> main<span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span>
<span class="br0">{</span>
<span class="kw4">auto</span> a <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="nu0">1</span> <span class="sy2">+</span> <span class="nu0">2</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<a href="../io/cout.html"><span class="kw1481">std::<span class="me2">cout</span></span></a> <span class="sy1"><<</span> <span class="st0">"type of a: "</span> <span class="sy1"><<</span> <span class="kw1">typeid</span><span class="br0">(</span>a<span class="br0">)</span>.<span class="me1">name</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="sy1"><<</span> <span class="st0">'<span class="es1">\n</span>'</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="kw4">auto</span> b <span class="sy1">=</span> add<span class="br0">(</span><span class="nu0">1</span>, <span class="nu16">1.2</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<a href="../io/cout.html"><span class="kw1481">std::<span class="me2">cout</span></span></a> <span class="sy1"><<</span> <span class="st0">"type of b: "</span> <span class="sy1"><<</span> <span class="kw1">typeid</span><span class="br0">(</span>b<span class="br0">)</span>.<span class="me1">name</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="sy1"><<</span> <span class="st0">'<span class="es1">\n</span>'</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="co1">//auto int c; //compile-time error</span>
<span class="kw4">auto</span> d <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="br0">{</span><span class="nu0">1</span>, <span class="nu0">2</span><span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<a href="../io/cout.html"><span class="kw1481">std::<span class="me2">cout</span></span></a> <span class="sy1"><<</span> <span class="st0">"type of d: "</span> <span class="sy1"><<</span> <span class="kw1">typeid</span><span class="br0">(</span>d<span class="br0">)</span>.<span class="me1">name</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="sy1"><<</span> <span class="st0">'<span class="es1">\n</span>'</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
 
<span class="kw4">auto</span> my_lambda <span class="sy1">=</span> <span class="br0">[</span><span class="br0">]</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="kw4">int</span> x<span class="br0">)</span> <span class="br0">{</span> <span class="kw1">return</span> x <span class="sy2">+</span> <span class="nu0">3</span><span class="sy4">;</span> <span class="br0">}</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<a href="../io/cout.html"><span class="kw1481">std::<span class="me2">cout</span></span></a> <span class="sy1"><<</span> <span class="st0">"my_lambda: "</span> <span class="sy1"><<</span> my_lambda<span class="br0">(</span><span class="nu0">5</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="sy1"><<</span> <span class="st0">'<span class="es1">\n</span>'</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
 
<span class="kw4">auto</span> my_fun <span class="sy1">=</span> get_fun<span class="br0">(</span><span class="nu0">2</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<a href="../io/cout.html"><span class="kw1481">std::<span class="me2">cout</span></span></a> <span class="sy1"><<</span> <span class="st0">"type of my_fun: "</span> <span class="sy1"><<</span> <span class="kw1">typeid</span><span class="br0">(</span>my_fun<span class="br0">)</span>.<span class="me1">name</span><span class="br0">(</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="sy1"><<</span> <span class="st0">'<span class="es1">\n</span>'</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<a href="../io/cout.html"><span class="kw1481">std::<span class="me2">cout</span></span></a> <span class="sy1"><<</span> <span class="st0">"my_fun: "</span> <span class="sy1"><<</span> my_fun<span class="br0">(</span><span class="nu0">3</span><span class="br0">)</span> <span class="sy1"><<</span> <span class="st0">'<span class="es1">\n</span>'</span><span class="sy4">;</span>
<span class="br0">}</span></pre></div></div>
<p>Possible output:
</p>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"><div class="text source-text"><pre class="de1">type of a: int
type of b: double
type of d: std::initializer_list<int>
my_lambda: 8
type of my_fun: double (*)(double)
my_fun: 0.14112</pre></div></div>
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